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Technorati's Dead Too
Crap ad seen at Technorati.com on Dec 6, 2007
(click to enlarge)
As long as I'm commenting on things that are dead, allow me to add Technorati to the list. They have descended into the dark depths of crap advertising "You've been chosen to get a free laptop computer. Click to accept!" Sheesh. If things are that bad, just shut off the servers, turn off the lights, lock the door, and go home.
As long as I'm on my soap box, do you imagine that the intersection of the kinds of people who use Technorati and the morons who'd actually click on this ad is very large? Given that almost no one I know ever clicks on online ads, I'd guess it's very small.
It's sad that Technorati couldn't make it. They do blog search better than anyone else--when they're working. I miss them already and they're not even gone yet.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5368.0 - International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia, Nov 2001
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 04/01/2002
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Absorbs: 5301.0 , 5320.0 and 5422.0.
Provides estimates for 15 months of the major aggregates for, and the balance on, international trade in goods and services (balance of payments basis) in both seasonally adjusted and trend estimates terms. Longer term graphs are provided, in seasonally adjusted and trend estimates terms, for the goods and services aggregates, and the balance on goods and services. In addition it provides more detailed commodity statistics for both goods and services in original terms, with goods provided on balance of payments and international trade basis, together with year-to-date information. More detailed services statistics, in seasonally adjusted and trend terms on a monthly basis as well as original terms on a quarterly basis are also provided. Merchandise imports and exports are provided at one and two digit SITC level with selected commodities at three digit level. Merchandise trade data are provided by country and by state. Data on exchange rates and analytical comments are included.
See also 5439.0 and 5372.0.55.001
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4306.0 - Report on Food Production and the Apparent Consumption of Foodstuffs and Nutrients in Australia, 1966-67
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 16/12/1968
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Followed by Apparent Consumption of Foodstuffs and Nutrients: Australia
A general overview of the supply and utilisation of approximately 130 basic foodstuffs (eg. flour, meat, fresh fruit, milk, vegetables, etc.); level of nutrient intake and estimated supply of selected types of nutrients (eg. protein, iron, Vitamin C, etc.) available for consumption.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Connexions
Sections
You are here: Home » Content » Arithmetic Assignment Operators
About: Arithmetic Assignment Operators
Module by: Kenneth Leroy Busbee. E-mail the author
View the content: Arithmetic Assignment Operators
Metadata
Name: Arithmetic Assignment Operators
ID: m18743
Language: English (en)
Summary: A table showing the equivalent meaning for the arithmetic assignment operators.
Subject: Science and Technology
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 2.0
Authors: Kenneth Leroy Busbee (ken.busbee@hccs.edu)
Copyright Holders: Kenneth Leroy Busbee (ken.busbee@hccs.edu)
Maintainers: Kenneth Leroy Busbee (ken.busbee@hccs.edu)
Latest version: 1.7 (history)
First publication date: Dec 3, 2008 8:16 pm -0600
Last revision to module: Jan 15, 2010 6:38 am -0600
Downloads
PDF: m18743_1.7.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
EPUB: m18743_1.7.epub Electronic publication file, for viewing in handheld devices. Learn more.
XML: m18743_1.7.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Source Export ZIP: m18743_1.7.zip ZIP containing the module XML plus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.7 Jan 15, 2010 6:38 am -0600 by Kenneth Leroy Busbee
Changes:
Added Google Analytics.
Version: 1.6 May 30, 2009 7:26 am -0500 by Kenneth Leroy Busbee
Changes:
Minor edits. Updated multimedia files.
Version: 1.5 Jan 7, 2009 5:49 pm -0600 by Kenneth Leroy Busbee
Changes:
Change link from preq to supplemental.
Version: 1.4 Jan 5, 2009 3:12 pm -0600 by Kenneth Leroy Busbee
Changes:
Improved demonstration instruction.
Version: 1.3 Jan 3, 2009 4:00 pm -0600 by Kenneth Leroy Busbee
Changes:
Added a demonstration source code file.
Version: 1.2 Dec 29, 2008 10:02 am -0600 by Kenneth Leroy Busbee
Changes:
Minor formatting corrections.
Version: 1.1 Dec 3, 2008 8:21 pm -0600 by Kenneth Leroy Busbee
Changes:
Initial Module.
How to Reuse and Attribute This Content
If you derive a copy of this content using a Connexions account and publish your version, proper attribution of the original work will be automatically done for you.
If you reuse this work elsewhere, in order to comply with the attribution requirements of the license (CC-BY 2.0), you must include
• the authors' names: Kenneth Busbee
• the title of the work: Arithmetic Assignment Operators
• the Connexions URL where the work can be found: http://cnx.org/content/m18743/1.7/
See the citation section below for examples you can copy.
How to Cite and Attribute This Content
The following citation styles comply with the attribution requirements for the license (CC-BY 2.0) of this work:
American Chemical Society (ACS) Style Guide:
Busbee, K. Arithmetic Assignment Operators, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m18743/1.7/, Jan 15, 2010.
American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style:
Busbee K. Arithmetic Assignment Operators [Connexions Web site]. January 15, 2010. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m18743/1.7/.
American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual:
Busbee, K. (2010, January 15). Arithmetic Assignment Operators. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m18743/1.7/
Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography):
Busbee, Kenneth. "Arithmetic Assignment Operators." Connexions. January 15, 2010. http://cnx.org/content/m18743/1.7/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Note):
Kenneth Busbee, "Arithmetic Assignment Operators," Connexions, January 15, 2010, http://cnx.org/content/m18743/1.7/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Reference, in Author-Date style):
Busbee, K. 2010. Arithmetic Assignment Operators. Connexions, January 15, 2010. http://cnx.org/content/m18743/1.7/.
Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Manual:
Busbee, Kenneth. Arithmetic Assignment Operators. Connexions. 15 Jan. 2010 <http://cnx.org/content/m18743/1.7/>.
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Videos
The Android Design Team was pleased to present five fantastic design-oriented sessions at Google I/O 2012. Visit these pages to view the videos and presentations from the conference.
Android Design for Success
You have a great idea for an Android app. You want it to stand out among hundreds of thousands. You want your users to love it and tell everyone they know. The Android User Experience team is here to help. We talk about the Android Design guide and other tricks of the trade for creating apps that delight users and help them accomplish their goals. No design background is required.
Android Design for Engineers
Design isn't black magic, it's a field that people can learn. In this talk two elite designers from Google give you an advanced crash course in interactive and visual design. Topics include mental models, natural mappings, metaphors, mode errors, visual hierarchies, typography and gestalt principles. Correctly applied, this knowledge can drastically improve the quality of your work.
An app is useless if people can't find their way around it. Android introduced big navigation-support changes in 3.0 and 4.0. The Action Bar offers a convenient control for Up navigation, the Back key's behavior became more consistent within tasks, and the Recent Tasks UI got an overhaul. In this talk, we discuss how and why we got where we are today, how to think about navigation when designing your app's user experience, and how to write apps that offer effortless navigation in multiple Android versions.
So You've Read the Design Guide; Now What?
The Android Design Guide describes how to design beautiful Android apps, but not how to build them. In this talk we give practical tips for how to apply fit & finish as you implement your design, we show you how to avoid some common pitfalls, we describe some useful patterns, and show how tools can help.
Playing with Patterns
Best-in-class application designers and developers talk about their experience in developing for Android, showing screenshots from their app, exploring the challenges they faced, and offering creative solutions congruent with the Android Design guide. Guests are invited to show examples of visual and interaction patterns in their application that manage to keep it simultaneously consistent and personal.
Videos for the entire Design Track can also be found on the Android Developers Channel on YouTube.
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Testis-Preserving Surgery in the Management of Leydig Cell Tumours: The Importance of Pre- and Intra- Operative Ultrasound
• 1-s2.0-S009042951101908X-main.pdf
download
Share this:
Cite this:
Testis-Preserving Surgery in the Management of Leydig Cell Tumours: The Importance of Pre- and Intra- Operative Ultrasound. Salvador J. Diaz-Cano, G Muir, J Dockray, P Sidhu. figshare.
http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.97406
Retrieved 08:19, May 18, 2013 (GMT)
Description
Introduction and Objectives
Leydig cell tumours account for 1-3% of testicular neoplasms. Incidence occurs in two peaks, in the 5-10 (all benign) and 30-60 (90% benign) age range; 10% are bilateral. Presentation is usually as an incidental finding on a scrotal ultrasound, but hormone-secreting variants can present with symptoms of excessive androgenisation, feminisation or precocious puberty. Conventional management is radical inguinal orchidectomy, which can be seen as overtreatment in the vast majority.
Materials and Methods
We present, as an example, the case of a 31 year-old man with a contrast ultrasound diagnosed 3mm Leydig cell tumour and normal tumour markers. Management consisted of ultrasound-guided wide local excision through an inguinal approach. This approach allowed an estimated loss of only 5-10% testicular volume. Histology confirmed a benign Leydig cell tumour and all resection margins were clear. We currently have a series of eight partial orchidectomies for contrast ultrasound diagnosed Leydig cell tumours. There are characteristic ultrasound findings, enhanced by the use of contrast, that allow a higher confidence in the pre-operative diagnosis. This allows us to offer the option of partial orchidectomy without the need for intra-operative frozen section.
Results
From our eight patients, there are no incidences of local recurrences or distant metastatic disease. The follow-up period for these patients ranged from 8-48 months.
Conclusions
As a tumour that is predominantly benign and affects men for whom future fertility is a concern, the role of testis-conserving surgery is becoming an increasingly important consideration. Ultrasound is vital to make an accurate diagnosis and for intra-operative localisation of small, impalpable lesions. There is the option of utilising intra-operative frozen-section if the diagnosis is in doubt, although we do not find this to be necessary if contrast ultrasound imaging is used pre-operatively and an adequate cuff of tissue taken during resection. Careful selection of patients is key. We would recommend that this be considered for those with classic ultrasound images, small tumour mass and normal tumour markers.
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User:Vincent Rouilly
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 11:10, 6 June 2009 by Vincent Rouilly (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Vincent Rouilly
Imperial College London
South Kensington SW7 2AZ
London, UK
email: vincent.rouilly (at) imperial (dot) ac (dot) uk
join my LinkedIn Network
• Research Associate, Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London
• Research themes:
• Synthetic Biology: Part Characterisation and Standardisation
• Computational Biology: Stochastic Gene Expression, Rational Nucleic Acid Probe design.
• Laboratory Automation
Education and Past Work Experiences
• PhD,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London.
• GE Medical Systems, Paris, Software R&D Engineer.
• Visiospace, Paris, Software R&D Engineer.
• M.Sc, ENST Paris and ERASMUS exchange at ETSIT Madrid (Signal and Image Processing Major).
Affiliations
Synthetic Biology in the making
(or how to keep track of what is happening in the Synthetic Biology community)
Research Interests
• Computational Biology: stochastic processes, Generalized Petri Nets, Agent Based modelling, Design of Experiments.
• Contributing to build a Synthetic Biology framework (establishing standards, design for modularity and re-usability, parts characterization) + societal impact of Synthetic Biology.
• Laboratory Information System.
• Laboratory Automation
My Open Source Hardware Projects to support Synthetic Biology
Current Projects
• Recombineering for Synthetic Biology
• Homology recombination-based promoter screening construct.
• Homology recombination-based rolling device integration.
• Droplet-based Microfluidics for Synthetic Biology
• Open Source Hardware for Synthetic Biology
• Arduino-based Peltier controller
• Colony counting / picking system
Online shared resources
Teaching Experience
OWW Contributions
Other:
Interesting links found on OWW
Useful Open Source Softwares
Cool Open Source Hardware Projects
Recommended Books
Do-It-Yourself / Developing World Technologies for Biological Engineering
General
DNA manipulation
Measuremements and Characterization
Data Acquisition, Control and Lab Automation
OWW ideas (random)
building a stronger community
• get people to define on their User page their area(s) of interest using 'wiki-categories' (could help to find collaborators).
• if people defines their area of interest using references, would be interesting to use that information to match people's profiles.
support to find relevant info
• 'contextual' browsing ('hacking' google-ads-type-of-service to show other relevant wiki-pages or wiki-users on the side of a wiki page ... instead of ads).
• set essential keywords pages. 'Experts', in a given field, would recommend a set of keywords to help new comers to google more efficiently.
• setting-up a calendar with info about conferences, workshops, submission deadlines ...
adding features
• implementing java applets which are enable to read/write an xml-like format into the wiki:
• image annotation (microscope images, gel analysis, colonies plate ..) see iNote, SVG.
• graph editor/viewer to build/view/run kinetic models (SBML, CellML ...)
Project
Here is an overview of the modelling framework I am working on:
Who is visiting my page?
Sandbox
Personal tools
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Uncut Pages
Info
Search:
# Date Editor Comment Action
1 2007-09-06 12:00:00 Users/ Encyclopedia of Graphic Communications Import view raw print
All text and images are licensed under a Creative Commons License
permitting sharing and adaptation with attribution. (See Copyrights for details.)
PrintWiki – the Free Encyclopedia of Print
About PrintWiki Policies Hosted by WhatTheyThink
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/22706/"
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Whenever you wish to do anything against the law, Cicely, always consult a good solicitor first. Shaw, George Bernard
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
Choose something popular ...
Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
Make custom holiday cards ...
Make custom t-shirts ...
Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
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Make custom holiday gifts for men ...
A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Institute for Policy Studies – www.ips-dc.org
Right Web
Tracking militarists’ efforts to influence U.S. foreign policy
Smith Richardson Foundation
Please note: IPS Right Web neither represents nor endorses any of the individuals or groups profiled on this site.
Although often associated with the passel of foundations that buttress the American right-wing—including, among others, the Scaife, Castle Rock, and Bradley foundations—the Smith Richardson Foundation (SRF) donated the vast majority of its nearly $170 million in grants during 1996-2005 to educational institutions and scholarly endeavors. Its two largest grantees during that period were Yale and Harvard, both of which received more than $7 million. However, coming in at a not-so-distant fourth place was the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), a cornerstone think tank of neoconservatism, which received just under $6 million during the period.1
Created in 1935 by H. Smith Richardson, son of medicine entrepreneur Lunsford Richardson, the inventor of Vicks VapoRub, the foundation is managed by members of the Richardson family, whose various drug companies have created a number of well known products, including Clearasil, Nyquil, and Oil of Olay cream.2
The foundation’s mission is to “contribute to important public debates and to help address serious public policy challenges facing the United States. The Foundation seeks to help ensure the vitality of our social, economic, and governmental institutions. It also seeks to assist with the development of effective policies to compete internationally and to advance U.S. interests and values abroad.”3 The foundation’s International Security and Foreign Policy Program, according to its website, has in recent years “sought to assist the policy community’s efforts to combat global terrorism by supporting projects on critical issues, such as improving intelligence gathering. Because the battle against terrorism will also be fought on the ideological front, the Foundation has supported projects on improving U.S. public diplomacy in order to promote democracy and to give foreign publics a better understanding of U.S. policies.”4
Together with the Olin and Bradley foundations, Smith Richardson has been a key supporter of AEI since the Ronald Reagan presidency, when the think tank emerged as an influential policy shop.5 SRF also helped foster the work of early neoconservative figures like Midge Decter, Norman Podhoretz, and Irving Kristol through its support of the various institutions they have been helped lead, including The Public Interest, Commentary, and the Committee on the Present Danger.6
Today, despite its support for centrist-oriented think tanks like the Brookings Institution and the Carnegie Endowment,7 the foundation remains a major financier of neoconservatism, funding several other organizations frequently associated with that political faction, including Freedom House, the Hudson Institute, and the Manhattan Institute.8
From Reagan to Today
Leslie Lenkowsky, SRF’s director of research in the early 1980s who later served as head of the Corporation for National and Community Service in the George W. Bush administration, once said of the foundation’s work, “We don’t create ideas, we nurture them, a bit like fertilizer. … If the sprout is there, we make it grow into a mighty oak.”9 In particular, Lenkowsky thought that Podhoretz’s and Kristol’s ideas would “have a long-term impact” on how people thought about public affairs.10
Building on this support, Kristol helped convince Smith Richardson to back Jude Wanniski’s research on supply side economics. Wanniski’s publications served as a guide for Ronald Reagan’s economic policies when Jack Kemp, convinced of the theory’s merits by Kristol, brought it to Reagan’s attention.11
Lenkowsky also oversaw SRF’s efforts to fund college newspapers, including The Dartmouth Review, where a young Dinesh D’Souza got his start. As editor-in-chief, D’Souza used the newspaper to out homosexual students by investigating subscribers,including their parents. Files from the university’s Gay Student Alliance, apparently stolen, appeared in the paper, some of which contained “names and parts of letters written by lonely students.” D’Souza went on to be a key crusader against the so-called liberal bias in universities, beginning with his book Illiberal Education. SRF joined with other conservative foundations to fund much of this work.12
Devon Gaffney Cross succeeded Lenkowsky as SRF’s director of research, serving two years in that post during the mid-1980s. Gaffney Cross, the sister of Reagan-era defense official Frank Gaffney Jr.—head of the hawkish Center for Security Policy—has also served as a director of the neoconservative advocacy group the Project for the New American Century and worked as an advisor to the Lincoln Group, the controversial “strategic communication management” firm that was awarded a Pentagon contract to work in Iraq in 2004, “after military officials concluded that the United States was failing to win over Muslim public opinion.”13
In 1981, SRF provided seed money for the Friends of the Democratic Center in Central America (Prodemca), a hardline group involved in implementing U.S. foreign policy in Central America. In 1986, a member of Prodemca’s executive committee, Penn Kemble, an early neoconservative trailblazer, told the Washington Post that the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), another SRF grant recipient, had given his group $400,000. According to Sidney Blumenthal, Prodemca had been “funneling most of the money to opponents of the Sandinista government in Nicaragua.” Prodemca spokespersons denied using NED-supplied monies to secure newspaper ads supporting U.S. funding for the Contras.14
Also in the early 1980s, Smith Richardson teamed up with other conservative foundations to support the Capital Legal Foundation, which in 1984 was involved in defending Gen. William Westmoreland in his suit against CBS for a documentary made about his Vietnam years. The lawsuit turned political when Westmoreland’s lawyers complained that the law firm CBS employed was creating an unequal playing field in the courtroom. CBS lawyers countered that conservative philanthropies such as Scaife (the largest backer), Olin, and Smith Richardson were “using the general to advance their own objectives: to legitimize the Vietnam War, intimidate the media, and lower the legal obstacles to libel judgments.”15
In 2000, SRF provided startup funds to the Dui Hua Foundation, an International Republican Institute-sponsored organization that addresses issues concerning Chinese political prisoners. Also regarding China, SRF sponsored a RAND study that analyzed hypothetical scenarios were the United States to defend Taiwan against a Chinese attack.16
SRF has also been a major backer of controversial domestic policy programs and causes. It supported the Center for Individual Rights (CIR), which has litigated free speech cases and advocated against “political correctness” codes—most notably by defending professors accused of sexually harassing students. Said CIR’s director of research, Robert R. Detlefsen, “Many of our clients would be white male college professors because these are the folks who find themselves victimized by political correctness.”17
The foundation supported the American Enterprise Institute-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, a research initiative created to assess the business impact of environmental regulations which in 2001 was given the dubious distinction of being named the Clean Air Villain of the Month by the Clean Air Trust. Described as a “polluter friendly” organization, the Trust accused the center of trying to associate smog cleanup operations with higher cases of skin cancer among the population.18 Then-AEI president Christopher DeMuth was a contributing analyst to the project; Robert W. Crandall and Clifford Winston represented Brookings.19
Legal Problems
In November 2003, Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal opened an investigation into the funding practices of Smith Richardson and The Beinecke Foundation—both based in Connecticut. The Boston Globe reported that SRF’s top executives—Peter Richardson, Marin Strmecki, and Robert L. Coble—had their vehicles paid for by the foundation. Richardson, whose annual salary at the time was $364,000, drove a $63,000 Audi A8 luxury sedan, while the other two, whose annual salaries were $225,000, owned an Audi station wagon and Jeep Cherokee, respectively, which each cost roughly $36,000.20
Reported the Boston Globe: “In an interview, Richardson said he could not recall how the cars were approved by the foundation, which funds public policy research. Of his Audi, Richardson said, “I wanted to get a safe sedan.” Smith Richardson also spent $6,700 for a portrait of a family benefactor, $2,600 on a chair, and bought four lamps at $1,300 a piece.”21
Please note: IPS Right Web neither represents nor endorses any of the individuals or groups profiled on this site.
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Smith Richardson Foundation Résumé
Contact
Smith Richardson Foundation
60 Jesup Road
Westport, CT 06880
Phone: 203.222.6222
Fax: 203.222.6282
Mission
The mission of the Smith Richardson Foundation is to contribute to important public debates and to help address serious public policy challenges facing the United States. The Foundation seeks to help ensure the vitality of our social, economic, and governmental institutions. It also seeks to assist with the development of effective policies to compete internationally and to advance U.S. interests and values abroad. This mission is embodied in our international and domestic grant programs.”22
Board Members and Key Staff (2009)
Peter L. Richardson, trustee chairman and president of the foundation; Dr. Marin J. Strmecki, senior vice president; Ross F. Hemphill, vice president and chief financial officer; Dr. Arvid R. Nelson, secretary; and Karia W. Frank, assistant secretary; Dr. Nadia Schadlow, Senior Program Officer, International Security and Foreign Policy; Allan Song, Senior Program Officer, International Secuirty and Foreign Policy; Mark Steinmeyer, Senior Program Officer, Domestic Public Policy 23
Board of Governors (2009)
Zbigniew Brzezinski, Jane B. Preyer, Christopher DeMuth, Adele Richardson Ray, Stephen Goldsmith, Lunsford Richardson Jr., Peter L. Richardson, Fred C. Ikle, Stuart S. Richardson, Roderick MacFarquhar,, Gen. Edward C. Meyer (Ret.), E. William Stetson, Arvid R. Nelson, June E. O’Neill, Martin Feldstein, Lawrence Sherman, R. James Woolsey, and Edward F. Zigler.24
Revenue (2007) 25
$67,549,856
Staff 26
12
Founded
1935
Top Grantees (2007) 27
• Yale University, $992,283
• Harvard University $869,931
• Center for Strategic and International Studies $499,105
• American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research $1,328,250
• Manhattan Institute $348,304
• Northwestern University $352,945
• Boston University $408,545
• America Abroad Media $1,225,360
• Nonproliferation Policy Education Center $409,676
• Johns Hopkins University $796,354
• Brookings Institution $1,049,210
• The Rand Corporation $1,806,181
• Columbia University $749,250
• Corporation for the Advancement of Policy Evaluation $3,217,155
• National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. $794,190
• New River Education Fund $469,740
• Wisconsin Project On Nuclear Arms Control $330,000
• Tufts University $500,000
• Yale university Press $225,000
• United States Military Academy $690,744
• University of Maryland Foundation, Inc. $346,644
• New Leaders for New Schools $447,900
• Freedom House $300,000
• Center on Education Policy $405,000
The Right Web Mission
Right Web tracks militarists’ efforts to influence U.S. foreign policy.
Sources
1. Mediatransparency.com, “Smith Richardson Foundation Grant Recipients,” http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientsoffunder.php?funderID=6.
2. Dana Canedy, “H. S. Richardson, 79, Dies; Heir to Vicks Cold Remedies,’ New York Times, July 31, 1999.
3. Smith Richardson Foundation, “Mission,” http://www.srf.org/mission/ (accessed February 10, 2008).
4. Smith Richardson Foundation, “History”; Smith Richardson Foundation, “International Security and Foreign Policy Program,” http://www.srf.org/grants/international.php (accessed February 10, 2008).
5. See Irving Kristol’s comment on the importance of Olin and Bradley to AEI, in Irving Kristol, Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an In Idea, Free Press, 1995, page 33.
6. Bernard Weinraub, “Institute Plays Key Role in Shaping Reagan Programs,” The New York Times, January 14, 1981; Bernard Weinraub, “Foundations Assist Conservative Cause,” The New York Times, January 19, 1981; Kathleen Teltsch, “400 Intellectuals Form ‘Struggle for Freedom’ Unit,” The New York Times, February 19, 1981
7. Foundation Center, Smith Richardson Foundation 990 IRS Form, 2007, http://dynamodata.fdncenter.org//990pf_pdf_archive/560/560611550/560611550_200712_990PF.pdf
8. Foundation Center, Smith Richardson Foundation 990 IRS Form, http://dynamodata.fdncenter.org//990pf_pdf_archive/560/560611550/560611550_200712_990PF.pdf
9. Bernard Weinraub, “Foundations Assist Conservative Cause,” The New York Times, January 19, 1981
10. Bernard Weinraub, “Foundations Assist Conservative Cause,” The New York Times, January 19, 1981
11. David Shribman, “Washington Talk; Neoconservatives and Reagan: Uneasy Coalition,” The New York Times, September 27, 1981; Walter Goodman, “Irving Kristol: Patron Saint of the New Right,” The New York Times, December 6, 1981
12. Dudley Clendinen, “Conservative Paper Stirs Dartmouth,” The New York Times, October 13, 1981; Evan McKenzie, “Right-wing Money Creates a Political Issue,” St. Petersburg Times Florida, June 26, 1991
13. Jeff Gerth and Scott Shane, “U.S. Is Said to Pay to Plant Articles in Iraq Papers,” The New York Times, December 1, 2005; Devon Gaffney, Research Director, Engaged to Marry Jay Cross in June,” The New York Times, April 9, 1989.
14. Sidney Blumenthal, “Grantee of U.S. Endowment Funds Sandinista Opponents; Group’s Advertisements Urge Aid for Rebels,” The Washington Post, March 19, 1986
15. David Margolick, “Westmoreland V. CBS: Legal Drama Intensified by 2 Contrasting Lawyers,” The New York Times, May 31, 1984; George Lardner Jr., “Pittsburgh Millionaire Financed Westmoreland’s Suit against CBS; Scaife, of New Right Causes, Paid Much of $3 Million Tab,” The Washington Post, February 28, 1985
16. Julie Chao, “China Invites Activist to Discuss Prisoners,” The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, May 1, 2000; Ching Cheong, “U.S. Think Tank Tests Out War Scenarios,” The Straits Times (Singapore), December 1, 2000; Rosenberg, “John Kamm’s Third Way,” The New York Times, March 3, 2002
17. Evan McKenzie, “Right-wing Money Creates a Political Issue,” St. Petersburg Times, June 26, 1991; James Andrews, “Conservative Law Groups Adopt Liberals’ Model,” Christian Science Monitor, October 3, 1994; Davidson Goldin, “Law Center Wages a Fight against Political Correctness,” The New York Times, August 13, 1995
18. Cindy Skrzycki, “Bringing Brainpower to the Commentary on Rules,” The Washington Post, October 9, 1998; Clean Air Trust: Clean Air Villain of the Month, November 2001
http://www.cleanairtrust.org/villain.1101.html
19. Cindy Skrzycki, “Bringing Brainpower to the Commentary on Rules,” The Washington Post, October 9, 1998; Clean Air Trust: Clean Air Villain of the Month, November 2001
http://www.cleanairtrust.org/villain.1101.html
20. Francie Latour and Beth Healy, “AG In Conn. Begins Probe: 2 Foundations for Charities are Eyed,” The Boston Globe, November 11, 2003; Francie Latour, “Spotlight Report / Charity Begins At Home; Costly Furnishings Come at Charities’ Expense,” The Boston Globe, November 9, 2003
21. Francie Latour, “Spotlight Report / Charity Begins At Home; Costly Furnishings Come at Charities’ Expense,” The Boston Globe, November 9, 2003
22. Smith Richardson Foundation, Our Mission, http://www.srf.org/mission/
23. Smith Richardson Foundation, Board of Trustees, http://www.srf.org/people/Trustees.htm (accessed February 11, 2009); Smith Richardson Foundation, Program Staff, http://www.srf.org/foundation/staff.php (accessed February 11, 2009).
24. Smith Richardson Foundation, Board of Governors, http://www.srf.org/people/Governors.htm (accessed February 11, 2009); Christopher Demuth, “Think-Tank Confidential: What I learned during two decades as head of America’s most influential policy shop.” Wall Street Journal, http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110010718
25. Foundation Center, Smith Richardson Foundation 990 IRS Form, 2007, http://dynamodata.fdncenter.org//990pf_pdf_archive/560/560611550/560611550_200712_990PF.pdf
26. Smith Richardson Foundation, Program Staff, http://www.srf.org/foundation/staff.php
27. Foundation Center, Smith Richardson Foundation 990 IRS Form, 2007, http://dynamodata.fdncenter.org//990pf_pdf_archive/560/560611550/560611550_200712_990PF.pdf
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Cotton Plant
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About this item
Title: Cotton Plant
Author: Strassberger, B.
Summary: Drawing of a cotton plant.
Citable link to this page: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/21120
Date: 1878
Original Source Ebers, Georg. "Egypt: Descriptive, Historical, and Picturesque." Volume 1. Cassell & Company, Limited: New York, 1878. p 092.
Subject Agriculture--Egypt
About This Resource: Forms part of the Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA)
Citation
Strassberger, B. Cotton Plant (1878).
From Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA). http://hdl.handle.net/1911/21120
For more on properly formatting citations, see Citing TIMEA Resources.
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
• TIMEA Visual Materials [1769]
This collection contains book illustrations, postcards, stereocards, photographs, and ephemera related to travel in the Middle East, primarily Egypt.
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Posts: 6 | Thanked: 1 time | Joined on Oct 2010
#1
Hello everyone.
I am looking for a way to turn my N900 into a rescue disk for my PC.
Motivation:
I am out of my country now with a laptop and my N900. I need to install a printer driver in my XP, but I couldn't do that without adm rights.
I used to have a bootcd to boot my linux partition in the laptop, but i forgot it at home. (Since I lost my bootmenu after an upgrade, I cannot acess my linux without my usb bootdisk).
Other solutions:
1 - use another pc and unetbootin to create another bootdisk;
ok, but I don't know anyone here that could help me (I am in another country, remember?)
2 - Buy a linux bootcd.
I did not found that easy anywhere here in France.
Motivation:
Since I think that would be a nice tool to carry along (I aways forget my USB disk, but never my phone), I need some help at using my N900 to create my bootdisk. I found how to use sfdisk (and even cfdisk) to build the partitions at the microSD card and make it bootable, but I didn't manage to prepare the bootmenu.
Did anyone know how to do that using only N900?
I miss unetbootin for N900 so much right now...
Future:
If there is a good solution, it would be a nice addition make a downloadable tool in the N900 repositories (or even android, as I do have here a galaxy S3 but it's not rooted yet).
Thanks in avance.
The Following User Says Thank You to fabiomanzoni For This Useful Post:
Posts: 452 | Thanked: 415 times | Joined on Apr 2010 @ England
#2
The easiest way is to create a bootable SD card and place that in the N900.
You could probably use the internal eMMC, but you'd have to mess around with partitioning, and you may face issues with the phone not working if the first partition is not an N900 based one.
__________________
BTC:
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Posts: 276 | Thanked: 210 times | Joined on Aug 2011 @ Egypt | Forum editor
#3
the best option is to install lili usb creator (search google for it)
and that makes 2 options available for you
1- to install the boot disk on the internal memory (My Docs) without messing with the system files or anything also you can delete it with a click (bat file)
2-or you can install the boot disk to SD card also bootable and with your files on it .
__________________
N900 : 1.0 GHZ + Debian LXDE + Nitdroid
linux, windows and mac
nokia 3200>nokia 7610 >nokia n81 >nokia e71>nokia n97>NOKIA N900
Press the thanks button if i helped
And yes i live in Egypt
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Brighton (Michigan)
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Brighton is a city in Livingston County.
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Which is the most thrilling [wildlife sanctuary in India].?? I would like to vote for the Corbett National Park as a most amazing wildlife sanctuary of India.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8731.5 - Building Approvals, Western Australia, Jun 2003
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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1003.0 - LEP Newsletter (Issue No. 44), May 2003
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2003 Australian Social Trends Goes Rural and Regional
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ABS Week at Holmesglen TAFE
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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This article is part of the supplement: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual MCBIOS Conference. Computational Biology and Bioinformatics for a New Decade
Proceedings
Mining FDA drug labels using an unsupervised learning technique - topic modeling
Halil Bisgin1, Zhichao Liu2, Hong Fang3, Xiaowei Xu1,2* and Weida Tong2*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Information Science, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave., Little Rock, AR 72204-1099, USA
2 Center for Bioinformatics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
3 ICF International at FDA's National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Bioinformatics 2011, 12(Suppl 10):S11 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-S10-S11
Published: 18 October 2011
Abstract
Background
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug labels contain a broad array of information, ranging from adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to drug efficacy, risk-benefit consideration, and more. However, the labeling language used to describe these information is free text often containing ambiguous semantic descriptions, which poses a great challenge in retrieving useful information from the labeling text in a consistent and accurate fashion for comparative analysis across drugs. Consequently, this task has largely relied on the manual reading of the full text by experts, which is time consuming and labor intensive.
Method
In this study, a novel text mining method with unsupervised learning in nature, called topic modeling, was applied to the drug labeling with a goal of discovering “topics” that group drugs with similar safety concerns and/or therapeutic uses together. A total of 794 FDA-approved drug labels were used in this study. First, the three labeling sections (i.e., Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions, Adverse Reactions) of each drug label were processed by the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) to convert the free text of each label to the standard ADR terms. Next, the topic modeling approach with latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) was applied to generate 100 topics, each associated with a set of drugs grouped together based on the probability analysis. Lastly, the efficacy of the topic modeling was evaluated based on known information about the therapeutic uses and safety data of drugs.
Results
The results demonstrate that drugs grouped by topics are associated with the same safety concerns and/or therapeutic uses with statistical significance (P<0.05). The identified topics have distinct context that can be directly linked to specific adverse events (e.g., liver injury or kidney injury) or therapeutic application (e.g., antiinfectives for systemic use). We were also able to identify potential adverse events that might arise from specific medications via topics.
Conclusions
The successful application of topic modeling on the FDA drug labeling demonstrates its potential utility as a hypothesis generation means to infer hidden relationships of concepts such as, in this study, drug safety and therapeutic use in the study of biomedical documents.
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Research article
Persistence of back pain symptoms after pregnancy and bone mineral density changes as measured by quantitative ultrasound - a two year longitudinal follow up study
William WK To1* and Margaret WN Wong2
• * Corresponding author: William WK To towkw@ha.org.hk
• † Equal contributors
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, United Christian Hospital, Hip Wo Street, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong, PR China
2 Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2011, 12:55 doi:10.1186/1471-2474-12-55
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/12/55
Received:13 June 2010
Accepted:28 February 2011
Published:28 February 2011
© 2011 To and Wong; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Previous research has shown a loss of bone mineral density (BMD) during pregnancy. This loss has been correlated to the occurrence of back pain symptoms during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether persistence of back pain symptoms 2 years after pregnancy could be associated with BMD changes as measured by quantitative USG of the os calcis.
Methods
A cohort of patients who reported significant back pain symptoms during pregnancy were surveyed for persistent back pain symptoms 24 to 28 months after the index pregnancy. Os calcis BMD was measured by quantitative ultrasound and compared with the BMD values during pregnancy.
Results
A cohort of 60 women who had reported significant back pain symptoms in their index pregnancy completed a 24-28 months follow-up survey and BMD reassessment. Persistence of significant back pain symptoms was seen in 24 (40%) of this cohort. These women had higher BMD loss during pregnancy compared to those without further pain (0.047 Vs 0.030 g/cm2; p = 0.03). Those that remained pain free after pregnancy appeared to have completely recovered their BMD loss in pregnancy, while those with persistent pain had lower BMD values (ΔBMD - 0.007 Vs - 0.025 g/cm2; p = 0.023) compared to their early pregnancy values.
Conclusion
Persistence of back pain symptoms after pregnancy could be related to an inability to recover fully from BMD loss during the index pregnancy.
Background
Back pain is a common complaint in pregnancy. The incidence of significant back pain during pregnancy varies widely in different populations from 20-60% [1-3]. While the causative factors of back pain during pregnancy are likely to be multi-factorial and heterogeneous, a positive association between bone loss and pregnancy related back and pelvic pain symptoms has been proposed. Decreased femoral bone density was associated with hip pain in the immediate postpartum period [4], while a greater fall in os calcis BMD has been shown to be correlated to back pain symptoms during pregnancy [5]. The incidence of persistent back pain symptoms after pregnancy varied from the disappearance of pain in over 60% within 2 days after delivery [6], to as high as 82% having persistent pain at 18 months in those with recurrent back pain from previous pregnancies [7]. An overall incidence of around 21% at 2 years after delivery has been reported [3]. Various risk factors have been ascribed to the persistence of pain after the index pregnancy, including history of back pain [8] or other epidemiological factors such as smoking or occupation [9], but the role of postpartum BMD loss or osteoporosis [10] still remains controversial.
This study aims at observing the postpartum BMD changes in a longitudinal cohort of pregnant women who had reported significant back pain during pregnancy and correlating such changes with the incidence of persistent back pain symptoms 24 months or more after pregnancy using quantitative USG at the os calcis. The findings would help to evaluate whether the extent of recovery of the BMD loss that occurred during pregnancy would be protective against persistent back pain symptoms.
