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Molecules 2000, 5(6), 864-873; doi:10.3390/50600864
Article
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Novel Quinoxalinone Derivatives
1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr-City 11884, Cairo, Egypt 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girl’s), Al-Azhar University, Nasr-City, Cairo, Egypt 3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University at Assiut, Assiut 71524, Egypt
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 29 April 2000 / Accepted: 13 June 2000 / Published: 18 June 2000
Download PDF Full-Text [45 KB, uploaded 7 October 2008 14:53 CEST]
Abstract: Condensation of 4-benzoyl-1,2-phenylenediamine with sodium pyruvate in acetic acid furnished two products which were identified as 6-benzoyl and 7-benzoyl-3-methyl-2(1H)quinoxalinones (1a,b). Fusion of 1a with aromatic aldehydes furnished the styryl derivatives 2a-c. Alkylation of 1a,b with dimethyl sulphate or ethyl chloroacetate produced the N-alkyl derivatives 3a,b and 4a,b. Hydrazinolysis of the ester derivative 4a with hydrazine hydrate afforded the hydrazide derivative 5 which underwent condensation with aldehydes to give the corresponding hydrazone derivatives 6a,b. In addition, chlorination of 1a with thionyl chloride afforded the 2-chloro derivative 7 which was subjected to reaction with sodium azide and n-butylamine to yield the corresponding tetrazolo (8) and n-butylamino (9) derivatives, respectively. The structures of the compounds prepared were confirmed by analytical and spectral data. Also, some of the synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity.
Keywords: Quinoxalinones; 4-benzoyl-1; 2-phenylenediamine; antimicrobial activity
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Ali, M.M.; Ismail, M.M.; El-Gaby, M.S.; Zahran, M.A.; Ammar, Y.A. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Novel Quinoxalinone Derivatives. Molecules 2000, 5, 864-873.
AMA Style
Ali MM, Ismail MM, El-Gaby MS, Zahran MA, Ammar YA. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Novel Quinoxalinone Derivatives. Molecules. 2000; 5(6):864-873.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Ali, M. M.; Ismail, M. M.; El-Gaby, M. S.; Zahran, M. A.; Ammar, Y. A. 2000. "Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Novel Quinoxalinone Derivatives." Molecules 5, no. 6: 864-873.
Molecules EISSN 1420-3049 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(4), 5010-5018; doi:10.3390/ijms13045010
Article
Aristolactam-Type Alkaloids from Orophea enterocarpa and Their Cytotoxicities
1 Laboratory of Natural Products, Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang 52100, Thailand 2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 53000, Thailand 3 Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 53000, Thailand 4 The Forest Herbarium, Department of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok 10220, Thailand
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 7 March 2012; in revised form: 27 March 2012 / Accepted: 12 April 2012 / Published: 20 April 2012
Download PDF Full-Text [752 KB, uploaded 20 April 2012 10:46 CEST]
Abstract: A new aristolactam, named enterocarpam-III (10-amino-2,3,4,6-tetramethoxy phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid lactam, 1) together with the known alkaloid stigmalactam (2), were isolated from Orophea enterocarpa. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of interpretation of their spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant cytotoxicities against human colon adenocarcinoma (HCT15) cell line with IC50 values of 1.68 and 1.32 μM, respectively.
Keywords: Orophea enterocarpa; Anonaceae; aristolactam; human colon adenocarcinoma cells; cytotoxicities
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Nayyatip, S.; Thaichana, P.; Buayairaksa, M.; Tuntiwechapikul, W.; Meepowpan, P.; Nuntasaen, N.; Pompimon, W. Aristolactam-Type Alkaloids from Orophea enterocarpa and Their Cytotoxicities. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 5010-5018.
AMA Style
Nayyatip S, Thaichana P, Buayairaksa M, Tuntiwechapikul W, Meepowpan P, Nuntasaen N, Pompimon W. Aristolactam-Type Alkaloids from Orophea enterocarpa and Their Cytotoxicities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(4):5010-5018.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Nayyatip, Sanchai; Thaichana, Pak; Buayairaksa, Mongkol; Tuntiwechapikul, Wirote; Meepowpan, Puttinan; Nuntasaen, Narong; Pompimon, Wilart. 2012. "Aristolactam-Type Alkaloids from Orophea enterocarpa and Their Cytotoxicities." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13, no. 4: 5010-5018.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. EISSN 1422-0067 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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OpenWetWare:News
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
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==Community News Archive==
==Community News Archive==
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All news items from January 2008 on are posted to the [http://blog.openwetware.org/sc OpenWetWare steering committee blog].
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===2008 News===
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*1/9: <font size=3>[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=science-2-point-0-great-new-tool-or-great-risk Scientific American article on open science]</font><br>
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::Mitch Waldrop writes about the impact of OWW, blogs and more on science ... and he invites you to comment.
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*1/8: <font size=3>OWW hires Managing Director</font><br>
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::[[OpenWetWare:Hiring|Welcome Lorrie LeJeune.]]
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*11/1: <font size=3>[http://blog-msb.embo.org/blog/2007/11/open_access_derivs_or_no_deriv_2.html OWW prompts Nature MSB to change open access policy]</font>
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::Authors will now be able to choose a copyright license that permits derivative works.
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*<font size=3>Make OpenWetWare better!</font><br>
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::Take the [http://oww.wufoo.com/forms/openwetware-user-survey/ OpenWetWare survey].
===2007 News===
===2007 News===
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*12/19: <font size=3>Travis Bayer to defend 1st Smolke Lab thesis</font><br>
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::For details please check the [[Smolke|Smolke Lab OWW page]].
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*10/22: <font size=3>U.S. Senate considering open access amendment TODAY!</font><br>
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::For details see [http://phylogenomics.blogspot.com/2007/10/urgent-if-you-support-open-access-to.html here] or [http://www.capwiz.com/ala/issues/alert/?alertid=10301446 email your Senator] now.
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*10/5: <font size=3>Help add new features for wiki lab notebooks!</font><br>
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::Contribute to the [[OpenWetWare:Feature_list/Lab_notebook/2007_Oct_Brainstorming|Brainstorming session Friday October 5]].
*10/6: <font size=3>OWW moving to new server this Saturday</font><br>
*10/6: <font size=3>OWW moving to new server this Saturday</font><br>
::The wiki will be unavailable for write access between 10pm and 2am EDT 10/6/07.
::The wiki will be unavailable for write access between 10pm and 2am EDT 10/6/07.
Current revision
Contents
Community News Archive
All news items from January 2008 on are posted to the OpenWetWare steering committee blog.
2008 News
Mitch Waldrop writes about the impact of OWW, blogs and more on science ... and he invites you to comment.
• 1/8: OWW hires Managing Director
Welcome Lorrie LeJeune.
Authors will now be able to choose a copyright license that permits derivative works.
• Make OpenWetWare better!
Take the OpenWetWare survey.
2007 News
• 12/19: Travis Bayer to defend 1st Smolke Lab thesis
For details please check the Smolke Lab OWW page.
• 10/22: U.S. Senate considering open access amendment TODAY!
For details see here or email your Senator now.
• 10/5: Help add new features for wiki lab notebooks!
Contribute to the Brainstorming session Friday October 5.
• 10/6: OWW moving to new server this Saturday
The wiki will be unavailable for write access between 10pm and 2am EDT 10/6/07.
• 8/5: OpenWetWare welcomes its
3000th contributor!
• 8/2: Steering committee meeting
Call in or add items to the agenda.
Help specify/suggest new features you'd like OWW to have!
Change your OWW username to your real name (if you like).
August 8-11 in Santa Fe, NM, USA.
• 6/7: Steering committee meeting
Call in or add items to the agenda.
Friday, May 11 at 1pm in Boston, MA, USA.
In celebration, write a testimonial.
• 4/4: Steering committee meeting
Call in or add items to the agenda.
• 3/9: Wiki Chat
You can now chat on the wiki!
• 2/7: OpenWetWare data dumps
Download full backup of OpenWetWare.
• 1/18/07: Steering committee meeting
Call in or add items to the agenda.
2006 News
12/22/06 -- OpenWetWare welcomes its 2000th contributor!
12/17/06 -- OpenWetWare mailing lists. Join one or send email.
12/15/06 -- Sri Kosuri successfully defends - Congratulations Dr. Sri Kosuri!
11/09/06 -- Steering committee meeting - Call in or add items to the agenda.
11/04/06 -- 2006 iGEM competition-Some of the teams used OWW for their lab notebooks and project planning.
10/22/06 -- New server: OpenWetWare is now hosted on a more reliable server and network.
10/20/06 -- Open Science Seminar Series. Come see Chris Surridge from PLoS ONE.
10/12/06 -- Steering committee meeting. Call in or add items to the agenda.
09/19/06 -- OpenWetWare welcomes its 1500th user!
09/19/06 -- Community Portal. We've posted discussion topics for improving OWW. We'd like your input!
08/31/06 -- SynBERC Video Tour. Check out the highly entertaining video of Endy and Knight lab at SynBERC!
08/21/06 -- We've updated our mainpage! Our mainpage has been optimized for your navigation convenience.
08/10/06 -- Steering committee meeting
07/10/06 -- NSF Grant submitted
07/06/06 -- Standard protocol submission meeting:12pm EST!
06/22/06 -- NSF Grant application:please contribute!
06/19/06 -- Meeting time: standard protocol submission discussion.
06/15/06 -- OWW steering committee meeting at 12pm EST.
06/07/06 -- OWW is featured in Nature.
06/04/06 -- The OWW steering committee is picking a new meeting time.
05/10/06 -- OWW plans long term plans - help needed.
05/04/06 -- Contribute to the discussion on OWW funding.
05/01/06 -- Steering committee meeting.
4/27/06 -- OpenWetWare is now running on MediaWiki version 1.6.3.
4/20/06 -- OpenWetWare's 1 year birthday.
4/03/06 -- There is a steering committee meeting today.
3/24/06 -- OWW Open Science seminar with John Wilbanks.
3/23/06 -- The Main Page has undergone major revisions.
3/11/06 -- Community Portal has been updated!
2/17/06 -- Check out the new OWW Calendar.
2/17/06 -- Now running MediaWiki software version 1.5.6.
2/08/06 -- Welcome BE.109 & BE.180 students joining OWW!
1/30/06 -- OpenWetWare is considering a new look. View the ideas and contribute to the logo and poster discussion.
1/26/06 -- The default sidebar for OpenWetWare has changed to include quick links to common OpenWetWare resources.
1/15/06 -- Pfeifer Lab from Tufts University has joined OpenWetWare.
1/09/06 -- OWW received an MIT iCampus grant. Please see this page for more info.
1/07/06 -- OWW was mentioned this week in the NetWatch section of Science.
1/04/06 -- There will be an OWW steering committee meeting this Friday at 1:00 at MIT (68-574), please come by or sign up to volunteer on the committee if you want to help.
2005 News
12/27/05 -- DeLong Lab from MIT has joined OpenWetWare.
12/15/05 -- Pan Lab and Sosnick Lab from the University of Chicago have joined OpenWetWare.
12/15/05 -- The Mimulus Community have joined OpenWetWare.
12/14/05 -- Chandra Lab from Indian Institute of Science has joined OpenWetWare.
12/9/05 -- OpenWetWare upgraded to Mediawiki 1.5.3 to add many new features. Please email us with errors/bugs.
