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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/4362/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-city/
The Rise and Fall of the City
November 23, 2005 by
In this excerpt from Democracy: The God That Failed, I explain why cities exist and how governments destroy them through interventionist politics. It is in the large cities where, as the subjective reflection of this complex system of spatio-functional allocation, citizens will develop the most highly refined forms of personal and professional conduct, etiquette, and style. It is the city that breeds civilization and civilized life. But once the state arrives on the scene, the process of de-civilization begins. FULL ARTICLE
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phybase (1.1)
0 users
Basic functions for phylogenetic analysis.
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/phybase
This package provides functions to read, write, manipulate, estimate, and summarize phylogenetic trees including species trees which contain not only the topology and branch lengths but also population sizes. The input/output functions can read tree files in which trees are presented in parenthetic format. The trees are read in as a string and then transformed to a matrix which describes the relationship of nodes and branch lengths. The nodes matrix provides an easy access for developers to further manipulate the tree, while the tree string provides interface with other phylogenetic R packages such as "ape". The input/output functions can also be used to change the format of tree files between NEXUS and PHYLIP. Some basic functions have already been established in the package for manipulating trees such as deleting and swapping nodes, rooting and unrooting trees, changing the root of the tree. The package also includes functions such as "consensus", "coaltime, "popsize", "treedist" for summarizing phylogenetic trees, calculating the coalescence time, population size, and tree distance. The function maxtree is built in the package to esimtate the species tree from multiple gene trees.
Maintainer: Liang Liu
Author(s): Liang Liu
License: GPL (>= 2)
Uses: ape, Matrix
Released over 3 years ago.
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Related packages: PHYLOGR, apTreeshape, geiger, laser, ouch, paleoTS, scaleboot, vegan, ape, phangorn, picante, MCMCglmm, phylobase, adephylo, phyloclim, phyclust, TreeSim, TreePar, distory, phylosim(20 best matches, based on common tags.)
Search for phybase on google, google scholar, r-help, r-devel.
Visit phybase on R Graphical Manual.
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Las Vegas Nevada FSL/Class ScheduleEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Contents
Las Vegas FamilySearch Library
509 South 9th Street, Las Vegas, Nevada 702-382-9695 nv_lasvegas@ldsmail.net
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Rainy River District, OntarioEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Canada Ontario Rainy River District
Contents
Getting Started
1. What information do you wish to locate about your ancestor? To choose the sources you need to search first, please click on RECORD SELECTION TABLE: Ontario, which will help you decide.
2. From the above Record Selection Table, which sources do you wish to check in this county? To check the availability of your sources of interest as well as to check the websites that have them online, please click on this county's SOURCES LINKS TABLE .
3. Do you know the location that you wish to search in this county? If so, please check for some possible sources and some online information about your location of interest, by clicking on this county's POPULATED PLACES TABLE .
4. For further information regarding your sources of interest, see "4 Resources" ABOVE in the "CONTENTS" table and click on the source of interest.
Remember that you should always try to get an original copy of that source to verify information.
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History
Parent Count
Established in 1885[1], Rainy River District was separated from Thunder Bay District in 1914[2].
Boundary Change
A dispute between Ontario and Manitoba was resolved in 1884 by the Privy Council of Britain, when it upheld an arbitration decision made in 1878.[3]
Record Loss
1. (1)
2. (2)
3. (3)
(1) Ontario north archives
(2) Rainy River research area
(3) Plaque Kenora
Places/Localities
Populated Places
A - B - C
• Alberton
• Asmussen
• Atikokan
• Atwood
• Aylsworth
• Baker
• Barwick
• Bennett
• Blue
• Burriss
• Carpenter
• Chapple
• Claxton
• Croome
• Crozier
• Curran
D - E - F - G - H - K - L
• Dance
• Devlin
• Dewart
• Dilke
• Dobie
• Emo
• Farrington
• Fleming
• Fort Frances
• Freeborn
• Griesinger
• Halkirk
• Hutchinson
• Kingsford
• La Vallee
• Lash
M - N - P
• Mather
• Mathieu
• McCaul
• McCrosson
• McCrosson & Tovell
• McIrvine
• McLarty
• Menary
• Miscampbell
• Morley
• Morson
• Nelles
• Pattullo
• Potts
• Pratt
R - S - T - W
• Rainy River
• Ramsay Wright
• Richardson
• Roddick
• Roseberry
• Rowe
• Schwenger
• Senn
• Shenston
• Sifton
• Spohn
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• Wild Land Reserve
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Resources
Biographies
At this time, please read about Biographies in the Province of Ontario Resources - Biography.
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At this time, please read about Cemeteries in the Province of Ontario Resources - Cemeteries .
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At this time, please read about Census Records in the Province of Ontario Resources - Census .
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At this time, please read about Church Records in the Province of Ontario Resources - Church Records .
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At this time, please read about Court Records in the Province of Ontario Resources - Court Records.
Directories
At this time, please read about Directories in the Province of Ontario Resources - Directories.
Genealogy
At this time, please read about Genealogies in the Province of Ontario Resources - Genealogy.
Land and Property Records
At this time, please read about Land and Property Records in the Province of Ontario Resources - Land and Property.
Local Histories
At this time, please read about Local Histories in the Province of Ontario Resources - History.
Maps
At this time, please read about Maps in the Province of Ontario Resources - Maps.
Military Records
At this time, please read about Military Records in the Province of Ontario Resources - Military Records.
Newspapers & Obituaries
At this time, please read about Newspapers and Obituaries in the Province of Ontario Resources - Newspapers.
Probate Records
At this time, please read about Probate Records in the Province of Ontario Resources - Probate Records.
Taxation Records
At this time, please read about Taxation Records in the Province of Ontario Resources - Taxation.
Vital Records
At this time, please read about Vital Records in the Province of Ontario Resources - Vital Records.
Societies, Libraries, and Museums
Libraries
Museums
Web Sites
Family History Library Catalog
References
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• This page was last modified on 18 December 2012, at 21:01.
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A better, shorter story.
Unlike most of the movie industry, all of our sequels rock.
Welcome to Ficly.
We believe in the art of creating stories and the craft of sharing them. We are inspired by the written word and the authors that link words and phrases together to form tales.
Ficly is a place for playing with story-telling; a collaborative environment where anyone can pick up a narrative thread and weave a prequel or sequel.
You can start a story or jump into someone else's tale. The possibilities are endless, and in some cases, so are the stories.
Learn More or Join Now
Prized Collection
He stepped back from installing the newest containment units which he had ordered from Russia. His hands covered in oil and grease, he couldn’t help but tingle with anticipation as to how h…
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Research
Experimental annotation of the human pathogen Candida albicans coding and noncoding transcribed regions using high-resolution tiling arrays
Adnane Sellam1,2*, Hervé Hogues1, Christopher Askew1,3, Faiza Tebbji1,3, Marco van het Hoog1, Hugo Lavoie4, Carol A Kumamoto5, Malcolm Whiteway1,3 and André Nantel1,2*
Author Affiliations
1 Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montréal, Québec, H4P 2R2, Canada
2 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1B1, Canada
3 Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1B1, Canada
4 Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), University of Montreal, 2900 boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
5 Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
Genome Biology 2010, 11:R71 doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-7-r71
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://genomebiology.com/2010/11/7/R71
Received:22 April 2010
Revisions received:7 June 2010
Accepted:9 July 2010
Published:9 July 2010
© 2010 Sellam et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Compared to other model organisms and despite the clinical relevance of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, no comprehensive analysis has been done to provide experimental support of its in silico-based genome annotation.
Results
We have undertaken a genome-wide experimental annotation to accurately uncover the transcriptional landscape of the pathogenic yeast C. albicans using strand-specific high-density tiling arrays. RNAs were purified from cells growing under conditions relevant to C. albicans pathogenicity, including biofilm, lab-grown yeast and serum-induced hyphae, as well as cells isolated from the mouse caecum. This work provides a genome-wide experimental validation for a large number of predicted ORFs for which transcription had not been detected by other approaches. Additionally, we identified more than 2,000 novel transcriptional segments, including new ORFs and exons, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as well as convincing cases of antisense gene transcription. We also characterized the 5' and 3' UTRs of expressed ORFs, and established that genes with long 5' UTRs are significantly enriched in regulatory functions controlling filamentous growth. Furthermore, we found that genomic regions adjacent to telomeres harbor a cluster of expressed ncRNAs. To validate and confirm new ncRNA candidates, we adapted an iterative strategy combining both genome-wide occupancy of the different subunits of RNA polymerases I, II and III and expression data. This comprehensive approach allowed the identification of different families of ncRNAs.
Conclusions
In summary, we provide a comprehensive expression atlas that covers relevant C. albicans pathogenic developmental stages in addition to the discovery of new ORF and non-coding genetic elements.
Background
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for various non life-threatening infections, such as oral thrush and vaginitis, and accounts for more than half of all Candida infections [1,2]. This pathogen is also a major cause of morbidity and mortality in bloodstream infections, especially in immunosuppressed individuals. C. albicans can also colonize various biomaterials, such as urinary and vascular catheters, and ventricular assist devices, and readily forms dense biofilms that are resistant to most antifungal drugs [3]. The ability of this fungus to switch from yeast to filamentous forms (true hyphae or pseudohyphae) is also a crucial determinant for host invasion and thus virulence [4]. Because of the challenges of drug resistance [5-7] and the eukaryotic nature of C. albicans, which makes it similar to its human host, extensive efforts are being made to identify specific new drug targets for therapeutic intervention.
The C. albicans genome has been the subject of many curated annotations that have resulted in the current comprehensive physical genomic map [8-11]. Recently, the genome sequences of six further species from the Candida clade have been released. Comparative analysis of these genomes revealed a significant expansion of gene families associated with virulence compared to non-pathogenic yeasts [12]. In addition, this work uncovered an unexpected divergence in the mechanisms controlling mating and meiosis in this clade. Given the high conservation of protein-coding sequence within the six Candida species, Butler et al. [12] undertook a comparative annotation to revise the genome sequence of C. albicans and identified 91 new or updated ORFs.
Genome sequencing followed by in silico-based annotation is the critical first step required to gain a comprehensive insight into the genetic features underlying different aspects of an organism's biology. To establish a more comprehensive and accurate layout of these features, in silico methods must be complemented by transcriptome or proteome investigations. Recent advances taking advantage of the high-throughput potential of whole-genome tiling microarrays or cDNA sequencing contributed significantly to the discovery of novel sites of active transcription missed by computational gene prediction (reviewed in [13-15]). Tiling array technology has revealed several unexpected hidden features of the eukaryotic transcriptome, including antisense (AS) transcription, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as well as complex transcriptional architectures such as nested genes [16-22]. The use of tiling arrays has also been useful for mapping a variety of epigenetic marks in eukaryotes and uncovering the complex network of mechanisms involved in transcriptional regulation associated with chromatin dynamics [23-25]. Here we have undertaken a genome-wide experimental annotation using a strand-specific high-density tiling array that allows us to accurately uncover the transcriptional landscape of C. albicans. The main purposes of this work were: the experimental validation of computational-based genome annotations in C. albicans; the discovery of new coding and non-coding genetic elements for future studies; the identification of new functional features associated with the transcriptome organization; and the annotation of class I, II and III genes using an unbiased methodology that combines data from the genome-wide occupancy of different subunits of RNA polymerases (RNAPs) I, II and III with data from transcriptome studies.
Results and discussion
To illuminate the transcriptional landscape of the pathogenic fungus C. albicans, we tiled both Watson and Crick strands of the whole genome with 240,798 60-mer probes each overlapping by 1 bp. Total RNA was purified from cells growing under various conditions relevant to C. albicans pathogenicity; specifically growing as a biofilm, as hyphae and as a commensal within the mouse caecum. RNA from cells growing as yeast in YPD at 30°C were used as a reference for each condition.
Transcript mapping reveals extensive transcription in C. albicans
For each condition, thresholds were determined empirically based on the 95th percentile of signal intensities of non-conserved intergenic regions as described in the Materials and methods section. After combining expression data for all the tested conditions, transcription activity was detected for 72% of the 6,193 nuclear genes, including 4,402 ORFs, 4 pseudogenes, 67 tRNAs, 108 retrotransposons and 7 ncRNAs (5 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), 1 small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and the rRNA) (Table 1). The remaining 28% of the genomic features not detected in this study could be due to the fact that they are not used in our conditions, and an analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) functional categories of these unexpressed genes revealed a significant enrichment in functions related to the accomplishment of the parasexual cycle in C. albicans, including ascospore wall assembly (P = 1.74e-05), meiosis (P = 1.33e-02) and synapsis (P = 8.64e-04) (Additional file 1).
Table 1. Number of Candida Genome Database-annotated features whose expression was detected in the current study
Additional file 1. Figure S1. GO analysis of the 28% of nuclear genes not expressed in this study.
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A large number of transcribed segments, or transfrags [26], were detected in intergenic regions devoid of existing annotation. Transfrags were identified on the basis of two or more consecutive probes exhibiting intensities above the threshold, together with separation by at least 120 bp from any currently annotated elements. Using these criteria, a total of 2,172 transfrags were detected and mapped (Additional file 2). Interestingly, 31% of the intergenic transcribed units (680 transfrags) display significant sequence conservation (e-value < 10-10) with Candida dubliniensis, suggesting the existence of functional genetic elements.
Additional file 2. Table S1. Genome-scale detection of unannotated transcribed segments in C. albicans growing in different conditions.
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This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Excel Viewer
Features of transcribed regions in the C. albicans genome
As shown in Figure 1, a clear correlation can be seen between the annotated ORFs and the signal intensities of probes. In general, the obtained data are in agreement with the current Candida Genome Database (CGD) annotation [27]. At the gene level, our data allowed us to confirm the presence of introns in a number of ORFs, as shown for INO4 (ORF19.837.1) and EFB1 (ORF19.3838) (Figure 2b, f). Although the resolution of our tiling array was not high enough to delimit precisely intron boundaries, we were able to confirm the introns previously annotated in the C. albicans genome [28]. Moreover, extensions of transcripts corresponding to potential upstream ORFs (for example, CLN3; Figure 2g) or 5' and 3' UTRs (for example, ZCF37; Figure 2h) were identified in several locations. Genetic elements displaying complex transcriptional architectures, such as nested genes (TLO34 and ORF9.2662; Figure 2a; Additional file 3) or intronic nested genes (snR18 hosted by the EFB1 intron; Figure 2f), were identified. Additionally, a large number of sense-AS transcript pairs have been detected (PFK1 and EFB1; Figure 2d, f). Intriguingly, in some cases, AS transcription was found on the opposite strand rather than the annotated strands (CRH12 and CCW14; Figure 2d, e). Previously unannotated ORFs and ncRNAs were also uncovered (ORF19.6853.1 and snR18; Figure 2c, f). To illustrate the annotation concept, some of the most relevant C. albicans genome features will be highlighted throughout the manuscript.
Figure 1. Genome-wide view of a sample region of C. albicans chromosome 2. Hybridization intensities for probes are provided as vertical bars along Watson (blue) and Crick (red) strands. The cutoff for signal probes is indicated with a dashed line corresponding to a fluorescence intensity of 777 and 655 for Watson and Crick strands, respectively. Annotated ORFs are depicted as grey boxes aligned to their own chromosomal coordinates.
Figure 2. General features of transcribed regions in the C. albicans genome. Representative genes illustrating different transcriptional architectures are shown. (a) Nested genes. (b) Detection of INO4 intron. (c) Unannotated ORF. (d, e) CRH12 and CCW14 AS transcripts. (f) Intron-hosted snoRNA (snR18). (g) Putative conserved upstream ORF (uORF) of CLN3. (h) Unannotated 5' and 3' UTRs of ZCF37.
Additional file 3. Table S15. List of nested or overlapping genes validated in this work.
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This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Excel Viewer
Revisiting the C. albicans ORFeome
Based on the last CGD update (24 December 2009), the existing ORF catalogue of C. albicans consists of a total of 6,197 ORFs, of which 1,084 were experimentally verified, 4,933 functionally uncharacterized and 180 considered as dubious. In our current analysis, we have been able to detect the expression of 4,588 ORFs. Compared to other model organisms and despite the clinical relevance of the pathogenic yeast C. albicans, no comprehensive analysis has been done to provide experimental support to the in silico-based annotation. Our study thus provides such a genome-wide experimental validation for a large number of predicted ORFs for which transcription had not yet been confirmed by other approaches. Recently, using a comparative annotation approach, Butler et al. [12] identified 91 new ORFs, of which 80% are specific to the Candida clade. In the present study, 52% of those new ORFs (48 ORFs) were expressed above the background in our conditions, thus validating their functionality (Additional file 4). Furthermore, our data raised questions about 34 ORFs previously annotated as spurious or dubious [8] (Additional file 4). We also annotated 11 ORFs when screening the 2,172 expressed intergenic segments for their protein-coding potential (Additional file 4).
Additional file 4. Table S2. List of detected ORFs and pseudogenes.
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Characterization of UTR regions
UTRs are known to play key roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, influencing mRNA transport, mRNA subcellular localization, and RNA turnover [29]. Therefore, annotation of C. albicans UTRs has the potential to provide important insights into gene regulatory mechanisms underlying the biology and the pathogenicity of this fungus. To define C. albicans UTRs, we scanned the expression maps under different conditions and identified unannotated segments exhibiting an unbroken signal intensity connected to nuclear-encoded genes. A total of 481 5' UTRs and 846 3' UTRs longer than 240 bp were identified (Additional file 5). Compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe [16,18,30], where the 3' UTRs are longer than 5' UTRs, the median length of both 5' and 3' UTRs was almost the same (the mean length of 5' and 3' UTRs was 88 bp and 84 bp, respectively, with a range of 0 to 3 kb for both 5' and 3' UTRs).
Additional file 5. Table S3. List of ORFs exhibiting long 5' and 3' UTRs (>240 bp)
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Genes with long 5' UTRs (>330 bp) were significantly enriched in regulatory functions, including transcription and signal transduction (Table 2; Additional file 6). A similar result was observed in S. pombe for both functions [31], and in S. cerevisiae for signal transduction [16]. In many eukaryotes, including the fission yeast S. pombe, it is well known that the most stable transcripts have short 5' UTRs, while the least stable transcripts have both long 5' and 3' UTRs [32,33].
Table 2. Gene Ontology analysis of genes with long 5' UTR regions (>330 bp)
Additional file 6. Table S4. Gene Ontology analysis of ORFs with long 5' and 3' UTR regions (>330 bp).
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Intriguingly, a large number of transcripts with long 5' UTRs are key regulators of filamentous growth in C. albicans, including the transcription factors EFG1, RFG1, CPH1, CPH2, CZF1, CRZ1, CRZ2, SSN6, NRG1 and FCR1, and the phosphatases YVH1, PTC8 and CPP1 (Additional file 6). The regulation of RNA stability is a critical issue in modulating gene expression, in particular for transiently expressed regulatory genes such as those encoding transcription factors and phosphatases. Therefore, fine-tuning RNA turnover rates for those transcripts is potentially a key regulatory process involved in control of the yeast-to-hyphae transition in C. albicans. A high rate of RNA decay of transcripts involved in regulatory systems has been reported in S. cerevisiae as well [34]. Intriguingly, of the 38 RNAs identified recently as She3-transported in C. albicans during hyphal growth [35], 9 were found to exhibit long 5' UTRs (P = 4.3e-04). This leads us to speculate that long 5' UTRs are probably required for RNA transport to cellular locations where hyphal buds are produced.
Widespread occurrence of antisense transcription in C. albicans
Large-scale transcript mapping studies revealed the common occurrence of overlapping cis-natural AS transcripts in different model organisms [16-19,36]. In a recent study, Perocchi et al. [37] have shown that about half of all annotated antisense (AS) transcripts detected by tiling arrays in S. cerevisiae were experimental artifacts related to spurious synthesis of second-strand cDNAs that occurred during reverse transcription (RT) [37,38]. These authors showed that these RT artifacts were efficiently resolved by using the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D. In light of their finding, we have used actinomycin D to prevent the appearance of these artifacts. Indeed, as shown in Figure 3a, b, the use of actinomycin D reduced, in part, the dependence of AS signal intensity on the sense expression level.
Figure 3. Widespread occurrence of antisense transcription in C. albicans. (a, b) Scatter plots demonstrating the dependence of AS signal intensity on the sense expression level. Signal intensity of annotated feature (hyphae experiments) probes exhibiting an AS transcript expressed above the background were considered. The signals of probes representing either sense or AS transcripts for each hybridization performed without (a) or with (b) actinomycin D are plotted. (c) GO analysis of genes with recessive AS transcripts. The P-value was calculated using hypergeometric distribution, as described on the GO Term Finder website [27]. (d) Validation of dominant AS transcripts using strand-specific RT-PCR. RT-PCR analyses were performed on RNA from yeast cells using primers specific to the AS strand (+); samples were tested for endogenous RT priming and genomic DNA contamination (RT-PCR with no RT primers (-)).
AS transcription was observed for 724 genes, of which 623 are ORFs, 16 ncRNAs and 85 retrotransposons (Table S5 in Additional file 7). With few exceptions, all C. albicans AS transcripts belong to the completely overlapping natural AS transcript category. Based on sense/AS signal intensity ratio, AS transcripts were separated into two classes as was described for S. cerevisiae [37]. In the first class of AS transcripts, the hybridization signal intensity of the annotated features is higher and proportional to its AS counterpart (Figure 3a, b). This class contains the majority (79%) of the detected AS transcripts. Genes with this pattern are highly expressed in all conditions and GO analysis showed a preferential enrichment in housekeeping functions, including translation (P = 1.11e-38), cell surface proteins (P = 1.63e-13), glycolysis (P = 1.18e-12) and nucleosomes (P = 5.27e-08) (Figure 3c). Similar findings have been reported by experimental-based annotation of AS transcripts in wheat [39], rice [40] and S. cerevisiae [16], as well as by in silico approaches in other model organisms [41].
Additional file 7. Tables S5, S6, and S7. Genome-wide detection of ncRNAs: Table S5, AS transcripts; Table S6, housekeeping ncRNAs; and Table S7, RT-qPCR validation of randomly selected ncRNAs.
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The second class of AS transcripts, where the average activity for the AS strand was much higher than the sense strand, contains only 37 genes (Figure 2d, e; Table S5 in Additional file 7). Strand-specific RT-PCR validated the expression of eight of these genes at the AS strand (Figure 3d). No functional enrichment was obtained for those transcripts. However, this AS category includes the transcription factor gene encoding the ortholog of S. cerevisiae Kar4p that plays a critical role in karyogamy during the mating process [42,43]. Overexpression of KAR4 in S. cerevisiae during vegetative growth causes a severe growth defect as a consequence of accumulation of cells arrested at G1 and G2/M stages [44]. Thus, if Kar4p plays a similar role in C. albicans, the AS transcription at this locus might be required for repression of the sense transcript during vegetative growth. A similar scenario was reported in S. cerevisiae where AS transcription opposite to IME4 has been shown to play a critical role in controlling entry into meiosis [45].
RNAP-guided annotation of new C. albicans ncRNAs
Ongoing investigations on the function of ncRNAs established their specific roles in processes that require highly specific nucleic acid recognition without complex catalysis, such as guiding rRNA or tRNA covalent modifications [46,47] or guiding chromatin-modifying complexes to specific locations within the nucleus [48]. Given the central role of ncRNAs in such crucial biological processes, their genomic annotation is of great importance. However, annotating ncRNAs is a non-trivial task since their primary sequences are poorly conserved even between evolutionarily similar organisms. Here we adapted a strategy in which genome-wide occupancy of different subunits of RNAPs I, II and III is combined with expression data to annotate ncRNAs resulting from real transcriptional events. For this purpose we have performed chromatin immunoprecipitation on chip (ChIP-chip) of subunits that represent the three RNAP machines in C. albicans cells growing in rich media (YPD) at 30°C.
RNAP I-associated ncRNAs
RNAP I targets were determined by mapping the genomic location of the largest RNAP I subunit, Rpa190p (ORF19.1839). The results obtained show that Rpa190p occupancy was restricted to the rDNA locus where it binds the 18 S, the 5.8 S and the 28 S precursor gene promoters as well as internal transcribed regions (Additional file 8).
Additional file 8. Figure S2. Transcription and RNAP I and III occupancies within the rDNA locus.
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RNAP II-associated ncRNA
In vivo RNAP II occupancy was evaluated by performing ChIP-chip of the two subunits Rpo21p (ORF19.7655) and Rpb3p (ORF19.1248). Among the CGD-annotated ncRNAs, the snRNAs U1, U2, U4 and U5, associated with the spliceosomal machinery, were found to fit the established criteria. When Rpo21p and Rpb3 binding sites were matched to the 2,161 non-coding intergenic transfrags, 425 actively transcribed putative ncRNAs were found. A search of these 425 transfags using the S. cerevisiae ncRNA database returned only four matches that corresponded to snoRNAs. To generate an exhaustive list of C. albicans snoRNAs among the 2,161 ncRNA candidates, Snoscan [49] and snoGPS [50] servers were used to detect both C/D and H/ACA box snoRNA families, respectively. A total of 27 C/D box and 35 H/ACA box snoRNA candidates were identified. Most of the detected snoRNAs possess a canonical secondary structure and conserved C, D, A and ACA consensus motifs (Table S6 in Additional file 7). A comparison of these snoRNAs with entries in the Rfam database [51] returned 18 hits (4 H/ACA box and 14 C/D box) that match significantly to S. cerevisiae characterized snoRNAs. Orthologs of S. cerevisiae essential snoRNAs required for the cleavage of rRNA transcripts, namely U3a (snR17a), U3b (snR17b), U14 (snR128) and the snoRNA MRP NME1, were also detected and annotated in this study (Table S6 in Additional file 7). Interestingly, our results show that the U5 spliceosomal RNA (SNRNAU5) exhibits an extended transcriptional activity beyond its 3' terminal end, suggesting that C. albicans, like S. cerevisiae, possesses a long form of SNRNAU5 (U5L). Using 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), Mitrovich and Guthrie [52] have shown that, in addition to the vast majority of products that correspond to the short form of SNRNAU5 (U5S), a small amount of the long form was detected. In accordance with this, we found that the U5L transfrag was weakly transcribed compared to the U5 S. We also detected the previously characterized but unmapped C. albicans telomerase ncRNA TER1 [53] (Table S6 in Additional file 7). A total of 35 putative non-coding transfrags were randomly selected and their expression was confirmed using quantitative PCR (qPCR; Table S7 in Additional file 7). No obvious functions were attributed to the remaining 361 putative ncRNAs. Many large-scale gene expression mapping studies in mammals have suggested widespread transcription in intergenic regions that represent 47% to 80% of the transcribed features [54]. This 'dark matter' transcription has been accredited to previously undetected non-coding genes, 'junk' transcription, or experimental artifacts (reviewed in [15,55]). A recent report has demonstrated that the number and abundance of intergenic transcribed fragments from a large variety of different human and mouse tissue types were lower than shown earlier [54]. Using RNA-seq, van Bakel et al. [54] showed clearly that a significant number of these transcripts are associated with known genes and include many previously unidentified exons and alternative promoters. Though the majority of the 'dark matter' transcription seems to be artifactual, many conserved and presumably functional intergenic transcribed fragments remain to be characterized. In our work, many transfrags are conserved and expressed reproducibly in different conditions, suggesting a potential for a function and making them priority candidates for genetic perturbation and phenotypic characterization.
Additionally, to gain an insight into the function of these ncRNAs and their transcriptional regulation, we mapped the location of different transcription factors described in the literature for which genomic occupancies were determined using ChIP-chip. With the exception of Tbf1p, a master regulator of ribosomal protein expression in C. albicans [56,57], no transcription factors have been found associated with the promoter sequences of putative ncRNAs. Remarkably, in addition the occupancy of ribosomal protein genes and rRNA cis-regulatory regions, Tbf1p was found to be associated with the promoter of six snoRNAs annotated in this work. This finding implies that Tbf1p coordinates transcriptional activation of both structural components of the ribosome (rRNA and ribosomal protein genes) [56] in addition to the snoRNAs that guide methylation and pseudouridylation modifications required for ribosome maturation and functionality. Recently, Preti et al. [58] showed that Tbf1p in S. cerevisiae is required for the activation of snoRNA, implying a similar role in C. albicans. Similar findings were also obtained in the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana where the Tbf1p motif (ACCCTA) was significantly enriched in upstream snoRNAs (P = 4.64e-20), suggesting a highly conserved role for this factor.
RNAP III-associated ncRNAs
In eukaryotic cells, RNAP III transcribes genes encoding tRNAs, 5 S rRNA and other ncRNAs, such as the RNA component of RNase P (RPR1) and the U6 snRNA (SNR6) [59-61]. To investigate the targets of the RNAP III machinery in C. albicans, we performed ChIP-chip with the subunit Rpc82p (ORF19.2847). Based simply on signal intensities of the ChIP-chip, Rpc82p targets can be divided in two categories. The first category includes loci with a high level of occupancy (between 6- and 45-fold enrichment): this category contains 120 tRNAs and the 5 S rRNA (Table S8 in Additional file 9) alongside the well-known non-tRNA genes transcribed by RNAP III (RPR1, SNR6, snR52, SCR1), which were characterized [62,63] but not mapped (Additional file 10). For all these binding events significant transcriptional hybridization signals were detected at least in two different conditions for 67 tRNAs, RPR1, SNR6, snR52, SCR1 and the 5 S rRNA. The second category includes loci with a low level of occupancy (between 2- and 4.5-fold enrichment): with a few exceptions, all these loci were expressed and correspond to repetitive DNA elements associated with retrotransposons. Since long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are present in the C. albicans genome in multiple copies and often adjacent to tRNAs, the occupancy of Rcp82p at these loci is most probably a result of an amplification of cross-hybridization signals.
Additional file 9. Tables S8 and S9. Detection of RNAP III binding peaks (Table S8) and genomic organization and coordinates of telomeric ncRNA (TelRs; Table S9).
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Additional file 10. Figure S3. Transcription and RNAP III occupancy of ncRNAs. tRNAs (a, b), RPR1 (b) and an unknown ncRNA (c) are represented.
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It has been demonstrated that the yeast S. cerevisiae LTR retrotransposons Ty1 and Ty3 strictly target regions in the vicinity of tRNAs [64,65]. This conserved strategy is most likely adopted to avoid deleterious integrations into coding sequences. In the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, Siol et al. [66] have demonstrated that the general transcription factor TFIIIC of the RNAP III machinery is actively required for targeted integration of the retrotransposon TRE5-A [66]. This finding supports that, in our study, some Rpc82p-retrotransposon-occupied loci might be real binding events. Indeed, based on binding intensity, it is probably the case for two loci where Rpc82p was found to bind the repetitive DNA elements beta-1a and beta-1c of the retrotransposon Tca8 with an occupancy level similar to that seen for tRNAs (Table S8 in Additional file 9).
Subtelomeric regions are transcriptionally active and express a cluster of ncRNAs
We found that clustered transcribed segments (52 transfrags) with no protein-coding potential were located at the subtelomeric regions of all chromosomes (Figure 4a). This finding is in accordance with early work in mammals that established that telomeres, originally thought to be transcriptionally silent, bore actively transcribed ncRNAs [67,68]. Based on sequence similarity, these telomere-associated ncRNAs (TelRs) can be divided into eight classes (TelR A to H; Figure 4; Table S9 in Additional file 9). With no exception, all TelRs from class A are AS of TLO genes, overlapping with their 5' ends. The class B TelRs correspond to the telomeric element CARE-2 [69], which is composed, in part, of the LTR retrotransposon. TelRs are specific to C. albicans and their sequences are not conserved throughout the clades represented in the CTG. Furthermore, when TelR sequences of the SC5314 strain were compared to their counterparts in the WO1 strain, we noticed a significant degree of polymorphism. Subtelomeric regions are suggested to be potential locations of gene amplification since one telomere might be functionally exchanged with another [70]. Thus, in addition to TLO genes, TelRNAs seem to be members of a new family of multi-copy subtelomeric ncRNAs.
Figure 4. Subtelomeric regions bear transcriptionally active clusters of ncRNAs. (a) Genomic overview of subtelomeric regions of the left arm of chromosome 1 showing a cluster of transcribed segments with no protein-coding potential. Different classes of TelRs are represented. (b) Schematic representation of genomic organization of the different classes of TelRs at chromosome arms. TLO genes along with subtelomeric ORFs are shown.
Differentially regulated transfrags during pathogenic-related growth
As an opportunistic fungus, C. albicans must activate numerous transcriptional outputs to promote host colonization or virulence [71]. To elucidate the transcriptional patterns of annotated features in the different tested conditions, signal intensities of transfrags detected in cells growing as hyphae, biofilms and in the mouse caecum were compared to their counterparts in yeast cells (the control condition). GO analysis was used to assess the average expression levels of genes encoding specific classes of proteins in the three tested conditions (Figure 5; Additional files 11 and 12). In general, our results demonstrated a large overlap in transcripts present in hyphae or biofilms that were found in other studies. For instance, many differentially expressed genes in the three tested conditions encode adhesins and fungal cell wall proteins, consistent with their described roles during the interaction with the host and biofilm formation [71-73]. Unexpectedly, classes of genes involved in ncRNA metabolic processes, such as small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) assembly complexes, were found differentially expressed in hyphae and in cells recovered from the caecum (Figure 5). Similarly, several genes that had never been detected before in C. albicans biofilms, including genes encoding tRNAs (GO term 'translation elongation'; P = 1.57e-59), were found to be significantly consistently repressed with the repression of ribosomal genes, as reported in other biofilm models [74,75].
Figure 5. Functional gene categories differentially regulated in hyphae, biofilm and caecum-grown cells. GO functional categories of (a) up- and (b) down-regulated genes are shown. P-values were calculated using hypergeometric distribution.
Additional file 11. Table S10. GO process annotation of differentially regulated annotated features using the CGD GO Term Finder [27].
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Additional file 12. Table S11. List of differentially expressed ORFs in hyphae, biofilm and caecum-grown cells.
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Interestingly, we found that genes encoding proteins involved in heme binding were actively transcribed in C. albicans cells recovered from the caecum (Figure 5a), suggesting that the caecum is an iron-poor niche. These genes include hemoglobin-receptors RBT5, PGA10, CSA1, and DAP1, as well as the heme-degradation oxygenase HMX1. During this commensal growth, C. albicans also activates genes related to carbohydrate catabolism, as was reported in other in vivo infection models [71]. qPCR confirmed the activation of selected genes representing carbohydrate catabolism and heme binding functions in two independent biological replicates (Additional file 13).
Additional file 13. Figure S4. Real-time quantitative PCR validation of candidate genes differentially expressed in caecum-grown Candida cells. Both heme-binding (a) and carbohydrate catabolism genes (b) were considered.
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To discover candidate ncRNAs potentially associated with host-dependant growth, we defined differentially expressed intergenic transfrags in C. albicans cells growing in the caecum as well as in cells undergoing hyphal and biofilm growth. Using a stringent cutoff (see Materials and methods), 264, 47, and 64 transfrags were found differentially regulated in caecum-grown cells, hyphae and biofilm cells, respectively (Additional file 14). Many of them are bound by the RNAP II or are conserved with other species from the Candida clade (Additional file 14), suggesting a significant potential for function.
Additional file 14. Table S12. Genome-scale detection of differentially expressed unannotated transfrags in C. albicans.
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Conclusions
We provide a comprehensive expression map that covers a set of conditions relevant to C. albicans pathogenic developmental stages. The identification of unannotated transcribed regions was the main motivation of this study. Using multiple genome-scale measurements (expression profiling and RNAP occupancy), we have characterized and annotated a number of ncRNAs hidden in the 'dark matter' of the C. albicans genome. These ncRNAs candidates constitute an interesting framework for future functional studies and will contribute to our understanding of the role of the C. albicans non-coding genome. Furthermore, our work has uncovered different genetic features, including extensive AS transcription, 5' and 3' UTRs and expression at subtelomeric regions. One particular feature was the enrichment of genes with long 5' UTRs in regulatory function associated with hyphal development. This feature might imply noteworthy regulation at the post-transcriptional level of the C. albicans yeast-to-hyphae switch and should be clarified in the near future. Transcript mapping data and RNAP occupancies will be available at the CGD database [76] displayed via a genome browser interface (Gbrowse), enabling the inspection of any locus of interest.
Materials and methods
Growth media and conditions
Strains used in this study are listed in Additional file 15. For general propagation and maintenance conditions, the strains were cultured at 30°C in yeast-peptone-dextrose (YPD) medium supplemented with uridine (2% Bacto peptone, 1% yeast extract, 2% dextrose, and 50 μg/ml uridine, with the addition of 2% agar for solid medium). Cell growth, transformation and DNA preparation were carried out using standard yeast procedures.
Additional file 15. Table S13. C. albicans strains used in the study [87,88].
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For gene expression profiling of yeast-form cells, saturated overnight cultures of the SC5314 strain were diluted to a starting OD600 of 0.1 in 50 ml fresh YPD and grown at 30°C to an OD600 of 0.8. Hyphae were induced by growing Candida cells in YPD plus 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C to an OD600 of 0.8. Cultures were harvested by centrifugation at 3,000 × g for 5 minutes, and the pellet rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. Biofilms were grown in RPMI medium at 37°C as described [77]. For RNA extracted from caecum-grown cells, female C57BL/6 mice (5 to 7 weeks old) were treated with tetracycline (1 mg/ml), streptomycin (2 mg/ml) and gentamicin (0.1 mg/ml) added to their drinking water for the duration of the experiment, beginning 4 days prior to inoculation. C. albicans cells (5 × 107 cells) were orally inoculated into the mice by gavage. Three days post-inoculation, the mice were sacrificed and the contents of the caecum were recovered and frozen in RNALater (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA) at -80°C. Caecum contents were filtered through 500 μm polypropylene mesh (Small Parts, Inc., Miramar, FL, USA) to remove large particles and RNA was extracted by bead beating with 0.5 mm zirconia/silica beads in TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). After the TRIzol RNA purification procedure described by the manufacturer, RNA was further purified on Qiagen (Valencia, CA, USA) columns with on-column DNase treatment.
Tiling array design
Starting from sequences from the C. albicans Genome Assembly 21 [9] and the MTL alpha locus [78], we extracted a continuous series of 242,860 60-bp oligonucleotides each overlapping by 1 bp. We then eliminated 2,062 probes containing stretches of 13 or more A or T nucleotides. The remaining 240,798 sequences were then used to produce sense and AS whole genome tiling arrays using the Agilent Technologies eArray service.
Microarray experiments
To extract RNA from cells, samples stored at -80°C were placed on ice and RNeasy buffer RLT was added to pellets at a ratio of 10:1 (vol/vol) buffer/pellet. The pellet was allowed to thaw in the buffer with vortexing briefly at high speed. The resuspended pellet was placed back on ice and divided into 1 ml aliquots in 2 ml screw cap microcentrifuge tubes containing 0.6 ml of 3 mm diameter acid-washed glass beads. Samples were homogenized 5 times, 1 minute each, at 4,200 RPM using Beadbeater. Samples were placed on ice for 1 minute after each homogenization step. After the homogenization the Qiagen RNeasy protocol was followed as recommended. Total RNA samples were eluted in RNAse free H2O. RNA quality and integrity were assessed using an Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer.
cDNA labeling and microarray production were performed as described [79]. Briefly, 20 μg of total RNA was reverse transcribed using 9 ng of oligo(dT)21 and 15 ng of random octamers (Invitrogen) in the presence of Cy3 or Cy5-dCTP (Invitrogen) and 400 U of Superscript III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen). Actinomycin D was used to inhibit synthesis of the second cDNA strand to a final concentration of 6 μg/ml.
To assess actinomycin D efficiency in resolving spurious AS transcripts, signal intensities of annotated feature (from yeast and hyphae experiments) probes exhibiting an AS transcript expressed above the background were considered. The signals of every probe representing either sense or AS transcripts for each hybridization, performed with or without actinomycin D, were plotted (Figure 3a, b).
After cDNA synthesis, template RNA was degraded by adding 2.5 units RNase H (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and 1 μg RNase A (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) followed by incubation for 15 minutes at 37°C. The labeled cDNAs were purified with a QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen). Prior to hybridization, Cy3/Cy5-labeled cDNA was quantified using a ND-1000 UV-VIS spectrophotometer (NanoDrop, Wilmington, DE, USA) to confirm dye incorporation. DNA microarrays were processed and analyzed as previously described [80].
Whole-genome location profiling by ChIP-chip and data analysis
RPA190 (ORF19.1839), RPC82 (ORF9.2847), RPB3 (ORF19.1248) and RPO21 (ORF19.7655) were TAP-tagged in vivo with a TAP-URA3 PCR product as described [81]. Transformants were selected on YPD -ura plates and correct integration of the TAP-tag was checked by PCR and sequencing. Cells were grown to an OD600 nm of 2 in 40 ml of YPD. The subsequent steps of DNA cross-linking, DNA shearing, chromatin immuno-precipitation and DNA labeling with Cy dyes were conducted exactly as described by Lavoie et al. [81]. Tiling arrays were co-hybridized with tagged immunoprecipitated (Cy5-labeled) and mock immunoprecipitated (untagged BWP17 strain; Cy3-labeled) DNA samples. Microarray hybridization, washing and scanning were performed as described above. The significance cut-off was determined using the distribution of log-ratios for each factor. It was set at 2 standard deviations from the mean of log-transformed fold enrichments. Values shown are an average of two biological replicates derived from independently isolated transformants of tagged and mock constructs. Peak detection was performed using Gaussian edge detection applied to the smoothed probe signal curve as described [82].