Methods
Pregnancy Cohort
In the index pregnancy cohort, consecutive patients booked at a general obstetric clinic were prospectively recruited for the study over a twelve-month period. Routine antenatal care was offered in accordance with our service protocol. Written consent was obtained at the time of recruitment, and basic epidemiological data, including early pregnancy weight and height were recorded. Quantitative ultrasound bone density measurements were performed at the os calcis bilaterally at booking between 16 to 20 weeks, and in the third trimester between 36-38 weeks. All measurements were done using the Sahara Clinical Bone Sonometer system (Hologic), a waterless portable system that involved direct contact of the probe with the heel through elastomer pads and a specific ultrasound coupling gel. The patient was positioned as recommended by the manufacturer, seated in an upright position in a stable chair without wheels. The patient foot was stabilized using a specific foot guard to ensure that the focus between the ultrasound probes corresponded to the region of interest at the os calcis. All patients were allowed 30 minutes in the clinic before measurement to allow ambient skin temperature to be attained at the heel. Measurements were made bilaterally. The system measures BUA, SOS and then used these parameters to generate a simulated BMD. This computer calculated BMD was used in the calculations. The coefficient of variation of the system was quoted as 2-3% by the manufacturer and was in accordance with the data of the investigators using the system in previous similar studies. In addition to weight, body fat percentage assay was also performed in each of these occasions using a Tanita 500 bio-impedance system. Patients who had known medical conditions or who were on long-term medications known to affect bone density values, such as steroids or thyroid drugs, and those who delivered preterm before 36 weeks, were excluded from the final analysis. In addition, patients who have known chronic back pain that required regular medical follow-up or treatment, known spinal deformities and previous surgical intervention for back pain were also excluded. The patients were then surveyed for back pain symptoms during the index pregnancy by means of a structured self-administered questionnaire in the early postpartum period within the first 3 days before their discharge from hospital. Women who reported positive pain symptoms at any stage in her pregnancy were requested to fill in a pain distribution chart from recall. A visual analog scale of pain intensity was also provided to classify mild, moderate or severe back pain symptoms. Patients who reported at least moderate pain for more than 3 consecutive days within the pregnancy, or who required additional medical consultation, sick leave or formal treatment because of back pain during their pregnancy were considered as positive. Those who complained of only mild pain of transient durations were considered negative for back pain symptoms. The correlation of presence/absence of back pain in pregnancy and the interval BMD changes in pregnancy has previously been published [5].
Two Year Reassessment Cohort
All patients were resurveyed for back pain symptoms between 24-28 months after delivery using a mailed questionnaire, with a format similar to the early postnatal version. Those who reported at least moderate pain for more than 3 consecutive days within the past 6 months of the questionnaire, or who required medical consultation, sick leave or treatment because of back pain during the past 6 months were considered as positive. Those with only mild or transient symptoms that did not require medical consultation or treatment were regarded as negative. Those who already had further pregnancies at the time of the survey were excluded from the analysis.
Patients who responded to the 24-28 month survey were invited to attend a special clinic session for repeat BMD measurements to compare with their pregnancy values. At this 2-year post delivery evaluation, the patients were given a standard interview to record their menstrual status, last menstrual dates and breast feeding status. Any other remarkable medical conditions or the need for long term medications were also noted. Care was taken to exclude the possibility of pregnancy in these subjects, and if confirmed, these were excluded from further investigations and analysis. Anthropometric and quantitative ultrasound measurements were performed using an identical protocol as the assessments during pregnancy.
The current study cohort consisted of women who had reported positive back pain symptoms in their index pregnancy, and who completed the 2-year post delivery questionnaire and BMD assessment. Interval changes in body weight, body fat percentage, and os calcis BMD were calculated and correlated with the presence and absence of persistent back pain, as well as with previous pregnancy changes. A regression model was established to evaluate the inter-correlation of these parameters and persistent back pain symptoms. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Data was analyzed using the SPSS version 13.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The study was approved of by the Ethics Committee of the cluster hospital board.
Results
Of 463 patients recruited in pregnancy in the original cohort, 230 (49.8%) reported one or more episodes of significant back pain during pregnancy. Of these, 143 (62%) with no further pregnancies completed the 24-28 months questionnaire follow-up survey, and persistence of significant back pain symptoms was seen in 33 (23.2%). Of those that completed the 2-year survey, 60 (41.9%) were available to complete the follow-up BMD assessment, which included 24 categorized as positive for persistent back pain, and 36 without further back pain symptoms (Figure 1). This final cohort of 60 women was used for further analysis in the current study.
Figure 1. Flow chart of women with or without persistent back pain included in the two-year longitudinal study. PBK, persistent back pain; NBP, no persistent back pain.
The mean loss in BMD from early to late gestation in the index pregnancy of this cohort was 0.373 g/cm2 (SD 0.029), representing around 5% of the early pregnancy value. A marginally loss of BMD was seen when the 2-year post delivery measurement was compared with the early pregnancy value (- 0.022 g/cm2, SD 0.04). On the other hand, body weight, body fat percentage and body mass index significantly increased from early to late pregnancy, but fell again at the 2-year post delivery survey. A positive gain was seen in all these parameters when the 2-year post delivery measurement was compared with the early pregnancy value (Table 1).
Table 1. Changes in basic anthropometric parameters during pregnancy and 24-28 months after delivery (n = 60)
The final cohort was then divided into the group with significant persistent back pain (PBP group, n = 24)) and the group without further back pain (NBP group, n = 36) at the 24-28 months assessment. The PBP group had higher early pregnancy BMD (0.686 Vs 0.605 g/cm2, p = 0.02) but also had higher BMD loss during pregnancy (0.047 Vs 0.030 g/cm2, p = 0.03) when compared to the NBP group. The PBK group also had higher weight gain at 2 years (3.68 Vs 2.86 kg, p = 0.031), and a higher net loss of BMD (-0.025 Vs -0.007 g/cm2, p = 0.023) at the 24-28 month assessment when compared to early pregnancy values. There was no difference in the duration of lactation in the index pregnancy between the two groups (Table 2). The NBP group appeared to have almost completely recovered their BMD loss in pregnancy, the BMD values at 2 years after delivery was nearly identical to the early pregnancy values (Table 2).
Table 2. Comparison of anthropometric and BMD differences in those with or without persistent pain at 24-28 months
The correlation between the early BMD values and the 24-28 month post delivery values were highly significant and reliable (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.95, p < 0.001 with 2-tailed analysis), as was the correlation between the late pregnancy BMD values and the 24-28 month post delivery value (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.97, p < 0.001 with 2 -tailed analysis).
A logistic regression model was constructed using the presence or absence of persistent back pain symptoms at the 24-28 months assessment as the dependent variable against all likely confounding continuous variables. Of the 4 variables found to be significant on univariate analysis, only weight gain at 2 years post delivery (p = 0.03) and BMD changes at 2 years post delivery (p = 0.03) remained in the equation, while the effects of early pregnancy BMD values and pregnancy BMD loss disappeared (Table 3). In qualitative terms, more weight gain at 2 years after delivery are associated with persistent back pain, while a net positive balance in BMD at 2 years was protective against persistent back pain symptoms.
Table 3. Stepwise logistic regression using persistence of significant post delivery back pain as dependent variable
Discussion
The data presented in this study confirmed a demonstrable progressive fall in BMD at the os calcis as measured by quantitative ultrasound from early to late pregnancy. The mean decrease in BMD was around 5.5% of the early pregnancy BMD value, and was consistent with previous studies utilizing various means to measure BMD loss in pregnancy [11,12], including quantitative ultrasound measurements using different [13,14] or similar systems [5,15,16]. The incidence of back pain symptoms of around 50% that was found in the current study was in line with what was reported in the literature [1-3]. The incidence of persistent back pain symptoms of around 20% at 2 years was also compatible with the data in the literature [3,17-19]. In addition, the current data was able to support an association between BMD loss during pregnancy, the degree of recovery of BMD loss after pregnancy and the persistence of back pain symptoms after the delivery.
Previous studies evaluating the risk factors for persistence of back pain in pregnancy focused on history of back pain [3,18], older age [3], younger age and higher weight [8], maternal smoking [9], the pattern of pain during the index pregnancy [20], as well as other psychosocial factors [8], but the role of postpartum BMD changes to persistence of back pain symptoms have yet to be studied in detail. Pregnancy has been documented to be a state of marked enhancement of bone turnover [21], during which a significant loss in BMD could be clearly demonstrated by direct methods, including standard dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) [11,22] and quantitative ultrasound [13-16]. This BMD loss is thought largely to be reversible in the long run [23,24]. While the role of BMD changes in relation to back pain symptoms during pregnancy have been explored [5,10], the longer term effects of such BMD loss in relation to persistence of back pain remains controversial. Previous studies have observed that a significant proportion of women who had documented back pain symptoms in pregnancy will be predisposed to have continued symptoms in subsequent years [18,19]. Our findings of higher BMD loss during pregnancy and inability to attain complete recovery of this loss after 2 years in the group with persistent back pain would suggest a relationship between persistent BMD loss and persistent back pain. It would be of interest to evaluate whether the group of women who would continue to have severe back pain symptoms in later life would be more prone to develop clinical osteoporosis than those without.
The possible mechanisms relating BMD loss and back pain remains elusive, as even in women with severe persistent back pain, the symptoms were only rarely associated with vertebral fractures or demonstrable radiological abnormalities [25]. Others would ascribe the back pain to biomechanical factors rather than to BMD loss [20], and that the BMD loss could theoretically be the result of immobilization or reduction in exercise levels because of persistent pain symptoms. However, quantitative BMD loss short of demonstrable fractures has also been associated with back, pelvic pain, as well as with hip pain symptoms [5,10]. Lower BMD values during pregnancy have been associated with a higher incidence of back and pelvic pain symptoms [14]. An association between decreased femoral bone density or transient osteoporosis of the hip and hip pain during pregnancy and in the immediate postpartum period has been reported [26-28]. Thus, mild forms of pregnancy osteoporosis might pass undiagnosed clinically, but could be associated with pain symptoms. In addition, in this cohort, we have not studied calcium intake or vitamin D status and the impact of these parameters on BMD loss during or after pregnancy. Further studies to address these issues would help to explain the pathophysiology underlying BMD recovery after pregnancy and delivery and the relationship to back pain.
In this cohort, we have observed that the persistent back pain group had higher early pregnancy BMD, but also higher BMD loss during pregnancy, as compared to those with no persistent pain. In our previous study [5], we have found that those with higher BMD loss in pregnancy actually tend to have higher BMD to start off with in early pregnancy, while those with borderline low BMD in early pregnancy apparently preserved BMD better and thus have lower BMD loss in pregnancy. As those with persistent back pain after pregnancy were also more likely to have higher BMD loss during pregnancy, epidemiologically, this could lead to the observation that those with persistent back pain having significantly higher early pregnancy BMD.
There were certain limitations to this study. While we have been able to survey the incidence of persistent back pain symptoms in around 55% of the original cohort, we were able to obtain BMD findings in only around 26% of our original cohort that reported back pain in pregnancy (60/230). It could be seen that only around 33% of those without further pain were available for the follow-up BMD assessment, while up to 73% of those with further pain underwent the BMD assessment. However, secondary analysis of indicative parameters such as basic epidemiological characteristics, BMD loss in pregnancy and the incidence of persistent back pain between the group that completed the follow-up study and those that defaulted did not show any significant differences. We thus believe that the data of the group presented here should be representative of the entire cohort. In addition, while the relatively small sample size in the final cohort could be underpowered to show differences in secondary parameters such as body fat changes at two years follow-up, the current cohort was already able to show consistent and significant differences in primary outcome parameters such as BMD loss during pregnancy and at 2 years post delivery between the two groups.
Quantitative ultrasound measurements of BMD have in general demonstrated good correlation with DXA measurements and are comparable to DXA in the prediction of clinical osteoporosis and fractures. Serial longitudinal comparisons could be affected by a relatively large coefficient of variation of 2-3% inherent in these quantitative ultrasound systems, particularly when the absolute difference to be measured is of magnitudes smaller than the coefficient of variation. However, as the magnitude of measurable BMD loss during pregnancy was substantial larger (5-7%) than the projected least significant change (LSC) that could be measured with the method, we believe that such measurements should be valid. Previous studies and our own data have demonstrated that the results of such quantitative ultrasound systems appear to be consistent and reproducible. [13-16]. In addition, when comparing the pregnancy BMD values and the 2-year follow-up values, we were able to find very high correlation coefficients despite the long time intervals between measurements This should be good evidence to support the reproducibility of such BMD measurements over time for any single individual. On the other hand, it could also be argued that after pregnancy, other measurement methods such as standard DXA for the axial skeleton or peripheral quantitative computerized tomography for the appendicular skeleton, which should have lower coefficients of variation, could provide more precise data. However, due to the theoretical risks of radiological exposure during pregnancy, such methods could only be used after delivery and direct correlation with data on BMD changes of the same skeletal site during pregnancy would not be possible. We have thus chosen to use the same method of measurement after pregnancy in order to compare directly with pregnancy values despite the limitations of such measurement methodology. Our data have shown that quantitative ultrasound is a viable method for monitoring the recovery of BMD after delivery to its pre- or early pregnancy states.
Conclusions
In summary, the findings in this study supported a correlation of BMD loss as well as the degree of recovery of this loss as measured by quantitative ultrasound and persistent back pain symptoms in pregnancy. Future larger scale studies involving serial measurements of BMD at different skeletal sites using methods to correlate with persistent back pain symptoms should be warranted. The long term implications of the ability to recover the BMD loss in pregnancy in terms of menopausal bone health and risks of osteoporosis would also need to be explored.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
Both authors conceived of the study, participated in the design and coordination of the study. Both authors participated in the data analysis and preparation of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript
Acknowledgements
We thank all participants who spent time and effort to complete the survey and the clinical assessments. We thank the nursing staff of the Postnatal Ward of United Christian Hospital for assisting with various parts of the study.
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Pre-publication history
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Research article
Extensive population genetic structure in the giraffe
David M Brown1, Rick A Brenneman2, Klaus-Peter Koepfli1, John P Pollinger1, Borja Milá1, Nicholas J Georgiadis3, Edward E Louis2, Gregory F Grether1, David K Jacobs1 and Robert K Wayne1*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
2 Center for Conservation and Research, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo, 3701 South 10th Street, Omaha, NE 68107, USA
3 Mpala Research Centre, PO Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Biology 2007, 5:57 doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-57
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/5/57
Received:2 October 2007
Accepted:21 December 2007
Published:21 December 2007
© 2007 Brown et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
A central question in the evolutionary diversification of large, widespread, mobile mammals is how substantial differentiation can arise, particularly in the absence of topographic or habitat barriers to dispersal. All extant giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) are currently considered to represent a single species classified into multiple subspecies. However, geographic variation in traits such as pelage pattern is clearly evident across the range in sub-Saharan Africa and abrupt transition zones between different pelage types are typically not associated with extrinsic barriers to gene flow, suggesting reproductive isolation.
Results
By analyzing mitochondrial DNA sequences and nuclear microsatellite loci, we show that there are at least six genealogically distinct lineages of giraffe in Africa, with little evidence of interbreeding between them. Some of these lineages appear to be maintained in the absence of contemporary barriers to gene flow, possibly by differences in reproductive timing or pelage-based assortative mating, suggesting that populations usually recognized as subspecies have a long history of reproductive isolation. Further, five of the six putative lineages also contain genetically discrete populations, yielding at least 11 genetically distinct populations.
Conclusion
Such extreme genetic subdivision within a large vertebrate with high dispersal capabilities is unprecedented and exceeds that of any other large African mammal. Our results have significant implications for giraffe conservation, and imply separate in situ and ex situ management, not only of pelage morphs, but also of local populations.
Background
In highly mobile species that are distributed across continuous habitat, persistent gene flow can stifle genetic differentiation and speciation [1]. Adult giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) weigh in excess of 1000 kg [2], frequently range over several hundred square km and are capable of long distance movements of 50–300 km [3]. Further, giraffes live in loosely constructed social groups with large home range sizes, ranging from 5 km2 to 992 km2 [3,4] throughout scrub and savannah habitat from the Sahel to South Africa (Figure 1A). These life history attributes would predict that low levels of differentiation should be found among populations because the extent of gene flow is related to the dispersal potential of individuals [5]. Consistent with this prediction, large-bodied mammals such as the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) generally have low levels of differentiation between adjacent populations [6,7]. However, giraffes exhibit a marked pattern of geographic variation in pelage coloration (Figure 1A) as well as in ossicone number [8,9] and mitochondrial variation [10] suggesting significant population differentiation despite the potential for high rates of genetic exchange.
Figure 1. Genetic subdivision in the giraffe based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. (A) Approximate geographic ranges, pelage patterns, and phylogenetic relationships between giraffe subspecies based on mtDNA sequences. Colored dots on the map represent sampling localities (see Additional files 1 and 10 for detailed locality information). The phylogenetic tree is a maximum-likelihood phylogram based on 1707 nucleotides of mtDNA sequence (1143 nt of cytochrome b, 429 nt control region and 135 nt of tRNA) from 266 giraffes. Asterisks along branches correspond to node-support values of > 90% bootstrap support. Stars at branch tips identify paraphyletic haplotypes found in Masai and reticulated giraffes. (B) Minimum-spanning network of control region haplotypes using the molecular-variance parsimony algorithm (see Additional file 8), where circles represent haplotypes, numbers within them correspond to haplotype designations, and circle sizes are proportional to the haplotype's frequency in the population. Branches represent a single nucleotide change and black squares represent multiple changes (indicated by adjacent numbers). Colors are coded as in Figure 1A.
Within the last century, numerous taxonomic schemes have been developed to reflect the regional differences in pelage pattern and morphology. These schemes have ranged from the recognition of two species, G. reticulata and G. camelopardalis and 10 subspecies for the latter [8], to the recognition of a single species (G. camelopardalis), with nine [11], eight [12], six [13] or five [14] subspecies (Table 1). The controversy regarding giraffe subspecies in part reflects high variability in pelage patterns within some populations [15] and suspected hybridization among putative subspecies [2,16,17]. Nonetheless, the boundaries between pelage types and the subspecies they represent can be abrupt and do not necessarily correspond to apparent habitat or topographic obstacles to dispersal. For example, in Kenya, Masai (G.c. tippleskirchi), reticulated (G.c. reticulata), and Rothschild's giraffes (G.c. rothschildi) have geographic boundaries in continuous acacia scrub woodland habitat [2]. The marked geographic differences in characters such as pelage pattern (Figure 1A) suggest reproductive isolation despite the potential for genetic exchange, yet to date, no comprehensive genetic studies using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers have been conducted to evaluate this hypothesis.
Table 1. Taxonomic classifications proposed for the giraffe
In this study, we present a phylogeographic and population genetic analysis of the giraffe across most of the species' remaining geographic range. We sampled free-ranging giraffes representing six of the nine subspecies defined by Dagg and Foster [11] who used specific morphologic criteria and recognized five distinct pelage patterns (Table 1, Figure 1A). We assessed genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and 14 nuclear microsatellite loci. We found concordant patterns of genetic subdivision in morphology and genetics coincident with subspecies boundaries and a fine scale pattern of genetic subdivision within putative subspecies. Such striking genetic partitioning within a highly mobile species is surprising, and implies environmental and behavioral mechanisms limit gene flow between populations. Our results have important conservation implications, as some of these genetically distinct populations clearly represent evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) that are highly threatened and lack appropriate recognition in current management plans.
Results
Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA sequences
We amplified and sequenced a 654-nucleotide (nt) fragment of mtDNA that spanned a region near the 3' end of the cytochrome b (CYTb) gene to the end of hypervariable region 1 of the control region in 266 giraffes from 19 localities (see Additional file 1) and one okapi (Okapia johnstoni). We detected 35 haplotypes that differed by 1–37 substitutions (uncorrected pairwise distance = 0.15–5.66%). To ensure phylogenetic resolution and robust support for relationships among haplotypes, the remaining portion of the CYTb gene was amplified and sequenced from 35 giraffes, representing each of the 35 unique haplotypes, and the okapi (1709 nt total). Phylogenetic analysis of these 35 sequences revealed the existence of seven primary clades that are well supported with bootstrap values generally over 90%. Moreover, these clades are largely consistent with pelage patterns and putative subspecific designations (Figure 1A). First, we found two West African haplotypes defined a cluster that is sister to a clade of three haplotypes belonging to the Rothschild's giraffes. This clade of West African and Rothschild's giraffe haplotypes is also supported by a synapomorphic single nucleotide insertion (A at position 350 of the 654-nt fragment) in the control region. These two clades are reciprocally monophyletic to a clade defined by the majority of haplotypes from the reticulated giraffe. A fourth and fifth clade are defined by Masai giraffe haplotypes east and west of the Rift Valley in Kenya. The Masai clade east of the Rift Valley is sister to a South African giraffe grouping defined by two haplotypes. Finally, a seventh clade is defined solely by Angolan giraffe haplotypes, which all share a synapomorphic T insertion at position 355 (of the 654-nt fragment) of the control region. The seven clades are grouped into two or three larger clades, depending on the method of rooting (Figure 1A; see Additional files 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), although relationships among these larger clades was not well resolved. Notably, midpoint rooting, which places the root at the midpoint between the most divergent lineages (assuming a uniform rate of molecular evolution), divided giraffes into a northern group containing Western, Rothschild's and reticulated giraffes and a southern group containing Masai, Angolan and South African giraffes (Figure 1A).
Additional file 1. Table showing giraffe sampling localities and sample sizes for mtDNA characterization with resulting mtDNA control region haplotypes
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Additional file 2. Figure showing maximum parsimony phylogeny of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) mtDNA haplotypes, rooted with okapi (Okapia johnstoni)
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Additional file 3. Figure showing maximum parsimony phylogeny of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) mtDNA haplotypes, rooted using midpoint rooting
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Additional file 4. Figure showing minimum evolution phylogeny of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) mtDNA haplotypes, rooted with okapi (Okapia johnstoni)
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Additional file 5. Figure showing minimum evolution phylogeny of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) mtDNA haplotypes, rooted using midpoint rooting
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Additional file 6. Figure showing maximum likelihood phylogeny of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) mtDNA haplotypes, rooted with okapi (Okapia johnstoni)
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Additional file 7. Figure showing maximum likelihood phylogeny of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) mtDNA haplotypes, rooted using midpoint rooting
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Two haplotypes were paraphyletic with respect to their subspecies (stars at terminals in Figure 1A). One highly divergent haplotype was found in a single reticulated giraffe and formed a sister lineage to the clade containing West African, Rothschild's, and all other reticulated giraffe haplotypes. A second haplotype was found in nine Masai giraffes and clustered with the reticulated giraffe haplotypes. These isolated cases of paraphyly likely represent ancient introgression events [18] or incomplete lineage sorting of variants rather than recent gene flow given the congruence between subspecies and nuclear DNA data patterns (see below).
Divergence times between the seven clades obtained from coalescence analysis [19] ranged from 0.13–0.37 million years (MY) between Masai and South African clades, to 0.54–1.62 MY between the southern clade (Masai, Angolan and South African giraffes) and the northern clade (West African, Rothschild's and reticulated giraffes) (Table 2). Values for the northern giraffe grouping were intermediate, with West African and Rothschild's giraffes diverging about 0.16–0.46 MY ago, and the two splitting from reticulated giraffes about 0.18–0.54 MY ago. These dates argue for a mid to late Pleistocene radiation of giraffes.
Table 2. Divergence times between giraffe clades
Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance [20] based only on the mtDNA control region data (429 nt) corroborates the phylogenetic results (see Additional file 8). Groupings according to the six subspecies resulted in substantially higher values of genetic variance partitioned among groups (φct = 75.37, p < 0.001) than alternative groupings, corresponding to the deeper clades (see Additional file 8). Haplotype (h) and nucleotide (π) diversity of giraffe control region sequences were generally low except for Masai and reticulated giraffes, which had values an order of magnitude greater than other groups (Figure 1B; see Additional file 9). The higher mtDNA diversity in both Masai and reticulated giraffes and the central placement of their haplotypes in the minimum-spanning network (Figure 1B) suggest that East Africa could represent the geographic origin of giraffes, consistent with the fact that the earliest fossil remains of Giraffa camelopardalis have been recovered in East Africa [21].
Additional file 8. Table of AMOVA results according to subspecific groupings
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Additional file 9. Table of sample sizes, number of mitochondrial haplotypes and molecular diversity indices per sampling locality and subspecies
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Analysis of microsatellite loci
Genetic structure was also inferred for 381 individuals from 18 localities (see Additional file 10) using 14 unlinked microsatellite loci [22] all in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (see Additional files 11 and 12). Giraffe genotypes were strongly clustered into subspecific groups based on neighbor-joining analysis of allele-sharing genetic distances (Figure 2). Likewise, Bayesian clustering analysis of multilocus genotypes using STRUCTURE [23] resolved all six groups and, in addition, revealed striking subdivision at the population level, with 11 of the 18 sampling localities resolved as distinct genetic clusters at K = 13 and in assignment tests (Figure 3 and Additional file 13). Assignment probabilities correctly classified 371 of 381 (97%) individuals to population of origin (p > 0.90; see Additional file 13). Only three individuals were identified as hybrids between adjacent groups (see Additional files 14 and 15). Allele frequency differentiation of groups, as measured by Fst, was significant for all pairwise comparisons (p < 0.05, G test) and ranged from 0.113 to 0.466 (see Additional file 16). These results suggest low levels of gene flow among groups. Bayesian inference of migration rates using microsatellite data suggests migration rates are less than 0.2% per generation between the six subspecific groups (Additional file 17). The Fst values among giraffe subspecies are comparable to that observed between forest and savannah species of the African elephant [6] and the levels of genetic structure observed within giraffe subspecies (Figures 2 and 3) are unprecedented for such a large and highly mobile African mammal.
Additional file 10. Table of sampling locations (six historical subspecies, 30 sample sites, 381 individuals) for microsatellite characterization
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Additional file 11. Table of summary statistics for microsatellite data (381 specimens, all populations and pelage subspecies)
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Additional file 12. Tables showing (A) observed and expected heterozygosity, and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in six giraffe subspecific populations, and (B) observed and expected heterozygosity, and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in 16 giraffe populations
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Additional file 13. Tables showing (A) posterior probability population assignments of 381 Individuals, based on assignment to pelage/subspecies designations using STRUCTURE [19], and (B) subspecies assignment of 381 individuals, based on assignment to pelage/subspecies designations, using multilocus genotypes and Bayesian analysis (Rannala and Mountain method in Geneclass2 [46,47])
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Additional file 14. Table of STRUCTURE [23] cluster results identify three possible subspecies hybrids, four population hybrids within the same subspecies and one possible population migrant within the same subspecies
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Additional file 15. Figure showing STRUCTURE [19] cluster assignments of detected giraffe hybrids
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Additional file 16. Tables showing (A) pairwise Fst values and statistical significance for the six giraffe subspecies; (B) pairwise values for Nei's genetic distance among six giraffe subspecies; (C) G.c. angolensis (Angolan) population pairwise comparison Fst values and statistical significance; (D) G.c. reticulata (Reticulated) population pairwise comparison Fst values and statistical significance; (E) G.c. rothschildi (Rothschild's) population pairwise comparison Fst values and statistical significance; (F) G.c. tippelskirchi (Masai) population pairwise comparison Fst values and statistical significance; and (G) G.c. tippelskirchi (Masai) Serengeti N.P. population pairwise comparison Fst values and statistical significance
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Additional file 17. Table showing migration rates among giraffe subspecies
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Figure 2. Genetic subdivision in the giraffe based on microsatellites alleles. Neighbor-joining network of allele-sharing distances (Ds) based on 14 microsatellite loci typed in 381 giraffes. Colors are coded as in Figure 1A.
Figure 3. Genetic subdivision among giraffe groups and populations based on Bayesian cluster analysis [23] of 14 microsatellite loci from 381 individuals. Shown are the proportions of individual multilocus genotypes attributable to clusters (K) indicated by different colors. Sample group designations and sampling locations are denoted. We varied K from 2–16 and at least six groups corresponding to currently defined subspecies and 11 geographic clusters are resolved as indicated.
Although hybridization in the wild has been reported for some subspecies (e.g., Masai and reticulated giraffes [2]), our results show little evidence for genetic exchange between subspecies or the 11 genetic units defined by STRUCTURE (Figures 2 and 3; Additional file 13). Only three potential subspecies hybrids in our sample of 381 individuals were identified by assignment tests (see Additional file 14) and include two Rothschild's/reticulated hybrids, and one Masai/reticulated hybrid. In fact, neighboring populations often show high levels of differentiation despite being closely situated (e.g., Masai, reticulated and Rothschild's giraffes in Kenya [2]) and not separated by apparent habitat or topographic boundaries. Within subspecies, the three reticulated giraffe localities were all significantly differentiated (microsatellite Fst = 0.093–0.113; see Additional file 16) even though they range from only 67 to 134 km distant. Genetic differentiation was also significant between four of the Masai giraffe sampling locations within Serengeti National Park (microsatellite Fst = 0.080–0.126; see Additional file 16) even through they range from only 60 to 130 km distant. The absence of genetic exchange, even between subspecies sharing a common geographic boundary, suggests they might be reproductively isolated.
Discussion
Historical causes of diversification
Our genetic results reveal the existence of sharp geographic subdivisions in mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite allele frequencies, which are concordant with subspecific geographic ranges (Figures 1 and 2). Estimated divergence times among giraffe clades suggest a mid to late Pleistocene diversification of giraffes during a time of intense climatic change in sub-Saharan Africa [24-26]. Specifically, three climate-related factors could have influenced isolation among giraffe populations. First, paleoclimatic evidence indicates increasing aridity and cooler conditions beginning in the Late Pliocene that likely reduced connectivity between habitats favored by giraffes [24,27]. Second, pronounced periodic oscillations of wet and dry conditions driven by changes in the intensity and location of maximal insolation and with a 21000 year periodicity could have facilitated habitat fragmentation and population isolation [27,28]. Third, regional changes in habitat distribution could have promoted the isolation of specific populations, such as the expansion of the Mega Kalahari desert basin during dry periods of the Late Pleistocene that might have isolated Angolan and South African giraffe populations [29].
If climatic fluctuations caused broad scale changes in vegetation and habitat, leading to population divergence, then the phylogeographical patterns of giraffes should also be found in other species. Indeed, western, eastern, and southern African phylogeographic groupings in the giraffe mtDNA genealogy are broadly concordant with the genetic patterns observed in other taxa of large African mammals and might correspond to former habitat refuges [30]. For example, the phylogeographic patterns in the giraffe are strikingly congruent with those observed in the hartebeest (Alcelaphus spp.) complex [31,32]. Such concordance in phylogeographic patterns among multiple unrelated species suggests histories shaped by similar environmental forces, namely, changes in habitat related to climatic fluctuations [24], in agreement with models of environmentally driven evolution [33-35].
Factors currently maintaining isolation among giraffe populations
Past historical factors leading to allopatric divergence could explain broad scale geographic divisions among western, eastern, and southern phylogeographic groupings. However, based on current knowledge of ecological or topographic factors, our results imply that those factors alone cannot explain the reproductive isolation among the parapatric subspecies of giraffes found in East Africa (Masai, Rothschild's, and reticulated giraffes). Indeed, despite suggestions that hybridization occurs frequently among giraffe subspecies, our microsatellite data suggests that such events are quite rare, occurring in only three of 381 sampled individuals (0.8%). In East Africa, one contributing factor to reproductive isolation might be natural selection for a reproductive cycle coincident with the emergence of new browse in contrasting climate regimes. The dry season occurs in July and August in the Sahelian zone north of the equator in contrast to December to March to the south [36]. Giraffes exhibit strong seasonality in births associated with the dry season when, in anticipation of the wetter conditions to follow, a flush of new tree shoots grow, and the protein content of browse is highest [37]. Rapid growth in juvenile giraffes is advantageous, especially during the first year, when mortality due to predation can range between 50–70% [12,38]. Consequently, hybridization between giraffes North and South of the equator could result in offspring born at the inappropriate season and have reduced fitness. Additionally, the apparent absence of strong post-mating barriers to reproduction in captivity [11,39] suggests a role for behavioral isolation in the wild. Our finding that pelage and genetic divergence in both maternally and biparentally inherited genetic markers are concordant on a broad geographic scale implicates pelage-based mate preferences as a possible isolating factor. Communication among giraffes is primarily visual [11] and given marked variation in pelage, assortative mating by pelage type could occur among some populations. For example, sexual imprinting, in which early exposure to conspecifics influences mate choice later in life [40], can cause speciation between populations that have diverged in allopatry and experience reinforcement upon secondary contact [41-43]. Although giraffes live in loose, non-territorial herds, calves are likely to be in close contact with only their mothers and other members of the local crèche until they are several months old [44]. Thus, individual giraffes might develop pelage-specific mate preferences, even in regions of overlap between subspecies. In zoo settings, visual barriers to interbreeding might not be maintained if calves are exposed to multiple pelage types. These tentative hypotheses need testing from comparative field studies focused on giraffe dispersal and reproductive biology.
The fine-scaled patterns of population isolation we observe within giraffe subspecies (Figure 3) are surprising given that giraffe social groupings and home ranges are known to be highly transient [2,4]. However, our genetic results suggest that giraffe social structure might be much more stable over the long term than has been shown by previous short-term observational field studies [4] and might also have a major influence on genetic differentiation among populations at larger geographic scales (i.e., subspecies).
Genetic units and potential giraffe species
The concordant genetic and phenotypic divisions among giraffe subspecies (Figures 1 and 2) and the near absence of hybrids even between parapatric subspecies (e.g. among Masai, reticulated and Rothschild's giraffes) suggest that the giraffe might represent more than one species. Criteria for species designation vary according to the taxonomic group considered and the biological properties emphasized. For example, the biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation [1] whereas the phylogenetic species concept emphasizes fixed and diagnosable differences among species [45]. However, despite the differences among species concepts, there is a general consensus that species are separately-evolving metapopulation lineages united by gene flow [46]. We have shown that among giraffe subspecific groupings, including those that are adjacent to one another, there is an almost complete lack of gene flow, suggesting that these groups are reproductively isolated and thus constitute separate lineages. This conclusion is further supported by our mtDNA-based coalescence analysis, which indicates that groups have been isolated from one another between 0.13 and 1.62 MY (Table 2). The demonstration of largely independent gene pools using both organellar and nuclear loci among proximate populations constitutes one of the strongest forms of evidence that speciation has occurred [47]. Consequently, these arguments support viewing the giraffe as containing multiple distinct species rather than a single polytypic form. Reciprocal monophyly in mtDNA sequences and nearly absolute partitioning in microsatellite data support minimally six species, corresponding to Giraffa peralta, G. rothschildi, G. reticulata, G. tippelskirchi, G. giraffa, and G. angolensis. Further, the Masai giraffe might constitute more than one species, consistent with its subdivision into populations east and west of the Rift Valley. However, additional taxa might be defined, pending analysis of the subspecies included in taxonomic schemes (Table 1) not sampled by our study design (e.g., G. c. antiquorum[10]). Finally, many of these species appear to include multiple distinct population units that are genetically differentiated. Despite the demonstrated capability for long distance dispersal [3], ecological, historical and behavioral factors could have collectively caused differentiation in the giraffe comparable to that of highly sedentary species. Consequently, individual dispersal, even in one of the most highly vagile terrestrial vertebrates, does not preclude an as yet uncertain isolating mechanism.
Conclusion
We have shown that, despite a high capacity for dispersal, the giraffe exhibits extensive population genetic structure in both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers. Further, our results indicate that neighbouring subspecies as well as those that are geographically separated are essentially reproductively isolated, suggesting that some might represent distinct species rather than a single polytypic form. Minimally, the seven lineages that are reciprocally monophyletic in the mtDNA tree (Figure 1A) need to be considered evolutionarily significant units if not species, even under the most conservative definition of the term, whereas the remaining populations should be considered independent genetic units [48,49], all needing separate population management.
Our results have important implications with regards to the conservation of giraffe populations. Giraffes were once continuously distributed throughout the dry savannas of Africa, from Algeria and Morocco to South Africa [2,11]. However, the geographic range of the giraffe has been severely fragmented during historic times due to increasing aridity and human population growth so that today, giraffes are discontinuously distributed from the Sahel to South Africa. Recent estimates indicate that approximately 110000 giraffes exist in Africa [13], but many populations are declining due to human pressures. For example, severe poaching and armed conflict in Somalia, Ethiopia, and Kenya reduced the number of reticulated giraffes (G.c. reticulata) from about 27000 individuals in the 1990s to currently fewer than 3000 individuals ([13]; N. Georgiadis, unpublished results). The evolutionarily significant units that we have uncovered and their isolated constituent populations merit conservation and separate management. Several of these previously unrecognized genetic units are highly endangered, such as the West African giraffe, numbering about only 100 individuals and restricted to a single area in Niger [13,50]. However, the giraffe is currently listed as Lower Risk by the IUCN Red List [51] under the assumption that all giraffe populations are considered a single species and therefore managed as such. Our results show that even within well known and highly mobile species, subdivisions can exist and their lack of recognition could lead to further endangerment or even extinction [52].