12/6/05 -- Francis Lab from UC-Berkeley has joined OpenWetWare.
12/5/05 -- Lauffenburger Lab from MIT has joined OpenWetWare.
11/30/05 -- Nature features OWW in the news.
11/5/05 -- Schmidt Lab from Delaware has joined OpenWetWare.
10/12/05 -- The hardware running OWW has been upgraded. The site is running on a new faster server that is professionally managed and backed up. If you run into problems editing, try refreshing the page (or using the openwetware.org or openwetware.com addresses). Thanks for the patience.
10/11/05 -- OWW will be undergoing significant hardware upgrades and change of IP. During this time, there may be points where OWW will be closed for editing. See the OWW BioMicro Server Switch page for more info
10/4/05 -- OpenWetWare has been configured to use clean URLs, i.e. without "index.php" (same style as Wikipedia). URLs in the old format still work because new URLs are simply aliases. Internal links are not affected by this transition at all. Also, MediaWiki software used to run OpenWetWare has been upgraded to the latest stable version 1.4.10.
10/3/05 -- OpenWetWare content now available via Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike or GNU Free Documentation License. See Copyright for more details.
9/27/05 -- Matsudaira Lab from MIT has joined OpenWetWare
9/19/05 -- Crews Lab from Texas has joined OpenWetWare
9/19/05 -- Linder Lab from Texas has joined OpenWetWare
9/19/05 -- Rao Lab from UIUC has joined OpenWetWare
9/19/05 -- Burge Lab from MIT has joined OpenWetWare
9/15/05 -- Hu Lab from Texas A&M has joined OpenWetWare
9/14/05 -- Keasling Lab from Berkeley has joined OpenWetWare
9/14/05 -- Emelianov Lab from Texas has joined OpenWetWare
9/12/05 -- Silver Lab from Harvard has joined OpenWetWare
9/10/05 -- The BE Graduate Student Board has joined OpenWetWare
9/9/05 -- Ellington Lab from Texas has joined OpenWetWare
9/8/05 -- Suggs Lab from Texas has joined OpenWetWare
9/1/05 -- New features have been added to the wiki: Emailing users (look at the sidebar in user pages) and google searching.
8/25/05 -- MIT Specific. We started a mailing list biostuff@mit.edu to handle reagent, equipment, and knowhow requests. The list is self-subscribing for MIT-based folks.
8/16/05 -- At a recent meeting, participants decided to open OWW to labs outside of MIT, and to move administration of the wiki to the BioMicro Center. Also, the site will be hosted at http://openwetware.org instead of .mit.edu
8/16/05 -- A OpenWetWare:Getting started page has been added.
8/16/05 -- The Keating Lab has joined OpenWetWare
8/16/05 -- The Sauer Lab has joined OpenWetWare
8/16/05 -- New page on why to join has been added
7/24/05 -- New Etiquette added regarding common words and page titles, post comments about this addition to the Talk:Etiquette page
6/24/05 -- The Grossman Lab has joined OpenWetWare. Welcome!
6/23/05 -- Biological Energy Interest Group has joined OpenWetWare! They're looking for new members, contact Peter if you're interested.
6/15/05 -- Jeff just had a baby (Well Amy did)! Congratulations!
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Rockets explode in southern Israel during Obama visit
PanARMENIAN.Net - Two rockets exploded in a southern Israeli town near the Gaza border on Thursday, March 21, the second day of U.S. President Barack Obama's visit to the Jewish state, Israeli police said, according to Reuters.
One of the rockets damaged the yard of an Israeli home but there were no immediate reports of injuries. There were
Partner news
Top stories
Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
Partner news
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Study: Stopping SEO Leads To 30% Drop In Top Rankings
Jul 12, 2012 • 8:38 am | (17) by | Filed Under SEO - Search Engine Optimization
A Cre8asite Forum thread has someone who conducted a small study where he claimed that those who stop maintaining their SEO campaigns saw a 30% drop in top rankings, while those who continue the campaign saw a 18% increase in top rankings.
The study was done with two groups of 10 clients. One group that continued to maintain their SEO and another group that stopped maintaining their SEO. So it was a really small sample and it was conducted by an SEO company - got that?
Here are the results:
SEO Rankings: June 2011-2012 Group A* Group B**
Increase in #1 SEO rankings on Google
18%
-30%
Increase in Top 10 SEO rankings on Google
0%
-22%
Increase in Top 30 SEO rankings on Google
8.3%
-14%
Increase in Top 30 SEO rankings on Yahoo
15%
-2%
Increase in Top 30 SEO rankings on Bing
18%
5%
*Group A: Companies that continued SEO marketing on their websites after initial optimization
**Group B: Companies that discontinued SEO marketing on their websites after initial optimization
Would you agree that this is the case? You stop maintaining your SEO, you drop? What is maintaining your SEO really mean anyway?
Forum discussion at Cre8asite Forum.
Image credit to BigStockPhoto for SEO image
Previous story: Google Local Troubleshooter Needs Troubleshooting
blog comments powered by Disqus
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AP endonuclease
Jump to: navigation, search
An AP endonuclease is an enzyme that cuts a strand of DNA on the 5'-side of an AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) site, as part of DNA base excision repair (BER). Mg2+ is required for activity of most of them (not for EndoIV of E. coli).
Mechanism
First DNA glycosylases recognize and excise the damaged bases from the sugar phosphate backbone of the DNA. It does this by cleaving the N-glycosydic bond between the target base and deoxyribose. What is left is an abasic site (or AP,apurinic/apyrimidinic). The group of enzymes called AP-endonucleases recognize the abasic site and make an incision at the 5' or 3' phosphodiester of the AP site which generates a nucleotide gap. It is then filled by polymerization (DNA polymerase I) and ligation (DNA ligase) of the new nucleotide to the existing DNA sequence. Endonucleases, in general, are sometimes referred to as "molecular scissors" because they "cut" a strand of DNA.
External links
Navigation WikiDoc | WikiPatient | Popular pages | Recently Edited Pages | Recently Added Pictures
Table of Contents In Alphabetical Order | By Individual Diseases | Signs and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Lab Tests | Drugs
Editor Tools Become an Editor | Editors Help Menu | Create a Page | Edit a Page | Upload a Picture or File | Printable version | Permanent link | Maintain Pages | What Pages Link Here
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}
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Maculopapular
Jump to: navigation, search
Maculopapular is a medical term used to describe a unique type of rash. It is a portmanteau of the terms
1. macule (meaning a small red lesion flush with the surface of the skin) and
2. papule meaning a small, raised red lesion.
Thus, the rash is comprised of both raised and flat small red lesions. It can be seen in a variety of conditions, including the measles and syphilis.
Navigation WikiDoc | WikiPatient | Popular pages | Recently Edited Pages | Recently Added Pictures
Table of Contents In Alphabetical Order | By Individual Diseases | Signs and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Lab Tests | Drugs
Editor Tools Become an Editor | Editors Help Menu | Create a Page | Edit a Page | Upload a Picture or File | Printable version | Permanent link | Maintain Pages | What Pages Link Here
There is no pharmaceutical or device industry support for this site and we need your viewer supported Donations | Editorial Board | Governance | Licensing | Disclaimers | Avoid Plagiarism | Policies
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation
Toolbox
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Praseodymium(III) chloride
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Praseodymium(III) chloride
200px
IUPAC name Praseodymium(III) chloride
Other names Praseodymium chloride; praseodymium trichloride
Properties
Molecular formula PrCl3
Molar mass 247.24 g/mol (anhydrous)
373.77 g/mol (heptahydrate)
Appearance blue-green solid (anhydrous)
light green solid (heptahydrate)
Density 4.02 g/cm³, solid (anhydrous)
2.250 g/cm³, solid (heptahydrate)
Melting point
786 °C
Boiling point
1710 °C
Solubility in water 104.0 g/100 ml (13°C)
Structure
Crystal structure Uranium(III) chloride
Coordination
geometry
9-coordinate; trigonal prismatic
Hazards
MSDS Praseodymium(III) chloride MSDS
Main hazards Irritant
Flash point ?°C
Related Compounds
Other anions praseodymium fluoride, praseodymium bromide, praseodymium iodide
Other cations cerium(III) chloride, neodymium(III) chloride
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references
Praseodymium(III) chloride (PrCl3), also known as praseodymium trichloride, is a compound of praseodymium and chlorine. It is a blue-green solid which rapidly absorbs water on exposure to moist air to form a light green heptahydrate.
Contents
Chemical properties
Praseodymium(III) chloride is a moderately strong Lewis acid, which ranks as "hard" according to the HSAB concept. Rapid heating of the hydrate may cause small amounts of hydrolysis.[1] PrCl3 forms a stable Lewis acid-base complex K2PrCl5 by reaction with potassium chloride; this compound shows interesting optical and magnetic properties.[2]
Aqueous solutions of praseodymium(III) chloride can be used to prepare insoluble praseodymium(III) compounds, for example praseodymium(III) phosphate or praseodymium(III) fluoride:
PrCl3(aq) + K3PO4(aq) → PrPO4(s) + 3 KCl(aq)
PrCl3(aq) + 3 NaF(aq) → PrF3(s) + 3 NaCl(aq)
Preparation
Praseodymium(III) chloride can be prepared as a green aqueous solution by reaction of either praseodymium metal or praseodymium(III) carbonate and hydrochloric acid. The anhydrous halide may alternatively be prepared from praseodymium metal and hydrogen chloride.[2][3]
2 Pr(s) + 6 HCl(aq) → 2 PrCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)
Pr2(CO3)3(s) + 6 HCl(aq) → 2 PrCl3(aq) + 3 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l)
Anhydrous PrCl3 can be made by dehydration of the hydrate either by slowly heating to 400 °C with 4-6 equivalents of ammonium chloride under high vacuum[1],[4], or by heating with an excess of thionyl chloride for four hours[1],[5]. The anhydrous halide may alternatively be prepared from praseodymium metal and hydrogen chloride[3]. It is usually purified by high temperature sublimation under high vacuum.[1]
Uses
PrCl3 has been used to increase the activity of Template:Praseodymium6O11 catalysts, which can be used for the oxidation of methane to ethene. This process is becoming an important route to ethene for the manufacture of polyethylene (a common plastic). There are no major uses for praseodymium(III) chloride, though it can be used as a starting point for the preparation of other praseodymium salts.
Precautions
Praseodymium compounds are of low to moderate toxicity, although their toxicity has not been investigated in detail. Wear gloves and goggles.
References
1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 F. T. Edelmann, P. Poremba, in: Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry, (W. A. Herrmann, ed.), Vol. 6, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1997.
2. 2.0 2.1 J. Cybinska, J. Sokolnicki, J. Legendziewicz, G. Meyer Journal of Alloys and Compounds 341, 115-123 (2002).
3. 3.0 3.1 L. F. Druding, J. D. Corbett, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83, 2462 (1961); J. D. Corbett, Rev. Chim. Minerale 10, 239 (1973),
4. M. D. Taylor, P. C. Carter, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 24, 387 (1962); J. Kutscher, A. Schneider, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 7, 815 (1971).
5. J. H. Freeman, M. L. Smith, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 7, 224 (1958).
Further reading
1. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (58th edition), CRC Press, West Palm Beach, Florida, 1977.