Expression analysis by real-time quantitative PCR
For qPCR, cDNA was synthesized from 5 μg of total RNA using the RT system (50 mM Tris-HCl, 75 mM KCl, 5 mM dithiothreitol, 3 mM MgCl2, 400 nM oligo(dT)15, 20 ng random octamers, 0.5 mM dNTPs, 200 units Superscript III reverse transcriptase; Invitrogen). The mixture was incubated for 60 minutes at 50°C. cDNAs were then treated with 2 U of RNase H (Promega) for 20 minutes at 37°C followed by heat inactivation of the enzyme at 80°C for 10 minutes. Aliquots were used for qPCR, which was performed using the Mx3000P QPCR System (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with the QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR master mix (Qiagen). Cycling was 10 minutes at 95°C followed by 40 cycles (95°C, 10 s; 58°C, 15 s; 72°C, 15 s). Samples were done in triplicate and means were used for calculations. Fold changes were estimated using the coding sequence of the C. albicans ACT1 ORF as a reference. Fold enrichments of the tested coding sequences were estimated using the comparative ΔΔCt method as described [83]. Primers used for qPCR are summarized in Additional file 16.
Additional file 16. Table S14. Primers used in this study.
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Strand-specific RT-PCR
Strand-specific RT was performed as for the qPCR experiment. The RT reaction used 2 pmol of gene-specific primers (Additional file 16) designed to anneal to the AS transcript. Strand-specific RT-PCR was performed using 1 μl of the RT reaction. Cycling was 10 minutes at 95°C followed by 30 cycles (95°C, 10 s; 60°C, 55 s; 72°C, 30 s). As a negative control, RT-PCR was performed using RT reactions in which reverse transcriptase was not added.
Genome annotation and DNA sequence conservation
The DNA sequence and annotation of C. albicans assembly 21 were obtained from CGD [27]. The genome of the closely related species C. dubliniensis was obtained from the Sanger Institute [84]. Conserved regions of C. albicans were defined as regions where significant alignments (e-value <1e-10) were found with C. dubliniensis using the blast program [85].
Threshold levels, transfrags and peak detection
A background value was established for every channel of all transcription mapping on the tiling arrays based on the 95th percentile of the distribution of the median expression level of unannotated non-conserved regions of the genomes. In all, 3,178 regions spanning at least 3 probes (>180 bp) were used to establish this stringent detection threshold. Furthermore, an annotated feature (ORF, RNA or retrotransposons) was considered expressed only if the mean expression levels of both the Cy3 and Cy5 channels were above their respective threshold levels.
Before the detection of unannotated intergenic transcribed regions, a median filter (n = 3) was applied to the tiling data to eliminate single isolated probes with excessively high values. A Gaussian smoothing function was then applied and regions that spanned consecutive probes above the background were reported. Based on the presence and expression level of adjacent annotated features, these transfrags were classified as UTR or intergenic. A transfrag was considered as an ORF if it is longer than 50 codons. Differential expression levels of each probe were taken as the log2 of theratio (Cy3/Cy5) normalized using locally weighted scatter plot smoothing(LOWESS). Annotated or newly discovered intergenic regions differentially expressed were taken as the mean value of the probes covering these regions. Peak location and detection were performed as exactly described by Lavoie et al. [57].
GO annotation was performed using the GO Term Finder at the CGD website [27]. The P-value was calculated using hypergeometric distribution, as described on the GO Term Finder website. Motif detection of A. thaliana snoRNA promoters was performed using the TAIR Motif Finder tool [86].
Accession codes
Microarray data have been submitted to the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) under accession number [GEO:GSE22625].
Abbreviations
AS: antisense; bp: base pair; CGD: Candida Genome Database; ChIP-chip: chromatin immunoprecipitation on chip; GO: Gene Ontology; LTR: long terminal repeat; ncRNA: non-coding RNA; ORF: open reading frame; qPCR: quantitative PCR; RNAP: RNA polymerase; RT: reverse transcription; snRNA: small nuclear RNA; snoRNA: small nucleolar RNA; TelR: telomere-associated ncRNA; UTR: untranslated region.
Authors' contributions
AS and AN conceived and designed the experiments. AS performed the experiments with the help of CA and FT. AS and HH analyzed the data. CK, MvhH and HL contributed regents, materials and analysis tools. AS wrote the paper. AN and MW reviewed and edited the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a team grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) to AN, MW and others (CTP 79843). CA was supported by an Alexander Graham Bell CGS-NSERC scholarship. We also thank Jessica V Pierce for the preparation of RNA from mouse caecum. This is NRC publication number 50694.
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Wikiomics:ChIP-chip
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 17:05, 23 November 2007 by Darek Kedra (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Information about the method is here: wikipedia:ChIP-on-chip
Programs used to analyze ChIP-CHIP data
• SignalMap (Nimblegene) uses gff format; useful mostly for visualization
• TiMAT2 is a collection of command line java tools used for for both low and high level tiling microarray data analysis using the Affymetrix, Nimblegen, and Agilent platforms. TiMAT2 is designed for processing chIP-chip, RNA difference, and comparative genomic hybridization experiments from both single and multi chip data sets. Options exist for distributed computing on a cluster via PBS. (dead link Nov 2007)
• TAMALPAIS: Web-based online analysis of ChIP-chip data (gff format); emails results to user
• Mpeak [1] Win only ver.2 ?not working?
• CEAS BED/GFF file format (BED format) so far only human and mouse genomes, web based
• TileHGMM: R package, requires replicates from chips, plus probe location file. For computational reasons data sould be separated for each chromosome.
• Chipper online and stand-alone R-based software (2006) [3]
• DRIM online and stand alone program (2007) [4]
ACME (Algorithms for Calculating Microarray Enrichment) is a set of tools for analysing tiling array ChIP/chip, DNAse hypersensitivity, or other experiments that result in regions of the genome showing "enrichment". It does not rely on a specific array technology (although the array should be a "tiling" array), is very general (can be applied in experiments resulting in regions of enrichment), and is very insensitive to array noise or normalization methods. It is also very fast and can be applied on whole-genome tiling array experiments quite easily with enough memory.
References
1. Zheng M, Barrera LO, Ren B, and Wu YN. ChIP-chip: Data, Model, and Analysis. University of California, Los Angeles, 2005. PDF [mpeak]
2. Ji H and Wong WH. . pmid:16046496. PubMed HubMed [tilemap]
3. Gibbons FD, Proft M, Struhl K, and Roth FP. . pmid:16277751. PubMed HubMed [Chipper]
4. Eden E, Lipson D, Yogev S, Yakhini Z (2007) Discovering Motifs in Ranked Lists of DNA Sequences. PLoS Comput Biol 3(3): e39 doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030039
[DRIM]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
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Random Robots Roundup for 5/4/11
Posted 4 May 2011 at 16:55 UTC by John_RobotsPodcast
Freescale Semiconductor, the Motorola spinoff primarily involved in the embedded processor market, has introduced the Freescale Mechatronics Robot, as a hardware kit for $199.00 each. The development environment is CodeWarrior Development Studio. A three-wheeled robot intended for lunar exploration the Tri-Star IV, jointly developed by the Tokyo Institute of Technology and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), may turn out to be useful at Fukushima. Timothy Payne, of Advanced Robotic Systems Laboratory in Atlanta, Georgia, has developed a humanoid robot you can duplicate for $2000 (shown above). Called POLYRO (short for “oPen sOurce friendLY RObot”), it incorporates an iRobot Create, eleven servos, two web cams, for eyes, a Microsoft Kinect, and a netbook computer running Linux. If you want to build your own, follow these instructions.
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Talk:Orange County (California)
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Revision as of 00:58, 8 December 2003 by Gjetost (Talk | contribs)
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Hey there is an orange county in Florida also. How do we deal with beaches in identically named locations?Ron 11:20, 11 Nov 2003 (PST)
You need to read the article naming conventions. -- Evan 11:23, 11 Nov 2003 (PST)
Ok but in this case as per the naming conventions it would end up as beaches(Southern California). It seems like this would be too large. Should I place all beaches in Southern California under this structure instead of breaking it up to Ventura County ,Los Angeles, Orange County and San Diego? Ron 11:30, 11 Nov 2003 (PST)
You've got a good point. That is a sticky wicket! So, I'll try to end-run it. Is Orange County big enough that we need to split it into regions? What about just listing the beach cities by name, like Huntington Beach and so on?
Also, you gotta check your spaces in article names. It should be "Something (Something Else)", not "Something(Something Else)". It's not a function call! B-) -- Evan 11:34, 11 Nov 2003 (PST)
I think what Evan was talking about was making it Oragne County(California). And I think we can just list all the beach cities in Oragne County or maybe list groups of them? I can't remember if there is anything between county and individual beach. (a la state->county->?->beach)Majnoona
Err... I know for a fact that Santa Catalina Island is in Los Angeles County. Also this would explain the Avalon Branch of the LA County Library. Gjetost 16:54, 7 Dec 2003 (PST)
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This article is part of the supplement: The 2008 International Conference on Bioinformatics & Computational Biology (BIOCOMP'08)
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Genome-wide prediction of cis-acting RNA elements regulating tissue-specific pre-mRNA alternative splicing
Xin Wang, Kejun Wang, Milan Radovich, Yue Wang, Guohua Wang, Weixing Feng, Jeremy R Sanford and Yunlong Liu*
BMC Genomics 2009, 10(Suppl 1):S4 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-S1-S4
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That Darn Organism!: I'm starting to worry about RSI, and I've found these yoga exercises useful. #2, in particular, helps a lot (in alleviating my fears of oncoming RSI; possibly not in other respects).
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http://www.fides.org
Europa
2010-09-24
EUROPE/GERMANY - Missions Office Director says: “We need to promote new forms of missionary apostolate according to the signs of the times.”
Fulda (Agenzia Fides) – During their Plenary Assembly which was held September 20 to 23 in Fulda, the German bishops outlined an initial assessment of the work of the new Office for the Missions based in Erfurt (Germany), which started its activities a few months ago, at the beginning of 2010 (see Fides 14/01/2010). In an interview published on the website of the German Bishops' Conference (Deutsche Bischofskonferenz, DBK) "katholisch.de,” the Director of the new office, Hubertus Schönemann, talks about the new tasks of the missionary ministry in a rapidly changing world.
By definition, his office deals with "the promotion and development of the Church's witness in this world,” which Schönemann calls "a long-term goal that cannot be achieved in a few months, as we address central questions such as the identity of the Church and the pastoral care needed for today and tomorrow."
As a priority, in order to effectively carry out his task, Schönemann says, "we need to meet and develop communication in the areas of evangelization and the missionary apostolate. We also try to understand the current trends in today's society... promoting and supporting new forms of missionary apostolate according to the 'signs of the times,' as the Second Vatican Council calls them."
In speaking of the role of the Internet for pastoral care, Schönemann highlights the fact that “the Internet is the medium that is most important in the post-modern era and it will become increasingly more important. With our office, we want to encourage and support the dioceses and religious orders in becoming more familiar with this tool. There are already many interesting things from the Church available today on the Internet."
Finally, Schönemann speaks of the German Bishops' role in missionary apostolate: "The fact that they are addressing this topic during their General Assembly shows that the bishops find it to be of great importance. It is important that the Church be fearless in keeping up with current developments in order to respond to her missionary calling in the future, as well. In the long term, the aim must be the promotion of renewed forms of pastoral work in the Church, to bear witness to the Gospel of God, who through Jesus Christ has drawn near to mankind, turning His gaze towards the men and women of today." (MS) (Agenzia Fides 24/09/2010)
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I dont know where is bug!
Newbie Member
7Jul2008,20:48 #1
Hi,
I have a code for transmitting data and receiveng data in the interrupt....
It is working when i run the program first time and if i run the same code next time,what i am supposed to do(transmitting 5 byte data) is not doing and the transmission is like 2 data, some time gap and then remaining 3 data.....
Could any one help me?
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Education Research International
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 654154, 6 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/654154
Research Article
Information Updating in Working Memory: Its Effect on Teacher Efficacy
Department of Psychology, Harbin University, 109 Zhongxing Avenue, Nangang, Harbin 150086, China
Received 29 October 2012; Accepted 19 November 2012
Academic Editor: Hoi Yan Cheung
Copyright © 2012 Jun Tao. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Teacher efficacy has a great impact on effective teaching and has been studied in various perspectives. The updating information ability in working memory is always related with many capabilities of cognition. An experiment of N-back task and a questionnaire of teacher efficacy were conducted in this study to test the effect of the ability of information updating in working memory on the teacher efficacy. A significant difference was found in the reaction time between high teacher efficacy group and low teacher efficacy group. The results showed that teachers who scored higher in the teacher efficacy scale tended to react faster than those who scored lower based on the same accuracy. And the updating information ability could serve as a predictor of teacher efficacy.
1. Introduction
The concept of teacher efficacy was proposed by RAND Corporation in the year of 1976 [1], referred to the confidence that teachers hold about their individual and collective capability to influence student learning and was considered to be the key motivation beliefs influencing teachers’ professional behaviors and student learning [2]. While Tschannen-Moran et al. (1998) believed that teacher efficacy was the teacher’s belief in one’s capability to organize and execute courses of action required to successfully accomplish a specific teaching task in particular context [3].
Teacher efficacy is believed to play an important role in teaching situation. Previous researches show that teacher efficacy has great impact on both teaching behavior [47] and the student achievements [69]. Statistically significant relation was found between professor self-efficacy in enthusiasm, breadth and teaching effectiveness regarding enthusiasm and breadth, respectively [10]. The teacher efficacy effects on teaching situation in various ways. Tschannen-Moran and Hoy proposed the constructs of teacher efficacy were efficacy in student engagement, efficacy in instructional strategies, and efficacy in classroom management [11]. These three components serve as the mediator for a teacher to influence the student, in which the inner cognitive process decides the proper behaviors that would be taken based on the inputting information from the teaching environment.
Researchers are also interested in the sources of teacher efficacy from which they can predict the level of a teacher’s efficacy. Bandura [12] postulated four sources of teacher efficacy: mastery experiences, physiological and emotional cues, vicarious experiences, and social persuasion. Actually, these four sources do not influence the level of teacher efficacy directly according to Tschannen-Moran et al. [3]. The sources of efficacy information are analyzed and evaluated under the control of a cognitive process. Tschannen-Moran et al. [3] believed that cognitive process played an important role in the creation of efficacy beliefs. It is the cognitive process that determines how the sources of information will be weighed and how they influence the analysis of the teaching task and the assessment of personal teaching competence. The interaction of task analysis and competence, in turn, shapes teacher efficacy. They have introduced a model to illustrate how central cognitive process interacts with other sources of teacher efficacy.
As illustrated in Figure 1, the cognitive process has a close relationship with teacher efficacy and influences the teaching performance both directly and indirectly by raising cognitive effort which would arouse more resources needed for better cognition. Many evidences show that working memory plays a very important role for individuals to perform in an effective way, because it influences the cognitive process [12], such as perception [13], attention [14], reasoning [15], and decision making [16] which are necessary for teachers to perform in the teaching situation. The teaching situation is changing all the time, and it is important for a teacher to perceive the information from the environment and to react in a proper way. Thus, the teacher efficacy is regarded as an outcome of the cognitive process which is based on the inner information processing between the perception and reaction. The teaching information is processed and updated with the changing of teaching situation and then interacts with teacher efficacy together to influence the teaching behavior and the students achievement. Obviously, an ability of information updating is needed to deal with the changing information at a high speed of central executive process which is the core component of working memory.
Figure 1: The cyclical nature of teacher efficacy [3].
Working memory is more like a processor rather than a storage in which information is temporarily stored and maintained in performance of complex cognitive processing [17]. Baddeley and Hitch suggested working memory was comprised of three components: a phonological loop, a visuospatial sketch pad, and the central executive [18]. The phonological loop is known as “articulatory loop” in Baddeley’s early model of working memory and now is regarded as a relatively modular system comprising a brief store together with means of maintaining information by vocal or subvocal rehearsal. The visuospatial sketch pad keeps the visual and spatial information in a relatively short time in memory for further processing. Baddeley regarded the central executive as the most important component of working memory. He was criticized for saying nothing about it in his early research and suggested that the central executive needed to be able to focus on attention, to divide attention between two important targets or stimulus streams, and involved in tasks switching [19].
The working memory construct is a strong predictor of general fluid intelligence and a weaker predictor of domain-specific reasoning, and the reverse is true for the short-term memory construct. The findings support a domain-general view of working memory capacity, in which executive-attention processes drive the broad predictive utility of working memory span measures, and domain-specific storage and rehearsal processes relate more strongly to domain-specific aspects of complex cognition [20].
Previous studies show that the updating abilities are closely linked with performance on both verbal and visuo-spatial working memory span tasks [21]. Working memory updating is the ability to maintain accurate representations of information changing over time, and it has been successfully used in individual differences research to predict higher cognitive abilities [22]. Working memory updating and working memory capacity may make independent contributions in predicting higher mental abilities.
The teacher efficacy maybe has a close relation with the cognitive process. It is influenced by the information processing ability in which the ability of updating would help individuals to perceive the environment and react to it in a proper way. The updating information ability in working memory was selected as a predictor to test its impaction on teacher efficacy in this study. An experiment of N-back working memory task and a questionnaire of teacher efficacy were used in this study in order to test the effect that the information updating ability had on the teacher efficacy. The subjects were supposed to score higher for the teacher efficacy scale if they performed faster in the N-back working memory task.
2. Method
2.1. Subjects
30 teachers from Harbin University were involved in this study via an instant message group. 3 teachers quitted at the beginning of the experiment, and 2 teachers gave up during the experiment. The rest 25 teachers (6 males and 19 females) composed the valid participants in this study. Their average age was 35.56 (SD = 6.92) and 11 (SD = 8.66) years of average teaching years.
The hypothesis of this study is to test whether the low and high teacher efficacy subjects also differ in their updating information ability. Therefore, data for a total of 25 subjects were divided into three groups according a traditional way that 27% of the top scores and the 27% of low scores composed the higher group and lower group, respectively. The high teacher efficacy group in this study is defined as the subjects who rank the top 7 that scored from Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scales with a mean score of 168.43 (SD = 5.62). The low teacher efficacy group is defined as the last 7 subjects whose scores are ranked the bottom 7 with a mean score of 123.71 (SD = 14.02). The rest 11 subjects are defined as the middle group of teacher efficacy with a mean score of 152.91 (SD = 7.35). ANOVA analysis shows that there is a significant difference between these three groups (, ) (see Table 2), and the Tukey HSD test shows the differences between each group are also significant with mean differences of −29.19 (), −44.71 (), and −15.52 () by low-middle, low-high, and middle-high comparison, respectively. No sex differences were found in teacher efficacy, reaction time, and accuracy in this study.
2.2. Procedure
There were two stages in this study. Subjects were asked to operate an N-back working memory task in the first stage. In the N-back task paradigm, subjects are asked to monitor the identity of a series of stimuli and to indicate whether the currently presented stimulus is the same as the one presented in N trials previously. For example, subjects would compare the current stimulus with the previous stimulus in 1-back task and compare with the stimulus appeared before the previous one in 2-back task. As N-back task requires online monitoring, updating, and manipulation of remembered information and is therefore assumed to place great demands on a number of key processes within working memory [23]. In this study, the experiment of N-back task aimed to identify how well the subjects would perform in dealing with the updating information. As the new stimuli come into their working memory and caused the old stimuli to be expelled from working memory, the central executive of cognitive process must maintain at least N+1 items at a time and make comparisons between the old and new stimuli till the decision is made and responded.
In the second stage of the study, subjects were asked to complete a Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (long form) after they finished the N-back task. The scale (TSES) was developed by Tschannen-Moran and Woolfolk Hoy and was translated into simplified Chinese by an English-Chinese translation expert. The reliability of this scale is 0.94 of alpha in Tschannen-Moran’s original research [11] and 0.885 of Cronbach’s Alpha with reliability analysis in this study.
All the subjects were invited individually to the Cognitive Psychology Laboratory of the Psychological Department of Harbin University where they took the N-back task experiment and finished the scales.
2.3. Experiment Design and Material
The experimental program of N-back task was produced with E-prime 2.0 and presented by a HP notebook. Sixteen simplified Chinese words were selected to be the items subjects need to remember and identify in the experiment.
The 2-back task was used in this study in which participants were asked to respond to the words they saw on the screen and to judge whether the word was the same or not with the one he/she saw two words before (see Figure 2). Participants were instructed to press “F” button if he/she judges this word was the same as the one two trails previously and press “J” button if the judgment is not the same. Before the formal experiment, there was a practice phase in which subject should be familiar with the progress and required 90% accuracy to be the criterion to go to the formal experiment. Subjects received feedback of being right or wrong when they responded to the current stimulus in the practice phase but no feedback in the formal experiment phase. There is no time restriction for subjects, and the stimulus disappears as the subjects respond to it before the next stimulus appears on the screen. Data were collected and analyzed by using SPSS 13.0.
Figure 2: The procedure of 2-back task experiment.
3. Result
3.1. The General Analysis of Reaction Time and Accuracy
The reaction time and accuracy are the most important measures in this task. The general reaction time and accuracy for all subjects are 1613.80 (SD = 612.66) ms (millisecond) and 93.56 (SD = 3.33) percent, respectively. The reaction time of the low teacher efficacy group is 2094.32 ms (SD = 840.47) and 1277.96 ms (SD = 273.90) for the high teacher efficacy group. The reaction time of middle group is 1521.72 ms (SD = 426.73). The mean accuracy of the low teacher efficacy group is 94.44% and 95.07% of the high teacher efficacy group which are much better than the middle teacher efficacy group of the 92.04% accuracy (see Table 1). There is strong tendency that the reaction time reduces as the teacher efficacy increases.
Table 1: The general analysis of teacher efficacy, reaction time, and accuracy.
Table 2: The ANOVA analysis for teacher efficacy, reaction time, and accuracy.
3.2. The ANOVA Analysis for Teacher Efficacy, Reaction Time, and Accuracy
The one way ANOVA analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between teacher efficacy and updating ability in working memory. The results show that there is a significant difference of reaction time between groups (, ). But no significant difference is found in accuracy among three groups (, ) (see Table 2).
Further analysis by Tukeys HSD found that there was a significant difference in reaction time between the low teacher efficacy group and high teacher efficacy group (the mean difference is 816.36, ), but no significant difference was found in accuracy between these two groups.
3.3. Correlation of Teacher Efficacy, Reaction Time, and Accuracy
Significant negative correlation was found between teacher efficacy and reaction time (, ), but no significant correlation was found between the teacher efficacy and accuracy (, ) while the reaction time and accuracy are correlated in the positive way but still not significant (, ). The subjects tend to perform faster but with more mistakes in the N-back task if they have higher score from the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale.
4. General Discussion
This study investigated the effect of updating information in working memory on teacher efficacy at levels of reaction time and accuracy. The hypothesis was tested that higher teacher efficacy need more cognitive effort which stated that the working memory updating made independent contributions in predicting higher mental abilities which consisted the ability of teacher efficacy sources from an evaluation of the inputting information. Although previous research established a clear relationship between teacher efficacy and cognitive process, few studies have investigated the details of how cognitive process interacted with teacher efficacy. This study hypothesized that the updating information ability had effect on the performance of teacher efficacy when reaction time of high teacher efficacy group was faster than low teacher efficacy group.
Results in the experiment and the scale supported the hypothesis of better updating information lead to higher teacher efficacy (see Figure 3). The mean of three groups of reaction time had a significant difference with the analysis of ANOVA and differed significantly between high teacher efficacy group and low teacher efficacy group with Tukeys HSD test. The high group and low group revealed nearly identical accuracy for N-back task but faster reaction time with increasing teacher efficacy. And negative correlation was also found between reaction time and teacher efficacy serving as evidence that the ability of updating information in working memory does affect the teacher efficacy.
Figure 3: The relationship between updating information and teacher efficacy.
The teacher efficacy was constructed by three components which would be mediators of cognition effect on teacher efficacy. The efficacy of student engagement depended on the ability to motivate students by the proper behavior [24] that was generated on the basis of the interaction of new and old information. The efficacy of instructional strategy needs effective expression that could be predicted by the updating information ability of working memory proposed by Morris and Jones who found that the updating memory affects the performance independently of the effects of irrelevant speech and suppression [25].
Walczyk et al. proposed that individuals with higher levels of self-efficacy may be more resourceful in the allocation and adaptations of alternative strategies compared to those individuals with lower levels of self-efficacy and thus solve problems with greater accuracy and efficiency [26]. The resources of cognition are limited. The allocation strategy would be an alternative explanation for the results of this study.
Serving as one of the sources of teacher efficacy, the high speed of updating information leads to a higher teacher efficacy. Due to the fact that teaching situation is changing all the time, the high-speed response to the teaching situation is necessary for a teacher to perform in a proper way during their instruction, classroom management, and interactions with students. Teachers are required to integrate and evaluate the current information that comes from the environment in order to adjust their behavior that is suitable for the teaching situation. This is done with the working memory—especially the central executive. Besides the storage of information, working memory is a functional component that is in charge of the information processing. There will be a more effective information processing ability if the inputting information from the teaching situation is processed at a higher speed. Teachers with high speed information updating ability will adjust their teaching behavior rapidly with the changing outer environment, and therefore they will have higher teacher efficacy.
Finally, the level of teacher efficacy was measured by the scale, and subjects completed it based on their beliefs about teaching episodes. As were identified artificially by the scores of the subjects responded in the scale, the three groups of low, middle, and high teacher efficacy did not mean their sense of efficacy is low or high absolutely but relatively within the sample of this study.
Appendix
Materials Used in the Experiment
(encourage) (commend) (criticize) (ask questions) (answer questions) (prepare lessons) (motivate) (instruction) (charging) (calculate) (shopping) (work-out) (chat) (travel) (promote) (print).
References
1. D. Armor, P. Conroy-Osequera, M. Cox et al., “Analysis of the school preferred reading programs in selected Los Angeles minority schools,” Report no. R-2007-LAUSD, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA, 1976.
2. R. M. Klassen, V. M. C. Tze, S. M. Betts, and K. A. Gordon, “Teacher efficacy research 1998–2009: signs of progress or unfulfilled promise?” Educational Psychology Review, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 21–43, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
3. M. Tschannen-Moran, A. W. Hoy, and W. K. Hoy, “Teacher efficacy: its meaning and measure,” Review of Educational Research, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 202–248, 1998. View at Scopus
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Obstetrics and Gynecology International
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 798035, 9 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/798035
Clinical Study
Contribution of Primary Pelvic Organ Prolapse to Micturition and Defecation Symptoms
1Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Hospital, P.O. Box 95500, 1090 HM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2Institute of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
3Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Division Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Erasmus MC-Sophia, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Received 1 April 2011; Accepted 7 July 2011
Academic Editor: Peter L. Rosenblatt
Copyright © 2012 Annette G. Groenendijk et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the contribution of Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) to micturition and defecation symptoms. Method. Cross-sectional study including 64 women presenting with POP symptoms and 50 controls without POP complaints. Subjects were evaluated using POP-Quantification system, Urinary Distress Inventory, and Defecation Distress Inventory. The MOS SF-36 health survey and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale were used to measure self-perceived health status and depressive symptoms, respectively. Results. POP in terms of POP-Q had a moderate impact on the symptom observing vaginal protrusion (explained variance 0.31). It contributed modestly to obstructive voiding and overactive bladder symptoms (explained variance 0.09, resp., 0.14) but not to urinary incontinence. Constipation was more likely explained by clinical depression than by pelvic floor defects (explained variance 0.13, resp., 0.05). Conclusion. Stage of POP and specific prolapse symptoms are associated but such a strong association does not exist between POP and micturition or defecation symptoms.
1. Introduction
Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common disorder often associated with symptoms such as a vaginal bulging, pelvic heaviness, bothersome micturition, and defecation symptoms as well as sexual dysfunction, often with a negative impact on quality of life [1, 2]. It is unclear whether the anatomical position of the bladder, bowel, and uterus compromises the bladder and bowel function directly, or whether abnormal anatomy and dysfunction of the pelvic floor share a common etiology. Moreover, it is unclear to what extent micturition and defecation symptoms can be explained by the presence and degree of anatomical abnormalities involved in POP. With the exception of vaginal bulging, none of these symptoms are specific to vaginal prolapse since they also exist in women without POP [3]. Whether or not the symptoms are related to POP is critical to patient management. POP patients in whom defecation symptoms dominate might be primarily referred to the gastroenterologist, but if these patients present with a vaginal prolapse, these patients are usually referred to the gynecologist. The latter commonly offers POP surgery with the correction of the anatomy as well as restoration of the pelvic floor function as treatment aims. This treatment policy assumes a causal rather than indirect relation between POP and these symptoms. However, surgical results frequently are disappointing in terms of pelvic floor function and symptoms [4, 5].
In this study we address the unclear relation between POP and pelvic floor symptoms and compare women who present with symptomatic POP with asymptomatic women. We investigated to what extent bladder and bowel symptoms are related to specific anatomical defects of the pelvic floor or to other factors like patient characteristics (e.g., age, parity, body weight, educational level) and psychological characteristics.
2. Material and Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study between January 2000 and January 2002 consisting of two groups. The study group consisted of 64 women with symptomatic POP stage 2 or more treated at the gynecology outpatient clinic of the Onze Lieve Vrouwe Hospital. These patients participated in a larger study on the evaluation of the diagnostic work-up of patients with symptomatic primary POP [68]. The control group consisted of 35 women who were referred to the gynecology outpatient clinic for other complaints but not seeking medical care for POP and 15 women without gynecological complaints and who were not referred.
Exclusion criteria for both groups were being less than 6 months postpartum, having congenital defects of the urogenital and/or gastrointestinal tract, a fibroid uterus with a size of more than 12 weeks of pregnancy, large ovarian cysts, prolapse surgery and/or hysterectomy in medical history, a poor general condition precluding surgical therapy or insufficient Dutch language proficiency. Patients who visited the general gynecologic outpatient clinic were excluded from the control group if they appeared to have symptoms of pelvic prolapse.
The study was approved by the Medical Ethical Board of the Onze Lieve Vrouwe Hospital.
Standardized medical review and physical examination were carried out during the first visit at the gynecology outpatient clinic of the Onze Lieve Vrouwe Hospital. Stage of POP was assessed using the POP-Quantification (POP-Q) system with the patient sitting 45 degrees upright in a gynecological examination chair while she was instructed to strain forcefully [9]. In agreement with the study of Kahn and colleagues, we used the sum of the anatomic landmarks genital hiatus (gh) and perineal body (pb) as measure for perineal descent [10]. All pelvic examinations were performed by the first author (A. G. Groenendijk). In addition to a standard history review, each patient was invited to complete the following surveys. (1) The MOS SF-36 generic health-related quality-of-life questionnaire was used to measure self-perceived health status [11]. We used the overall physical and mental health summary scores (score range: 0–100, a higher score indicates better health) as indicators of physical and mental health. (2) The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D) was used to measure depressive symptoms [12] (scores range: 0 (no symptoms)−60(maximal symptoms); a cutoff score of 16 indicates clinical depression). (3) For the measurement of urogenital and bowel symptoms and symptom-related bother, we used two disease-specific symptom questionnaires. Firstly, the 19-item urinary distress inventory (UDI) consists of five domains: genital prolapse (e.g., feeling and/or seeing a vaginal bulge), urinary incontinence (e.g., urine leakage related to physical activity, coughing, or sneezing and urine leakage related to the feeling of urgency), overactive bladder (e.g., frequency, urgency, and nocturia), obstructive micturition (e.g., feeling of incomplete bladder emptying and difficulties to empty the bladder), and discomfort/pain (e.g., lower abdominal pressure, pain or discomfort lower abdomen, push on the vaginal wall to have bowel movement). Secondly, we used the 15-item defecation distress inventory (DDI) consisting of four domains: constipation, fecal incontinence, painful defecation, and incontinence for gas. The constipation domain was covered by the following items: less than 3 bowel movements a week, in 25% of the time straining at defecation, feeling of incomplete evacuation, sensation of anal blockage, and difficulties with emptying the rectum (manual removal of feces out of the rectum or push on the vaginal wall). Each domain score ranges from 0 to 100, and a higher score indicates more bother of reported symptoms [13, 14]. Both questionnaires have been validated in the Dutch language.
3. Analysis
Differences in stage of pelvic organ prolapse, patient characteristics, and reported pelvic floor symptoms between the study and the control group were evaluated using the Student’s independent samples t-test for Gaussian distributed variables, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test for skewed variables, and the chi-square test for nominal/ordinal variables.
The impact of (1) individual risk factors (age, body mass index (BMI), parity, perineal trauma, summary physical health (as proxy for comorbidity), and educational level), alongside (2) specific pelvic floor defects (anterior, middle, and posterior compartment defects) and (3) psychological health status (clinical depression and summary mental health) on the UDI and DDI domain scores (both log transformed) was assessed using multiple linear regression analysis. The resulting beta-coefficients represent the impact on the log UDI or log DDI domain score when the risk factor is changed with one unit of measurement. Adjusted was used as measure of model fit. The change in adjusted was used to quantify the contribution of patient characteristics, psychological health, and specific pelvic floor defects, respectively (in this order, stepwise multiple linear regression analysis).
The post hoc sample size estimation showed that at least 84 patients had to be included in the analysis (power 80%) or alternatively 111 patients (power 90%) (type I error (alpha) = 0.05 (two sided), 13 predictors (see Table 2), effect size = 0.25 corresponding to = 0.20).
SPPS for Windows version 16.0 was used for data management and statistical analysis. A two-sided value <0.05 was considered a statistically significant difference.
4. Results
Table 1 depicts the characteristics of the 64 women of the study and the 50 women of the control group. Women in the study group were on average older and had higher parity as compared to the control group. Patients in the study group on average had higher POP stage compared to the control group (POP III/IV: 74% versus 4%, resp.), and their physical health was significantly worse.
Table 1: Patient’s characteristics.
Table 2: Multiple linear regression analysis showing the relationship between patient’s characteristics, psychological characteristics and anatomical defects at the one hand and pelvic floor symptoms (log scale) at the other hand.
The study group reported significantly more bother from urogenital and bowel symptoms. Significant differences between the groups were found for all UDI domains as well as the flatus and fecal incontinence domains of the DDI. Feeling of vaginal protrusion (50/64 (78%)) and overactive bladder symptoms (45/64 (70%)) were the most frequent and bothersome symptoms in the study group followed by complaints of discomfort and pain. In the control group, the most prevalent and bothersome complaint was urinary incontinence (22/50, 44%). Frequently reported defecation symptoms in both groups were false urge for defecation (27/64 (42%) and 17/50 (34%), resp.), obstructed defecation (29/64 (45%) and 12/50 (24%)), and feeling of incomplete defection (29/64 (45%) and 8/50 (16%), resp.).
Table 2 shows the association between micturition (UDI) and defecation (DDI) scores on the one hand and patient’s characteristics, POP-Q scores, and psychological characteristics on the other.
4.1. Prolapse Feeling
Pelvic floor defects, dominated by anterior vaginal wall prolapse (Ba) and perineal descent of the pelvic floor (gh + pb), accounted for 31% () of the variance in symptom scores. The impact of clinical depression and summary mental health on prolapse feeling was small (variance explained: 2%, ). Patient characteristics overall explained 14%. A higher BMI adjusted for other covariables was associated with lower scores of prolapse feeling.
4.2. Obstructive Voiding
Voiding problems were associated to specific pelvic floor defects but the overall contribution was modest (9% of explained variance, ). Voiding problems were predominantly related to patient characteristics, explaining 21% of variance (). The relationship between presence of perineal trauma and voiding obstruction was inverse. Patients with better overall physical health had significantly less bother from voiding obstruction, but the impact was small.
4.3. Overactive Bladder
Overactive bladder symptoms were mainly related to pelvic floor defects (14% of variance explained, ), especially to posterior vaginal wall prolapse (point Bp) and to a lesser extent point C. The contribution of patient characteristics was small (7% of variance explained). Only educational level had a significant impact on overactive bladder symptoms, that is, women with lower vocational education had more bother of overactive bladder symptoms.
4.4. Discomfort and Pain
Discomfort and pain were mainly related to pelvic floor defects (12% of variance explained), especially posterior vaginal wall prolapse (Bp) and perineal descent of the pelvic floor (gh + pb). However, discomfort and pain scores were also partially explained by patient and psychological characteristics; patients with lower overall physical health and clinically depressed patient showed more discomfort and pain.
4.5. Constipation
Constipation was predominantly related to psychological factors (13% of variance explained). Particularly clinically depressed patients reported higher levels of constipation. Constipation was to a lesser extent also related to pelvic floor defects (5% of variance explained, ); particularly perineal descent (gh + pb) had a significant impact on constipation (). Of the patient characteristics only BMI and physical health were significantly related to constipation.
4.6. Other UDI and DDI Domains
None of the covariables studied had a significant impact on urinary incontinence (UDI) and fecal incontinence, painful defecation, and incontinence for gas (DDI).
We also examined the association of mild or more severe prolapse with urinary incontinence. In the mild prolapse group (overall POP-Q stages I and II; ), the impact of anterior wall prolapse (represented by point Ba) on the UDI domain score (log transformed) with the same predictors as in Table 2 was beta = 2.75, 95%-CI: 0.04 to 1.25 (). In the severe prolapse group (overall POP-Q stages III and IV; ) we found an inverse but not significant impact of anterior wall prolapse on urinary incontinence: beta= −0.18, 95%-CI: −0.51 to 0.16 ().
5. Discussion
In this study the association between anatomical and functional abnormalities of the pelvic floor was poor. Anatomical defects and, to a lesser extent, patient characteristics were associated with obstructive voiding and overactive bladder but not with urinary incontinence. Any direct association between psychological factors and micturition symptoms appeared absent. Defecation symptoms were unrelated to anatomical abnormalities, patient characteristics, or psychological factors, except for constipation which was associated with psychological factors and, to a lesser extent, with perineal descent. Since the explanatory power of all pelvic floor symptoms was small, it is still unclear which are the main factors that underlie micturition and defecation symptoms.
Some limitations of this study need to be discussed. Firstly, although in agreement with other studies, only few of our patients presented with severe posterior compartment prolapse. As our study group represents an average distribution of vaginal prolapse patients, we do not believe this to be an important drawback. An overrepresentation of patients with severe posterior wall defects is likely to strengthen the relationship between posterior defects and defecation symptoms. Furthermore, forty percent of the women in the control group had a prolapse stage II according to the POP-Q classification system. This high prevalence of mild prolapse is in agreement with epidemiological studies that showed that up to 40% of women over the age of fifty years have mild asymptomatic prolapse [15, 16], which we regard as still a physiologic condition. Secondly, we did not document whether patients or controls had comorbidity. Instead, we used the SF-36 summary physical health dimension as a proxy measure. Probably, this is a more valuable measure to investigate whether pelvic floor function is associated with patient’s general health status. Thirdly, since patients and controls had different characteristics, we adjusted for the documented prognostic factors in the multiple regression analysis. We do not think that prognostic incomparability plays an important role as all theoretical prognostic factors were documented in both groups.
Finally, there are two statistical limitations. We did not adjust the type I error level for multiple testing. Furthermore, regression analyses with multiple variables may have introduced multicollinearity or confounding. Multicollinearity did not occur as all bivariate correlations between covariables were <0.80. Removal of the POP-Q points from the regression model showed significant associations between parity and prolapse feeling (beta = 0.4, ) and between age and fecal incontinence (beta = 0.04, ). Although associations between covariables might affect the significance of the beta coefficients, they generally do not affect the of the model.
Although POP and urinary incontinence frequently coincided, we found no significant relationship between prolapse and overall urinary incontinence symptoms. An explanation could be that mild prolapse is associated with urinary stress incontinence but severe prolapse is more associated with continence and voiding dysfunction. This theory is supported by our findings from the stratified analysis, showing that mild anterior wall prolapse was found to be significantly associated with urinary incontinence but severe anterior wall prolapse was not.
Furthermore, posterior compartment prolapse was associated with overactive bladder symptoms whereas, in contrast to what one may expect, anterior wall compartment prolapse was not. Only few studies on the relationship between POP and these symptoms are available. Some researchers found a relationship between anterior wall prolapse and overactive bladder symptoms due to outlet obstruction of the bladder [17], while others could not corroborate that association [18]. Our findings are in agreement with the findings of other reports that show that the site of POP and the type of pelvic floor symptoms are not consistently related [19, 20].
Experienced discomfort and pain in the pelvic area appeared to be related to clinical depression but from this study we cannot conclude whether this is a causal relationship or not. Furthermore we found that discomfort and pain symptoms were strongly related to posterior vaginal wall prolaps and perineal descent than to anterior vaginal wall prolapse. Maybe the feeling of pressure on the pelvic floor is caused by invisible structural abnormalities of the posterior compartment like enterocele [21, 22].
Surprisingly, we found no significant effect of age and parity on urogenital and defecation symptoms. One reason may be that the variation of these factors in our population was small, hampering the detection of significant associations. Alternatively, age and parity may have been undetected due to their associations with the respective POPQ points.
Furthermore, we found that a higher BMI was inversely related to prolapse feeling. While the literature supports overweight as a risk factor for pelvic organ prolapse [23], other studies show a protective effect of higher BMI level on pelvic floor injury [24, 25].