Methods
Sample collection
Skin biopsies were taken by remote system delivery of biopsy darts. We used a CO2 powered DanInject (Børkop, Denmark) Model JM with both in house and manufactured (Palmer Capshur, Atlanta, GA, USA) 6 mm biopsy darts. Where observed, we attempted to sample distinct groups within each subspecies. The presence of so many mtDNA haplotypes within many subspecies suggests multiple matralines were sampled (see results). Subspecies assignments for each sampled giraffe were based on geographic location and pelage following Dagg and Foster [11]. The skin samples were placed in 0.5 ml room temperature tissue preservative buffer for preservation. Samples were transferred to the same buffer but with 0.2% gluteraldehyde for sterilization before export/import to the USA. The sampling performed by HDZ researchers was performed under Kenyan permit KE911780-1, Ugandan permits UWA/PMR/RES/50 and Ugandan National Council for Science and Technology permit #EC549, Niger Interior Ministry Permit 731 and Namibian Ministry of Environment and Tourism Research/Collection Permit #597/2002. All samples were imported under USDA/APHIS Import Permit #43686. Detailed permit information is available on request to the authors. We extracted genomic DNA from giraffe biopsy samples using a standard phenol chloroform/isoamyl alcohol extraction protocol.
Mitochondrial DNA
A 654-nucleotide fragment of mtDNA was amplified and sequenced in 266 giraffes and one okapi (Okapia johnstoni). We amplified and sequenced this fragment using the primers L15774 and H16498 [53]. Polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed in a 50 μl reaction using an MWG-Biotech Primus 96 Plus thermal cycler with 35.7 μl sterile double-distilled water, 5 μl 10 × PCR buffer, 5 μl of 25 mM MgCl2, 1 μl of 10 mM dNTP mix, 1 μl of both 25 pM/μl forward and reverse primers, 0.3 μl Taq polymerase (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), and approximately 50 ng of genomic DNA. The PCR amplification profile was 94°C for 3 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, a primer-specific annealing temperature for 35 s, 72°C for 45 s, ending with a single extension of 72°C for 5 min. All PCRs included a negative control (no DNA). PCR products of expected size were excised from 1% agarose/Tris/acetic acid/EDTA gels and purified using an Ultra Clean Kit (MoBio Laboratories, Solana Beach, CA, USA). The mitochondrial fragment was sequenced in both forward and reverse directions on a Beckman CEQXL2000 capillary sequencer (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA). Sequences were aligned using Sequencher 3.0 (Gene Codes Corp., Ann Arbor, MI, USA).
The mtDNA data matrix (n = 266 sequences) was collapsed to 35 haplotypes using the program Collapse v1.1 [54]. To ensure proper phylogenetic resolution and robust support for relationships among haplotypes, the rest of the CYTb gene was amplified and sequenced from 35 giraffes, representing each of the 35 unique haplotypes, and the okapi. Primers L14724 [55], L15162, and H15915 [56] were used to amplify and sequence the CYTb gene using the same protocols described above. This sequence was then concatenated with the 654 nt fragment, resulting in an alignment length of 1709 nt (with okapi) or 1707 nt (without okapi). These sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers EU088317EU88352).
Phylogenetic relationships among the 35 giraffe haplotypes (1709 nt) were estimated using maximum parsimony (equally weighted) (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and minimum evolution (ME) methods. The HKY85+I+G model of DNA substitution was selected [57] and used in ML and ME analyses that included only giraffe haplotypes. For analyses that included the okapi, the HKY85 (without accounting for site heterogeneity) model was used. Gaps (insertions/deletions) were coded as a fifth base in MP analyses. Maximum parsimony and ME analyses were executed in PAUP* 4.0b10 [58]. For these analyses, heuristic searches were performed using 100 random sequence additions, with one tree held at each step during stepwise addition, tree-bisection-reconnection branch swapping, steepest descent option not in effect, no upper bound for MaxTrees, and MulTrees option in effect. Maximum likelihood analyses were conducted with TREEFINDER [59] and parameters of the HKY85+I+G or HKY85 model were estimated along with the tree topology. For each phylogenetic method, robustness of clades was assessed using 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates. The okapi sequence was used to root the phylogenies of the giraffe haplotypes. However, due to the large sequence divergence between giraffe and okapi (and therefore the potential for signal saturation), phylogenetic trees including only giraffe haplotypes were also midpoint rooted. Regardless of rooting method or optimality criterion used, clades with a ≥ 80% bootstrap value were maintained across all analyses (Figure 1A and Additional files 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
Minimum-spanning network between haplotypes
We also constructed a minimum-spanning network of absolute distances between control region haplotypes using the molecular-variance parsimony algorithm as implemented in Arlequin v3.1 [20].
Genetic structure and diversity
Population structure was deduced with an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) using Arlequin V3.1 [20]. In order to identify groups of populations based on genetic differences, we grouped sampling localities to maximise the among-group variance component (Φct). Haplotype and nucleotide diversity indices were calculated with Arlequin V3.1 using mtDNA control region data.
Estimation of divergence times using MDIV [19]
We generated maximum likelihood estimates of θ, twice the effective female population size (Nfe) times the mutation rate (u); T, the divergence time between two populations scaled by population size; and M, the gene migration rate between the two populations, also scaled by population size. We assumed uniform prior distributions and applied an HKY model of mutation [60] to allow for the possibility of multiple mutations per site. We ran Markov chains of 4000000 cycles preceded by a "burn-in" period of 500000 cycles for each pairwise population comparison, set maximum values for T and M of 10 and 30, respectively, and ran the analysis three times for each population comparison using different random seeds. We calculated divergence time (t) using the formula t = T /(2u)*g, where T and θ are generated by the program, u is the mutation rate, and g is generation time in years. We calculated u as 2*μ*k, where μ is the mutation rate per nucleotide and k is the length of the sequence. Given the higher mutation rate found in the control region relative to the cytochrome b gene, we used a range of estimated mutation rates for control region sequence that span values found previously in other large mammal species. These included 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 substitutions/site/MY, and a generation time of 4 years, which is the approximate age of first breeding for giraffes [38].
Microsatellite amplification/genotyping
We amplified 13 published [22] and one novel (see Additional file 18) giraffe-specific microsatellite loci to generate multilocus genotypes for the 381 individuals. We performed the PCR amplification in 25 μl reaction volumes using an ABI 480 thermocycler (Perkin-Elmer; Foster City, CA, USA) with approximately 50 ng of genomic DNA as template. Final amplification conditions consisted of 12.5 pmol unlabelled reverse primer, 12.5 pmol fluorescently labeled forward primer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 μM each dNTP, and 0.5 units of Taq DNA polymerase (Promega; Madison, WI, USA). The thermal profile for PCR amplification was 95°C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturing at 95°C for 30 s, a annealing at primer-specific temperature for 30 s, and elongated at 72°C for 30 s, ending with a single extension of 72°C for 10 min. We separated the PCR products on either a 7% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresed on an ABI 377 or through POP4 capillary buffer electrophoresed on an ABI 3100 DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Inc; Foster City, CA, USA). We assigned allele fragment lengths relative to the GeneScan-500 (TAMRA; Applied Biosystems, Inc; Foster City, CA, USA) size standard using the ABI GeneScan software program. We checked and corrected the data set for errors using MICRO-CHECKER 2.2.3 [61] and MSA 4.00 [62].
Additional file 18. Table of primer sequences and amplification characteristics of Giraffa camelopardalis microsatellite locus NECK484
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Microsatellite analysis
Allelic diversity, and expected (He) and observed (Ho) heterozygosity were calculated using the program GENALEX [63]. Each locus was tested for deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium with other loci (p < 0.05) using the program Genepop [64]. Bonferroni corrections to significance values [65] were applied to account for multiple tests (see Additional files 12 and 12).
Allele-sharing neighbour-joining network
We generated the neighbor-joining network tree using 14-locus genotypes of 381 individuals. The network was created using the allele-sharing distance Ds [66] and the program POPULATIONS v1.2.28 [67].
Bayesian clustering analysis
We used the program STRUCTURE [23] to infer genetic population structure using genotypes from 14 microsatellite loci of 381 individuals. All individuals were combined into one dataset for analysis, without any a priori population assignments and admixture was allowed. We evaluated K values, the number of assumed populations, from 1–16 using a burn-in of 50000 iterations followed by 500000 iterations for each value of K. Each value of K was run a minimum of three times to evaluate stability (see Additional file 19). We then calculated the posterior probability of population assignment to one of the six subspecies using initial assignments based on the a priori K = 13 cluster proportion results, with the migration parameter set to γ = 0.1 (see Additional file 13). We also utilized the program GENECLASS2 [68] for a comparative estimate of population assignments using the same K = 13 cluster proportion results for initial population assignments. We used the Rannala and Mountain [69] Bayesian assignment method with the simulation method of Paetkau [70] and an assignment threshold level of 0.05 (see Additional file 13).
Additional file 19. Figure showing likelihood values for inferred number of genetic clusters (K) from STRUCTURE [23] (three iterations per value of K)
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Population differentiation and inbreeding coefficients
We calculated pairwise Fst values using microsatellite results for population comparisons at the subspecies, population and sampling site levels using the program Fstat [71] (see Additional file 16). Significant values of Fst were determined using the G test in Fstat (α = 0.05). We also calculated Nei's genetic distance [72] for population comparisons at the subspecies level (GENALEX [63]) (see Additional file 16). Population inbreeding coefficients (Fis) were also calculated using Fstat and significant values determined using α = 0.05 (see Additional file 20).
Additional file 20. Table of overall Fis values per subspecies, and per population
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Migration-rate estimation
Recent migration rates between the six giraffe subspecies were estimated using a Bayesian MCMC analysis of microsatellite genotypes (BayesAss 1.3 [73]). Individuals were preassigned to the six subspecies based on sampling location. We used 3000000 iterations, a sampling frequency of 2000, a burn-in length of 999999 iterations, and delta values for allele frequency, migration rate and level of inbreeding of 0.15 (see Additional file 17).
Isolation by distance
We tested for isolation by distance between subspecies, populations and sample locations using a comparison of genetic distance (Fst/(1-Fst)) with geographic distance, applying the Mantel test in GENALEX [63] (999 permutations, significance level p < 0.01) (see Additional file 21).
Additional file 21. Table of Mantel test of isolation by distance results (correlation of genetic distance (Fst/(1-Fst) with geographic distance)
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Molecular analysis of variance – microsatellites
We calculated molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) for microsatellite data at the subspecies (Q = 6) and population (Q = 10) levels (999 permutations) using the program GENALEX [63] (see Additional file 22).
Additional file 22. Table of AMOVA using microsatellite data results
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Authors' contributions
DMB conceived and designed the study and collected the mitochondrial sequence data and contributed to writing the paper. RAB and EEL helped in study design, obtained giraffe samples, and collected the microsatellite data. NJG helped in study design and obtained giraffe samples. KPK helped collect additional mitochondrial sequence data, performed the phylogenetic analyses and contributed to writing the paper. JPP analyzed the microsatellite data and contributed to writing the paper. BM performed the population genetic analyses and divergence dating analyses on the mitochondrial sequence data and contributed to writing the paper. GFG contributed to writing the paper. DKJ contributed to writing the paper. RKW supervised the study and contributed to writing the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We thank Lauren Caister for her contribution of the giraffe DNA samples from Niger, The Zoological Society of San Diego for the okapi DNA sample, and the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo for funding for the mtDNA analysis. We thank three anonymous reviewers for comments that improved the manuscript. This study was supported by research funds from the US National Science Foundation.
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Identifying Challenges in Implementing Sustainable Practices in a Developing Nation
Omidreza Saadatian, Osman Mohd Tahir, Kamariah binti Dola
Abstract
The South Pars Special Economic Energy Zone (SPSEEZ) is the largest petroleum zone in Iran and the second biggest gas producer in the world. It is now one of the world’s most important eco-industrial poles. Despite the rapid development and activists’ calls to sustainable path, there is little systematic effort in the assessment of industrial zones sustainability in developing countries. Iran, a nation that has ratified the Rio Declaration pact, has moved forward in order to achieve sustainable development. There have always been controversial debates due to its success. This paper employs survey, interview as well as observation to explore the perception of people on planning and sustainable development efforts and to identify the most important challenges at SPSEEZ. The result shows that the major impediment against sustainability is the lack of involvement from urban planners and the public during decision-making process. Finally, the paper contributes to the identification of the most urgent problems in SPSEEZ and the functions of different stakeholders as a reference for better sustainable development planning.
Full Text: PDF
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Journal of Sustainable Development ISSN 1913-9063 (Print) ISSN 1913-9071 (Online)
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<D <M <Y
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(3) Cue Ball Wild Pool: As promised. This is a pool variant that you play when your pool table has two cue balls but no eight ball (as did the pool table at the retreat). It's just like regular pool, except you can make a shot using either of the two cue balls. This is faster and more fun than regular pool.
Niggly sub-rules: when you choose a cue ball, the other cue ball is the eight ball for the duration of that shot (so if you sink one cue ball using the other, you lose unless it's the endgame and you were trying to sink the eight ball). If the other player sinks the cue ball they used, you have to put it somewhere appropriate on the table as in regular pool, but you don't have to use it on your next shot.
Rules for the horrible pool variants Andy and I used to play (with rules for cue ball bowling, bonuses for making a ball jump off the table and hit the potted fern, etc.) not forthcoming.
(2) Official Crummy.com Licensed Joke Product:
Q: What pet does a vampire keep?
A: A coffinfish!
I can't believe Big Book Of Jokes For Kids didn't accept that joke.
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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Contra Costa County, CaliforniaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States California Contra Costa County
Guide to Contra Costa County California genealogy. Birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, family history, and military records.
California
Online Records
Contra Costa County, California
Map
Location in the state of California
Location of California in the U.S.
Facts
Founded 1850, February 18
County Seat Martinez
Courthouse
Address Contra Costa County
730 Las Juntas St;
PO Box 350;
Martinez, CA 94553;
Phone. 925.646.2360
Contra Costa County Website
Contents
County Courthouse
County Recorder has birth and death records; County Clerk
has marriage, divorceCounty Clerk has marriage, divoce,
probate and court records[1]
Historical Facts
Contra Costa County began in 1850 as one of the original counties in the new state of California. Located in the East Bay area, San Pablo Bay and Suisun Bay partially surround the land area of the county and have contributed to the economy since the gold rush.
Wikipedia has more about this subject: Contra Costa County, California
Parent County
18 February 1850: Contra Costa County was created as an original county. County seat: Martinez [2]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Antioch
Brentwood
Clayton
Concord
Danville
El Cerrito
Hercules
Lafayette
Martinez Moraga
Oakley Orinda
Pinole Pittsburg Pleasant Hill
Richmond
San Pablo San Ramon
Walnut Creek
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Bible Records
Biography
Cemeteries
Census
For tips on accessing Contra Costa County, California census records online, see: California Census.
Church History and Records
Court Records
Crime and Criminals
Directories
Ethnic, Political, or Religious Groups
Germans
Gazetteers
Genealogy
A wiki article describing an online collecion is found at:
California, Genealogical Collections at the California Genealogical Society (FamilySearch Historical Records)
History
Land and Property
Maps
Migration
Military History and Records
Naturalization and Citizenship
Newspapers
Obituaries
Periodicals
Probate Records
Repositories
Archives, Libraries and Museums
County Courthouse
Family History Centers
Societies
San Ramon Valley Genealogical Society serves local genealogy enthusiasts. Monthly meetings are held at the Danville Family History Center in Alamo, California on the 3rd Tuesday at 10am.
Taxation
Vital Records
Birth
Marriage
Divorce
Death
Contra Costa County maintains records of death certificates from 1905 to present. You can obtain an informational copy for a fee by mailing the Application for Death Record from the county clerk's website with your payment. As with other counties, you only need to get the form notarized if you want a certified copy. Informational copies do not need a notary.
Voting Registers
Web Sites
A wiki article describing this collection is found at:
References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Contra Costa County, California. Page 84 At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
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• This page was last modified on 25 April 2013, at 00:52.
• This page has been accessed 2,780 times.
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Question about data centers
Newbie Member
26May2011,22:12 #1
How does an IT Manager, or whoever in the company makes the decision of which data center to buy space in, select and or compare data centers?
is it just pure cost per Kwat hour or cost of power usage or are there other fees that are associated with data centers that increase overall cost?
Also if there is a better place to post this question please refer me to that location because I am new to this forum.
Invasive contributor
27May2011,08:59 #2
Duplicate thread of http://www.go4expert.com/showthread.php?t=25912 .. Infraction Given! Over to Shabbir to close the thread!
Go4Expert Founder
27May2011,09:03 #3
Closed.
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Bibliography: Books to Look For (F&SF, May-June 2010)
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Title: Books to Look For (F&SF, May-June 2010)
Author: Charles de Lint
Year: 2010
Type: ESSAY
Series: Books To Look For
ISFDB Record Number: 1122729
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(6), 7271-7282; doi:10.3390/ijms13067271
Article
Oral Administration of Apigenin Inhibits Metastasis through AKT/P70S6K1/MMP-9 Pathway in Orthotopic Ovarian Tumor Model
Jun He 1,2,† , Qing Xu 1,† , Min Wang 1 , Chongyong Li 1 , Xu Qian 1 , Zhumei Shi 1 , Ling-Zhi Liu 2 and Bing-Hua Jiang 1,2,*
1 State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China 2 Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA These authors contributed equally to this work.
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 27 April 2012; in revised form: 28 May 2012 / Accepted: 29 May 2012 / Published: 13 June 2012
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics)
Download PDF Full-Text [872 KB, uploaded 13 June 2012 09:33 CEST]
Abstract: Apigenin, a flavonoid commonly present in the daily diet, is known for its potential anti-tumor properties. However, the effect of apigenin via oral administration on tumor growth and metastasis remains unknown. In this study we developed an orthotopic ovarian tumor model in nude mice to test the effect of apigenin oral administration, and showed that apigenin inhibited the micrometastasis of cancer cells in the animal tumor model. To understand the mechanism of apigenin in inhibiting metastasis, we found that apigenin greatly inhibited MMP-9 expression and p-AKT and p-p70S6K1 levels in the tumor tissues compared to the control group. We further demonstrated that the downregulation of MMP-9 by apigenin was mediated by the AKT/p70S6K1 pathway. These findings help to address the question with common interests to the public of whether oral uptake of flavonoids is effective in preventing cancer. Our results demonstrate for the first time that oral uptake of apigenin can inhibit tumor metastasis through MMP-9 expression using the orthotopic ovarian tumor model.
Keywords: apigenin; orthotopic ovarian cancer model; metastasis; MMP-9
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
He, J.; Xu, Q.; Wang, M.; Li, C.; Qian, X.; Shi, Z.; Liu, L.-Z.; Jiang, B.-H. Oral Administration of Apigenin Inhibits Metastasis through AKT/P70S6K1/MMP-9 Pathway in Orthotopic Ovarian Tumor Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 7271-7282.
AMA Style
He J, Xu Q, Wang M, Li C, Qian X, Shi Z, Liu L-Z, Jiang B-H. Oral Administration of Apigenin Inhibits Metastasis through AKT/P70S6K1/MMP-9 Pathway in Orthotopic Ovarian Tumor Model. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(6):7271-7282.
Chicago/Turabian Style
He, Jun; Xu, Qing; Wang, Min; Li, Chongyong; Qian, Xu; Shi, Zhumei; Liu, Ling-Zhi; Jiang, Bing-Hua. 2012. "Oral Administration of Apigenin Inhibits Metastasis through AKT/P70S6K1/MMP-9 Pathway in Orthotopic Ovarian Tumor Model." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13, no. 6: 7271-7282.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. EISSN 1422-0067 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Energies 2011, 4(1), 39-56; doi:10.3390/en4010039
Article
Offshore Antarctic Peninsula Gas Hydrate Reservoir Characterization by Geophysical Data Analysis
National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics-OGS/Borgo Grotta Gigante, 42/C Trieste, Italy
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 8 December 2010; in revised form: 21 December 2010 / Accepted: 24 December 2010 / Published: 31 December 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Gas Hydrate)
Download PDF Full-Text [1140 KB, uploaded 31 December 2010 11:30 CET]
Abstract: A gas hydrate reservoir, identified by the presence of the bottom simulating reflector, is located offshore of the Antarctic Peninsula. The analysis of geophysical dataset acquired during three geophysical cruises allowed us to characterize this reservoir. 2D velocity fields were obtained by using the output of the pre-stack depth migration iteratively. Gas hydrate amount was estimated by seismic velocity, using the modified Biot-Geerstma-Smit theory. The total volume of gas hydrate estimated, in an area of about 600 km2, is in a range of 16 × 109–20 × 109 m3. Assuming that 1 m3 of gas hydrate corresponds to 140 m3 of free gas in standard conditions, the reservoir could contain a total volume that ranges from 1.68 to 2.8 × 1012 m3 of free gas. The interpretation of the pre-stack depth migrated sections and the high resolution morpho-bathymetry image allowed us to define a structural model of the area. Two main fault systems, characterized by left transtensive and compressive movement, are recognized, which interact with a minor transtensive fault system. The regional geothermal gradient (about 37.5 °C/km), increasing close to a mud volcano likely due to fluid-upwelling, was estimated through the depth of the bottom simulating reflector by seismic data.
Keywords: BSR; CIGs; velocity model; gas estimate; bathymetry; tectonics; Antarctic Peninsula
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Loreto, M.F.; Tinivella, U.; Accaino, F.; Giustiniani, M. Offshore Antarctic Peninsula Gas Hydrate Reservoir Characterization by Geophysical Data Analysis. Energies 2011, 4, 39-56.
AMA Style
Loreto MF, Tinivella U, Accaino F, Giustiniani M. Offshore Antarctic Peninsula Gas Hydrate Reservoir Characterization by Geophysical Data Analysis. Energies. 2011; 4(1):39-56.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Loreto, Maria Filomena; Tinivella, Umberta; Accaino, Flavio; Giustiniani, Michela. 2011. "Offshore Antarctic Peninsula Gas Hydrate Reservoir Characterization by Geophysical Data Analysis." Energies 4, no. 1: 39-56.
Energies EISSN 1996-1073 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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NANO EXPRESS
Periodically Aligned Si Nanopillar Arrays as Efficient Antireflection Layers for Solar Cell Applications
Xiaocheng Li*, Junshuai Li, Ting Chen, BengKang Tay, Jianxiong Wang and Hongyu Yu
Author affiliations
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
Nanoscale Research Letters 2010, 5:1721-1726 doi:10.1007/s11671-010-9701-3
Published: 28 July 2010
Abstract
Periodically aligned Si nanopillar (PASiNP) arrays were fabricated on Si substrate via a silver-catalyzed chemical etching process using the diameter-reduced polystyrene spheres as mask. The typical sub-wavelength structure of PASiNP arrays had excellent antireflection property with a low reflection loss of 2.84% for incident light within the wavelength range of 200–1,000 nm. The solar cell incorporated with the PASiNP arrays exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ~9.24% with a short circuit current density (JSC) of ~29.5 mA/cm2 without using any extra surface passivation technique. The high PCE of PASiNP array-based solar cell was attributed to the excellent antireflection property of the special periodical Si nanostructure.
Keywords:
Si nanopillar arrays; Antireflection; Periodicity; Solar cell; Chemical etching
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User:Jonghoon Choi
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 15:43, 12 March 2009 by Jonghoon Choi (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Jonghoon Choi, Ph. D
Jonghoon Choi (an artistic interpretation)
• Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
1550 Orleas street, Baltimore, MD 21231
I work in the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. I learned about OpenWetWare from jhibrg, and I've joined because share our science.
Education
2008 Ph. D. in Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland
2006 M.S. in Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland
2004 B.S. in Department of Chemical Engineering, Seoul National University Seoul, Korea
Research interests
1. Nanoparticle synthesis
2. Nanoparticle biological responses
3. Nanoparticle cancer treating application
4. Nanoparticle MRI application
Publications
1. Choi, J.; Satterfield, M.; Reipa, V.; Choquette, S. J.; Salit, M. L.;"Photostability of silicon nanoparticles", Anal. Chem. in prep.
2. Choi, J.; Reipa, V.; "Fast and precise measurement of nanoparticle concentration using different techniques: transmission electron microscopy, absorption spectra, and quartz crystal microgravimetry", Langmuir, in prep.
3. Choi, J.; Reipa, V.; Goering, P. L.; Hitchins, V. M.; Malinauskas, M.; “In vitro hemolysis testing of silver nanoparticles in dilute human and cow blood”, Biomaterials, in prep.
4. Satterfield, M. B.; Choquette, S. J.; Zhang, N.; Choi, J.; Salit, M. L.; "Microarray Scanner Qualification: Comparison of three potential reference materials", Anal. Chem., submitted.
5. Choi, J.; Wang, N.S.; Reipa, V.; "Electrochemical reduction synthesis of silicon nanocrystals", Langmuir, in revision.
6. Choi, J.; Zhang, Q.; Stratmeyer, M.E.; Wang, N. S.; Reipa, V.; Hitchins, V. M.; Goering, P. L.; " Comparing the biological responses to the photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles with silicon micron-sized particles", J. Appl. Toxicol. 2009, 29, 52-60. (DOI:10.1002/jat.1382)
7. Choi, J.; Wang, N.S.; Reipa, V.; “Conjugation of the photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles to streptavidin”, Bioconjugate Chem. 2008, 19, 680-685. (DOI:10.10121/bc700373y)
8. Choi, J.; Tung, S.; Wang, N.S.; Reipa, V.; “Small-angle neutron scattering measurement of silicon nanoparticle size”, Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 0857151-0857158. (DOI:10.1088/0957-4484/19/8/085715)
9. Choi, J.; Wang, N.S.; Reipa, V.; “Photoassisted tuning of Si nanocrystal photoluminescence”, Langmuir 2007, 23, 3388-3394. (DOI:10.1021/la062906+)
Useful links
Personal tools
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User:Pranav Rathi/Notebook/OT/2012/10/01/Buffer preparation for DNA overstretching & unzipping experiments
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
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(Destroying Clumps)
(Destroying Clumps)
Line 193: Line 193:
In tests done, it seems this method works as well (or as poor depending on your perspective) as sonicating. Vortex in pulses of 5 seconds for however long you deem worthy depending on your volume and level of bead clumps.
In tests done, it seems this method works as well (or as poor depending on your perspective) as sonicating. Vortex in pulses of 5 seconds for however long you deem worthy depending on your volume and level of bead clumps.
<gallery>
<gallery>
-
Image:Sonicate.png|This image was taken after sonication.
+
Image:Halfmicron bead sonicated.png|This image was taken after sonication.
-
Image:Vortex2.png|This image was taken after vortexing (instead of sonicating). Seems as clumpy as sonicating.
+
Image:Onemicron bead sonicated.png|This image was taken after sonication.
-
Image:Top vortex.png|This is a view of one surface of the sample in vortexing, but the same can be seen after sonication.
+
-
Image:Nowashing.png|Instead of washing and sonicating/vortexing I just diluted the stock beads in water. Not dilute enough, but no clumps.
+
</gallery>
</gallery>
Based on these images, it seems like not washing is the best possible choice because the beads exist in solution as single entities.
Based on these images, it seems like not washing is the best possible choice because the beads exist in solution as single entities.
Revision as of 21:38, 15 October 2012
We primarily use popping buffer and PBS for DNA-tethering, unzipping and overstretching experiments. All the other buffers consist these two. This page discusses the chemicals and process used in preparation of the buffers and solutions.
Contents
Popping Buffer
POP we use for DNA tethering, unzipping and overstretching experiments. It is funny but true that it's called "popping buffer" because when DNA binding proteins are present they are "popped" off the DNA when it is unzipped. Popping buffer or POP is the main solution used to prepare the samples. It can be prepared in H2O or D2O. The primary purpose of this buffer is to maintain the PH-level and stabilize the DNA or DNA-protein complex in the solution. The popping buffer I use is 1X; which means the chemical-concentration is whatever it is in standard POP. By doubling or tripling it, 2X or 3X POPs can be made.
• The chemicals used in POP are as follows:
EDTA: Ethylenediamineteraacetic acid disodium salt dehydrate. EDTA usually binds to metal cation, such as mg+2 ions and ca+2 ions. This makes DNA-protein complex more stable and prevent protein or enzymes to cut the DNA.[1]
Sodium phosphate
monobasic: Sodium phosphate monobasic is H2Nao4P, it helps the PH-level by taking or giving OH- and H+ ions.[2]
dibasic: Sodium phosphate dibasic is HNa2O4P, it also helps PH-level maintenance. [3]
NaCl: Sodium chloride also helps with PH-maintenance. [4]
Tween 20: Polyethylene glycol sorbitan monolaurate is a detergent which prevents non-specific antibody binding and to saturate binding sites on surface. Basically it helps with DNA-tethering which uses anti-dig and dig bonding.[5]
H2O: Primary solvent.[6]
D2O: Primary solvent. Either one can be used depending on the experiments.[7]
Making Popping buffer (POP)
Let's say I need 100mL of 1X POP in H2O or D2O with the following concentration of chemicals:
• Desired Buffer-Volume: 100mL
• EDTA: 10mM in 100mL of buffer volume
• Sodium phosphate: Total concentration is 50mM in 100mL of buffer volume
Mono is 19% of 50mM + Di is 81% of 50mM =50mM in 100mL of buffer volume
• NaCl: 50mM in 100ml of buffer volume.
• Tween20: .02% of 100ml
To get these desired concentrations I convert the moles into grams and prepare the following stock in the following way:
It is always good to keep the chemicals in stock, so the weighed mass of chemicals from the bottle are based on the stock volume, but the final concentration in the buffer volume will be based on the volume which is mixed into the buffer to make final buffer;
• EDTA: 10mL is mixed.
• Sodium phosphate:
mono: 1.9mL is mixed
di: 8.1mL is mixed(this is to keep the PH at 7.5)
• NaCl: 1.25mL is mixed
• Tween20: 1mL is mixed
• H2O or D2O: 77.75mL is taken
The final volume is 100mL. Stock volume is completely based on my desire, so all these concentrations and volumes are needed for calculations for weighted chemical masses from the bottles.
Calculations:
I have written a simple code in LabView V9.1 with the download link:[8]
The math is following:
• Desired buffer concentration is Cb(M)
• Desired final-buffer volume is Vb(L)
• Callulated stock concentration is Cs(M)
• Volume mixed into the buffer is Vm(L)
• Mass written on the bottle is Mw(gm/mole)
• Stock volume Vs(L)
• Calculated mass to be measured is M(gm)
First to calculate the stock concentration:
Cs = Cb * Vb / Vm in moles
Now to calculate mass to be measured:
M = Mw * Cs * Vs in gm
Now this mass is weighted/measured on the scale and mix with the desired stock volume of H2O or D2O, then mix volume is taken from the stock to mix into the final buffer to get the final concentration. All the calculation are given in the excel spreadsheet:
View/Edit Spreadsheet
Procedure
1. Weight the chemicals on the scale
2. Measure and mix the chemicals in the solvent and mix using vortex
3. Measure the volume and mix into the buffer
4. Store at +3C
See the slide share for more information
Next buffer is PBS.
PBS Buffer
PBS is Phosphate Buffer Saline. It is a buffer solution commonly used in biological research. It is a water-based salt solution containing sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, and, in some formulations, potassium chloride and potassium phosphate. The buffer's phosphate groups help to maintain a constant pH. The osmolarity and ion concentrations of the solution usually match those of the human body (isotonic). We use PBS to make Anti-digsolution for DNA-tethering.[9]
• The chemical used in POP are as follows:
Salt Concentration Concentration
(—) (mmol/L) (g/L)
NaCl 137 8.01
KCl 2.7 0.20
Na2HPO4 • 2 H2O 10 1.78
KH2PO4 2.0 0.27
pH 7.4 7.4
Making PBS
The simplest way to prepare a PBS solution is to use PBS buffer tablets (see slides). They are formulated to give a ready to use PBS solution upon dissolution in a specified quantity of H2O or D2O. They are available in the standard volumes: 100, 200, 500 and 1000 mL.
Procedure
Dissolve 1 table in 200mL of H2O or D2O.
Using these two buffers (POP & PBS) all other solutions used in DNA- tethering, unzipping and overstretching are prepared.
Blocking Solution (BGB)
The purpose of blocking solution is to block exposed glass surfaces after binding anti-dig. Various kinds of casein are typically used, which I think evolves from the common practice of using non-fat dried milk (NFDM) in standard wet-lab protocols, such as western blotting. NFDM is predominantly casein, and so people use NFDM and casein interchangeably, usually ignoring the fact that differences in purity or kinds of casein could potentially impact a sensitive assay. Often it is imagined that casein is a regular soluble protein, but Dr.Koch found in the past that casein forms polydisperse micelles, probably. He doesn't know whether these polydisperse micelles are important for it's blocking capabilities, but he did find some references that said they are (small micelles fill gaps in big micelles). Brent Brower-Toland, being a good biologist, ignored the anlaysis paralysis of physicists and just ordered cheap good blocker from Bio-Rad, called "Blotting-Grade Blocker" [10] at Bio-rad.com. This worked very well and we continue to use it. Bio-Rad calls it "non fat dried milk," so I'm not sure if it's the same stuff you get at the supermarket. We'll call this BGB from now on (which can also read as "Brent's Good Blocker.")
• Why use BGB; blotting grade blocker: BGB is casein (α, β and κ) which is hydrophobic and like to be clustered in water. It is used to block the surface where anti-dig is not present (coat that part with casein). Casein make small hemisphericalballs (micelle [11]), these balls fillup the gaps around the anti-dig preventing the beads sticking to the surface.
Procedure
To make 5mg/ml BGB solution in popping buffer:
1. First weight out 15mg of BGB poweder
2. Add 1.5 ml of 1x pop and mix by vortexing
3. Run through .2μM syringe filter using 3ml syringe.
4. Now store 5mg/ml BGB in 1x pop buffer (minus amount of protein that stuck to filter) at 3C.
This should be good for few weeks.
Anti-Dig Solution
Polyclonal sheep anti-digoxigenin from Roche [12]. This is shipped as a lyophilized powder. We always resuspend entire 200 microgram bottle with 1 ml of ice-cold PBS, and then make 20 microliter aliquots which are stored at -80C. An aliquot can be extracted from freezer, and diluted with 180 microliters of cold PBS.
procedure
1. Add 1mL of ice-cold PBS into 200μgm of Anti-dig and mix it.
2. Make 20μgm/ml of aliquots.
3. Nitrogen flash-freeze them and store them at -80C.
4. When use for sample; take out an aliquot from freezer and mix 180mL of cold PBS and store at +3C.
Microspheres Solution
We use two different size (1μM and .5μM) streptavidin coated microspheres.
• 1μM streptavidin coated polymer microspheres are from Bang's Labs.[13]. They are approximately 1.04μM.
• .5μM streptavidin coated polymer microspheres are from Bang's Labs.[14]. They are approximately .53μM.
Both types work fine. In my experience .5μM works better with tethering. 1μM works better with FTC (fine tether center) and calibration. I am trying to increase tethering efficiency with 1μM beads.
Procedure
It is important to wash the beads before put them into the sample to remove the free streptavidin. Free streptavidin can kill SM experiments, because it will diffuse much more quickly than the microspheres, and will quench the small amount of biotin. Washing also lets you pick a usage buffer.
Wash Procedure
Dr.Koch Method
1. Aliquot 50uL beads from stock and put in eppi.
2. Add 950uL 1x popping buffer
3. Centrifuge at 6,600g for 5 min
4. discard supernatant
5. Repeat steps 2-4 for a total of 3-5 times
6. After discarding of supernatant, I measure the Volume and add BGB 4X of it to get 1:5 stock-concentration.
Bangs Labs Method
1. Suspend 50ul beads in 950ul 1x popping buffer.
2. Centrifuge at 2,200g for 15 min (change acceleration depending on bead size).
3. Discard supernatant.
4. Repeat steps 2-3 for a total of 3-5 times
5. After discarding of supernatant, Same as above.
Destroying Clumps
Clumps of beads can easily be seen after washing. It is recommended one destroy these after washing.
It is important to get beads to be suspended individually because clumpiness can really ruin a sample. Below are two ways that this can be achieved. With proof.
Sonication Method
You will want to sonicate beads for a decent amount of time. The time it takes depends on the size of the beads and the level of clumpiness. Also adding buffer that reduces the hydrophobicity of the bead surface may be of use. I usually sonicate the beads for 180 seconds for both sizes. The results are great no clumping as shown below; in picture beads are 1:10 diluted.
Vortexer Method
In tests done, it seems this method works as well (or as poor depending on your perspective) as sonicating. Vortex in pulses of 5 seconds for however long you deem worthy depending on your volume and level of bead clumps.
Based on these images, it seems like not washing is the best possible choice because the beads exist in solution as single entities.