2. N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Pergamon Press, 1984.
3. S. Sugiyama, T. Miyamoto, H. Hayashi, M. Tanaka, J. B. Moffat Journal of Molecular Catalysis A, 118, 129-136 (1997).
4. Druding L. F., Corbett J. D., Ramsey B. N. (1963). "Rare Earth Metal-Metal Halide Systems. VI. Praseodymium Chloride". Inorganic Chemistry 2 (4): 869 - 871. doi:10.1021/ic50008a055.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8731.6 - Building Approvals, Tasmania, Mar 1994
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Monthly; ISSN:0156-7861; Number of dwelling units and value of residential buildings approved (houses and other residential) for private sector and public sector; value of alterations and additions to residential buildings and value of non-residential building by class of building (eg. hotels, offices, etc.) approved. Includes some data for statistical divisions and local government areas.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
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1308.8 - In fACT - Statistical Information on the ACT and Region, May 2008
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I love the idea of bootstrapping, but when I hear the bootstrapping evangelists talk about what it takes, they basically portray a lifestyle that only makes sense for a single person in their early 20's. What about someone who is married, has kids, and has to maintain a certain salary to provide for their family? How can someone bootstrap a startup if they don't have gobs of dispensable money and can't just move in with their parents and live off of Ramen soup and instant oatmeal? Should they just seek seed funding and stop dreaming about organically growing a business?
Update:
Wow, thanks for all the great feedback! I posted this in the middle of a late night coding session while frustrated at the limited time I have to work on my business. We definitely don't live beyond our means, and I don't expect a high salary as some insinuated. We make plenty of sacrifices and I'm covering all the costs myself right now.
The problem is time. When you have kids, you don't have the luxury of coming home after work and just jumping into your business. You have to help them do homework, make/eat dinner, potty train, brush teeth, read bedtime stories, etc. So even if the kids are down early and you sit down to talk to your spouse for 30 minutes, you're pushing 9:30 - 10:00pm. Which typically gives you a whopping 1-2 hours to work if you're not already falling asleep. Then you're up at 6:00 - 6:30am again to start the entire routine over again.
Yes, I negotiate some time-off from family duties to focus on the business, but we're in the pre-launch phase on our product right now. After we launch our product, the game changes. I'll have to spend more time doing support, responding quickly to customer issues, adding new features, and talking to customers (we're a B2B offering). Trying to get some customers and grow the business organically with its own cashflow sounds really nice, but I really feel that the competition will eat us alive if we can't have at least 1-2 people focused on the business full time. Unfortunately nobody involved has that luxury.
Yes, I agree that it might not be the right time to do a startup, but we feel like we have a solid idea and a good market, and I just can't stop thinking about the product. I have that entrepreneurial bug right now. I bet some of you know how that feels... ;-)
share|improve this question
5 Answers
up vote 6 down vote accepted
Bootstrapping isn’t just about being in your twenties and living in your parent’s basement. We are currently bootstrapping our business, and I’m happy to say that I don’t live in my parent’s basement, but sad to say that I am no longer in my twenties.
Bootstrapping is about making common sense decisions, being creative, and living within your means. That means making sure you can provide for your family, without going overboard. Do your kids really need that iPod? Does your wife really need those expensive shoes? Do you really need that $2000 TV? Maybe the answer to those questions is yes, and that’s perfectly fine. The point is, you have to sit down and assess your finances. What can you do without? What must you have? Maybe you can find a way to reduce your expenses by 10%, that’s an extra 10% you can inject into your business.
In my case, I’m doing it by working on my business part-time in the evenings and weekends, and working a full-time job during the day. I would absolutely love to quit my job and focus solely on my business, but I just can’t afford that right now…maybe someday :-) I’m not driving around in a Lexus or BMW, but I have a decent, reliable car. I own a single family house (with my fiancée) in a nice, safe neighborhood, but it’s not the most expensive house you’ll ever see. I don’t spend money on manicures and pedicures, because that’s just not important to me…someone else may see it differently. My situation is easier than yours because I don’t have any kids, and my fiancée is also working on the business part-time, while working full-time.
In your situation you must have a steady income. That doesn’t mean you can’t bootstrap. You can keep your current job and work on your business in the evenings. Or as Jesper pointed out, you can do consulting. Or maybe you can bring in a partner, as Tim pointed out. Or maybe a combination of those. Every situation is different, and maybe in your case it doesn’t make sense to start a business right now. But I recommend you do a self-evaluation before giving up.
Best of luck to you!
share|improve this answer
has to maintain a certain salary
We all make choices in our lives, and they sometimes close doors. If you need a certain steady income, then maybe a startup isn't for you. That said, it can be done if you want to.
Should they just seek seed funding and stop dreaming about organically growing a business?
No. First off, seed funding is unlikely to provide for a high salary to you. Unless your idea is truly exceptional and you seem just the guy to manage the effort, you should generally expect seed funding to only cover base operating expenses and ramen-noodle salaries.
When you say "stop dreaming about organically growing a business", what do you really mean? If you mean "build a company worth 100M Dollars without risks and external financing", then forget it. If you mean "gradually build a small business on the side while keeping risks minimal", then that's absolutely possible.
"Bootstrapping" isn't only about people in their twenties who work full-time on the next big thing. It also applies to grown-ups who gradually build a business in their evenings while keeping their day job.
Another common approach, if you have market-able skills, is to go out and do consulting to cover living expenses, and then work on your own product in the periods where consulting isn't filling out your time.
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I guess you could say that I am in the similar situation to you. I don't have all the answers, but yes time is the main problem. I sat down with my wife and poured out my dreams and what starting a business meant to me. I wasn't sure what she would say, but once she knew how important it was to me, she began to help out i.e. she would put the kids bed when it was my turn, she would sit and discuss things with me when I had trouble deciding what to do with a particular problem. Sure, it can be tough, but with your partners help and support you can work through it.
Don't expect her to do everything though, as you will need to spend time with the family. It's a good distraction. You could pick a time frame to give her some idea of how long this will go on i.e. two months. You can adjust this later with her, but keep her in the loop all the time. I used to keep my wife in the dark with some of this stuff, but I found that when she knew what was happening it worked out better.
Set yourself realistic deadlines. There is not point in saying I need to get this done by tomorrow if you know you won't. You'll just keep thinking that you are behind. Don't race and don't rush. I used to rush to get things done, but on reflection I could have done the same work over a few nights and it wouldn't have made any difference.
You aren't alone in this problem, but the key thing is to keep on moving forward. Use your family as support, don't alienate yourself from them. Good luck!
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if you have 10 hours a week to dedicate to a project you can grow your own business. It also helps to have a partner in the business (regardless of any other specific details)
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Jesper's answer covers most of the options. One, obvious, other thing is to save for a while while you're working on your project in the evenings so that when you're ready to bite the bullet, you have 6 months or so where you can afford not to work.
I started my first company with a bonus I got from my day job. During the first 8 months I didn't take a salary at all. After than I took a salary that was 45% of my day job salary. Only after 4 years did I pay myself a salary that was higher than my regular job, though I have to admit that if it was a priority, I could have done it earlier.
Bootstrapping is tough, but you're the master of your own destiny. You don't have to spend time on managing your board, and you get to make all the decisions for good and bad.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I have just read a study (german) that applied Van Westendorp's Price Sensitivity Meter to determine a reasonable price range for a SaaS offering. Specifically, the study tried to investigate the impact of usage-based vs. usage-independent pricing strategies.
Put simply, Westendorp's meter works by asking 4 different price points from potential customers, at which they would consider a product to be too cheap, cheap, expensive and too expensive. The method seems extremely practical to me and it appears the required survey can be easily conducted with online survey tools. When customer contact information is retained or the customers are known, additional insights can be generated with personal post-survey interviews.
Have you had success conducting such a study? Have you found it useful and were the results reasonable?
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3 Answers
Van Westendorp works best when people understand the product really well (although Jeremey's caveat is important). For a SaaS offering, unless there is relatively little differentiation from a SaaS offering that your respondents are already using, you are unlikely to get good results. Beyond the limitations of the survey, small changes in the way you present the information will make a big difference.
Why not run a real life test with some AdWords and some test prices? (You can always move people who paid "more" down to the price you settle on.)
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As someone with upwards of 20 years experience in pricing, I give very little credence to studies that ask customers how they would respond to a given offer, outside FMCG (fast moving consumer goods). See how they do respond - which in SaaS is easy and natural.
That's the first issue. The second is to poke at the underlying assumption. "I have this thing - what's it worth to you?" sounds like a reasonable question, but study evidence mainly points to human beings (which is mainly what you'll be selling to, I assume) anchoring their view of value in the price. "Here's what it costs, what do you expect of it?" is far more answerable.
If you do want to (or need to) do something study-led, conjoint analysis does have some use. "Which would you rather have, A or B" still has a bunch of traps for the unwary, but can help you home in on value drivers.
I'm not saying that pricing studies of this type are innately flawed. There are a great many markets for which there isn't really any other alternative. But as a word to the wise, read the surrounding information carefully, and you'll find more often than not that there's a ton of context stuff you need to understand, a set of assumptions that may or not map into the space you're interested in, and a requirement for a relatively high level of statistical understanding called for to test and verify the work, never mind to replicate and interpret a similar new piece of work.
Good luck, have fun, and bear in mind that most of what you read on pricing - this included - must be taken with a large pinch of salt.
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Pricing is always a challenge. Just a mention on the validity of freemium models could start a flame war. I have not used Van Westendorps approach, but there are always multiple ways to come to develop a pricing strategy. Here are two approaches to consider - hopefully they will be of use to you..
1) Understand your customer segments. Each one has a pain threshold and an alternative way to address it (called by some a price anchor). Segmenting these customers are important, otherwise you will get mixed messages and cloud the pricing exercise. Of course, you need to have a clear understanding of what your product is and what alternatives exist. Running Lean's Ash Maurya has a good post on this.
As an example, here is a SaaS company using an anchor in their pricing page: They calculate the price of their solution and a on-premise solution for comparison.
2) If you already had the customer discussions and want to determine which model converts the best, you can do automated a/b (epsilon-greedy, Bayesian Bandit) testing to determine which pricing model converts the highest. Determining what the goal is, whether the population is statistically relevant, etc. is part of the test strategy you need to set.
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From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
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Stream my .mp3 files to RhythmBox on my Debian Etch Computer.
Stream my .mp3 files to RhythmBox on my Debian Etch Computer.
<br>
<br>
-
All my photos as .jpg are aceesed by Samba on my home network.
+
All my photos as .jpg are accessed by Samba on my home network.
==[[User:CavesOfTQLT|CavesOfTQLT]]==
==[[User:CavesOfTQLT|CavesOfTQLT]]==
Revision as of 18:46, 18 July 2008
Everyone should post what he has accomplished to do with his Linkstation/Kurobox. New entries should be added to the end.