Defecation symptoms are frequently reported by women with POP [26] but whether they are the cause or the result of POP is unclear. Researchers report conflicting results about the relationship between the severity of prolapse and bowel symptoms [27, 28]. The association between pelvic floor defects and defecation symptoms in our study appeared to be small to absent. One explanation is that other factors than POP are predominantly responsible for defecation symptoms. The multifactorial pathophysiology of defecation disorders is likely to reduce the contribution of POP, that is, posterior vaginal wall prolapse amongst other factors, for example, occult anorectal anomalies, pelvic floor dyssynergia, endocrine and metabolic factors, and use of medication. The DDI we used to assess the presence of constipation is not valid to determine the symptom’s etiology. While outlet obstruction seems responsible for the association between perineal descent and constipation, the association between clinical depression and constipation points to slow transit constipation as the result of different life style.
Another explanation could be that small and mild posterior wall prolapses as frequently found in our study group should be regarded a physiologic condition often present in women without defecation complaints [29] but too small to cause outlet obstruction. Finally, one may question whether POP-Q scores are the best representation of abnormalities of the rectovaginal wall [7, 30] since imaging techniques (defecography, MRI) can reveal anatomical abnormalities of the posterior compartment that are not represented by abnormal POP-Q scores [31].
Although POP and prolapse symptoms are associated, in our study we did not find a strong relationship between the affected compartment and most of the micturition and defecation symptoms.
An explanation would be that prolapse and pelvic floor symptoms share a common aetiology rather than they have a direct causal relationship. Pathophysiologic concepts that might relate to prolapse and pelvic floor symptoms are collagen disease, abnormally weak pelvic floor muscles due to childbirth and pelvic floor neuropathy [32, 33]. The same neuropathy can obviously cause prolapse and a full range of bladder and bowel symptoms.
The above findings may have important clinical implications. In patients with mild POP who are not bothered by prolapse symptoms, surgical repair as treatment for functional disorders seems ill founded. In such cases, we first recommend conservative management of pelvic floor symptoms. Second, patients scheduled for POP surgery should be informed that coexisting micturition and defecation symptoms are not necessarily the result of POP and these may persist after surgery. The low proportion of explained variation in micturition and defecation symptoms stress the urge to further explore which factors determine the high prevalence of micturition and defecation symptoms in patients who present with POP. Improved insight into these factors may help to optimize the diagnostic work-up and treatment setting in patients with pelvic floor dysfunction.
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19. A. Miedel, G. Tegerstedt, M. Maehle-Smidt, O. Nyrén, and M. Hammarström, “Symptoms and pelvic floor defects in specific compartments,” Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 112, pp. 851–858, 2008.
20. R. M. Ellerkmann, G. W. Cundiff, C. F. Melick, M. A. Nihira, K. Leffler, and A. E. Bent, “Correlation of symptoms with location and severity of pelvic organ prolapse,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 185, no. 6, pp. 1332–1338, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
21. T. Takahashi, T. Yamana, R. Sahara, and J. Iwadare, “Enterocele: what is the clinical implication?” Diseases of the Colon and Rectum, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. S75–S81, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
22. Q. Chou, A. M. Weber, and M. R. Piedmonte, “Clinical presentation of enterocele,” Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 599–603, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
23. J. Mant, R. Painter, and M. Vessey, “Epidemiology of genital prolapse: observations from the oxford family planning association study,” British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 104, no. 5, pp. 579–585, 1997. View at Scopus
24. M. M. T. South, S. S. Stinnett, D. B. Sanders, and A. C. Weidner, “Levator ani denervation and reinnervation 6 months after childbirth,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 200, no. 5, pp. 519–e1, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
25. P. Baumann, A. O. Hammoud, S. G. McNeeley, E. DeRose, B. Kudish, and S. Hendrix, “Factors associated with anal sphincter laceration in 40,923 primiparous women,” International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 985–990, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
26. C. J. Klingele, A. E. Bharucha, J. G. Fletcher, J. B. Gebhart, S. G. Riederer, and A. R. Zinsmeister, “Pelvic organ prolapse in defecatory disorders,” Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 106, no. 2, pp. 315–320, 2005. View at Scopus
27. M. Soligo, S. Salvatore, A. V. Emmanuel, et al., “Patterns of constipation in urogynecology: clinical importance and pathophyiologic insights,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 195, pp. 50–55, 2006.
28. J. E. Jelovsek, M. D. Barber, M. F. R. Paraiso, and M. D. Walters, “Functional bowel and anorectal disorders in patients with pelvic organ prolapse and incontinence,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 193, no. 6, pp. 2105–2111, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
29. P. J. Shorvon, S. McHugh, N. E. Diamant, S. Somers, and G. W. Stevenson, “Defecography in normal volunteers: results and implications,” Gut, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1737–1749, 1989. View at Scopus
30. A. G. Groenendijk, S. De Blok, E. Birnie, and G. J. Bonsel, “Interobserver agreement and intersystem comparison of the halfway system of baden and walker versus the pelvic organ prolapse-quantitation prolapse classification system in assessing the severity of pelvic organ prolapse,” Journal of Pelvic Medicine and Surgery, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 243–250, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
31. F. M. Kelvin, D. D. T. Maglinte, J. A. Hornback, and J. T. Benson, “Pelvic prolapse: assessment with evacuation proctography (defecography),” Radiology, vol. 184, no. 2, pp. 547–551, 1992. View at Scopus
32. E. S. Lukacz, J. M. Lawrence, R. Contreras, C. W. Nager, and K. M. Luber, “Parity, mode of delivery, and pelvic floor disorders,” Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 1253–1260, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
33. H. P. Dietz, “The aetiology of prolapse,” International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 1323–1329, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
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Short Fuse
From the Super Mario Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about an enemy that appeared in the Yoshi series. For information about the mini-game in Mario Party DS, see Short Fuse (minigame), or Wario enemy from Wario Land: Shake It!; see Shortfuse.
Short Fuses are a sub-species of Grinders found in the Yoshi series. They're almost always found climbing vines, but there are some occasions that they'll go on the ground. Short Fuses throw missile-like bombs. They appear in Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island, Yoshi's Island: Super Mario Advance 3, Yoshi Touch & Go and Yoshi's Island DS.
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Polymers 2011, 3(1), 65-99; doi:10.3390/polym3010065
Review
Degradable Poly(ester amide)s for Biomedical Applications
Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 2 November 2010; in revised form: 25 November 2010 / Accepted: 23 December 2010 / Published: 27 December 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biofunctional Polymers for Medical Applications)
Download PDF Full-Text [413 KB, uploaded 27 December 2010 15:19 CET]
Abstract: Poly(ester amide)s are an emerging group of biodegradable polymers that may cover both commodity and speciality applications. These polymers have ester and amide groups on their chemical structure which are of a degradable character and provide good thermal and mechanical properties. In this sense, the strong hydrogen‑bonding interactions between amide groups may counter some typical weaknesses of aliphatic polyesters like for example poly(e-caprolactone). Poly(ester amide)s can be prepared from different monomers and following different synthetic methodologies which lead to polymers with random, blocky and ordered microstructures. Properties like hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio and biodegradability can easily be tuned. During the last decade a great effort has been made to get functionalized poly(ester amide)s by incorporation of a-amino acids with hydroxyl, carboxyl and amine pendant groups and also by incorporation of carbon-carbon double bonds in both the polymer main chain and the side groups. Specific applications of these materials in the biomedical field are just being developed and are reviewed in this work (e.g., controlled drug delivery systems, hydrogels, tissue engineering and other uses like adhesives and smart materials) together with the main families of functionalized poly(ester amide)s that have been developed to date.
Keywords: poly(ester amide)s; biodegradability; drug delivery systems
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Rodriguez-Galan, A.; Franco, L.; Puiggali, J. Degradable Poly(ester amide)s for Biomedical Applications. Polymers 2011, 3, 65-99.
AMA Style
Rodriguez-Galan A, Franco L, Puiggali J. Degradable Poly(ester amide)s for Biomedical Applications. Polymers. 2011; 3(1):65-99.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Rodriguez-Galan, Alfonso; Franco, Lourdes; Puiggali, Jordi. 2011. "Degradable Poly(ester amide)s for Biomedical Applications." Polymers 3, no. 1: 65-99.
Polymers EISSN 2073-4360 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Nano Express
Laser etching of groove structures with micro-optical fiber-enhanced irradiation
Dameng Liu*, Jiachen Liu, Hui Wang and Tianmin Shao
Author Affiliations
State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
For all author emails, please log on.
Nanoscale Research Letters 2012, 7:318 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-7-318
Published: 19 June 2012
Abstract
A microfiber is used as a laser-focusing unit to fabricate a groove structure on TiAlSiN surfaces. After one laser pulse etching, a groove with the minimum width of 265 nm is manufactured at the area. This technique of microfabricating the groove in microscale is studied. Based on the near-field intensity enhancement at the contact area between the fiber and the surface during the laser irradiation, simulation results are also presented, which agree well with the experimental results.
Keywords:
Micro-fiber; Laser; Micro-fabrication
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14 Bible Verses about Interfaith Relationships
1 Corinthians 7:13-16 ESV / 8 helpful votes
If any woman has a husband who is an unbeliever, and he consents to live with her, she should not divorce him. For the unbelieving husband is made holy because of his wife, and the unbelieving wife is made holy because of her husband. Otherwise your children would be unclean, but as it is, they are holy. But if the unbelieving partner separates, let it be so. In such cases the brother or sister is not enslaved. God has called you to peace. For how do you know, wife, whether you will save your husband? Or how do you know, husband, whether you will save your wife?
Malachi 2:11 ESV / 8 helpful votes
Judah has been faithless, and abomination has been committed in Israel and in Jerusalem. For Judah has profaned the sanctuary of the Lord, which he loves, and has married the daughter of a foreign god.
Nehemiah 13:25-27 ESV / 7 helpful votes
And I confronted them and cursed them and beat some of them and pulled out their hair. And I made them take oath in the name of God, saying, “You shall not give your daughters to their sons, or take their daughters for your sons or for yourselves. Did not Solomon king of Israel sin on account of such women? Among the many nations there was no king like him, and he was beloved by his God, and God made him king over all Israel. Nevertheless, foreign women made even him to sin. Shall we then listen to you and do all this great evil and act treacherously against our God by marrying foreign women?”
Amos 3:3 ESV / 5 helpful votes
“Do two walk together, unless they have agreed to meet?
Ezra 10:2-3 ESV / 5 helpful votes
And Shecaniah the son of Jehiel, of the sons of Elam, addressed Ezra: “We have broken faith with our God and have married foreign women from the peoples of the land, but even now there is hope for Israel in spite of this. Therefore let us make a covenant with our God to put away all these wives and their children, according to the counsel of my lord and of those who tremble at the commandment of our God, and let it be done according to the Law.
Exodus 34:12-16 ESV / 5 helpful votes
Take care, lest you make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land to which you go, lest it become a snare in your midst. You shall tear down their altars and break their pillars and cut down their Asherim (for you shall worship no other god, for the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God), lest you make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and when they whore after their gods and sacrifice to their gods and you are invited, you eat of his sacrifice, and you take of their daughters for your sons, and their daughters whore after their gods and make your sons whore after their gods.
1 Corinthians 6:14-15 ESV / 4 helpful votes
And God raised the Lord and will also raise us up by his power. Do you not know that your bodies are members of Christ? Shall I then take the members of Christ and make them members of a prostitute? Never!
Micah 6:8 ESV / 4 helpful votes
He has told you, O man, what is good; and what does the Lord require of you but to do justice, and to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God?
Matthew 24:37-38 ESV / 3 helpful votes
For as were the days of Noah, so will be the coming of the Son of Man. For as in those days before the flood they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day when Noah entered the ark,
Galatians 3:26-29 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God, through faith. For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. And if you are Christ's, then you are Abraham's offspring, heirs according to promise.
1 Corinthians 7:39 ESV / 2 helpful votes
A wife is bound to her husband as long as he lives. But if her husband dies, she is free to be married to whom she wishes, only in the Lord.
Matthew 1:5 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And Salmon the father of Boaz by Rahab, and Boaz the father of Obed by Ruth, and Obed the father of Jesse,
1 John 1:7 ESV / 1 helpful vote
But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus his Son cleanses us from all sin.
Romans 1:1-32 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God, which he promised beforehand through his prophets in the holy Scriptures, concerning his Son, who was descended from David according to the flesh and was declared to be the Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by his resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord, through whom we have received grace and apostleship to bring about the obedience of faith for the sake of his name among all the nations, ...
Suggest a Verse
Enter a Verse Reference (e.g., John 3:16-17)
Visit the Bible online to search for words if you don’t know the specific passage your’re looking for.
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User:John Cumbers
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 00:42, 2 August 2011 by John Cumbers (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
John Cumbers
NASA Ames Research Center
Mail Stop 239-20, Bldg N239 Rm 373
P.O. Box 1, Moffett Field, CA 94035-0001, USA.
cell +1 (401) 523 8190, office +1 (650) 604-1914, fax +1 (650) 604-1088
Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry
Brown University, Box G-W Providence, RI, 02912, USA
myname @ gmail . com
I'm a graduate student in the Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Graduate Program at Brown University. Since 2008 I've been working at NASA Ames Research Center in Silicon Valley, California. My research involves synthetic biology, extremophiles and applications of biological engineering to space settlement.
Contents
Research Interests
• Synthetic biology with applications to space settlement
• Radiation and cold tolerance in cyanobacteria
• Standards and part characterization for synthetic biology
• Mechanisms of aging
Education
Ph.D student, Brown University 2005-present
M.Sc, University of Edinburgh, 2005 (Bioinformatics)
B.Sc, University of Hull, 2004 (Computer Science with Information Engineering)
Publications
Measuring the activity of BioBrick promoters using an in vivo reference standard
Journal of Biological Engineering, 2009 March 20;3:4
Jason R Kelly, Adam J Rubin, Caroline M Ajo-Franklin, John Cumbers, Michael J. Czar, Kim de Mora, Aaron L Glieberman, Dileep D Monie, Drew Endy
URL PDF reprint
Drosophila Germ Line Modulation of Insulin Signaling and Lifespan
Flatt, T., Min, K., D’Alterio, C., Villa-Cuesta, E., Cumbers, J., Lehmann,R., Jones, D.L., Tatar,M.,
PNAS April 29, 2008 vol. 105 no. 17 6368-6373.
Progress toward construction and modelling of a tri-stable toggle switch in E. coli
Lohmueller, J.; Neretti, N.; Hickey, B.; Kaka, A.; Gao, A.; Lemon, J.; Lattanzi, V.; Goldstein, P.;
Tam, L.K.; Schmidt, M.; Brodsky, A.S.; Haberstroh, K.; Morgan, J.; Palmore, T.; Wessel, G.; Jaklenec, A.; Urabe, H.; Gagnon, J.; Cumbers
IET Synthetic Biology, 2007.
Annual Report for the American Federation for Aging Research.
2006 (Front Cover: Insulin vesicles in the fruit fly brain, confocal microscopy, Left)
Conference posters and abstracts
BioSysBio 2007: Conference in Systems Biology, Bioinformatics and Synthetic Biology Manchester, UK. 11-13 January 2007. Abstracts. Editor. BMC Syst Biol. 2007;1 Suppl 1:P1-S15.
Constructing a insulin sensitive cell, second international conference on synthetic biology (2.0). Poster UC Berkeley. 2006
Computational Analysis of Insulin in the Ageing Fruit Fly Cumbers, J., and Armstrong, J.D. Abstract from BioSysBio 2005: Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Conference, Edinburgh, UK, BMC Bioinformatics 2005, 6(Suppl 3):P9 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-6-S3-P9
BioSysBio: Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Conference. Edinburgh, UK. 14-15 July 2005. Abstracts. BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Sep 9;6 Suppl 3:P21-29, S1-15. PMID: 16219110 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Software
Science mutterings
OWW mutterings
General mutterings
protocols
Brown iGEM
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Armenia beat Lithuania 4:2 in friendly
PanARMENIAN.Net - Armenian national football team continued playing with the same vigor in the second half of friendly match against Lithuania, with Karlen Mkrtchyan scoring the second goal.
Armenia and Shakhtar Donetsk FC midfielder Henrikh Mkhitaryan scored the third goal, to be followed by Lithuania’s reply by Artūras Rimkevičius.
Further advancement of Aras Ozbiliz ended with Armenia’s fourth goal, with Rimkevičius closing the score with a penalty.
This was Armenia 2nd victory in 3 friendly matches against Lithuania.
Partner news
Top stories
Armenian grandmaster Levon Aronian is currently 3rd with 4 points, Bulgaria’s Veselin Topalov is 7th with 3 points.
European Individual Chess Championship ended in Polish town of Legnica, with 24 chess players winning World Cup qualifications.
Gor Minasyan won silver medal, Andranik Karapetyan and Izabella Yalyan both won bronze at Junior World Championships in Lima.
The chief coach noted that the Greco-Roman wrestlers will participate in Mariupol-hosted tournament in June.
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
UK Coal
From SourceWatch
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is part of the Coal Issues portal on SourceWatch, a project of CoalSwarm and the Center for Media and Democracy. See here for help on adding material to CoalSwarm.
This article is part of the CoalSwarm coverage of United Kingdom and coal.
Sub-articles:
Related articles:
UK Coal is is Britain's biggest producer of coal and operates a total of 9 mines. On its website UK Coal states that it "produces around 40% of the coal mined in the UK" and that "around 95% of UK Coal’s production is sold to electricity generators, accounting for 19% of coal burnt at power stations in the UK."[1] In its annual report the company describes itself as a "mining, property and power company."[2]
Contents
Background
UK Coal -- which was originally known as RJB Mining -- bought the coal assets of British Coal when the public company was privatised in December 1994.[3]
In January 2011, UK Coal announced its total production for 2010 went up to 7.2m tonnes from 7m a year earlier, despite the closure of Welbeck deep mine in May 2010, which left UK Coal with three operating deep mines. UK Coal's deep mines produced 5.8m tonnes in 2010, while 1.5m tonnes was produced from its surface mines. The group has spent £150m over the past two-and-a-half years to move to new seams at Thoresby and Kellingley.[4]
UK Coal announced in April 2011 that they had slumped for a third full-year in a row. UK Coal lost up to 12 percent in share value, the most since July 19, 2010. The net loss for the year ended Dec. 25, 2010 came to 125.1 million pounds, compared with a year-earlier loss of 127.5 million pounds.[5] It was also reported that if UK Coal does not turn a profit in years to come that the company would be forced into bankruptcy, essentially ending all coal mining in the UK.[6]
Coal Mining Operations
As of January 2010, UK Coal has the following three deep mining and six surface mining active coal operations. UK Coal has reserves and resources of over 100 million tonnes at the deep mines and approximately 50 million tonnes at its surface mines.[7]
Existing Underground Mines
As of October 2012 UK Coal lists its current underground coal mines, which produced 5.7 million tonnes of coal in 2011[8], as being:
• Daw Mill Colliery in Warwickshire; the company states that the mine's reserves "could last until 2028".[9] In 2011 the Daw Hill Colliery produced 2.1 million tonnes of coal.[8]
• Kellingley Colliery in Yorkshire; the company states that the mining of the 'Beeston' coal seam "will last until at least 2015 after which further reserves will be accessible in the 'Silkstone' coal seam".[9] In 2011 the mine produced 2.3 million tonnes of coal.[8]
• Thoresby Colliery in Nottinghamshire; the company states that "the mine’s reserves are expected to last until at least 2019".[9] In 2011 the mine produced 1.3 million tonnes of coal.[8]; and
• Harworth Colliery near Doncaster, in Nottinghamshire. The mine is currently mothballed but the company states that "we are currently exploring the viability of reopening this mine."[9] In its 2012 annual report the company states that "technical visits have also taken place to European mines that have similar geological conditions and it is hoped that a decision will be made by the end of 2012."[8]
Existing Open Cut Mines
As of October 2012, UK Coal lists its currently operating open cut coal mines as being the:[10]
• Butterwell mine, near Morpeth in Northumberland. The planning permission for the mine is for a total of 1 million tonnes of coal to be extracted over 41 months. Planning permission was granted in May 2011.[11]
• Huntington Lane mine, near Telford in Shropshire. UK Coal plans to mine 900,000 tonnes of coal.[12] The proposed mine met sustained opposition with a protest camp established to block mining.[13]
• Parkwall North mine, near Crook in County Durham. The company states that the mine "aims to recover 1¼ million tonnes of coal and ½ million tonnes of fireclay." On its website the company states that "there was opposition at the proposal from the local community." In response, it claims that it "took this into account and changed the plans and have targeted the significant community fund very well which has helped to reverse the opposition to our operations."[14]
• Potland Burn mine, near Ashington in Northumberland. UK Coal is planning to extract approximately 2 million tonnes of coal from the mine from when it commenced the operation in March 2010 and the scheduled closure in December 2016.[15]
• Lodge House mine, near Ilkeston in Derbyshire. The mine has mined a total of 1 million tonnes since 2008 and an approval for a mine expansion allows the mining of another 750,000 until 2015.[16]
• Minorca mine, near Measham in Leicestershire. Mining operation began in March 2012 with the first coal produced later that year. UK Coal states that it expects 1.25 million tonnes to be mined over four years.[17]
Proposed coal mines
As of October 2012, UK Coal lists its proposed open cut coal mines as being the:[10]
• Marley Hill Colliery near Marley Hill in County Durham is a proposal to mine 1 million tonnes from the abandoned colliery and coke works. The company states that the proposed mining operation could operate for approximately 3 years;[18]
• Deanfield coal mine is located to the west of New Sharlston in Wakefield and would recover just under 1.2 million tonnes of coal.[19]
• Hoodsclose coal mine near Ebchester in Northumberland is a proposal to mine approximately 2 million tonnes of coal. After stating that "it is often overlooked that coal is vital in the production of steel", UK Coal states that "a significant", but unspecified, "amount of this high quality “coking” coal. If the go ahead is received to our proposed development of the site, then it could be indigenous coal that will continue the re-establishment of the British steel industry, vital to our economic recovery."[20]
• Shortwood coal mine is a proposaed mine to the north of the Trowell services centre next to the M1 freeway. UK Coal "have submitted a planning application for the recovery of nearly 1.3 million tonnes of coal and up to 1/4 million tonnes of fireclay. The site would be operational for just over 5 ½ years creating 56 full time jobs."[21]
• Bradley coal mine is a proposed coal mine in County Durham. UK Coal have proposed to mine 550,000 tonnes of coal between 2013 and 2016. On its website the company states that "our application for planning consent was recommended for approval by the Planning Officer at Durham County Council. It was however turned down by the Council’s Planning Committee. After a Public Inquiry the application was refused and we are now appealing to the High Court."[22]
Citizen Action
March 22, 2010: Protesters Set up Camp to Protest Mine in UK
On March 22, 2010, anti-coal activists began protesting UK Coal's proposed coal mine near the communities of New Works and Little Wenlock. UK Coal promised to take legal action against the protesters if they did not remove themselves from the site. The protest began in response to the coal company's proposed opencast mine to be dug in the area. Dozens of protesters, some camped over night, sought to disrupt the operation with non-violent direct action. One of the protesters, who wouldn't be named, said: “We object because it’s so close to The Wrekin and people’s homes.”
Another protester, who also did not want to be named, said: “They already started to cut down trees which they said were around 20 years old, but they’re not, they’re about 150 years old.”[23]
As of April 28, 2010 the site of the proposed mine was still being occupied by anti-coal activists. At that time UK Coal was seeking legal authority to arrest the protesters. The government run company noted that operations were still set to begin by June 2010.[24]
March 26, 2010: Activists Protest Opencast Mine in UK
On Mary 26, 2010, 25 anti-coal activists occupied the site of the Blair House Opencast coal mining operation. The UK Coal company was operator of the mine. As reported by UK Indymedia about the event:
UK Coal have been given permission by Fife Council to mine 720,000 tonnes of coal from the site, a decision that disregarded the wishes of local residents. Nearly 150 people objected to the planning application for this site and there were no letters of support. The Council, in their defence, wouldn't dare refuse another open cast coal mine application after their refusal of ATH Resources mine at Muir Dean on the insistence of Crossgates residents, was overturned by the government and cost them financially.
The site is ecologically diverse and home to a population of Great Crested Newts, a European Protected Specie, the Black Wood Wildlife site, designated as an area that once had ancient woodland and is now home to birch forests and oak trees, orchids, breeding birds and wintering birds, bats, red squirrels and Brown hares, listed on the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The Cowstrandburn river will be diverted and undoubtedly polluted, along with other watercourses in the area.
Some 2.11 million tonnes of CO2 will be released into the atmosphere from the combustion of the coal, with more still being released from the mining process. None of this will be captured and stored. New coal mines such as this one undermine the governments plans to reduce Scotland's CO2 emissions and highlight the hypocrisy of government ministers and local councils when it comes to reducing emissions.
Fiona Richards, one of the people currently occupying the site said, “This new coal mine is only one of 20 such others to have recently been given planning permission in Scotland. If we are to have any chance of limiting dangerous climate change and protecting communities from carbon-intensive industries, direct action must be taken as councillors, mining companies and the government have shown their unwillingness to solve the problems we face.”[25]
April 2010: Coal Activists End Protest at Opencast Mine in UK
Protesters who occupied an opencast mine operated by UK Coal to highlight an opencast coal development in the town of Fife believe ended their protest after two weeks in April 2010. The activists left the mine site prior to a court order that would have forced them to. In a statement the group wrote:
The camp occupied the site for a week-and-a-half to show UK Coal and other mine operators that no new mine or coal infrastructure is safe and out of reach of protesters. The intention of the camp from the beginning was to hold a short-term occupation to bring attention to the issue, make links with local communities and cost UK Coal money. One of the primary aims of the camp was to cost UK Coal money and make it more difficult for the company to cause such destruction in other places.[26]
November 2010: Opencast mining plans dismissed at appeal
In November 2010 a proposed development to the east of the town of Leeds in the UK was thrown out following concerted campaign against the plan. Residents Against Greenbelt Exploitation (RAGE) group in a bid to defeat the plans.
The controversial plan was originally submitted by Banks Developments in 2006 to extract coal and other minerals from land close to the Fairburn Ings nature reserve in Ledston. This application was rejected by Leeds Council in August 2009. The developer then submitted an appeal against the decision, but the appeal was later dismissed.[27]
Contact Details
UK COAL Head Office
Harworth Park
Blyth Road
Harworth
Doncaster
South Yorkshire
DN11 8DB
Tel: 01302 751751
Fax: 01302 752420
Email: enquire AT ukcoal.com
Website: http://www.ukcoal.com/
Articles and Resources
Sources
1. UK Coal, "Company summary", UK Coal website, accessed October 2012.
2. UK Coal, "UK Coal Plc: Interim Report 2012", August 2012.
3. UK Coal, "Our History", UK Coal website, accessed June 2008.
4. John Collinridge, "UK Coal digging its way out of trouble" Yorkshire Post, January 18, 2011.
5. "U.K. Coal Slumps Most Since July After Reporting Third Loss" Amanda Jordan, Bloomberg, April 19, 2011.
6. "UK Coal chairman pledges ‘fundamental overhaul’" William MacNamara, FT.com, April 19, 2011.
7. "Operations: Overview" UK Coal, accessed January 2011.
8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 UK Coal, "UK Coal Plc: Interim Report 2012", August 2012, page 4.
9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 UK Coal, "Our deep mines", UK Coal website, accessed October 2012.
10. 10.0 10.1 UK Coal, "Our surface mines", UK Coal website, accessed October 2012.
11. Northumberland County Council, "Butterwell Opencast coal site", Northumberland County Council website, accessed October 2012.
12. UK Coal, "Huntington Lane – Sensitive Operation and Local Investment", UK Coal website, accessed October 2012.
13. Defend Huntington Lane, Defend Huntington Lane website, accessed October 2012.
14. UK Coal, "Parkwall North – Contentious Site Wins Round Local Community", UK Coal website, accessed October 2012.
15. UK Coal, "Potland Burn - Continuing Northumberland’s Proud Mining Traditions",UK Coal website, accessed October 2012.
16. UK Coal, "Lodge House & Extension – Long Term Environmental Benefits", UK Coal website, accessed October 2012.
17. UK Coal, "Minorca – Our Newest Active Mine", UK Coal website, accessed October 2012.
18. UK Coal, "Marley Hill Colliery Reclamation Scheme – Making Good the Contamination of the Past", UK Coal website, accessed October 2012.
19. UK Coal, "Deanfield - Continuing Yorkshire's Proud Mining Traditions", UK Coal website, accessed October 2012.
20. UK Coal, "Hoodsclose – High Quality Coal to Fuel Our Rejuvenated Steel Industry", UK Coal website, accessed October 2012.
21. UK Coal, "Shortwood – New Jobs For Nottinghamshire", UK Coal website, accessed October 2012.
22. UK Coal, "Bradley – Awaiting the Outcome of an Appeal to the High Court", UK Coal website, accessed October 2012.
23. "Protesters dig in over mining plans" Shrosphire Star, March 22, 2010.
24. "Shuttle service helps anti-mining fight" Shrosphire Star, April 22, 2010.
25. "Site of New UK Coal Open Cast Mine Occupied in Fife" Indymedia UK, March 26, 2010.
26. "Protesters leave mine before court order" The Courier, April 2010.
27. "Opencast mining plans dismissed at appeal" John Baron, Guardian Leeds, November 16, 2010.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I am looking for good/cheap legal advice for a web application my friend is building.
We will need to write a Term Of Service.
• Do we really need a lawyer for that?
• Are there templates out there?
• If not where can I get a good/cheap lawyer to help me make one?
• I have many legal related questions where should I go to get it?
I live in Canada. But I think I will need from US lawyers incase I get in trouble there.
Thanks in advance for any help.
share|improve this question
5 Answers
up vote 2 down vote accepted
I'm afraid that Steve Jones answer (though well intentioned) is a bit of a cliché. I've worked with plenty of lawyers who were expensive, slow and consistently underwhelmed with their results and knowledge of the law.
I've become a big fan of taking responsibility to learn as much as I could and hire an attorney to do those things that require passing a bar exam to accomplish.
Nolo.com has a tremendous supply of lay oriented books, forms and law related educational materials. Amazon.com is your friend as well. Your local library often can order the more popular titles for reading free of charge.
share|improve this answer
I suspect that relying on cheap advice, while assuming that it is good will eventually yield an underwhelming outcome.
As they say: Good, Quick, Cheap - pick two.
share|improve this answer
Avvo.com is a Q&A site with lawyers. There may be answers on there already that meet your needs.
share|improve this answer
I'm a lawyer- I'd recommend finding some precedents of the terms of service and drafting what you want, and then just running them by a lawyer. That will save time and money. Be prepared to pay a retainer, though.
Non-lawyers frequently think, "why did I pay a lawyer for that" but when problems arise down the road, you'll be glad that you did. Consider a lawyer an ounce of prevention (of legal problems)...worth a pound of cure.
$500 is way too low for TOS + privacy policy. A decent lawyer should bill at at least $250 an hour- if not more.
share|improve this answer
Since you are Canadian, you should definitely check out Rob Hyndman's (a pretty reputable lawyer) resources, in particular http://hyndmanlaw.com/blog/canadianized-wordpress-terms-of-use/
As per your questions:
• no, you don't necessarily need a lawyer to write terms of service (TOS). TOS variations mostly depend on industry. But for example if you simply have a blog, the form above will probably be 100% covered. Of course, having a lawyer check out your TOS is a good idea that I will always recommend, but drafting them yourself might save some good bucks.
• There are a lot of templates out there, but some of them are behind a paywall (and not even that good) or come from sketchy websites. The best technique is to have a look at competitors and get "inspiration" from their TOS.
• Unfortunately cheap + good is a very rare combo with lawyers. The average price of TOS + and privacy policy is around $500. Anyone who asks for more might be good, but is clearly a shark. Some Law Schools might have clinical programs where they give you free legal consultation, actually of good quality (professors check on students' work). Check out if there's one near you.
• If you have a lot of legal questions, definitely go to a lawyer.
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Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I mean, isn't "Apple" a bit generic ? Could that kind of word still be trademarked in 2010 or would the request be rejected ?
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4 Answers
My understanding is that sometimes words become "famous marks" because of widespread use. Apple is a good example...very, very unlikely they would issue a trademark for that word even in a completely different market....because the word Apple is so widespread in society.
One trick is to trademark the word with .com at the end....and always use it that way...
Amazon trademarked "Amazon.com".
http://www.trademarkia.com/trademarks-search.aspx?tn=amazon.com&fs=01/01/1990&fe=01/21/2010&pri=&gs=&cn=&st=2
share|improve this answer
According to the trademark law, trademark word candidates are divided into five categories, from (a) fanciful words - strong trademarks, to (e) generic terms - not protectable at all. The stronger the mark, the more protection it will be given against other marks. The categories, ranked in decreasing order in terms of strength, are:
(a) Fanciful Marks—coined (made-up) words that have no relation to the goods being described (e.g., EXXON for petroleum products).
(b) Arbitrary Marks—existing words that contribute no meaning to the goods being described (e.g., APPLE for computers).
(c) Suggestive Marks—words that suggest meaning or relation but that do not describe the goods themselves (e.g., COPPERTONE for suntan lotion).
(d) Descriptive Marks—marks that describe either the goods or a characteristic of the goods. Often it is very difficult to enforce trademark rights for descriptive marks unless the mark has acquired a secondary meaning (e.g., SHOELAND for a shoe store).
(e) Generic Terms—words that are the accepted and recognized description of a class of goods or services (e.g., computer software, facial tissue).
share|improve this answer
Trademarks apply with a scope.
For example, you can have a "McDonald's" hardware store.
Some trademarks and service marks also include the styling (font) of the word. So Apple can certainly trademark their name as a logo with a particular font.
Amazon is another obvious one.
share|improve this answer
They have plenty of others: Trade Marks. Not sure "Apple" is the most general in this list. I think the key to using this name is to not be in the computer business. There is a company called Apple Reit Companies. And their logo is an apple.
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Error!
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.NET Links of the Week #38
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kicks
.NET Links of the Week #38 (Unpublished)
It looks like there are only Windows Phone 7 developers out there if you read the news from the last week. I only put a few of them into my list! Enjoy reading!
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United States Census 1850Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States U.S. Census 1850 Census
Contents
Indexes and Images
For an article about 1850 census population schedules available for free online at FamilySearch Historical Record Collections see the U.S. Census Population Schedules, 1850 Wiki page. Ancestry.com (subscription site) has indexes and images of all 1850 federal censuses. HeritageQuestOnline.com (subscription site) has indexes and images of all 1850 federal censuses.
Also, there are articles about the 1850 mortality schedule indexes, and 1850 slave owner schedule indexes free online as part of FamilySearch Record Search. Ancestry.com has those mortality and slave owner indexes and images online for a subscription fee.
A free Internet index and images to the 1850 United States Census can be viewed on the FamilySearch Record Search. This index includes every name listed on the census and is linked to an image including information about each person’s residence and age in 1850, birthplace, occupation, other family members, and neighbors.
For more details, see individual state census Wiki pages. For tips if the first census index search does not work, see the United States Census Searching Wiki page.
Contents
The 1850 Census was taken beginning 1 June 1850, for five months. The following information was recorded by the census taker:
Population Schedules
• Name
• Age
• Sex
• Color
• Occupation males over 15
• Value of real estate
• Birthplace—territory of country of birth
• Attended school or married in the year?
• If over 20—could read/write?
• Deaf-mute, blind, insane, or idiotic?
• Fugitive from state?
Slave Schedules
• Name of slave owner
• Number of slaves owned
• Number of slaves manumitted (released from slavery)
• NO NAME OF SLAVES
• Age, color, sex
• Deaf-mute, blind, insane, idiotic?
• Fugitive from state?
1790-2000 Info: http://www.census.gov/prod/2000pubs/cff-2.pdf
Value
The 1850 census can be used to:
• Find free population/slave pop. & mortality, agriculture, industry data
• Identify families by name
• Identify birthplaces which helps w/immigration
• Identify ages —go to vital records
• Identify Real estate—land and tax records
• Identify probable relationships—be careful!
• Identify occupations/property value
• Identify possible remarriages/step relationships
1850-1930 Search Tips: http://www.archives.gov/research/census/1850-1930.html
Unique Features and Problems
1. Census takers were given more instructions and guidelines in print
2. First census to list names of all in the household
3. First to list ages, sex, color, & place of birth
4. Census taken in order of visitation
5. Listed those married within the year
6. Listed those who died after 1 June
7. Dwelling house number
8. Real estate value
9. Occupation of males over 16
10. Whether a fugitive of the state
11. Though it still did not list slave names, it listed more information about the slaves
12. Listed heath or lifestyle issues: “Deaf, dumb, blind, insane, idiotic, pauper or convict”
13. Omitted children born after 1 June (even if the census taker took it later)
14. Indians that lived on reservations or unsettles tracts of land were not included.
15. Make count by personal inquiry at every dwelling
16. Enumerator to make 2 additional copies:
1. Clerk of county court
2. Secretary of state/territory
17. No Indians in reservations or unsettled land
States and Territories Covered
States
• Alabama
• Arkansas
• California
• Connecticut
• Delaware
• District of Columbia
• Florida
• Georgia
• Illinois
• Indiana
• Iowa
• Kentucky
• Louisiana
• Maine
• Maryland
• Massachusetts
• Michigan
• Missouri
• Mississippi
• New Hampshire
• New Jersey
• New York
• North Carolina
• Ohio
• Pennsylvania
• Rhode Island
• South Carolina
• Tennessee
• Texas
• Vermont
• Virginia (inc. West Virginia)
• Wisconsin
Territories
• Minnesota (inc. Dakotas)
• New Mexico (inc. Arizona)
• Oregon (inc. Washington & Idaho)
• Utah
Missing Records
• No States Missing
Where to Find the Records
The 1850 Federal Census is available online.
Online
For the 1850 slave schedules see U.S. Census Slave Schedules.
Web Sites
1790-2000 Info: http://www.census.gov/prod/2000pubs/cff-2.pdf
1850-1930 Search Tips: http://www.archives.gov/research/census/1850-1930.html
References
1. Szucs, Loretto Dennis and Sandra Hargreaves Luebking. The Source: A Guide book to American Genealogy. 3rd ed. (Provo, UT: Ancestry, 2006.)
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
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• This page was last modified on 8 March 2012, at 04:56.
• This page has been accessed 17,720 times.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Panama: Italian Scandal Rocks Martinelli Government
This post also available in:
Ελληνικά · Παναμάς: Ιταλικό σκάνδαλο κλυδωνίζει την κυβέρνηση Martinelli
Español · Panamá: Escándalo italiano sacude al gobierno de Ricardo Martinelli
The arrest of Italian citizen Valter Lavitola has made the news around the world due to his alleged links [es] to a prostitution ring and bribes allegedly paid to former Italian prime minister, Silvio Berlusconi. To Panamanians, however, Valter Lavitola is a familiar face. In December 2011, former presidential candidate Balbina Herrera leaked emails to various media outlets which purportedly linked Panamanian president, Ricardo Martinelli, with the Italian's illicit activities, implicating him in a radars and helicopters overpayment scandal.
Telemetro [es] posted the following details on its site:
Adicionalmente, Herrera presentó una serie de intercambios de correos electrónicos entre el italiano Walter Lavítola y Adolfo De Obarrio, secretario privado del presidente Ricardo Martinelli. Las misivas reflejan que el italiano, quien mantiene una orden de detención en su país, recibe custodia del Servicio Protección Institucional (SPI). También hay mensajes que suponen una comunicación entre Lavítola y la cuenta de correo electrónico del propio presidente Martinelli.
Additionally, Herrera released a series of email exchanges between Lavitola and Adolfo De Obarrio, private secretary to President Martinelli. The missives indicate that the Italian, currently under detention in his home country, had been provided with an escort by the Servicio Protección Institucional (the Institutional Protection Service or SPI). Other messages suggest email communication between Lavitola and the email account of president Martinelli himself.
Martinelli himself has confronted the accusations, attributing them to evil intentions on the part of of the media, and, as has become customary in his presidential speeches, evoking the “malevolent souls” who wish Panama the worst. In his blog, Pma507pty [es], Erick Simpson Aguilar recalls Martinelli's speech:
“Ya llego la carta de Italia y ojala todos los medios, todas aquellas personas que con mucho morbo, y con mucha mala intención desinformaron todo lo que pasaron sobre los radares y todas las cosas en Italia, que le den la misma prominencia ustedes los medios a eso, que le den la misma prominencia que le dieron a todos los detractores que tanto daño hicieron, porque como no pueden criticar al individuo por las obras que se hacen, critican los precios de los proyectos, pero que me digan dónde hay algo aquí indebido para agarrar y meterlo preso. Ojala todas esas almas malévolas y perversas que lo único que desean es el mal para Panamá sepan recapacitar que cometieron un error”. El Presidente Ricardo Martinelli tratando de justificar el caso del supuesto sobreprecio millonario en detrimento de Panamá, en la compra realizada a la investigada empresa italiana Finmeccanica, la cual vendió a Panamá 6 helicópteros, 19 radares y 1 mapa digital por unos $250 millones.
“The letter from Italy has now arrived and hopefully the media, all those people who with their morbid fascination and all their ill intentions, spread misinformation about radars and all the issues in Italy, may they give the same amount of coverage to this, you the media, may you give the same amount of coverage that you gave to all those detractors who did so much damage because, as they could not fault the individual based on his actions, they criticised the prices of projects. But let them tell me where in this matter there is any impropriety so that those guilty of it can be arrested and imprisoned. Hopefully, all these malevolent and perverse souls who only wish evil upon Panama are able to admit that they made a mistake”. President Ricardo Martinelli trying to justify the multimillion dollar overpayment made by the Panamanian state in the purchase of six helicopters, 19 radars and one digital map, to the tune of $250 million from Finmeccanica, the Italian company currently under investigation.