1. Takeout 50μL from bottle to keep in stock
2. Take 5μL and add 45μL of BGB to make 50μL (1:10) bead solution
3. This can be further diluted per requirement.
DNA solution
The tethering protocol (discussed here) has been used for a variety of dig & biotin labeled DNA constructs. One specific fragment is 4.4 kb PCR-labeled DNA. Another is 17-mer unzipping DNA. The protocol will have to be adjusted for very short DNA tethers--one reason being the increased importance of surface charge interactions. Other departures from these types of DNA may also require modifying the protocol. A typical concentration of DNA to use is 20 picomolar (pM).
Procedure
Dilution depends on the DNA concentration and it is done in 1x POP. A quick example of dilution can be like this:
1. 2 μL dna from stock (4.4 kb; stretching;TpAls)+ 18 μL of 1x POP= 20μL of DNA (1:10)
2. 1 μL dna of the above diluted dna (1:10; 4.4 kb; stretching;TpAls) + 9 μL POP(1X) = 10μL dna of (1:100).
This page discussed the general procedure used to make different buffers and solutions. Normally solutions depends on the specific sample, but the buffers;POP and PBS remains similar as discussed.
Buffers used in dna overstretching and unzipping experiments from pranavrathi
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User:Shannon K. Alford
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
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(My Research Interests)
(Contact Info)
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==Contact Info==
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[[Image:SAlford_headshot_small.tif |thumb|left| Shannon Hughes-Alford]]
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[[Image:SAlford_headshot_small.tif |thumb|left| Shannon Hughes]]
Biological Engineering 20.109 Instructor & Research Scientist
Biological Engineering 20.109 Instructor & Research Scientist
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[[Image:Smiling butter.jpg|thumb|right| Butterstick, the office motivator]]
[[Image:Smiling butter.jpg|thumb|right| Butterstick, the office motivator]]
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==My Teaching Goals==
==My Teaching Goals==
Revision as of 15:25, 24 January 2013
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contact Info
Shannon Hughes
Biological Engineering 20.109 Instructor & Research Scientist
• Office: Bldg 56-389
• Lab: Blgd 56-378
• Office Phone: 617-258-9488
• Email: skalford AT mit DOT edu
Butterstick, the office motivator
My Teaching Goals
Hands-on experience at the bench is useful for all engineers, experimentalists and theoreticians alike. In biological engineering, understanding how to experimentally perturb cell-based systems in a systematic and controlled manner is paramount to applying an engineering perspective across disciplines. My aim as an instructor of 20.109 is to provide practical, interesting, and motivating experiences that promote rewarding Aha! moments and drive novel insight and innovation. I believe that mentoring at the personal level, as well as the instructional level, is key to preparing the next generation of bioengineers for their careers tackling global technical health challenges. As such, I strive to provide opportunities for all students to improve and succeed in performing and communicating their science.
Fall 2012 will be my first time teaching 20.109 and I am excited to share my love for bench science with the talented students in the class! I welcome any, and all, feedback and encourage anyone who is interested in learning more about my research to stop by and chat.
My Research Interests
Aberrant cell migration is a hallmark of several invasive diseases, such as metastatic cancer and systemic autoimmune disorders. I am particularly interested in the regulation of cell motility and the underlying intracellular signaling processes as modulated by interaction with the cytoskeleton. My current research combines biochemical, cell biological and systems engineering approaches to elucidate the intracellular signaling mechanism underlying increased breast cancer metastasis due to expression of an invasion-specific protein, MenaINV.
For an overview of my current cell migration-related research goals and obsessions, please see a recent review that was co-authored with Prof. Doug Lauffenburger. The pubmed link is here.
A migrating MTLn3 breast adenocarcinoma cell. The protein Mena is shown in green, the actin cytoskeleton is in red.
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Daily Search Forum Recap: November 19, 2012
Nov 19, 2012 • 4:00 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Search Forum Recap
Here is a recap of what happened in the search forums today, through the eyes of the Search Engine Roundtable and other search forums on the web.
Search Engine Roundtable Stories:
• Was There A Google Panda Refresh? #22
I am seeing lots of chatter and discussion around another Google update that started around Friday, November 16th. It may be a Panda refresh or some other type of update. But the discussion seems to be implying there was a small Panda refresh this past Friday...
• Bing Now Has Webmaster Guidelines
Duane Forrester announced that Bing has launched their Bing Webmaster Guidelines. The guidelines are in depth and cover a large array of webmaster related topics including: Content Links Social Indexation Technical things SEO topics and more.....
• Google: Feel Free To Go HTTPS With Your Site
Matt Cutts addressed the question once again on Hacker News in response to Facebook switching to HTTPS by default. Now he is more for sites going HTTPS with less of a worry about how Google may index and rank the site.
• Matt Cutts Shares His PubCon Slides
If our live blog coverage of lunch with Matt Cutts at PubCon was not good enough...
• Transporting Google Maps Cars
How do Google Maps cars get from one location to another without being turned on? They go on a car transporter truck. Here is a picture I spotted on Reddit of a trucker taking a picture of another t
Other Great Search Forum Threads:
Previous story: Was There A Google Panda Refresh? #22
blog comments powered by Disqus
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Bill Johnson
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This article is part of the Tobacco portal on Sourcewatch funded from 2006 - 2009 by the American Legacy Foundation. Help expose the truth about the tobacco industry.
Bill Johnson (Senior Project Engineer I): 1998
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Place:Mouilly, Meuse, France
Watchers
NameMouilly
TypeUnknown
Coordinates49.051389°N 5.533889°E
Located inMeuse, France
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Mouilly is a commune in the Meuse department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Mouilly. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6401.0 - Consumer Price Index, Sep 1976
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 21/10/1976
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Movements in retail prices of goods and services commonly purchased by metropolitan households. The goods and services are divided into the following groups: food and non-alcoholic beverages; alcohol and tobacco; clothing and footwear; housing; furnishings, household equipment and services; health; transport; communication; recreation and culture; education; and insurance and financial services. Indexes for each of these groups and for 'All Groups CPI' are published for each of the state capitals along with Canberra and Darwin, and for the weighted average of the eight capital cities. Details are also shown for about 40 sub-groups and analytical series, for the weighted average of the eight capital cities.
This publication has been scanned from the paper version using character recognition software. This provides a full-text searching capability once downloaded.
Continued by: Consumer Price Index, Australia.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I have a few marketing idea that I have done some research on and have not been able to find other people who have done them. Since I am not in any businesses that could use the idea I wanted to sell them to a company that could use them.
First off, is there a way to copyright a marketing idea, and if I am able to how secure am I from idea theft once I do?
My second question is where would I go to copyright something like that?
share|improve this question
4 Answers
up vote 4 down vote accepted
is there a way to copyright a marketing idea
Sorry, but in the general case there is not. You should see this little article for an overview of the different types of intellectual property (IP) that exist, and which areas the different types of IP cover. But generally speaking, there is no legal exclusivity for abstract ideas.
how secure am I from idea theft once I do?
As note above, abstract ideas are not yours to own exclusively. So it would not be "theft" if someone else copies your idea.
That said, some concrete innovations can be patented, etc. The 'strength' of the protection varies by the type of IP as well as the specifics of each case. But in most cases, enforcing intellectual property claims means threatening to take or actually taking legal steps, and is both very expensive and time consuming.
where would I go to copyright something like that?
1. First, see my linked article above for the specific types of IP.
2. Read some of the past discussions under the relevant tags, to better your understanding of the topic.
3. Go see a good, honest lawyer who specializes in intellectual property protection. This area is so complex that a layman will not be able to create a good IP defense strategy. And sadly, good IP lawyers are not cheap.
share|improve this answer
It sounds more like you are looking for a patent - not a copyright. Here's a good overview of protecting Intellectual Property and the methods available. Here's a good guide on patents.
I have a patent, and the process to obtain one is not easy / inexpensive. Make sure you truly understand why you want a patent, and what benefits it will provide. Many times, a patent is just a license to go hunting - the true costs come when you attempt to enforce your patent.
share|improve this answer
To protect a marketing idea you would need a patent for intellectual property, it's done all the time. Just google "advertising and marketing patents", you'll find plenty of lawsuits over marketing patents. The US patent law is geared towards the "first to invent" theory, so if you can prove that you invented a system or model first, you prevail even if someone else beats you to a patent.
A marketing idea that uses other technology, machinery, etc.., to implement a system or model would be help your idea become easily patent-able. You may run into other patents, based on the technology you implement in your system or model, that could cause problems, you must be prepared to deal with that.
share|improve this answer
Not to be rude, but can you name any other marketing ideas that are copyrighted?
Only the "instances" of ideas can be protected. No one has the patent for 'car' ...only the specific technologies that contribute.
You protect not your idea but it's implementation by creating a team and business hard to duplicate. Ever wonder why there aren't auction sites 85% as good as ebay but only charge half?
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I have a small startup and what I want to push right now means my potential clients are big corps. If I identify the president/CEO/senior VP of the department I'm interested in, they could be handling $10s or $100s of millions.
Am I breaking etiquette to phone up and ask to contact these kind of people? Should I be finding someone lower down, or aiming at the top and letting them pass me on to someone at the right level?
By phone, they can easily keep me away from anyone too important, but if I have a name I can easily figure out an email address and send an "I'd love to talk to you about X, is it possible?" message. Is that a good or bad idea?
share|improve this question
3 Answers
Get a connection, someone that knows someone high up. This is what places like LinkedIn are great for.
Also, make introductions at places like trade shows and gather business cards for cheap freebies. People that give away their business card at these settings understand your goals, but don't be surprised if they never respond to you after getting a $1 usb drive.
Blindly contacting someone high up at the company will quickly be met by a gate keeper that is skilled at keeping uninvited sales pitches away.
share|improve this answer
I was in your positions a few years ago. My experiences tell that it is useless to try to contact important people that you mention. Important people only want to meet important people. That's what I see.
Good connection is important in this condition. But you don't have to meet these important people to make the company to be your client. If you are sure that your products/services will give more benefit to the company, then you will find the way.
You can start by coming to their front office and tell your purpose. Maybe the chance is little, but you won't know the result if you don't try it.
Another option, you can use the 'backdoor'. I mean you have to do some research, for example, to find out where are they usually having a lunch time. If you found it, then you can start networking with people who works there.
And if timing is right, then you can start telling your purpose or etc.
share|improve this answer
Although it sounds unlikely I've had success simply by guessing the relevant email, typically firstname.lastname@company.com and sending a note along the lines of 'apologies for the cold email but there was not other way to get through..from your views here / role in X etc.. I thought this would be of interest. Obviously this is basically spam so please only target very relevant people who might actually be interested but are otherwise blocked by gate keepers.
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2,759 reputation
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I'm an attorney who works with tech-focused startups in North Carolina, focusing on matters like:
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Screen - The Terminal Multiplexer (MIPSel)
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 17:08, 30 June 2006 by Ramuk (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Originally by frontalot from linkstationwiki.org
Use screen to detach a program from the terminal. This is especially useful for unattended programs such as BitTorrent. This package requires that you have already installed the MIPSel development tools.
mipsel-screen-1
• libncursesw5 5.4
• screen 4.0.2
Personal tools
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Wikia
Fog Spirit (Dread Codex Monster)
Talk0
9,503pages on
this wiki
Revision as of 17:47, July 22, 2010 by Surgo (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
This material is published under the OGL
Fog Spirit
Size/Type: Medium Undead (Incorporeal)
Hit Dice: 6d12 (39 hp hp)
Initiative: +4
Speed: 120 ft.
Armor Class: 14 (+2 Dex, +2 deflection), touch 14, flat-footed 12
Base Attack/Grapple: +3/—
Attack: Touch +5 melee (1d8 and chilling touch)
Full Attack: Touch +5 melee (1d8 and chilling touch)
Space/Reach: 5 ft./5 ft.
Special Attacks: Chilling Touch
Special Qualities: Damage Reduction 15/magic, Incorporeal Traits, Mist Walk, Undead Traits, Vulnerability To Fire
Saves: Fort +2, Ref +4, Will +4
Abilities: Str 10, Dex 15, Con —, Int 9, Wis 9, Cha 14
Skills: Bluff +7, Hide +9, Knowledge (Religion) +2, Listen +7, Spot +7
Feats: Alertness, Improved Initiative, Weapon Finesse
Environment: Any land
Organization: Solitary
Challenge Rating: 4
Treasure: None
Alignment: Usually neutral
Advancement: 7-12 HD (Medium); 13-18 (Large)
Level Adjustment:
An undulating mist coalesces into the form of a humanoid. With wide eyes, the figure watches your movements carefully. Every creature hides a secret fear. For the fog spirit, that fear is fire. Whether fire slew the creature in life or was just its terrible phobia, the emotion was intense enough at the time of unnatural death to reform its essence as a fog spirit. Appearing as misty forms of their former selves, fog spirits now possess a chilling aspect and are formed in this one image of water in an instinctively protective way.
Trapped in a misty body, the fog spirit drifts lazily within natural fog banks it encounters until something peaks its interest. It then moves to watch the event unfold, never interfering unless provoked. Fog spirits have a need to watch the life it can no longer live. A fog spirit speaks whatever languages it knew in life but rarely does so, preferring to instead witness events without interfering in them.
Combat Edit
Evil fog spirits work their mischief through lies and treachery, sending would-be saviors into hazardous traps and pitfalls. If confronted, they use their affinity with the mists to their advantage, seeming to strike from every direction at once and leeching the warmth from their victims' bones with their chilling touch.
Chilling Touch (Su): The fog spirit's touch is colder than ice. Victims hit by the fog spirit must make a DC 15 Fortitude save or take 1 point of temporary Constitution damage in addition to the normal damage from the blow. Lost Constitution points heal at the rate of one per hour. The save DC is Charisma-based.
Mist Walk (Su): Within the bounds of the misty fog, the fog spirit can make attacks on a victim at the beginning, middle, or end of its movement, as desired.
Treasure Edit
None — As an incorporeal wanderer, the fog spirit has no interest in treasure of any kind, much less a lair to keep it in.
In Your Campaign Edit
Fog spirits might work best in your campaign as undead to be role-played. As combatants, they can be useful in frightening PCs in foggy alleyways, but their commonly neutral alignments make for more interesting creatures. As witnesses, fog spirits may be needed to shed light on a recent incident—a murder or robbery the PCs are investigating, for example. The fog spirit is capable of speech but how to get it to converse (much less finding it in the first place), could be part of the challenge. Characters who know about the creature's intense fear of fire can actually use that as a lure. Building a great bonfire outside of town has a good chance of attracting a fog spirit, for while it might be afraid of the inferno, it is irresistibly drawn to it if only to discern its cause.
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If you wish to help EDRI promote digital rights, please consider making a private donation.
ENDitorial : "No Swiss DMCA" Referendum campaign
19 December, 2007
»
(Dieser Artikel ist auch in deutscher Sprache verfügbar)
Like everywhere else, DRM (Digital Restrictions Management) systems which impose technical restrictions on what end users can do with texts and multimedia content are highly unpopular also in Switzerland.
At the same time, the representatives of the entertainment industry claim that this technology is necessary, and politicians are inclined to believe their view that there should be a law against circumvention of DRM system. The main difference from most other countries is that Swiss citizens are able to force a national vote about the change of the law by collecting 50 000 signatures.
Of course the politicians know this and take it into account already when discussing legal proposals in the commissions of the Parliament. As a result, even though the copyright law revision adds a prohibition against breaking DRM systems and against marketing computer programs which have this purpose, this prohibition is significantly restricted by a clause which says that it cannot be enforced against anyone who circumvents DRM systems only for purposes that are explicitly allowed by the law, such as making a small number of copies of music or video CDs for friends, or reverse engineering. In this regard, the Swiss copyright law allows more than the corresponding laws of many other countries.
The big question is of course whether these restrictions of the prohibition against breaking DRM systems are sufficient to prevent DRM systems from having a severe negative impact on society. There are serious doubts about that and, while the draft law was under consideration in the two chambers of the Parliament and their legal affairs commissions, these concerns have been pointed out by various organizations representing Swiss consumers and business interests which are opposed to DRM. Nevertheless, in the judgement of these organizations, the revision that the Swiss Parliament decided on is not such a bad compromise to make them want to organize or support a referendum campaign against it.
In spite of this, someone has now announced a referendum campaign against the revision of copyright law. Since the organizations which have so far been active in this political process are not supporting it, no-one expects the campaign to have much success, but of course surprises are always possible in politics.
Campaign website
http://www.no-dmca.ch
Swiss DADVSI : a petition for a referendum is launched (only in French, 4.12.2007)
http://www.ratiatum.com/breve6160_DADVSI_suisse_une_petition_pour_un_r...
(Contribution by Norbert Bollow - EDRI-member Swiss Internet User Group)
Syndicate:
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RPi Tutorial EGHS:LED output
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 12:35, 22 February 2012 by Meltwater (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Back to the Hub, or the Tutorials page.
GPIO Hardware & Software Tutorials:
Warnings
While most of these circuits may interface directly to the RPi, the use of a buffered interface (such as the one supplied by the Gertboard) is recommended which will help protect against damage. Alternatively, experiment with one of the Alternative Test Platforms.
Extreme caution should be exercised when interfacing hardware at a low level, you may damage your RPi, your equipment and potentially yourself and others. Doing so is at your own risk!
Aims
The purpose of this guide is to enable control of an LED via the GPIO pins of the RPi.
This is the embedded version of writing a program to display "Hello World" and is the first step in getting started.
The first stage will be to build the hardware we are going to use, and then we shall look at the software which will drive it.
Note:
Until RPi devices are available, I can not confirm this will work on a real RPi.
For now, I shall be using the TI LaunchPad (see Alternative Test Platforms
for details) to test the hardware on (as it is cheap and the logic levels similar).
The Hardware
Theory
This is only a brief and rough overview, since the basics are covered in a lot more detail in many other places (see below).
The GPIO pins on the RPi when defined as an Output is able to cause the voltage on the pin to go HIGH (source) or LOW (sink). This allows signals to be sent to other processors and devices like LEDs. However it is important to remember that the pin will only be able to Source or Sink very small currents, so higher powered devices (such as motors) can not be driven directly from a GPIO pin.
NOTE:
Depending on the specification of the RPi GPIO pins, the current SOURCE ability may be better,
than the SINK (or vice-a-versa).
i.e. If the RPi is able to SINK more current than it can SOURCE, then any driving circuit should
be between the RPi 3.3V pin and the GPIO pin (rather than GPIO pin and GND).
For additional detail theory see [1]
Circuit 1 - Basic LED Driving Circuit
Basic LED Output Circuit 1
The resistor R1 is used to limit the current going through the LED (which has hardly any resistance), without the resistor, the LED will draw as much current as it can until it burns out (or burns out your GPIO pin).
The value you select for R1 will depend on the current required by the LED (upto 20mA depending on the LED used - check the datasheet) and the source current limit of the GPIO (launchpad is ~20mA), the RPi has a 50mA limit for the 3.3V supply line.
We also need to know the forward voltage required by the LED to light, typically around 2V-3.5V depending on colour[2].
Finally, the output voltage of the RPi (and LaunchPad) GPIO is 3.3V output level.
Vout = 3.3V
Vled = 2V (I'm using RED)
Iled = 5mA = 0.005A
R1 = (Vout – Vled)/Iled
= (3.3 - 2)/0.005
= 260ohms (so 270ohms is closest preferred value)
If in doubt, use a bigger resistor (=less current & less brightness) and test if good enough by connecting across the 3.3V and ground pins (if you are just experimenting you are unlikely to need LEDs shining at their full brightness anyway).
For instance, one of my test circuits uses 470ohms (which only gives 2.7mA on 3.3V, but the same
circuit can be connected to a 12V supply without blowing the LED - rated @20mA).
Basic LEDx8 Test Module
Basic LEDx8 Test Module (Control pins at top, GND connection at bottom-right).
Basic LEDx8 Test Module
Circuit with track breaks marked in red
The above test module has been built to allow easy testing of GPIO outputs by driving up to 8 LEDs. The resistor value 330 ohms is used (keeps the current draw fairly low).
Circuit 2 - LED Driving Circuit (using Transistor Switching Circuit)
Higher Power LED Driving Circuit
--- NOTE ---
This section is rough outline of ideas at the moment
--- NOTE ---
For more detailed information about basic transistor circuits, some useful information is here[3]
In order to drive a slightly higher current, the use of a transistor circuit will be required. Since all the driving current will be drawn through Vcc and through the transistor, the RPi 5volt line can be used for Vcc (this will limit the available current to 1Amp total draw from the USB supply itself - including the RPi draw). The current limit will be the nominal current the transistor can handle.
Transistor Selection
There is a huge range of transistors available, so I will pick a common & cheap one (BC548 or BC108) and see how well it suits.
More details on specific transistors see [4]
The key characteristics of interest are:
maximum collector current Ic(max) : 100mA [BC548], 200mA [BC108]
minimum current gain hFE(min) : 110
Suggested hFE:
hFE(min) > 5 x (Iload/Iinput)
We assume we want to draw a very low current from the RPi GPIO,
so even with an hFE=110 and drawing only 5mA we can drive 110mA
(over BC548's Ic(max) limit anyway).
The current transistor I have available at the moment is (ZTX 653):
maximum collector current Ic(max) : 2A
minimum current gain hFE(min) : 100
The use of a transistor allows the bulk of the driving current to pass through the transistor to ground, with only a small switching current required to be driven from the GPIO pin. For low powered driving circuits, most transistors will be suitable.
Transistors do have a limited amount of current handling ability, which can be improved by coupling together as a Darlington pair (often available in a single package). Also higher powered switches such as mosfets, and even relays can be driven for higher power requirements.
--- NOTE ---
Calculations may be wrong, still researching at the moment...
--- NOTE ---
Calculating R1 - LED Current Limiting Resistor
The value of R1 is similar to before, but since the driving voltage is higher, the same resister will allow more current, thus the LED will be brighter (unless we use a larger resistor).
When the transistor is on the voltage drop is minimal VCE(sat)(90-200mV), so we will just consider the LED voltage drop.
Vcc = 5V
Vled = 2V (I'm using RED)
Iled = 5mA = 0.005A
R1 = (Vcc – Vled)/Iled
= (5 - 2)/0.005
= 600ohms (so 560ohm or 680ohm will probably be fine)
Calculating R2 - Transistor Base Resistor
The value of R2 can be determined, as follows:
--- NOTE ---
Calculations may be wrong, still researching at the moment...
--- NOTE ---
There seems to be two possible ways to approach this, one is to work out your required driving current through the collector (Ic) i.e. the driving current of the LED, and the other is to determine it's value from the recommended source current of the GPIO pin (for the RPi, 5mA or less is recommended).
The latter makes most sense to me, but will try both and see how they compare.
R2max - Based on driving current requirement (Ic)
Vc = 3.3V
hFE = 110
Ic = 100mA = 0.1A (may as well aim for full load)
R2 = (Vc x hFE) / (5 x Ic)
= (3.3 x 110) / (5 x 0.1)
= 726ohms
Although, since we don't need 100mA this resistor can probably be far larger.
R2min - Based on the GPIO pin source current
To fully switch on the transistor, most transistors require (Vbe) Base Emitter Turn-On Voltage to be around 700mV on the base (it depends slightly on the type, see it's data sheet).
Vgpio = 3.3V
Iout = 5mA = 0.005
Vbe Base Emitter Turn-On Voltage = 0.7V
R2 = (Vgpio - Vbe) / Iout
= (3.3 - 0.7) / (0.005)
= 520ohms (so 560ohm nearest value)
(For reference, if a Darlington pair was used,
Vbe would be 1.4V (effectively driving two
transistors, so R2 would be 380ohms)).
Testing
We can test our calculated values by using a simple prototype circuit, and compare an LED driven directly and through the (ZTX 653) transistor.
In the following circuit, Vcc = 5V (main supply voltage - red wires) and Vgpio = 3.3V (representing the GPIO output - bottom blue wire) is connected to the transistor base through R2 (560ohm) resistor.
LED Transistor Circuit Test
There is very little difference between the LED brightness*, and even when the transistor base is connected directly to 3.3V (Vgpio) there is no change(indicating that the transistor is saturated i.e. fully turned on).
*Note, there is slight difference due to the current drawn by the transistor itself.
Also, the LED test circuit is used from before, rather than the calculated R1.
I suggest by using a combination of these two calculations you will obtain, a max value (R2max - Based on driving current requirement (Ic)) and a min value (R2min - Based on the GPIO pin source current) for R2.
Generally the larger the R2 is the less current will be drawn from the GPIO pin, however less current will be available through the transistor for the load (Ic) if R2 is too large.
The Software
While the RPi is not available, I can only confirm the TI LaunchPad code works for me.
TI LaunchPad
Sample test code for Basic LEDx8 Test Module (tested on TI MSP430G2553 device).
Basic LEDx8 Test Module input pins 0-7 wired to device Port1:0 to Port1:7, plus GND connection.
Code:
• main.c - Main calling functions
RPi
The above circuits should work with code similar to that given in (RPi Low-level peripherals#Code examples) section.
References
1. Introduction To Embedded Programming - GPIO Output
2. Wikipedia:LED Forward Voltages
3. (The Electronics Club:Transistor Circuits.
4. The Electronics Club:Transistor
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Talk:Kernel dynamic memory analysis
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 21:40, 7 October 2012 by Ezequiel (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
2012-10-05
Here is some feedback from testing on 2012-10-05:
These items are not in any order
Install issue
There's no 'install' mechanism for the tool, and the tool depends visualize_mem_tree.py being on the python path or in the same directory as the trace_analyze.py script. I tried hard-linking trace_analyze to a private 'bin' directory, but got a python error doing this. Using a symlink worked OK. If visualize_mem_tree.py is not used separately, it might be worth considering integrating everything into a single script. (or not - I'm not sure).
Answer
trace_analyze and visualize_mem_tree are now merged. (should we add an 'install' mechanism anyway?)
Extra rings
The chart for my kernel shows some unexpected rings. Specifically, I'm building in /home/tbird/work/mem/build/panda-torvalds My chart has an inner ring of 'build' (showing 100% of memory), a second ring of 'panda-torvalds' (showing 100% of memory), then a third ring where directories start to get broken out.
See this chart:
Is this correct?
Answer
Fixed
Overlapping annotations
The annotations showing the name and size of the ring segments overlap sometimes, making some of them difficult or impossible to read. See above chart.
Availability to show plot interactively
The tool by default produces a png in the current directory. It would be nice to be able to control the output format and location, or allow the user to directly enter matplotlibs interactive viewer. (i.e. pylab.show()).
Problem with absolute paths
I tried using the tool with an absolute path, and it had problems:
$ trace_analyze.py -k /home/tbird/work/mem/build/panda-torvalds/
No trace log file specified: will report on static size only
Reading symbol map at /home/tbird/work/mem/build/panda-torvalds
Creating tree from compiled symbols at /home/tbird/work/mem/build/panda-torvalds
readelf: Error: 'home/tbird/work/mem/build/panda-torvalds/.tmp_kallsyms1.o': No such file
readelf: Error: 'home/tbird/work/mem/build/panda-torvalds/.tmp_kallsyms2.o': No such file
... [lots more 'No such file' errors]
Answer
Fixed
Description of how to get trace
The instructions should includes steps for how to get the trace for the dynamic analysis. It looks like a comprehensive section is started in Documentation/memory_accounting section 3.2.1, so maybe this feedback is premature. Maybe a few short steps on the wiki page for people to get their first trace would be good.
Here's what I did:
• cloned git repository from https://github.com/ezequielgarcia/kmem-probe-framework
• built kernel
• generated first chart:
• $ trace_analyze.py -k ../../build/panda-torvalds -r -a static
• $ trace_analyze.py -k ../../build/panda-torvalds -r -a static -b fs
• check that kernel config has CONFIG_FTRACE=y
• If not, set and rebuild kernel
• adjust kernel command line to add tracing of kmem events
• Add: "trace_buf_size=10000000 trace_event=kmem:kmalloc,kmem:kmem_cache_alloc,kmem:kfree,kmem:kmem_cache_free" to kernel command line
• boot kernel
• mount debugfs:
$ mount -t debugfs none /debug
• capture trace data:
$ cat /debug/tracing/trace >/tmp/kmem.log
• move to host:
$ ttc cp target:/tmp/kmem.log .
• generate more charts
• $ trace_analyze.py -k ../../build/panda-torvalds -k kmem.log -r -a current ; mv linux.png linux-current.png
• $ trace_analyze.py -k ../../build/panda-torvalds -k kmem.log -r -a current -b fs ; mv fs.png fs-current.png
Note: Make sure you do a 'make clean' if you reconfigure and rebuild the kernel, before running trace_analyze.py again.
Answer
Fixed
sub-sub-dirs doesn't work
I don't know if it's intended to work or not, but I tried to get a ring chart for a sub-sub-directory, and it didn't work
$ trace_analyze.py -a static -k ../../build/panda-torvalds/ -b fs/ubifs
No trace log file specified: will report on static size only
Reading symbol map at ../../build/panda-torvalds
Creating tree from compiled symbols at ../../build/panda-torvalds/fs/ubifs
[WARNING] Duplicate data entry! __func__.25429
[WARNING] Duplicate data entry! __func__.25886
...[some lines omitted]
[WARNING] Duplicate data entry! __func__.26112
Cleaning tree
..
build
panda-torvalds
fs
ubifs
tnc_misc.o
lprops.o
scan.o
... [ some lines omitted]
tnc_commit.o
io.o
dir.o
debug.o
ioctl.o
sb.o
orphan.o
log.o
[WARNING] Can't find first branch 'fs/ubifs'
Creating ringchart file at fs/ubifs.png
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/a/home/tbird/bin/trace_analyze.py", line 654, in <module>
main()
File "/a/home/tbird/bin/trace_analyze.py", line 651, in main
visualize_mem_tree(tree, opts.attr, filename)
File "/a/home/tbird/work/tiny/tools/kmem-probe-framework/post-process/visualize_mem_tree.py", line 148, in visualize_mem_tree
rings = create_child_rings(tree, size_attr=size_attr)
File "/a/home/tbird/work/tiny/tools/kmem-probe-framework/post-process/visualize_mem_tree.py", line 98, in create_child_rings
max_size = getattr(tree.size(), size_attr)()
AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'size'
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Sunday, 8 July 2007
International Taxation of Electronic Commerce
There are some books that are very, very scary - you really want to have them available when the going gets tough, but you secretly hope that you never have to open them. The IPKat thought that this was going to be one of those books and is secretly very relieved to discover that it isn't. The book he's referring to is the second edition of International Taxation of Electronic Commerce, by Richard A. Westin, which has recently been published by Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.
What the publisher says:
"The bricks and mortar of commercial law as we know it are crumbling into dust. Electronic commerce sweeps away the very foundations of what was not so long ago our most solid, comfortable, and secure legal system. In its most advanced form e-commerce allows unidentified purchasers to pay obscure vendors, in `electronic cash,' for products that are often goods, services, and licenses all rolled into one. A payee may be no more than a computer that can take up `residence' anywhere at the drop of a hat; national boundaries are of no consequence whatsoever. Taxation authorities are understandably dismayed.
This book, now in its second edition, is a minutely detailed overview of current reality in the worldwide huddle of revenue regimes as they try to cope with the most daunting challenge they have ever had to face. It analyzes a number of fast-moving trends in the behaviors of national taxation authorities, web-based companies, VoiP, certain low-tax (or no-tax) jurisdictions, and international organizations that have significant bearing on the future development of the taxation of e-commerce. These trends include the following:
Right: the author, Richard A. Westin
* how United States domestic and international tax rules are being interpreted in the effort to accommodate e-commerce;
* the powerful retailers' lobby against the moratorium on U.S. state and local sales tax on Internet transactions;
* how VAT rules in EU countries and other jurisdictions are being restructured to accommodate international e-commerce; new theories of income and payment characterization, and in particular the influential OECD ongoing study and
* the crucial discussion over what constitutes a `permanent establishment for tax purposes".
What the IPKat says:
"While this book has an obvious US bias, its content is much more far-reaching than that, since it takes in the salient of some twenty non-haven jurisdictions and also devotes special attention to the provisions of Canada and Ireland. Of particular interest is the chapter 'Institutional Thinking', which gives an excellent insight into the taxation of e-commerce as viewed from the agenda-rich World Trade Organization, European Commission and OECD. Intellectual property lawyers will want to note, among other things, the chapter on VAT and Withholding Tax Rates on Dividends, Interest and Royalties - which is bound to impinge on tax-planning for digital rights management systems".
Bibliographic details: Price US$294, €230.00. ISBNs 9041125108 and 13 9789041125101.
Hardcover, xxx + 787 pages. Rupture factor: medium to high. Details online here.
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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE STUDY OP BREAKING WAVES
Michael S. Longuet-Higgins
Abstract
The sight and sound of breaking waves and surf is so familiar and enjoyable that we tend to forget how little we really understand about them. Why is it, that compared to other branches of wave studies our knowledge of breaking waves is so empirical and inexact? The reason must lie partly in the difficulty of finding a precise mathematical description of a fluid flow that is in general nonlinear and time-dependent. The fluid accelerations can no longer be assumed t o be small compared t o gravity, as in Stokes's theory for periodic waves and the theory of cnoidal waves in shallow water, nor is the particle velocity any longer small compared to the phase velocity. The aim of this paper is to bring together s ome recent contributions to the calculation both of steep symmetric waves and of time-dependent surface waves. These have a bearing on the behaviour of whitecaps in deep water and of surf in the breaker zone . Since spilling breakers in gently shoaling water closely resemble solitary waves, we begin with the description of solitary waves of limiting amplitude, then discuss steep waves of arbitrary height. The observed intermittency of whitecaps is discussed in terms of the energy maximum, as a function of wave steepness, In Sections 6 and 7 a simpler description of steady symmetric waves is proposed, using an asymptotic expression for the flow near the wave crest. Finally we describe a new numerical technique (MEL, or mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian) with which it has been found possible to follow the development of periodic waves past the point when overturning takes place.
Keywords
breaking waves
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF WAVE-INDUCED LIQUEFACTION IN A FINE SANDBED
Kojiro Suzuki, Shigeo Takahashi, Yoon-Koo Kang
Abstract
A series of experiments were conducted to examine wave-induced liquefaction in a loosely packed fine sandbed, which was specifically used to ensure the presence of residual excess pore pressure. Also observed was the compaction of a liquefied sandbed in response to cyclic wave loading; a phenomenon thought to reduce the possibility of liquefaction. In addition, pore water was supplied from the bottom of the sandbed such that the effect of underground water pressure on liquefaction could be clarified.
Keywords
liquefaction; fine sandbed; experimental analysis
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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"warc_url": "http://myrightword.blogspot.co.il/2012/10/what-happened-to-rachels-tomb.html"
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Monday, October 29, 2012
What Happened to Rachel's Tomb?
I read this:
"Thousands of Jewish settlers stormed Bilal bin Rabah
Mosque, known by Jews as "Rachel's Tomb" on
Sunday night, and performed Talmudic rituals on the
anniversary of "Rachel's death". "
Do you think that's the truth?
Oops, I just realized sarcasm doesn't go over the Internet well.
Here:
About 13,000 people had arrived at the compound from Thursday evening to Friday afternoon. A total of about 70 thousand people are expected by Sunday.
This year the anniversary of the matriarch Rachel’s passing fell on the Sabbath, when observant Jews do not travel. Those marking the anniversary compensated by moving celebrations of her life to the days immediately before and after.
As part of the preparations for the celebrations, volunteers from the Ichud Hatzalah organization, including doctors and paramedics, were deployed starting on Thursday afternoon at Rachel's Tomb. As of Saturday night they treated 13 people, including three who were evacuated to hospital. Most of the casualties suffered bruises and injuries as a result of the crowding in the area.
The Egged bus company, which had been providing transportation to the compound, could not handle the large number of visitors, and, as can be seen in the following video, on Saturday night tens of thousands of people began marching on foot from Jerusalem's Gilo neighborhood to the compound.
^
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Kim:News
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
HOME RESEARCH PEOPLE PUBLICATIONS INTERNAL POSITIONS NEWS LINKS OUTREACH CONTACT
News!
• 2/22/2013 - We are proud to announce that Dr. Hee Seok Yang, who was a post doc in the lab, has accepted an offer to start as a faculty at the Dankook University in Korea. Dr. Yang worked on innovative mufti-functional muscle cell patches and will continue this work in his new position. We wish him great success in his new endeavor.
• 2/20/2013 - Alex Jiao, Nicole Trosper, and Justin Lee win the Outstanding Paper Award at the 2013 ASME Global Congress on Nano Engineering for Medicine and Biology.
• 1/2013 - D. Kim was invited to join the editorial board of the Journal of Micro-Bio Robotics as an Associate Editor.
• 12/2012 - Cameron Nemeth received The SLUG Symposium Undergraduate Student Award.
• 11/4/2012 - 11/7/1012 - Prof. Kim gave an invited talk and chaired two sessions at the IEEE NANOMED 2012 conference.
• 2011 - D. Kim joined IET Micro and Nano Letters: special issue on micro-nanoengineered platforms for mechanobiology studies as a Co-guest editor.