Contents
Mindbender
08:46, 6 July 2006 (EDT) <skype style="mediumicon" action="chat">mindbender500</skype>
Model: Linkstation 1
• Bootloader: UBoot 2.01 (LNI)
• running 2.4.33.3 + telnet/ftp/root-enabled firmimg.bin in flash
• foonas svn 1062 + 2.6.22 on hdd
• 1 Printer in Front-USB-Port
• 2 USB-HDDs via a USB-Hub in the Back-USB-Port
• soldered header for JTAG + i have a JTAG cable created by tampakuro
What I use it for:
• Kernel-NFS - recording from my dbox2
• Filesharing - with Mldonkey/transmissioncli
• wget4web - an Webinterface for wget
• vsftp-server
• SVN-Server
Model: Linkstation 1
• Bootloader: UBoot 2.01 (LNI)
• Development box for testing
Model: Linkstation Pro
• FreeLink
• serial-access
• Development box for testing
Model: Kurobox HG
• JTAG headers soldered - unbricked via JTAG
Flavoie
11:57, 6 July 2006 (EDT)
Model: Linkstation HG
• Freelink running Debian Testing with Kernel 2.6.16 via loader.o
What I use it for:
• Windows file sharing using Samba (stream movies from Windows XP Media Center PC)
• BitTorrent - with Mldonkey and sancho gui web interface
• Webmin & VNC for easy admin interface
• Lighttpd instead of Apache
• PHP
• MySQL
• Gallery 2 for personal photo album
• Dyndns updater, ddclient
Future plans:
Retire x86 debian server setup with the following software and use Linkstation instead:
• Wiki for hockey team
Ramuk
Ramuk 22:58, 2 June 2008 (BST)
Models:
What I use them for:
misterblues
10:26, 14 July 2006 (EDT)
Model: Linkstation 2
• Openlink
What i use it for:
• SMB/CIFS-Server for my Siemens M740AV DVB-T Receiver
• NFS-Server for dbox2 mplayer (Photo/MP3)
• ggrab(sserver) for dbox2 recordings
• DNS Server
Future plans:
• VoIP Server
• UPNP AV Server for M740AV/PC-System/Pocket-PC
Rich
15:40, 16 July 2006 (GMT)
Model: Linkstation 2
• Openlink
What i use it for:
• Streaming music to Sonos music system.
• Printer server.
• DDClient - dynamic DNS client.
Future plans:
• Webmail client.
• Photo album.
Mouloud
00:49, 12 September 2006 (WEST)
Model: Linkstation 2
• latest freelink for LS2 (060810 firmware)
• 1 Printer (HP laserjet 1010 usb) in Back-USB-Port
What I use it for:
• SMB fileserver - with samba
• Filesharing - with Mldonkey using sancho gui
• Web server - with Apache
• web based configuration - with Webmin
• dyndns.org client - with ddclient
• print server - with CUPS
Future plans:
• FTP server
• ...
AndersUk
19:39, 13 September 2006 (GMT)
Model: Linkstation 2
• latest freelink for LS2
What I use it for:
• SMB fileserver - Media and Shared storage for my computers over Samba
• Filesharing - with Mldonkey using sancho gui
• Web based configuration - with Webmin
• FTP server - with vsftpd
What I think so far:
• Bl00dy impressed.
Future plans:
• Mail Server
• LLMP
Jimlennon
08:18, 11 October 2006 (CET)
Model: Linkstation Live 500
• latest freelink for LSPro
What I use it for:
• SMB fileserver
• Filesharing - with Mldonkey using sancho gui
• Web server - with Apache, PHP & MySQL
• Web based configuration - with Webmin
• FTP server - with Proftpd
Kuroguy
08:57, 20 November 2006 (EDT)
Model: Linkstation 2
What I've done to it:
• Added Serial port
• Added JTAG Port
• Read, write, and erase the entire flash contents via JTAG
• Fully tested JTAG software on it
Future plans:
• Add USB ports
• Add microcontroller programming interface
• Test upcoming U-Boot port
• Ship it off to the next hacker in line
Davy Gravy
Models - Current: LS-HG stock, LS-HG w/ FreeLink, KuroBox HG ; Previous: LS2
What I've done/basic mods:
• Tried out stock firmware, moved to OpenLink for short while, now using FreeLink/Debian & 2.6 kernel
• Flashed the KuroHG and one LS-HG w/ UBoot
• Flashed that LS-HG w/ 2.4.33.3 kernel/firmimg.bin
• moved away from the Buffalo-Installer to Kuro-style installs w/ roomy hda1 partitions
• hda3 partitions w/ XFS and JFS filesystem formats]], since they give a higher transfer rate - around 12.5MB/sec sustained
I use the modded HG for:
• basic NAS for my family
• Webmin w/ Syncmin module for automatic backups onto an attached/removable USB HD
• Firefly Music Server for our Roku, for mp3s and internet radio
• run hpodder each morning for our favorite podcasts via Roku
• running Mediaripper on for automated MP3 conversion
The KuroHG is used for:
• NAS for my student's projects at work/school
• as a learning tool for Linux, C/C++ and programming in general
Next steps:
• Sell the 2nd HG that is still stock - I don't need it anymore - now that I see what one can do w/ FreeLink, the stock firmware seems crippled, to me...
• Buy a LS-Pro/ARM box and learn more
Bauldrick
Model: Linkstation 1
• Freelink running 2.6.20
• Wireless - not very stable though :-(
What I use it for:
• Not a great deal at the moment, but I have a cunning plan!!
Model: Linkstation 2
• Freelink
• HP Photosmart 7550 in front usb port
• Xi-tel HI-FI link usb soundcard in back usb port
What I use it for:
• Stream music via Firefly to my Roku Soundbridge and iTunes on various PC's
• Stream films, music & photo's via Swisscenter to my Buffalo Linktheater
• Stream films & music via SMS to various Playstation 2's around the house
• Filesharing via Torrentflux
• Printing (IPP) via CUPS
• Play music on Linkstation via mpd (would like a light weight browser app?)
• Listen to my music over internet with gnump3d
• Additional Applaunchpage - for links and to be able to start and stop some apps over the browser
Artion
12:30, 25 March 2007 (CST)
Model: Linkstation HD-HGLAN160
• Firmware: originally v1.42, upgrade to v1.45 (hg-openlink-051b)
What i use it for:
• Web server - Apache + MySQL + PHP
• DNS server - BIND
• Mail server - Postfix, SMTP, POP3, IMAP
• Webmail - SquirrelMail
• Photo gallery, music and file storage
Future plans:
• FTP server
• Webmail - OpenWebMail
Dougal
04 Aug 07
2 x LS2. Both boxes running FreeLink. Being used to serve web and email for my domain. Extra configuration for both boxes:
• relocated bind-mounted /home, /usr and /var directory trees (14% disk usage on hda1)
• webmin
• samba
• rsync backups between the two
Box A running apache2(HTTP/HTTPS) + mysql5 + php5
• General web dev platform
• Domain webmail
• LAN media storage
• backup of Box B Maildirs
Box B running bind9(DNS) + exim4(SMTP) + dovecot(IMAP)
• Domain name and email server
• Backup of Box A www/db and media files
I retired an AMD AthlonXP 1800 running WinXP in favour of these boxes :)
timtim
Currently Using:
• u-boot 1.2.0 with fdt via OpenEmbedded for PowerPC Linkstations
• foonas as main distro and foonas-em in flash
Responsible for:
• Adding Buffalo NAS devices and many other platforms to OpenEmbedded (LSPro, KuroPro, LS1, LS2, HG)
• foonas distribution
• foonas-em distribution - first 2.6 based em-mode utilities in flash for PowerPC and MIPSel based linkstations with XFS
• foonas-iscsi distribution
All my NAS devices are currently being used for foonas/foonas-em/foonas-iscsi development.
Lessrand
17:14, 24 Jan 2008 (CET)
2 x LS HS (400GB harddisk) . Both boxes running FreeLink.
Model: Linkstation HS No. 1
What i use it for:
• ssh backup server
• twonkyvision mediaserver
Model: Linkstation HS No. 2
What i use it for:
• ssh backup server
• svn server
Sparrowhawk
12:15, 24 February 2008 (CST)
Linkstation Pro V1
Reflashed to Freelink
Expanded files and all reset to ext3 filesystem.
Updated Kernel, Installed Webmin, Samba and Firefly.
Stream my .mp3 files to RhythmBox on my Debian Etch Computer.
All my photos as .jpg are accessed by Samba on my home network.
CavesOfTQLT
21:24, 25 February 2008 (GMT)
Kurobox HG WR: Hardware:
• Seagate Barracuda 200GB HDD
Software:
• Boot-loader: U-Boot 1.2.0
• EM system: foonas-em 0.0.8-r2
• kernel: 2.6.24.2
• OS: Gentoo
Function: To run SlimDevices' SlimServer music-streaming server application 24/7.
Speciality software:
• Squeezecenter 7.0 beta
• Samba - for music file transfer
Future:
• To replace the HDD with something larger as, with all my music being in lossless flac format, I only have about 5% free space.
• Possibly get another Kuro or similar and hack away coz the past month or so has got me hooked again...
Personal tools
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Research
A multi-center, randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous ibuprofen for the treatment of fever in critically ill and non-critically ill adults
Peter E Morris*, John T Promes, Kalpalatha K Guntupalli, Patrick E Wright and Murray M Arons
Critical Care 2010, 14:R125 doi:10.1186/cc9089
See related commentary by Abraham, http://ccforum.com/content/14/4/178
No comments have yet been made on this article.
Post a comment
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Connexions
Sections
You are here: Home » Content » Smear Campaign
About: Smear Campaign
Module by: Neelima Shekhar Singh. E-mail the author
View the content: Smear Campaign
Metadata
Name: Smear Campaign
ID: m37486
Language: English (en)
Summary: This is a chronicle of developing story of India woven around daily events involving politics, corruption and cricket.
Subject: Social Sciences
Keywords: Corruption, Cricket, India, Politics
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 3.0
Authors: Neelima Shekhar Singh (nsssks2011@yahoo.com)
Copyright Holders: Neelima Shekhar Singh (nsssks2011@yahoo.com)
Maintainers: Neelima Shekhar Singh (nsssks2011@yahoo.com)
Latest version: 1.4 (history)
First publication date: Apr 19, 2011 8:39 am -0500
Last revision to module: Apr 29, 2011 3:35 am -0500
Downloads
PDF: m37486_1.4.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
EPUB: m37486_1.4.epub Electronic publication file, for viewing in handheld devices. Learn more.
XML: m37486_1.4.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Source Export ZIP: m37486_1.4.zip ZIP containing the module XML plus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.4 Apr 29, 2011 3:35 am -0500 by Neelima Shekhar Singh
Changes:
4
Version: 1.3 Apr 20, 2011 1:28 am -0500 by Neelima Shekhar Singh
Changes:
3
Version: 1.2 Apr 19, 2011 10:39 am -0500 by Neelima Shekhar Singh
Changes:
2
Version: 1.1 Apr 19, 2011 9:14 am -0500 by Neelima Shekhar Singh
Changes:
1
How to Reuse and Attribute This Content
If you derive a copy of this content using a Connexions account and publish your version, proper attribution of the original work will be automatically done for you.
If you reuse this work elsewhere, in order to comply with the attribution requirements of the license (CC-BY 3.0), you must include
• the authors' names: Neelima Shekhar Singh
• the title of the work: Smear Campaign
• the Connexions URL where the work can be found: http://cnx.org/content/m37486/1.4/
See the citation section below for examples you can copy.
How to Cite and Attribute This Content
The following citation styles comply with the attribution requirements for the license (CC-BY 3.0) of this work:
American Chemical Society (ACS) Style Guide:
Singh, N. Smear Campaign, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m37486/1.4/, Apr 29, 2011.
American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style:
Singh N. Smear Campaign [Connexions Web site]. April 29, 2011. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m37486/1.4/.