La Prensa [es] has put up a video of the president's statements on the matter:
The accusations and criticisms reached a roadblock due to lack of evidence, and, little by little, the Panamanian public forgot the name Valter Lavitola. However, on April 16, 2012, with Lavitola's arrest at the Rome airport, Panama was in the spotlight again, and, inevitably, so was the current government. Moreover, other members of the government are also now facing accusations of taking bribes during tendering for contracts to build prisons, as Terra reports on its site [es]:
En la lista de beneficiarios de sobornos figuran, además del presidente Martinelli, la ministra de Justicia panameña, Roxana Méndez, y otras figuras políticas, sostiene la fiscalía.
“Parte del dinero para el presidente panameño fue entregado en un maletín”, asegura la acusación, que precisa que se hicieron dos entregas de 530.000 euros y 140.000 euros.
Among the names of those accused by the prosecutor of accepting bribes, appears that of president Martinelli; the Panamanian Justice Minister, Roxana Mendez, and other political figures.
“Part of the money for the Panamanian president was delivered in a suitcase,” the accusation states, specifying that there were two payments of 530,000 euros and 140,000 euros each.
The Italian newspaper Corriere [it] details how Lavitola was treated as a guest of honour in Panama, including being transported in official vehicles and provided with an escort, all whilst facing accusations in Italy. In addition, it provides in-depth coverage of the alleged corruption in which the Panamanian government became embroiled.
There was strong reaction to the news on social networking sites. From his Twitter account (@rmartinelli) [es], the Panamanian president, denied that there were any prisons being built by any Italian companies:
En Panamá ninguna empresa italiana está construyendo ni una cárcel.
There is not a single prison in Panama being built by any Italian company.
Amed Arosemena (@AmedArosemena) [es] worries about how the Panamanian justice system will appear in the eyes of the world once the all wrongdoing in the Lavitola case comes to light:
#MePregunto [es] Como queda la Justicia Panameña si en Italia llegan a destapar las bellezas de Lavitola en Panamá?? Mejor sera cerrar la Procu!
#MePregunto (“I wonder”) How will the Panamanian justice system end up looking if Italy manages to uncover Lavitola's doings here in Panama?? It would be better to shut down the Prosecutor's office!
Victor Bosch (@BoschVictor) [es] is of the view that the Lavitola case is seriously hurting the country's image:
Que daña mas la imagen del Pais, indígenas protegiendo sus recursos o publicaciones Italianas x caso Lavitola, mucha gente debe estar cagada
Which is more damaging to the image of this country, indigenous people protecting their resources or Italian coverage due to the Lavitola case, a lot of people must be in deep trouble.
Alcides Batista (@abatista15) [es] is also indignant at the apparent impunity with which the case has unfolded:
Es increíble ver como en Italia se llevan 2 procesos a Lavitola, 1 por sobornos a Panameños!!! Y Acá ni siquiera motivos para investigar!!
It's incredible when you see that in Italy there are 2 cases being brought against Lavitola, one of which concerns bribes paid to Panamanians. And yet over here there isn't even grounds for an investigation!!
But for some, like Virgilio Hurtado (@HurtadoVirgilio) [es], the issue has been rather exaggerated, to the point of seeming like something out of a novel. Noting the similarity with two other cases in which suitcases stuffed with money were also involved, she writes:
Los maletines de dinero son como objetos de utileria en la novela política: CEMIS, MURCIA y caso LAVITOLA. Disculpen pero no soy novelero.!
These suitcases filled with cash are like props from a political novel: CEMIS, MURCIA and the LAVITOLA case. Sorry, but I'm not interested in novels!
Carlos Pasquini (@pasquinocarlos) [es] also plays down the importance of the case, pointing out that the problems which matter to him are those concerning the day to day life of the Panamanian people:
A mi lo de Lavitola no me da ni picazon. Quiero ver como avanza el metro, expansion de corredores, que haya mas metrobuses
To me, this Lavitola business is a complete irrelevance. What I want to see is how the metro system is being developed, expansion of the vehicle corridors, more buses…
Thus, while some consider the issue to be the height of corruption by the current government, others view it as an issue of little practical importance for Panama. What is certain, is that the coming days will bring some degree of elucidation. At least, this is what the Panamanians are hoping.
Image of President Ricardo Martinelli courtesy of Flickr World Economic Forum user, used under an Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY-SA 2.0) license
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Wednesday, 29 October 2008
Patent revocations in Germany
The IPKat has received a notice from his friends at the 24IP Law Group concerning an interesting legislative proposal. According to 24IP:
"The German Government has placed before the Bundestag (Parliament) a draft bill which will bring major changes to simplify and modernize patent revocation proceedings.
It is a basic principle of German law that the patent infringement courts may not decide the validity ... of a patent. Separate revocation proceedings must be filed in the German Federal Patent Court in Munich. The infringement courts may only suspend infringement proceedings if the request for revocation ... is considered to have an overwhelming chance of success. An application for revocation ... can be made at any time, even if the three month deadline for filing an Opposition to the grant of the patent has expired.
The bill provides that the current revocation proceedings should become better structured and more transparent to users. The general principles of German Civil Court Procedure will be followed more strictly. The Court will be obliged to indicate to the parties their preliminary views on the merits of the case at an early stage and will subsequently allow the parties to file additional submissions. Further arguments will not be considered once the parties have filed these submissions.
The amendments should also speed up the appeal proceedings which are held in front of the German Federal Court of Justice in Karlsruhe. The Appeal Court will only decide on points of law in the future. It cannot engage in further fact finding, except when this is deemed “to be indispensable for ensuring that the lower court has found the true facts of the case”.
The legal provisions on the appeal proceedings will continue to be found in the German Patent Act, rather than in the German Code of Civil Procedure. Appeals will still be available as a matter of right –- there will be no need to file for leave to appeal. However, the general codes of practice of the German civil courts will become important .... The arguments presented in the initial filing of the claim will become more important and the proceedings will be more compact. This is an excellent development, since infringement courts currently often suspend infringement proceedings for several years pending a decision on the validity of the
patent [says the IPKat: the Germans aren't the only nation to suffer this inconvenience. Look at the horrible case law on stays of UK actions pending EPO revocation proceedings].
Unfortunately the draft bill does not contain a proposed timetable for revocation proceedings. The bill will also not change the current situation in which decisions made during revocation proceedings will not bind the infringement courts and vice versa [Why not? Is it because it isn't as big a problem in practice as it is in theory? Can any German reader explain?]. However, we can expect a reduction of the duration of revocation proceedings because patent infringers will not be able to substantially delay decisions in the future by stretching out revocation cases. This should make it harder for an infringer to continue infringing without impunity for long periods of time".
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December 2011 Archives
On January 17, 2012, we will hold a one-day event - MIT Media Lab @Tokyo 2012 about "The Power of Open: Scaling the Eco System." This is a meeting for existing Media Lab members, industry thought leaders and companies and individuals interested in becoming part of the Media Lab network. It's quite an interesting program.
We will be selling tickets to help cover the cost of producing the event and the seats are limited to 150 so are taking registrations on a first-come, first-serve basis.
You can see the program and the registration here: http://www.media-lab-tokyo.jp/?lang=en
Here are the details:
Title: MIT Media Lab @Tokyo 2012
Theme: Power of Open, Scaling the Eco System
Date: January 17, 2012（Tues）
Registration： 9:30
Conference：10:00~18:30
Reception & Mini-Demo Session：18:30~20:30
※Schedule is subject to change
Place: Dentsu Hall, Dentsu Inc.
1-8-1 Higashi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105-7001
In collaboration with: Dentsu/ISID, Kadokawa Digix Inc., Digital Garage Inc.
Contact us: info@media-lab-tokyo.jp
Here's how the article that I wrote for the New York Times started before it turned into "In an Open-Source Society, Innovating by the Seat of Our Pants". The New York Times version isn't bad, but here's the original "unabridged" version.
--
The Internet, innovation and learning
The Internet isn't really a technology, it's a belief system - a philosophy.
I remember very clearly the day I installed a tiny piece of software, MacPPP on my computer, which connected the programs running on it to the global Internet. It immediately transformed my computer from a fancy telex machine to a very early version of the multimedia Internet that we take for granted today.
I was working in television, motion pictures and music at the time. I remember thinking that the Internet was going to change everything and that I should immediately quit the media business and stop climbing those career ladders and start building the Internet.
My first step in this transition to help build the Internet was to work on the first commercial Internet Service Provider in Japan, PSINet Japan. I became its first CEO. I remember the battle against X.25, a competing standard to the Internet being stewarded by the large standards body affiliated with the UN called CCITT. Large inter-governmental agencies have experts from government and the largest companies in the world gather to work on the standards that govern a variety of the telecommunications infrastructure's DNA - the technical standards that companies build their networks and products against.
The battle between X.25 and the Internet was the battle between heavily funded, government backed experts and a loosely organized group of researchers and entrepreneurs. The X.25 people were trying to plan and anticipate every possible problem and application. They developed complex and extremely well-thought-out standards that the largest and most established research labs and companies would render into software and hardware.
The Internet, on the other hand, was being designed and deployed by small groups of researchers following the credo "rough consensus and running code," coined by one of its chief architects, David Clark. Instead of a large inter-governmental agency, the standards of the Internet were stewarded by small organizations, which didn't require permission or authority. It functioned by issuing the humbly named "Request for Comment" or RFCs as the way to propose simple and light-weight standards against which small groups of developers could work on the elements that together became the Internet.
As we all know, the Internet won. It was the triumph of distributed innovation over centralized innovation.
The belief system of the Internet is that everyone should have the freedom to connect, the freedom to innovate and the freedom to hack without asking permission. No one can know the whole of it; it cannot be centrally controlled and the innovation happens in small groups on the "edges" of the network.
This belief system has created a massive network of distributed innovators. Internet innovators develop standards with each other and share the products of their work in the form of free and open source software. Lately they are even sharing electronics and physical designs.
The architecture of the Internet and the abundance of free software and components has driven the cost of manufacture, distribution and collaboration - the cost of innovation - down massively. Software companies used to cost millions of dollars in venture capital to start - today for little or no money, entrepreneurs are able develop and release a "minimum viable product" and test it with real users on the Internet before they have to raise money from investors.
In fact, it is now usually cheaper to just try something than to sit around and try to figure out whether to try something. The map is now often more complex and often more expensive to create than trying to figure it out as you go. The compass has replaced the map and the idea of "rough consensus running code" has spread from the ideology behind network architecture to a fundamental philosophy for startup companies and the "lean startup" movement.
3D printers, laser cutters, online distribution, supply chain services and even sophisticated manufacturers have become cheaper, standardized and connected via the Internet. We are seeing the emergence of a community of hardware hackers and open hardware designs very reminiscent of the communities of developers who write the open standards and free and open source software of the Internet and I anticipate an explosion of grass-roots innovation around hardware as we saw in software. The Media Lab is very involved in all of the elements of this movement.
At the Media Lab, we have a multi-disciplinary group of faculty, students and member companies working together to invent the future by applying the philosophy of "rough consensus running code" to a wide variety of fields in addition to the future of hardware design.
At the Media Lab we focus on learning through creation instead of instruction. We are empowering individuals to experiment, create, and iterate. We produce demos and prototypes and share and collaborate with the rest of the world through the Internet and a distributed network of connections and relationships. We are not about centralized instruction but rather a node in a broad network of distributed creativity.
What has been a wildly successful model for consumer Internet startups in Silicon Valley turns out to be an extremely good model for learning and for a wide variety of fields and disciplines, and we are trying to empower more and more communities to also have access to technology and the ability to participate and create.
For example, in the High-Low Tech group we are designing new materials and technology to allow an extremely diverse non-technical group of online and real-world communities to learn how to build their own electronics and learn about technology.
In the Lifelong Kindergarten group, we are managing a massive community of young people around the Scratch programming language, which allows very young children to write their own software and share their projects online and build upon one another's code and ideas.
Neoteny, one of my favorite words, means the retention of childlike attributions in adulthood. Childlike attributes include learning, idealism, experimentation, wonder, and creativity. In our rapidly changing world, not only do we need to continue to behave more like children - we can teach our children to retain those attributes that will allow them to be the world-changing, innovative adults who will help us reinvent the future.
About this Entry
This page contains a single entry by Joi published on December 21, 2012 3:18 PM.
Time to get cranking on our book was the previous entry in this blog.
My foreword to "Writing My Wrongs" by Shaka Senghor is the next entry in this blog.
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Saturday, December 04, 2010
Breaking News: Purposefully Fire Started Near Neveh Tzuf
Tamar Asraf, Benjamin Regional Council spokesperson, just SMSed me that a fire has been set near Neveh Tzuf, northwest of Ramallah, and that both Israeli and Pal. firefighter teams are at work.
_____________
Now reported on Arutz 7.
^
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Sunday, May 06, 2007
Jews Don't Like Jews
A new movie out:
IN the world of “Knocked Up,” the latest big-ticket comedy to take on American mating rituals, the formula is basically thus: Girl meets schlub. Schlub nails girl. Girl hangs around to discover schlub’s inner mensch.
However unlikely a premise, this territory has already been staked out and explored, with considerable success, in television shows like “According to Jim” and movies like “The 40-Year-Old Virgin,” the runaway hit of two summers ago, with a virgin nerd (Steve Carell) in place of the schlub. But “Knocked Up,” whose main promotional image is a close-up of Seth Rogen as the pudgy, pot-smoking, porn-addled, job-free hero of the tale, Ben, may well take its celebration of American schlubitude (loserdom? schlemieliness?) to a new level.
In the film he wins the carnal attentions, then seeks the romantic ones, of Alison (Katherine Heigl), a statuesque, blond-haired, career-oriented entertainment journalist who is carrying the fruit of their drunken one-night stand.
And Ben’s not the only schlub in the picture, which opens on June 1. He lives in an apartment surrounded by fellow losers who spend their days in pajamas trolling movies for the dirty parts, which they tabulate for an eventual Web site. Their world — a stark women-are-from-Venus, geeks-are-from-Mars zone — has precious few women in it, and almost none who could qualify as friends with whom they might, say, share conversation, or even a video game.
Amazing how much some Jews find it funny to make fun of Jews (well, as long as other Jews pay to see their product, I guess there's a logic there).
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User:Mark J. Pritt
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Mark J. Pritt (an artistic interpretation)
I work in the Your Lab at XYZ University. I learned about OpenWetWare from From a friend, and I've joined because I am joining as part of the Harvard iGEM/BioMod team..
Education
• Year, PhD, Institute
• Year, MS, Institute
• Year, BS, Institute
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Bindewald E, Wendeler M, Legiewicz M, Bona MK, Wang Y, Pritt MJ, Le Grice SF, and Shapiro BA. . pmid:21752927. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
Useful links
Personal tools
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anitamd's bookmarks
"There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle."
Einstein, Albert on miracles
34 fans of this quote
"Not everything that is faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it is faced."
Baldwin, James on change
68 fans of this quote
"Write down the advice of him who loves you, though you like it not at present."
Proverb on advice
4 fans of this quote
"If the young knew and the old could, there is nothing that couldn't be done."
Proverb on age and aging
6 fans of this quote
"Better to go to bed hungry than to wake up in debt."
Proverb on debt
6 fans of this quote
"Gossiping and lying go hand in hand."
Proverb on gossip
9 fans of this quote
"Slow help is no help."
Proverb on aid and assistance
"A bit of fragrance always clings to the hand that gives you roses."
Proverb on giving
5 fans of this quote
"It is prosperity that gives us friends, adversity that proves them."
Proverb on friends and friendship
4 fans of this quote
"Never repeat old grievances."
Proverb on forgiveness
"Those that do you a very ill deed will never forgive you."
Proverb on forgiveness
4 fans of this quote
"A fool and his money are soon parted."
Proverb on fools and foolishness
"Hunger is a good cook."
Proverb on food and eating
"Many lick before they bite."
Proverb on flattery
5 fans of this quote
"Talk well of your friends and of your enemies say nothing."
Proverb on enemies
10 fans of this quote
"If a job's worth doing, it's worth doing well."
Proverb on effort
7 fans of this quote
"How to dress? When the money is going from you wear anything you like. When the money is coming to you, dress your best."
Proverb on dress
3 fans of this quote
"We do not inherit the land from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children."
Proverb, Native American on ecology
6 fans of this quote
But wait... my book has more: prev 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 next
Anita Damodaran's quote collection
I'm female and made my book on 12th August 2009.
My book as a pdf
My feed
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thanson's bookmarks
"What a fuss people make about fidelity! Why, even in love it is purely a question for physiology. It has nothing to do with our own will. Young men want to be faithful, and are not; old men want to be faithless, and cannot: that is all one can say."
Wilde, Oscar on fidelity
5 fans of this quote
"Only dull people are brilliant at breakfast."
Wilde, Oscar on food and eating
11 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"No woman should ever be quite accurate about her age. It looks so calculating."
Wilde, Oscar on age and aging
5 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"Thought is the wind and knowledge the sail."
Hare, David on thoughts and thinking
3 fans of this quote
"The one person who has more illusions than the dreamer is the man of action."
Wilde, Oscar on illusion
8 fans of this quote
"Those who are faithful know only the trivial side of love: it is the faithless who know love's tragedies."
Wilde, Oscar on infidelity
12 fans of this quote
"Twenty years of romance make a woman look like a ruin, but twenty years of marriage make her something like a public building."
Wilde, Oscar on marriage
3 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"Life is too important to be taken seriously."
Wilde, Oscar on seriousness
10 fans of this quote
"The only difference between the saint and the sinner is that every saint has a past, and every sinner has a future."
Wilde, Oscar on sin
11 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"First ask yourself: What is the worst that can happen? Then prepare to accept it. Then proceed to improve on the worst."
Carnegie, Dale on preparation
14 fans of this quote
"You begin by always expecting good things to happen"
Hopkins, Tom on expectation
"Today, you have 100% of your life left."
Hopkins, Tom on life
7 fans of this quote
"Getting in touch with your true self must be your first priority."
Hopkins, Tom on knowledge
"Repeat anything often enough and it will start to become you."
Hopkins, Tom on suggestion
4 fans of this quote
"Whoever said money can't buy happiness didn't know where to shop."
Hudnick, Gittel on money
3 fans of this quote
"Why not go out on a limb? Isn't that where the fruit is?"
Scully, Frank on risk
8 fans of this quote
"One thought driven home is better than three left on base."
Liter, James on action
3 fans of this quote
"Work harder on yourself than you do on your job."
Rohn, Jim on job
6 fans of this quote
"Get around people who have something of value to share with you. Their impact will continue to have a significant effect on your life long they have departed."
Rohn, Jim on influence
6 fans of this quote
"Ideas can be life-changing. Sometimes all you need to open the door is just one more good idea."
Rohn, Jim on ideas
6 fans of this quote
"It doesn't matter which side of the fence you get off on sometimes. What matters most is getting off. You cannot make progress without making decisions."
Rohn, Jim on decisions
6 fans of this quote
"The walls we build around us to keep sadness out also keeps out the joy."
Rohn, Jim on joy
10 fans of this quote
"When you know what you want, and want it bad enough, you will find a way to get it."
Rohn, Jim on desire
8 fans of this quote
"Let others lead small lives, but not you. Let others argue over small things, but not you. Let others cry over small hurts, but not you. Let others leave their future in someone else's hands, but not you."
Rohn, Jim on mediocrity
7 fans of this quote
"We must all suffer one of two things: the pain of discipline or the pain of regret or disappointment."
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But wait... my book has more: prev 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 next
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Category:Countries
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Countries are independent nation states at the time of writing.
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Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3/Iceland
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• Mission Objectives
1. Destroy Both Allied Forward Bases.
2. Eliminate Krukov.
3. Destroy the Allied Strategic Airbase
4. Build an Expansion Base.
• New Units
1. Kirov Airship
• Opponents
1. Giles
2. Krukov
• CO-Commanders
1. Oleg
2. Krukov
[edit] Key Strategies
This mission introduces the Kirov Airship which can be used against the Allied Bases.
Commander Krukov will steal your funds about 5 minutes into the mission, so go on a spending spree as soon as possible, building as many units and structures possible. A suggested building order is given below in the walkthrough.
Build a line of five Flak Cannons along your eastern perimeter. This will help alleviate the main threat to your base early on.
After another 12 minutes, it is discovered that Commander Krukov is a traitor, and you are tasked with eliminating him. It is only necessary to destroy the Soviet VIP Bunker and the Construction Yard. Do not destroy any other structures! The entire base will then be turned over to your control. Please note that there is a glitch on this mission preventing you from completing the optional objective after removing Krukov and maybe even after he is revealed as a traitor.
If you intend to complete the optional objective, you must clear out the Allied air base to the east, then plant a Sputnik between the two ore refineries. You must accomplish this before removing Krukov from the game. The easiest way to do this is with Dreadnoughts, and MiGs to defend against the Allied air units. A Sputnik cannot get to this area normally, so a Twinblade will have to pick the Sputnik up and land it in the area.
The easiest way to take out Krukov is while he is still a friendly, have an Engineer ready next to his Construction Yard and Natasha next to his Bunker. That way, as soon as you can take him out, you can send your Engineer to capture the ConYard and Natasha destroying the Bunker immediately. It's quickly, takes little effort and saves your a lot of troops.
It is only necessary to destroy the enemy structures that are highlighted by the green numbers, comprising Construction Yards, Airfields, Boot Camps and Naval Yards. These can all be destroyed by your Kirov Airships. You can add additional Airships to your command once you take over Commander Krukov's base by utilizing that Airfield.
Destroy the Proton Collider as fast as you can before it fires.
Use the Dreadnoughts long range to clear a safe path for your Air Force through Anti Air enemies then deploy at least as many ground forces as you can on the Allied Bases.
[edit] Walkthrough
In this mission you are about to crush Allied resistance in Europe. It also allows you to deal with a traitor.
Your first task has to be building strong static air defenses to deal with incoming Allied fighters and bombers from the north. Cover all your perimeter with Flak Cannons as well as some Tesla Towers and keep repairing them.
As soon as your barracks is up, start producing engineers to take over the various neutral buildings. Once you have secured the neutral buildings, build some base expansions around those buildings so you can add more static defense to the areas. Be careful with providing adequate power as the island is small for all those power facilities.
Once your defense is solid, your main focus should be to produce Dreadnought battleships and MiG fighters. One or two battleships are enough to completely destroy the enemy base as long as the MiG fighters can keep them safe and provide line of sight to targets.
In this mission you will also have to fight the General who comes into the the battle to help you. To quickly dispatch him, move Natasha to his base and keep her near his production facilities. **As soon as he turns, destroy both ore refineries and move fighters to kill his Kirov airships before they can do damage. Also move the Dreadnought battleships to clear most of his base.
(**Another strategy is to move Natasha next to his Kremlin building, (keep her on the east side so the turrets don't kill her) and move an Engineer next to his construction yard. As soon as he turns on you, have the Engineer take over the construction yard, and then sell it. Have Natasha call in an airstrike and destroy his Kremlin building and all the other forces including the ore refineries as well as the Kirov ships will become yours.)
While you are doing this, the Allied forces will be pestering you. They also have a big cannon that can cause considerable damage if fired.
Clear the right base entirely with two Dreadnoughts and some fighters. Kill the traitor General using Natasha to take out production and using the battleships to clean the area. Then send everything to the Allied cannon before it can fire. You can almost clean both Allied bases before you have deal with the traitor General. Be sure to capture any unused mining locations. The Twinblade Helos are excellent to move expansion building vehicles to immediately take over destroyed bases.
[edit] Alternate Strategy
You have limited time to utilize the massive funds entrusted to your care before being transferred to Commander Krukov. Here is a suggested building order that works quite well.
1. Build a crane and place it in the back of your base as you build the first Flak Cannon as far east as possible.
2. Build a Naval Yard and Airfield simultaneously while adding two more Flak Cannons to your eastern perimeter.
3. Before you forget, queue up four MIG Fighters and then three Twinblades while also building up your naval fleet. Be sure to add a few Bullfrogs in the mix to eliminate aerial threats.
4. Build a War Factory and Battle Lab simultaneously, while adding the fourth and fifth Flak Cannons to the eastern perimeter.
5. Crank out a few units from your War Factory in case a few land-based units penetrate your base.
6. If desired, build a Super Reactor and whatever structure you may want — perhaps a second Airfield for quicker construction of your Kirov Airshops later in the mission.
Once you have this accomplished, you should be well in control of this mission. Don't do anything too drastic to lose units while waiting to be informed that Commander Krukov is a traitor.
You can start making peremptory strikes on the Allied Airbase to your northeast and west. Don't forget to make use of Orbital Drop in attacking these Airbases.
Build a few Dreadnoughts, but don't get carried away, as you want to keep plenty of funds to build Kirov Airships once they are available.
If necessary, send over a Twinblade so you are able to visualize the Allied structures. Bombard these structures with your Dreadnoughts and Orbital Drop and they will be destroyed very quickly!
Once the north-eastern base is destroyed, head over to the west with a Dreadnought or two and easily take out the last remaining Allied structure to accomplish the first objective of destroying the Allied base.
Once it is announced that Commander Krukov is a traitor, build two or three Airships and head to the east to destroy the Soviet VIP Bunker (looks like the Kremlin) and the Construction Yard ONLY! Use your Dreadnoughts to destroy the Flak Cannons at the front of the base to lessen the damage inflicted on your Airships.
Once these two structures are destroyed, Commander Krukov's troops and structures will come under your control. Hopefully he will have a few Airships in his command for you to utilize against the Allies.
By this time, the Proton Collider is counting down and must be destroyed. Send your Airships in this direction, destroying all structures marked with the green 1 indicator along the way (if any are left.)
Keep cranking out Airships and continue to destroy all designated structures as you head to the north-west, culminating with the Naval Yard in the far north-west corner.
Mission accomplished!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
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Research article
The nestin-expressing and non-expressing neurons in rat basal forebrain display different electrophysiological properties and project to hippocampus
Jianhua Zhu1, Huaiyu Gu1, Zhibin Yao1*, Juntao Zou1, Kaihua Guo1, Dongpei Li1 and Tianming Gao2
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
2 Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Neuroscience 2011, 12:129 doi:10.1186/1471-2202-12-129
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/12/129
Received:26 August 2011
Accepted:20 December 2011
Published:20 December 2011
© 2011 Zhu et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Nestin-immunoreactive (nestin-ir) neurons have been identified in the medial septal/diagonal band complex (MS/DBB) of adult rat and human, but the significance of nestin expression in functional neurons is not clear. This study investigated electrophysiological properties and neurochemical phenotypes of nestin-expressing (nestin+) neurons using whole-cell recording combined with single-cell RT-PCR to explore the significance of nestin expression in functional MS/DBB neurons. The retrograde labelling and immunofluorescence were used to investigate the nestin+ neuron related circuit in the septo-hippocampal pathway.
Results
The results of single-cell RT-PCR showed that 87.5% (35/40) of nestin+ cells expressed choline acetyltransferase mRNA (ChAT+), only 44.3% (35/79) of ChAT+ cells expressed nestin mRNA. Furthermore, none of the nestin+ cells expressed glutamic acid decarboxylases 67 (GAD67) or vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT) mRNA. All of the recorded nestin+ cells were excitable and demonstrated slow-firing properties, which were distinctive from those of GAD67 or VGLUT mRNA-positive neurons. These results show that the MS/DBB cholinergic neurons could be divided into nestin-expressing cholinergic neurons (NEChs) and nestin non-expressing cholinergic neurons (NNChs). Interestingly, NEChs had higher excitability and received stronger spontaneous excitatory synaptic inputs than NNChs. Retrograde labelling combined with choline acetyltransferase and nestin immunofluorescence showed that both of the NEChs and NNChs projected to hippocampus.
Conclusions
These results suggest that there are two parallel cholinergic septo-hippocampal pathways that may have different functions. The significance of nestin expressing in functional neurons has been discussed.
Background
Medial septal/diagonal band complex (MS/DBB) is a highly heterogeneous region with different types of neurons and implicated in various functions such as arousal, sensory processing, motivation, emotion, learning and memory [1-3]. MS/DBB contains cholinergic, GABAergic neurons, glutamatergic neurons [4-7], nitric oxide synthase positive neurons, and a number of peptidergic neurons [8] that co-localize with GABAergic or cholinergic neurons [9]. Cholinergic neurons have received particular attention not only for their roles in learning and memory, but also for their involvement in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) [10,11].
There are four classes of neurons in the MS/DBB distinguished by electrophysiological characteristics [4,12-15]. The first group includes slow-firing neurons with broad action potential (AP) and long duration afterhyperpolarization (AHP). The second group consists of fast-firing neurons with narrower action potential and shorter AHP. The third group comprises burst-firing neurons whose membrane properties are similar to those of fast-firing neurons, but can fire in bursts when depolarized from a hyperpolarized holding potential (-75 mV or -80 mV). A recent study confirmed that the slow-firing neurons are cholinergic, and both of the fast-firing and the burst-firing neurons are GABAergic neurons. The fourth class of neurons is cluster-firing neurons and is glutamatergic. These neurons have electrophysiological properties similar to those of slow-firing neurons. However, prolonged (4s) depolarization revealed that these neurons exhibited a cluster-firing pattern [4]. Huh, et al. [16] revealed that the glutamatergic neurons in MS/DBB display a highly heterogeneous set of firing patterns including fast-, cluster-, burst-, and slow-firing, therefore, electrophysiologic properties of the glutamatergic neurons in MS/DBB should be further studied.
Nestin is an intermediate filament protein expressed transiently by neural progenitor cells and reactivated glial cells [17] and is involved in cell survival and reparation [18]. Recently, researchers identified a group of nestin immunoreactive (nestin-ir) cells in the MS/DBB of adult rats and humans [8,19,20]. The expression of neuron specific enolase (NSE) and neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN), but not glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), suggests that the nestin-ir cells are functional neurons. They are also similar to cholinergic neurons in distribution and morphology and are intermingled with other types of neurons. Double labelling immunohistochemistry showed that there was no overlap between nestin-ir and parvalbumin immunoreactive (PV-ir) neurons in the MS/DBB, and about 35% of nestin-ir neurons were choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive (ChAT-ir) neurons [8]. Further study showed that progressive degeneration of nestin-ir neurons might be involved in the mechanisms of aging and memory deficit [21]. Although a few basic morphological studies have been made on nestin-ir neurons, the neurochemical properties of nestin-ir neurons and the significance of nestin expression in functional neurons remain unclear. The purpose of the present study is to explore the neurochemical properties of nestin-expressing (nestin+) neurons with single-cell RT-CPR (sc-RT-PCR), to investigate the intrinsic membrane properties and excitatory synaptic afferent currents of nestin+ neurons using whole-cell patch clamp recording, and to explore the neuronal circuit of nestin+ neurons with retrograde labelling combined with nestin and ChAT immunohistochemistry.
Results
Chemical phenotypes of MS/DBB neurons identified by sc-RT-PCR
A total of 106 Medial Septal/Diagonal Band Complex (MS/DBB) neurons were electrophysiologically recorded and their chemical phenotypes were identified by multiplex sc-RT-PCR. The results showed that the mRNAs encoding nestin, ChAT, glutamic acid decarboxylases 67 (GAD67), vesicular glutamate transporters 1 or 2 (VGLUT1 or VGLUT2) could be reversely transcribed and amplified from the harvested cytoplasm. Automatic sequencing confirmed that each PCR product is from the target cDNA. The MS/DBB neurons studied in our experiment were comprised of 79 ChAT mRNA-positive neurons (ChAT+) that are cholinergic neurons, 13 GAD67 mRNA-positive neurons (GAD67+) that are GABAergic neurons. There were 11 neurons co-expressing ChAT mRNA and GAD67 mRNA, of which, 6 were categorized as cholinergic neuron and 5 as GABAergic neuron according to their electrophysiological properties. Nine neurons solely expressed VGLUT1 mRNA or/and VGLUT2 mRNAs but not ChAT mRNA or GAD67 mRNAs, which confirms the identification of glutamatergic neurons [4,22]. Among the 40 nestin mRNA-positive (nestin+) neurons, 87.5% (35/40) neurons expressed ChAT mRNA. Conversely, 44.3% (35/79) of ChAT+ neurons expressed nestin mRNA. However, no nestin mRNA was found co-expressing GAD67 mRNA or VGLUT mRNA. The neurons did not express any of these mRNA were discarded.
The intrinsic membrane properties of nestin mRNA+ neurons
Eighty-seven neurons were assessed for their electrophysiological profile. This assessment identified 69 slow-firing neurons, 5 cluster-firing neurons and 13 fast-firing neurons. Although some neurons presented rebound action potentials following a hyperpolarization current injection, we did not find any typical burst-firing neuron in our experiment. All of the recorded nestin+ cells were excitable, with typical electrophysiological characteristics of functional neurons. In voltage-clamp mode, when depolarized from -60 mV, typical neuronal whole-cell currents (comprised of large inward Na+ current and outward K+ current) could be elicited (Figure 1B). In current-clamp mode, typical neural action potential was observed in response to a short period of depolarization, and repetitive action potentials could be elicited when sustained positive current was applied (Figure 1C, D). As most of nestin mRNA co-expressed with ChAT mRNA, we first compared electrophysiological properties of nestin+ neurons (including nestin mRNA-positive & ChAT mRNA-negative neurons and nestin mRNA-positive & ChAT mRNA-positive neurons) to nestin mRNA-negative & ChAT mRNA-positive (nestin- & ChAT+) neurons, and with GAD67+ neurons and VGLUT+ neurons (Table 1, Figures 2, 3 and 4). Then, we compared electrophysiological properties of nestin mRNA-positive & ChAT mRNA-negative (nestin+ & ChAT-) neurons, nestin mRNA-positive and ChAT mRNA-positive (nestin+ & ChAT+) neurons, and nestin mRNA-negative & ChAT mRNA-positive neurons (nestin- & ChAT+) so as to identify the electrophysiological characteristics among different categories of nestin and ChAT expressing patterns (Figures 3 and 5).
Figure 1. Nestin mRNA-positive cells in MS/DBB are functional neurons. A. Agarose gel analysis of the sc-RT-PCR products obtained from a single MS/DBB cell. The only PCR-generated fragment was nestin. B. Whole cell current of the same cell depolarized from -60 mV to 10 mV in voltage-clamp mode showed characteristic of functional neurons. C. The cell shows typical neural action potential when depolarized to the threshold potential. D. A sustained depolarizing current (1000 ms) elicits a train of repetitive action potentials. The membrane responses were elicited using positive currents of 0.2 nA from -60 mV in panel C and D.
Table 1. Electrophysiological properties of chemically identified neurons in the rat medial septal/diagonal band complex
Figure 2. Comparison of action potential properties of MS/DBB neurons. A. Representative action potentials from all cell types (superimposed) show the differences in spike shape and width among the four cell types. GAD67+ neurons have the narrowest action potentials, where as VGLUT+ neurons have the broadest action potentials. B. Histogram of action potential amplitude of all cell types. C. Histogram of spike parameters of all cell types. * P < 0.05;** P < 0.01.
Figure 3. Electrophysiological properties of nestin+ and/or ChAT+ neurons. A1-F1: Nestin+ & ChAT- neurons, A2-F2: Nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons, A3-F3: Nestin- & ChAT+ neurons. A1-3: Agarose gel analysis of the sc-RT-PCR products to identify chemical phenotypes of recorded neurons. B1-3 and C1-3: In current-clamp mode, membrane responses of the same MS/DBB neuron to depolarizing current pulses (0.2 nA) applied from membrane potential of -60 mV (B1-3) or -80 mV (C1-3). All neurons display slow-firing activity. D1-3: Injection of a hyperpolarizing current pulse from -60 mV, no depolarizing sag and rebound firing were found in each kind of neuron. E1-3: Hyperpolarizing voltage steps applied from a holding potential of -50 mV showed absence of conspicuous Ih in all groups of neurons. F1-3: I-V plots of instantaneous (filled circle) and steady-state (open circle) current derived from the data in E1-3. The Ih of nestin+ & ChAT+ neuron was mildly larger than that of nestin- & ChAT+ neuron (E2, E3, F2, F3).
Figure 4. Electrophysiological properties of GAD67+ and VGLUT+ neurons. A1-F1: GAD67+ neuron presents electrophysiological properties of fast-firing neuron. A2-F2: VGLUT+ neuron presents electrophysiological properties of cluster-firing neuron. A1-2: Agarose gel analysis of the sc-RT-PCR products to identify chemical phenotypes of recorded neurons. B1 and C1: Membrane responses of the same MS/DBB neuron to injection of depolarizing current pulses applied from a membrane potential of -60 mV (B1) or -80 mV (C1). GAD67+ neuron displays fast-firing activity. B2 and C2: Membrane responses of the VGLUT+ neuron to injection of depolarizing current pulses (0.2 nA) applied from a membrane potential of -60 mV, prolonged depolarization current (4s in duration) elicits cluster-firing separated by subthreshold membrane oscillations (C2). D1-2: In current-clamp mode, the response to injections of hyperpolarizing current pulse from -60 mV, note profound depolarizing sag in GAD67+ neuron, but no rebound firing action potential (D1). E1-2: Currents recorded in voltage-clamp mode evoked by a series of hyperpolarizing voltage steps applied from a holding potential of -50 mV. Notice the profound depolarizing amplitude inward current in GAD67+ neuron, as shown by the differences between the amplitudes of the instantaneous current (filled circle) and steady-state current (open circle). F1-2: Instantaneous and steady-state I-V plots derived from the data in E1-2.
Figure 5. Comparison of RMP and Ih amplitude of nestin+ and/or ChAT+ neurons in MS/DBB. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01.
Nestin+ neurons (including those neurons co-expressing ChAT mRNA) had a mean fire rate (MF) of 8.39 ± 0.45 Hz, maximal firing frequency (FMAX) of 20.73 ± 2.07 Hz, and steady firing frequency (FSTEADY) of 6.86 ± 0.53 Hz. These neurons also had broad action potentials (spike width 2.46 ± 0.09 ms) and large afterhyperpolarization (duration 223.77 ± 12.08 ms, amplitude 4.49 ± 0.21 mV), which were similar to nestin- & ChAT+ neurons (P > 0.05). These data suggest that nestin+ neurons share many basic characteristics with nestin- & ChAT+ neurons in the MS/DBB. The spike width, AHP amplitude and duration of nestin+ neurons were significantly larger than that of GAD67+ neurons (P < 0.01). However, MF, depolarizing sag, and hyperpolarization activated current of neurons (Ih) were smaller than those of GAD67+ neurons (P < 0.01). Furthermore, other key properties of nestin+ neurons were significantly different from those of GAD67+ neurons (P < 0.05, Table 1, Figure 2). Thus, the nestin+ neurons were distinctive from the classic GABAergic neurons. Nestin+ neurons shared some membrane properties of VGLUT+ neurons, but had larger Ih and no cluster firing in response to prolonged depolarization from -60 mV. In summary, the Ih of nestin+ neurons were smaller than those of the GAD67+ neurons, but greater than the Ih of the VGLUT+ (Figures 3 and 4). Statistical analysis showed the different Ih and other parameters among the subpopulations of neurons in MS/DBB (Table1).
Interestingly, while further analyzed the electrophysiological properties of nestin+ & ChAT-, nestin+ & ChAT+ and nestin+ & ChAT- neurons, we found that the Ih of nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons were larger than those of nestin- & ChAT+ neurons (P < 0.05), and nestin+ & ChAT- neurons had a RMP of -51.80 ± 1.32 mV, which were significantly lower than that of nestin- & ChAT+ neurons (P < 0.01) (Figures 3 and 5). However, other electrophysiological differences (e.g., latency for first spike, slow after-hyperpolarizing potential, maximal frequency and action potential decay slope) among these neurons were not found.
Excitatory postsynaptic currents recorded from nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons and nestin- & ChAT+ neurons
In this section, nineteen neurons, which contained 12 nestin- & ChAT+ neurons and 7 nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons, were recorded, and 3993 sEPSCs events and 3570 mEPSCs events were analyzed in total. The addition of 10 μM 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione (CNQX, a non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist) abolished all synaptic events, indicating the involvement of non-NMDA glutamate receptors (data not shown).
The sEPSCs amplitude (28.45 ± 1.78 pA) of nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons was significantly larger than that of the nestin- & ChAT+ neurons (22.91 ± 1.05 pA) (student's t-test, two tails, P < 0.05). The sEPSCs amplitudes cumulative probability distribution curve of nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons showed a right shift compared to the curve for nestin- & ChAT+ neurons (K-S Z = 4.549, P < 0.01). This result suggests that the sEPSCs distribution patterns of nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons were different from those of nestin- & ChAT+ neurons. It also provided further evidence to confirm that the sEPSCs amplitude of nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons was significantly larger than those of the nestin- & ChAT+ neurons. Both the student's t-test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (KS-test) were used to determine if the two datasets differ significantly. As student's t-test is a parametric test and may be more sensitive if the data meets the requirements of the student's t-test. The KS-test, on the other hand, has the advantage of making no assumptions about the distribution of data (non-parametric). Therefore, in order to compare the mean value and distribution of the sEPSCs and mEPSCs, we used both, finding that the KS-test is more suited than the student's t-test. The sEPSCs inter-event intervals cumulative probability distribution curve of nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons was on the left of the curve for nestin- & ChAT+ neurons (K-S Z = 2.644, P < 0.01), which indicates the sEPSCs frequency of the nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons was higher than that of the nestin- & ChAT+ neurons (Figure 6) [23,24].