• 4/2011 - Alex was awarded a NIH Bioengineering Cardiovascular Training Fellow
• 7/30/2010 - Professor Kim featured in National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering article on a nanoengineered patch for the damaged heart.
Personal tools
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{
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"url": "panarmenian.net/eng/news/120727/British_Airways_finalizes_decision_on_Armeniabound__flights_low_profitability",
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British Airways finalizes decision on Armenia-bound flights’ low profitability
PanARMENIAN.Net - British Airways finalized decision on extremely low profitability of Armenia-bound flights.
Instead, the airline will operate flights to Azerbaijan’s and Georgia’s capital cities Baku and Tbilisi respectively.
The company terminates activity in several countries, including Armenia.
As sources told PanARMENIAN.Net low-profitability was mentioned as the key reason behind the decision.
British Airways operated no flights to Yerevan in the past few years, with BMI launching flights to Armenian capital instead.
Partner news
Top stories
IFC invested $244 million in 40 projects across a range of sectors, including financial markets, manufacturing, and mining.
Armenian Prime Minister addressed a letter to Public Services Regulatory Commission over the reconsideration of gas prices.
Armenia’s Public Services Regulatory Commission plans to reconsider electricity generation and distribution prices.
Edmon Manukyan been addressed by the residents of Armavir and Aragatsotn provinces whose crops have been damaged over a strong hail.
Partner news
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
A handful of pine-seed will cover mountains with the green majesty of forests. I too will set my face to the wind and throw my handful of seed on high. Macleod, Fiona
This quote is about giving · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Macleod, Fiona ...
William Sharp (12 September 1855 12 December 1905) was a Scottish writer, of poetry, fiction, and literary biography, who from 1893 wrote also as Fiona Macleod, a pseudonym kept virtually secret during his lifetime, with Fiona Macleod becoming much more famous and popular, and biographed independently in contemporary sources. He was also an editor of the poetry of Ossian, Walter Scott, Matthew Arnold, Algernon Swinburne and Eugene Lee-Hamilton.
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Irreligion. The principal one of the great faiths of the world. Bierce, Ambrose
This quote is about atheism · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Bierce, Ambrose ...
Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce (born June 24, 1842, Horse Cave Creek, Meigs County, Ohio, USA date of death uncertain, possibly December 1913 or early 1914, presumably in Mexico) was an American satirist, critic, poet, short story writer, editor, and journalist.
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Either these [unsaved] people are to be evangelized, or the leaven of communism and infidelity will assume such enormous proportions that it will break you in a reign of terror such as this country has never known. Moody, Dwight L.
This quote is about life · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
There is this benefit in brag, that the speaker is unconsciously expressing his own ideal. Humor him by all means; draw it all out, and hold him to it. Emerson, Ralph Waldo
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
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A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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"url": "rocwiki.org/1951",
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1951
Info
Search:
Significant Rochester related events which occurred in 1951
Rochester events during the year of 1951
Sep 21 Major fire disaster in Twelve Corners area.
City of Rochester buys Warner Castle
Dryden Theatre built.
Genesee Valley Regional Market opened.
See also:
Comments:
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"url": "strategywiki.org/wiki/Battle_Isle",
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Battle Isle
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
This page is a stub. Help us expand it, and you get a cookie.
Battle Isle
Developer(s) Blue Byte
Publisher(s) Blue Byte
Distributor(s) Good Old Games
Release date(s)
Genre(s) Turn-based strategy
System(s) MS-DOS, Amiga
Players 1-2
Followed by Battle Isle Data Disk 1
Series Battle Isle
Battle Isle is a turn-based tactics computer game developed by the German developer Blue Byte Software. The storyline is set on a fictional planet called Chromos, whose society is technologically more advanced than that of contemporary Earth.
According to the story of the game, Battle Isle was developed by the Drull (the inhabitants of the planet Chromos) with the goal of finding the Great Strategist who can aid them in their battle against the mighy TitanNet. The game was bought by the earthling Walter Harris, who (as the player), is taken to Chromos to lead the drullian forces.
The development of the game was heavily influenced by the game Nectaris for the PC Engine which was released 2 years prior. The engine that was used in Battle Isle was reused again in the following years for Battle Isle Data Disk 1, Battle Isle '93 (also known as Battle Isle Data Disk 2 or The Moon of Chromos) and for History Line: 1914-1918.
Table of Contents
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Friday, December 07, 2012
Consumer surveys don't matter when the court is unconvinced
Scotts Co., LLC v. Pennington Seed, Inc., 2012 WL 6004140 (E.D. Va.)
The parties, who compete in the market for grass seed and plant food, each sought preliminary injunctive relief against the other’s ads, which were both denied. Nationwide retailers typically sell both parties’ products side by side in garden departments. The peak sales season for grass seed is brief, about 12 weeks in the spring.
Scotts began by alleging that Pennington’s ads that Pennington’s Smart Seed contained “twice the seed” of Scotts’ Turf Builder. The court granted Pennington’s motion to dismiss because the claim at issue was covered under the terms of a confidential settlement agreement and the parties were subject to mandatory ADR before they could sue. Pennington then sought a preliminary injunction against Scotts ads describing Pennington's 1 Step Complete combination grass seed products as “a bunch of ground-up paper” and making superiority claims for Scotts’ EZ Seed over Pennington's 1 Step Complete products. After the required ADR, Scotts came back to court on the “twice the seed” claims, expanding that to cover Scotts’ EZ Seed and Pennington’s 1 Step Complete combination grass seed products.
On Scotts’ motion, the court gave the following facts: Pennington launched a “twice the seed” campaign on its bags, ads, and display trays, and said on its website that “more seed means more plants ... And more plants means a thicker, more beautiful lawn.” Pennington’s Smart Seeds compete with Scotts’ coated Turf builder products; uncoated Turf Builder varieties are targeted towards different purchasers. Scotts’ coating accounts for half the seed’s weight, so Pennington claimed “NO FILLER! TWICE THE SEED! COMPARED TO COATED SEED PRODUCTS” on the packaging and made other comparative claims directly naming Scotts, including a TV ad: “… we're proud to tell you the truth about our Pennington 1 Step. We put in twice as much seed compared to their EZ SEED, we use a better mulch, and, well, look at the difference. I guess we believe in getting to the root of the problem. Don't you? Pennington 1 Step. Honest Green.”
The court found literal falsity “debatable.” Pennington’s products don’t have twice the number of seeds as Scotts’ products. But “twice the seed” was literally true on a weight basis, which Pennington argued was the industry standard. Scotts, however, introduced a consumer survey showing that consumers thought the claim referred to number, not weight. Without detailing the parties’ arguments about the survey, the court concluded that Scotts showed that it was slightly likely to prevail on the merits of this part of its claim.
But laches also factored in. Scotts waited until Pennington’s promotional materials had been public for over a year, triggering a laches defense. (I’m not sure how the court is counting. Scotts was aware of the campaign since October 2011, but it sued (albeit too soon, given the ADR requirement) in early 2012. Perhaps 2011 is a typo? Also, usually courts use a presumption against laches when a claim is within the coordinate state limitations period, which this seems to be no matter what you think the coordinate state claim is. However, delay—not laches—can be a reason to deny preliminary relief even though it’s not a reason to deny permanent relief, so that may be really what the court is thinking of, though then it’s analyzing the issue at the wrong part of the inquiry/double-counting, as shown by what it says next.) At a full trial, either party could easily prevail, so the likely success factor didn’t tip in Scotts’ favor.
Scotts also failed to show irreparable harm. Scotts waited for more than 18 months before taking action, which showed a self-diagnosed lack of irreparable harm. Plus, given the growing season, the need for urgency is gone; a full trial can be had before the claims could again become crucial.
Balancing the equities, the court also noted that the parties engaged in “tit-for-tat” litigation in which each one’s hands were “slightly soiled.” Though the public interest is against consumer confusion, Scotts’ showing wasn’t strong enough to tilt in its favor.
Pennington fared no better. It complained about a TV ad (and similar radio spot) comparing Scotts’ EZ Seed to Pennington’s 1 Step Complete. The ad called 1 Step Complete “a bunch of ground-up paper,” and said that “Scotts' EZ Seed uses the finest seed, fertilizer, and natural mulch that absorbs and holds water better than paper can.” An actor ‘changes his mind’ and uses EZ Seed instead. A website ad, “You Be the Judge,” also made superiority claims, such as that EZ Seed retained more than four times as much water as 1 Step Complete and outperformed 1 Step Complete in a “torture test” comparing growth after certain periods. Scotts allegedly used an outdated version of the Pennington product for its comparisons. Scotts also ran in-store ads, “REVOLUTIONARY GROWING MATERIAL OUTPERFORMS PAPER MULCH,” repeating other claims from the internet ads.
The court found that Pennington failed to show likely success on the merits. Though 1 Step Complete undisputedly consisted of a combination of mulch, grass seed, and fertilizer, it also was undisputed that the mulch included paper. Scotts provided evidence of visible newsprint in both old and new formulations. Pennington argued that Scotts’ ads unambiguously conveyed the message that 1 Step Complete was entirely paper, but no reasonable consumer seeking to purchase a grass seed product would understand it that way. Pennington’s survey was no help in showing that consumers received the message that it was all paper.
As for the superiority claims, Scotts relied on testing by its research specialist, which Pennington attempted to discredit. The court found that the testing reasonably supported its establishment claims and that Pennington hadn’t shown that the tests weren’t sufficiently reliable. Though Pennington claimed to have abandoned the old formula, the court wasn’t persuaded that the old formula was no longer readily available to consumers or that the tests were unreliable with respect to the new formula.
With no likely success on the merits, the other factors didn’t favor Pennington either.
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Henniker
From Wikitravel
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Henniker is a town in New Hampshire.
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[edit][add listing] Do
Pat's Peak
[edit][add listing] Buy
[edit][add listing] Eat
[edit][add listing] Drink
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• Colby Hill Inn
[edit] Contact
[edit] Get out
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Solapur
From Wikitravel
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Solapur is a city in Maharashtra in India.
[edit] Understand
The Word Solapur is believed to be derived from "SOLA" meaning sixteen in local language ( Marathi ) & "PUR" meaning village. Those sixteen villages were Aadilpur, Ahmedpur, Chapaldev, Fatehpur, Jamdarwadi, Kalajapur, Khadarpur, Khandervkiwadi, Muhammadpur, Ranapur, Sandalpur, Shaikpur, Solapur, Sonalagi, Sonapur and Vaidakwadi which are now united in Municipal Corporation of Solapur.
Solapur is famous for its Chadder, Handloom, Powerloom and Beedi Industries, covering an area of 14844.6 sq.kms., is one of the important districts in Maharashtra State of India.
It is influenced by its geography and the area is largely consists of plains. The river Bhima flows from northwest to the southeast and Sina River also flows from it. The southwest and northeast parts of the district are arid areas. Solapur is meeting ground for Maharashtra and Karnataka and from very old times the trade routes passed across Solapur district. There are 8 famous Digamabar Jain temples at Solapur two are at Shukravar Peth, one in Kasagi, one at Shravikashram, one at Bhusari and Seth Sakharamji temple. The chief deity (Gramdevata)of the city are Shri Siddeshwar & Shri Rupabhavani
Solapur developed as a commercial center for cotton and other agricultural produce. Solapur bed-sheets have earned fame and reputation for their novel designs and durability.
History As per the mythological literary sources the region south of Godavari was covered with thick forest and was inhabited by the aboriginal. Agastya was the first Aryan who crossed the Vindhya Mountains and settled on the banks of Godavari followed by other sages who established their hermitages in the different regions of the south. In early centuries the city belonged to the Hindu Chalukyas and Devagiri Yadavas, but later became a part of the Bahamani and Bijapur kingdoms. Vairag village in Barshi tehsil situated at a distance of 14 miles to the south east of Barshi and 30 miles to the North of Solapur is a meeting place of saints of Nath Sect who have enunciated worldly life for meditation. Because of this particular aspect the village seems to have been named as 'Vairag'.
[edit] Get in
[edit] Road
Solapur is transport hub connecting Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. It is well connected by Road and Rail to major districts and cities.The national highways 9, 13 and 211 pass through Solapur city. Solapur is located on Pune-Hyderabad NH9, approximately 275km away from Pune. Regularly buses ply from Pune. Buses from Mumbai, Kolhapur, Aurangabad, Nasik and other important cities of wester Maharashtra are available too.
Solapur is also very close to Hyderabad (305 km) in Andhra Pradesh and Vijapur (100 km) in Karnataka.
[edit] Railway
The city is located on major road and rail routes between Mumbai and Hyderabad, with a branch line to Bijapur and Gadag. It is 456 km away from Mumbai and 264 km away from Pune by rail.
[edit] By plane
Air service has currently started with regular flights from Solapur to Mumbai (Kingfisher airlines).
[edit] Get around
Public transport in Solapur is primarily provided by buses operated by Solapur Municipal Transport (SMT) and auto rickshaws. It is interesting to note that the only place other than Mumbai where double decker buses are in use is Solapur.
Park Chowk
[edit][add listing] See
Siddheshwar Temple surrounded by beautiful lake
Highlights for tourists include:
• Temple of Lord Siddharameshwar
• Hipparga Lake - a scenic nature area
• Kambar Lake, newly named as Sambhaji lake
• IndraBhavan - Solapur Corporation building
• Bhui-Kot Castle - castle of 15th century and under the Bahamani period
• Hutatma Garden
• Mahatma Gandhi National Zoo
• Chetana Park
• Navi Peth - For shopping
Destinations that are further away (but great for day/weekend trips)
• Pandharpur Vithoba Temple (70 km away)
• Akkalkot - Swami Samarth temple (35 km away)
• Hydra - saifan mulk chishti dargah (near about 20 km from Akkalkot)
• Nannaj - Bird Sanctaury for 'The Great Indian Busterd' (25 km away)
• Tuljapur - Tuljabhavani Temple (45 km away)
• Naldurg Fort (approx. 45 km towards Hyderabad)
• Barshi "Bhagvant" Temple (approx. 70 km away)
• Ramling - Beautiful natural place ( 90 km away)
• Kudal Sangam - Shiva Temple (approx. 30 km away)
• Akluj - Fort, Gardens, Sayaji Raje Park, Temples. (approx. 100 km away)
[edit][add listing] Do
• Sunil, 9503221143. solapur siddheshwar devasthan, Sangam edit
[edit] Work
[edit][add listing] Buy
• The most famous item is Solapuri chadar. Cotton Bedsheets and handmade textile are very popular.
*and also school uniform at sneha garment
[edit][add listing] Eat
• Try Nasle Shenga Chutney.
Supraja Pav-Bhaji
Pani Puri at Madhla Maruti.
• Stalls along Lucky Chowk, (Near Duffrin chowk). edit
• Chutni Puri, Bhaji Misal, Madhla Maruti. 7 INR. edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
[edit][add listing] Sleep
[edit] Contact
PIN Code for Solapur is 41300x. STD Code is 0217 and the RTO Vehicle Registration code is MH-13.
[edit] Stay safe
You should be extra cautious while parking vehicles. Traffic Police are very strict in the city. You need to have PUC for your vehicles or else you will be Rs 50 short each time you cross the signals.
[edit] Cope
[edit] Get out
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Difference between revisions of "Knoxville"
From Wikitravel
Knox County : Knoxville
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(See)
(updated listing Three Rivers market)
Line 174: Line 174:
*<eat name="Smoky Mountain Brewery" alt="" address="11308 Parkside Drive, Knoxville, TN 37934-1971" directions="" phone="+1-865-288-5500" url="http://www.coppercellar.com/smbSite.shtml" hours="11:00-00:30 Su-Th, 11:00-1:30 F-Sa" price="" lat="35.899584" long="-84.160058">A restaurant and brewery in western Knoxville.</eat>
*<eat name="Smoky Mountain Brewery" alt="" address="11308 Parkside Drive, Knoxville, TN 37934-1971" directions="" phone="+1-865-288-5500" url="http://www.coppercellar.com/smbSite.shtml" hours="11:00-00:30 Su-Th, 11:00-1:30 F-Sa" price="" lat="35.899584" long="-84.160058">A restaurant and brewery in western Knoxville.</eat>
* <eat name="Three Rivers market" alt="Knoxville's Community Food Co-op" address="1100 N. Central St." directions="" phone="865-525-2069" email="k.ries@threeriversmarket.coop" fax="" url="http://www.threeriversmarket.coop" hours="9AM - 10PM, Daily" price="">Three Rivers Market is a natural foods grocery store with a great hot food bar serving daily seasonal menus. There is also a full service deli case, a fresh sushi counter, and a grab-and-go case with drinks, sandwiches, wraps, and...cupcakes from Magpie's Bakery.</eat>
+
* <eat name="Three Rivers market" alt="Knoxville's Community Food Co-op" address="1100 N. Central St." directions="" phone="865-525-2069" url="http://www.threeriversmarket.coop" hours="9AM - 10PM, Daily" price="" lat="" long="" email="k.ries@threeriversmarket.coop" fax="">Three Rivers Market is a natural foods grocery store with a great hot food bar serving daily seasonal menus. There is also a full service deli case, a fresh sushi counter, and a grab-and-go case with drinks, sandwiches, wraps, and...cupcakes from Magpie's Bakery.</eat>
* <eat name="Trio" alt="" address="13 Market Square" directions="" phone="+1-865-246-2270" email="" fax="" url="http://www.trio-cafe.net" hours="" price="$6-9, free WiFi">Trio's menu takes a multiple choice approach to salads with an order card of ingredients and a pen to tick of the items you'd like tossed with your greens. Tasty sandwiches and a handful of entrees round out the lunch and dinner options. Breakfast is decidedly eggy with a choice of several types of omelets and Eggs Benedict. Coffee and pastries are available all day.</eat>
* <eat name="Trio" alt="" address="13 Market Square" directions="" phone="+1-865-246-2270" email="" fax="" url="http://www.trio-cafe.net" hours="" price="$6-9, free WiFi">Trio's menu takes a multiple choice approach to salads with an order card of ingredients and a pen to tick of the items you'd like tossed with your greens. Tasty sandwiches and a handful of entrees round out the lunch and dinner options. Breakfast is decidedly eggy with a choice of several types of omelets and Eggs Benedict. Coffee and pastries are available all day.</eat>
Revision as of 18:06, 27 November 2012
Knoxville is in Knox County, Tennessee, United States. It is the third-largest city in the state. It is the home of the University of Tennessee's primary campus (UTK) and site of the 1982 World's Fair.
Contents
Understand
Knoxville sits nestled on the Tennessee River about an hour from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Once called the 'scruffy little city', the downtown is undergoing a rapid renaissance as young people move into the lofts and apartments created from the factories and warehouses of another era. On any evening of the week, throngs of residents and visitors can be seen at the sidewalk cafes, theaters, restaurants and night clubs along Gay Street and Market Square. The University of Tennessee, with its 27,000 students, is within walking distance of the downtown, separated only by the World's Fair Park.
One can still see remnants of the 1982 World's Fair in the Sunsphere, a rising structure topped with a gold sphere which dots Knoxville's skyline, however, most of the other structures from the Fair were removed to create a large city park which attracts families, students, and artists on weekends and sunny days. The World's Fair brought a lot of attention and development to the city, including high-rise office structures, and the four-star Hilton, Crowne Plaza and Marriott hotels.
Knoxville is home to the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame, but the city seems dominated by the University of Tennessee Volunteers (men only) and Lady Volunteers athletics. The basketball teams play in the 21,000+ seat Thompson Boling Arena, and the nationally recognized football team plays in Neyland Stadium, one of the largest on-campus stadiums in the world at 103,000 seating capacity. During the fall you will find plenty of orange in the foliage, but you will see Big Orange year round with the people of Knoxville.
The city is also the home or birthplace of a number of cultural figures, such as authors Cormac McCarthy, James Agee, and Alex Haley, and filmmaker Quentin Tarantino, who mentions the city in all of his films (remember the watch in Pulp Fiction?) The Everly Brothers attended high school here and began performing on radio in Knoxville. Dolly Parton began her career in Knoxville. Senator Howard Baker, actor David Keith, film director Clarence Brown and opera singer Mary Costa are all from the Knoxville area. Less culturally, actor and daredevil Johnny Knoxville is from the city.
Get in
By plane
McGhee Tyson Airport (IATA: TYS) is serviced by:
• American Eagle, +1 800 433-7300, [1].
• Comair, +1 800 354-9822, [2].
• Continental Express, +1 800 525-0280, [3].
• Delta Air Lines, +1 800 221-1212, [4].
• United Express, +1 800 241-6522, [5].
• US Airways Express, +1 800 428-4322, [6].
The following cities are serviced non-stop from Knoxville by air: Atlanta (ATL), Charlotte (CLT), Chicago (ORD),Cincinnati (CVG), Cleveland (CLE), Dallas (DFW), Denver (DEN), Detroit (DTW), Houston (IAH), Memphis (MEM), Minneapolis (MSP), New York (LGA), Newark (EWR), Orlando (MCO), Philadelphia (PHL), Washington (DCA), Washington (IAD).
By car
Southbound Interstate 75 and westbound Interstate 40 converge in the middle of Knoxville via Interstate 275 and run concurrently through western Knoxville. I-75 and I-40 split at the western edge of Knox County.
By bus
• Greyhound, 100 East Magnolia Avenue, +1 800 231-2222, [7]. National bus service.
• Megabus, [8]. Service from Washington, D.C., Christiansburg, Atlanta, Chattanooga, Memphis, and Nashville. Buses arrive and depart at the Knoxville Transit Center at 301 Church St. E. Fares from $1 and up.
By boat
The Tennessee Rivers run through Knoxville and is accessible by personal watercraft. Many boaters routinely navigate the Tennessee River for both pleasure and travel.
Get around
Although parking is usually easy to come by in most of the city, it may be mildly difficult at times to locate adequate parking downtown and around the University of Tennessee. Walking is convenient downtown, but in other areas, most major roads are not amenable to pedestrians or bicyclists. In the outer areas of the city, because bus service is infrequent and some places don't have sidewalks, traveling by car is the way to go.
Public transportation
• Knoxville Area Transit, or KAT [9]. KAT runs a bus service throughout the City of Knoxville and parts of Knox County. Unfortunately, most KAT bus stops are served on an hourly interval, so exploring Knoxville via KAT bus is somewhat difficult. However, the recent opening of an ultra-modern Downtown Station bus terminal should greatly improve public transportation within the city. All KAT buses are equipped with flip down bicycle racks and many are powered by biodiesel or other alternative fuels. KAT operates special routes for some events, a downtown trolley service, and bus services for the University of Tennessee.
• Knoxville Trolley Lines [10]. The trolley runs several free downtown and University routes during business hours and one "Late Line" route on Friday and Saturday nights during the University of Tennessee fall and spring semesters. Most daytime stops are served on ten to twenty minute intervals.
Biking and walking
Knoxville is slowly building a paved greenway system [11] that allows cyclists and pedestrians to travel into downtown from nearby suburbs such as Sequoyah Hills and Island Home.
• Bearden Village [12]/ Third Creek Greenway [13]: Beginning at Bearden Elementary School on Kingston Pike, the Third Creek Trail parallels Sutherland Avenue as it follows Third Creek's wooded path. When the trail ends at Neyland Drive, pedestrians and cyclists can continue on the Neyland Greenway [14] to access Volunteer Landing, the stadium, and parts of the University of Tennessee campus. A spur of the Neyland Greenway connects to the World's Fair Park near Neyland Stadium.
• Sequoyah Greenway [15] Technically, the Sequoyah Greenway is a gravel walking/running path located in the median of Cherokee Boulevard, the main road of one of Knoxville's wealthiest neighborhoods. However, cycling the broad boulevard roadway is a pleasant and reasonably safe ride for a casual or serious cyclist. Keep right and most automobiles will have more than enough room to pass you safely. Sequoyah Hills Park [16] and the Tennessee River parallel much of the boulevard's southern side, and the park is a wonderful place to stop for a picnic. The northern side of the street is lined with stately homes. Much of the Sequoyah Hills neighborhood is pedestrian friendly, so be sure to explore a few of the leafy side streets. The trail is accessible at several parking areas along the boulevard, and at the Laurel Church of Christ parking lot (use the crosswalk at the intersection of Cherokee Boulevard and Kingston Pike.) A spur of the Third Creek Greenway leads to the Laurel Church parking lot. Be advised that this spur is extremely steep and not in the best repair. Bicyclists may need to dismount and small children will need lots of help.
• Jean Teague Greenway [17]: Beginning at West Hills Elementary School and terminating at West End Church of Christ, the Jean Teague Greenway is an ideal trail for walkers and families with young children. As the trail passes through West Hills/John Bynon park, it divides to form a loop and winds around numerous athletic fields and playgrounds. Near its midpoint, the trail crosses Winston Road near the YMCA. Parking is available at the elementary school when school is not in session, at the park entrance on Winston Road, and at West End Church of Christ on East Walker Springs Lane. Those wishing to continue on to the Cavet Station Greenway may do so by exiting the church parking lot and traveling westbound on East Walker Springs Lane.
• Cavet Station Greenway [18]: The Cavet Station Greenway follows the heavily traveled Gallaher View Road from the intersection of East Walker Springs Road to Middlebrook Pike. Although this may someday be a useful link between greenways, it is a less than idyllic experience for a recreational biker. Nearby residents do seem to make use of it as a convenient exercise path for jogging. A sidewalk is on the opposite side of Gallaher View, and there is a cross walk at the intersection of Walker Springs Road. A Wal-Mart and Sam's Club are located just off of the western side of Gallaher View Road.
See
• Candy Factory. Currently undergoing conversion to condominiums, but still hosts a fully-functioning candy store. White chocolate dipped strawberries (fresh daily) are a treat for Valentine's Day.
• Fort Sanders neighborhood. A multitude of Victorian-era houses.
• Market Square. [19] A small, historic downtown square, home to dining, retail, a twice weekly farmer's market, and special events. Market Square takes its name from the Market House that once stood at its center. Farmers from surrounding areas would bring their wagons into Knoxville's Market House to sell their wares. Today the square is full of interesting little shops and restaurants. Entering the the southern end of the square from Union Avenue, one may pass the bell from the old Market House as well as a statue commemorating Tennessee's role in the fight for women's suffrage. Dotted with benches and tables, Market Square is a lovely place to spend a few hours browsing the shops, dining with friends, or watching children play in the small fountain. A lucky square patron may happen upon anything from a pair of cellists playing Beatles songs to an ice cream give away. Unless an event is taking place in the downtown area, parking at the Market Street garage (on Walnut) is free on weeknights after six pm and all day on weekends. Event parking is usually five dollars.
• Old City. A lot of interesting architecture and a chief nightlife spot. Lots of bars and pubs for every taste.
• Gay Street. The main drag in downtown Knoxville, home to a number of shops, a movie theater, and restaurants. Mast General Store, featuring clothing, sports equipment and southern Americana is very popular.
• Tennessee Theatre, on Gay Street downtown. [20] The state theater of Tennessee and is an interesting example of Moorish architecture.
• Volunteer Landing. Knoxville's riverwalk along the Tennessee River, complete with large, splashing fountains that were purposefully designed for you to play in! The Three Rivers Rambler operates from this location, taking visitors to the headwaters of the Tennessee River on this traditional, coal-fired train.
• World's Fair Park. Site of the 1982 World's Fair Park and adjacent to the Knoxville Convention Center. Large, kid-friendly fountains. A big hit in the summer months.
• Sunsphere. A modernistic monument built for the 1982 World's Fair. The observation deck is open daily April - October 9AM - 10PM and November - March 11AM - 6PM There is no admission charge.
• The University of Tennessee (UT) Gardens. The UT Gardens have been open to the public at no charge every day year-round since 1982. The UT Gardens now serve an estimated 50,000 visitors annually. Over 1,000 woody plants are under long term observation and 2,000 varieties of annual herbaceous plants comprise the primary collections of this 12-acre urban public garden in Knoxville, Tennessee. Hours are 9AM - 6PM on Saturday and 11AM - 5PM on Sunday. Annual Bloomsdays [21], email bloomsdays@utk.edu or call 865-525-4555. The Friends of the University of Tennessee Gardens, an 800-member nonprofit 501@3 organization founded in 1992,advocates, promotes, and raises funds for the Gardens from citizens on the university campus, in the community, and across the state. For additional information, call the Friends at 865-525-4555, visit http://utgardens.tennessee.edu/ or email friendsoftheutgardens@utk.edu.
• The Tennessee Volunteers [22] and Lady Vols [23] – The Tennessee Vols, and to a lesser extent the Lady Vols, are an integral part of the Knoxville lifestyle. Game after game over 100,000 Tennessee football fans pack Neyland Stadium to cheer on their favorite football team. Neyland Stadium first came to life in 1921 as Shields-Watkins Field with 17 rows seating 3200. Over the course of more than 80 years Neyland Stadium has become one of the country's most popular college stadiums. You'll know why when you hear the roar of the Tennessee fans and feel the energy that fills the stadium at every game! After the football team, the most storied team on campus is the Lady Vols basketball team, perennial national championship contenders.
• Museum of East Tennessee History, 601 S. Gay Street, [24]. The East Tennessee Historical Society off Market Square has a new and fascinating museum about the history of the area, from Native Americans through Davy Crockett, the Revolutionary War, industrialization (the city was once called the Underwear Capital of the World), the Civil War, and modern history, including the role of the area in producing the first atomic bomb.
• Frank H. McClung Museum, 1327 Circle Park Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, [25]. Mon - Sat: 9:00A to 5:00P Sun: 1:00P to 5:00P. The McClung Museum, located on the campus of University of Tennessee, is a museum of natural history and culture. In addition to permanent exhibits on the Civil War, human evolution, geology, Tennessee natural history, Native Peoples of Tennessee, and Ancient Egypt, the museum has temporary exhibits on a variety of topics. The museum is free and open to the public and is conveniently located near Neyland Stadium and the basketball arena. Free parking is available on Circle Park Drive--visitors should simply ask for a two-hour parking pass from the Visitor's kiosk at the entry to Circle Park Drive. Free.
Do
Outdoors
• The Smoky Mountains. Knoxville is located only 30 minutes from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, one of the largest protected areas in the United States. With its ancient beauty and diversity of plant and animal life, the Smokies are a hiker's paradise with over 800 miles of trails. The park and surrounding park areas offer a host of activities, including camping, fishing, auto touring, horseback riding, sightseeing, and more. If you enjoy bicycling, visit Cades Cove Loop Road, an 11 mile one way road surrounded by stunning landscapes and closeup viewing of wildlife and 19th century homesites.
• House Mountain State Natural Area. The House Mountain State Natural Area consists of 525 acres (2.12 km2) managed by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation and Knox County Parks & Recreation. The Trust for Public Land purchased the plot in 1985 and sold it to the state of Tennessee in 1987. An interpretive kiosk, picnic facilities, and approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) of trails were constructed in the early 1990s. The park gets quite busy during the "nicer" months of the year.
• Fishing The Tennessee River's bass producing waters feature an abundance of fishing opportunities. From the lower end of Pickwick, legendary for world-class smallmouth fishing, the river pours through a powerful tailwater before winding many miles until backing into the Kentucky Lake basin. Kentucky Lake, covering 164,000 acres (109,000 in Tennessee), is legendary for its largemouth bass fishing. Whether you enjoy pure river fishing, open-reservoir structure fishing or casting to cover in creeks or backwaters, there's a Tennessee fishing experience waiting for you.
• Motorcycling Living in the Knoxville area puts you near America's number one motorcycle road: The Tail of the Dragon. If 318 curves over 11 miles sounds a little too exciting, enjoy the area's many other roadways. Loop through Smoky Mountain National Park or follow the backbone of the Appalachian Mountains on the Blue Ridge Parway.
• Ijams Nature Center, 2915 Island Home Avenue, (865) 577-4717, [26]. A 275-acre large park and wildlife preserve, Ijams has hiking trails, educational activities, and events about stewardship, local flora and fauna, and more.
• Knoxville Zoo, 3500 Knoxville Zoo Drive (Off 1-40 near Cherry Street), [27]. A nice but smallish zoo with 800 animals and a lot of success breeding red pandas. There's also a reptile center and kids play area.
• A-Affordable Jet Ski Rentals, LLC, 956 Volunteer Landing Ln, 865-934-9411, [28]. Jet Ski rentals in downtown Knoxville. Offering new and fuel efficent Yamaha jet skis. Located at Volunteer Landing Marina.
Sports
• College football (Tennessee Volunteers), 1600 Phillip Fulmer Way, Suite 200, 800-332-VOLS, [29]. See traditional college football power, the University of Tennessee play at 102,000 seat Neyland Stadium, one of the largest stadiums in college football. ~$45 and up.
• College Basketball (Tennessee Volunteers and Lady Vols), 1600 Phillip Fulmer Way, Suite 200, 800-332-VOLS, [30]. Watch the University of Tennessee's men's basketball team, one of the most successful in the country during recent years in the second largest on campus arena in the country. Or watch Pat Summitt's Lady Vols, one of the most successful teams in all of American women's sports. ~$10-$70.
• Minor League Baseball (Tennessee Smokies), 3540 Line Drive, Kodak, [31]. Watch the AA level Tennessee Smokies play their Southern League rivals at the recently built Smokies Park. They are an affiliate of the Major League's Chicago Cubs and the park even serves Old Style beer, a Chicago staple. $7-$12.
• Ice Hockey (Knoxville Ice Bears), 500 Howard Baker Avenue, (865) 525-PUCK, [32]. Watch this Southern Professional Hockey League and three time champion battle their rivals for the Commissioner's and President's Cups at the James White Civic Coliseum. $12-$29.
• Rugby (Knoxville Rugby Club), 9435 College St, Strawberry Plains, [33]. Come see the amusingly named Possums of Knoxville play in the second Division of the USA Rugby South Territory. Free.
Theatre and music
• The Clarence Brown Theatre.[34] CBT is a professional LORT theatre affiliated with the University of Tennessee. Shows produced at the CBT feature undergraduate theatre students, MFA theatre candidates, and professional actors and directors.
• The Black Box Theatre, 5213 Homberg Drive, +1-865-584-0990 [35]. The Black Box is the performance space of the Actor's Co-Op, a community theatre company, and it often features the work of MFA candidates from UT's graduate theatre program. Shows at the Black Box range from children's plays produced by the apprentice company to provocative productions intended for mature audiences only.
• The Tennessee Theatre.[36] The beautiful Tennessee Theatre is located downtown. Originally constructed in 1927, it was fully renovated and reopened in January of 2005. Past performances include the Knoxville Symphony, John Legend, Alison Krauss and Union Station, David Sedaris, Savion Glover, Lily Tomlin. They also screen classic movies.
• The Bijou Theatre.[37] In addition to being housed in Knoxville’s fourth oldest building, the Bijou Theatre has an atmosphere that’s perfect for live music and the performing arts. Many performers and music fans consider the Bijou the best-sounding room in Knoxville. Tennessee Shines[38] is a radio show broadcast live from the Bijou the last Wednesday of each month. Sponsored by WDVX[39], the show celebrates Appalachian and other genres of American music.
• Sundown in the City. [40] During the summer months, head to Market Square every Thursday night to see fabulous live music.
Festivals & events
• Dogwood Arts Festival
• Rossini Festival
• Honda Hoot
• Kumba Festival
• Boomsday
• Knoxville Lindy Exchange
• Christmas in the City
• Blooms Days Garden Festival and Marketplace, University of Tennessee Gardens on Neyland Drive
Learn
• University of Tennessee. A public land-grant doctoral-degree granting university. The campus is near downtown.
• Knoxville College. A small, historically African-American college.
• University of Tennessee Trial Gardens. Located just off Neyland Drive behind the UT Veterinary Hospital on the UT Institute of Agriculture campus.
Buy
Major Shopping Complexes
• West Town Mall, 7600 Kingston Pike (Located a few miles west of downtown Knoxville at the West Hills interchange. Exit 380 off I-40/75.), [41]. West Town is the more upscale of Knoxville's two malls and is anchored by Belk, Dillards, Sears, Belk, and JCPenny. West Town contains a food court and most traditional "mall" stores. The Centre at Deane Hill (located across Morrell Road, east of the mall) contains a Borders, PetSmart, Kohls, Bed, Bath and Beyond, Food City, and numerous smaller stores and restaurants.
• Knoxville Center, 3001 Knoxville Center Drive (In the northeastern part of the city off of I-640, Exit 8.), [42]. Most locals still refer to Knoxville Center by its former name, East Towne Mall, if not from habit, then for geographical clarity. Knoxville Center contains a food court, movie theater, numerous small to midsize stores, and is anchored by Sears, JCPenny, Belk, and Dillards. Surrounding shopping centers include Sams Club, Walmart, Carmike Cinema 10, Lowes, Home Depot, Kohls and Target.
• Turkey Creek, Parkside Drive, [43]. A "Lifestyle Center" containing many different restaurants, clothing stores, a very large movie theater (Regal Cinemas Pinnacle Theater 18.) Large retailers include Wal-Mart, Super Target, Old Navy, Borders, and Belk.
Downtown shopping
• Market Square, [44]. The shops lining Market Square include several locally owned clothing and home accessories boutiques. In addition, the square is often home to vendors during events such as the Dogwood Arts Festival.