American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual:
Singh, N. (2011, April 29). Smear Campaign. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m37486/1.4/
Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography):
Singh, Neelima Shekhar. "Smear Campaign." Connexions. April 29, 2011. http://cnx.org/content/m37486/1.4/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Note):
Neelima Shekhar Singh, "Smear Campaign," Connexions, April 29, 2011, http://cnx.org/content/m37486/1.4/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Reference, in Author-Date style):
Singh, N. 2011. Smear Campaign. Connexions, April 29, 2011. http://cnx.org/content/m37486/1.4/.
Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Manual:
Singh, Neelima Shekhar. Smear Campaign. Connexions. 29 Apr. 2011 <http://cnx.org/content/m37486/1.4/>.
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{
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Wikia
SRD:Greater Bracers of Archery
Talk0
9,503pages on
this wiki
Revision as of 06:37, August 11, 2009 by Surgo (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
This material is published under the OGL
Bracers of Archery, Greater: These wristbands look like normal protective wear. The bracers empower the wearer to use any bow (not including crossbows) as if she were proficient in its use. If she already has proficiency with any type of bow, she gains a +2 competence bonus on attack rolls and a +1 competence bonus on damage rolls whenever using that type of bow. Both bracers must be worn for the magic to be effective.
Moderate transmutation; CL 8th; Craft Wondrous Item, Craft Magic Arms and Armor; Price 25,000 gp;Weight 1 lb.
Back to Main PageSystem Reference DocumentMagic Items
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}
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Multimedia
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 00:13, 7 April 2009 by Hverkuil (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Here are some miscellaneous resources related to audio, video and graphics systems under Linux:
Also see the section on User Interfaces.
Contents
CELF 2.0 Specification for AVG
(more like a set of recommendations rather than a specification)
Audio Video Working Group
Please see the CELF wiki for more information: Audio Video Graphics Working Group
DirectFB study
What is DirectFB, How Does DirectFB Work
DirectFB
Sample Implementation of DirectFB on an embedded Linux platform
Porting DirectFB
Some DirectFB benchmark on embedded Linux platform
Benchmark DirectFB
Related Projects
Graphics/Video out
Framebuffer
Stores the frame information in the videos ....
DirectFB
V4L2
X11
NanoX
OpenGL (OpenML)
SDL
• http://www.libsdl.org/ immediate renderer library with very bare bones primitives like rectangle fill and blit. Since it exposes just framebuffer and few primitives, it's easy to port to different platforms, actually it was born as a way to port Windows games to Linux.
Cairo
• http://www.cairographics.org/ is an immediate renderer library that can do complex vector graphics, including matrix transforms. It runs on top of DirectFB, X11, memory buffers and more. It is the base of some toolkits like GTK and applications like Firefox.
Clutter
• http://clutter-project.org/ is an object-oriented 3d canvas on top of OpenGL (or OpenGL-ES) with scene management. It is based on GLib/GObject and matches nicely GNOME platform. Many powerful Linux mobile devices will ship with Clutter-based intefaces in near future, like Intel's Moblin, Ubuntu Mobile and Maemo.
Enlightenment Foundation Libraries (EFL)
• http://www.enlightenment.org/ contains Evas, an object-oriented 2d canvs on top of OpenGL/X11, XRender/X11, X11, FB, DirectFB, DirectDraw and more. It includes scene management and integrates with Ecore, matches nicely other EFL components like Edje. It's used by some media centers and the OpenMoko phone.
Gstreamer
• http://www.gstreamer.net/ is a modular media engine based on pipelines, you can construct them as you wish to either record or playback, from/to any media supported by its plugins. It's very flexible, but that also makes it complex to use, however it ships with helpers like playbin and decodebin to make simple case easy to use. It is built on top of GLib/GObject and integrates well with GNOME platform, but can be used with others as well.
Xine
• http://xinehq.de/ is a playback media engine that handles most of the complexity for you. It's based on threads, so clock and synchronization are handled automatically. May worth noticing that this library is GPL and your application must be GPL as well to use it.
MPlayer
• http://mplayerhq.hu/ it's not a library but an application, however it's controllable from other applications and it's used as media framework for some systems. It's GPL as well as xine, but since it's externally controlled you don't need to make your application GPL to use it.
Documentation
Video in
V4L[2]
OpenML
LinuxTV (DVB API)
Audio in/out
OSS
ALSA
OpenAL
Users of AVG
Video Lan
Freevo
LinuxTV
MythTV
DVR
OpenPVR
Morphine.TV
Other
ARIB architecture
Boot Splash
Digital Home Working Group
Disko Framework
Free Type
UPnP
TV Anytime
TV Linux Alliance
Note (1) - KD26 refers to the Linux 2.6.X kernel tree, which has a "Documentation" sub-directory.
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:61426",
"uncompressed_offset": 100667497,
"url": "familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Alexander_Iowa",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:f9ebefaf-e240-4b3f-a3f2-4d870ffa828d>",
"warc_url": "http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Alexander_Iowa"
}
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Alexander IowaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Contents
United States>Iowa>Franklin>Alexander
History and Tidbits
Churches
Cemeteries
Family History Web Sites and Resources
(ie--histories, biographies, obituaries, genealogical societies)
Historical Newspapers
Library
Schools
Community Web Sites
Local Parks, Attractions, and other misc. information
Neighboring Communities
References
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 24 November 2010, at 16:49.
• This page has been accessed 142 times.
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{
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"url": "itismymind.blogspot.com/2007/11/how-does-this-guy-still-have-job.html",
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Wednesday, November 21, 2007
How does this guy still have a job?
The nephew of a late former Congressman under fire for some rather serious un-PC behavior. It was recommended that he be fired, however, he was allowed to keep his job at the city of Chicago. From the Sun-Times...
Joseph Annunzio used the n-word and other racist and sexist slurs, but won't lose his supervisor's job with the city Department of Transportation, a review panel decided.
Annunzio, 42, nephew of the late Rep. Frank Annunzio (D-Ill.), can return to his $77,000-a-year job, the Human Resources Board decided last week, overruling the city inspector general and a hearing officer who called for his firing. The board upheld his unpaid suspension since May.
The board did find Annunzio made "racist, derogatory and disparaging remarks," but didn't fire him because the most "egregious" allegations weren't backed up by testimony from the target of the barbs.
The co-worker didn't testify about Annunzio allegedly calling him a "Mambo Gorilla" or about Annunzio allegedly putting a tablecloth on his head and acting like a Klansman in the co-worker's office.
Still, 11 co-workers testified Annunzio used profanity and racist slurs.
Two of those said they saw the tablecloth incident.
But none of those who testified said racist slurs were directed at them.
Three other co-workers testified they never heard such slurs.
His boss said he was a hard worker but "lacked people skills."
City Inspector General David Hoffman said the board's decision signals the city can't fire someone for racist and sexist remarks and conduct, even when multiple witnesses confirm them under oath.
Hat-tip goes to Mr. Bill Barr. Happy thanksgiving!
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:61458",
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"url": "josm.openstreetmap.de/ticket/2193",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:f9ebefaf-e240-4b3f-a3f2-4d870ffa828d>",
"warc_url": "http://josm.openstreetmap.de/ticket/2193"
}
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Modify
Opened 4 years ago
Closed 4 years ago
#2193 closed defect (duplicate)
changing relation admin_level 10 -> 11
Reported by: jjaf.de Owned by: framm
Priority: major Component: unspecified
Version: latest Keywords:
Cc:
Description
Path: trunk
URL: http://josm.openstreetmap.de/svn/trunk
Repository Root: http://josm.openstreetmap.de/svn
Repository UUID: 0c6e7542-c601-0410-84e7-c038aed88b3b
Revision: 1413
Node Kind: directory
Last Changed Author: stoecker
Last Changed Rev: 1413
Last Changed Date: 2009-02-15 22:22:02 +0100 (Sun, 15 Feb 2009)
Java version: 1.6.0_11
Plugins: measurement;openstreetbugs;osmarender;utilsplugin;validator;wmsplugin
Plugin measurement Version: 13409
Plugin openstreetbugs Version: 13477
Plugin osmarender Version: 13448
Plugin utilsplugin Version: 13457
Plugin validator Version: 13409
Plugin wmsplugin Version: 13409
java.lang.NullPointerException
at org.openstreetmap.josm.gui.dialogs.PropertiesDialog.checkPresets(PropertiesDialog.java:639)
at org.openstreetmap.josm.gui.dialogs.PropertiesDialog.selectionChanged(PropertiesDialog.java:734)
at org.openstreetmap.josm.data.osm.DataSet.fireSelectionChanged(DataSet.java:199)
at org.openstreetmap.josm.data.osm.DataSet.setSelected(DataSet.java:164)
at org.openstreetmap.josm.gui.dialogs.RelationListDialog$1.mouseClicked(RelationListDialog.java:67)
at java.awt.AWTEventMulticaster.mouseClicked(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.Component.processMouseEvent(Unknown Source)
at javax.swing.JComponent.processMouseEvent(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.Component.processEvent(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.Container.processEvent(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.Component.dispatchEventImpl(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.Container.dispatchEventImpl(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.Component.dispatchEvent(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.LightweightDispatcher.retargetMouseEvent(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.LightweightDispatcher.processMouseEvent(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.LightweightDispatcher.dispatchEvent(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.Container.dispatchEventImpl(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.Window.dispatchEventImpl(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.Component.dispatchEvent(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.EventQueue.dispatchEvent(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpOneEventForFilters(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEventsForFilter(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEventsForHierarchy(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEvents(Unknown Source)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEvents(Unknown Source)
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[maemo-users] my two big fustrations with the N800 - please help me find aworkaround!
From: Ed Bartosh eduard.bartosh at nokia.com
Date: Mon Jul 23 13:37:49 EEST 2007
On Mon, 2007-07-23 at 13:02 +0300, Marius Vollmer wrote:
> "ext Ed Bartosh" <eduard.bartosh at nokia.com> writes:
>
> > On Fri, 2007-07-20 at 12:08 +0300, ext Tomas Junnonen wrote:
> >
> >> If there's any additional hoops to jump through people just aren't going
> >> to bother.
> >
> > Yeah, I can see that. And you know what? It's not because Nokia not
> > doing this and that, it's just because of people who don't
> > bother. As a result we have this mess with tons of repositories and
> > .install files instead of one extra. And we also have users, who
> > have to deal with this mess.
>
> With some effort, we could find a line of argument that leaves Nokia
> not responsible for the current mess. Should Nokia be contend with
> that, turn around and say: "Your fault, not our problem"?
>
> Of course not. Nokia wants the maemo community to be healthy, and
> Nokia, as initiator and part of the community, is currently very much
> in charge of setting the rules and giving directions for future
> improvement.
>
I agree with this. My point was that community had and still has a
chance to make a proper use of Extras repository even without Nokia. I
didn't mean that Nokia isn't going to help them. I hope people
understood that.
> Nokia controls maemo.org. Non-Nokia member of the community can have
> their projects on Garage, edit the Wiki, send mails to the lists, blog
> on Planet maemo and upload packages to the Extras repository. But
> Nokia controls Garage, the Wiki, the mailing lists, the Planet and the
> Extras repository. From this power comes repsonsiblity.
>
> If Nokia doesn't want that responsibility, the whole maemo thing needs
> to be opened up more: maybe formally with a maemo foundation, board of
> directors, etc, or informally by just giving the root password to
> maemo.org to some non-Nokians.
How is it related to current topic? What prevents developers to set up
rules for using extras and use it instead of creating uncountable amount
of one-package-repositories?