Figure 6. Comparison of sEPSCs of MS/DBB nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons. A. Consecutive traces of sEPSCs recorded from MS/DBB nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons. B. Average sEPSCs of nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons. C. Comparison of the sEPSCs frequencies of MS/DBB nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons. D. Comparison of the sEPSCs amplitudes of MS/DBB nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons (*: P < 0.05). E. Cumulative probability distribution of sEPSCs inter-event intervals of nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons in MS/DBB: the curve of nestin+ cholinergic neurons was on the left of the curve for nestin- cholinergic neurons (K-S Z = 2.644, P < 0.01); F. Cumulative probability distribution of sEPSCs amplitudes of nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons in MS/DBB: the curve of nestin+ cholinergic neurons was on the right of the curve for nestin- cholinergic neurons (K-S Z = 4.549, P < 0.01).
In order to further explore the mechanism of the different sEPSCs between the nestin- & ChAT+ and nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons, mEPSCs of both kinds of neurons were studied. The independent samples student's t-test showed that the mEPSCs amplitude (29.01 ± 1.83 pA) of nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons was significantly larger than that of nestin- & ChAT+ neurons (22.64 ± 1.06 pA) (P < 0.01). The mEPSCs amplitudes cumulative probability distribution curve of nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons was on the right of that for the nestin- & ChAT+ neurons (K-S Z = 8.2165, P < 0.01). The mEPSCs inter-event intervals cumulative probability distribution curve of nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons was on the right for that of nestin- & ChAT+ neurons (K-S Z = 1.717, P < 0.01). These results confirmed that nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons had higher mEPSCs amplitude than nestin- & ChAT+ neurons and that the mEPSCs frequency of nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons was lower than that of the nestin- & ChAT+ neurons (Figure 7).
Figure 7. Comparison of mEPSCs of MS/DBB nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons. A. Consecutive traces recorded from MS/DBB nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons. B. Average mEPSCs of nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons. C. Comparison of the mEPSCs frequencies of MS/DBB nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons. D. Comparison of the mEPSCs amplitudes of MS/DBB nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons (**: P < 0.01). E. Cumulative probability distribution of mEPSCs inter-event intervals of nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons in MS/DBB: the curve of nestin+ cholinergic neurons was on the right of that of nestin- cholinergic neurons (K-S Z = 1.717, P < 0.01). F. Cumulative probability distribution of mEPSCs amplitudes of nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons in MS/DBB: the curve of nestin+ cholinergic neurons was on the right of that of the nestin- cholinergic neurons (K-S Z = 8.217, P < 0.01).
The paired samples student's t-test results showed that the mEPSCs frequency was significantly lower than sEPSCs frequency in nestin+ & ChAT+ (P < 0.05), but no difference was found between the mEPSCs and sEPSCs frequencies of nestin- & ChAT+ neurons (P > 0.05). The sEPSCs/mEPSCs frequency ratio of nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons was approximately two times higher than that nestin- & ChAT+ neurons. However, there was no difference between the amplitudes of mEPSCs and sEPSCs of nestin- & ChAT+ neurons or nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons (P > 0.05). These results suggest that the higher sEPSCs amplitude of nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons compared to the nestin- & ChAT+ neurons was not changed by 1 μM TTX, implied it might come from the higher excitability of nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons themselves rather than from stronger excitatory action potentials of presynaptic neurons. Furthermore, there was no difference between synaptic multiplicities of nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons and nestin- & ChAT+ neurons, which suggests that the nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons and nestin- & ChAT+ neurons shared similar maturity (Figure 8). In summary, these results provide powerful evidence that despite shared similar maturity, nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons receive stronger excitatory synaptic inputs and have higher excitability compared to nestin- & ChAT+ neurons.
Figure 8. Comparison of sEPSCs and mEPSCs of nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons in MS/DBB. A. Comparison of the frequencies of sEPSCs and mEPSCs of nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons. B. Comparison of the amplitude of sEPSCs and mEPSCs of nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons. C. Multiplicity of nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons. D. sEPSCs/mEPSCs frequency ratio of nestin- and nestin+ cholinergic neurons. *: P < 0.05.
Immunofluorescence study of the biocytin-filled neurons
Twenty-eight neurons were successfully filled with biocytin and visualized by Rhodamine Red-X. Cell bodies were particularly well-labelled, allowing us to determine their position relative to the MS/DBB. Biocytin-filled neurons were bipolar or multipolar and gave off two or three primary dendrites that subsequently bifurcated to the adjacent areas. The axons originated from the soma or proximal end of a primary dendrite. No evidence of axon collaterals was found in our slices. Of the 28 biocytin-filled neurons, 22 were ChAT-immunoreactive (ChAT-ir) neurons, among which 45.45% (10/22) were nestin-immunoreactive (nestin-ir) neurons. Eleven out of the 28 biocytin-filled neurons were nestin-ir neurons, 90.91% (10/11) of which were also ChAT-immunoreactive (Figure 9).
Figure 9. Triple immunofluorescent study of biocytin-filled neuron. A. Biocytin-filled neuron was visualized by rhodamine red-X-conjugated streptavidin. B and C showed ChAT- and nestin-immunoreactive neurons visualized by cy2 (blue) and alexa 405 (green) respectively. D. Image merged from A, B and C. The red arrow pointed to the cell double labelled by the nestin and ChAT antibodies and filled with biocytin by whole-cell patch clamp recording. The white arrow pointed to the cell double labelled by ChAT and nestin antibodies. The blue arrow pointed to a neuron that only expressed ChAT. Because the brain slice was made from neonatal rat and did not perfuse transcardially before slice preparation, there were some epithelium lining blood vessels labelled by nestin monoclone antibody in C and D. Scale bar was 20 μm.
Retrograde tracing of fast blue from the CA1 area of hippocampus
Examination of serial section of the basal forebrain region 5 days after injection of the fast blue revealed that the blue colour fluorescence could be visualized clearly. The fast blue labelled somas were seen throughout the entire MS/DBB region. Histological examination of the MS/DBB area after labelling revealed striking intense signals in the cell body, however, the neuritis were difficult to distinguish from background. In order to define the anatomical circuits of the nestin+ and nestin- cholinergic projection to the hippocampus, we evaluated the percentage of ChAT and nestin immunoreactivity among the fast blue-labelled neurons in the MS/DBB region after fast blue intra-hippocampus instillation. The nestin and ChAT immunoreactive cells were clearly labelled by green and red colour fluorescence specifically. In order to find the ratio of the nestin+ or nestin- cholinergic neurons projection to the hippocampus, the double or triple fluorescence of combined immunohistochemistry and retrograde labelling were carefully measured. Approximately 20.40% of the fast blue-labelled neurons in the MS/DBB area were ChAT-immunoreactive. In which, 48.04% were nestin-expressing neurons, and 51.96% nestin non-expressing cholinergic neurons (Figure 10).
Figure 10. Retrograde labelling demonstrates that the nestin+ and nestin- cholinergic neurons projected to hippocampus. (A) Photomicrograph demonstrating the deposition of fast blue dye throughout the entire MS/DBB area and the location of ChAT+ and nestin+ neurons. (B) The ChAT+ neurons in MS/DBB area. (C) The nestin+ neurons in the MS/DBB area. (D) The fast blue transported from the hippocampus was localized in the neurons of the MS/DBB area. (E) The double immunostaining of ChAT+ neurons and nestin+ neurons, arrows point to the double labelling neurons (nestin+ cholinergic neurons). (F) Photomicrograph of neurons labelled by retrograde tracing of fast blue from the hippocampus and nestin+/nestin- cholinergic neurons. Arrows and arrowheads point to the nestin+ and nestin- cholinergic neurons labelled with fast blue. Scale bar: 50 μm in A; 50 μm in B-F.
Discussion
The main findings of this study were as follows: the electrophysiologically recorded cells expressing nestin mRNA in the MS/DBB are functional neurons; the majority of nestin+ neurons are cholinergic neurons rather than GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons; nestin+ & ChAT+ neurons are more excitable and received stronger excitatory synaptic afferent currents than those of the nestin- & ChAT+ neurons. In addition, the fast blue retrograde labelling experiment demonstrates that both the nestin+ and nestin- cholinergic neurons sent projections to hippocampus.
The recorded cells expressing nestin in MS/DBB are functional neurons
Using whole-cell recording combined with sc-RT-PCR, our experiment demonstrated that all of the electrophysiologically recorded cells expressing nestin mRNA in MS/DBB were excitable. Whole cell currents of functional neurons could be elicited from these neurons in voltage-clamp mode; typical neural action potential was observed in response to a short period of depolarization, and repetitive action potentials could be elicited when sustained positive current was applied in current-clamp mode. Due to their typical intrinsic membrane properties recorded here, we concluded that these cells are functional neurons rather than stem cells or glial cells, since neural stem cells and glial cells could not be excited to produce neural action potential. For the first time, these data confirmed that nestin+ cells in the MS/DBB are functional neurons by the joint evidence of mRNA expression and electrophysiological properties from whole-cell recordings.
Most of the nestin+ neurons in MS/DBB were cholinergic neurons
Sc-RT-PCR results revealed 87.5% of nestin+ neurons expressed ChAT mRNA, and about 44.3% of ChAT+ neurons expressed nestin mRNA. However, no nestin+ neurons expressed GAD67 mRNA or VGLUT mRNA. These results were further confirmed by the nestin and ChAT immunofluorescent labelling of biocytin filled neurons and fast blue retrograded labelled neurons under the laser confocal microscope, which confirmed that nearly one half of the ChAT-ir neurons were nestin-ir neurons. There were a few nestin+ neurons that did not express ChAT+, GAD67 or VGLUT mRNA. This may stem from limit of methodology, or there were a new class of neurons in MS/DBB.
Taken together, these observations provide new evidence that the majority of nestin+ neurons in MS/DBB were cholinergic neurons rather than GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons. In other words, cholinergic neurons in the MS/DBB could be subdivided into nestin-expressing cholinergic neurons (NEChs) and nestin non-expressing cholinergic neurons (NNChs). This result is partially inconsistent with the previous reports, in which about 35% of nestin-ir neurons were ChAT-ir [8]. The possible reason of the difference may stem from the sensitivity of the methodology. Previous studies used double-staining immunohistochemistry, which visualized same neuron with 3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and 3, 3', 5', 5-tetramethylbenzidine-sodium tungstate (TMB-ST). The two chromogenic reagents may interfere with each other and lead to false-negative results. In addition, TMB colour faded rapidly. Consequently, in the use of this labelling method some neurons were stained with ambiguous colour and it was, therefore, difficult to accurately assess their phenotype. The other possible reason may be that sc-RT-PCR detects mRNA but immunohistochemistry detects proteins, and that not all mRNA may be translated into proteins.
NEChs and NNChs had different electrophysiological properties
The Ih current serves as a pacemaker, and is implicated in generating rhythmic bursts in a number of brain structures such as thalamus, hippocampus and cortex [25]. Previous work revealed that cholinergic neuron displayed slow-firing and little or no Ih; GABAergic neuron was fast-firing neuron, had a substantial Ih; and glutamatergic displayed electrophysiological properties similar to cholinergic neurons such as the occurrence of a very small Ih [4]. In our study, we found GABAergic neurons had prominent Ih, whereas cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons had small or no Ih, which was consistent with previous studies.
The Ih and sEPSCs amplitude of NEChs were larger than those of NNChs, which implies that NEChs are more excitable than NNChs and may have different roles in learning and memory. The higher sEPSCs frequency and amplitude of the NEChs suggests that the NEChs received stronger spontaneous excitatory synaptic inputs than those of the NNChs. The mEPSCs amplitude of NEChs were significantly larger than those of NNChs, but no differences were observed between the amplitudes of mEPSCs and sEPSCs on NEChs or NNChs, suggesting that presynaptic spontaneous action potential did not affect the sEPSCs amplitude of both the NEChs and NNChs. These data also suggest that the higher sEPSCs amplitude of NEChs was due to more excitatory receptors or higher sensitivity of the receptors compared to the NNChs. The similar multiplicities of NEChs and NNChs suggested that both kinds of neurons share same level of maturity. Interestingly, the mEPSCs frequency of NEChs, but not NNChs, was remarkably lower than sEPSCs frequency, which led to the large shift in the frequency of spontaneous activity, indicating that a great number of spontaneous events of NEChs recorded in absence of TTX could be attributed to the neurotransmitter released by action potential dependent mechanisms. Therefore, the stronger spontaneous excitatory afferent current could be attributed to the higher synaptic transmission efficacy to the NEChs, and higher excitability of the NEChs compared to the NNChs.
NEChs and NNChs project parallelly to hippocampus
MS/DBB is one of the most important inputs to the hippocampal neurons [26,27]. The hippocampus receives its cholinergic projections predominantly from MS, and to a lesser extent, from the VDB (Mesulam et al., 1983a). This cholinergic input is of particular importance for learning and memory processes (Hasselmo, 1999; Kesner, 1988).
In our experiment, we have demonstrated that nestin+ neurons are a subtype of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons using single-cell RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and electrophysiological property analysis. Therefore, basal forebrain cholinergic neurons could be divided into two groups according to whether expressing nestin and their electrophysiological properties. Retrograde labelling combined with ChAT and nestin immunofluorescence suggested that both of the nestin+ and the nestin- cholinergic neurons project to the hippocampus. Therefore, we concluded that there are two parallel septo-hippocampal cholinergic pathways. One pathway originates from MS/DBB nestin-expressing cholinergic neurons (NEChs), and the other pathway originates from nestin non-expressing cholinergic neurons (NNChs). Because the NEChs and NNChs had different intrinsic electrophysiological properties and received distinct excitatory synaptic inputs, they may have different functions in maintaining the electrical activities in the hippocampus, which is worthy of further study.
Nestin is expressed transiently by neural progenitor cells and reactivated glial cells [17] and is involved in cell survival and reparation [18]. Previous studies revealed that Purkinje cells in cerebella of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and dorsal root ganglia neurons following nerve injury express nestin, and that nestin expression might represent a stage of protective reaction to prolong the survival of neurons or enhance the differentiation of neurons in order to compensate for lost neurons [18,28]. In addition, intracerebroventricular injection of colchicine can lead to irreversible reduction of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons [29], but only cause transient reduction of basal forebrain nestin-ir neurons [30]. As most of the nestin mRNA+ neurons were cholinergic neurons, it is implied that nestin expression might mark a special stage of cholinergic neurons that were relatively spared from severe degeneration and cell death. It is also possible that nestin expression marks a type of newly differentiated neurons that compensate for lost MS/DBB cholinergic neurons. The mechanism underlying the protective plasticity and viability of NEChs and NNChs are worthy of further study using selectively or non-selectively MS/DBB neurons damaging model [31].
Conclusions
In conclusion, we studied the electrophysiological properties of the novel nestin+ neurons in the MS/DBB, and demonstrated that most of nestin+ neurons are functional cholinergic neurons. We also provided evidence that the NEChs had higher excitability and received stronger spontaneous excitatory synaptic inputs than those of the NNChs. Then we demonstrated that both of the NEChs and NNChs projected to the hippocampus. The different electrophysiological properties of NEChs and NNChs and common neural circuits to hippocampus suggested that there are two parallel septo-hippocampal cholinergic pathways that may have different functions. Whether nestin expression affects the cholinergic neurons' properties require further study by manipulation of gene expression. These results will not only facilitate our understanding of the structures and biological function of basal forebrain, the mechanism of learning and memory, the ageing process and the pathology of AD, but may also provide a new insight for AD treatment.
Methods
Ethics Statement
All experiments were approved by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Sun Yat-sen University. All work was carried out in accordance with the National Institute of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH Publications No. 80-23) revised 1996. Every effort was made to minimize the animals used and their suffering.
Brain slice preparation
Brain slices containing the MS/DBB were prepared from 40 Sprague-Dawley rats (14-21 days postnatal) of either sex as previously described [4]. Briefly, rats were killed by decapitation, and brains were quickly removed and submerged in ice-cold artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) containing (in mM): 126 NaCl, 3 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 2.0 MgSO4, 2.0 CaCl2, 24 NaHCO3, and 10 D-glucose, equilibrated with 95% O2-5% CO2, pH 7.4. After cooling in the ACSF, brain was trimmed with a razor blade and fixed to specimen tray of a vibratome (Vibratome 3000 EP sectioning system, USA) with cyanoacrylate adhesive. Coronal slices of 400 μm thickness containing the MS/DBB were prepared and transferred to a custom-designed holding chamber allowed to recover in oxygenated ACSF at 32 ± 0.5°C for 30 min, and then put at room temperature (25 ± 1°C ) for additional 1- 4 hour before experimental recordings. After 1-1.5 hour, the slice was transferred to a Plexiglas recording chamber on the stage of a Nikon microscope (Eclipse FN1, Japan) and continuously perfused with oxygenated ACSF at a rate of 1-2 ml/min for electrophysiological recordings. The recording chamber was kept at a temperature of 26 ± 0.5°C by an automatic temperature controller (WARNER TC-324B, USA). Neurons in the slice were visualized using infrared differential interference contrast (IR/DIC) video microscopy (IR-1000E, USA). Medium to large sized neurons in MS/DBB that had full form and clear outline were selected randomly for patch recording.
Whole-cell recordings
Patch pipettes were made from diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC, Amresco, USA) processed and heat-sterilized borosilicate glass capillary tubing containing a filament (OD: 1.5 mm, ID: 0.86 mm) by Sutter P-97 horizontal puller (Sutter Instruments Co., Novato, USA). The pipette filled with 5μl internal solution had 3-6 Mohm pipette resistance. The internal solution was prepared with nuclease-free water containing (in mM): 144 potassium gluconate, 3 MgCl2, 10 Hepes, 0.2 EGTA, 2 K2-ATP, 0.3 Na3-GTP, pH 7.2 (285-295 mOsm). Whole-cell recordings in voltage-clamp and current-clamp modes were performed at 26 ± 0.5°C using an Axon Multi Clamp-700B amplifiers and a Digidata 1322A analog-to-digital converter (Axon Instruments Inc, USA). The output signal was continuously filtered at 3 kHz, digitized at a sampling rate of 20 kHz, and stored in a computer for off-line analysis using pClamp 9.2 software (Axon instruments Inc, USA) or Mini Analysis 6.0.3 (Synaptosoft, Leonia, NJ, USA) software.
Intrinsic membrane properties analysis
All electrophysiological recordings were made from the medial septum and the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca. The resting membrane potential of each neuron was measured in current-clamp mode (I = 0) just after passing in whole cell configuration. All membrane potentials were corrected for junction potential (about -15 mV). The experiment was continued only when the resting membrane potential was more negative than -45 mV, spikes overshot 0 mV and the series resistance was less than 30 Mohm [4]. In current-clamp mode, the membrane potentials of selected MS/DBB neurons were held at - 60 mV or - 80 mV, and a series of hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current pulses (0.1 - 0.3 nA, 1- 4 s duration) were applied from both holding potentials to determine membrane properties and firing properties. Action potential properties were analyzed from membrane response to a short threshold depolarizing current pulse (10 ms, 0.1 - 0.3 nA) applied at -60 mV [14,32] using standard criteria (Figure 11, A and 11B) [33,34].
Figure 11. Measurement of action potential parameters and firing patterns. A, B: Measurement of action potential parameters. 1) Resting membrane potential (mV); 2) Action potential threshold (mV); 3) Action potential amplitude (mV); 4) After hyperpolarization (AHP) amplitude (mV); 5) AHP duration (ms); 6,)Spike rise time (ms); 7) Spike decay time (ms); 8) Spike duration; 9), Spike half width (ms). C, D: Measurement of parameters of firing properties of a medial septal and diagonal band complex neuron subjected to a depolarizing current pulse: time interval between: 1, the first two action potentials; 2, the last two action potentials. Reciprocal of time intervals gives maximum firing frequency (FMAX) and steady firing frequency (FSTEADY). Scale bars: 20 mV, 50 ms in A; 20 mV, 0.5 ms in B; 20 mV, 100 ms in C.
Firing patterns were analyzed in response to series of 1-4 s depolarizing current pulses applied from - 60 mV, and repeated from a membrane potential of -80 mV. Firing frequencies were determined for each neuron depolarized from -60 mV using a current pulse of 100-300 pA. Maximal firing frequency (FMAX) and steady firing frequency (FSTEADY) were calculated from the time interval between the first two spikes or the last two spikes respectively in a train of action potentials evoked by a 1 s depolarizing current pulse, and mean firing rate was calculated from the number of spikes evoked by a 1 s depolarizing current pulse (Figure 11, C and 11D). Spike adaptation was measured using [(FMAX - FSTEADY)/FMAX].
The voltage-dependent inward rectification (depolarizing sag) was determined by application of a series of 4 s hyperpolarizing current from -60 mV, and its amplitude was measured for the current pulse inducing an initial hyperpolarization to - 95 mV. The hyperpolarization activated current (I h) was activated using a series of 2 s long hyperpolarizing voltage steps from -50 to -120 mV in 10 mV increments. The currents evoked by injection of hyperpolarizing voltage steps presented two components: instantaneous current (an initial instantaneous change in membrane conductance) and steady-state current (a secondary slowly developing inward current). The amplitude of Ih was measured by subtracting instantaneous current from steady-state current, and was represented by plotting the instantaneous and steady state currents as a function of membrane voltage.
Analysis of the excitatory synaptic input current properties
The selected neurons were clamped at -70 mV. The internal solution was the same as that used in the experiment for intrinsic membrane properties study. To study spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs), bicuculline (10 μM) was added to the perfusing solution to block GABAA-mediated synaptic transmission. Tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 μM) was added to the bicuculline-containing solution to obtain mEPSCs. The output signal was continuously filtered at 3 kHz, digitized at a sampling rate of 20 kHz, and stored in a computer for off-line analysis using Mini Analysis 6.0.3 (Synaptosoft, Leonia, NJ, USA) software. The excitatory postsynaptic currents analysis was based on 180 s gap free recordings. The detection threshold was set at twice the baseline noise. The fact that no false events would be identified was confirmed by visual inspection for each synaptic current. The cells were rejected if the access resistance changed more than 20% during the experiment. The addition of 10 μM 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione (CNQX, a non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist) abolished all synaptic events, indicating the involvement of non-NMDA glutamate receptors (data not shown).
To compare the synaptic connectivity, we calculated multiplicity index, a common parameter used as a maturation index in synaptic developmental studies, defined as the number of release sites per presynaptic neuron could release neurotransmitter simultaneously onto the recorded cell [35-37]. Multiplicity index was calculated as the mean amplitude of action-potential-driven events divided by mean quantal size (q: mean amplitude of mEPSCs). The Multiplicity index was calculated as follows:
Where Vb and Vq are the mean frequency of sEPSCs and mEPSCs; b and q are the mean amplitude of sEPSCs and mEPSCs.
Cytoplasm harvest and reverse transcription
Cytoplasm harvest and reverse transcription (RT) were performed as previously described [4,38-40] with a little change according to the instruction of the PrimescriptTM RT-PCR kit (Takara Biotechnology, Dalian, China). Briefly, after electrophysiological recording, the cell Cytoplasm was aspirated by a gentle negative pressure in the patch pipette under visual control. The series resistance and leak currents were monitored throughout the aspiration procedure and the negative pressure was stopped before the seal was lost. The pipette was then quickly removed from the slice, and its content was expelled into a 0.2 ml PCR tube containing 5 μl of 20 mM dithiothreitol (DTT, Amresco, USA), 20 U ribonuclease inhibitor and 20 picomoles of random hexamers (volume was measured and adjusted to 10 μl with nuclease-free water and quickly cooled on ice). For first strand cDNA synthesis, the tube was heated to 95°C for 1 min and quickly cooled on ice. 100 U PrimescriptTM RTase, 4 μl 5 × First Strand Buffer, 1 μl dNTPs (10 mM each), 1 μl 0.1 M DTT, 20 U ribonuclease inhibitor and 3 μl RNase free dH2O were then added to make the total reaction volume to 20 μl. The RT was initiated at 30°C for 10 min, continued for 2 h at 42°C and overnight at 37°C. The reverse transcriptase was denaturized at 70°C for 15 min and RNA was removed by incubation with 2 U ribonuclease H (1 μl, Takara Biotechnology, Dalian, China) for 20 min at 37°C.
Multiplex PCR
The cDNAs for ChAT, glutamic acid decarboxylases 67 (GAD67), vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2), and nestin were amplified with a two-step PCR protocol, slightly modified from that described by Sotty et al. (2003) and Puma et al. (2001). Target cDNAs were amplified simultaneously as a multiplex PCR in the first round and amplified individually in the second round PCR with nested primers. The first round PCR reaction was performed in a Mastercycler (Eppendorf, Germany) with a final volume of 100 μl containing the 21 μl RT reaction, 1× PCR Buffer (50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, pH 8.3), 50 μM of each of the dNTPs, 10 p mol of each selected primer and 2.5 U TaKaRa Ex TaqTM HS polymerase (Takara Biotechnology, Dalian, China). The PCR amplification protocol was as follows: 2 min at 94°C; 20 cycles: 30 s at 94°C, 30 s at 60°C, 35 s at 72°C; 5 min at 72°C. Second-round PCRs were performed individually in reaction volume of 25 μl, using 2 μl of the first round PCR product and specific primer pair by 35 PCR cycles under similar conditions as first round PCR but the concentration of dNTPs was 200 mM. Five microliters of each last-round PCR product was run on a 1.5% TEA agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide, using a 100 bp DNA ladder as molecular weight marker. Some PCR products had been sent to professional company (Beijing AuGCT biotechnology Co., ltd, Beijing, China) for automatic sequencing to determine their specificity. Primers used in the experiment are shown in Table 2. To ensure the primer specificity all primers were designed to span multiple intron/extron boundaries. To rule out the false-positive response, bathing medium near the recorded neuron was collected using a standard recording pipette to substitute the cytoplasm as a media control, and double distilled water substituted the cytoplasm was used as blank control, the same RT-PCR reactions were performed. Experiment controls for single cell RT-PR are made at each harvesting session, only the data from experiments in which both media control and blank control were negative could be taken into account, otherwise the cell would be discarded [39,41].
Table 2. Primer sequences used in the experiment
Immunohistochemistry and laser confocal scanning of recorded neurons
For subsequent immunofluorescence study of the recorded cells, biocytin (0.2%) was added to internal solution. In the cells from which recordings had been made, biocytin, nestin and ChAT were visualized by triple fluorescence: Rhodamine Red was the fluorescent label for biocytin, cy2 for nestin-ir and Alexa 405 for ChAT-ir. After whole-cell recording, the brain slices were fixed by immersion in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, at 4°C for l-2 h, washed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, and cryoprotected by immersion in 30% buffered sucrose at 4°C for several hours. The following day, serial sections at 50 μm thickness were cut on a cryostat, and collected in 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Sections were washed (3 × 10 min) in 0.01 M PBS followed by incubation in 1% bovine serum albumin (containing 0.3% Triton X-100 in PBS) for 30 min to prevent non-specific conjugate binding. Sections were incubated with monoclonal mouse anti-nestin antibody (1:800, Rat-401, Pharmingen) and polyclonal rabbit anti-ChAT antibody (1:1000, Chemicon) for 2 h at 37°C and then for 14 h at 4°C. After a 3 × 10 min rinse in PBS, the sections were incubated in a cocktail containing Rhodamine Red X-conjugated streptavidin (1:5000, Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories), a cy2-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody (1:200, Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories) and a Alexa 405-conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibody (2 μg/ml, Invitrogen) for 2 h at room temperature [42].
In control experiments, the primary antibodies were omitted and, as expected, this resulted in the absence of any cellular labelling. Additional controls were performed by switching the fluorochromated immunoreagents related to the markers visualized by triple fluorescence labelling procedures which resulted in identical staining patterns.
All sections were then analyzed with the LSM 510 Meta (Zeiss). Nestin-ir was observed with the blue FITC filter; ChAT-ir was viewed with the DAPI filter; biocytin-filled cell was viewed with the Rhodamine Red filter. Confocal images were scanned, edited, reconstructed and measured using LSM 510 Meta software (Zeiss).
Analyses of the projections of nestin+ and nestin- cholinergic neurons
To demonstrate whether the nestin+ and nestin- cholinergic neurons projected to hippocampus, retrograde labelling combined with double immunostaining protocols were used. Four rats were instilled with 0.5 μl of 3% fast blue dye into the CA1 area (AP-3.8, L 1.5, H 3.0) of the hippocampus. After a 5-d transport period, the experimental animals were sacrificed, immunofluorescence of nestin and ChAT were performed with a standard protocols. Rhodamine Red was the fluorescent label for ChAT-ir, cy2 for nestin-ir neurons [42]. The localization of fast blue in nerve cell bodies of the MS/DBB area were observed, counted, and analyzed. The experimental controls were performed as described above.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 11.5 for Windows. Data were analyzed statistically using either the student's t-test, one-way ANOVA (post hoc multiple comparison by least-significant difference (LSD) or Dunnett's T3 test), or the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Significance level for all measures was set at P < 0.05. Data are presented as means ± S.E.M (standard error of the mean). All figures were prepared using CorelDraw 10.0 (Corel; Ottawa) and Adobe Photoshop CS (Adobe; San Jose, CA).
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
JHZ designed and carried out the study, performed the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. HYG participated in the design of the study, performed the statistical analysis, and helped to draft the manuscript. ZBY conceived the study, and participated in its design and coordination, and helped to draft the manuscript. JTZ carried out the molecular genetic studies, participated in the sequence alignment. KHG participated in the immunohistochemistry and neuronal projection study. DPL participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis. TMG participated in design and coordination of the study, and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements and Funding
We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Monique David in manuscript revision, Yongjun Chen, Pu Wang, QunFang Yuan and Yao Xie for their help in experimental techniques. This work was supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 30700436, 31160221), Doctoral Program of Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (No. S2011040004372). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Research article
Prognostic significance of the expression of GFRα1, GFRα3 and Syndecan-3, proteins binding ARTEMIN, in mammary carcinoma
Zheng-Sheng Wu1,2, Vijay Pandey3, Wen-Yong Wu4, Shan Ye2, Tao Zhu1* and Peter E Lobie3,5*
Author affiliations
1 Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
2 Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
3 Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences, #03-06C, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
4 Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
5 National Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University Health system, Singapore, Singapore
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
BMC Cancer 2013, 13:34 doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-34
Published: 26 January 2013
Abstract
Background
Artemin (ARTN) has been implicated in promoting oncogenicity, tumor growth and invasiveness in diverse human malignancies. However, the clinical and prognostic significance of upstream ligand binding components, potentially mediating ARTN oncogenicity, largely remain to be determined.
Methods
We determined the mRNA and protein expression of three proteins demonstrated to bind ARTN, namely GFRα1, GFRα3 and Syndecan-3 (SDC3), in benign breast disease and mammary carcinoma by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Their prognostic significance combined with ARTN expression was also investigated in mammary carcinoma.
Results
The expression of GFRα1 and GFRα3, but not SDC3, was significantly increased in mammary carcinoma and positively associated with tumor lymph node metastases, higher clinical stage and HER-2 positivity. Moreover, both GFRα1 and GFRα3 expression were significantly associated with survival outcome of patients with mammary carcinoma by univariate and multivariate analyses, whereas expression of SDC3 was not. Co-expression of ARTN with either GFRα1 or GFRα3, but not SDC3, produced synergistic increases in the odds ratio for both relapse-free and overall survival in patients with mammary carcinoma. Furthermore, significant association of GFRα1 and GFRα3 expression with survival outcome observed herein were restricted to ER negative or HER-2 negative mammary carcinoma.
Conclusions
The expression of GFRα1 and/or GFRα3, especially when combined with ARTN expression, may be useful predictors of disease progression and outcome in specific subtypes of mammary carcinoma.
Keywords:
ARTN; GFRα1; GFRα3; SDC3; Mammary carcinoma; Survival
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Seminole Texas Family History CenterEdit This Page
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textarea in mysql
Go4Expert Member
17Nov2009,18:46 #1
hello guys
Any one can help me in my problem How can i send the content of a textarea to my mysql db?
i've noticed that it won't send the <br>'s and stuff with it...
Can someone post an example how to do it? The full code if it is possible...
thanks in advance
Ambitious contributor
17Nov2009,22:33 #2
I think you might have used some special characters in your textarea which would have prevented going into the DB.
If you try to send your textarea into MySQL database, what it says?
Contributor
25Nov2009,14:25 #3
Hi,
I think you have to convert textarea content to html_entity_decode and then insert it into database.
Last edited by rekha; 25Nov2009 at 14:28..
Go4Expert Member
2Dec2009,15:19 #4
thanks for suggestion
Contributor
3Dec2009,15:59 #5
You can try replacing the newline character with break tag before insterting it into the database.
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At a time when the whole country including Odisha is reeling under acute power shortage, the 3000 Mw power plant of National thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) at Kaniha, the second largest power station in India, is forced to regulate generation due to less supply of coal.
According to sources, the power plant is in supercritical state having a coal stock for one day only as against the normal 15 days stock. There were 3.5 million tonnes of coal at its stock yard on April 1. But due to short supply of coal from Mahanadi Coalfield Limited (MCL), the stock has depleted to a level of just “hand to mouth”, forcing the company to slash generation from its six 500 Mw units.
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Sensors 2012, 12(12), 16368-16389; doi:10.3390/s121216368
Article
Assessment of Global Carbon Dioxide Concentration Using MODIS and GOSAT Data
1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan 2 Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan 3 Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 29 October 2012; in revised form: 22 November 2012 / Accepted: 23 November 2012 / Published: 26 November 2012
(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensors)
Download PDF Full-Text [572 KB, Updated Version, uploaded 28 November 2012 15:34 CET]
The original version is still available [1182 KB, uploaded 26 November 2012 11:39 CET]
Abstract: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important greenhouse gas (GHG) in the atmosphere and is the greatest contributor to global warming. CO2 concentration data are usually obtained from ground observation stations or from a small number of satellites. Because of the limited number of observations and the short time series of satellite data, it is difficult to monitor CO2 concentrations on regional or global scales for a long time. The use of the remote sensing data such as the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) or Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data can overcome these problems, particularly in areas with low densities of CO2 concentration watch stations. A model based on temperature (MOD11C3), vegetation cover (MOD13C2 and MOD15A2) and productivity (MOD17A2) of MODIS (which we have named the TVP model) was developed in the current study to assess CO2 concentrations on a global scale. We assumed that CO2 concentration from the Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation (TANSO) aboard the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) are the true values and we used these values to check the TVP model accuracy. The results indicate that the accuracy of the TVP model is different in different continents: the greatest Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.75 in Eurasia (RMSE = 1.16) and South America (RMSE = 1.17); the lowest R2 was 0.57 in Australia (RMSE = 0.73). Compared with the TANSO-observed CO2 concentration (XCO2), we found that the accuracy throughout the World is between −2.56~3.14 ppm. Potential sources of TVP model uncertainties were also analyzed and identified.
Keywords: MODIS; CO2 concentration; GOSAT TANSO; LST; NDVI/EVI; LAI/FPAR; GPP/NPP
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Guo, M.; Wang, X.; Li, J.; Yi, K.; Zhong, G.; Tani, H. Assessment of Global Carbon Dioxide Concentration Using MODIS and GOSAT Data. Sensors 2012, 12, 16368-16389.
AMA Style
Guo M, Wang X, Li J, Yi K, Zhong G, Tani H. Assessment of Global Carbon Dioxide Concentration Using MODIS and GOSAT Data. Sensors. 2012; 12(12):16368-16389.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Guo, Meng; Wang, Xiufeng; Li, Jing; Yi, Kunpeng; Zhong, Guosheng; Tani, Hiroshi. 2012. "Assessment of Global Carbon Dioxide Concentration Using MODIS and GOSAT Data." Sensors 12, no. 12: 16368-16389.
Sensors EISSN 1424-8220 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Materials 2010, 3(8), 4175-4195; doi:10.3390/ma3084175
Review
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanostructured Vanadium Oxides
Chimie de la Matière Condensée, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris, France
Received: 1 July 2010; in revised form: 27 July 2010 / Accepted: 30 July 2010 / Published: 2 August 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Nanomaterials Preparation)
Download PDF Full-Text [569 KB, uploaded 2 August 2010 08:38 CEST]
Abstract: A wide range of vanadium oxides have been obtained via the hydrothermal treatment of aqueous V(V) solutions. They exhibit a large variety of nanostructures ranging from molecular clusters to 1D and 2D layered compounds. Nanotubes are obtained via a self-rolling process while amazing morphologies such as nano-spheres, nano-flowers and even nano-urchins are formed via the self-assembling of nano-particles. This paper provides some correlation between the molecular structure of precursors in the solution and the nanostructure of the solid phases obtained by hydrothermal treatment.
Keywords: vanadium oxide; nanostructure; aqueous chemistry
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Livage, J. Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanostructured Vanadium Oxides. Materials 2010, 3, 4175-4195.
AMA Style
Livage J. Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanostructured Vanadium Oxides. Materials. 2010; 3(8):4175-4195.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Livage, Jacques. 2010. "Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanostructured Vanadium Oxides." Materials 3, no. 8: 4175-4195.
Materials EISSN 1996-1944 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Pharmaceutics 2012, 4(3), 385-412; doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics4030385
Article
Levofloxacin-Proliposomes: Opportunities for Use in Lung Tuberculosis
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand 2 Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand 3 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 8 May 2012; in revised form: 5 July 2012 / Accepted: 26 July 2012 / Published: 13 August 2012
Download PDF Full-Text [5745 KB, uploaded 13 August 2012 15:05 CEST]
Abstract: Levofloxacin (LEV) is a relatively new-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic that has good activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aims of this study were to develop and evaluate LEV-proliposomes in a dry powder aerosol form for pulmonary delivery. LEV-proliposomes containing LEV, soybean phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and porous mannitol were prepared by a spray drying technique. The physicochemical properties of LEV-proliposomes were determined using a cascade impactor, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The toxicity of proliposomes to respiratory-associated cell lines and its potential to provoke immunological responses from alveolar macrophages (AMs) were evaluated. Antimycobacterial activity using flow cytometry and an in vivo repeated dose toxicity test in rats were carried out. LEV-proliposomes were successfully prepared with mass median aerodynamic diameters of 4.15–4.44 μm and with fine particle fractions (aerosolized particles of less than 4.4 µm) of 13%–38% at 60 L/min. LEV-proliposomes were less toxic to respiratory-associated cells than LEV, and did not activate AMs to produce inflammatory mediators that included interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nitric oxide. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against M. bovis of LEV and LEV-proliposomes containing LEV 10% were 1 and 0.5 µg/mL, respectively. The efficacy of LEV-proliposomes against M. bovis was significantly higher than that of free LEV (p < 0.05). The efficacy of the LEV-proliposomes against M. tuberculosis was equal to that of the free LEV (MIC = 0.195 µg/mL). In a repeated dose toxicity study in rats, renal and liver toxicity was not observed. LEV-proliposomes should now be tested as an alternative formulation for delivering LEV to the lower airways.
Keywords: dry powder inhaler; immunological response; levofloxacin; proliposome; tuberculosis
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Rojanarat, W.; Nakpheng, T.; Thawithong, E.; Yanyium, N.; Srichana, T. Levofloxacin-Proliposomes: Opportunities for Use in Lung Tuberculosis. Pharmaceutics 2012, 4, 385-412.
AMA Style
Rojanarat W, Nakpheng T, Thawithong E, Yanyium N, Srichana T. Levofloxacin-Proliposomes: Opportunities for Use in Lung Tuberculosis. Pharmaceutics. 2012; 4(3):385-412.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Rojanarat, Wipaporn; Nakpheng, Titpawan; Thawithong, Ekawat; Yanyium, Niracha; Srichana, Teerapol. 2012. "Levofloxacin-Proliposomes: Opportunities for Use in Lung Tuberculosis." Pharmaceutics 4, no. 3: 385-412.
Pharmaceutics EISSN 1999-4923 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Very High Activity
Contributors : Alex Meade
Analyzed 6 days ago based on code collected 6 days ago.
Activity on OpenStack Nova by Alex Meade
All-time Commits: 321
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First Commit: 21-Apr-2011
Last Commit: 10-Dec-2012
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Project Commits
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Project Languages
Language Aggregate Coding Time Total Commits Total Lines Changed Comment Ratio
Python 2y 6m 315 64,121 14.9%
shell script 6m 9 115 -
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Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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Biophysics
From OpenWetWare
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Revision as of 12:08, 2 February 2011
Welcome to the Biophysics Lab at Uniandes
Contents
Professors
Chad Leidy, Physics Department
Manu Forero, Physics Department
Juan M. Pedraza, Physics Department
Researchers
Jackson Ocampo, Lab. technician & Researcher, Physics Department
Nicolás Afanador, Researcher, Physics Department
Andres Ernesto Mejia, Researcher, Physics Department
Natalia Rodriguez, Researcher, Physics Department
Senior Graduate Students
Ivan Adolfo Rey Suarez, Physics Department
Jose Luis Alejo Amaya , Physics Department
Diego Alejandro Ramirez Diaz, Physics Department
Nathaly Melina Marin Medina, Physics Department
Dilia E. Rangel, Physics Department
Elizabeth Suesca Sanchez, Physics Department
New Graduate Students
Julian Giraldo , Physics Department
Manuel Florez, Physics Department
Paula Santisteban, Physics Department
Luis Alejandro Mahecha Gonzalez, Physics Department
Molkary Lopez , Physics Department
Undergraduate Students and volunteers
David Camilo Duran Chaparro
Alexandra Pinto Castellanos
Jorge Luis Romero Becerra
Andres Felipe Valderrama Aguilera
Susana Marcela Simancas Giraldo
Past Members
Maier Avendaño, Graduate Student at Harvard Systems Biology
Systems Biology
Summary/Resumen
Project 1
Project 2
Project 3
Molecular Mechanics
Summary/Resumen
Project 1
Project 2
Project 3
Membrane Biophysics
Summary/Resumen
Project 1
Project 2
Project 3
Official Webpage:
http://biofisica.uniandes.edu.co/
Join us!