• Market Square Farmer's Market, +1 865 405-3135, [45]. Harking back to the square's original function, the Market Square District Association hosts a farmer's market each Wednesday (11AM-2PM) and Saturday (9AM-1PM.)
• Indigo, 327 Union Avenue, +1 865 525-8788, [46]
• Reruns, 2 Market Square, +1 865 525-9525
• Earth to Old City, 22 Market Square, +1 865 522-8270, [47].
• Bliss, 24 Market Square, +1 865 329-8868, [48].
• Village Market Place, 32 Market Square, +1 865 541-5050.
• Vagabondia, 27 Market Square, +1 865 525-4842, [49].
• Bliss Home, 29 Market Square, +1 865 673-6711, [50].
• Gay Street. Once the center of life in Knoxville, Gay Street is slowly becoming a destination for shopping and socializing. Mast General Store and Yee-Haw industries make up the limited but hopefully growing retail. At the north end of Gay Street, The Emporium Center for the Arts contains studios of local artists and gallery space. The visitors' center (located on the corner of Gay and Summit Hill), the East Tennessee History Center, and Blount Mansion also have gift shops with souvenirs and local products.
• The Old City.
Books
• McKay Used Books & CDs, 230 Papermill Place Way, [51]. A warehouse-sized extravaganza of cheap, used books, CDs, DVDs, videos, audiobooks, CD-ROMs, and video games. As well as shopping, you can sell your used items for cash or store credit.
• Carpe Librum, 5113 Kingston Pike # A, +1-865-588-8080, [52].
• Book Eddy, 2537 Chapman Highway, +1-888-303-0990, [53]. A large selection of used books and LPs, predominantly from estate sales. Excellent quality, with neighborly felines to pet while reading.
Eat
Knoxville has plenty of restaurants - more per capita, in fact, than any other city in the U.S. - although the diversity and quality of them can be disappointing if you're not willing to look beyond the major chain locations. Be perseverent, however, and you will find some diamonds in the rough. Vegetarians and vegans are generally not well catered to, there are exceptions and the vigilant vegetarian or vegan will not starve.
Budget
Knoxville has most typical fast-food chains in one or more places around town.
• Petro's, [54]. Petro's was founded in Knoxville during the energy-themed 1982 World's Fair. The petro consists of corn chips, chili, cheese, green onions, tomatoes, and sour cream, and it comes in beef, chicken, and vegetarian varieties. It goes well with Petro's Hint-of-Orange Iced Tea.
• M&M Catering, 7409 Middlebook Pike, +1-865-692-1003 (fax: +1-865-531-3048), [55]. For melt-in-your-mouth barbeque, go to this small cement block setup, open daily.
• Elidio's Pizza, 6714 Central Ave Pike, +1-865-687-1002. Great New York-style pizza and other Italian offerings.
Mid-range
• Aubrey's, [56]. Fresh seafood, steaks, and salads. Voted "Best of Knoxville" in the Knoxville-News Sentinel.
• Calhoun's, 6515 Kingston Pike, 400 Neyland Drive, and 10020 Kingston Pike, [57]. Voted as serving the best ribs in all of America, Calhoun's offers what they call a "taste of Tennessee". Calhoun's also operates a microbrewery at each of their locations.
• The Chop House, (Many locations throughout the city.), [58]. A Knoxville favorite for great steaks and chops in a warm, friendly environment.
• Connors Steak & Seafood, [59]. Fresh seafood and dry-aged steaks.
• Downtown Grill and Brewery, 424 S Gay Street, [60]. 11:00-24:00 daily. Big, stylish microbrewery on two floors with huge copper brewers' tanks in the center. Upscale pub fare -- steaks, seafood, sandwiches and fry ups, as well as the tasty house-brand beers. $15-25 including a drink, free Wifi.
• El Charro, (Three locations in Knoxville.). Purportedly has the best salsa in town.
• Gourmet Market, 5107 Kingston Pike, +1 865 584-8739, [61].
• Litton's Restaurant, 2803 Essary Drive NE. Some of the best burgers that can be found in Tennessee, and their patties have a remarkably robust and well balanced flavor that is almost sweet. All baked goods are prepared fresh daily in-store by a team of bakers who arrive to prepare the day's goodies before first light. The Tuesday lunch special is fried chicken, broccoli casserole, and banana pudding. Their red velvet cake is simply the best, and their "dinner plate" chocolate chip and sugar cookies (literally the size of small dinner plates) are not to be missed.
• Nama's, (Off of Kingston Pike.). One of the better sushi joints in Knoxville. $10-20.
• Puleo's Grille, (At the junction of I-40/75 and Cedar Bluff Road in West Knoxville.). The only place in Knoxville (and probably the state) where you can begin a meal with fried green tomatoes with cheese grits and two kinds of sausage gravy and top off the evening with a glass of white wine and a cannoli.
• Smoky Mountain Brewery, 11308 Parkside Drive, Knoxville, TN 37934-1971, +1-865-288-5500, [62]. 11:00-00:30 Su-Th, 11:00-1:30 F-Sa. A restaurant and brewery in western Knoxville. (35.899584,-84.160058)
• Three Rivers market (Knoxville's Community Food Co-op), 1100 N. Central St., 865-525-2069 (), [63]. 9AM - 10PM, Daily. Three Rivers Market is a natural foods grocery store with a great hot food bar serving daily seasonal menus. There is also a full service deli case, a fresh sushi counter, and a grab-and-go case with drinks, sandwiches, wraps, and...cupcakes from Magpie's Bakery.
• Trio, 13 Market Square, +1-865-246-2270, [64]. Trio's menu takes a multiple choice approach to salads with an order card of ingredients and a pen to tick of the items you'd like tossed with your greens. Tasty sandwiches and a handful of entrees round out the lunch and dinner options. Breakfast is decidedly eggy with a choice of several types of omelets and Eggs Benedict. Coffee and pastries are available all day. $6-9, free WiFi.
• Tomato Head, 12 Market Square, +1-865-637-4067, [65]. M-Su for lunch, Tu-Su for dinner. The Tomato Head is a favorite restaurant of many locals. They have fabulous (and veggie friendly) salads,sandwiches, pizza, and calzones.
• Table Fifteen, 11383 Parkside Drive, +1-865-675-1721, [66]. Table Fifteen is more of a wine bar than and eaterie, but nevertheless they do have some great menu items (eclectic pizzas, standard entrees, etc.) to complement their extensive wine offering. Gets a bit crowded in the evenings, but worth a visit. [This restaurant has been closed since Spring 2010.] [Cru is now open at that location.] $10-16.
• Cru Bistro & Wine Bar, 11383 Parkside Drive (Pinnacle at Turkey Creek), 865-671-6612, [67]. 11-11. The menu at Cru represents both new and exotic flavors as well as beautifully executed yet familiar selections for one and all to enjoy. The chef-inspired small plates menu encourages those with curious palates to explore and experience a wine variety of foods and an extensive selections of global wines by the glass, the flight, or the bottle. $7 - $15. (35d54'02N,84d09'34W)
Splurge
• Baker Peters Jazz Club, 9000 Kingston Pike, +1-865-690-8110, [68]. This jazz club has live music and good food. Its alcohol selection focuses on wine, but it also has a reasonable beer selection, and also cigars. (35.912585,-84.081974)
• Naples. The city's best stop for Italian food, with nightly specials designed in-house by award-winning chefs. Try not to fight over the cannoli and Seafood Goddess salads.
• Restaurant Linderhof, [69]. Excellent German fare.
• Ruth's Chris Steakhouse, 950 Volunteer Landing Lane, Knoxville, TN 37915, +1-865-546-4696 (fax: +1-865-521-0642), [70]. M-Th 17:00-21:30, F-Sa 16:30-22:00, Sunday 16:00-21:00. Excellent steaks, among other things. (35.962081,-83.911997)
• The Orangery. Open since 1971, with live piano every evening, this restaurant serves outstanding continental fare.
• Ye Olde Steakhouse, 6838 Chapman Highway (Five miles south of the Henley Street Bridge from Downtown Knoxville), +1-865-577-9328, [71]. 4:30 - 9PM / 9:30PM on F Sa. Ye Olde Steak House racks up Best Steak House in Knoxville awards every year, but its fame extends far beyond the city limits. It's one of Knoxville's oldest and most popular restaurant, family-owned since 1968. $30 - $50.
Drink
Market Square and the Old City house a number of bars, probably too many to list here. Below are a few popular locations in those areas and elsewhere.
• Downtown Grill & Brewery, 424 S. Gay Street (Downtown), +1-865-633-8111, [73]. Great bar and grill on Historic Gay Street in downtown Knoxville. Good selection of beers brewed on site. Standard pub fare. Pool tables, television, and live music. Front and back patios. Popular with locals.
• Fort Sanders Yacht Club, 721 S 17th Street (next to the intersection of Cumberland Avenue (the Strip) and 17th Street. Close to the UT campus.), [74]. Really interesting place from a perspective of European traveler, a bar full of old 25-cent arcade games (more than ten machines like Donkey Kong, Street Fighter II, Mario Bros) plus cheap beer (different kinds) especially on Tuesdays. Smoking only outside, on a funny small patio. Great, relaxed atmosphere.
• Goalpost Tavern, 1824 Cumberland Avenue, +1-865-523-4597, [75]. Formerly known as Old College Inn, or OCI, this is arguably the most famous bar on the Strip. Students, alumni, and locals alike congregate here for cheap "Big Gulps" and famous "Cheese Bings".
• Patrick Sullivan's Steakhouse and Saloon, (Old City), [76]. Opened in 1888, one of the most popular places in the Old City. Often good live music and lots of beer. There's also a cool, laid-back Back Room bar with horseshoes.
• Preservation Pub, (Market Square), [77]. Good beer selection, live music.
• Sapphire, 428 S. Gay Street (Downtown), [78]. Trendy and upscale.
• Sassy Ann's, 280 N. Fourth Ave, [79]. Big, three-storey house turned into a party place. Quite far from everywhere but worth visiting.
• The Irish Times Pub & Restaurant, 11348 Parkside Drive (Behind Calhoun's and Smoky Mountain Brewery. 20 km from centre.), +1-865-675-8800, [80]. 11:00-2:00 Su-Th, 11:00-3:00 F-Sa. This pub has a decent selection of Irish and international beers. It also serves food. On weekends, there is often live music. (35.898611,-84.160466)
• Union Jacks, 124 Northshore Drive, +1-865-584-5161. Low key pub scene, far from centre.
Sleep
• Crowne Plaza, 401 W. Summit Hill Drive, +1-865-522-2600, [81].
Budget
• Knoxville Hostel, 404 East Fourth Avenue, +1-865-546-8090, [82]. Dorm beds $17/night.
Mid-range
• Hampton Inns and Suites, 618 West Main Street (Located downtown.), +1-865-522-5400, [83]. Free parking in parking garage..
• MainStay Suites, 144 Merchant Drive, +1-865-247-0222, [84]. Extended-stay hotel with weekly housekeeping service, coffee makers, hair dryers, irons, ironing boards, fully equipped kitchens, microwaves, refrigerators, pillow-top mattresses, and cable TV. Some rooms have work desks, sofa sleepers and balconies.
• Ramada Limited East Knoxville, 722 Brakebill Road, +1-865-546-7271, [85].
• Holiday Express at the UT Gardens, University of Tennessee Trial Gardens (Just off Neyland Drive behind the UT Veterinary Hospital on the UT Institute of Agriculture campus), 865-974-7141, [86]. See under description. $5 per person, children under 4 are admitted free.
Splurge
There are two Hiltons (One at the airport, one downtown), The Crowne Plaza and The Radison downtown.
Stay safe
In general, Knoxville is a safe town. Practice the same precautions you would in any other mid-sized American town -- for example, lock your car and don't leave valuables sitting in plain view in your car. Low-income areas downtown should be traversed carefully. Avoid the area around University and Fifth. You don't even want to go there after dark. This is not at the University of Tennessee. Be careful where you park in the "Old City" area. It's right next to the mission district.
Contact
Cope
The University of Tennessee Chancellor's Commission for LGBT People is an advisory group which is active in civic and public discourse regarding LGBT issues in the Community, particularly at the University of Tennessee itself, but is accessible by all members of the LGBT community in one capacity or another [87].
Get out
• Great Smoky Mountains National Park and Gatlinburg. About an hour's drive.
• Chattanooga. About two hours' drive to the home of the Tennessee Aquarium.
• The Museum of Appalachia in Norris, [88]. About 30 minutes north of Knoxville up I75. See how settlers in Southern Appalachia lived. This area was once "the Wild West". The museum features pioneer artifacts and authentic buildings. There are special events in the spring, the Christmas season, and the Fourth of July (anvil shoot!).
• Oak Ridge, Manhattan Project site and host of the annual Secret City Festival.
• Maryville is a small college town half an hour south of Knoxville.
Routes through Knoxville
NashvilleKingston W E → Jct to KingsportAshevilleWinston-Salem
LexingtonRichmond N S Lenoir CityChattanooga
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Difference between revisions of "Talk:United States of America"
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:::::::::'''That's not what "jealously" means''' (in this context). That's been my whole point all along, but I guess I'm just a voice crying in the wilderness. [[User:LtPowers|LtPowers]] 17:21, 27 April 2012 (EDT)
:::::::::'''That's not what "jealously" means''' (in this context). That's been my whole point all along, but I guess I'm just a voice crying in the wilderness. [[User:LtPowers|LtPowers]] 17:21, 27 April 2012 (EDT)
+
+
:::::::::: Yes, you linked to M-W above. But I don't see how the definition you linked can be applied in this situation. Consider, if we rewrite the M-W example to use the adverbial form: "New colonies guarded their new independence jealously." That makes sense because they ''had'' independence which they wanted to keep. But to say, "Cops watch for DUIs jealously,"... cops don't have or possess DUIs, so the definition of "vigilant in guarding ''a possession''" doesn't make sense here. If we substitute DUIs with something tangible, like "Cops watch for thieves jealously," then it's like ChubbyWimbus said above, it sounds like the cops are competing with each other to try and catch thieves. The definition of "vigilant guarding" still doesn't apply because the cops don't ''have'' the thieves yet... they're trying to catch them. (You could say "Cops watch prisoners jealously" because they have prisoners in jail, but even then I think "vigilantly" would be a better word choice, and in any case that's off topic.) -- [[User:BigPeteB|BigPeteB]] 09:34, 30 April 2012 (EDT)
Revision as of 13:38, 30 April 2012
This page is for discussing the corresponding article or guide. For questions, comments, or personal stories about this destination or topic, visit Wikitravel Extra. For more about using talk pages check out Wikitravel:Using talk pages.
See also: Wikitravel:Manual of style for the US.
Talk is all well and good. But it's no substitute for fixing this article, which is bloated and rambling. Let's just do it. We can always undo mistakes.
Archived discussions on this page can be found at:
Contents
Recent disease edits
Several US articles have recently received very detailed information on diseases - see Special:Contributions/75.196.125.235 for some examples. While this is good info, I'm concerned that it might be too much for an already-lengthy article like the USA article. For example, West Nile virus, Hanta virus, and the plague are of such minimal concern to anyone visiting the US that there are literally hundreds of other more relevant issues to be concerned about. Does anyone have any suggestion for keeping this info, but doing so in a way that doesn't distract from information that is relevant to the majority of US visitors? -- Ryan • (talk) • 02:05, 24 January 2011 (EST)
They're good-faith edits, but I agree that most are so rare that they don't need mentioned. Lyme disease is probably the most prevalent in the list... Many of them are more specific to certain regions, so perhaps they could just be mentioned in the regional article and left out of this one.
It was fine before; list some of the most significant hazards -- probably Rabies being the most important -- and leave the details for the region and state articles. LtPowers 18:47, 24 January 2011 (EST)
Disease too PC?
The above discussion made me read over the "Disease" section and I notice it says "the HIV rate — especially among gay men, IV drug users, sex workers, and certain ethnic minority groups", so... I was wondering why exactly we suddenly get vague with "certain ethnic minority groups"? When talking HIV, I don't think most people want to have to guess or infer. It is African-Americans that are being referenced here, correct? Can we just say this? Are there others (it's plural)? ChubbyWimbus 04:07, 24 January 2011 (EST)
HIV risk has nothing to do with race, but rather with behavior. I think this we are wandering into [obvious] territory if we cap every article with a reminder to use condoms. Sexually transmitted diseases are also addressed under the gay/lesbian section of this article. I may go in and consolidate things a bit...SONORAMA 05:37, 24 January 2011 (EST)
The condom thing definitely doesn't belong. HIV risks DO heighten depending on who you are having sexual relations with, because we can also say that it is behavior rather than sexuality that creates the risk for any group. That is technically true, but it doesn't change the statistics that the prevalence of HIV is higher in certain groups, making them more risky. If we can pinpoint "gay men" then we should also be able to identify these "ethnic minority groups". It does no good to try and sugar coat it by saying, "especially people with certain sexual preferences, people who use certain drugs/narcotics, people of certain occupations, and certain ethnic minority groups." ChubbyWimbus 16:35, 24 January 2011 (EST)
This is getting obscure, and most certainly out of my area of expertise, however, prevalence of AIDS within "ethnic minorities", is more likely as a result of socio-economic factors, reflecting the social makeup of the U.S. There is no real link at all to race, the link is to wealth and privilege, which is just reflected in HIV stats the same as it reflected in racial statistics.
Are we really recommending to a traveller to play a statistical game here? The AIDS risk exists worldwide, and I don't think we need a statistical treatment of it here. --inas 17:26, 24 January 2011 (EST)
Of course there is no genetic link between HIV and race, but someone felt that it was important to list the groups in which HIV is most prevalent, so if we want this information then I don't like it being vague. There is also no link between HIV and any of these other groups genetically, so there are always social/economic factors. The point of naming WHO the "ethnic minorities" are is not to say "these people are dirty, disgusting, immoral, subhumans". If that were the case, then the entire list is highly offensive and judgmental. It's just not useful to say "certain groups" so let's be fair and name names if we like this information. If we don't, then let's get rid of all of them and leave it at the fact that HIV in America is more common than most other developed nations. Which do we prefer? ChubbyWimbus 18:48, 24 January 2011 (EST)
I'm certainly in favour of the latter. As I said before, if we really do want visitors to try their luck with stats, income and wealth is a better measure than skin colour or race. Best advice is to check credit history --inas 20:31, 24 January 2011 (EST)
I say axe the list. Practice safe sex regardless of which stranger in a foreign land you are screwing... --Peter Talk 13:37, 26 January 2011 (EST)
I think there's consensus then that the list wasn't useful, so it's gone. ChubbyWimbus 16:59, 26 January 2011 (EST)
Phone numbers
Currently the article states: "All of the digits must usually be dialed, even if "XXX" and "YYY" matches your phone's number. (In the smaller cities, XXX need not be dialed for local calls.)"
This is not the norm. By default, area codes are not needed, and cities/metro areas with 10-digit dialing are the exception. That said, since much of the population lives in these metro areas, and many visitors will be in these areas, I can see how it might appear differently.
I'm going to edit this to present it both accurately and helpfully. --BigPeteB 17:24, 28 March 2011 (EDT)
Men shaking hands with women
For whatever it's worth, I'm 46 and grew up in a liberal family in New York, NY and live in Manhattan today, and what I've always been taught is that it's best to wait for a woman to extend her hand before shaking it. I don't always practice that, and it isn't a terrible faux pas for a man to offer his hand first, but sometimes, women react as if that's just an excuse for the man to touch them. So I submit that it's a best practice for the man to do the traditional thing and wait for the woman to extend her hand (or not), and I dissent about reverting that part of my recent edit. Ikan Kekek 20:41, 9 April 2011 (EDT)
While that may be a social norm in some instances, I'm not sure that it's a common enough thing (or unique enough) to merit inclusion in this article. The "Respect" section of the US article seems to become a dumping ground for etiquette advice, and the level of detail that people add often far exceeds what a traveler would need to know. If left unchecked this section tends to balloon into rambling paragraphs (for example: [1]), which hides the useful info under a mountain of less-important details. -- Ryan • (talk) • 21:25, 9 April 2011 (EDT)
I definitely get your point. Thanks. Ikan Kekek 21:47, 9 April 2011 (EDT)
I also think that it's not severe enough to warrant inclusion, because it's not rude or abhorrent for men to shake hands with women and I don't think most women would actually be disgusted by it. If one does happen to leave you hanging though, you do have an open-hand to slap her with. :P ChubbyWimbus 01:22, 10 April 2011 (EDT)
Definitely not abhorrent or disgusting. :-) Ikan Kekek 01:52, 10 April 2011 (EDT)
I suppose if a traveler is invited to a society party on the Upper East Side, he might need to know about certain social customs -- but enumerating them all is beyond the scope of this article. The average traveler will do just fine knowing simply that it is customary to shake hands when meeting someone (male or female). 50 years ago, that may not have been the case, but today I think it is. LtPowers 09:35, 10 April 2011 (EDT)
I'm under 50 years old, grew up on the West Side, and don't travel in the kinds of circles you're talking about, and I disagree somewhat with your opinion, but I do agree now that it's not important to fight about the edit - partly because foreigners will often be given some leeway, anyway. Ikan Kekek 14:04, 10 April 2011 (EDT)
NYC museums
I feel this edit was a bad idea. First and foremost, it means we now have no mention of several of the most important museums in the country. Second of all, the reason I wrote that paragraph (and the D.C. paragraph) is because otherwise, NYC and DC museums would come to dominate the list that appears below them. I could be wrong, but I don't think any of the cities Ryan mentioned in his edit summary come close to NYC's selection when it comes to renown and importance. LtPowers 17:09, 5 May 2011 (EDT)
My concern was that the paragraph seemed like an invitation to add "my city, too" lists, something we typically try to avoid at the country/region level. DC, as the capital, might warrant special mention, but calling out New York in its own paragraph and including museums like MOMA would seem to invite the addition of the Getty in LA, the Field Museum in Chicago, etc, leading to too much detail for what the section is trying to convey about the US, namely that there are a lot of great museums. -- Ryan • (talk) • 17:19, 5 May 2011 (EDT)
Those individual museums can be added to the list; the problem is that the Guggenheim, Ellis Island, and the Natural History museum all deserve to be on that list as well (plus at least one of the MMOA, MOMA, and Intrepid). Any other city that had four or five on the list could be broken out as well, but I doubt any other city would qualify. LtPowers 20:22, 5 May 2011 (EDT)
Even as over-hyped and over-promoted as New York City may be, I do think that it has enough world-famous museums that the paragraph was not inappropriate. If there was something wrong with the wording, that can be worked out, but the Metropolitan Museum of Art and other such museums are actually more well-known to many people abroad (and domestically) than even D.C.'s Smithsonians. I sort of consider Ellis Island to be more of a historical site/landmark than a museum, but that's not so important. I think the list will always potentially attract the "add my city" edits, regardless of whether NYC has its own paragraph or not, but I don't think people will make the argument that New York City does NOT deserve any mention. ChubbyWimbus 02:51, 6 May 2011 (EDT)
Fair enough - please restore the original paragraph. That said, it might be worth revisiting this section in the future to try to make it less of a list of destinations and more of a general overview of museums in America, with a callout for things like hall of fames, and perhaps pointers to why certain museums are where they are (example: philanthropy from individuals like Carnegie, Guggenheim, Getty, etc). -- Ryan • (talk) • 11:04, 6 May 2011 (EDT)
Of course I'm open to changes; the text I wrote was just an attempt at a first pass (the entire "See" section was completely empty except for itineraries before I got my hands on it last June). I'd be interested to see an example of what you mean! LtPowers 16:30, 6 May 2011 (EDT)
Respect (again)
Anyone wishing to go through the archived talk pages for this article will find numerous discussions about trimming the "Respect" section to get rid of Obvious information. The most recent revert to this section was done for the same reasons - the "Respect" section of this article tends to attract well-meaning edits that have the effect of diluting useful information. While it may be valuable to point out the sensitivity of Americans to race issues, this section has been used to present advice on not making fun of America, not joking about September 11, not peeing in public, etc. The Obvious guideline was started as a specific response to these sorts of edits, and the most recent revert was done due to its well-meaning but overly general advice. -- Ryan • (talk) • 18:10, 18 May 2011 (EDT)
Removing bloat
In the phrase "… [US] is regarded as the world's wealthiest and most powerful country…" I removed "regarded as", since the statement as edited is true and factual. As a source I site the CIA world fact book. While it is perhaps more polite to be falsely modest, a fact is a fact. —The preceding comment was added by William M Goetsch (talkcontribs)
Is it the world's wealthiest nation with its billions of dollars in debt? And as far as "most powerful" goes, the nuclear nations all have enough bombs to destroy the planet, so... how much more powerful can any single country get than that? —The preceding comment was added by 74.106.191.222 (talkcontribs)
Hey, guys, if we're going to quibble over this ridiculously trivial matter, could you at least sign your posts? LtPowers 16:18, 8 June 2011 (EDT)
Yeah, I sort of thought that the bloat was elsewhere... I would have signed if the stupid Captcha wasnt requiring a sig 74.106.191.222 16:22, 8 June 2011 (EDT)
I agree that it's a trivial matter. But it grates on me because it's so politically correct. And I wonder which country the anonymous editor would nominate as the most wealthy and powerful. None I suppose. Then the best, and most NPOV solution is simply to remove the entire sentence, which doesn't seem to have anything much to say to a traveler anyway. I haven't worked on Wikitravel and this page since 2004, and now I remember why I stopped. Bill 14:56, 9 June 2011 (EDT)
Try not to let one obstinate IP user get you down; building travel guides by consensus is a long road, to be sure, but it's rewarding. We need your contributions! LtPowers 16:43, 9 June 2011 (EDT)
Probably calling it the absolute most powerful and wealthiest nation implies that it is the BEST nation, which lends itself to offending non-Americans. It's probably also assumed that an American wrote it to begin with which doesn't help. I guess the article's fine without it, since arguments about power and wealth are mostly political, as you said, rather than travel-related. I'd like to echo LtPowers though that I hope this doesn't make you leave again. I think we've all found ourselves in the midst of such squabbles before... ChubbyWimbus 20:52, 9 June 2011 (EDT)
Police
I don't intend to get too into this, but I think it would be best to get rid of anything other than simple travel advice here (in other words, I'm plugging my previous edit [2]). Few things in American life are more likely to provoke edit warring than opinions of the police. --Peter Talk 12:02, 14 June 2011 (EDT)
Although the other edit is probably done in good faith, I think I also prefer your shortened version. While American police officers are not perfect, compared to most other countries they are generally quite good, polite and honest. ChubbyWimbus 12:22, 14 June 2011 (EDT)
Right, so we should say that. The fact that people will edit war over it (and this person's edits were no improvement, frankly, so I don't see why his opinion on that line ought to matter) is no reason not to include useful information. LtPowers 18:46, 14 June 2011 (EDT)
It seems more a platitude than useful information to me, and an invitation to edit warring from people who have had bad experiences with police. There are parts of the country where "run-ins with the law" are not always such a positive experience for everyone, and on the other hand, plenty of other countries have professional police forces. What would be more useful information to convey is that police, when approached for help, will be helpful—that is a meaningful distinction from police forces in some other countries, which are best avoided even in case of a problem. --Peter Talk 20:18, 14 June 2011 (EDT)
History section
I'm not clear on why certain phrases are so important to include in the History section. This recent edit re-added a few that I'd removed, and I'd like to explain why I removed them in the first place.
One change exchanged "sophisticated cliff-side towns" to "elaborate cliff-side towns". To me, this neuters the notability of the pueblos by merely praising their complexity. To me, it's their sophistication that makes them more remarkable; anyone can be elaborate, after all.
Another change added "imported" to describe how African slaves were used. That seems redundant. They obviously didn't just find African slaves waiting to be exploited here in America; making sure to note that they were imported seems to insult the reader's intelligence.
Another change is to note that the U.S. defeated Germany in World War I. Aside from being a gross simplification (the U.S. hardly did it singlehandedly, nor was Germany our only opponent), it also strikes me as not particularly relevant. The important fact to take from U.S. involvement in WWI is that it marked our emergence as a world superpower, not that we beat up those Germans real good.
The fourth change is new, not one I previously removed, but I find it most puzzling: WWII had been raging in Asia since before WWI?
-- LtPowers 14:10, 4 July 2011 (EDT)
I changed that because 'sophistocated' is already used just above to describe the Native American societies. It was redundant using the word twice, not to mention sounding preachy, like "We get it, they're NOT savages like the media portrays them!" (it was even more preachy before I deleted a couple other Native American pity sentences) It's not that I don't think they were sophistocated, but ONE of the 'sophistocated' words needed to go to avoid the redundancy, and I just chose that one. I tried to choose a word that conveyed a similar feeling to describe the dwellings but feel free to think of another or change the other 'sophisticated', although I think the other one is better placed.
With the slave part, "imported" seemed to make sense to me just because slavery was just kind of tossed into this "history" section as something that made Virginia great, which seemed odd to me, so if that's how it's going to be treated in the article, it seemed at least appropriate to connect the dots and ground the section a little. I suppose whoever wrote the original also thought, "It's obvious" like you, but we shouldn't be writing history sections with the assumption that "everybody knows it already". It's not that I don't think people know or can figure it out, it just seemed appropriate to not have strange holes in the article, because to me the section did treat it as though the slaves were just waiting here for the white men to arrive and were forced to work when they were discovered.
With the Germany remark, we can't say that simply ENTERING the war marked it's emergence as a superpower. There needs to be some sort of action involved to show HOW exactly WWI marked the US as a superpower. Countries like Finland, Belgium, Egypt, etc "entered" the war, but they didn't become world powers. Entering war doesn't make a nation powerful, so there needs to be something else said about what made it such a defining moment for the US. I realize that "defeating Germany" may be oversimplified, but at least saying that they were able to hold their own against one of the world's strongest nations shows that America had power and the success points this out, not "entering the war" which just shows that some guys were sent to Europe.
Pearl Harbor was only the beginning of Asian involvement for the United States. To say that war began in Asia with Pearl Harbor is rather insulting to the other Asian nations that'd been in conflict with Japan since prior to WWI, because Japan had been actively conquering territory and expanding, as stated, since prior to World War 1 with the Sino-Japanese War, Russo-Japanese War, Korea, etc. Even WWI itself was just a convenience for Japan to secure German territory in China to continue what it was already doing. WWI is a European historic mark, but for Asia/Japan, what our history books seem to suggest were WWII activities were certainly well underway before WWII but had begun prior to WWI. It seemed the most concise way to say it and it is truthful, so that's why I wrote that. At any rate, since we state that Japan (in Asia) was what got the US involved in the war, we kinda needed mention of how long war had been going on previously in that region. Europe is given 2 years but it's rather choppy to say that after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor the US sent its troops off to Europe.
In general, I find this history section to be rather choppy and less informative than the history sections of other nations. It seems that "being concise" has been mudded with the idea that American history is all very obvious and known by everyone to make a rather shallow, disconnected account of American history. The flow of the "History" section is lacking in my opinion. ChubbyWimbus 16:46, 4 July 2011 (EDT)
This recent edit to the history section added extensive detail on US monetary policy that seems too detailed to me. The edit was well-intentioned, but monetary policy is a subject for its own (Wikipedia) article, and not really helpful in a brief overview within a travel guide. -- Ryan • (talk) • 02:06, 16 July 2011 (EDT)
Well intentioned I am sure, and certainly well written. But I agree with Ryan that this does not belong in a travel guide. --Burmesedays 02:54, 16 July 2011 (EDT)
I agree, but I was reluctant to just revert wholesale. I left a message about it on the user's talk page, since he/she is a new user. LtPowers 10:39, 16 July 2011 (EDT)
I am going to re-add the deleted section for three distinct reasons:
• It is not purely economical, but rather intertwines politics and economics to show how the administrative policies of the USA in the past 40 or so years have left large parts of it in real-life social ruin (in other words, how the treatment of various social classes and economic policies towards those classes have left the country in quite a bit of disarray);
• The discussion here is insufficient to justify a wholesale reverting;
• I am willing to be flexible and change the language to be more accommodating in various ways but I'm not willing to see the entire thing unilaterally erased and nothing similar put in its place. Tell me what to do to make the thing better and I'll make it better, but please don't be so rude as to just erase the whole thing and leave it at that.
Thanks. Kikodawgzzz 02:29, 10 August 2011 (EDT)
Regarding your second point, per Wikitravel:Consensus, when there is dissent (in this case three editors raising concerns) the article should stay as-is. Regarding your first point, the US article is one of the longest articles on Wikitravel, and it tends to stray from information for travelers into general information about the US, so we are constantly pruning it down to try to keep things relevant to travel. In this particular case, the information you've added seems interesting from a social standpoint, but in my opinion is more suitable for an encyclopedia article than a travel guide. As to a wholesale revert, if you can summarize your point into a sentence or two it might make sense to keep in the article, but the level of detail you've gone into doesn't seem to lend itself well to a short summary. -- Ryan • (talk) • 10:51, 10 August 2011 (EDT)
Again, please discuss the proposed changes before re-adding. I'm still not understanding why it is important to go into detail on US monetary policy in the 70's for a travel guide to the US. The information may be good, but it's too much detail - PLEASE either summarize it to a few sentences, or else consider contributing the info to an article on Wikipedia. -- Ryan • (talk) • 13:20, 4 September 2011 (EDT)
As noted several times previously, changes such as this one should be discussed first as there does not seem to be consensus that this article needs extensive discussion of US monetary and economic policy. -- Ryan • (talk) • 14:12, 29 January 2012 (EST)
Round three
These edits are well-intentioned, but I think they add too much detail. We are not an encyclopedia. How much of this is really relevant to travelers? LtPowers 20:21, 22 January 2012 (EST)
The whole "History" section could use some pruning, and in particular the "government and politics" section seems far too detailed for a travel guide. -- Ryan • (talk) • 20:37, 22 January 2012 (EST)
I don't mind the extra sentence about slavery, since slavery is a big part of American history and sites with links to slaves, the underground railroad, and African-American history are major tourist draws in many areas. I also like the added mention of the Trail of Tears however, I prefer to simply say they were pushed West and cutting the Oklahoma bit. ChubbyWimbus 04:35, 25 January 2012 (EST)
I think the history section is pretty good the way it is. The U.S. is a big country, and being an "Understand" section, making it shorter wouldn't really do it justice. The China article is a good example of a history section being overtly long. --Globe-trotter 01:30, 26 January 2012 (EST)
I think there are two points:
1. In cases where detail on a regional-specific issue is getting out of hand that detail should be in the region article. Slavery affected the US, and the Trail of Tears was a major event, but the US article should provide an overview and lead the reader to the history sections of the South (United States of America) or Oklahoma articles for further details.
2. In cases where the history section focuses on historical details that may not be particularly relevant to travel (such as politics or the current edit warring over US monetary policies) it seems like a guiding principle should be Wikitravel:The traveler comes first. Local contributors tend to see issues as relevant to a wider audience, but just as an American traveling to Japan probably doesn't care about the detailed policy platforms of the various Japanese political parties or the history of Japanese monetary policy, historical information for a traveler to the US probably doesn't need to cover how the political parties developed or the problems of inflation in the 70s.
Currently the "History" section and the "Government and politics" sections of this article end up being three pages (single spaced) and 2000 words when pasted into a Word processor - that seems borderline excessive for a sub-section of a single article section ("Understand"), and I think any growth should probably be closely watched to ensure that it is an overview for travelers, rather than a treatise on US history. My two cents. -- Ryan • (talk) • 14:34, 29 January 2012 (EST)
Region discussion - West Virginia and Virginia
While discussing the identity of the Mid-Atlantic, it occurred to me that the common inclusion of West Virginia and Virginia in the popular definition could be useful here on Wikitravel as well. W.Va. has much in common with southwestern Pennsylvania, and northern Virginia is strongly associated with Washington, D.C. There are some drawbacks, though: Virginia was part of the Confederacy, with Richmond its capital, and the southern parts of the state are clearly Southern. But I wouldn't want to move W.Va. without moving Virginia, because of the semantics of the term "Mid-Atlantic" if nothing else.
The main advantage would be balancing out the regions a bit. Mid-Atlantic has only five states, while South (United States of America) has eleven. Seven and nine would be more balanced. It would leave Kentucky as a northern outlier for the South region, but whatcha gonna do?
Thoughts? LtPowers 13:40, 2 November 2011 (EDT)
I'm ambivalent. Culturally, I think they're closer to Southern (particularly when compared with the very cosmopolitan NYC and DC) than anything else, but then they don't really stack up to the Deep South like GA, AL, and MS, either, especially northern VA.
I guess it depends on what the "point" of dividing states into regions is? Is it most useful to visitors for us to group things geographically, or culturally, or what?
(Incidentally, have you seen the Sweet Tea Line? [3] Someone checked all the McDonald's in VA to see if they had sweet tea available, and it draws a pretty clear boundary between northern and southern VA. Perhaps this is why it's so hard to classify.)