You can also read Ferenc explanations about status of extra in this
thread. He mentioned there that garage code is open, contributions are
welcome, repository exists and works. Does it mean that "Nokia doesn't
want this responsibility"?
--
Ed Bartosh <eduard.bartosh at nokia.com>
Nokia-M/Helsinki
More information about the maemo-users mailing list
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"url": "my.pagenation.com/kul/This%2BSpot_101.7182_2.7913.map",
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This+Spot is near B20; is near Highway B20; is near Klia Express; is near Ippd Salak Tinggi Rd; is near Klia 2a, J; is near Road To B48; is near St 1/1, J; is near Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi, J; This+Spot is geographically located at latitude(2.7913 degrees) 2° 47' 28" North of the Equator and longitude (101.7182 degrees) 101° 43' 5" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Kuala Lumpur.
The locations related to This+Spot are represented by the the shortest path as the crow would fly between any two points and may not be nearest by road. For example, This+Spot is located 3.1 kilometres from Empress Hotel. This+Spot is located 3.5 kilometres from Concorde Inn KLIA. This+Spot is located 3.6 kilometres from Parking F1 Circuit. This+Spot is located 3.8 kilometres from Sepang F1 Circuit. This+Spot is located 4.2 kilometres from KLIA Control Tower.
Featured Places Of Interest Located Nearby
Concorde Inn KLIA is located 3.5 Kilometres away from This+Spot. Concorde Inn KLIA - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
KLIA Control Tower is located 4.2 Kilometres away from This+Spot. KLIA Control Tower - 2 Photo(s) Featured.
KL International Airport is located 4.5 Kilometres away from This+Spot. KL International Airport - 3 Photo(s) Featured.
Empress Hotel 3.1km, Concorde Inn KLIA 3.5km, Pan Pacific Hotel Klia 4.2km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near This+Spot.
Melati Square Putra Nilai 5.5km, Giant Nilai 8.5km, Home Peanut Garden 13.9km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near This+Spot.
Dataran Gemilang 13.2km, Dataran Rakyat 14km, Dataran Putrajaya 14.5km, are places of interest (attraction) located near This+Spot.
INTI International University College 5.1km, Islamic Science University of Malaysia 9.3km, SM Teknik Sepang 12.2km, are places of learning (school, college, university) located near This+Spot.
Nilai Memorial Park 10.5km, Park Taman Warisan Pertanian 15.3km, Taman Wawasan 15.8km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near This+Spot.
This+Spot
Empress Hotel
Concorde Inn KLIA
Parking F1 Circuit
Sepang F1 Circuit
KLIA Control Tower
Pan Pacific Hotel Klia
KLIA
KL International Airport
Petronas KLIA Highway (s)
KLIA Satellite Building
Petronas KLIA Highway (n)
INTI International University College
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This+Spot
Taman Desa Kasia is about 6.8 km away.
Taman Desa Casuarina is about 6.9 km away.
Taman Desa Kolej is about 7 km away.
Toll KLIA is about 7.9 km away.
Nilai Spring Villas is about 8 km away.
Bandar Baru Nilai is about 8.2 km away.
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Hoatlin:Bendert de Graaf, B.S., M.S.
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 14:56, 4 April 2007 by Maureen E. Hoatlin (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
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Bendert received his M.S. in Human Genetics at the Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands in 2002. He holds a B.S. in Biotechnology from the Institute of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Utrecht, the Netherlands. He arrived at OHSU in January 2002 for an Internship to finish his Masters and returned in October 2002. Bendert is now a graduate student in the McCullough Lab at OHSU.
Return to Main Page Hoatlin Lab
Personal tools
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"url": "openwetware.org/wiki/Griffitts:Research",
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Griffitts:Research
From OpenWetWare
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Home Research Lab Members Protocols Publications Internal
Our research group studies bacterial infection. One group of bacterial soil inhabitants known as ‘rhizobia’ have the unique ability to engage in a permissive infection process on compatible host plants, leading to a special plant-derived structure called the root nodule. In this specialized organ, the bacteria multiply, invade nodule cells, and differentiate into nitrogen-fixing entities. This arrangement provides the bacteria with a carbon-rich niche, and the plant with enough fixed N to flourish in soils where it might otherwise die. This cooperative interaction occurs in widely diverse biomes, is a driving force in global nitrogen cycling, and is fundamental to the agricultural technique of crop rotation.
Beyond the ecological and economic importance of this symbiosis, it presents us with a complex developmental process, programmed into the genes of both plant and microsymbiont. What are the genes that allow the bacteria to navigate the nodule environment, and then differentiate into N-fixing entities within the nodule cells? How do plants and N-fixing bacteria recognize each other as compatible? Our research addresses these and other questions, using molecular genetic approaches.
• In one approach we study mutants of the bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, which nodulates plants of the genus Medicago (including alfalfa). From a recent genetic screen, 175 independent S. meliloti mutants were isolated based on their inability to properly engage the plant and form productive nodules. We are further characterizing a subset of these mutants that seem to be defective in signaling between the host and the microbe. We are focusing on pathways that represent intersections between pathogenesis and mutualism.
• In a second approach, we are looking at how plant-rhizobium compatibility varies in nature. By carrying out hundreds of pairwise inoculations between wild Sinorhizobium isolates and several Medicago accessions, we are characterizing many novel cases of incompatibility, and we hope to use our growing molecular genetic toolkit to elucidate the molecular nature of this ecological variation. In other words, we hope to decode compatibility rules between rhizobia and legumes.
• Finally, we are engaged in developing tools for genetic analysis in rhizobia. These tools include inducible gene expression, simple modular mini-Tn5 delivery systems, minimal mobilizable suicice vectors, inducible recombinase-mediated gene excision tools, and approaches for moving genetic loci from one natural isolate to another.
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/book/dbiz2/"
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dbiz2's bookmarks
"You are never too old to set another goal or to dream a new dream."
Brown, Les on age and aging
17 fans of this quote
"Having children makes one no more a parent than having a piano makes you a pianist."
Levine, Michael on parents and parenting
9 fans of this quote
"Leadership is the challenge to be something more than average."
Rohn, Jim on leadership
9 fans of this quote
"The challenge of leadership is to be strong, but not rude; be kind, but not weak; be bold, but not bully; be thoughtful, but not lazy; be humble, but not timid; be proud, but not arrogant; have humor, but without folly."
Rohn, Jim on leadership
10 fans of this quote
"Maturity is the ability to reap without apology and not complain when things don't go well."
Rohn, Jim on maturity
9 fans of this quote
"Let others lead small lives, but not you. Let others argue over small things, but not you. Let others cry over small hurts, but not you. Let others leave their future in someone else's hands, but not you."
Rohn, Jim on mediocrity
7 fans of this quote
"We must risk going too far to discover just how far we can go."
Rohn, Jim on risk
24 fans of this quote
C Jack's quote collection
I'm male and made my book on 22nd March 2007.
My book as a pdf
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{
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/14731/"
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Quotation added by staff
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He who strikes terror in others is himself continually in fear. Claudianus, Claudius
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Claudius Claudianus, Anglicized as Claudian, was the court poet to the Emperor Honorius and Stilicho.
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2013-05-18T09:22:18.000Z
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eoxhs6cgvfdy4xt6brkua2ucnaqkste3
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Quotation added by staff
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Love is not blind -- it sees more, not less. But because it sees more, it is willing to see less. Gordon, Rabbi J.
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2013-05-18T09:04:56.000Z
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Quotation added by kerialaceylulu
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Why me? Why you? Why us? Why do you have todo this to me? Why Kill me? What have I done to you? Can you answer any of my questions? I loved you, it hurts to know it's you killing me, why dont you tell me the truth? Why does everybody have to get involved in everything between us? I'll tell you why... It's because I'M WHY! Kloe Farrugia
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I made this up one day just thinking about things... :)
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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The gallows were used to punish criminals, for instance the pharoahs would chop off people’s heads and impale their bodies on poles for birds to eat and the Bible says that one of the reasons Jesus came was so that would not happen anymore because he lifted some sort of curse. Dye, James
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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{
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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The achievement of your goal is assured the moment you commit yourself to it. Douglas, Mack R.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Quotes by Proverb, Danish
We don't have a biography. Please consult wikipedia.
"Rust consumes iron and envy consumes itself."
Proverb, Danish on envy
5 fans of this quote
"The sky is not less blue because the blind man does not see it."
Proverb, Danish on facts
3 fans of this quote
"No one is rich enough to do without a neighbor."
Proverb, Danish on friends and friendship
"Your friendship is your needs answered."
Proverb, Danish on friends and friendship
3 fans of this quote
"The road to a friend's house is never long."
Proverb, Danish on friends and friendship
3 fans of this quote
"Unworthy offspring brag the most about their worthy descendants."
Proverb, Danish on ancestry
"Sight before hearsay."
Proverb, Danish on gossip
"Fish and guests smell at three days old."
Proverb, Danish on guests
"Faint hearts never win fair ladies."
Proverb, Danish on art
"Better to ask twice than to lose your way once."
Proverb, Danish on ask
4 fans of this quote
"The nobler the blood the less the pride."
Proverb, Danish on pride
"Eggs and oaths are easily broken."
Proverb, Danish on promises
3 fans of this quote
"Wise men do not quarrel with each other."
Proverb, Danish on quarrels
4 fans of this quote
"Many have too much, but none enough."
Proverb, Danish on action
4 fans of this quote
"Unwilling service earns no thanks."
Proverb, Danish on service
"Slander expires at a good woman's door."
Proverb, Danish on slander
"Blame is a lazy man's wages."
Proverb, Danish on blame
"Better suffer for the truth than proper in a falsehood."
Proverb, Danish on truth
3 fans of this quote
"Wise care keeps what it has gained."
Proverb, Danish on wisdom
"Big words seldom accompany good deeds."
Proverb, Danish on action
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Quotes about light
These are quotes tagged with "light". You can also search for quotes containing the word light.
"The pursuit of perfection, then, is the pursuit of sweetness and light."
Arnold, Matthew on light
"The light shines in the darkness and the darkness comprehended it not."
Bible on light
3 fans of this quote
"It's not necessary to blow out your neighbor's light to let your own shine."
Dehaan, M. R. on light
"Light is the first of painters. There is no object so foul that intense light will not make it beautiful."
Emerson, Ralph Waldo on light
3 fans of this quote
"Give light, and the darkness will disappear of itself."
Erasmus, Desiderius on light
"You can't have a light without a dark to stick it in."
Guthrie, Arlo on light
"Moonlight is sculpture."
Hawthorne, Nathaniel on light
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"As far as we can discern, the sole purpose of human existence is to kindle a light in the darkness of mere being."
Jung, Carl on light
5 fans of this quote
"Light is the symbol of truth."
Lowell, James Russell on light
"We are told to let our light shine, and if it does, we won't need to tell anybody it does. Lighthouses don't fire cannons to call attention to their shining- they just shine."
Moody, Dwight L. on light
"I keep the subject of my inquiry constantly before me, and wait till the first dawning opens gradually, by little and little, into a full and clear light."
Newton, Sir Isaac on light
"There are two kinds of light -- the glow that illumines, and the glare that obscures."
Thurber, James on light
3 fans of this quote
"Beautiful light is born of darkness, so the faith that springs from conflict is often the strongest and the best."
Turnbull, R. on light
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"Come into the light of things. Let nature be your teacher."