Prospective Students
Prospective Researchers
Contact Us
Biophysics Laboratory
Physics Department
Q building - Labs Q-401 and Q-505
University of the Andes
Carrera 1 N° 18A - 12 Bogotá, Colombia
Tel: +571 3394949 - +571 3394999
Thanks to OpenWetWare for hosting.
Image:Vista Bogota.jpg
Personal tools
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Armenian Genocide commemorated in London
April 21, 2012 - 22:52 AMT 18:52 GMT
The protesters demanded inclusion of the story of the 1915 Armenian Genocide in the UK school curriculum.
Armenian Greco-Roman wrestlers to perform at Sofia tournament
April 21, 2012 - 20:05 AMT 16:05 GMT
Arsen Julfalakyan (74 kg) is the only Armenian Greco-Roman wrestler to have qualified for London Olympics.
Daredevils of Sassoun epic to presented at ArmBookExpo
April 21, 2012 - 19:46 AMT 15:46 GMT
Armenia filed application for inclusion of Daredevils of Sassoun in UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list of 2012.
Heritage to back opposition in constituencies with no candidate
April 21, 2012 - 19:20 AMT 15:20 GMT
Dwelling on non-participation of single headquarters meetings, Heritage leader noted that all communication channels are open.
Armenian FM, Georgian Deputy FM discuss bilateral consultations
April 21, 2012 - 18:50 AMT 14:50 GMT
Edward Nalbandian noted that regular consultations foster development of relations between Armenia and Georgia.
Expert: even 10% of Iranian army can reach Baku
April 21, 2012 - 18:35 AMT 14:35 GMT
Davit Apinyan says naval maneuvers in Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea bear exclusively demonstrative character.
Armenian Greco-Roman wrestlers successful at Sofia tournament
April 21, 2012 - 18:09 AMT 14:09 GMT
After scoring a 3:1 win over Daniel Yanechic (Croatia), Sasun Hambaryan will face Serbia’s Alexander Maksimovic.
Armenian President congratulates Pope on 7th anniversary of election
April 21, 2012 - 18:08 AMT 14:08 GMT
Serzh Sargsyan issued a congratulatory message to Pope Benedict XVI on occasion of seventh anniversary of election.
Armenian business delegation to visit Georgia
April 21, 2012 - 18:06 AMT 14:06 GMT
The Armenian delegation will also comprise representatives of the Armenian Development Agency (ADA).
Yerevan hosts Brands and Business international conference
April 21, 2012 - 16:53 AMT 12:53 GMT
The experts will come up with reports on world tendencies of branding, with a new trend of political branding to be presented.
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Aronofsky’s “Noah” on-set pics feature Russell Crowe
PanARMENIAN.Net - How does one dress for a mass exodus onto a giant wooden ark that will be surrounded by rising flood waters for an indefinite period of time? Why, with homemade t-shirts, head wraps and fashionable boots, Collier said.
At least that’s what the cast of Darren Aronofsky’s Noah was wearing in recent set photos. The images show off Jennifer Connelly and Emma Watson in costume on their way to/from set, along with titular star Russell Crowe short-sleeved and bearded.
The film also stars Logan Lerman, Douglas Booth, Ray Winstone, Anthony Hopkins, Kevin Durand, Martin Csokas and Mark Margolis.
Noah opens March 28, 2014.
Partner news
Top stories
The jewels were to be loaned to celebrities who have arrived on the French Riviera town for its famous annual film festival.
The list of the finalists also includes Hungary, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Romania, Norway, Iceland, Finland and others.
Set in the gritty blue-collar neighborhood of God’s Pocket, story follows a man stuck with a debt he can't pay.
"Catching Fire" follows Katniss and fellow Hunger Games victor Peeta as they embark on a "Victor's Tour" throughout 12 districts of Panem.
Partner news
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[30] He would not, but went and cast him into prison, until he should pay back that which was due.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
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[262] the foremost of the Federal troops as they were reaching the prolongation of Granbury's line, and charging gallantly drove them back and saved the Texans from a flank attack. General Johnston in his report says: ‘Before the Federal left could gather to overwhelm Baucum and his two regiments, Lowrey's brigade, hurried by General Cleburne from its position, as left of his second line, came to join them, and the two, formed abreast of Granbury's brigade, stopped the advance of the enemy's left and successfully resisted its subsequent attacks.’ The victory was one of the most brilliant won by the Confederates during the Atlanta campaign. At the battle of Atlanta, 22d of July, Lowrey's brigade captured some of the eight cannon taken from the enemy by Cleburne's division. General Lowrey went safely through the fierce battles of Franklin and Nashville, and led his men on the disheartening retreat from Tennessee and in the campaign in the Carolinas in 1865. After the war he made his residence in California.
Brigadier-General Robert Lowry is a native of South Carolina. When a little child he was taken by his father on his removal to Perry (now Decatur) county, Tenn., and afterward to Tishomingo county, Miss., and while yet in boyhood he went to Raleigh, Smith county, Miss., to live with his uncle, Judge James Lowry. When he reached manhood's estate he adopted the profession of law and soon rose to prominence. He represented the people of his county in the lower house of the State legislature, and was then elected from his district to the senate of Mississippi. When the war began he entered the Confederate army as a private in Company B of the Sixth Mississippi infantry. Upon the organization of the regiment he was elected its major. At the battle of Shiloh Colonel Thornton resigned because of wounds, and Major Lowry was elected colonel and commissioned on the 23d of May, 1862. He led this regiment at the battles of
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Mark P. Lowrey (3)
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umbella ae, f dim.
umbra, a sunshade, parasol, umbrella , Iu.
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[24] Now I rejoice in my sufferings for your sake, and fill up on my part that which is lacking of the afflictions of Christ in my flesh for his body's sake, which is the assembly;
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load focus Greek (Brooke Foss Westcott, Fenton John Anthony Hort, 1885)
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Citation URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0031.tlg012.perseus-eng1:1.24
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[67] Why did you not act in this manner? Why was that pirate so concealed as if it were impiety to behold him? Why did you not execute him? For what object did you reserve him? Have you ever heard of any captain of pirates having been taken prisoner before, who was not executed? Tell me one original whose conduct you imitated; tell me one precedent. You kept the captain of the pirates alive in order, I suppose, to lead him in your triumph in front of your chariot. For, indeed, there was nothing wanting but for the naval triumph to be decreed to you on the occasion of a most beautiful fleet of the Roman people having been lost, and the province plundered.
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load focus Notes (J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge)
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Daily Search Forum Recap: May 27, 2008
May 27, 2008 • 5:00 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Search Forum Recap
Here is a recap of what happened in the search forums today, through the eyes of the Search Engine Roundtable and other search forums on the web.
Search Engine Roundtable Stories:
• Is Link Buying Worth the Effort?
A WebmasterWorld member was desperate for improved rankings, so he bought links. As a result, his rankings tanked and he was wondering if there's a better way to buy build links. Really, if you're trying to buy links, the recommendation is to avoid using brokers. Go directly to webmasters and ask them if they can place a link on the site where it appears naturally (not in the navigation, for example). Additionally, go for quality
• A Reminder to Update Your Google AdSense Login to a Google Account
We posted about the requirement to link Google AdSense accounts with a Google Account in February. As indicated in the comments of that blog post, the frustration of doing so is still there and a lot of publishers are not taking the plunge as a result. Well, Google is reminding you that you have no choice. You'll need to do it, according to a Google Groups thread. AdSensePro Ashley refers to a new post on
• Google's International Search Filters A Little Off?
A Google Groups webmaster is reporting that he is finding .co.nz (New Zealand) sites ranked highly in the Google Ireland (google.ie) search result. Strangely enough, that .co.nz site is not even hosted in New Zealand; it's hosted in the US. Similarly, the webmaster reports that a few other sites are being ranked highly even though they are US-based servers. He suspects that there is a problem with geotargeting in addition to other issues (like duplicate
• Search Engine Strategies Toronto 2008 Party Guide
Search Engine Strategies Toronto 2008 will be held on June 16-18, and the parties are already being planned. AussieWebmaster has opened the floor to anyone who knows of happenings in the area, but Becky Ryan has already posted a few events that she knows will be occurring in a Search Engine Watch Forums thread. On the first day (June 16th), there will be a networking reception from 5:30 until 6:30 in the expo hall. On
• Don't Block Your 301 Redirects with a Robots.txt File
A Google Groups thread has a very interesting discussion that is almost complete. The discussion takes you through the life cycle of a 301 redirect. Site owner moved from domain.com to domain.info, on a domain name sale, but wanted to retain his links, so set up a 301 redirect from .com to .info for a certain period of time. Besides for the thread covering a ton of details that are critical to such a move,
• Would You Buy a Link With a NoFollow Attribute?
A DigitalPoint Forums thread asks members if they would consider buying a link that has a nofollow attribute appended to it. For those who don't know what the nofollow attribute is a snippet of code added to the html of the link, so a search engine can easily detect if they should follow the link (in terms of link popularity and even actually following the link physically). It looks something like this: <a href="http://www.site.com/page.html" rel="nofollow">Visit
• Verification of Google Webmaster Tools Fails At 12:22am?
One constant thread you see at the forums are threads complaining that their sites become automatically unverified in Google Webmaster Tools. So the webmaster needs to go back in and manually click the verify button in Webmaster Tools, to reverify the site. One webmaster wrote a Google Groups thread discussing a pattern he has seen. This webmaster wrote a script to notify him whenever his verification file is being accessed by Google. This way he
Other Great Search Forum Threads:
Previous story: Is Link Buying Worth the Effort?
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Place:Sennar, Sudan
Watchers
NameSennar
TypeState
Located inSudan
Contained Places
Inhabited place
Sennar
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Sennar is one of the 15 wilayat or states of Sudan. It has an area of 37,844 km² and an estimated population of approximately 1,100,000 (2000). Singa is the capital of Sennar State. Another significant town is Sennar (or Mukwar), largest city in the state. The main economic activity is agriculture with the irrigated scheme of Suki, the Sugar factory of Sennar and a number of fruit (including bananas and mangos) growers located on the banks of the Blue Nile.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Sennar (state). The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4307.0.55.001 - Apparent Consumption of Alcohol, Australia, 2010-11 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 03/05/2012
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
QUALITY DECLARATION - SUMMARY
INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT
For information on the institutional environment of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), including the legislative obligations of the ABS, financing and governance arrangements, and mechanisms for scrutiny of ABS operations, please see ABS Institutional Environment.
RELEVANCE
Data on the total supply of alcohol available for consumption is one indicator of the overall trends in alcohol consumption across the population.
Combined administrative data from the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) and the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service (ACBPS), and direct collection of sales data from wine making enterprises provide information on the quantity of beer, wine and spirits available for consumption. Estimates of dutiable quantity of alcohol (in litres of alcohol) available for consumption of beer, wine and spirits, estimates of the apparent consumption of beer and wine per person aged 15 years and over, in addition to the apparent consumption of alcohol per person aged 15 years and over, are also included.
Estimates for beer and wine also include an estimated component for home production.
TIMELINESS
Apparent consumption of alcohol estimates are published annually and are released approximately 10 months after the end of the reference period. Revised estimates are available a year later (after revisions to the Estimated Resident Population (ERP) have been made).
ACCURACY
The ABS aims to produce high quality statistics on the apparent consumption of alcohol from import clearance data from the ACBPS, excise data on Australian production from the ATO and from wine making enterprises. Error can arise from inaccuracies in collecting, recording and processing the data. However, the ABS has limited influence over error associated with data collected by external sources.
There have been changes to the excise beer data provided by the ATO for the Apparent Consumption of Alcohol publication since excise tariff reform in July 2006. As a result, the ABS has calculated the quantity and total alcohol content for each of the three beer strengths (low, mid and full) using separate average strength estimates for packaged and tap beer based on 2003-04 to 2005-06 excise data. The total quantity of alcohol available for consumption and apparent consumption per capita for beer may not be directly comparable with data prior to 2005–06.
As a result of excise tariff reform in July 2006, new data items (for beer brewed on commercial premises for non-commercial purposes) which were not separately identified previously were introduced in 2006-07 to the ATO source data. These additional data items have been categorised to low and high beer strengths based on their alcohol contents. To enable time series comparison for the periods 2005–06 to 2006–07, previously published data for these periods have been revised and footnoted.
The total for spirits excludes ready to drink pre-mixed products based on spirits.
Ready to drink pre-mixed products data includes spirit based, wine based and other unspecified based products.
Wine estimates in this edition are consistent with those published in previous editions of this publication. Wine estimates were also revised after revisions to the ERP and footnoted to enable time series comparison.
In recognition of the inherent inaccuracy involved in estimation, apparent consumption of alcohol estimates in text and accompanying summary tables published by the ABS are rounded. Apparent per capita consumption of alcohol estimates are based on unrounded numbers.
COHERENCE
Comparable annual estimates of apparent consumption of alcohol have been published at the national level between 1946–47 and 1998–99 in the publication Apparent Consumption of Foodstuffs, Australia (cat. no. 4306.0). Although a break in series occurred between 1999–2000 and 2001–02, estimates on the apparent consumption of alcohol have been published separately since 2002–03. However, a comparison of the estimates over time should be undertaken with care.
The Explanatory Notes in this edition of the publication contains information pertinent to this particular release which may impact on comparison over time.
INTERPRETABILITY
The Apparent Consumption of Alcohol, Australia publication contains detailed Explanatory Notes designed to provide information to users on data sources, terminology and estimation methods used in producing these statistics.
Caution should be exercised when using estimates from this publication in relation to alcohol consumption. Estimates relate to the availability of alcohol rather than a measure of the actual consumption of alcohol by persons aged 15 years and over.
ACCESSIBILITY
Estimates on the apparent consumption of alcohol are only published at the national level. Earlier editions of the publication are available free of charge on the ABS web site <http://www.abs.gov.au/>. From 1946–47 to 1998–99, estimates on apparent consumption of alcohol were published in Apparent Consumption of Foodstuffs, Australia (cat. no. 4306.0). Estimates from 1991–92 are available on the ABS web site.
See the Related Information tab for the list of relevant products available.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Wikia
Changes: SRD:Hit Dice (Creature Statistic)
Edit
Back to page
(Auto-creating links)
m (1 revision: SRD upload)
Latest revision as of 06:30, August 11, 2009
This material is published under the OGL
Hit Dice
This line gives the creature’s number and type of Hit Dice, and lists any bonus hit points. A parenthetical note gives the average hit points for a creature of the indicated number of Hit Dice. A creature’s Hit Dice total is also treated as its level for determining how spells affect the creature, its rate of natural healing, and its maximum ranks in a skill.
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Difference between revisions of "Multimedia"
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
(Addded "Myth TV" and giving alphabetical order to the content)
m (Added "*" character.)
Line 98: Line 98:
====Myth TV====
====Myth TV====
http://www.mythtv.org/
+
*http://www.mythtv.org/
====TV Anytime====
====TV Anytime====
Revision as of 11:27, 7 November 2008
Here are some miscellaneous resources related to audio, video and graphics systems under Linux:
Also see the section on User Interfaces.
Contents
CELF 2.0 Specification for AVG
(more like a set of recommendations rather than a specification)
Audio Video Working Group
Please see the CELF wiki for more information: Audio Video Graphics Working Group
DirectFB study
What is DirectFB, How Does DirectFB Work
DirectFB
Sample Implementation of DirectFB on an embedded Linux platform
Porting DirectFB
Some DirectFB benchmark on embedded Linux platform
Benchmark DirectFB
Related Projects
Graphics/Video out
Framebuffer
DirectFB
NanoX
SDL
Gstreamer
OpenGL (OpenML)
Video in
V4L[2]
OpenML
LinuxTV (DVB API)
Audio in/out
OSS
ALSA
OpenAL
Users of AVG
Video Lan
Freevo
LinuxTV
MythTV
DVR
OpenPVR
Morphine.TV
Other
ARIB architecture
Boot Splash
Digital Home Working Group
Disko Framework
Free Type
Myth TV
TV Anytime
TV Linux Alliance
Note (1) - KD26 refers to the Linux 2.6.X kernel tree, which has a "Documentation" sub-directory.
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Video transcription project
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 17:22, 11 September 2012 by Tim Bird (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This page describes the video transcription project for the elinux wiki.
Contents
Overview
The purpopse of this project is to create transcripts of ELC and ELCE talks, as pages on the elinux wiki, via crowdsourcing. The value of transcripts would be that the material in the talks would be much more accessible to people. It would be searchable, and the talk could be read instead of watched (which is time-consuming). This essentially makes the talk accessible via random access instead of sequential access. There is a lot of very good content that is preserved in the videos that have been made over the years, and the goal of this project is to make that content more accessible and usable.
Process and methodology
In order to crowdsource the effort, a structure and method will be developed for:
• keeping track of the completion status of each talk
• managing the transcripts and keeping them in a uniform and useful form
• keeping track of who has worked on each talk (transcript credits)
• reviewing the transcripts for accuracy (and vandalism)
Random idea: Maybe use a different wiki for the talk pages, that allows database operations on the pages (like websed/tbwiki tables).
Process per page
1. check if page is listed in global presentation list 2. create a presentation page for the presentation (using a template?) 3. add a link to the talk in the global presentation list 4. add a link to the talk in the global topic list
Here's a link to the List of Embedded Linux Presentations
Tasks
• add a status column to each conference's talks page, indicating the transcript status and linking to the talk page.
• add a page for each page, with the presentation's information (title, description, author, transcript, link to video, etc.)
• make a template for a presentation page
• solicit participation in the project
• make a call for volunteer transcribers on celinux-dev and at ELC Europe
Historical work, other references
See All Topics - work done by Devin Flake to categorize past presentation material, from 2008
Development notes
• need to investigate a way to have the presentation pages be consistent. MoinMoin has template pages, what does wikimedia support?
• investigate wikimedia page creation
• This seems to be supported, in a very limited way, and only with plugins, via a "preloading" option.
• MoinMoin is much better here, suggesting at page creation time any page that has a template with a prefix or suffix that matches the to-be-created page.
• I guess we'll have to settle for just trying to be consistent
• Maybe the page creation could be automated
• Should I write a script to create a presentation page, and associated link on the 'list of presentations' page?
• need to create global presentation list (working on it, decided to add session incrementally)
• have a separate page for presentations by topic?
The first session I tried was the Samsung fragmentation page from ELC - unfortunately, there was no video for this. The second session I tried was for Mike Anderson's keynote from ELC 2012 - setting up the page was a bit of a pain. Very clear instructions are needed for this. It should be as mechanical as possible, with little room for error.
How much time does it take, per minute of video?
Format of YouTube caption file: (See http://support.google.com/youtube/bin/static.py?hl=en&topic=2734694&guide=2734661&page=guide.cs)
0:00:03.490,0:00:07.430
>> FISHER: All right. So, let's begin.
This session is: Going Social
0:00:07.430,0:00:11.600
with the YouTube APIs. I am
Jeff Fisher,
0:00:11.600,0:00:14.009
and this is Johann Hartmann,
we're presenting today.
0:00:14.009,0:00:15.889
[pause]
They use square brackets for comments like [laughter], [music], or [pause], and angle brackets to indicate a speaker change.
Session Template
See Session:Template
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:58637",
"uncompressed_offset": 123491659,
"url": "josm.openstreetmap.de/timeline?from=2009-06-13T21%3A03%3A26%2B02%3A00&precision=second",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:23:06.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:e804ce16-3e0d-485b-82b6-77aeda4d0f13>",
"warc_url": "http://josm.openstreetmap.de/timeline?from=2009-06-13T21%3A03%3A26%2B02%3A00&precision=second"
}
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Timeline
and
Jun 13, 2009:
9:13 PM StartupPageSource edited by stoecker
Typo (diff)
9:09 PM Ticket #2725 (Concurrent Modification of GPX data) created by anonymous
I got the following exception when I was doing a trace with the LiveGPS …
9:07 PM Changeset in josm [1668] by stoecker
fixed typo
9:03 PM Ticket #2722 (Yahoo WMS doesn't work) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [o15890].
7:24 PM Ticket #2724 ([PATCH] Validate GPX) created by Henrik Niehaus <henrik.niehaus@…>
I have created a patch, which enables validation of GPX files, when they …
5:14 PM Ticket #2547 ([patch] Audio/picture markers no longer working) closed by RussNelson
fixed
10:24 AM Changeset in josm [1667] by stoecker
fixed typo
10:21 AM Ticket #2723 (Validator Plugin caused a crash, no upload possible) closed by stoecker
worksforme: You can save the file and upload with disabled plugin. Download newest …
7:26 AM Changeset in josm [1666] by Gubaer
bug fix: wrong merge state
7:18 AM StartupPageSource edited by jekader
Russian (diff)
12:45 AM Ticket #2723 (Validator Plugin caused a crash, no upload possible) created by S-A-L
After trying to upload new data to the osm-server the validator plugin …
Jun 12, 2009:
11:30 PM Ticket #2722 (Yahoo WMS doesn't work) created by Upliner
Latest WMS plugin have problems with Yahoo imagery. I have discovered that …
9:43 PM Ticket #2547 ([patch] Audio/picture markers no longer working) reopened by RussNelson
I've attached a test.gpx file which I expect should work. It doesn't. …
10:06 AM Ticket #2719 ([patch] Add support to send cookies for WMS images) closed by stoecker
fixed: Applied.
9:53 AM Ticket #2720 (WMSplugin is disabled) closed by stoecker
duplicate
Jun 11, 2009:
11:07 PM Changeset in josm [1665] by Gubaer
fixed #2656 - JOSM makes excessive capabilities requests to the server
11:05 PM Ticket #2656 (JOSM makes excessive capabilities requests to the server) closed by Gubaer
fixed: fixed in r1664
11:04 PM Changeset in josm [1664] by Gubaer
fixed #2656 - JOSM makes excessive capabilities requests to the server
10:32 PM Ticket #2721 (error in german translation of validator plugin) created by Cobra
Validator labels leisure=track as "Erholungstyp GPS-Spur" which is …
8:25 PM Ticket #2720 (WMSplugin is disabled) created by TigerDuck
JOSM asks for WMSplugin to be kept or disabled due the following error: …
3:43 PM Ticket #2718 ([patch] unclosed regex group) closed by anonymous
duplicate
3:23 PM Ticket #2719 ([patch] Add support to send cookies for WMS images) created by xeen
Adds the possibility for WMSPlugin to send cookies with each Image …
9:51 AM Ticket #2373 (JOSM error moving window to secondary monitor) reopened by anonymous
reopening
12:16 AM Ticket #2678 (crash when moving cadastre layer) closed by pieren3@…
fixed: Because you tried to displace a vectorized image which is not the aim of …
Jun 10, 2009:
11:16 PM Ticket #2437 (More verbose information about OSM API errors and user help on the wiki) closed by Gubaer
fixed
11:15 PM Changeset in josm [1663] by Gubaer
#2437: cleaned up code for uploading and improved user feedback in case of …
8:21 PM Ticket #2716 (no author info) closed by michael.letzgus@…
fixed: OK, now everything works fine. Data I added two days ago now has the …
7:24 PM Ticket #2635 (crash) closed by pieren3@…
fixed: Hi codo93, this error is most probably due to memory overflow, especially …
7:12 PM Ticket #2718 ([patch] unclosed regex group) created by schuetzm@…
The regex …
6:46 PM Ticket #2400 (menu order help and routing) closed by stoecker
fixed: Fixed.
6:06 PM Ticket #2702 (Search in presets) closed by stoecker
fixed
6:04 PM Ticket #2690 (Kein Upload Ver 1607/1632 | Uploading fails stating "Cannot read numeric ...) closed by stoecker
fixed: An better josm message requires an common problem, so messages can be …
6:02 PM Ticket #2344 (zooom to layer fails if only single waypoint in GPX layer) closed by stoecker
fixed: Fixed in r1662.
6:01 PM Changeset in josm [1662] by stoecker
fix #2344 - zooming to single GPS point
4:30 PM Ticket #2275 ([PATCH] DirectUpload bigger & resizeable window wanted) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [o15828].
4:27 PM Ticket #2713 ([PATCH] Improve WMS Rectified Image-dialog) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [o15827]. You had two illegal characters in line 194 and 198.
4:23 PM Changeset in josm [1661] by stoecker
minor fix to dialog - patch by xeen
4:22 PM Ticket #2708 ([PATCH] Simplifying the dist target of build.xml) closed by stoecker
fixed: In r1660.
4:21 PM Changeset in josm [1660] by stoecker
fix #2708 - patch by jpstotz - cleanup build
4:19 PM Ticket #2594 ([PATCH] problem with "unsaved changes") closed by stoecker
fixed: In r1659.
4:19 PM Changeset in josm [1659] by stoecker
fix #2594 - patch by dmuecke - don't lose work when unmounting devices
4:17 PM Ticket #2460 (A few minor usability issues) closed by stoecker
fixed: The "download one problem is fixed in r1658 as well as the "Dont show …
4:16 PM Changeset in josm [1658] by stoecker
fix some usability issues - see #2460
3:54 PM Ticket #2500 (generating a data layer from a gpx: wrong osm version) closed by stoecker
worksforme: Works as expected in 1657.
3:50 PM Ticket #2497 (Error: cannot parse valid node) closed by stoecker
worksforme: Many changes in this area lately. Should be fixed. If not, reopen.
3:36 PM Ticket #2373 (JOSM error moving window to secondary monitor) closed by stoecker
worksforme
3:32 PM Ticket #2717 (rotate viewport) created by michael.letzgus@…
hi, after working a few hours on a large rectangular building, rotated …
3:28 PM Ticket #2716 (no author info) created by michael.letzgus@…
Hi, since version 1654 (or even 1652) the "user="-entry is missing in …
1:10 PM Ticket #2440 (JOSM API 0.5 file import not working properly) closed by stoecker
fixed
11:56 AM Ticket #2715 (Message "keine Daten importiert") closed by dmuecke
worksforme
11:10 AM Ticket #2712 (JOSM always complains wmsplugin needs update) closed by anonymous
worksforme: Not the plugin needs an update! JOSM needs an update.
10:38 AM Ticket #2715 (Message "keine Daten importiert") created by walter@…
I tried to import a map in JOSM, but I always fail with message "Keine …
Jun 9, 2009:
9:05 PM Ticket #2714 (Error occurred when trying to resolve conflicts from downloaded data.) created by jerrybreanna@…
Path: trunk URL: http://josm.openstreetmap.de/svn/trunk Repository Root: …
8:20 PM Ticket #2713 ([PATCH] Improve WMS Rectified Image-dialog) created by xeen
* Supports more than one service (only limited by screensize :)) * …
7:03 PM Changeset in josm [1657] by stoecker
updated i18n
5:11 PM Ticket #2712 (JOSM always complains wmsplugin needs update) created by PHerison
After updating wmsplugin from V??? to 15725 JOSM (1607) always displays a …
3:58 PM StartupPageSource edited by stoecker
added UTF-8 note (diff)
3:58 PM VersionHistorySource edited by stoecker
copied old texts (diff)
3:29 PM Ticket #2711 (russian characters broken after upgrade 1607 -> 1656) closed by stoecker
worksforme: Reloading plugin list should solve josm2.png. For the second …
3:09 PM Ticket #2711 (russian characters broken after upgrade 1607 -> 1656) created by glebius@…
After upgrade russian characters in some menu fields are displayed as …
8:47 AM Ticket #2709 (exception when selecting next image) closed by anonymous
duplicate: Wow. That is a long standing bug. I do not use that feature at all. Could …
8:46 AM Ticket #2463 ("Unerwarteter Fehler" NullPointerException when advancing to next picture) closed by anonymous
duplicate
7:15 AM StartupPageSource edited by nin2jardin
(diff)
12:20 AM StartupPageSource edited by jekader
Russian (diff)
Jun 8, 2009:
10:13 PM Ticket #2710 (The preferences should have multiple server profiles) created by avar
If I want to switch from api.openstreetmap.org/api to some test server …
9:46 PM Ticket #2709 (exception when selecting next image) created by anonymous
opening an image and selecting next one resulted in an axception Path: …
9:32 PM Ticket #2707 (Deleting a way with new nodes produces invalid osm file) closed by Gubaer
fixed: fixed in r1656
9:30 PM Changeset in josm [1656] by Gubaer
fixed #2707: Deleting a way with new nodes produces invalid osm file
7:29 PM Ticket #2708 ([PATCH] Simplifying the dist target of build.xml) created by jpstotz
The dist target which creates the josm_custom.jar copies dozens of files …
5:34 PM Changeset in josm [1655] by stoecker
better i18n of new conflict stuff
3:17 PM Ticket #2707 (Deleting a way with new nodes produces invalid osm file) created by balrogg@…
If you add a new node to an existing way, then change your mind and delete …
11:09 AM Ticket #2706 ([patch] WMSPlugin ignores cache file settings) created by anonymous
Some time ago I set cache path in wms plugin using "wmsplugin.cache.path" …
Jun 7, 2009:
11:27 PM Ticket #2510 ([Patch] ConflictItem - Refactoring) closed by Gubaer
fixed: r1654 includes merge support for coordinate conflicts and conflicts in …
11:22 PM Changeset in josm [1654] by Gubaer
added merge support for coordinate conflicts added merge support for …
11:18 PM Ticket #2705 ([PATCH] Adding initial elemstyles for public_transport) created by Claudius Henrichs <claudius.h@…>
Added some style support for: public_transport:stop_position (node only; …
9:51 PM Ticket #2704 (java.lang.NullPointerException while downloading 88 tiles along GPS track) created by anonymous
Path: trunk URL: http://josm.openstreetmap.de/svn/trunk Repository Root: …
9:47 PM Ticket #2703 ([PATCH] server capabilities check before upload) created by email@…
Several times I tried to upload ways longer than 2000 nodes. Josm takes a …
7:54 PM Ticket #2702 (Search in presets) created by fatbozz
Hello I have daring idea how to make JOSM more user friendly. Its …
6:17 PM Ticket #2701 (Track coloring with dilution of precision seems to be to good natured) created by peter@…
We recently added support for dilution of precision values in OSMTracker …
4:18 PM Ticket #2013 ([PATCH] Opening compressed OSM files (.osm.bz2)) closed by stoecker
fixed: In r1653.
4:18 PM Changeset in josm [1653] by stoecker
add support for compressed OSM files (bzip2, gzip)
3:33 PM Ticket #2609 (Provide merge support for ways and relations) closed by stoecker
fixed
3:32 PM StartupPageSource edited by stoecker
(diff)
3:32 PM StartupPageSource edited by stoecker
(diff)
3:28 PM Changeset in josm [1652] by stoecker
make extended conflict resolving default
3:17 PM Changeset in josm [1651] by Gubaer
removed local target (should not have been committed in r1650)
3:04 PM Changeset in josm [1650] by Gubaer
added concept of "merge pairs" (my vs. merged, my vs. their, their vs. …
2:12 PM Ticket #2331 (MacOS X interactive download map) closed by dmuecke
fixed
1:07 PM Plugins edited by Upliner
(diff)
11:35 AM Ticket #2700 (wmsplugin won't load on 1647) closed by stoecker
fixed: Fixed with 1649 latest.
11:24 AM Ticket #2697 (can not login to send data) closed by stoecker
worksforme
11:22 AM Ticket #1946 (Plugin update not working as expected) closed by stoecker
fixed: fixed in r1649.
11:22 AM Changeset in josm [1649] by stoecker
fix #1946 - plugin update
10:51 AM Ticket #2700 (wmsplugin won't load on 1647) reopened by anonymous
I was using latest. It fails to load with the error I gave above as per …
10:37 AM Ticket #2022 (Warning when saving a loaded GPX file again) closed by stoecker
fixed: In r1648.
10:35 AM Ticket #1868 (wmsplugin: Unable to max-out yahoo resolution) closed by stoecker
fixed: Added to the data sources of WMS plugin.
10:12 AM Ticket #2700 (wmsplugin won't load on 1647) closed by stoecker
worksforme: Correct. You need to use josm-latest to use the new WMS plugin. JOSM …
10:10 AM Changeset in josm [1648] by stoecker
prevent overwriting of GPX files
7:38 AM Ticket #2700 (wmsplugin won't load on 1647) created by amettler@…
on 1607 (latest stable): on loading, dialog box says that josm must be …
3:00 AM Ticket #2148 (Absturz beim Laden neue Pluginversionen bzw. Plugins) closed by stoecker
wontfix
2:59 AM Ticket #1916 (Deleting deactivated plugins under Windows not possible (file in use)) closed by stoecker
fixed
2:56 AM Changeset in josm [1647] by stoecker
fixed plugin handling a bit
1:54 AM Ticket #2699 (Osmarender-Ebene) created by anonymous
Ist es möglich, eine Osmarender-Ebene zu Programmieren? Es dürfe …
Jun 6, 2009:
10:26 PM Ticket #2657 (Routing plugin crashes) closed by stoecker
duplicate
10:25 PM Ticket #2695 (Fehler beim Routing-Plugin) closed by stoecker
fixed: Fixed in [o15707].
9:39 PM Changeset in josm [1646] by stoecker
cleanup in file access
9:38 PM Ticket #1903 (Plugin-Update should test required version before installing) closed by stoecker
fixed: In r1645.
9:38 PM Changeset in josm [1645] by stoecker
fix #1903 - don't download plugins for newer JOSM versions
9:29 PM Ticket #2685 (official EPSG-Code for Web-Mercator has changed) closed by stoecker
fixed: In r1644.
9:29 PM Changeset in josm [1644] by stoecker
fix #2685 - changed Mercator code
9:02 PM Ticket #2698 (Programmfehler bei Layeraktualisierung) created by JudgeDredd
Im Rahmen einer Mehrfachserveranfrage (5 Anfragen) bei Layeraktualisierung …
6:29 PM Ticket #2623 (Java exception with multipolygon) closed by jttt
fixed: This has been already fixed in r1611
5:38 PM Ticket #2697 (can not login to send data) created by andi.t
could not authentificat you user andi.t
5:14 PM Changeset in josm [1643] by stoecker
fix #2331 - patch by dmuecke - zoom under MacOs
4:25 PM Changeset in josm [1642] by Gubaer
added row numbers and synchronized scrolling in conflict resolution dialog …
3:00 PM Ticket #2652 (error while updating downloaded maps) closed by stoecker
worksforme: No answer. Closing.
2:52 PM Ticket #2684 (error window after clicking on some thumbnail image) closed by stoecker
wontfix: Without an idea how to reproduce: WONTFIX. Probably a double of one of the …
2:37 PM Ticket #2673 ([PATCH] key=value operator for search action) closed by stoecker
fixed: In r1641.
2:37 PM Changeset in josm [1641] by stoecker
fix #2673 - patch by jttt - key=value operator for search action
2:31 PM Ticket #2302 ([PATCH] OsmPrimite shouldn't expose public fields) closed by stoecker
fixed: In r1640. I do not use eclipse, so such refactorings must be supplied as …
2:30 PM Changeset in josm [1640] by stoecker
little bit more refactoring of coordinate access - patch by jttt
2:28 PM Ticket #2024 ([PATCH] Mirror command) closed by stoecker
fixed: In r1639.
2:28 PM Changeset in josm [1639] by stoecker
fix #2024 - patch by Daeron - added Mirror action
2:08 PM Ticket #2302 ([PATCH] OsmPrimite shouldn't expose public fields) reopened by jttt
Can you please refactor to getCoor/getEastNorth as well? Either using …
1:48 PM Ticket #2421 ([PATCH]Exception when open GPX file with negative HDOP) closed by stoecker
fixed: In r1638.
1:47 PM Changeset in josm [1638] by stoecker
fixed 2421 - patch by jttt - negative HDOP
1:43 PM Changeset in josm [1637] by stoecker
applied new file io from #2064 - patch by dmuecke
1:38 PM Ticket #2302 ([PATCH] OsmPrimite shouldn't expose public fields) closed by stoecker
fixed: In r1636. Pleas open a new report next time. Thanks.
1:38 PM Changeset in josm [1636] by stoecker
fix #2302 - patch by jttt - some code cleanup for better encapsulation
1:33 PM Ticket #2667 ([PATCH] Add support for dash patterns) closed by stoecker
fixed: In r1635.
1:33 PM Changeset in josm [1635] by stoecker
fix #2667 - patch by Daeron - Add support for dash patterns in mappaint
1:26 PM Ticket #2483 ([patch] rotate does not work under Mac OS X) closed by stoecker
fixed: In r1634.
1:26 PM Changeset in josm [1634] by stoecker
fix #2483 - patch by dmuecke - rotate does not work under Mac OS X
1:22 PM Ticket #2688 ([PATCH] josm crashes on exit (routes plugin)) closed by stoecker
fixed: In r1633.
1:21 PM Changeset in josm [1633] by stoecker
fix #2688 - patch by jttt - solve NPE
11:25 AM Ticket #2624 (editgpx not working/documentation defective) closed by leoss
fixed: I extended the documentation at …
10:10 AM Ticket #2696 (Kein upload möglich) created by anonymous
Der Hochladeknopf hat keine Funktion win7,winxp, java 1.6.0_14 Version …
Note: See TracTimeline for information about the timeline view.
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Quotation added by staff
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If a man is after money, he's money mad; if he keeps it, he's a capitalist; if he spends it, he's a playboy; if he doesn't get it, he's a never-do-well; if he doesn't try to get it, he lacks ambition. If he gets it without working for it; he's a parasite; and if he accumulates it after a life time of hard work, people call him a fool who never got anything out of life. Oliver, Vic
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/21166/"
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Write while the heat is in you. The writer who postpones the recording of his thoughts uses an iron which has cooled to burn a hole with. He cannot inflame the minds of his audience. Thoreau, Henry David
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Quotes about talent
These are quotes tagged with "talent". You can also search for quotes containing the word talent.
"The greatest talents often lie buried out of sight."
Plautus, Titus Maccius on talent
"Everyone according to their talent and every talent according to its work."
Proverb, French on talent
"Premature development of the powers of both mind and body leads to an early grave."
Quinton, John on talent
"Talent is a matter of quantity. Talent does not write on page, it writes three hundred."
Renard, Jules on talent
"I don't have a lot of respect for talent. Talent is genetic. It's what you do with it that counts."
Ritt, Martin on talent
"I thought my talent would transcend my outspokenness. I was wrong."
Rourke, Mickey on talent
"Talent is something, but tact is everything. It is the interpreter of all riddles, the surmounter of all difficulties, the remover of all obstacles."
Scargill, W. P. on talent
"Talent works, genius creates."
Schumann, Robert on talent
"Talent is always conscious of its own abundance, and does not object to sharing."
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander on talent
"Talent is nothing but a prolonged period of attention and a shortened period of mental assimilation."
Stanislavisky, Konstantin on talent
"I'd rather have a lot of talent and a little experience than a lot of experience and a little talent."
Wooden, John on talent
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"url": "redsarmy.com/2008/05/02/follow-detroits-lead/",
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"warc_url": "http://redsarmy.com/2008/05/02/follow-detroits-lead/"
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Follow Detroit’s Lead
RedsArmyAdmin May 2, 2008 Uncategorized Comments Off
The Pistons have been there before… this Celtics team hasn't. That's a simple statement of fact. So there are things that we, the fans and the players, can learn from them.
The lesson for the fans: Don't panic next time
The Celtics were never down in this series against the Hawks. Detroit was down 0-1 and 2-1… before whipping out 3 straight wins of 9, 17 and 23 points respectively. Of course…I say that as Detroit fans panicked… but they shouldn't have… and we shouldn't either. I think the 2 losses were good for this team because it knocked them back to reality.
The lesson for the team: Just do your thing
Detroit seems to coast at times… and nothing seems to phase them. They know that they've literally got 2 more months of this… so a little blip here and there is ok. Down a game? No problem. Lose the first game of the series? We'll get 'em next time. We're just going to keep playing ball and wearing you down. The good thing is that Doc and the crew got back to doing what they normally do in game 5 and it obviously worked out well.
So who cares about their crowd? You can still feed off them… you're just feeding off their boos and their silence. To paraphrase Curt Schilling… there's something very satisfying about making 17,000 people all shut up.
One thing is for sure… we should expect more of the same from Paul Pierce tonight. He's not only all business… the team is under direct orders to make sure he's a focal point.
"There was that one stretch where we went away from him and I was going to strangle Rajon (Rondo),” Doc Rivers said. “Paul had just made a couple of shots in a row, and Rajon came down and called a pick-and-roll. I thought I was going to kill him. And Rajon knew it. Then we got it right back to him.
“So not only does Paul have to be aggressive, we have to aggressively get the ball to him.”