--BigPeteB 14:05, 2 November 2011 (EDT)
Virginia can't be Mid-Atlantic in my mind. It's definitely part of the South. I think I'd also leave West Virginia where it is. It does look strange to put it in a different region than Virginia and it still seems southern to me. ChubbyWimbus 11:26, 4 November 2011 (EDT)
It's definitely part of the South, but so is Texas; we have some freedom to move states around for logical reasons. But moreso than that, Virginia is often included in the Mid-Atlantic region, as noted on Talk:Mid-Atlantic. Is there any specific reasoning behind your recommendation, or some way in which my reasoning was flawed? LtPowers 13:02, 4 November 2011 (EDT)
Note, for example, this map from 1883. LtPowers 13:32, 5 November 2011 (EDT)
I'm positive that this issue has come up numerous times, but Talk:United States of America/Archive 2006#West Virginia was the only discussion I found in the talk page archives. My personal opinion is that Virginia belongs in the South - outside of the DC suburbs the state is quintessentially southern, and it makes sense to keep the Confederate states together to avoid some of the cultural battles that have been waged over Wikitravel's regional structure in the past. West Virginia and Kentucky are trickier, but I'm positive that there have been discussions in the past about why they are where they are, and those should be dug up prior to making any change to verify whether the old arguments are still valid or not. -- Ryan • (talk) • 13:48, 5 November 2011 (EDT)
Having grown up in Kentucky, I definitely consider both KY and WV part of the South. Something about the Appalachian region really just blends everything from north GA all the way through WV together seamlessly. --BigPeteB 09:47, 6 November 2011 (EST)
My inclination is to include Virginia in both regions ;) --Peter Talk 11:34, 14 November 2011 (EST)
Nine cities - just some info
discoveramerica.com is being revamped; currently on their splash page, they have links to 12 city-based itineraries: Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Washington, Seattle, Atlanta, San Francisco, Dallas, New York, and New Orleans. Our list of nine cities matches closely, except we have Miami and forgo Philly, Atlanta, Las Vegas, and Dallas. I'm not suggesting any change here, just providing some information. LtPowers 16:31, 10 November 2011 (EST)
Racism
I think racism and advice for travelers of color is important in this article (as well as all others). Thoughts? —The preceding comment was added by 67.190.105.185 (talkcontribs)
The vast majority of "travelers of color" will encounter no problems on the vast majority of their itineraries. Race need only be mentioned if it's something the traveler is likely to need to know. LtPowers 23:16, 18 November 2011 (EST)
Racism and how it might affect travel is something that is very difficult to write about. Travel experiences are by their nature anecdotal, and because of the fear involved with racist incidents (or other crimes targeting outsiders), there will be one tendency to overwrite about the subject. On the other hand, plenty of people simply don't want to deal with this issue and will want to dismiss notions that there is a problem with racism where they live. For these two reasons, this is a troll's topic delight—it's really easy to get people bogged down in arguments over whatever we write about racism.
That's not to say that ignoring the concerns of minority travelers (or even simply foreign travelers) that they might be singled out for harassment is a good thing, but I don't have great advice for how to go about this. --Peter Talk 17:12, 19 November 2011 (EST)
Jealously
Look, I don't want to start an edit war, but regarding this re-"correcting" of a sentence... I believe "jealously" is not incorrect in this sentence, and we should stick with the original author's wording. To watch something jealously is to watch it protectively, per wiktionary:jealous. Watching it with zeal is something else entirely. LtPowers 18:39, 20 April 2012 (EDT)
I dunno, "zeal" makes more sense to me than "jealously". And "zeal" is used in the definition of "jealous" that you linked. In my mind, you have to be jealous of something because you want it for yourself or want to protect it. Wiktionary's usage notes suggests "protective of one’s own position or possessions". Saying the police are jealous of DUIs doesn't make sense to me. I think zeal was a better choice. -- BigPeteB 09:43, 23 April 2012 (EDT)
Yeah, jealousy sounds strange, as if the cops wish that they could be driving under the influence and therefore try to make sure no one else is enjoying what they themselves cannot. I think 'zealously' better captures the fervor (aka: ridiculousness) with which they want to catch people. ChubbyWimbus 11:28, 23 April 2012 (EDT)
It's not "jealousy" but "jealously", which means "vigilantly" in this context. See definition 3 at m-w.com: "new colonies were jealous of their new independence". They weren't envious; they were protecting their own independence with vigilance, just as the police in the U.S. protect the safety of their jurisdictions. I think you're both getting confused because of the more common meaning of the word "jealous". LtPowers 15:01, 23 April 2012 (EDT)
While not a native English speaker, I tend to support that "zealously" is a better option in this context. 200.252.135.73 15:12, 23 April 2012 (EDT)
Jealously, as it is being used here, conveys a nuance additional to vigilantly unrelated to the intended meaning—that of protecting that which is one's own. Zealously (or vigilantly) is more appropriate. --Peter Talk 15:56, 23 April 2012 (EDT)
"Zealously" also implies that it's being done with relish or eagerness, so I don't think that's what was intended. Change the word if you insist, but I am confident that the original author meant "jealously" and not "zealously". LtPowers 18:38, 24 April 2012 (EDT)
I don't know, coming from a rural town in the US, I took at as a jab at how the cops have to find some way to feel important and basically catching speeders and trying to get people for DUI are viewed as the high points of their lives. ChubbyWimbus 09:16, 26 April 2012 (EDT)
Which is a horribly unfair and prejudiced view. LtPowers 14:40, 26 April 2012 (EDT)
I wouldn't say that at all. I know small towns in rural Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia who depend on revenue from speeding tickets. I've actually seen a small county courtroom with ~50 people ticketed for speeding, and the judge threw every single case out, because that way they pay court fees (which go to the county) and not the speeding fine (which would go to the state). Speed traps in small towns are a way of life down here, and I agree that the police look for it "zealously", like a zealot or fanatic, not "jealously" like a jilted lover. -- BigPeteB 09:58, 27 April 2012 (EDT)
That's not what "jealously" means (in this context). That's been my whole point all along, but I guess I'm just a voice crying in the wilderness. LtPowers 17:21, 27 April 2012 (EDT)
Yes, you linked to M-W above. But I don't see how the definition you linked can be applied in this situation. Consider, if we rewrite the M-W example to use the adverbial form: "New colonies guarded their new independence jealously." That makes sense because they had independence which they wanted to keep. But to say, "Cops watch for DUIs jealously,"... cops don't have or possess DUIs, so the definition of "vigilant in guarding a possession" doesn't make sense here. If we substitute DUIs with something tangible, like "Cops watch for thieves jealously," then it's like ChubbyWimbus said above, it sounds like the cops are competing with each other to try and catch thieves. The definition of "vigilant guarding" still doesn't apply because the cops don't have the thieves yet... they're trying to catch them. (You could say "Cops watch prisoners jealously" because they have prisoners in jail, but even then I think "vigilantly" would be a better word choice, and in any case that's off topic.) -- BigPeteB 09:34, 30 April 2012 (EDT)
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
3106.0 - Demography News, Jun 2003
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 08/07/2003
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MELBOURNE EXPERIENCES LARGEST POPULATION GROWTH IN 2001-02
Melbourne experienced the largest population growth of Australia's state and territory capital cities in the year to June 2002, increasing by 52,500 people, while Sydney experienced the second largest increase (42,700 people). This was the first year since 1990-91 that Melbourne's growth was larger than Sydney's. Brisbane recorded the fastest population growth in 2001-02, increasing by 2.3% (38,700 people).
Within Melbourne, large increases in population were recorded in outer suburban areas such as the Local Government Areas (LGA) of Casey (up 10,100 people), Melton (5,900) and Wyndham (5,500), while in Sydney the largest growth was recorded in Blacktown (5,300 people), Baulkham Hills (4,500) and Liverpool (4,400). This pattern was also apparent in the other capital cities, with significant growth in outer suburban areas such as Parkinson-Drewvale in Brisbane, Salisbury in Adelaide, Wanneroo in Perth, Bakewell in Darwin, Kingborough in Hobart and Amaroo in Canberra, although the magnitude of these increases was smaller than that of those recorded in Melbourne and Sydney.
Inner city areas of capital cities continued to experience high levels of growth in 2001-02. The LGA with the fastest increasing population in Australia was the city of Perth (up 11.8%), while the LGAs of the city of Sydney and city of Melbourne also experienced continuing high growth (up 6.8% and 6.5% respectively).
Population growth in many coastal regions continued during 2001-02. The largest increase in population outside of capital cities occurred in the city of Gold Coast in Queensland. In New South Wales, increases in population were recorded in every coastal LGA outside Sydney, while in Victoria the LGAs of Bass Coast and Surf Coast continued to experience high growth.
Further information, including final 1997 and 2001 estimates for Statistical Local Areas and Local Government Areas, as well as state/territory and national data, may be found in the publication Regional Population Growth, Australia and New Zealand, 2001-02 (cat. no. 3218.0). LGA population estimates for June 2002 are also available freely on the ABS website <www.abs.gov.au>
For more information please contact Matthew Montgomery on (02) 6252 6487 or matthew.montgomery@abs.gov.au
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1216.0.15.002 - Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) Concordances, 01 Jul 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 17/07/2008
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
2008 ASGC AREA BASED CONCORDANCES PRODUCT BRIEF
Introduction
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) has developed several concordance products that enable users to convert data for one type of geographic area to another.
There are two types of concordances that the ABS produces, a population based concordance and an area based concordance. This publication contains area based concordances only.
The area based concordance expresses the percentage of the "From" area contained within the "To" area. The population weighted concordance expresses the percentage of the "From" area's population contained within the "To" area. Population weighted concordances ABS Postal Area Concordances, August 2006 (cat. no. 2905.0.55.001) are available from the ABS website and are only available for geographies from the same Census years.
The Area Based concordance
The area based concordance is based on the area of the "From" area contained in the "To" Area. This is calculated using a GIS system.
In the area based concordance there may be situations where the boundaries do not align perfectly and a very, very small percentage of one area is contained in another. In these cases if the percentage calculated is below 0.001 percent then the figure is set to zero (0), similarly if the percentage is greater than 99.999 percent the value is set to 1.0.
File Format
The file naming convention is :
Character and Meaning
1 "C" for Concordance
2 "A" for Area Based Concordance
3-6 Year of To Area
7-9 Type of To Area eg, "SLA" **
10 "_"
11-14 Year of From Area
15-17 Type of From Area eg, "SLA" **
** in some cases the Area type is two characters, eg "CD", adjust character count appropriately
For Example
CA2008SLA_2006CD.txt is the text file containing the information concording 2006 Census Collection Districts to 2008 SLAs based on the area concordance principal.
The "From Area" and "To Area" naming convention is "Mathematically based"
"To Area" = "From Area" multiplied by ratio
105051100 = 123456565 * 0.505
105051200 = 123456565 * 0.595
Concordance files are comma-delimited text files.
Field Name*** Type
To area Code Character
To area Name Character
From Area Code Character
From Area Name Character
Ratio Number
Percentage Number
*** Field Names will vary from file to file but are consistent in nature. The field name is constructed from the area type and date. For example the code field from the 2008 SLA file will have the name "SLA_2008_Code", and the name field from the 2008 SLA file will have the name "SLA_2008_Name". It is important to note the placement/ positioning convention as it is similar to the file naming convention
Percentage - figure expressed as a percentage ranges from 100 to 0
Ratio - figures expresses as part of 1 - actual figures can be up to 10 decimal places and are expressed in mathematical terms - 4.77810788750317e-04 which is 0.000477810788750317
Foe example:
"SLA_2008_Code","SLA_2008_Name","CD_2006_Code","CD_2006_Name","Ratio","Percent"
105051100,Botany Bay (C),1421807,1421807, 1, 100
105051100,Botany Bay (C),1421806,1421806, 1, 100
105051100,Botany Bay (C),1421805,1421805, 1, 100
105051100,Botany Bay (C),1421804,1421804, 1, 100
105051100,Botany Bay (C),1421809,1421809, 1, 100
Or
"SLA_2008_Code","SLA_2008_Name","CD_2006_Code","CD_2006_Name","Ratio","Percent"
105051100,Botany Bay (C),1421909,1421909, .999886150596782, 99.9886150596782
105051100,Botany Bay (C),1421808,1421808, .999993652481281, 99.9993652481281
105051100,Botany Bay (C),1421907,1421907, .999972553418185, 99.9972553418185
105051100,Botany Bay (C),1421904,1421904, .999994750369691, 99.9994750369691
105051100,Botany Bay (C),1421903,1421903, .999986839499272, 99.9986839499272
The "From Area" and "To Area" naming convention is "Mathematically based"
"To Area" = "From Area" multiplied by ratio
105051100 = 105055200* 0. 97.95
105051100 = 105055200* 0.0001
105051200 = 105106550 * 0.0004
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6427.0 - Producer Price Indexes, Australia, Sep 2009
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 26/10/2009
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ADDITIONAL COMMENTARY
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES PRODUCER PRICE INDEXES
During the September quarter 2009, the prices paid by manufacturers for material inputs decreased by 1.9%, while the prices received for outputs primary to the manufacturing industry increased by 0.9%. Through the year to September quarter 2009, prices of material inputs decreased by 16.0%. This is the largest annual decrease since the current series began in September quarter 1969. Through the year to September quarter 2009, the prices received for outputs decreased by 7.1%.
Price decreases for products from basic chemical and chemical product manufacturing (-14.5%), metal ore mining (-4.3%) and food product manufacturing (-9.2%) drove the decrease in the cost of materials used in the manufacturing industries. Major contributors to these price decreases were iron ore, black coal and other inorganic chemicals. Price increases for products from oil and gas extraction (+17.3%) and water and sewerage services (+22.2%) provided partial offsets to the price decreases.
The increase in prices received for produced articles primary to manufacturing industries was mainly due to rises in the prices of outputs from basic non-ferrous metal manufacturing (+8.8%), petroleum and coal product manufacturing (+6.4%) and bakery product manufacturing (+8.9%). Major contributors to these price increases were the recovery of nickel, zinc and copper, petroleum refining and petroleum fuel manufacturing, bread manufacturing (factory based) and motor vehicle manufacturing. These increases were partly offset by decreases in the prices received for basic ferrous metal manufacturing (-6.9%) and dairy product manufacturing (-2.5%).
MATERIALS USED IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, Division: Quarterly % change
ARTICLES PRODUCED BY MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, Division: Quarterly % change
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES PRODUCER PRICE INDEXES
The price index for materials used in house building decreased by 0.8% in September quarter 2009, which is the first decrease in this index since the March quarter 2001. This follows consecutive increases of 0.4% in June quarter 2009, 1.3% in March quarter 2009 and 1.3% and in December quarter 2008. The most significant price falls were for steel products (-8.4%), plumbing products (-1.5%), concrete, cement and sand (-1.0%) and timber, board and joinery (-0.9%). These decreases were partially offset by a price rise in cement products (+1.3%) and other metal products (+0.6%).
Sydney (-2.1%) contributed the most to the overall weighted average of six capital cities quarterly movement, followed by Adelaide (-1.9%), Brisbane (-0.5%), Perth (-0.4%) and Melbourne (-0.1%). Hobart (+0.3%) was the only city that showed a positive percentage movement.
Through the year to September Quarter 2009 the materials used in house building price index rose by 2.3%. This rise was mainly attributed to increases of prices paid for other metal products (+5.3%), electrical equipment (+5.1%), cement products (+4.4%) and ceramic products (+4.3%). These increases were partially offset by a decrease in prices paid for steel products (-4.4%).
The main movements in the price indexes for selected outputs primary to Division E - Construction for the September quarter 2009 were increases in Subdivision 30 - Building construction (+0.1%), which was mainly driven by an increase in Class 3011 - House construction (+1.2%). This was partially offset by price falls in Class 3019 - Other residential building construction (-1.3%) and Class 3020 - Non-residential building construction (-0.8%). The overall increase in building construction was mainly influenced by increases in Victoria (+2.6%) and Tasmania (+3.8%). These increases were partially offset by decreases in Queensland (-1.7%) and NSW (-0.7%).
The price index for outputs primary to Class 3101 - Road and bridge construction increased by 0.8% in the September 2009 quarter which was driven by increases in NSW (+1.7%) and Victoria (+0.8%).
MATERIALS USED IN HOUSE BUILDING, All groups: Quarterly % change
OUTPUT OF THE GENERAL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, All groups: Quarterly % change
SERVICE INDUSTRIES PRODUCER PRICE INDEXES
SELECTED OUTPUT OF DIVISION I - TRANSPORT, POSTAL AND WAREHOUSING
The price indexes of selected output of services primary to Division I - Transport, postal and warehousing recorded price increases for the September quarter 2009 in Group 461 - Road freight transport (+0.8%), driven by general freight, Group 471 - Rail freight transport (+2.3%), driven by bulk transport, and Group 530 - Warehousing and storage services (+1.1%), driven by cold storage. This Division recorded price decreases for Group 481 - Water freight transport (-5.8%), driven by international sea freight.
SELECTED OUTPUT OF DIVISION J - INFORMATION MEDIA AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
The price indexes for selected output of services primary to Division J - Information media and telecommunication services recorded a price increase for the September quarter 2009 in Group 541 - Newspaper, periodical, book and directory publishing (+0.8%), driven by newspaper advertising. This Division recorded a price decrease in Group 592 - Data processing, web hosting and electronic information storage services (-0.2%).
SELECTED OUTPUT OF DIVISION L - RENTAL, HIRING AND REAL ESTATE SERVICES
The price indexes of selected output of services primary to Division L - Rental, hiring and real estate services recorded price increases for the September quarter 2009 in Sub-division 66 - Rental and hiring services (except real estate) (+1.3%), driven by Group 661 - Motor vehicle and transport equipment rental and hiring (+1.9%), and Group 663 - Other goods and equipment rental and hiring (+0.9%).
This Division recorded price decreases for Class 6712 non-residential property operators (-2.9%), Group 672 - Real estate services (-1.0%) driven by real estate agents.
SELECTED OUTPUT OF DIVISION M - PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERVICES
The price indexes of selected output of services primary to Division M - Professional, scientific and technical services recorded a price decrease for the September quarter 2009 in Group 700 - Computer system design and related services (-7.1%), driven by computer consultancy, and Group 693 - Legal and accounting services (-0.1%), driven by accounting services.
This Division recorded a price increase in Group 692 - Architectural, engineering and technical services (+0.1%), driven by engineering design and consultancy.
SELECTED OUTPUT OF DIVISION N - ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPPORT SERVICES
The price indexes for selected output of services primary to Division N - Administrative and support services recorded a price increase for the September quarter 2009 in Group 721 - Employment services (+1.7%), driven by contract staff services, and Group 729 - Other administrative services (+1.3%), driven by credit rating and investigation.
SELECTED OUTPUT OF DIVISION O - PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SAFETY
The price index for selected output of services primary to Division O - Public administration and safety recorded a price decrease for the September quarter 2009 Class - 7712 Investigation and security services (-2.6%), driven by security guards.
SELECTED OUTPUT OF DIVISION S - OTHER SERVICES
The price index for selected output of services primary to Division S - Other services recorded a price increase for the September quarter 2009 in Class 9533 - Parking services (+5.3%).
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 1912
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 01/01/1911
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ISLANDS OFF THE COAST OF AUSTRALIA
Islands off the coast of Australia feature article.
This article has been extracted from Year Book Australia, No. 5, 1912, p. 51.
The publication has been scanned from the paper version using character recognition software which provides a full-text searching capability once downloaded.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Health and Economic Implications of Waste Dumpsites in Cities: The Case of Lagos, Nigeria
I. Oluranti Ogunrinola, E. Omosalewa Adepegba
Abstract
Refuse dumpsites are found both within and on the outskirts of cities in Nigeria and due to poor and ineffective management, the dumpsites turn to sources of health hazards to people living in the vicinity of such dumps. This study was designed to examine the health and economic implications of solid waste disposal among sampled residents of two major refuse disposal dumps in Lagos, Nigeria. The data used for the study were generated from primary source, while SPSS software was used in the data analyses. In addition to the descriptive analysis which forms the bedrock for the conclusion drawn in this paper, both linear probability and ordinary least squares regression models were also used in the analyses. The models examined the determinants of health status as well as the labour supply of the sampled respondents respectively. The results show that pollution variables are statistically significant in the determination of health status as well as the labour supply performance of respondents. Based on these findings, policy measures that would enhance the health status and improved labour market performance of residents were proposed.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ijef.v4n4p239
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Economics and Finance ISSN 1916-971X (Print) ISSN 1916-9728 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 154659, 8 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/154659
Clinical Study
One-Year Results of Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Intravitreal Ranibizumab for Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
Received 1 August 2011; Revised 17 September 2011; Accepted 18 September 2011
Academic Editor: Yoshiaki Kiuchi
Copyright © 2012 Tomoko Nakamura et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Purpose. To evaluate the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR) for exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods. Retrospective case series. Thirty eight eyes of 38 patients with exudative AMD underwent combined therapy consisting first of IVR, followed by PDT within a week and the second IVR at 1 month. All patients were followed up for more than 12 months. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were examined. Results. The mean number of IVR and PDT sessions were and , respectively. The mean BCVA and CMT were significantly improved to 0.38 logMAR units () and 240 μm () at 12 months, respectively. Thirty-six of 38 eyes (94.8%) improved or maintained BCVA at 12 months. Conclusion. PDT combined with IVR for exudative AMD was effective at improving visual acuity and CMT with a low recurrence rate for 12 months.
1. Introduction
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), especially exudative AMD is a major cause of visual disability and blindness [1]. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to occlude the neovascular membrane and decrease visual acuity loss in exudative AMD [1, 2]. However, several studies have shown that PDT causes damage to the physiological choriocapillary layer, and that repeated PDT therapy often leads to occlusion of the choriocapillaris [2, 3].
Recently, monthly intravitreal injection therapy of antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody has been shown to increase visual acuity in exudative AMD [47]. Because the pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is complex and exudative AMD is a multifactorial disease, combined therapy adopting different mechanisms to inhibit and destroy CNV, namely, PDT and anti-VEGF antibody therapy, may facilitate improvement of visual acuity on exudative AMD.
Husain et al. reported that PDT combined with intravitreal injections of ranibizumab showed a greater reduction of fluorescein leakage compared to PDT only in monkey eyes [8]. Several clinical studies have shown that a combination therapy of PDT and ranibizumab effectively reduced the number of intravitreal injections compared to anti-VEGF antibody monotherapy regimens [913].
In this study, we examined efficacy of PDT combined with intravitreal injections of ranibizumab (IVR) in patients with exudative AMD and compared results of typical AMD and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).
2. Materials and Methods
Thirty-eight eyes of 38 consecutive Japanese patients (29 men, 9 women) who were diagnosed with exudative AMD without previous treatment at Toyama University Hospital between April and December 2009 were enrolled in this study. The study was conducted in accordance with the Institutional Guidelines of the University of Toyama and was approved by the Institutional Review Board. The procedures conformed to the tenets of the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki.
The inclusion criteria for this study were patient age older than 50 years, exudative AMD in the macular area, decimal best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 0.7 or worse, and a greatest linear dimension (GLD) of 5400-μm or less. The exclusion criteria were CNV caused by other diseases, previously received subfoveal laser treatment, verteporfin photodynamic therapy, or experimental treatments for exdative AMD. Patients who had uncontrolled hypertension, a recent myocardial infarction, or cerebral vascular accidents were also excluded.
Before the initial treatment, all patients underwent baseline ophthalmic examinations, which included decimal BCVA, fundus examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT) using an RTVue-100 (Optovue Inc., Fremont, Calif, USA), fluorescein angiography (FA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA).
All patients were followed up for more than 12 months. At each visit, a fundus examination, BCVA, and OCT were performed. FA and ICGA were performed when recurrence of leakage was suspected by OCT and clinical findings during the followup examinations.
Patients received one intravitreal injection of 0.5 mg ranibizumab (IVR), followed by PDT within a week after the first IVR. This treatment schedule was followed by Sato et al. [14]. A standard-fluence verteporfin PDT was performed at an infusion dosage of 6 mg/m2. Application of a 689-nanometer laser at a dose of 50 J/cm2 was started 15 min after the start of verteporfin infusion using a Visulas PDT system 690S (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jene, Germany). A second IVR was given to all eyes at 4 weeks after the first IVR.
Additional treatments were determined by BCVA, CMT, and FA with ICGA. The retreatment criteria for IVR were as follows; (1) decrease of BCVA by more than 0.1 logMAR unit, (2) more than 100-μm of increase in central macular thickness (CMT), (3) the presence of subretinal fluid or intraretinal edema at the fovea on OCT, (4) new sub- or intraretinal hemorrhage, or (5) signs of active CNV leakage on fluorescein angiography. These retreatment criteria were referred to the TROPEDO trial [12]. If the CNV was increased in size or relapsed, additional PDT was performed.
We calculated GLD in each eye based on the findings of FA for PDT treatment. In case of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), ICGA was utilized for GLD calculation. The sizes of GLD were divided into 3 groups; GLD 1800 μm, GLD between 1801 and 3500 μm, and GLD between 3501 and 5400 μm group. We evaluated BCVA and CMT in GLD groups.
CMT was manually measured at the fovea with OCT images. We also evaluated the junction line between the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptors (IS/OS) beneath the fovea at baseline and 12 months with OCT images. We used a grading scale reported by Mitamura et al. [15]. IS/OS was categorized into 3 grades, which were grade 0 (invisible IS/OS line), grade 1 (abnormal or discontinuous IS/OS line), and grade 2 (normal or well-preserved IS/OS line). Improvement of BCVA was defined as a decrease of more than 0.3 logMAR units, and deterioration of BCVA was defined as an increase of more than 0.3 logMAR units.
Hypoperfusion of the choriocapillaris caused by PDT was evaluated with ICGA at 3 months after the first PDT according to a grading scale by Michels et al. [16].
Statistical analyses were performed with JMP 9 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Data analyses included a paired -test, nonparametric correlation analysis (Spearman), and one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics and Followup
The mean age of the 38 patients (mean ± standard deviation) was years (range: 53–90 years). The mean followup term was months (range: 12–17 months). Based on findings of FA and ICGA at baseline, lesion types of CNV of 38 eyes were divided into 10 eyes (26.3%) of predominantly classic CNV, 6 eyes (15.8%) of minimally classic CNV, 8 eyes (21.1%) of occult CNV, and 14 eyes (36.8%) of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).
According to the GLD size, 24 eyes of typical AMD were divided into 10 eyes of the group of GLD 1800 μm, 11 eyes of the group of GLD between 1801 and 3500 μm, and 3 eyes of the group of GLD between 3501 and 5400 μm. Fourteen eyes of PCV were divided into 5 eyes of the group of GLD 1800 μm, 5 eyes of the group of GLD between 1801 and 3500 μm, and 4 eyes of the group of GLD between 3501 and 5400 μm.
Each patient received an average of (range: 1-2) sessions of PDT and (range: 2–6) IVR during 12-month followup (Table 1). Twenty-two of 38 eyes (57.9%) were sufficiently healed by the initial treatment with a single PDT and two IVR. Sixteen of 38 eyes (42.1%) underwent an additional one- to- four IVR. Five of 38 eyes (13.2%) required another PDT session. Once the CNV lesion achieved scarred by one or two PDT sessions combined with 2- to- 6 IVR, a recurrence of exudative changes at the fovea was detected in 4 eyes (10.5%) during the 12-month followup (Table 2). As a retreatment for these 4 recurrent eyes, 1 eye underwent additional IVR and 3 eyes underwent another PDT session with IVR.
Table 1: Treatments during 12 months.
Table 2: Recurrence rates of exudative changes after successful initial treatment.
3.2. Visual Acuity
Mean BCVA of all 38 eyes was logMAR units at baseline, at 1 month, at 3 months, at 6 months, and at 12 months. Mean BCVA was significantly improved at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, compared with the baseline (, resp.).
Figure 1 shows the changes in visual acuity according to GLD groups. In all 3 groups, the mean BCVA was improved at 3 and 6 months after the combined therapy, compared with the baseline (Figure 1(a)). The group of GLD 1800 μm showed better BCVA than groups of GLD between 1801 and 3500 μm and GLD between 3501 and 5400 μm at all time points, however, no statistically significant difference was detected among the three groups (, Figure 1(a)). As shown in Figure 1(b), the group of GLD 1800 μm showed better mean BCVA than the other 2 groups in the eyes with typical AMD. Mean BCVA of the group of GLD 1800-μm was significantly improved at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months (), compared with the baseline. However, no statistical difference was detected among the 3 groups. As shown in Figure 1(c), the group of GLD 1800 μm showed better mean BCVA than the other 2 groups in the eyes with PCV, however, no statistical difference was also detected.
Figure 1: Changes in mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Visual acuity was expressed as the logarithm of minimal angle of resolution (logMAR). (a) Mean BCVA of all 38 patients in three GLD groups; GLD 1800 μm, GLD between 1801 and 3500 μm, and GLD between 3501 and 5400 μm. The group of greatest linear dimension (GLD) 1800 μm showed better BCVA than those of the other 2 groups at all time points. However, there was no significant different among the 3 groups (). (b) Mean BCVA of typical AMD of 24 patients in three GLD groups. (c) Mean BCVA of PCV of 14 patients in 3 GLD groups. Bars indicate standard deviations. *, **; value for comparison between baseline and each visit. AMD: age-related macular degeneration, PCV: polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.
Table 3 showed changes in BCVA from the baseline in all 38 eyes during 12 months. The number of eyes with improved or stable BCVA at 12 months compared with the baseline was 36 (94.7%). The visual acuity of the remaining 2 eyes (5.3%) had deteriorated more than 0.3 logMAR units at 12 months. Reasons for the decreased visual acuity of these 2 eyes were the movement of subretinal hemorrhage to beneath the fovea in 1 eye of PCV and the recurrence of subfoveal CNV at 11 months in 1 eye.
Table 3: Changes in visual acuity after PDT combined with IVR during 12 months.
3.3. Central Macular Thickness
The mean CMT of all 38 eyes was 414±120 μm at baseline, μm at 1 month, μm at 3 months, μm at 6 months, and μm at 12 months. The mean CMTs at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months were significantly decreased compared with the baseline (, resp.).
Changes in the mean CMT of 38 eyes of the 3 GLD groups were shown in Figure 2(a). All groups significantly decreased the mean CMT after the combined therapy () and showed similar mean CMTs among the 3 groups after 3 months. There was no significant difference among the 3 groups. As shown in Figure 2(b), the mean CMT in the eyes with typical AMD significantly decreased after 1 month in the groups of 1800 μm and GLD between 1801 and 3500 μm (), compared with the baseline. However, the mean CMT in the group of GLD between 3501 and 5400 μm did not significantly decrease compared with the baseline. As shown in Figure 2(c), the mean CMT in the eyes with PCV was significantly decreased at 1, 3, and 12 months () in the groups of 1800 μm and GLD between 1801 and 3500 μm, compared with the baseline. However, there was no significant difference in the changes of mean CMT in the group of GLD between 3501 and 5400 μm.
Figure 2: Changes in mean central macular thickness (CMT). (a) Mean CMT of all 38 patients in three GLD groups; GLD 1800 μm, GLD between 1801 and 3500 μm, and GLD between 3501 and 5400 μm. All 3 groups showed similar values among the 3 groups at all time points. (b) Mean CMT of typical AMD of 24 patients. (c) Mean CMT of PCV of 14 patients in 3 GLD groups. There was no significant difference among the three groups (). Bars indicate standard deviations. *, **; value for comparison between baseline and each visit. AMD: age-related macular degeneration, GLD: greatest linear dimension. PCV: polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.
3.4. IS/OS Line
Figure 3 showed scatter plots of BCVA at baseline and 12 months in 3 grades of IS/OS line. At baseline, IS/OS line was evaluated in OCT images of 38 eyes, which were divided into 16 eyes (42.1%) of grade 0 of IS/OS line, 20 eyes (52.6%) of grade 1 of IS/OS line, and 2 eyes (5.3%) of grade 2 of IS/OS line (Figure 3(a)). At 12 months, IS/OS line was evaluated in OCT images of 28 eyes, which were divided into 8 eyes (28.6%) of grade 0, 14 eyes (50.0%) of grade 1, and 6 eyes (21.4%) of grade 2 (Figure 3(b)). The grades of IS/OS line negatively correlated with BCVA at baseline and 12 months (), respectively. There was no significant correlation between the grades of IS/OS line at baseline and BCVA at 12 months.
Figure 3: Scatter plots showing correlations between visual acuity and grades of the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptors (IS/OS). Visual acuity was expressed as the logarithm of minimal angle of resolution (logMAR). (a) Scatter plot at baseline. There was a significant negative correlation between visual acuity at baseline and IS/OS grade at baseline (Speaman correlation coefficient ). (b) Scatter plot at 12 months. There was a significant negative correlation between visual acuity at 12 months and IS/OS grade at 12months ().
3.5. Adverse Events and Complications
ICGA was performed in 31 of 38 eyes at 3 months to evaluate choroidal hypoperfusion according to a grading scale used in a previous study [16]. Among 31 eyes, 4 (12.9%) showed no effect on the choriocapillaris in early or late ICGA (grade 0), 13 (41.9%) showed mild (not significant) nonperfusion in early ICGA (grade I), 11 (35.5%) showed moderate nonperfusion in early ICGA (grade II), and 3 (9.7 %) showed significant nonperfusion in early ICGA (grade III).
There were no ocular complications such as endophthalmitis, sustained ocular pressure increase, or subretinal hemorrhage. No systemic side effects related to treatment were encountered in this study.
4. Discussion
Combined therapy of PDT and ranibizumab for CNV secondary to exudative AMD has been examined by several groups and has been shown to improve visual acuity and to reduce the number of intravitreal injections of ranibizumab compared to ranibizumab monotherapy [57, 913]. With combined therapy of PDT and ranibizumab, we showed that the mean visual acuity was significantly improved from to logMAR units at 12 months and that the BCVA of 36 of 38 eyes (94.7%) was improved or maintained from the baseline at 12 months. The mean CMT was significantly improved from μm to μm at 12 months. The TORPEDO trial, which examined the effects of combined PDT and ranibizumab injection on the same day, showed that the mean visual acuity improved by 7.2 letters and 84% of the patients had stable or improved vision at 2 years [12]. It also showed that the mean CMT decreased by 146 μm [12]. These results were comparable to ours although differences in study design and sample size prohibited direct comparison.
We showed that 57.9% of the patients with exudative AMD successfully achieved scarring without further treatments by a single PDT and 2 IVR during 12 months. Only 4 eyes (10.5%) in this study showed a recurrence of exudative changes. Mataix et al. reported that 39.6% of patients were successfully treated with only a single initial dose (PDT and ranibizumab) and remained stable for 12 months [10]. Thus, combined treatment of PDT and IVR might be sufficient to scar the CNV lesion in about half of exudative AMD patients.
In the FOCUS study, the patients received standard-fluence PDT on an as-needed basis along with monthly ranibizumab injections. As a result, the mean sessions of PDT was 1.32 and 90.5% of the patients had maintained or improved visual acuity at 1 year [9]. In our study, the mean sessions of PDT was 1.1 and 94.7% of the patients maintained or improved their visual acuity at 1 year. Ranibizumab monotherapy for exudative AMD required IVR during a followup of months when ranibizumab monotherapy was performed on an as-needed basis [13]. Mataix et al. showed results of combined therapy of PDT and ranibizumab: in that study, 92.3% patients showed improved vision or at least avoided moderate loss of vision over 1 year with 1.22 PDT sessions and 2.37 IVR [10]. Their results were similar to our results even though they performed IVR within 48 to 60 hours after PDT. By combined therapy with PDT, we could limit the number of IVR to injections per patient during 12 months.
Our protocol of the primary therapy consisted of 2 IVR and a single PDT. We performed the first IVR one week before PDT. The reasons why IVR was preceded to PDT were as follows. (1) In case that a bacterial endophthalmitis is occurred after IVR within a week, the patient must immediately need intensive antibacterial treatments. (2) Preceding IVR is reasonable to quench VEGF in the retina and the choroid after application of PDT, which was shown to induce VEGF production [17]. Sato et al. reported beneficial effects on PCV with a combined therapy of intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg bevacizumab 1 week before PDT [14]. Kaiser suggested that the intravitreal injection of bevacizumab before PDT might have beneficial effects on the retreatment rate in the combined therapy for AMD [18]. They showed lower retreatment rates after combined therapy in patients who received intravitreal bevavizumab before PDT compared to those who received PDT first or intravitreal bevacizumab and PDT on the same day [18].
Moutray et al. reported the relationships between GLD and visual functios in patients with exudative AMD. They showed GLD and visual acuity significantly correlated with each other [19]. Arias et al. examined the lesion size on photodynamic therapy with verteporfin of predominantly classic lesions [20]. They reported that the group of smaller lesions had more improvements with one or more lines of visual acuity compared with the larger lesion groups. In this study, we showed a similar tendency in the improvement of mean BCVA of all eyes, typical AMD, and PCV. The smallest GLD group showed better mean BCVA during 12 months although there was no significant difference among the 3 groups of GLD. The mean CMT showed a significant decrease in all 3 groups of GLD during 12 months, but there was no statistical difference among the 3 groups of GLD. The mean CMT did not show a clear tendency according to the GLD size.