Wordsworth, William on light
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"Either all lights are turned off or one inner light is missing."
Stojanovic, Dejan on light
"The light teaches you to convert life into a festive promenade. "
Stojanovic, Dejan on light
"Earth is the source of light."
Stojanovic, Dejan on light
"To transform a grimace into a sound sounds impossible, yet it is possible to transform a vision into music, to go outside an enslaved personality, to become impersonal by transforming into sand, into water, into light. "
Stojanovic, Dejan on light
"“Shine brightly, so you can help those who have not found their path a way through the darkness.”"
Fry, Jeffrey on light
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Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars/Paris IV
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
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[edit] Paris IV
[edit] Nico's Apartment
It seems George has the hots for a withered old Spanish aristocrat! And I figured he liked Nico, silly me! Talk about the chalice (the first option) and Nico continues her suspicion about George's relationship with the Countess. You can return the argument with a little suspicion about Andre and then it's time to go.
[edit] World Map
So where are we going to find a church? The Montfaucon, of course! It's the most northeastern dot on the map.
[edit] Montfaucon
The return of the Gendarme! He's undercover as an indolent, wine guzzling police officer. P'zang! You'll also learn about "Sewer Jacques," an urban legend! Go inside the Church, which is to the east. I wonder why a CLOWN was performing in front of the Church. That just rubs me the wrong way.
[edit] Church
Talk to the Priest, who stands out distinctively because he's white, has a white beard, and a white tabard. Talk about the stained glass, which yields little results in the form of clues. Talking about the two priests won't be very interesting, either.
However, if you talk about the Chalice, the priest will see some writing on it. How the Countess, Lopez, George, and Nico didn't see it, I don't know. Agree to let him polish the chalice (you can chase down and tackle an old man if he runs) and he'll start polishin'.
To the east of the priest is a big statue. Inspect it twenty times and George will finally take a peak inside the scroll to see a stained glass window. You'll get no clues from it, sadly. But if you put the lens on one end of the scroll, it will fit like a glove.
That must mean something! Take another peak inside the scroll to find a different picture. Neat-o! George will remember a date (the lack of a notepad scares me again) and we're done with the statue. The priest must be done polishing, so converse with him again.
Talk to him about the newly polished chalice; a coat of arms is on it and not writing. Chat about the scroll and the priest will decipher the Latin words. The stained glass window of a burning man, it seems, is seen by some in this haunted place. Spooky!
After exhausting all the conversations it's time to follow through on all the priest's hints. To the north on the wall you'll see two tombs. Inspect the right tomb to see the same coat of arms as the Countess's. After George memorizes a bunch of gibberish, it's time to leave.
[edit] World Map
Back to the museum we go!
[edit] Crune Museum
Yes, Andre is permanently stationed at the museum. Talk to him about the statue you saw in Syria (why didn't George ask him before?) to find out it might be Baphomet - the idol described by the Templars! Yeah, I couldn't think of another way to say that, so I just took it from the game. And how be danged, the Baphomet statue was birthed right here in Paris, at some long French-named place.
[edit] World Map
It's the most western dot. Oddly, there are two, so it's the more north one.
[edit] Site of Baphomet
Another extravagant place! Talk to the painter at the entrance to find out he's a little "shady." He'll tell you about the dig, though, and that some even more shady people entered the excavation site. I wonder who they are? The painter is very protective of his paint pot, so you can't touch it. If you try to look through the dumpster, he'll tell you to get lost.
Bah, forget the painter. Go downstairs to find some shady (!!) characters guarding the door. Talk to the guard but he'll evade everything. Try to enter the restroom opposite of the guard but it's locked. I guess they are digging up waste there, too.
Talk to the guard about the toilet and he'll remarkably give you the key to unlock the restroom door. I guess they aren't digging up waste like I thought. Use the keys to enter the bathroom. This bathroom *does* look like it's been dug through.
If you select the toilet, George will remember the good old days in Syria when he vandalized and looted the restroom in the club. Well, that's sort of what we're going to do here. Turn on the water and George will automatically take the soap bar.
With the soap in hand, combine it with the keys to make... a key imprint! Whoa, I think we're on to something, Sherlock! Now combine the Plaster of Paris with the soap imprint to make a soap bar with a key imprint that is filled with plaster! Put the soap bar under the water to mix it with the plaster; George will automatically dry it with the hand-dryer device in this room.
With the fake key, exit the bathroom and talk to the guard. Give him back his keys and walk back up the stairs to the painter. Try to dip the key into the paint pot but the painter will have none of it. Uggh... stupid fat painter! Walk back downstairs to the guard and use the phone near the restroom door to call Nico.
George's plan is to have Nico distract the painter on the phone while he does the finishing touches on the key. It would work even better if Nico wore something slutty and came over to the site, but we're not complaining. Go back to the exterior and tell the painter about the phone call.
Haha: "She asked for 'that hunk of man with the nicotine fingers and his ass hanging out of his pants.'" George will probably die for this, but meh. With the painter gone, dip the key in the paint pot. The key now looks like a normal key but, sadly, doesn't feel like a normal key. Walk back downstairs and see how the phone sex is going.
The painter will remark that the woman was "all over him" and suddenly it was "nothing but abuse." The latter sure sounds like Nico. Talk to the guard and ask for the bathroom again. George will dismiss the guard's suspicions saying that he doesn't want to get "technical."
Open the bathroom door with the keys. Inside here, put the fake key on the ring in place of the real key. Once done, exit to the guard's room. We still have the problem with the "feel" of the fake key that we must resolve before we can trade off the key to the guard.
On the same wall as the excavation door you should see a bronze spot. Walk up to it and examine it (don't press the use button) to find out it is a thermostat. Talk to the guard about this and he'll say he must keep it warm in here. He has gloves if it gets too cold.
This is our loophole; if we can get the guard to wear the gloves, he can't feel the key! Walk back over to the thermostat and turn it off. George will wait and the guard will put his gloves on! Eureka! Now you can give the guard the fake key - with the gloves and paint he won't know it's made of plaster!
Ring up Nico again on the same phone that you used to distract the painter. Hah, Nico won't even repeat what she said to the painter - it must have been really bad! George will think of another good idea that involves the guard and the painter. When the guard goes up to get the painter, the two get in a big argument. This is your chance to enter the excavation site! Remember to use the key...
[edit] Excavation Site
Examine the planks to the right of the door but George won't find any use for them. Take the ladder to descend to the lower part of the excavation site. Look at the ground first to see an odd pattern. Getting to business, walk a little north of it to find the Baphomet statue! Set the Chalice on the odd pattern south of the Baphomet statue and it's show time.
[edit] Nico's Apartment
Back here, you can pry on the matter of Andre. It seems Nico met him in college and he hasn't changed much since. Choose to leave and George will mumble your new mission to give the Chalice back to the Countess.
[edit] World Map
Head to the Europe Map and go back to Spain.
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Wikitravel:Wikitravel logbook/Oct 2003
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[edit] October 31, 2003
There's a new Expedition to coordinate using PDAs and portable computers for downloading and using Wikitravel articles. It's called the Offline Reader Expedition; see that page for details.
[edit] October 29, 2003
Wikitravel passed the 500 article mark on the 29th of October. We're well on the way to our 1000-article milestone.
[edit] October 29, 2003
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[edit] October 28, 2003
As of last weekend, daylight savings time ("summer time") is over in most of Europe and North America (and other parts of the world). The MediaWiki software we use does not automagically adapt to changes in daylight savings time, so times for things may start looking funny to you on Wikitravel.
To fix this, you need to go to the Special:Preferences page and hit the Fill in from browser button to get your time offset corrected.
[edit] October 27, 2003
Results of our Logo contest are in, and we have a winner! See Logo contest results for info on the results.
[edit] October 13, 2003
The upgrade on the 8th caused problems and hassles, resulting in hundreds of rogue processes running on the wikitravel.org server. Some of the special "optimizations" in the MediaWiki software have been turned off; this seems to be providing better responses.
[edit] October 8, 2003
wikitravel.org was updated to the latest stable version (20030829) of the Mediawiki software. This is a bugfix version, so there shouldn't be too many obvious changes to the site, and we will hopefully see some more stability. If you see anything unusual, please use the Bug reports page to report it.
[edit] October 3, 2003
Wikitravel is now having a Logo contest to select a graphical logo for the Web site. Submissions must be made by October 24, 2003; see the contest page for details.
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Iceland
From Wikitravel
Europe : Scandinavia : Iceland
Revision as of 08:28, 14 September 2012 by James Balti (Talk | contribs)
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[[File:|250px|frameless|Iceland]]
Location
[[File:|250px|frameless]]
Flag
[[File:|108px|frameless]]
Quick Facts
Capital Reykjavík, the northernmost capital in the world
Government Constitutional republic
Currency Icelandic króna (ISK)
Area 103,000 km2
Population 320,169 (Oct 2008)
Language Icelandic; English widely understood
Religion Lutheran (official) 80.7%, other Protestant 4.1%, Roman Catholic 2.5%, Buddhist 0.2%, etc. (www.statice.is)
Electricity 220V/50Hz (European plug)
Country code 354
Internet TLD .is
Time Zone UTC
Iceland [1], (Icelandic: Ísland) is a mountainous island nation in the north Atlantic Ocean, located between Europe and North America. Though not part of the continental mainland, the country is considered European. The name of the country - Iceland - may not be that appropriate: although 10% of Iceland is covered by glaciers, it has a surprisingly mild climate and countless geothermal hot-spots. The native spelling ("Ísland") is appropriate in English as well.
Understand
Iceland is a stunningly beautiful place if you enjoy strange and desolate landscapes. Because it is so close to the Arctic Circle, the amount of daylight varies dramatically by season. The sun sets briefly each night in June, but it doesn't get fully dark before it comes back up again. In the March and September equinoxes, days and nights are of about equal length, as elsewhere in the world. If you go in December, it's almost 20 hours of darkness. Summer is definitely the best time to go, and even then the tourist traffic is still mild. The midnight sun is a beautiful sight and one definitely not to be missed. It is easy to lose track of time when the sun is still high in the sky at 11PM. Early or late winter, however, can be surprisingly good times to visit. In late January, daylight is from about 10AM to 5PM, prices are lower than in the high season, and the snow-blanketed landscape is eerily beautiful. (Some sites are, however, inaccessible in the winter).
People
Iceland was first inhabited by Nordic and Irish people in the 9th century AD - tradition says that the first permanent settler was Ingólfur Arnarson, a Norwegian Viking who made his home where Reykjavik now stands. It is thought that Irish monks had temporarily inhabited the island some years prior to this. The Icelanders still basically speak the language of the Vikings. Iceland has received a great number of immigrants over the last 10 years. In the last 5 years the population of immigrants has doubled. Most of these people (from Eastern Europe and South East Asia) come for employment. Immigrants in Iceland are now well over 10% of the population, giving Iceland a larger proportion of immigration than Norway, Sweden etc. Icelanders also continue to use the old Norse patronymic system, which was formerly in use in Norway, Denmark, Sweden and the Faroe Islands well into the 19th century, until their governments decided that their people should adopt a surname.