That's a good step in Rajon's progression. Part of being the point man is knowing when to keep feeding your star… and stoking the flame when he gets hot. Speaking of Rajon… he's blogging again… back in the A
Herald: Celts bring their A game | Schizo Celts must focus | Celtics bench marks | Hawks home, but any hope of an upset? | Globe: Celts have carry on baggage | Sixth sense | Feeling better now? | T&G: C's try to deep 6 Hawks | Camerato: Horford was snubbed | Patriot Ledger: Cassell isn't helping much | Enterprise: Celts go for road kill | Souza: Can C's respond to road challenge? | Wade on Star Jones: We're just friends
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Austin Rivers’ Duke debut
KWAPT November 12, 2011 Uncategorized Comments Off
video courtesy of BluePlanet
In front of his father Doc, Austin Rivers made his Cameron Indoor Stadium debut last night for Duke. It must've been a very proud moment for Doc to see his son take the court for one of the best basketball coaches of all-time.
Austin played pretty well too-despite all the pressure he may have been feeling. He led all players in minutes with 38, which doesn't surprise me-this kid is full of energy. He finished with 16 points, 2 steals and went 2 of 4 from beyond the arc.
The Blue Devils are right back at it today as they face Presbyterian College at 4:30pm.
Hear from Austin, after the jump.
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Mag Max
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
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Mag Max
Developer(s) Nichibutsu
Publisher(s) Nichibutsu
Japanese title マグマックス
Release date(s)
Genre(s) Shooter
System(s) Arcade, NES, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, Sinclair ZX Spectrum, Mobile
Players 1-2
Mag Max is an arcade game developed by Nichibutsu in 1985. It is a horizontally scrolling shooter with a few twists. The game is played in two different perspectives. You start the game in an isometric view with impressive parallax scrolling, and all of the enemies occupy the ground. At certain points in the game you can transfer back and forth from the second perspective which is a more traditional cross section of space (as in Defender or Gradius).
In whichever perspective you choose, there are pieces of a robotic body that you can collect, which attach to your ship; an upper body, legs, and arms with a cannon. If you collect them all, you will form a giant robotic fighting machine. You'll need the extra fire power when you go up against the enemy's ultimate weapon, the three headed Babylon Dragon ship. There are four different stages that loop, and the dragon ship shows up at the end of the second and fourth stages.
The game was released for the Famicom in 1986 as Nichibutsu's first conversion to the platform. That version was later released in the United States by FCI. It was also converted for play on the Commodore 64 by Imagine Studios, who also ported the game to the Amstrad CPC and Sinclair ZX Spectrum in Europe. Due to the complex calculations involved, none of the home ports included the parallax scrolling. It was later converted for play on mobile phones in Japan.
Contents
[edit] Controls
• Joystick: Press the joystick in any one of eight directions to maneuver the ship across the ground, or through the subterranean sections. You can travel throughout the extent of the screen, which scrolls automatically to the right.
• Fire: Press the fire button to fire any available weapon. When you are equipped with the cannon above ground, it fires a wave pulse automatically, but every other weapon must be activated with the fire button.
• 1-2 Players: Press to start a one or two player game.
[edit] Mag Max
The Mag Max robot is composed of four interconnecting parts. The only part that you remain in possession of at all times is the ship that serves as the robot's waist. All other parts must be located and collected. If you are hit by any enemy or bullet, the section of the robot that was hit will be destroyed before the ship. The ship can only be destroyed when there are no attachments connected to it. The ship contains a twin pulse gun that fires two shots straight ahead.
Part Combined Description
The chest contains the upper body of the robot, including the head. When connected to the ship, it fires one pulse laser downward at the ground when above ground, and one pulse laser straight ahead when underground. Collection of the torso is required in order to collect the cannon.
In order to collect the cannon, the upper body must be attached to the ship. Otherwise, you will simply pass the cannon by. The cannon is held by the robot arms. It substantially changes the weapon fire power of the ship. Above ground, it fires a constant energy wave that destroys everything in its path, including the indestructible buildings that block ordinary shots. Below ground, it shoots a large fireball that blast through any enemy and continues flying forward. If the upper body gets hit, both the torso and the cannon will be lost.
The legs attach to the bottom of the ship. When connected, it takes over the twin cannon capability of the ship, and ship proceeds to fire a single laser. This single laser is directed at the ground when above ground, and directed straight ahead when below ground.
When fully merged, Mag Max reaches the height of his destructive potential. However, he also at his most vulnerable. Due to the immense size of the robot, he presents a much larger target to the enemies, and it becomes more difficult to avoid getting shot, especially underground. When above ground with the cannon, he fires twin pulse lasers along the ground, an energy wave directed diagonally at the ground, and a single laser at the ground from his head. Without the cannon, the energy wave is replaced by an extra laser shot at the ground. Below ground, he fires three pulse lasers straight across, two from his legs and one from his head. If he holds the cannon, these pulses are accompanied by a fireball. Otherwise, a fourth pulse laser is fired from the hips.
As mentioned above, the player can only be destroyed when nothing is attached to the ship. Therefore, the extra body parts are crucial to extending and protecting the life of a current ship. Extra body parts should be collected as fast as possible, but not in a reckless fashion that would cause the player to lose the attached part almost as quickly as it was gathered. Because of the large size of the complete robot, extra care should be taken when attempting to avoid shots. It is far more difficult to avoid shots as a complete robot then as a solitary ship. As a survival strategy, you may opt to collect only the chest and canon, as it provides you with the benefit of extra fire power and protection, without making you quite as large as you end up with the legs attached.
[edit] How to play
Mag Max is broken up into four repeating stages. Once you complete all four stages (and defeated the Babylon Dragon ship twice,) the stages will repeat at a higher difficulty. Each stage has a few unique features, but they are primarily the same. Knowledge of those features can be the key to survival.
[edit] Plains stage
Above ground
Underground
You begin each game on the stage of the grassy plains. Above ground, you will find a number of defense systems, including stationary towers, nearly indestructible building (only the cannon can destroy them), domed turrets, and many types of enemy craft that hover along the ground to attack. You will occasionally encounter a hex-orb object that, when shot, releases six black balls in different directions. While they can be dangerous to you, they are actually more of a threat to the enemy. Any enemy that they touch will be destroyed. You will earn 1000 bonus points and the ball will continue to travel until it is off the screen. Below the plains is a cave where underground jets spew lava, and all of the enemies fly forward between the floor and the ceiling. Stalactites are positioned on the ceiling, and every red one can be shot down. Red stalactites that strike enemies will destroy them and award you 1000 bonus points.
[edit] Desert stage
Above ground
Underground
The desert stage follows the plains stage. There isn't a lot of difference between the two stages. More enemies in the desert are inclined to alternate between popping out to attack, and diving back underground to avoid destruction. Hex-orbs can be found and shot in this stage as well, and can be a valuable asset against the enemies. The desert stage shares the same cave underground environment as the plains stage, so there is no change from one to the other. The only difference is the potential to encounter the Babylon Dragon ship at the end. You will encounter one form of the Dragon ship or the other depending on whether you are above or below ground by the end of the stage. Destruction of this ship is not required to proceed to the next stage, as it will eventually retreat if you don't destroy it in time.
[edit] Water stage
Above water
Underwater
The water stage is perhaps one of the more deceptively difficult stages. The above-water portion is not very different from the previous above ground sections, but you'll have to move constantly in order to avoid the deluge of cannon fire that is prominent on this stage. The rate of fire from turrets and similar objects increases substantially. However, whatever difficulties you face above the water are small in comparison to some of the obstacles that you will encounter beneath the surface. With no stalactites to drop on any enemies, you receive no assistance with destroying enemies. To make matters worse, there are a series of segments underwater where currents create a small maze. Currents can be identified by the small stationary bubbles they create. If any part of your craft comes in contact with them, you will be locked in place and rocked back and forth until you clear them. You will be unable to fire and are essentially a sitting duck for any enemy that comes along. While they are easy to avoid as just a ship, or even with the chest attached, they are nearly impossible to avoid as a full robot and will almost assuredly result in some part of the robot's body being destroyed. It is best to avoid the underwater segment as much as possible.
[edit] Machine City stage
Above ground
Underground
The final environment that you must travel through is the Mechanical City, the staging ground for the enemy's attack. Compared to other above ground stages, Machine City relies far less on cannon fire from turrets, and more on indestructible objects such as the buildings you encountered in the plains stage, and hovering objects which create electrical force fields. Below the ground, you will encounter the usual flying style of enemy. Instead of helpful stalactites, you will encounter a style of missile launcher that rises from the floor, or drops from the ceiling and sends a heat seeking missile on your direction. While both the launcher and the missile can be destroyed, the missile poses a far greater threat. As with the desert, you will encounter the Babylon Dragon ship at the end of the stage. And as with the desert, you are not required to defeat it in order to continue, but it will make staying alive that much easier if you do.
[edit] Defeating the Babylon Dragon
Above ground
Underground
The configuration of the Babylon Dragon ship is slightly different depending on where you encounter it. Whether above or below the surface, this ship is a substantial threat, with the ability to fire numerous energy particles at you. It will always track your position and attempt to stay slightly above you. Therefore, in order to do maximum damage to it, you will need to lure it down to the bottom, avoiding as many shots as you can. When it is close to the bottom, you will want to begin edging towards the top of the screen. As you increase your height, the dragon ship will catch up to you quickly. Continuously adjust your height so that the majority of shots are connecting with the dragon heads. Eventually, the dragon heads will each sustain enough damage to be destroyed (signaled by the red flashing that occurs when they are near destruction). Once all three heads are destroyed, you must continue to fire upon the base to completely destroy it ad receive credit for doing so, in the form of a large point bonus. The game will continue on immediately after destroying the ship, so be prepared for any enemies that follow.
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Mega Man 4/Wily Fortress 2
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
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This level is another of the "obstacle course" variety, with plenty of spikes and difficult routes to challenge you. Fortunately, there's really nothing new here you have to know about. Just stick it out and keep moving forward. You'll reach the boss before long.
At the end, you'll encounter a giant bomb ball machine. There are two lifts in the room, and the giant robot (who occupies the entire right side of the room.) He'll try attacking you with fireballs and bombs, but his weak spot, the green dot on his head, is painfully obvious. Using the lifts, fire away at his weakness. Ring Boomerang is his weakness, but due to the limited range, you may want to opt for using your regular weapon.
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Difference between revisions of "British Virgin Islands"
From Wikitravel
North America : Caribbean : British Virgin Islands
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(copied content)
(History: added history of names)
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The islands were first settled by the Dutch in 1648 before being annexed in 1672 by the British.
The islands were first settled by the Dutch in 1648 before being annexed in 1672 by the British.
+
+
The history of the different islands’ names varies depending on your source. While it is true that the Spanish word for turtledove is tórtola,the name of the largest British Virgin Island was given by the Dutch in the 1650s. Ter Tholen in Dutch could refer to the island, Tholen, in Holland, or possibly a ship. The name was then changed to Tortola by the English, and it’s just a happy coincidence that many turtledoves call this island home. Other islands were named to serve as signposts to ship captains for provisioning. Beef Island is where ships would know to go for beef; they’d then head over to Salt Island to preserve the meat, and finally stop at Cooper Island for barrels to store their provisions. Sir Richard Branson’s Mosquito Island, according to Dr Kent, may have originally been Musketa— indicating a place to buy muskets, not a place full of pests.[http://bvinewbie.com/bvi-guide/introduction-to-the-bvi/a-brief-history-bvi/]
===Economy===
===Economy===
Revision as of 19:50, 10 January 2013
[[File:|250px|frameless|British Virgin Islands]]
Location
[[File:|250px|frameless]]
Flag
[[File:|108px|frameless]]
Quick Facts
Capital Road Town
Government British overseas territory with internal self-government
Currency US dollar (USD)
Area 153 sq km
Population 21,272 (July 2002 est.)
Language English (official)
Religion Protestant 86% (Methodist 33%, Anglican 17%, Church of God 9%, Seventh-Day Adventist 6%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, other 2%), Roman Catholic 10%, none 2%, other 2% (1991)
Country code 1-284
Internet TLD .vg
Time Zone UTC -4
The British Virgin Islands are a self-governing British overseas territory, situated in the Caribbean just to the east of the US Virgin Islands.
The BVIs, as they are called, are a popular travel destination for sailors, fishermen, sun worshippers, and other independent travellers, albeit not for the cost conscious. Boating among the dozens of tiny, mostly uninhabited, islands is a great stop on any tour of the Caribbean islands.
Contents
Understand
Landscape
The British Virgin Islands comprise 60+ islands and keys, with more than 43 of them being uninhabited islands. The islands fall into two types: the majority are steep volcanic islands (including the main islands, Tortola and Virgin Gorda), and a small number of relatively flat coral islands (such as Anegada and Sandy Spit). In fact, Anegada is referred to as "the drowned island" because its elevation is so low. Many people miss it altogether until they sail close to it. The highest point is Sage Mountain on Tortola.
Climate
With a tropical climate tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, and little seasonal temperature variation, the weather in the BVI is rather enjoyable. In the low season, there are some hurricanes, although in recent years they have had little consequent damage beyond some flooding.
History
The islands were first settled by the Dutch in 1648 before being annexed in 1672 by the British.
The history of the different islands’ names varies depending on your source. While it is true that the Spanish word for turtledove is tórtola,the name of the largest British Virgin Island was given by the Dutch in the 1650s. Ter Tholen in Dutch could refer to the island, Tholen, in Holland, or possibly a ship. The name was then changed to Tortola by the English, and it’s just a happy coincidence that many turtledoves call this island home. Other islands were named to serve as signposts to ship captains for provisioning. Beef Island is where ships would know to go for beef; they’d then head over to Salt Island to preserve the meat, and finally stop at Cooper Island for barrels to store their provisions. Sir Richard Branson’s Mosquito Island, according to Dr Kent, may have originally been Musketa— indicating a place to buy muskets, not a place full of pests.[1]
Economy
The economy is one of the most stable and prosperous in the Caribbean. The US dollar is the legal currency within the British Virgin Islands. The islands of the BVI are highly dependent on tourism, generating an estimated 45% of the national income, together with the offshore financial industry.
Regions
Anegada
Jost Van Dyke
Southern Islands
Tortola
The largest of the islands and home of the capital city, Road Town.
Virgin Gorda
Get in
The British Virgin Islands maintain a separate border control with United Kingdom. Nationals of Canada, EU, New Zealand, Singapore, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, United States of America etc. do not require a visa to enter and visit the British Virgin Islands. Other nationals require a visa. For more detailed information, refer to the following website for more details [2].
Passport and visa regulations are enforced at harbors, especially for boats moving back and forth between the US and British territories. US customs may tell you a certified birth certificate is acceptable, but as of June 2009, ferry operators can only take passport carrying US citizens or face a CBP.GOV $3,000 fine. [3] US CBP.GOV offices in St. Thomas. [4]
By plane
Most international flights from North America into the BVIs involve changing planes in either San Juan, Puerto Rico since the Beef Island airport is not set up for large planes. Other flights from Europe usually involve changing planes in either Antigua (for the UK) or Saint Martin (for the Netherlands and France), although flights from Spain also connect through San Juan. Alternatively, international flights go directly into the neighbouring U.S. Virgin Islands and travellers can then use a fast boat transfer or, more usually, a 45 minute ferry boat ride.
The only major carrier with flights directly into the British Virgin Islands is American Airlines (through its American Eagle operating subsidiary). Connections on other airlines usually involve switching to a smaller local carrier, such as Cape Air (which code shares with Continental Airlines), LIAT, Air Sunshine or the recently formed BVI Airways.
By cruise ship
The main cruise ship pier in the BVI is located on Tortola via Road Harbour. The port holds two large cruise ships, but some cruise passengers may find themselves being shuttled into the dock by a smaller boat because their ship is either too large for the pier or the pier already has two ships docked.
Tortola is an ideal hub from which cruise travellers can experience day-trips to incredible attractions and excursion opportunities to one of the numerous nearby islands. From snorkel trips to shopping to the Baths, or just sipping the famous BVI Painkiller at Pusser's or another beach bar, it's easy to hop from island to island in the BVI.
By boat
Boats move freely between the BVI and the U.S. Virgin Islands. A few cruise ships visit the major ports, but small vessels are more common.
Ferries move between Tortola and St. Thomas. There are several different ferry companies that provide service between the two islands. These ferries are what connects the people of the British Virgin Islands with the people of the U.S. Virgin Islands. The ferries link the city of Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas with either Road Town or the West End of Tortola.
The ferry is one of the more popular ways to reach Tortola from the U.S. This is due to the fact that Americans can reach Tortola via only one direct flight and then a short ferry ride. This will no doubt save the traveler several hundred dollars, since a second flight would not be necessary.
You can catch one of the ferries, almost any time of day. After 5PM most of the services are shut down for the evening. The ride lasts about 50 minutes depending on the weather. The scenery is well worth the price of the ride.
Costs
• One-way ranges from $25-$30 for adults, $19-$25 for children
• Round-trip ranges from $45-$52 for adults, $30-$42 for children
Times
Vary greatly between companies. Some of the companies even alternate their schedules between themselves and another company. For a current list take a look at this page's ferry schedule [5].
Tips
Many travelers find it easier to just buy two one-way tickets from different companies instead of one round-trip ticket with the same company. Since ferries from different companies are coming and going constantly, you should be able to catch a ferry at any time during the day. Often times one company will be convenient upon arrival, but not upon departure. Just check the schedule to find out if this will be the case for you, if not then by all means, buy the round-trip ticket and save a few bucks.
Get around
By boat
A great way to see the islands is by boat. Sailboats and motorboats can be rented or chartered with a crew from any major harbor. The conditions for sailing and motoring depend on the time of year and anchoring off islands can be tricky, so either be sure you know what you are doing or hire a crew.
If you are an experienced sailor, it doesn't get any better than the BVI. Line of sight sailing in moderate trade winds, no currents to speak of, barely any tides, and few underwater obstructions other than the shore itself make sailing around the islands very relaxing.
Road Town, on Tortola, is one of the principal centres for bareboating (self-hire yacht chartering) in the Caribbean. It is the headquarters of Sunsail Sailing Vacations [6] and Tortola Marine, located in the Road Reef Marina; Conch Charters [7], BVI Boat [8], and The Moorings [9] which are four of the main charter boat companies operating out of Road Town/Road Harbor. Ten minutes from Road Harbour is Nanny Cay Marina where you can find Horizon Yacht Charters [10] and The Catamaran Company [11].
By car
Cars can be rented on the larger islands such as Virgin Gorda and Tortola, but are obviously unnecessary on many smaller islands where goat paths and foot trails are the main mode of transportation. There is one scooter for rent on Jost Van Dyke. By law (to protect the taxi driver industry) it is not possible to rent cars at the airport, nor is it possible for car rental companies to pick people up at the airport.
Be aware that the roads are very hilly, the standard of the roads is low, the standard of the driving is very low, and there are no specific laws against driving whilst under the influence. People driving in the BVI for the first time are advised to think as if everyone else on the road is trying to cause an accident and make it look like their fault - although that is not actually true, it will give you the right frame of mind to have when get behind the wheel.
By taxi
Taxis in the British Virgin Islands can be expensive. Do not bother to try and haggle - taxi prices are fixed by law. Taxi rides can be colourful - sometimes taxis are shared with other passengers or the driver may stop en route to run an errand. Either way, it's a good chance to really get to know the island!
See
Nature is the main attraction in the islands, with coral reefs, white sandy beaches, and scenic seaside villages the main draw.
Other attractions include historic villages, churches, and, if the sun is too much for you, a museum in Road Town, the shady Botanic Gardens or the rain forest on Sage Mountain in Tortola.
Do
Lambert beach, Tortola
• Beach
The quality of beaches in the British Virgin Islands, even by Caribbean standards, is very high. Because of the large number of beaches, particularly on the north side of Tortola and the west side of Virgin Gorda, the beaches are generally not crowded (with the exception of Cane Garden Bay on Tortola, which is next to a densely populated area). It is not uncommon, even during tourist season, to be able to have a more remote beach largely or entirely to yourself for an afternoon. With the possible exception of Cane Garden Bay, beaches in the BVI do not tend to have the vendors pestering tourists which are characteristic of some other Caribbean islands. Conversely, many of them do not have any amenities, so remember to bring your own lunch and water!
• Sail
The Virgin Islands is the most popular area for a sailing vacation in the Caribbean. This is a first-timers paradise, since the islands are close together and well protected from the Atlantic. You wake up to sunshine and a blue sky, choose the cruising target of the day by pointing on a nearby island and set sail in a comfortable trade wind. There are many yacht charter companies and marinas in the British Virgin Islands. Apart from cruise ship passengers, the majority of visitors to the British Virgin Islands stay on liveaboard boats or charter sailing vessels.
Hawksbill Turtle off Ginger Island
• Scuba diving
See also: Scuba diving in the British Virgin Islands
The BVIs are home to the wreck of the RMS Rhone which served as the site for the underwater scenes in the 1977 Nick Nolte/Jackie Bisset/Robert Shaw flick The Deep. The Rhone is the best-known and most often visited dive site in the islands. Lying just west of Salt Island, the Rhone is a former Royal Mail Steamer that sank in a hurricane on October 29, 1867 with the loss of nearly all lives. A spectacularly large 310 ft (94 metres) steamer in her previous life, she's now a three-site dive, with each chunk resting at varying depths, from 20 to 80 ft (6 to 24 metres).
Apart from the Rhone, the BVI boasts several other shipwrecks, the most notable of which are the Chikuzen, a collection of four purposely sunk wrecks in 'Wreck Alley' off Cooper Island, the Inganess Bay, the Fearless, the rarely dived Parmatta, and an aircraft off Great Dog Island. In addition to wreck diving, the BVI has the usual plethora of coral reefs that one would expect in a Caribbean diving destination.
A list of dive operators in the BVI can be found here.[12] When diving on a guided tour, expect to pay around US$80-100 for a two tank dive and about US$50-60 for a one tank dive, although cheaper deals can be had as part of a package. Most dive operators do not charge extra to use their equipment if you decide to leave yours at home, and most are happy to pick up guests who are staying on boats en route to dive sites ('rendez-vous diving' in local slang). Almost all dive sites in the BVI have permanent marker bouys on them attached by the National Parks trust. If you are on a boat, confident in your diving skills, and are a semi competent navigator, it is easy to locate these bouys and dive most of the sites without a guide.
• Fishing
It is illegal for non-British Virgin Islanders to remove any marine organism from BVI waters without a recreational permit. A permit is available for charterers who intend to fish while in the BVI. The cost is $35 ($10 application fee; $25 for the permit). This temporary fishing permit can be obtained from the Department of Conservation and Fisheries: Department of Conservation and Fisheries, The Quastisky Building PO Box 3323 Road Town, Tortola. Tel: (284) 494-5681/3429 or (284) 468-3701 ex. 5555/1 Fax: (284) 494-2670 E-Mail: cfd@bvigovernment.org The government office closes early on Friday afternoons and doesn’t reopen until Monday morning. For charterers arriving on the weekend, it may be a couple of days before you can get a permit. When you arrive for your charter, check with the local staff for advice on obtaining a permit. There have been instances of extremely zealous enforcement of penalties for fishing without licences (including 5 figure fines), so visitors should be mindful of that.
Spearfishing (of any kind) is strictly prohibited in the BVI, as is any kind of marine harvesting on scuba equipment. With appropriate licences, visitors can hunt whilst free diving (ie. with no snorkel or tank) for lobster and conch during the relevant hunting seasons.
• Surfing
Several beaches offer surf-oriented breaks, including Josiah's and Apple Bay.
• Windsurfing
The annual "HiHo" windsurfing race-cum-travel-tour is held on or around the 4th of July weekend. For a week, internationally renowned competitors participate in formal course racing. Recognized as "One of the 100 top BVI adventures" by the BVI Tourist Board, the HiHo fleet is easily recognized by the distinctive event and sponsor flags flown by the charter fleet. The event generally stops for a day or two at Virgin Gorda, a night on Anegada, one or two nights around Tortola and finishes with a day of racing around the area of Sandy Cay, west of Jost van Dyke. Participants join in a 15-mile ocean dash from the waters around Necker or Gorda directly to Anegada. This event is unusual in that Anegada, a low-lying island, only becomes visible to someone at ocean-level during the last five miles of the race.
• BVI Kite Jam, [13]. Annual, week long kite boarding event including professional demonstrations, races, parties and awards ceremony. BVI Kite Jam is a kiteboarding event held in the beautiful British Virgin Islands, and is open to amateurs, professionals and spectators. This week long event is packed full of of Freestyle, Sliders, Big Air, Wave riding and long distance racing all in some of the windiest and most spectacular locations in the world such as the North Sound, Necker Island, Anegada and Eustatia Sound.
Buy
Shop on Main Street, Road Town
Shopping options vary in the BVI, from locally made to some high-end options, though not as flashy as the jewellery and tourist shops in nearby Saint Thomas or Saint Martin. With rare exceptions, international chains of shops are banned by law in the BVI to protect local character; however, there are some shops like Little Switzerland which are hugely popular with Caribbean visitors for the beautiful high-end wares.
The main shopping area on Tortola is Wickham's Cay in Road Town. Main Street is a small, winding road leading from the Governor's House, past the old Post Office to the Botanic Gardens. The shops on this road are housed in small, West Indian houses and often painted in bright colours, notably Serendipity Bookshop, perhaps the brightest of them all, which has a good collection of Caribbean history and cook books (and now has an internet cafe upstairs). Notable shops include Pussers, a store, popular bar and restaurant (and home of the infamous Painkiller drink!), Sunny Caribbee selling spices and handmade items, and Latitude 18 which sells casual beach clothes. Next to the historic post office is Amethyst, selling imported African and Indian items, Samarkand jewellery shop and across the road, Kaunda's, where you can find Caribbean music.
Additionally, near the cruise ship dock is a branch of Columbian Emeralds jewellery store and opposite it, the Craft Market which despite its name sells mostly t-shirts and jewellery, clothes and other goods. Island crafts genuinely made in the BVI include crocheted items, straw hats, rum and guavaberry liqueur, and can be found in the craft market. Not to be missed are the small bakeries selling local delicacies like Johnny cakes, roti, fish soup and coconut bread.
On the rest of the island there are a number of pharmacies, supermarkets, variety stores and jewellery shops. Shoprite in East End and OneMart in Purcell offer good variety of food at better prices than in Road Town although Bobby's supermarket in Road Town, Cane Garden Bay and Nanny Cay has good prices and is open till midnight 364 days a year (closed Good Friday). There is no need to find a speciality liquor outlet if you simply want a couple of bottles of wine, beer or rum as supermarket prices are excellent, rum is from $3 a bottle. Alchohol is very cheap in the BVI as there is not special taxes or duties on alchoholic beverages. If you are buying quantity or looking for speciality rums, Tico is an excellent store.
On Beef Island, near the airport, is the pretty Trellis Bay, which offers a selection of cafes, tourist shops and a supermarket. Both the Loose Mongoose beach cafe and the Last Resort restaurant on its very own miniature island are worth trying.
Shopping on Anegada is limited to basic necessities plus two gift shops at the hotel and camp ground. Similarly, on Jost van Dyke there are a few gift shops but mostly beach bars and places to laze the day away in a hammock, taking in paradise. Virgin Gorda has a supermarket in the marina and gift shops in the resorts.
Eat
Inevitably, freshly caught seafood is the dish of choice for most people. Lobster and various fish are available from the many restaurants in the BVI. The choices throughout the islands vary from very high-end dining options to beachside cafes. Local dishes include rotis and curries inspired by Guyana and Trinidad cuisine, to Italian, French and Asian influences.
The BVI sponsored an event titled "Taste the BVI" during the Annapolis Sailboat Show in Maryland, USA in 2009, with notable BVI chefs including Ken Molyneaux, Imran Ashton, Henry Prince, and Neil Cline.
In 2011, the BVI National Culinary Team won nine medals at the Taste of the Caribbean culinary competition, taking home five gold medals, including one in the Culinary Team of the Year category and one in the Chef of the Year category.
Drink
Rum, not surprisingly, is the drink of choice in the islands. Many rum-based delicious concoctions can be found at bars on the main beaches and roads. Because beaches in the BVI are so pristine, many do not have refreshment stands so it would be wise to bring at least water. However, a lot of the beaches have nearby restaurants and bars, so it's easy to saunter over for a drink when you're done relaxing on the sand. The "Painkiller" - a drink made from rum, coconut, and topped with OJ - is highly recommended, as is the Bushwacker. However, each bar has its own specialty drinks so it's worth it to sample your way through the BVI. Watch out for the No-See-Um, a refreshing banana, coconut and pineapple drink made with 151 proof rum - it'll get you before you see it coming!
There is plenty of Nightlife around Road Town, although many popular tourist places are advertised and some of the more local bars are worth checking out, so ask a local for what is on where. Live local music is a feature of many restaurants and bars. The sunsets are spectacular, so a drink on the beach or in the mountains, watching the sunset and listening to local music before dinner can be a very pleasant vacation from the usual club-based entertainment of most mainlanders. Banana Keets on Tortola offers a beautiful view of the sunset, as does Bitter End Yacht Club on Virgin Gorda. The Banana Keets terrace overlooks Sage Mountain as well. Expats tend to hang out in Road Town, at the Dove, le Cabanon, or Village Cay. These places are full on Fridays. Do not miss the Full Moon Party at Bomba's Beach Shack, which is full of revelers and good tiems. This bar is famous for its walls where panties and bras are hanging, old licence plates are affixed to the walls, and drinks are flowing freely.
Sleep
If you're renting a boat, you already have your bed too, but for landlubbers, the larger islands offer resorts, budget bungalows, and a few things in between. To get off the beaten path there are many options if you're willing to island hop by boat.
There are larger hotel options on Tortola, as well as many intimate, locally owned inns that are hidden treasures. Private islands like Necker Island (owned by Sir Richard Branson) and Guana Island can be rented. Peter Island Resort is a very exclusive private island resort (and is connected by a free ferry service from Road Town). Other high end resorts are on Virgin Gorda, but there are many villas and smaller hotels there as well. Jost Van Dyke offers laidback options and Anegada has adventurous packages for the active traveller.
Many visitors to the BVI stay on land will rent private guest houses rather than stay at larger hotels, and there are a large selection to choose from through the islands.
Get out
Island hop to the U.S. Virgin Islands and the rest of the Caribbean islands.
Stay safe
The BVI has much lower incidence of crime than many other Caribbean areas, and wandering about alone, even at night, is not considered particularly high risk. However, as with all foriegn travel, tourists should use good judgment and avoid certain areas.
Despite the perception of the Caribbean being laid back in relation to drugs, possession and supply of narcotics is a criminal offence and penalties can be severe.
Stay healthy
Most healthcare in the BVI is private and run along the lines of U.S. healthcare (ie. it is expensive). Compared to other Caribbean islands, the quality of care is good, but for serious matters, patients are usually transported to Puerto Rico for care.
Emergency treatment is usually provided from Peebles General Hospital in Road Town. Emergency care is free.
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Cadiz
From Wikitravel
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For other places with the same name, see Cadiz (disambiguation).
Cadiz is the capital of the Cadiz Province in the Andalucia region of Spain.
[edit] Get in
[edit] By plane
The closest airport is Jerez de la Frontera, about 30 minutes by car or taxi (fixed price €46), 1 hour by direct bus or train, though there are few buses and trains, and the schedules do not fit most flights. There are several daily flights to Madrid and Barcelona (Iberia, Vueling). Ryanair flies daily to London Stansted and Frankfurt Hahn. Other operators fly scheduled, charter, or seasonal flights. The nearest major airports are in Sevilla (1 hour by car, 2 hours by bus or train) and Malaga (2-3 hours by car or bus).
[edit] By bus
For Jerez-Cádiz and other medium range timetables see [1]. Most long range buses are handled by Comes from Plaza de la Hispanidad.
[edit] By train
Frequent trains run to Jerez and about hourly to Seville. A very convenient way to come in from Madrid is with the Talgo train [2] that runs twice a day covering the distance in about 5 hours.
From Jerez to Cadiz fares are only 5€ for an adult and 3€ for a child - see train timetable here: http://www.renfe.com/EN/viajeros/index.html
Trains from Seville are around 16€ for a single and 20€ for a return. Make note, if you get a return you have to book your seat reservation for the way back upon arrival at the station, otherwise you'll be expected to pay the full fare!
[edit] By car
From Madrid, Cordoba and Seville you can use the A4, from Barcelona N340. A taxi ride from Jerez de la Frontera to Cadiz costs about € 50.
[edit] By Boat
Cruise ships often dock within easy walking distance of the old city/downtown. Passengers also can take day trips to Seville (about two hours by bus) or Jerez De La Frontera (less than 1 hour by bus). There are frequent commuter ferries to Rota and Puerto de Santa Maria.
Cadiz is a most important point when looking to travel to the Canary Islands as well.
For ferry operators and timetables see [3].
[edit] Get around
San Fernando, El Puerto de Santa Maria, Conil, Vejer, Medina Sidonia, Arcos de la Frontera, Jerez
The old town can be easily walked, and it is not easy to ride a car along its twisting alleys. There are 5 bus routes which tour the town and all start and finish at old and new towns, going in a loop. It's 1 euro per ride. The most useful for visitors is number 1, which goes from the old town (Plaza de España) to the southern end of the new town (Cortadura) along the main avenue.
Number 7 follows the open sea coastline and links all the urban beaches.
No bus route goes deep into the old town, but just surrounds it.
[edit][add listing] See
Cadiz is said to be the oldest city in western Europe, as it was founded by Phoenician sailors about 3.000 years ago, as a commercial stronghold. Archeological remains can be found all around the old town. The Archeological Museum (Plaza de Mina) exhibits are interesting, specially two Phoenician stone sarcophagus. The remainings of the Roman theatre just behind the Old Cathedral are also worth a visit.
The massive stone walls and forts that can be seen surrounding the old town were built to protect the city after the British pirate Drake attack and sacking in 1596, and the forts of San Sebastian and Santa Catalina (and occasionally Baluarte de la Concepcion) are open to the public.
Everyone should visit the Cathedral in the old town and climb to the top of the North Tower for a nice view of the entire city.
The church Oratorio de San Felipe Neri, where the first Spanish Constitution was signed, has plenty of marble and bronze plates to honour the representatives from mainland Spain and colonial territories, ranging from Philippines Islands to Central and South America.
The Torre Tavira, near the Central Market (Mercado de Abastos) holds a "camera obscura". Located in one of the towers originally used by merchants to watch out for their ships returning home from the Americas, it provides a birds-eye view of the old part of town.
The Central Market itself is well worth a visit in the morning, especially the fish section.
A modern monument of Cadiz are the huge pylons of the powerline crossing the bay of Cadiz. These 150 metre high pylons are lattice towers with cylindrical cross section.
[edit][add listing] Do
Do not miss Carnaval in Cadiz, one of the oldest and best in Spain, often cited as the third biggest Carnaval celebration in the world. Usually in February, the weekend before Ash Wednesday is consistently the loudest and most eventful so be sure to check the calendar. Singing, dancing and costumes run for the whole week. Informal groups (chirigotas, cuartetos, coros, comparsas and romanceros) sing at the old town streets, usually with strong critics on local, national and international politics, the jet set, and just about anything/anybody, up to the Royal Family. Make your travel plans early as most accommodation gets booked months in advance and be prepared to spend almost double for the week of Carnaval. One way to experience Carnaval on the dime, and perhaps the preferred way of Andalusian locals, is to board an afternoon train heading to Cadiz, spend the night singing and dancing, then catch the first train back in the morning. Expect singing, dancing, costumes and drinking on all trains. Sleeping on the public beach is also another popular option, though be sure to bring a blanket or sleeping bag, both of which can be stored in lockers at the train station; expect company and use common sense.
Semana Santa (Easter or Holy Week) is less formal than in Sevilla, and probably more authentic and emotive an experience for that.
Enjoy the best sunset in Spain at 'Playa de la Caleta' at the northern end of the old town. The main beaches (Santa Maria del Mar, Victoria, and Cortadura) start at the edge of the old town, continue all along the new town, and on alongside the road to San Fernando. In total some 10 km of the widest, cleanest beaches you will find in Europe, with safe bathing from around May to October. The summer heat is usually tempered by an Atlantic breeze, although on days when the Levante blows beware of flying sand.
Victoria Beach is short bus ride (number 7 or number 2) away from the old town and is beautiful with clean water and lots of activities including beach football and volleyball, surfing and kite flying all available.
Another worth visiting places hidden in cadiz is Andalusí Market. In this market many local artists display their original products. From herbal soaps to 21 different types of spanish empanadillaa, tea varities and spices from morocco, potters making the famous andalucian pottery on spot are few to say. It is organised by Institución Ferial de Cádiz (Ifeca) every year for 3 days in August to promote local craftsmen business. One can find all the typical spanish food delicacies served here at a reasonable price. This year it was held on 17,18,19 August 2012 in the neighbourhood of El Pópulo. The dates may vary every year depending on the weekend.
[edit][add listing] Buy
Standard souvenirs can be found at several shops in Calle Pelota, Calle Compañía, Calle San Francisco and Plaza de Candelaria.
[edit][add listing] Eat
In Cadiz you will find some of the best and freshest fish and shellfish in the world. They are best eaten as simply cooked as possible: plain boiled shellfish (in varying sizes from tiny prawns up to lobsters), grilled or baked whole fish such as lubina (bass) or dorada (bream), or deep fried with a light flour coating (especially puntillitas (baby squid) and boquerones (anchovies).
To eat not too expensive fish and shellfish, you can look at Calle Zorrilla (several tapas bars and street vendors) or Calle de la Palma (several restaurants with open air terraces).
For a splurge, the best place in town is Restaurante El Faro (Calle San Félix. But even here food can be not very expensive, if you stand at the bar and eat only tapas.
• Balandro, Alameda de Apodaca, 22. Modern bar with good food typical from Cadiz. It is extremly cheap (all dishes cost €3-5 if you get tapas at the bar and around €12-€14 if you get a sit down meal ) and the quantities are generous. It's located on the coastline and as such, they seem to get the pick of the fish that comes in every day. edit
• El Merodio, C/Libertad 4. edit
• El Faro, Calle San Felix 15. edit
• El Gaucho, (Calle de Murquia). Only opened in May 2011 but has already forged a name as the best steak restaurant in the town. Expect to pay around €14 for a steak with chips (they expect you to share this, but one can easily eat) and it's incredibly tasty. edit
• Cumbres Mayore, (C/ Zorilla). Best Tapas in town with a focus on the famous iberican hams and meats. edit
• Casa Hidalgo, Plaza de la Catedral, 8. A great bakery that specializes in Galician empanadas (try the Empanada de Atún - sounds bad, tastes delicious), but also have great pastries of all kinds. Locals flock to this local institution for the scrumptious ensaimadas, salvavidas, and brazos de gitano. edit
• La Sidrería de El Pópulo, Calle Mesón número 16, esquina con San Antonio Abad, 856922078. Located in the historic El Pópulo district, this is Cádiz´s sole cider house. Specializing is sidra from Asturias and dishes from all over the north of Spain, a great place to eat if you´re tired of only Andalusian fare. Check out the Menú del Día. edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
Fino, a (15.5% alcohol) bone dry sherry (or Jerez), or manzanilla, a similar wine from Sanlucar de Barrameda, is the perfect aperitif with olives or a prawn or two. Drinking more than a couple of glasses may spoil your focus on the rest of the meal. The best local white wine (and one of the most popular in Spain) is Barbadillo, made from the same grape but considerably lighter (11%). You should visit Taberna de la Manzanilla, one of the oldest bars and wine merchants in town, selling nothing but sherry wines. No tapas but just 2 complimentary olives per glass of wine. Red wine in the region has undergone a revolution in recent years, and there are now several examples of exceptional quality red wine under the classification Tierra de Cádiz.
• Bar Cuba, C/ de Murquia. Owner Richard is a bit of a local legend after naming his bar after his wife's nationality. You'll find a good deal of cocktails and beers for around 1 euro. edit
• Woodstock. A good mix of locals and ERASMUS students in here. They offer deals midweek and a bar crawl runs from 11pm on Tuesday and Wednesday, although the turnout isn't always fantastic edit
• O'Connels. Wherever you go, there's always an Irish bar and Cadiz is no exception. Will show most of the major UK soccer games if you fancy catching it, although beer here is pricier as it's imported. edit
• Bar Nahu. The main haunt for internationals during the weekdays and weekends. Closes late (around 3pm) and is exceptionally cheap. You'll get lots of English speakers in here, especially around the end of September/start of October as that's when the ERASMUS scheme arrives and people like to get to know people edit
• SPAM! Club. This is usually where the Nahu frequenters end up after Nahu. More expensive but open till 7am edit
• Imaginarium. Only open on Thursday/Friday/Saturday and located closer to the new town, but you'll find some famous acts going on if you're lucky and is always jam packed. edit
[edit][add listing] Sleep
Calle Marques de Cadiz has several budget options, doubles at about 35 euros with shared bath.
• Casa Caracol, in the old part of Cádiz, [4]. Inexpensive and quite relaxed hostel.
• Hotel Almenara, Avenida Almenara, s/n. 11310 Sotogrande. Sotogrande/Cadiz, Spain, +34.95.6582000, [5]. Stunning 4* hotel located in the tranquillity of Sotogrande. There are 148 rooms available, as well as a golf course, a spa, a gym and swimming pools. Rooms from 107€. edit
• Hostal La Cantarera, located in the old town, [6]. An excellent hostel for what it costs, with clean, luxurious rooms and friendly management.
• Hotel Monte Puertatierra, [7] is just a few metres from the beach. It is a 4-star establishment, set in the historic, artistic and commercial centre of the city. It has 98 large rooms, free WiFi, rooms for meetings and wedding receptions, parking facilities and a wide offer of services to make your stay in Cadiz as comfortable as possible.