Several studies reported that the presence of a normal IS/OS junction indicated normal functions of photoreceptors and the grades of IS/OS line correlated with visual acuity [21, 22]. We showed that grades of IS/OS line significantly correlated with the BCVA at baseline and 12 months, respectively. Better IS/OS line indicated better visual acuity, however, grades of IS/OS line at baseline did not correlate with the BCVA at 12 months. The grade of IS/OS was not shown a predictive factor of BCVA in this study.
We also examined choroidal hypoperfusion with ICGA at 3 months after combined therapy of PDT and IVR. Fourteen of 31 eyes (45.2%) showed moderate (grade II) or significant (grade III) nonperfusion in early ICGA. Iriyama et al. showed that standard-fluence PDT (50 J/cm2) caused a significant loss of choriocapillary perfusion in 40.9% of the patients [23]. Michels et al. showed that 60% of patients treated with standard-fluence PDT (50 J/cm2) had moderate or significant choroidal nonperfusion changes in early ICGA at 3 month [16]. In this study, we did not examine changes in choroidal hypoperfusion between 3 months and 12 months. Further studies are needed to examine effects of lower fluences of PDT on choroidal hypoperfusion and effects of ranibizumab on lasting periods of choroidal hypoperfusion.
Combined therapy of IVR and PDT seemed effective on both typical AMD and PCV for a short term, however, randomized clinical trials are needed to show which combination of IVR with PDT is the most effective for typical AMD and PCV on improvements of visual functions over the long term.
5. Conclusions
PDT combined with IVR showed a siginificant improvement in visual acuity and in CMT for exudative AMD of Japanese patients with low recurrence rates for 12 months. Grades of IS/OS line was significantly correlated with visual acuity. Further studies with longer followup periods are necessary to assess treatment safety and efficacy.
Disclosure
The authors have no financial interest relevant to this manuscript.
References
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12. L. Spielberg and A. Leys, “Treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration with a variable ranibizumab dosing regimen and one-time reduced-fluence photodynamic therapy: the TORPEDO trial at 2 years,” Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, vol. 248, no. 7, pp. 943–956, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
13. H. Dadgostar, A. A. C. M. Ventura, J. Y. Chung, S. Sharma, and P. K. Kaiser, “Evaluation of injection frequency and visual acuity outcomes for ranibizumab monotherapy in exudative age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology, vol. 116, no. 9, pp. 1740–1747, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
14. T. Sato, S. Kishi, H. Matsumoto, and R. Mukai, “Combined photodynamic therapy with verteporfin and intravitreal bevacizumab for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 149, no. 6, pp. 947–e1, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
15. Y. Mitamura, K. Hirano, T. Baba, and S. Yamamoto, “Correlation of visual recovery with presence of photoreceptor inner/outer segment junction in optical coherence images after epiretinal membrane surgery,” British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 171–175, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
16. S. Michels, F. Hansmann, W. Geitzenauer, and U. Schmidt-Erfurth, “Influence of treatment parameters on selectivity of verteporfin therapy,” Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 371–376, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
17. U. Schmidt-Erfurth, U. Schlötzer-Schrehard, C. Cursiefen, S. Michels, A. Beckendorf, and G. O. H. Naumann, “Influence of photodynamic therapy on expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 3, and pigment epithelium-derived factor,” Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 4473–4480, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
18. P. K. Kaiser, “Verteporfin photodynamic therapy combined with intravitreal bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology, vol. 116, no. 4, pp. 747–755, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
19. T. Moutray, M. Alarbi, G. Mahon, M. Stevenson, and U. Chakravarthy, “Relationships between clinical measures of visual function, fluorescein angiographic and optical coherence tomography features in patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation,” British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 361–364, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
20. L. Arias, O. Pujol, J. Berniell et al., “Impact of lesion size on photodynamic therapy with verteporfin of predominantly classic lesions in age related macular degeneration,” British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 312–315, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
21. N. Kitaya, T. Hikichi, H. Kagokawa, A. Takamiya, A. Takahashi, and A. Yoshida, “Irregularity of photoreceptor layer after successful macular hole surgery prevents visual acuity improvement,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 308–310, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
22. T. Baba, S. Yamamoto, M. Arai et al., “Correlation of visual recovery and presence of photoreceptor inner/outer segment junction in optical coherence images after successful macular hole repair,” Retina, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 453–458, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
23. A. Iriyama, R. Obata, Y. Inoue, H. Takahashi, Y. Tamaki, and Y. Yanagi, “Effect of posterior juxtascleral triamcinolone acetonide on the efficacy and choriocapillaris hypoperfusion of photodynamic therapy,” Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, vol. 246, no. 3, pp. 339–344, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
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Bibliography: Wildlife connection
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Title: Wildlife connection
Author: Christian Mantey
Year: 1983
Type: NOVEL
Series: Titcht
Series Number: 3
Language: English
ISFDB Record Number: 1392163
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Posts Tagged ‘ brown screen ’
Resolution: Dragon Age Freezing On Load Black Screen – Windows 7 64 – Nvidia
By
14
December 27, 2009
Well, I just spent the better part of 2 days working on getting this game stable and running. I thought I would detail my experience for others that may be treading in my footsteps. Description of my problem: The initial install of my program went well, no problems, and I was able to play...
Read More »
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Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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OpenWetWare talk:Community Portal
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
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(Another Possible Design for Community Portal)
Line 9: Line 9:
#*The main discussion areas reshma outlined at the bottom of [[OpenWetWare:Organizing discussion pages|this page]]. Plus the 5 most recently edited OpenWetWare: pages, just to get people pumped ;)
#*The main discussion areas reshma outlined at the bottom of [[OpenWetWare:Organizing discussion pages|this page]]. Plus the 5 most recently edited OpenWetWare: pages, just to get people pumped ;)
-
Here's the new version:
+
Here's the new version, I only made up a rough version of the discussion page, let me know if you think the 3 tab system is good or not, plus other comments (please leave comments on the [[OpenWetWare talk:Community Portal v2|talk page]]):
*[[OpenWetWare:Community Portal v2]]
*[[OpenWetWare:Community Portal v2]]
--'''[[User:Jasonk|Jasonk]] 23:34, 8 March 2006 (EST)'''
--'''[[User:Jasonk|Jasonk]] 23:34, 8 March 2006 (EST)'''
-
==Improving the community portal==
==Improving the community portal==
Revision as of 00:38, 9 March 2006
Another Possible Design for Community Portal
I thought it might be useful to have an entire page that just dealt with discussions, rather than trying to fit it into a smaller area. We could lay out the portal with tabs similar to the getting started pages as a way to let users navigate easily. I thought
1. Welcome tab
• highlighting the ways to help out (kinda like pg3 of the getting started),
2. Common Areas tag
• point to protocols, eqiup, help pages, categorizing, etc.
• e.g. how to make a "common protocol" from disparate lab protocols, etc.
3. Discussion
• The main discussion areas reshma outlined at the bottom of this page. Plus the 5 most recently edited OpenWetWare: pages, just to get people pumped ;)
Here's the new version, I only made up a rough version of the discussion page, let me know if you think the 3 tab system is good or not, plus other comments (please leave comments on the talk page):
--Jasonk 23:34, 8 March 2006 (EST)
Improving the community portal
• Shorten significantly.
• Partially done. Most of the text that I cut was discussion on the portal rather than actual content. I moved all of that to this discussion page or just deleted it entirely.
• Move the various discussions regarding OWW to here.
• Work in progress.
• Remove all the help items that are currently at the bottom of the page.
• Done
• Give greater prominence to the discussions and improve page navigability (is this a word?:)).
• Making it shorter may be sufficient to accomplish this.
• Make initial paragraph describing the community portal clearer.
• Apply the OWW color scheme when its finalized.
• Include dynamic lists.
• I've implemented a trial version of this for one section of the portal. If people thinks this is useful and start using the categories, we could expand the approach.
Please feel free to improve the style and content of the community portal in major and minor ways.
Making it easier for people to contribute
In the future, there are some other things we could do to help people contribute to OWW -
• Rename this page or give it a more prominent location.
• Create a mailing list for people interested in opportunities to contribute to OWW. This would be a contributors/developers mailing list. All the same information would be available on this page but its always useful to receive reminders of what needs to be done.
• It may also be useful to create a developers sub-committee of the OpenWetWare:Steering committee that could meet (in person if the need arises) to make decisions about new features or the organization of OWW.
• What other ways can we enable people to contribute to OWW?
Old community portal discussion
• This page is basically a simplified version of the wikipedia community portal. We can add more of their features here as appropriate. Please feel free to edit in major and minor ways.--BC 15:43, 9 February 2006 (EST)
• I'm trying to use this page to aggregate all the discussions and pages that have been generated regarding the issue of community development and back-end users.
• There is currently still help info. at the bottom of the page. All this information may best be relocated to a master help page.
Another version
Welcome to the Community Portal!
This is the place to be if you are interested in contributing to OpenWetWare. It tells you how to stay informed about what needs to be done and lists ways to contribute. It also serves as a location for discussions about OpenWetWare's structure, content and features.
How do I know where to contribute?
• Just surf around and you'll find stuff that could be improved.
• Add this page as one of your watched pages, so you get email alerts of changes to the page.
• Join the Steering committee.
Pages in development
Some pages recently labeled as needing attention. <DynamicPageList> category=Needs attention count=10 </DynamicPageList>
Add knowledge
• Add to an existing page.
• Start a new page on your favorite topic or on a requested topic.
• Contribute questions and answers to the Q&A page.
Add software
• Add feature requests to the extensions page.
Active collaborations
Please help edit these community pages.
OpenWetWare:Presentations
OpenWetWare:FAQ
• Needs to be split: User FAQ , New User FAQ, Visitor FAQ, Admin FAQ, New Lab FAQ.
Help:Contents
• Needs organization.
Tips on using OpenWetWare
Organize information
Contribute information to the OWW shared resources.
• Add links to individual lab protocols to Protocols.
• Add links to individual lab equipment to Equipment.
• Add links to individual lab materials to Materials.
• BC 16:02, 7 March 2006 (EST): I like this, its definitely an improvement. My only concern is that the community portal should be accessible to those who are learning how to contribute and they may benefit from a little bit more explanatory text on what the different sections are. At the same time it needs to be uncluttered for power users. In the future the organize information section might benefit with links to an "uncategorized protocols" page.
• BC 16:02, 7 March 2006 (EST): I made this version go live.
• BC 16:02, 7 March 2006 (EST):I reverted your changes to the "pages needing attention" list Austin because the intention was for that list to cover all pages in OWW, not just the meta or community pages. They should be covered on the OpenWetWare:Recent changes page.
• SC 21:48, 8 March 2006 (EST): Is there any way to have the pages in the "needs attention" category named something other than their current title? Since it's dynamically generated instead of listed in the content of the community portal page, this doesn't seem possible.
• Austin 22:27, 8 March 2006 (EST): Not sure why you would ever want to do this. I would argue the page title itself should be changed if you feel the title is inappropriate. Better to promote good page naming than to change the display name in various places.
Personal tools
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User:David Altman
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 13:24, 8 June 2009 by David Altman (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
David Altman (an artistic interpretation)
I work in the Your Lab at XYZ University. I learned about OpenWetWare from From a journal article in APS, and I've joined because My lab has a website.
Education
• Year, PhD, Institute
• Year, MS, Institute
• Year, BS, Institute
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Useful links
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Cirque du Soleil to cut 400 jobs
PanARMENIAN.Net - Cirque du Soleil has confirmed it will cut around 400 jobs this year as part of a restructuring to make the company as “profitable as possible,” The Stage reported.
Following a press conference in Montreal – where its headquarters are based – a spokesman for the company told The Stage that the job losses, which will account for around 7% of its workforce, were due to the organisation “adjusting” to changes in the “worldwide economic situation”.
Cirque du Soleil announced last year that it would be closing Iris, its permanent show in Los Angeles, due to poor ticket sales.
In 2011 it also closed Zed, its permanent production in Tokyo, citing the economic impact from the earthquake and tsunami earlier that year.
The spokesman said Cirque do Soleil was adjusting to this, plus the closure of its touring show Saltimbanco in 2012, which ran for more than 20 years.
The job losses will come into effect later this year but the spokesman could not confirm how many performers or technical staff that would include.
Cirque du Soleil employs around 6,000 people worldwide, with more than 150 of those performing or working backstage in the touring show Kooza, which is running in London until February.
Its permanent London-based office employs six members of staff.
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Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
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57. These things against the Potidaeans, the Athenians had precontrived presently after the naval battle fought at Corcyra. [2] For the Corinthians and they were now manifestly at difference; and Perdiccas, who before had been their confederate and friend, now warred upon them. [3] And the cause why he did so was that when his brother Philip and Derdas joined in arms against him, the Athenians had made a league with them. [4] And therefore being afraid, he both sent to Lacedaemon to negotiate the Peloponnesian war and also reconciled himself to the Corinthians the better to procure the revolt of Potidaea. [5] And likewise he practised with the Chalcideans of Thrace and with the Bottiaeans to revolt with them; for if he could make these confining cities his confederates, with the help of them he thought his war would be the easier. [6] Which the Athenians perceiving and intending to prevent the revolt of these cities, gave order to the commanders of the fleet (for they were now sending thirty galleys with a thousand men of arms under the command of Archestratus the son of Lycomedes, and ten others, into the territories of Perdiccas) both to receive hostages of the Potidaeans and to demolish their walls, and also to have an eye to the neighboring cities that they revolted not.
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load focus Notes (E.C. Marchant)
load focus Notes (Charles D. Morris)
load focus English (Benjamin Jowett, 1881)
load focus English (1910)
load focus Greek (1942)
hide References (34 total)
• Commentary references to this page (16):
• W. W. How, J. Wells, A Commentary on Herodotus, 8.127
• T. G. Tucker, Commentary on Thucydides: Book 8, 8.32
• T. G. Tucker, Commentary on Thucydides: Book 8, 8.57
• C.E. Graves, Commentary on Thucydides: Book 4, CHAPTER XX
• C.E. Graves, Commentary on Thucydides: Book 4, CHAPTER LXXIX
• C.E. Graves, Commentary on Thucydides: Book 5, 5.30
• C.E. Graves, Commentary on Thucydides: Book 5, 5.83
• C.E. Graves, Commentary on Thucydides: Book 5, 5.89
• E.C. Marchant, Commentary on Thucydides Book 1, 1.127
• E.C. Marchant, Commentary on Thucydides Book 1, 1.137
• E.C. Marchant, Commentary on Thucydides Book 1, 1.58
• E.C. Marchant, Commentary on Thucydides Book 1, 1.61
• Harold North Fowler, Commentary on Thucydides Book 5, 5.30
• Harold North Fowler, Commentary on Thucydides Book 5, 5.57
• Harold North Fowler, Commentary on Thucydides Book 5, 5.83
• Charles F. Smith, Commentary on Thucydides Book 7, 7.34
• Cross-references to this page (12):
• Cross-references in notes to this page (1):
• Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, Thuc. 3.17
• Cross-references in general dictionaries to this page (5):
hideData/Identifiers
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[37]
“For my part, Seuthes, it was out of regard for you as a friend that I urged this course, in order that you might be deemed worthy of the good things which the gods have given to you and that I might not lose credit with the army.
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Place:Ab Kettleby, Leicestershire, England
Watchers
NameAb Kettleby
Alt namesAb-Kettlebysource: Family History Library Catalog
Chetelbisource: Wikipedia
TypeVillage
Coordinates52.8°N 0.933°W
Located inLeicestershire, England
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Ab Kettleby is a village and civil parish within the Melton district of Leicestershire, England. It is north of Melton Mowbray, along the A606 road, and has a population of 501.
Ab Kettleby is in north Leicestershire, not far from the town of Melton Mowbray, and three miles from the border with Nottinghamshire. The village is situated above sea level. The neighbouring hamlets of Wartnaby and Holwell form part of the civil parish of Ab Kettleby.
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Place:Skippack (township), Montgomery, Pennsylvania, United States
Watchers
NameSkippack (township)
Alt namesSkippack Township
Bebber's Townshipsource: Family History Library Catalog
Skippacksource: WeRelate abbreviation
TypeTownship
Located inMontgomery, Pennsylvania, United States
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Skippack Township is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 13,715 at the 2010 census. This represents a 110.5% increase from the 2000 count of 6,516 residents.
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Place:Wallace, Shoshone, Idaho, United States
Watchers
NameWallace
TypeCity
Coordinates47.473°N 115.925°W
Located inShoshone, Idaho, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Wallace is a historic city in the Panhandle region of the U.S. state of Idaho and the county seat of Shoshone County in the Silver Valley mining district. Wallace sits alongside the South Fork of the Coeur d'Alene River (and Interstate 90) and the town's population was 784 at the 2010 census.
Wallace is the principal town of the Coeur d'Alene silver-mining district, which produced more silver than any other mining district in the United States. Burke-Canyon Road runs through historic mining communities — many of them now deserted — north and eastward toward the Montana border. East of Wallace, the Route of the Hiawatha (rails-to-trails) and the Lookout Pass ski area are popular with locals and tourists.
The elevation is above sea level.
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Category:Palliative medicine
Jump to: navigation, search
Palliative medicine
Subcategories
This category has only the following subcategory.
E
Pages in category "Palliative medicine"
The following 8 pages are in this category, out of 8 total.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I am curious whether the person is liable to paying back any business loans taken from a bank for a business that they have.
If the business goes out of business, does the load simply vanish?
How easy/difficult is it to get a small business loan for a traditional place for example like a restaraunt or a pool hall?
Thanks!
share|improve this question
2 Answers
up vote 4 down vote accepted
It depends on the terms of the contract.
Typically, lending agencies or banks require an individual to co-sign for the business entity, and that individual is financially liable should the company go under.
share|improve this answer
In addition to Henry's response, it also depends on the legal status of the business.
if your business is a sole proprietorship, then you personally liable for all your debts.
If your business is a limited liability entity (LLC/LLP/LLLP/Corporation), then unless a corporate veil is pierced, you're not liable for the business debts (which is why banks will require to personally guarantee your business loans).
If its a partnership, then you're liable for all the partnership debts (unless its LP and you're a limited partner), even if another partner signed for the debts.
Generally, as with individuals, the banks will want to see your business credit history, balance sheets, and the loan reasons. I don't think you can get out of the personal guarantee for a new business or business with no significant assets. You will probably also need to provide a collateral/mortgage to secure the loan.
If you divert your business loan to your personal account, you'll probably pierce your corporate veil and will be personally liable even if the business is a limited liability entity.
Talk to a lawyer about specifics.
share|improve this answer
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Insider Trading in Large Canadian Banks
Hamadou Boubacar, Tania Morris
Abstract
The aim of this study is, on the one hand, to determine if directors of large Canadian banks obtained abnormal returns by buying or selling their own bank stocks and, on the other hand, to evaluate market reaction when these transactions were made public. Our results show that markets reacted more to the selling of stocks as opposed to the buying of stocks. They also show that directors of large Canadian banks did not seem to profit excessively by buying stocks and that they had sold their stocks strategically as a result of higher value on stock exchanges.
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International Journal of Economics and Finance ISSN 1916-971X (Print) ISSN 1916-9728 (Online)
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Romania CensusEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Back to Romania Page
Census
Census records (recensămînt) list the names of each member of a family and show ages and other valuable information for linking families. They are used in conjunction with the parish and civil registers to establish family relationships. Romania has conducted a census in each of the following years: 1912, 1930, 1941, 1956, and 1966. Austro-Hungarian censuses for Transylvania, Banat and Bukovina were taken in 1785, 1805, 1828, 1857, 1869, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910.
Information Provided:
Early censuses give names of heads of families. Later censuses include other household members and give ages or birth dates, places of residence, civil status, occupation, etc.
Location:
National Archives (Archivelor Statului) of Romania and National Archives of Hungary.
The Family History Library has acquired a few of the early Austro-Hungarian census records, covering parts of Transylvania. These were acquried from archives in Hungary.
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• This page was last modified on 28 September 2010, at 21:35.
• This page has been accessed 668 times.
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Modify
Opened 5 years ago
Last modified 5 months ago
#1701 new enhancement
josm should support loading multiple audio files
Reported by: chris.bainbridge@… Owned by: team
Priority: minor Component: Core audio
Version: tested Keywords: file
Cc:
Description (last modified by skyper)
from Layer menu "Import images" allows selection of multiple images, which presumably get matched to their respective locations via the file timestamp. Why can't the same be done for audio files, to support dictaphones/cellphones that record multiple files? Instead, the "Import audio" only allows one track to be selected. It seems pointless to have to use some external software to do the "for each waypoint in the GPX file, a <link> element needs to added" bit, when the code already exists in josm.
Also http://josm.openstreetmap.de/wiki/Help/AudioMapping/SeparateClips says "Do you have suitable software to link the audio tracks to the GPX file if your GPS doesn't support voice notes directly" - could someone add any links here to software that actually does this, because I couldn't find any and ended up having to write my own python script.
Attachments (0)
Change History (4)
comment:1 Changed 4 years ago by ulybrsb
• Version set to release
comment:2 Changed 4 years ago by anonymous
• Type changed from defect to enhancement
comment:3 Changed 14 months ago by skyper
• Component changed from unspecified to Core
• Description modified (diff)
• Keywords audio file added
• Owner changed from framm to team
comment:4 Changed 5 months ago by Don-vip
• Component changed from Core to Core audio
• Keywords audio removed
Modify Ticket
Change Properties
<Author field>
Action
as new .
as The resolution will be set. Next status will be 'closed'.
to The owner will be changed from team. Next status will be 'new'.
Next status will be 'needinfo'.The owner will change to chris.bainbridge@gmail.com
as duplicate The resolution will be set to duplicate. Next status will be 'closed'.The specified ticket will be cross-referenced with this ticket
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Resolve and thou art free. Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth
Source: Masque of Pandora (pt. VI, In the Garden) · This quote is about commitment · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth ...
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807 March 24, 1882) was an American poet who wrote many works that are still famous today, including The Song of Hiawatha, Paul Revere's Ride and Evangeline. He also wrote the first American translation of Dante Alighieri's Inferno and was one of the five members of the group known as the Fireside Poets. Born in Maine, Longfellow lived for most of his life in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in a house occupied during the American Revolution by General George Washington and his staff.
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
If people would forget about utopia! When rationalism destroyed heaven and decided to set it up here on earth, that most terrible of all goals entered human ambition. It was clear there'd be no end to what people would be made to suffer for it. Gordimer, Nadine
This quote is about heaven · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Gordimer, Nadine ...
Nadine Gordimer (b. November 20, 1923) is a South African Jewish novelist and writer, winner of the 1991 Nobel Prize in literature and 1974 Booker Prize.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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He who is false to present duty breaks a thread in the loom, and will find the flaw when he may have forgotten its cause. Beecher, Henry Ward
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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What keeps me going is goals. Ali, Muhammad
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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I dislike modern memoirs. They are generally written by people who have either entirely lost their memories, or have never done anything worth remembering. Wilde, Oscar
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Quotes by Greene, Graham
Henry Graham Greene, OM (October 2, 1904 April 3, 1991) was a prolific English novelist, playwright, short story writer and critic whose works explore the ambiguities of modern man and ambivalent moral or political issues in a contemporary setting. Although Greene objected strongly to being described as a mere "Catholic novelist", his religion informs most of his novels, and many of his best works (e.g. Brighton Rock, The Heart of the Matter and The Power and the Glory) are explicitly Roman Catholic in content and preoccupations..
"God created a number of possibilities in case some of his prototypes failed -- that is the meaning of evolution."
Greene, Graham on evolution
"Failure too is a form of death..."
Greene, Graham on failure
"If you have abandoned one faith, do not abandon all faith. There is always an alternative to the faith we lose. Or is it the same faith under another mask?"
Greene, Graham on faith
4 fans of this quote
"Point me out the happy man and I will point you out either egotism, selfishness, evil --or else an absolute ignorance."
Greene, Graham on happiness
3 fans of this quote
"Innocence always calls mutely for protection when we would be so much wiser to guard ourselves against it: innocence is like a dumb leper who has lost his bell, wandering the world, meaning no harm."
Greene, Graham on innocence
"His hilarity was like a scream from a crevasse."
Greene, Graham on jokes and jokers
"A petty reason perhaps why novelists more and more try to keep a distance from journalists is that novelists are trying to write the truth and journalists are trying to write fiction."
Greene, Graham on journalism and journalists
3 fans of this quote
"He entered the territory of lies without a passport for return."
Greene, Graham on lies and lying
"In human relationships, kindness and lies are worth a thousand truths."
Greene, Graham on lies and lying
6 fans of this quote
"It is the story-teller's task to elicit sympathy and a measure of understanding for those who lie outside the boundaries of State approval."
Greene, Graham on literature
"Media is just a word that has come to mean bad journalism."
Greene, Graham on media
"People talk about the courage of condemned men walking to the place of execution: sometimes it needs as much courage to walk with any kind of bearing towards another person's habitual misery."
Greene, Graham on misers and misery
"Morality comes with the sad wisdom of age, when the sense of curiosity has withered."
Greene, Graham on morality
"A murderer is regarded by the conventional world as something almost monstrous, but a murderer to himself is only an ordinary man. It is only if the murderer is a good man that he can be regarded as monstrous."
Greene, Graham on murder
"Reality in our century is not something to be faced."
Greene, Graham on reality
"Sentimentality--that's what we call the sentiment we don't share."
Greene, Graham on time
"When we are not sure, we are alive."
Greene, Graham on certainty
"There is always one moment in childhood when the door opens and lets the future in."
Greene, Graham on childhood
3 fans of this quote
"It is impossible to go through life without trust: that is to be imprisoned in the worst cell of all, oneself."
Greene, Graham on trust
14 fans of this quote
"Against the beautiful and the clever and the successful, one can wage a pitiless war, but not against the unattractive: then the millstone weighs on the breast."
Greene, Graham on ugliness
"He felt the loyalty we feel to unhappiness -- the sense that is where we really belong."
Greene, Graham on happiness
"Unhappiness in a child accumulates because he sees no end to the dark tunnel. The thirteen weeks of a term might just as well be thirteen years."
Greene, Graham on children
"We mustn't complain too much of being comedians -- it's an honorable profession. If only we could be good ones the world might gain at least a sense of style. We have failed -- that's all. We are bad comedians, we aren't bad men."
Greene, Graham on comedy and comedians
"I have often noticed that a bribe has that effect -- it changes a relation. The man who offers a bribe gives away a little of his own importance; the bribe once accepted, he becomes the inferior, like a man who has paid for a woman."
Greene, Graham on corruption
"Cynicism is cheap -- you can buy it at any Monoprix store -- it's built into all poor-quality goods."
Greene, Graham on cynics and cynicism
"We are all of us resigned to death: it's life we aren't resigned to."
Greene, Graham on death
"If I had to choose between life in the Soviet Union and life in the U. S. A. , I would certainly choose the Soviet Union. "
Greene, Graham on uncategorised
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rudy gay
Eye on the enemy, featuring Boozer still hurting
Its time to start focusing on the playoffs and our potential roadblocks to Banner 18. Every day we'll bring you what's making news in enemy territory. This way we know what they're up to when it comes time to take 'em out. EASTERN CONFERENCE ESPN Chicago: The pain that remains in Carlos Boozer's left ankle became [...]
March 22, 2011 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized Comments Off
Just thanking the Basketball Gods for Danny Ainge
Associated Press photo Because he's not Chris Wallace The fourth-year point guard reached an agreement with the Grizzlies on a five-year contract extension guaranteed at $40 million, according to sources with knowledge of the negotiations. Conley’s deal could be worth more if he meets certain incentives. The agreement was reached just before an 11 p.m. [...]
November 2, 2010 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized 5
Tony Allen is a fine actor
That's Tony Allen and Rudy Gay in a Grizz promo about their upgraded defense. Notice how Tony Allen coolly delivers the line "Hey, ain't that Jason Williams over there?" That's Pacino-esque. I mean… killer delivery. I'm shocked… SHOCKED… he didn't appear in more promos for the Celtics. And by more… and mean more than [...]
September 21, 2010 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized 10
Your Morning Dump… Where Team USA is vulnerable
Every morning, we compile the links of the day and dump them here… highlighting the big storyline. Because there's nothing quite as satisfying as a good morning dump. Krzyzewski likes his players but realizes they have shortcomings — starting with the fact that they're kind of short. "We like the team that we're developing, but [...]
August 20, 2010 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized 5
Where did The Beast go?
Remember when we had a valid argument for Kendrick Perkins to be an All Star? Perk stormed out, like the Celtics did, to a strong start. November through January, Perk was averaging 11.7 points, 8.7 rebounds, and a hair under 2 blocks. In February and so far in March, he's averaging 7.6 points, 5.5 rebounds, [...]
March 12, 2010 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized 9
Celtics/Grizzlies Game Preview
Celtics (40-22) vs Grizzlies (33-31) Game time: 7:30pm, TD Garden. TV – CSN. Radio – WEEI-AM (850). Team Leaders Scoring Bos: Pierce – 17.6 Grizzlies: Zach Randolph – 20.8 ReboundingBos: Perkins – 7.7 Grizzlies: Randolph – 11.8 AssistsBos: Rondo – 9.8 Grizzlies: Mike Conley – 5.2 Who'll go off: The offense. [...]
March 10, 2010 Chuck - Red's Army Uncategorized 11
Enemy Chatter: “Ray Allen, I don’t like you”
I often wonder what opposing teams, their beat reporters and bloggers are saying about the Celtics after playing the Celtics. Here's a dose of 'enemy chatter' from Memphis. For tonight, Ray Allen, I don't like you. Surely a nice guy, an amazing shooter, but tonight, I just can't like you very much. Matthew Hoe – [...]
December 15, 2009 Chuck - Red's Army Uncategorized 9
Celtics/Grizzlies Game Preview
Celtics (19-4) at Grizzlies (10-13) Game time: 8:00pm, FedEx Forum, Memphis. TV – CSN. Radio – WEEI-AM (850). Team Leaders Scoring Bos: Pierce – 18.0 Grizzlies: Rudy Gay – 21.3 ReboundingBos: Perkins – 7.6 Grizzlies: Zach Randolph – 10.2 AssistsBos: Rondo – 9.5 Grizzlies: Mike Conley – 4.8 Who'll go [...]
December 14, 2009 Chuck - Red's Army Uncategorized 7
Rumor: Rondo, Scal for Grizzlies’ Conley, Gay
The latest Rondo trade rumor comes via Marc Spears: While there has been talk around the NBA from several scouts that the Celtics have been shopping guard Rajon Rondo, he isn't expected to be dealt. While unlikely, one Eastern Conference executive said the latest trade rumor included Rondo and forward Brian Scalabrine going to Memphis [...]
June 24, 2009 Chuck - Red's Army Uncategorized 19
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1254.0.55.001 - Australian and New Zealand Standard Product Classification (ANZSPC), 2001
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 14/06/2001 Ceased
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Group
ClassSubclassItemTitle
151Monumental or building stone
151015100Monumental or building stone
15100.10Basalt monumental or building stone
15100.20Dolerite monumental or building stone
15100.30Granite monumental or building stone
15100.40Limestone monumental or building stone
15100.40.10Oamaru monumental or building stone
15100.40.90Other limestone monumental or building stone
15100.50Marble monumental or building stone
15100.60Sandstone monumental or building stone
15100.90Other monumental or building stone
152Gypsum; anhydrite; limestone flux; limestone and other calcareous stone, of a kind used for the manufacture of lime or cement
152015200Gypsum; anhydrite; limestone flux; limestone and other calcareous stone, of a kind used for the manufacture of lime or cement
15200.10Ground limestone
15200.20Limestone (including shell and coral)
15200.20.10Limestone for manufacturing lime for agriculture
15200.20.20Limestone for burning
15200.20.30Limestone for chemicals
15200.20.40Limestone for cement
15200.20.50Limestone for flux (including in iron and steel and non-ferrous metal industries)
15200.20.60Limestone for furnace lining
15200.20.70Limestone for road construction
15200.20.90Limestone for purposes other than agriculture, burning, chemicals, flux or furnace lining
15200.30Gypsum
15200.90Anhydrite; calcareous stone of a kind used for the manufacture of lime or cement (excluding limestone)
153Sands, pebbles, gravel, broken or crushed stone, natural bitumen and asphalt
153115310Natural sands
15310.10Sand
15310.10.10Sand for concrete
15310.10.90Sand, excluding for concrete
15310.20Silica
15310.20.10Silica for glass
15310.20.20Silica for flux
15310.20.30Silica for foundries
15310.20.90Silica for other purposes
153215320Pebbles, gravel, broken or crushed stone, macadam; tarred macadam; granules, chippings and powder of stone
15320.10Pebbles for grinding
15320.20Gravel
15320.30Crushed and broken stone (excluding gravel and limestone)
15320.30.05Basalt, crushed and broken
15320.30.10Dacite, rhyodacite, rhyolite or toscanite, crushed and broken
15320.30.15Diorite, crushed and broken
15320.30.20Dolomite, crushed and broken
15320.30.25Granite, crushed and broken
15320.30.30Hornfels, crushed and broken
15320.30.35Quartzite, crushed and broken
15320.30.40Sandstone, crushed and broken
15320.30.45Shale and schist, crushed and broken
15320.30.90Crushed and broken stone, n.e.c.
15320.90Macadam, tarred macadam, granules, chippings and powder of stone and other pebbles
153315330Natural bitumen and asphalt; asphaltites and asphaltic rock
15330.00Natural bitumen and asphalt; asphaltites and asphaltic rock
154Clays
154015400Clays
15400.05Bentonite
15400.10Brick clay and shale
15400.15Cement clay and shale
15400.20Damouritic clay
15400.25Fireclay n.e.c.
15400.30Fuller's earth
15400.35Kaolin (including ball clay)
15400.40Pipe and tile clay (including terra cotta for roofing tiles and other purposes)
15400.45Pottery clay (including moulder's clay)
15400.50Sillimanite
15400.55Stoneware clay
15400.90Other clays
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8501.0 - Retail Sales of Goods: Australia, 1970
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/02/1970
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Followed by Retail Sales of Goods, Australia.
Monthly; ISSN:1032-3651; Contains monthly estimates of turnover for retail and selected service establishments. Original, seasonally adjusted and trend estimates are included for Australia in current price terms. The original and trend estimates are disaggregated by State and by industry. Constant price data are published quarterly classified by State or industry.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1105.0 - Release Advice, 28 Sep 1999
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 28/09/1999
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4613.0 - Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends, Jan 2010
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 28/01/2010
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This document was added 02/05/2010.
CONTENTS
Introduction
Population and urban
Population
Economic growth
Human activities
Energy
Waste
Atmosphere
Greenhouse gases
Climate change
Air quality
Water
Water consumption
Water conservation
Water management
Marine and coastal waters
Landscape
Land
Forests
Biodiversity
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6463.0 - Analytical Living Cost Indexes for Selected Australian Household Types, Mar 2012 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 05/02/2012
Related Information
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
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2013-05-18T09:21:55.000Z
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cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
ABS Home
Indigenous Statistics for Schools
POPULATION
Life Expectancy
The life expectancy of Indigenous and non-Indigenous persons differ for both males and females. The life expectancy at birth for Indigenous men was 67.2 years and for women was 72.9 years (for 2005-2007). Life expectancy for Indigenous men is 11.5 years less than for non-Indigenous men, while the life expectancy of Indigenous women is 9.7 years less than for non-Indigenous women.
Indigenous life expectancy estimates could only be compiled for New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Of these, New South Wales had the highest Indigenous life expectancy (69.9 for Indigenous men, and 75.0 for Indigenous women). The Northern Territory had the lowest (61.5 for Indigenous men and 69.2 for Indigenous women). Due to the small numbers of Indigenous deaths in the other states and the ACT, it was not possible to construct life tables for these areas.
Life Expectancy in years at birth (a) by Indigenous status 2005-2007
Indigenous
Non-Indigenous
Difference between non-Indigenous and Indigenous life expectancy(b)
Males
NSW
69.9
78.7
8.8
Qld
68.3
78.6
10.4
WA
65.0
79.0
14.0
NT
61.5
75.7
14.2
Aust (c)
67.2
78.7
11.5
Females
NSW
75.0
82.5
7.5
Qld
73.6
82.5
8.9
WA
70.4
82.9
12.5
NT
69.2
81.2
11.9
Aust (c)
72.9
82.6
9.7
(a) These figures are not comparable to previously published figures due to major changes to methodology.
(b) Differences are based on unrounded estimates.
(c) Includes all states and territories.
Source:Experimental Life Tables for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2005-2007 (cat. no. 3302.0.55.003).
These figures cannot be directly compared with previous estimates of life expectancy for Indigenous persons, as the methodology (the way the figures are derived) is very different.
Further reading:
Experimental Life Tables for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2005-2007 (cat. No. 3302.0.55.003)
Life Tables, Australia, 2005-07 (cat. no. 3302.0.55.001)
Discussion Paper; Assessment of Methods for Developing Life Tables for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2006 (cat. no. 3302.0.55.002)
© Commonwealth of Australia 2008
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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