• Hotel Playa Victoria, Glorieta Ingeniero La Cierva, 4. edit
• Hotel Fuerte Conil-Costa Luz ****, Playa de la Fontanilla s/n. 11140. Conil de la Frontera (Cádiz). Andalucia, Spain., +44 0800 021 1397 (), [8]. edit
[edit] Get out
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Solar eclipses
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Revision as of 07:19, 11 December 2008 by Pashley (Talk | contribs)
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This is an article on how to travel to and observe the solar eclipse.
Understand
A solar eclipse is an astronomical phenomenon, in which the Sun is obscured by the Moon (wholly - total eclipse or partialy - partial eclipse or annular eclipse). A total eclipse is a very strange and beautiful spectacle as an observer can see the Sun's atmosphere with the naked eye.
The event takes place several times a year, but is visible only for a few minutes or seconds and only from a narrow ribbon of Earth. That makes it a great travel destination with once-in-a-lifetime show.
See
Here is the list of several solar eclipses in near future. Total ones are emphasized.
Stay safe
Never look at the Sun with unaided eye or with a telescope even for second end even if last 1% of the Sun is visible. This may seriously damage your eye and even make you blind. Allways use the dedicated filter, which you can buy in astronomy shop or at least use diskette or fully exposed and developed negative photographic film to aid your eye.
As the moon fully obscures the sun (only during total eclipses) it becomes safe to look directly and see the beautiful corona (Sun's atmosphere).
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Difference between revisions of "Stornoway"
From Wikitravel
Lewis : Stornoway
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(Buy)
(Buy)
Line 35: Line 35:
*[http://www.co-op.co.uk Co-op] 8 MacAulay Road, Stornoway HS1 2HU. Open Mon-Sat 8:00 - 22:00. The largest supermarket in the Outer Hebrides. Also a smaller store in the centre of town in Cromwell Street.
*[http://www.co-op.co.uk Co-op] 8 MacAulay Road, Stornoway HS1 2HU. Open Mon-Sat 8:00 - 22:00. The largest supermarket in the Outer Hebrides. Also a smaller store in the centre of town in Cromwell Street.
*[http://www.tesco.co.uk Tesco] Ferry Road, Stornoway HS1 2QY. Tesco Open Mon-Fri 8:00 - 00:00, Sat 8:00 - 22:00 Store opened on 22/07/2008.
+
*[http://www.tesco.co.uk Tesco] Ferry Road, Stornoway HS1 2QY. Tesco Open Mon-Fri 8:00 - 00:00, Sat 8:00 - 22:00.
==Eat==
==Eat==
Revision as of 10:17, 23 July 2010
Stornoway is a town on Lewis.
Contents
Understand
With a population of around 5,600, Stornoway ( Steòrnabhagh ) is the largest town in the Outer Hebrides and also its administrative centre. Almost 30% of the total population of the Western Isles, some 8,000 people, live within Stornoway or the immediately vicinity encompassing Laxdale (Lacasdal) and Sandwick (Sanndabhaig).
The church has a significant influence on Stornoway life. Almost everything is closed on Sunday, but things have eased in recent years: there are now flights and ferries on Sundays, a petrol station and a few bars and restaurants are now open.
Get in
By plane
• Stornoway Airport (IATA: SYY, ICAO: EGPO) has flights connecting the town with Aberdeen, Benbecula, Edinburgh, Inverness and Glasgow. The airport is located about 3km from the town near the village of Melbost.
By boat
Ferry service to Ullapool on the mainland - a journey of 2 hours 40 minutes. The Ferry Service operates 7 days a week (Mon - Sun, with a restricted service on Sundays). The commencement of a regular, scheduled Sunday service in July 2009 has been a matter of enormous controversy on and around the islands as it runs against the islands' Sabbatarian tradition.
Get around
There are bus services available to almost all areas of Lewis from Stornoway. See the Council travel site for information on timetables and routes.
There are no national car hire companies on the islands. There are a number of small local operators.
See
• An Lanntair Art Centre Kenneth Street HS1 2DS 01851 703 307. New arts centre offering exhibitions, concerts and films.
• Lews Castle a building which sadly been neglected and is currently closed, set in fine grounds which are open as a park.
• Museum nan Eilean, Francis Street, HS1 2NF, 01851 709266
Do
Visit Stornoway in July around the Hebridean Celtic Festival and you will find the place transformed. This annual event attracts over 16,000 over its four day run and is a focus for friends and extended family to visit each summer. More information on the event from http://www.hebceltfest.com
Buy
Stornoway is the only place in the Outer Hebrides where you will find a selection of shops like in a mainland town. There are both multiples and several independent stores including bakers, a bookshop and an ironmongers. The local delicacy is Stornoway Black Pudding, a blood and oatmeal savoury sausage product. A dwindling fishing fleet provides fresh fish and shellfish which can be bought fresh from the local fish shops. A good, traditional smokery cures the local fish (Stornoway Fish Smokers, Shell Street, Stornoway HS1 2BS, Tel 01851 702723) [1].
All shops are closed on Sunday except for Engebretsen's petrol station ( open 10am-4pm ) with a limited selection of groceries, wines, beer and DVD hire.
• Co-op 8 MacAulay Road, Stornoway HS1 2HU. Open Mon-Sat 8:00 - 22:00. The largest supermarket in the Outer Hebrides. Also a smaller store in the centre of town in Cromwell Street.
• Tesco Ferry Road, Stornoway HS1 2QY. Tesco Open Mon-Fri 8:00 - 00:00, Sat 8:00 - 22:00.
Eat
Most places to eat in Stornoway serve until 9pm with the exception of the Stornoway Balti House which serves until after 10pm. Scanned takeaway menus from a selection of the locals takeaways
• Digby Chicks, 5 Bank Street, HS1 2XG, 01851 700026
• Crown Hotel ( Point St entrance) Castle St, HS1 2BD, 01851 703734
• Fusion ( open Sunday, Chinese Malaysian takeaway ), Manor roundabout 01851 706373
• Peking Cuisine ( Chinese take away ), 30 Church St, HS1 2JD, 01851 705548
• Stornoway Balti House ( open Sunday, sit in and takeaway ), 24 South Beach, HS1 2BJ, 01851 706116
• The Thai Cafe, ( sit in and takeaway ) 14 Francis Street, HS1 2NA, 01851 701811
• Woodlands Centre ( 10am-5pm ), Castle grounds, 01851 706916
• HS-1 Restaurant(Gay Friendly) (12-4pm, 5pm-9pm), Stornoway HS1 2DG 01851 702109
Drink
Stornoway has a high density of pubs which reflect the absence of them around the rest of the island. Around half of them open on Sunday and the licensing hours are generally till 11pm on week nights and up until 1am on Fridays and Saturdays.
Only HS1 ( Bar/restaurant in the Royal Hotel ) offers Cocktails. The Carlton Lounge ( formerly known as the Whalers Rest ) usually offers 2 cask ales, the only bar in Lewis to do so.
There is a local brewery in Stornoway, the Hebridean Brewing Company which offers 3 different types of bottled ale which can be found in some of the bars around Stornoway. There are locally branded whiskies available but they are not manufactured locally.
• MacNeills ( live music 10pm Thursdays ), Cromwell Street
• The Criterion, Point Street
• The Carlton Lounge ( open Sunday, serves food ), Francis Street, HS1 2ND
• The Star Inn ( open Sunday ), South Beach
• The Lewis ( open Sunday ), Castle Street
Sleep
Advance booking is strongly recommended, especially for June/July/August. There are no national chain hotels in Stornoway. Arriving without an accommodation booking during Celtic Festival week (check website for dates) is highly inadvisable. Wild camping is mostly safe and permissible.
Camping
• Laxdale Holiday Park Located on the outskirts of Stornoway, has pitches for tents and caravans, and caravans and bunkhouse for hire.
Hostels
• Heb Hostel, 25 Kenneth Street, Stornoway. 01851 709889 [2]
• Fair Haven Hostel, 28 Francis Street, HS1 2ND, 01851 705 862
Bed and Breakfasts
If possible, always choose somewhere that is assessed and graded by Visit Scotland for Quality - there is a good listing on the Visit Hebrides website [3]. There are other places to stay in and around Stornoway, but they are not members of the Visit Scotland Quality scheme for a reason. Don't be seduced by the blurb on a fancy website! The best choices are:
• Newly opened, the finest place to stay in the Hebrides is just 10 minutes (by car) to the north of Stornoway - Broad Bay House [4] is the islands first 5* serviced accommodation, and has a superb beach side location and Eat Scotland award winning dining.
• One of the most popular but not the cheapest is 4 star Braighe House [5]just on the outskirts of Stornoway and within minutes of the airport.
• Close to the Western Isles Hospital and golf course is Jannel B&B, 4 star VisitScotland [http//:www.jannel-stornoway.co.uk].
Hotels
The Caladh Inn, Royal Hotel and Cabarfeidh Hotel are all run by the local Cala Hotels chain.
• Caladh Inn James Street Stornoway HS1 2QN 01851 702740 Handy for the ferry and the bus station.
• Royal Hotel Cromwell St, Stornoway HS1 2DG 01851 702109
• Cabarfeidh Hotel Manor Park, Stornoway HS1 2EU 01851 702604 the furthest from the ferry.
• The County Hotel, 12-14 Francis Street, HS1 2XB, 01851 703250, the most central of all the hotels.
• Caledonian Hotel, 6 South Beach, Stornoway, HS1 2XY, 01851 702411
Get out
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
Stornoway has plenty to see and do for the visitor on foot, but travels further afield require bus or car transport. There are no railway lines on the island.
The Callanish Stones[Callanish Stones] are located around 30 minutes' drive from Stornoway and are the island's most popular outdoor tourist attraction.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1384.6 - Statistics - Tasmania, 2007
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 13/09/2002
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Contents >> Fishing >> Fishing - overview
Tasmanian fisheries and marine farming continue to make a very substantial contribution to the social and economic well being of Tasmania.
SUMMARY OF FISHERIES STATISTICS, Tasmania
Period
Units
Tas.
Employment
Aug 2001
no.
1,573
Production
Wild fisheries
p2001-02
$m
197.5
Aquaculture
p2001-02
$m
136.2
Total
p2001-02
$m
333.7
Seafood exports
2001-02
$m
174.9
p preliminary - figures subject to revision
Source: ABS data available on request, 2001 Census of Population and Housing; Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment; and ABS data available on request, International Trade database.
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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}
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6411.0 - Price Indexes of Materials Used in Manufacturing Industries, Australia, Jan 1997
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 18/03/1997
Past Releases
First Release
• First Issue: Apr 1975
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1350.0 - Australian Economic Indicators, Jun 2012
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 31/05/2012
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
TABLE SPREADSHEETS
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Financial Attributes and Investor Risk Tolerance at the Nairobi Securities Exchange – A Kenyan Perspective
T. Olweny, G. S. Namusonge, S. Onyango
Abstract
The inclination for optimizing returns by taking maximum risk has implications for both individual investors, as well as fund managers. For the former, risk tolerance will determine the appropriate composition of assets in a portfolio, which is optimal in terms of risk and returns relative to the needs of the individual. For fund managers, the inability to effectively determine investor risk tolerance may lead to homogeneity among investment funds. This paper investigates the extent to which financial attributes affect individual investor risk tolerance at the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), Kenya. Financial attributes in this study were measured in two main aspects: individual monthly earnings income and home ownership. A sample of 500 Central Depository System (CDS) account holders was selected from a population of 932,510 investors at the NSE. Single independent variable cross tabulation on risk tolerance as well as paired cross tabulation on the dependent variable was performed. Analysis of variance was also used to determine how each group of the independent variable affects the dependent variable. Ordinal logistic regression model (OLRM) was employed to establish the contribution of financial attributes on risk tolerance. Single independent variable cross tabulation revealed that home owners were more risk tolerant than non owners. However, one way Analysis of Variance revealed that the variable had a P value of 0.710, hence not significantly affecting risk tolerance. The result of ANOVA on income was significant at a P value of 0.014 individual earnings, hence influences risk tolerance. Risk tolerance increased with earnings up to very high, except for those who earned more than 120,000 per month. OLMR fitted well with a significance level of 0.027 less than ?=5%, although it showed that home ownership is not a significant determinant at a P value of 0.761. For every single unit of home ownership for those with homes to those without, the expected log of odds increased by 0.060 as the threshold of risk tolerance increased, holding other factors constant. Income levels for those earning 90,000-120,000 per month showed a P value of 0.006, hence income was a major determinant of risk tolerance. For every single unit increase of investors earning 90,000-120,000, the expected ordered log of odds of risk tolerance reduced by 1.077 as the threshold of risk tolerance increased, holding other factors constant. Therefore fund managers, investment advisors and individual investors should consider the contribution of financial attributes in financial decision making.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ass.v9n3p138
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Asian Social Science ISSN 1911-2017 (Print) ISSN 1911-2025 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Datasets / Corine land cover 2000 (CLC2000) 250 m - version 8/2005
Corine land cover 2000 (CLC2000) 250 m - version 8/2005
Created : Nov 13, 2009 Last modified : Nov 29, 2012 11:57 AM
One of the major tasks undertaken in the framework of the Corine programme has been the establishment of a computerised inventory on land cover
European data
Corine land cover 2000 classes and RGB color codes
[+] Show table definition (records: 47)
Clc_code Land cover code varchar(3) 0
Grid_code int(4) 0
Label1 Land cover nomenclature labels at level 1 varchar(255) 0
Label2 Land cover nomenclature labels at level 2 varchar(255) 0
Label3 Land cover nomenclature labels at level 3 varchar(255) 0
Level1 Land cover code at level 1 varchar(255) 0
Level2 Land cover code at level 2 varchar(255) 0
Level3 Land cover code at level 3 varchar(255) 0
RGB RGB color code varchar(15) 0
Methodology
Image2000 and CLC2000 products and methods (zipped pdf format)
Spatial and temporal coverage of the Corine land cover 1990 and 2000 projects (pdf format)
Metadata
Additional information
Data on land cover is necessary for the environmental policy as well as for other such as regional development and agriculture policies. At the same time it provides one of the basic inputs for the production of more complex information on other themes (soil erosion, pollutant emissions into the air by the vegetation, etc.). The objectives of the land cover project are: - to provide those responsible for and interested in the European policy on the environment with quantitative data on land cover, which is consistent and comparable across Europe; - to prepare one comprehensive land cover database for the 25 EC member states and other European countries, at an original scale of 1: 100 000, using 44 classes of the 3-level Corine nomenclature. See the Corine land cover 2000 brochure For more information, see also http://terrestrial.eionet.europa.eu/CLC2000
Related content
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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Cretingham, SuffolkEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
England Suffolk Suffolk Parishes Cretingham
Contents
Parish History
Cretingham, is a parish in Plomesgate district, Suffolk; it is on the river Deben, 4¼ miles WSW of Framlingham railway station. The post office is under Wickham-Market.[1]
Resources
If you live in Suffolk you will have access to a variety of resources at local archives and libraries. For those who live further afield, one can access microfilm and online records at LDS Family History Centres. Refer to Cretingham and Suffolk in the Family History Library Catalogue for available records.
Civil Registration
Cretingham was in Plomesgate district. To search an index of Plomesgate district records go to FreeBMD. The Suffolk Civil Registration article provides more details about these records. Civil Registration began in 1837.
Church records
Parish Registers began in the 1500's. They can be viewed at the Suffolk Record Office. There are Bishop Transcripts and Parish Registers that have been filmed for most parishes in the County. See the Suffolk Church Records article for further details.
Census records
a. Census records from 1841-1891 are available on film through a Family History Center or at the Family History Library. The first film number is 474640. To view these census images online, they are available through the following websites for a fee ($) or free:
• FamilySearch has some of the British Censuses available.
• FindMyPast ($) has all available census records including images, and is free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and some public and academic libraries.
• Ancestry.co.uk ($) has now all available census records but free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and at numerous public and academic libraries. The library versions are known as AncestryInstitution.com.
• The Genealogist.co.uk ($) has all available censuses and is free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and various other libraries.
• FreeCen is a UK census searches. It is not complete and individuals are always asked to consider helping out with transcriptions.
Probate records
Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to Suffolk Probate Records to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish.
Maps and Gazetteers
Maps are a visual look at the locations in England. Gazetteers contain brief summaries about a place.
Web sites
References
1. Wilson, John Marius, Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870-72)
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 27 March 2013, at 23:16.
• This page has been accessed 217 times.
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FamilySearch Wiki:Contributors Meeting 15 November 2012Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
MeetingPlace ID: 7770; Join the meeting; Dial-in number: 877-453-7266 1 p.m. Mountain time on Thursdays
• You can join up to 10 minutes early. If you try to join the meeting at any other time, you will get an error that the meeting doesn't exist.
• Prior to joining the meeting for the first time, run the MeetingPlace Test to verify that you can participate in a web meeting.
Introduce new members
Kudos go to ...
Updates and follow up
Business/Announcements
New Agenda Items
• New home page
• It was suggested that in place of "not names" above the search box, that the wording be changed to "not individuals", make it more clear.
• United States, How to Find Genealogy Records example of a core page. Helps someone find information about specific records and where to find them, how to use them. Links to the page would be welcome, where it would be helpful.
• Standardizing state pages - ongoing project, with emphasis on digital records. Nathan will be contacted by someone working on a Beginner's Corner
• Community Council held its first meeting and Jane Colemnares was elected to be the Chair. See the Wiki pages for their charter, minutes, etc. They will be working with the Family History Library staff, in a council that they have formed, regarding the Wiki. Steve will be creating a page where the community can post items for the Community Council.
Forums Overview
Be part of the solution! Make your opinions known! Post comments to an existing thread or start a new discussion at Wiki Contributors Corner forum.
Current forum threads of interest:
Polls
New since last week
•
Comments added since last week
• Naming spaces
• Rather than go back and change all the pages again, I think I'll just let the bread crumbs at the top of the page do the trick for the Spain pages in English. I will also do the same for the pages in Spanish. If we make sure the top of the page has bread crumbs, people should be able to distinguish from a province or a city of the same name by the order it appears in the bread crumbs.
• Placement of Gazeteers
• Thanks,
I have edited our local parish pages which are subject to FamilySearch Indexing agreements and added to the original contributor User page the reason for editing.
In Kent all existing existing Kent Online Parish Clerks initial page creations contain much more accurate and detailed gazetteer material and maps for parishes, including satellite map images. As we progress those pages to cover over 400 parishes it may be more useful for FamilySearch wiki to link to that material than simply reference one gazetteer source, which unfortunately in the case of Downe contains some inaccuracy.
Decisions made since last week
Be bold, post your agenda items!
Feel free to post on the agenda any items you wish to discuss during the meeting. If your item requires details or feedback, post them on the discussion page and link to them from the agenda. Possible topics include:
• Moderator and Adopters
• Style Guide Discussions
• Project Help Requests
• Training Requests
• Improve the Wiki
Purpose of the meeting
Improve the Wiki
• Forge solutions with other community contributors.
• Share best practices, ideas, and content.
• Discuss current issues, community matters, and strategies.
• Move issues to decision.
• This page was last modified on 15 November 2012, at 20:45.
• This page has been accessed 143 times.
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Harthill, YorkshireEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
England Yorkshire West Riding Harthill
Contents
Parish History
Resources
Civil Registration
Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day. The civil registration article tells more about these records. There are several Internet sites with name lists or indexes. A popular site is FreeBMD.
For history of civil registration in this area see Worksop Registration District
Church records
Online Records
Online data content from chapelry registers of Harthill exists at some of the following websites and for the specified ranges of years:
AO = Archive.org
FS = FamilySearch.org
ANC = ancestory.co.uk (£)
HATH = HathiTrust.org
JMI = JoinerMarriageIndex.co.uk
HARTHILL PARISH (1609) Online Records
Baptisms
Marriages
Burials
Indexes Images Indexes Images Indexes Images
FS 1609-1864
1718-1860
None
JMI None
None
None
ANC (£)
HATH None
None
None
AO None
None
None
For a full list of all those chapels surrounding Warrington-Padgate Christ Church and comprising the whole ancient parish of Harthill to which it was attached, be certain to see "Church Records" on the HARTHILL PARISH page.
To find the names of the neighbouring parishes, use England Jurisdictions 1851. In this site, search for the name of the parish, click on the location "pin", click Options and click List contiguous parishes.
This ancient parish (AP) was created before 1813. Church of England records began in 1586.
Contributor: Include here information for parish registers, Bishop’s Transcripts, nonconformist and other types of church records, such as parish chest records. Add the contact information for the office holding the original records. Add links to the Family History Library Catalog showing the film numbers in their collection.
Census records
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Case Reports in Emergency Medicine
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 170956, 2 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/170956
Case Report
Dyspnea Caused by Atlantoaxial Subluxation in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis
1Emergency Department, Buddhist Tzu Chi Dalin General Hospital, no. 2, Minsheng Road, Dalin Township, Chiayi County 622, Taiwan
2Division of Emergency Medicine, Keelung Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Keelung 201, Taiwan
3School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
Received 5 October 2011; Accepted 26 October 2011
Academic Editors: K. Jani and O. Kose
Copyright © 2012 Hsin-Yi Lin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
1. E. Muscal, K. B. Satyan, and A. Jea, “Atlantoaxial subluxation as an early manifestation in an adolescent with undifferentiated spondyloarthritis: a case report and review of the literature,” Journal of Medical Case Reports, vol. 5, article 275, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
2. C. Moncur and H. J. Williams, “Cervical spine management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Review of the literature,” Physical Therapy, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 509–515, 1988. View at Scopus
3. S. Y. Rahimi, E. A. Stevens, D. J. Yeh, A. M. Flannery, H. F. Choudhri, and M. R. Lee, “Treatment of atlantoaxial instability in pediatric patients,” Neurosurgical Focus, vol. 15, no. 6, article ECP1, pp. 1–4, 2003. View at Scopus
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Bibliography: Circle Unbroken
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Title: Circle Unbroken
Author: Ann Aguirre
Year: 2009
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Materials 2010, 3(1), 638-655; doi:10.3390/ma3010638
Review
Current Strategies in Cardiovascular Biomaterial Functionalization
1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany 2 German Aerospace Center, Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics Robotic and Mechatronic Robotic Systems, D-82234 Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling, Germany
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 11 November 2009; in revised form: 15 January 2010 / Accepted: 20 January 2010 / Published: 22 January 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatibility of Materials)
Download PDF Full-Text [97 KB, uploaded 22 January 2010 10:21 CET]
Abstract: Prevention of the coagulation cascade and platelet activation is the foremost demand for biomaterials in contact with blood. In this review we describe the underlying mechanisms of these processes and offer the current state of antithrombotic strategies. We give an overview of methods to prevent protein and platelet adhesion, as well as techniques to immobilize biochemically active molecules on biomaterial surfaces. Finally, recent strategies in biofunctionalization by endothelial cell seeding as well as their possible clinical applications are discussed.
Keywords: tissue engineering; cardiovascular; biomaterials; biofunctionalization
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Schopka, S.; Schmid, T.; Schmid, C.; Lehle, K. Current Strategies in Cardiovascular Biomaterial Functionalization. Materials 2010, 3, 638-655.
AMA Style
Schopka S, Schmid T, Schmid C, Lehle K. Current Strategies in Cardiovascular Biomaterial Functionalization. Materials. 2010; 3(1):638-655.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Schopka, Simon; Schmid, Thomas; Schmid, Christof; Lehle, Karla. 2010. "Current Strategies in Cardiovascular Biomaterial Functionalization." Materials 3, no. 1: 638-655.
Materials EISSN 1996-1944 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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This article is part of the series International Conference on Superlattices, Nanostructures, and Nanodevices (ICSNN 2012).
Nano Express
The role of dislocation-induced scattering in electronic transport in GaxIn1-xN alloys
Omer Donmez1, Mustafa Gunes1, Ayse Erol1, Cetin M Arikan1*, Naci Balkan2 and William J Schaff3
Author Affiliations
1 Science Faculty, Department of Physics, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, Istanbul 34134, Turkey
2 School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
3 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
Nanoscale Research Letters 2012, 7:490 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-7-490
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/7/1/490
Received:16 July 2012
Accepted:21 August 2012
Published:31 August 2012
© 2012 Donmez et al.; licensee Springer.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Electronic transport in unintentionally doped GaxIn1-xN alloys with various Ga concentrations (x = 0.06, 0.32 and 0.52) is studied. Hall effect measurements are performed at temperatures between 77 and 300 K. Temperature dependence of carrier mobility is analysed by an analytical formula based on two-dimensional degenerate statistics by taking into account all major scattering mechanisms for a two-dimensional electron gas confined in a triangular quantum well between GaxIn1-xN epilayer and GaN buffer. Experimental results show that as the Ga concentration increases, mobility not only decreases drastically but also becomes less temperature dependent. Carrier density is almost temperature independent and tends to increase with increasing Ga concentration. The weak temperature dependence of the mobility may be attributed to screening of polar optical phonon scattering at high temperatures by the high free carrier concentration, which is at the order of 1014 cm−2. In our analytical model, the dislocation density is used as an adjustable parameter for the best fit to the experimental results. Our results reveal that in the samples with lower Ga compositions and carrier concentrations, alloy and interface roughness scattering are the dominant scattering mechanisms at low temperatures, while at high temperatures, optical phonon scattering is the dominant mechanism. In the samples with higher Ga compositions and carrier concentrations, however, dislocation scattering becomes more significant and suppresses the effect of longitudinal optical phonon scattering at high temperatures, leading to an almost temperature-independent behaviour.
Keywords:
GaxIn1-xN; In-rich GaxIn1-xN; Mobility; Electronic transport; 72.10.Fk; 72.20.Fr
Background
In the last decade, after the revision of the band gap energy from 1.9 to approximately 0.7 eV [1], intensive research has been carried out on InN and In-rich GaxIn1-xN alloys in order to re-determine the fundamental properties [2-4]. Despite much interest on the optical properties of InN and GaxIn1-xN [5,6], there has been a relatively small number of investigations to explain temperature-dependent electronic transport properties in GaxIn1-xN alloys [7,8].
In this article, we report the electronic transport properties of nominally undoped GaxIn1-xN alloys with different Ga concentrations (x = 0.06, 0.32 and 0.52). Hall effect results show that all the alloys are highly n-type, and the free carrier concentrations are independent of temperature.
Methods
Experimental details
The samples with different Ga concentrations (x = 0.06, 0.32 and 0.52) were grown by a Varian GEN-II gas source molecular beam epitaxy chamber on (0001) c-sapphire substrates with a 200-nm-thick GaN buffer layer. The growth temperature was varied from low to high with increasing Ga composition [9,10]. The thickness of the GaxIn1-xN layer was determined from the growth parameters and verified by backscattering spectrometry at nearly 500 nm. The GaxIn1-xN samples were fabricated in Hall-bar geometry, and ohmic contacts were formed by diffusing Au/Ni alloy. Hall effect measurements were carried out at temperatures between 77 and 300 K.
Modelling of carrier mobility
The temperature dependence of carrier mobility is analysed using an analytic model where all possible scattering mechanisms are individually calculated using the material parameters given in Table 1. Experimental mobility curves are fitted with the theoretical mobility curves that are obtained using the analytical expressions for the major scattering mechanisms given in Table 2. Although GaxIn1-xN layer is thick enough (500 nm) not to be two-dimensional (2D), the analytic model considers transport in a 2D electron gas (2DEG). This is because the electronic transport takes place at the interface of GaxIn1-xN/GaN [11] and on 2D GaxIn1-xN surface layer [12].
Table 1. The material parameters used in scattering calculations (adopted from [[10],[13-15]])
Table 2. The formulas of major scattering mechanisms used in 2DEG mobility calculations
Results and discussions
Experimental results
Figure 1 shows the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration and the electron mobility between 77 and 300 K for all the samples investigated. Although the samples are not intentionally doped, the Hall effect results show that all the samples have n-type conductivity, and the free carrier densities are independent of the temperature; therefore, samples can be regarded as metallic-like over the whole temperature range as commonly reported by us and by other research groups [7,8,24-28]. It is clear from Figure 1a that the free carrier concentration increases by about a factor of 3 when the Ga composition increases from x = 0.06 to 0.52. Also, as seen in Figure 1b, when Ga concentration increases from x = 0.06 to 0.52, electron mobility has a sharp decrease from 1,035 cm2/Vs for Ga0.06In0.94 N to 30 cm2/Vs for Ga0.52In0.48 N at 77 K that may be associated with the contribution of both dislocations and point defects in the structure, which are acting as a source of donor-like defects, inducing high electron concentration. In the low-temperature region (≤100 K), the mobility is almost independent of temperature for all the samples. However, for the sample with the lowest Ga concentration, Ga0.06In0.94 N, it decreases from 1,035 to 890 cm2/Vs with increasing temperature from 100 to 300 K but does not show any significant change in the other two samples, which is a characteristic feature of metallic-like semiconductors [7,26,27]. The insensitivity of carrier mobility to temperature is commonly observed in polar materials with elevated carrier densities where the polar interactions are screened [19,25,29-33].
Figure 1. Temperature dependence of (a) carrier density and (b) electron mobility.
Modelling of temperature dependence of mobility
In order to understand fully the temperature dependence of electron mobility, we compared the experimental mobility results with analytical theoretical models by taking into account all the possible scattering mechanisms. At low temperatures, the dominant scattering mechanism in bulk semiconductors is ionized impurity scattering that changes with temperature as T3/2. However, this kind of temperature dependence has not been observed in our samples. The samples have metallic-like characteristics, confirming the formation of a high-density 2DEG at both the GaN/GaxIn1-xN interface and on the GaxIn1-xN surface [26,27]. The dominant momentum relaxation mechanism is the electron-optical phonon scattering in GaxIn1-xN since it is a highly polar material above T > 150 K [34-36].
In the theoretical calculation, interface roughness, alloy, dislocation, optical and acoustic phonon scattering mechanisms with the appropriate expressions given in Table 2 were considered. The lateral size of the interface roughness Δ, correlation length Λ between interface fluctuations and the dislocation density are used as adjustable fitting parameters, and the values for the best fit are given in Table 3. The values that we used for the dislocation densities are in good agreement with the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results taken from Ga0.34In0.66 N [9,25]. Look et al. [25] determined the dislocation density for both InN and Ga0.34In0.66 N using TEM and found that dislocation density in Ga0.34In0.66 N is actually higher than that of InN. It can be seen that the trend of the dislocation density depending on Ga concentration follows the carrier concentration, which means that there is a correlation between dislocation density and the corresponding carrier concentration.
Table 3. The values of the parameters used in the calculations
It is clear from Figure 2 that at low temperatures, electron mobilities in Ga0.06In0.94 N and Ga0.32In0.68 N are determined by alloy potential-induced scattering, interface roughness scattering and dislocation scattering mechanisms. Optical phonon scatterings become significant at high temperatures, as described above. Figure 3 shows experimental and calculated temperature-dependent mobility of the Ga0.52In0.48 N. The dislocation density increases with Ga concentration; therefore, its effect on the mobility becomes more pronounced in this sample. At low temperatures, mobility is limited by the same scattering mechanisms as in the other samples. At high temperatures, however, interface roughness and alloy potential restrict the mobility, but effect of the dislocation scattering becomes less dominant as a result of shortening Debye screening length due to higher carrier density. Furthermore, in the high-carrier-concentration regime, electron–phonon scattering is heavily screened, as described above and in references [19,25,29-33].
Figure 2. Experimental and calculated temperature dependence of mobility curves for (a) Ga0.06In0.94N and (b) Ga0.32In0.68N.
Figure 3. Measured and calculated mobility versus temperature Ga0.52In0.48N.
Conclusions
In this paper, we have investigated electronic transport properties of nominally undoped In-rich GaxIn1-xN structures with different Ga concentrations. Hall effect results show that 2DEG mobility in GaxIn1-xN decreases and becomes temperature insensitive with increasing Ga concentrations. The samples are not intentionally doped, but they all have n-type conductivity. Electron density increases with increasing Ga composition. The temperature dependence of electron mobility is determined by taking into account all the major scattering mechanisms. The decrease of the electron mobility with Ga concentration is explained in terms of increased dislocation scattering. The weak temperature dependence of the mobility at high temperatures might be associated with reduced electron-optical phonon scatterings. Alloy and interface roughness scattering mechanisms are dominant at low temperatures. In samples with higher Ga fractions, dislocation scattering becomes more significant, and at high temperatures, phonon scattering is restricted due to increase of dislocation density. At high temperatures, phonon scattering is only pronounced in the samples with low electron densities.
Abbreviations
LO-phonon: longitudinal optical phonon; LA-phonon: longitudinal acoustic phonon; 2DEG: two-dimensional electron gas; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; IFR: interface roughness.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Authors' contributions
OD and MG carried out the experiments and fitted the Hall mobility data with AE and MCA. OD, MG, AE and MCA wrote the manuscript in conjunction with NB. WJS grew the investigated samples. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Scientific Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University with Project Number BYP 25027. We also acknowledge the partial support from Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Development. (Project Number: 2010 K121050).
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31. Sun Y, Vaughan M, Agarwal A, Yilmaz M, Ulug B, Ulug A, Balkan N, Sopanen M, Reentilä O, Mattila M, Fontaine C, Arnoult A: Inhibition of negative differential resistance in modulation-doped n-type GaxIn1−xNyAs1−y/GaAs quantum wells.
Phys Rev B 2007, 75:205306-205316.
32. Su Y, Wen Y, Hong Y, Lee HM, Gwo S, Lin YT, Tu LW, Lui HL, Sun CK: Using hole screening effect on hole–phonon interaction to estimate hole density in Mg-doped InN.
Appl Phys Lett 2011, 98:252106-252108. Publisher Full Text
33. Kirillov D, Lee H, Harris JS: Raman scattering study of GaN films.
J Appl Phys 1996, 80:4058-4062. Publisher Full Text
34. Thomsen M, Jönen H, Rossow U, Hangleiter A: Spontaneous polarization field in polar and nonpolar GaInN/GaN quantum well structures.
Phys Status Solidi B 2001, 248:627-631.
35. Feneberg M, Thonke K, Wunderer T, Lipski F, Scholz F: Piezoelectric polarization of semipolar and polar GaInN quantum wells grown on strained GaN templates.
J Appl Phys 2010, 107:103517-103522. Publisher Full Text
36. Lu CJ, Bendersky LA, Lu H, Schaff WJ: Threading dislocations in epitaxial InN thin films grown on (0001) sapphire with a GaN buffer layer.
Appl Phys Lett 2003, 83:2817-2819. Publisher Full Text
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10. There are also, though not customary in Italy, the oeci which the Greeks call Cyzicene. These are built with a northern exposure and generally command a view of gardens, and have folding doors in the middle. They are also so long and so wide that two sets of dining couches, facing each other, with room to pass round them, can be placed therein. On the right and left they have windows which open like folding doors, so that views of the garden may be had from the dining couches through the opened windows. The height of such rooms is one and one half times their width.
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Citation URN: urn:cts:latinLit:phi1056.phi001.perseus-eng1:6.3.10
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
United States National Security Council
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The National Security Council was "established by the National Security Act of 1947also (PL 235 - 61 Stat. 496; U.S.C. 402), amended by the National Security Act Amendments of 1949 (63 Stat. 579; 50 U.S.C. 401 et seq.). Later in 1949, as part of the Reorganization Plan, the Council was placed in the Executive Office of the President."[1]
Contents
Membership of the National Security Council
"The National Security Council is chaired by the President. Its regular attendees (both statutory and non-statutory) are the Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Defense, and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the statutory military advisor to the Council, and the Director of Central Intelligence is the intelligence advisor. The Chief of Staff to the President, Counsel to the President, and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy are invited to attend any NSC meeting. The Attorney General and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget are invited to attend meetings pertaining to their responsibilities. The heads of other executive departments and agencies, as well as other senior officials, are invited to attend meetings of the NSC when appropriate."[2]
Current NSC Members[3]
• Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State
• Stephen J. Hadley, Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
• Gen. John A. Gordon, USAF (Ret.), Deputy Assistant to the President for Combating Terrorism
• Gregory L. Schulte, Executive Secretary (2003)
• Franklin C. Miller, Senior Director for Defense Policy and Arms Control
• Robert G. Joseph, Senior Director for Proliferation Strategy, Counterproliferation, and Homeland Defense (Update: Now Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security. 2006)
• William J. Luti, Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Defense Policy and Strategy. (2005)
• Dr. Michael Green, Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Asian Affairs, National Security Council. (2004)
National Security Council's Function
"The National Security Council is the President's principal forum for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. Since its inception under President Harry S. Truman, the function of the Council has been to advise and assist the President on national security and foreign policies. The Council also serves as the President's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies."[4]
Source: White House web site.
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Person:Johnson Viet (2)
Watchers
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Johnson Fredrick (Sonny) Viet
d.23 NOV 1948
m. AFT 1895
1. Helen Loomis Viet1897 - 1963
2. Gladys Viet1898 - 1898
3. Lemoine Viet1901 - 1902
4. Johnson Fredrick (Sonny) Viet1901 - 1948
• HJohnson Fredrick (Sonny) Viet1901 - 1948
• W. Ethel Nichols (add)
Facts and Events
Name[1] Johnson Fredrick (Sonny) Viet
Gender Male
Birth? 29 JUN 1901 Bay City, Bay, Michigan
Census[4] 1910 Ward 9, Detroit, Wayne, Michigan, United States
Death[1][5] 23 NOV 1948
JOHNSON FREDRICK (SONNY) VIET was born on 29 Jun 1901 at Bay City, Bay County, Michigan. He married ETHEL NICHOLS before 1927. He and ETHEL NICHOLS were divorced in 1927.
The Van Stone family had a history of Huntington's chorea (see The Van Stone Family Curse). Sonny's mother and grandmother Mary died of Chorea. Sonny had emotional problems when his mother died. Sonny too, suffered the family curse, although he was the last of his line. He died on 23 Nov 1948 at age 47, of Huntington's Chorea.S3
Image Gallery
References
1. 1.0 1.1 Madeline Hyde Kowalsky. Hyde/Butt Family Records. (Family Records, 2000), Secondary quality.
2. In the matter of the estate of Ernest Butt , Late of the City of Windsor, In the County of Essex, Widower, Deceased: between Lemoyne Darlene S. (Supreme Court of Ontario, 20 April 1988), Primary quality.
3. Johnson Viet Death, 1948, Primary quality.
4. United States. 1910 U.S. Census Population Schedule. (National Archives Microfilm Publication T623), 1910, Primary quality.
1910; Census Place: Detroit Ward 9, Wayne, Michigan;
Roll: T624_683; Page: 8A; Enumeration District: 0128; Image: 1022; FHL Number: 1374696.
Viet Family Entry
5. Huntington's Chorea
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Terminal sedation
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Terminal sedation (also known as palliative sedation, or sedation for intractable distress in the dying/of a dying patient) is the practice of relieving distress in a terminally ill person in the last hours or days of a patient's life, usually by means of a continuous intravenous or subcutaneous infusion of a sedative drug.
Drugs used
A typical drug is midazolam, a short acting benzodiazepine. Opioids such as morphine are not used as the primary medicine since they are not effective sedative medications compared to benzodiazepines. However, if a patient was already on an opioid for pain relief, this is continued so pain relief while sedated is achieved. Other medications to be considered include haloperidol, chlorpromazine, pentobarbital, propofol or phenobarbital.
Nutrition and fluids
As patients undergoing terminal sedation are typically in the last hours or days of their lives, they are not usually eating or drinking significant amounts. There has not been any conclusive studies to demonstrate benefit to initiating artificial nutrition (TPN, tube feedings, etc.) or artificial hydration (subcutaneous or intravenous fluids). Before initiating terminal sedation, a discussion about the risks, benefits and goals of nutrition and fluids is encouraged. (NB: it's mandatory, not encouraged - to withdraw food and fluids in the UK without doing so is considered murder in the UK).
Risk assessment
There is no evidence that titrated sedation causes the death of the patient and sedation does not equate with euthanasia. At the end of life sedation is only used if the patient perceives their distress to be unbearable, and there are no other means of relieving that distress. In palliative care the doses of sedatives are titrated to keep the patient comfortable without compromising respiration or hastening death. For more information on the palliative care use of sedatives and the safe use of opioids see Opioids.
Patients (or their legal representatives) only have the right to refuse treatments in living wills, they cannot demand life saving treatments, or any treatments at all. However, once unconsciousness begins, as the patient is no longer able to decide to stop the sedation or to request food or water, the clinical team can act in the patient's best interests. A Living Will, made when competent, can under UK law, give a directive that they refuse 'Palliative Care' or 'Terminal Sedation', or 'any drug likely to supress my respiration'.
Legal position
Terminal sedation is legal in the United States of America. In 2008, the American Medical Association Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs approved an ethical policy regarding the practice of palliative sedation.[1][2] According to the principle of double effect such treatment is ethically justified if a doctor administers the drug with the intention to alleviate pain/suffering. The defense of double effect is only open to medical practitioners. Terminal sedation is illegal in the UK. The UK Legal System operates 'Courts of Law' - NOT 'Courts of Ethics' - and the views of Thomas Aquinas (responsible for the 'double effect' argument) are seen as no more valid than those of anyone else. Significant advances in analgesia made over the past 30 years may now mean there is no need whatsoever to administer any opiate or opiod drug in potentially life-threatening doseages to alleviate pain, as many alternatives with no lethal side effects are available; as a consequence, the pretense of the 'double effect' defense may be seen as invalidated by some.
See also
External links
References
de:Terminale Sedierungnl:Palliatieve sedatie
no:Terminal sedering fi:Uneen vaivuttaminen
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