Climate
Despite its name, Iceland has surprisingly mild winters for a country at that latitude owing to the warming effect of the Atlantic Gulf Stream, especially when put into comparison with the Russian one. Iceland enjoys a maritime temperate climate and the winters are often compared with those of New England (though the winds in winter can be bitter). However the rapidly changing weather has given rise to the local saying: 'If you don't like the weather, wait five minutes!' It's the kind of place where it's not unusual to get rained on and sunburned at the same time - some Icelandic people also believe that if the winter is hard and long then the summer will be good and warm. The summers are usually cooler and more temperate than elsewhere at the same latitude (the effect of the ocean again) and 20 to 25°C is considered quite warm.
Regions
Map of Iceland
Southwest Iceland
Home of the capital, Reykjavík and the majority of the island's population
West Fjords
Sparsely populated, rugged geography
West Iceland
Snæfellsjökull glacier, the islands of Breiðafjörður and more
North Iceland
Dramatic lava fields, turbulent waterfalls
East Iceland
More fjords and the only international passenger ferry terminal
South Iceland
Home to the most popular tourist attractions, including the Golden Circle
Interior
Glaciated mountains
Cities and towns
• Reykjavík (REYG-ya-veeg) — The capital of Iceland and is the largest city
• Akureyri (Ahk-oo-rey-ree) — Capital of the North and the largest town outside the Southwest
• Egilsstaðir (AY-yell-stath-er) — Main town in the East, has some of the best weather Iceland has to offer
• Hafnarfjörður (HAP-nar-FYERTH-er) — Cozy town on the outskirts of the capital region
• Höfn (HERP'n) — Main town on the southeastern coast
• Húsavík (HOOS-ah-veek) — One of the world's most reliable whale watching sites during the summer
• Keflavik (KEP-la-veek) — The location of the international airport, but also an interesting town in its own right
• Ísafjörður (EES-ah-FYERTH-er) — Biggest town of the West fjords of Iceland
• Selfoss (SEL-fos) — South Iceland's largest town, hub of the main agricultural region
• Stykkishólmur (STICK-is-hole-mur) — Main town on the Snæfellsnes peninsula, gateway to the islands of Breiðafjörður
Other destinations
It's a shame most visitors don't stray far from the capital as some of the most memorable sights in Iceland are further afield. There are many excursions offered by tour companies, readily available from any of the main centres such as Reykjavík and Akureyri. They will fly you around and take you out to the glaciers and to the big volcanoes for a reasonable price. However, the cheapest option is to drive around with a rented car since none of these sites have entry fees.
National Parks:
• Þingvellir National Park (pronounced "THING-vet-lihr") - National Park and a UNESCO World Heritage site. 30 to 50 km (20 - 30 mi) east of Reykjavík. Interesting for a number of reasons: Not only is it the original site of the longest running parliament in the world (the name literally means 'parliamentary fields'), it's also where the North-American and European continental shelf plates are being torn apart.
• Vatnajökull National Park (VAT-nah-yer-CUDDLE) - Iceland's newest national park was founded on June 7th, 2008 and includes the former Skaftafell and Jokulsargljufur National Parks. Vatnajökull National Park is Europe's largest national park at 12,000 km2, covering about 12 percent of the surface of Iceland. The park is home to Iceland's highest mountain, Hvannadalshnúkur, largest glacier, Vatnajökull, and Europe's largest waterfall in terms of volume discharge, Dettifoss.
• Snæfellsjökull National Park (SNY-fetls-yer-CUDDLE) - Located on the tip of the Snæfellsnes Peninsula in western Iceland, this park is home to the ice-covered volcanic crater that was the setting for Jules Verne's book Journey to the Center of the Earth.
Ms. Pétursdóttir or Ms. Guðrún?
Iceland maintains another Norse tradition: the custom of using patronyms rather than surnames. An Icelander's given name is followed by his or her parent's first name (usually the father's), in the genitive case, and the suffix -son or -dóttir, e.g. Guðrún Pétursdóttir (Guðrún, Pétur's daughter). Members of the same family can therefore have many different "surnames", which can sometimes create confusion for visitors. Because of the patronymic last names Icelanders use first names, e.g. phone books are alphabetized by first name rather than last name. This also applies when addressing an individual. Icelanders would never expect to be addressed as Mr. or Ms. Jónsson/-dóttir no matter how important they might be.
Other Attractions:
• Blue Lagoon - (Icelandic: Bláa Lónið) (BLAU-ah LONE-eeth) Famous outdoor pool and health centre. The spa is in Grindavík on the Reykjanes Peninsula, south-western Iceland. It is situated approximately 13 km (8 mi) from the Keflavík International Airport and 39 km (24 mi) from Reykjavík. This geothermal spa in the middle of a lava field with its milky blue water is quite surreal. Admission does not include towel rental, which was €4.
• Mývatn (MEE-fatn) - A lake region near Akureyri in the North of Iceland, Mývatn has an unearthly appearance owing to special types of volcanic craters throughout the lake. There are plenty of activities in this area: Smajfall (desert where sulphuric steam comes out of the ground) and Dimmuborgir (aka The Black City aka The Gates of Hell).
• Gullfoss - The Golden Falls. On the edge of the inhospitable Interior of Iceland about 60 miles east of Reykjavík, the river Hvítá plunges down a double cascade to create what many people believe is the most beautiful waterfall in Iceland
• Geysir - Geothermal hot spot located 10km west of Gullfoss. Geysir itself (from which the English word "geyser" derives) is no longer reliably active, but fortunately Strokkur next door goes off every five to ten minutes.
• Jökulsárlón (The Jökulsár Lagoon) - The majestic glacial lagoon in southeast Iceland and is located near Höfn on Route 1. Breiðamerkurjökull glacier retreated very quickly from 1920 to 1965 leaving this breathtaking lagoon, which is up to 190 m deep. Ice breaks off from the glacier keeping the lagoon stocked with icebergs all year round. The James Bond film Die Another Day was filmed here in 2002.
• Landmannalaugar - A region of outstanding natural beauty reachable by bus (or 4x4) from Reykjavík. Situated in the Interior, it gives a taste of the uninhabited highlands at Iceland’s core.
Get in
Visas
Iceland is a member of the Schengen Agreement.
There are no border controls between countries that have signed and implemented this treaty - the European Union (except Bulgaria, Cyprus, Ireland, Romania and the United Kingdom), Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Likewise, a visa granted for any Schengen member is valid in all other countries that have signed and implemented the treaty. But be careful: not all EU members have signed the Schengen treaty, and not all Schengen members are part of the European Union. This means that there may be spot customs checks but no immigration checks (travelling within Schengen but to/from a non-EU country) or you may have to clear immigration but not customs (travelling within the EU but to/from a non-Schengen country).
Airports in Europe are thus divided into "Schengen" and "non-Schengen" sections, which effectively act like "domestic" and "international" sections elsewhere. If you are flying from outside Europe into one Schengen country and continuing to another, you will clear Immigration, but not Customs, at the first country and then continue to your destination where your baggage will have customs checks but there will be no further immigration controls. Travel between a Schengen member and a non-Schengen country will result in the normal border checks. Regardless of whether you are travelling within the Schengen area or not, many airlines will still insist on seeing your ID card or passport.
Nationals of EEA countries (EU and (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland) only need a valid national identity card or passport for entry - in no case will they need a visa for a stay of any length.
Nationals of non-EEA countries will generally need a passport for entry to a Schengen country and most will need a visa. Please see the article Travel in the Schengen Zone for more information.
Only the nationals of the following non-EEA countries do not need a visa for entry into the Schengen Area: Albania*, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Bosnia and Herzegovina*, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Japan, Macedonia*, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Montenegro*, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Saint Kitts and Nevis, San Marino, Serbia*/**, Seychelles, Singapore, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan*** (Republic of China), United States, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, additionally persons holding British National (Overseas), Hong Kong SAR or Macau SAR passports.
These non-EU/EFTA visa-free visitors may not stay more than 90 days in a 180 day period in the Schengen Area as a whole and, in general, may not work during their stay (although some Schengen countries do allow certain nationalities to work - see below). The counter begins once you enter any country in the Schengen Area and is not reset by leaving a specific Schengen country for another Schengen country, or vice-versa. However, New Zealand citizens may be able to stay for more than 90 days if they only visit particular Schengen countries - see the New Zealand Government's explanation.
If you are a non-EU/EFTA national (even if you are visa-exempt, unless you are Andorran, Monégasque or San Marinese), make sure that your passport is stamped both when you enter and leave the Schengen Area. Without an entry stamp, you may be treated as an overstayer when you try to leave the Schengen Area; without an exit stamp, you may be denied entry the next time you seek to enter the Schengen Area as you may be deemed to have overstayed on your previous visit. If you cannot obtain a passport stamp, make sure that you retain documents such as boarding passes, transport tickets and ATM slips which may help to convince border inspection staff that you have stayed in the Schengen Area legally.
Note that
• while British subjects with the right of abode in the United Kingdom and British Overseas Territories citizens connected to Gibraltar are considered "United Kingdom nationals for European Union purposes" and therefore eligible for unlimited access to the Schengen Area,
• British Overseas Territories citizens without the right of abode in the United Kingdom and British subjects without the right of abode in the United Kingdom as well as British Overseas citizens and British protected persons in general do require visas.
However, all British Overseas Territories citizens except those solely connected to the Cyprus Sovereign Base Areas are eligible for British citizenship and thereafter unlimited access to the Schengen Area.
Further note that
(*) nationals of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia need a biometric passport to enjoy visa-free travel,
(**) Serbian nationals with passports issued by the Serbian Coordination Directorate (residents of Kosovo with Serbian passports) do need a visa and
(***) Taiwan nationals need their ID number to be stipulated in their passport to enjoy visa-free travel.
By plane
Iceland is easily reached via air and the main international airport is Keflavík (IATA: KEF; ICAO: BIKF), located in the southwest of the country about 40 km from Reykjavík. The airport itself is quite barren; if you have a lengthy layover you should bring books or other forms of entertainment.
As of January 2010, be prepared to go through a security screening immediately upon arrival in Iceland if you arrive from outside the EEA or Switzerland. This screening takes place before you go through passport control, but there usually are not further screenings if you do not clear customs. Also be keenly aware that, even if in transit between the UK (not in the Schengen Area) and North America, the airport staff routinely sends all arriving passengers through passport control, so ensure that your visas, if needed, are in order.
Iceland is not in the EU. This means passengers arriving from outside Iceland whose final destination is Iceland or who have to recheck baggage will have to go through customs controls at the port of entry (usually at Keflavík), regardless of place of origin. However, a duty-free store is present in the arrivals baggage claim area, and one can purchase duty-free products when in transit to the European mainland.
An airport transfer bus service (called the FlyBus [2]) runs between the airport and Reykjavík bus terminal (1950 ISK one way, 45 minutes; 3,500 ISK return, as of August 2011). For 2500 ISK one way (4,500 ISK return; as of August 2011) you can purchase a Flybus+ [3] trip which includes drop-off (and pick-up, if requested the day before) at a select list of hotels in the Greater Reykjavík Area [4]. Even if you're not staying at one of these hotels they might be within walking distance of where you want to go, so depending on your destination using the Flybus as a personal taxi service may be economical.
Another great option is to take the bus which stops at the Blue Lagoon either to or from the airport, then continues every half hour or so to Reykjavík. (Netbus, [5] is the cheapest option)
Be warned, a metered taxi from the airport to Reykjavík costs about 9500 ISK.
The following airlines fly to Keflavík:
• Nonstop flights on Icelandair [6] are available at the best value from the U.S. and Canada, with gateways in New York City (JFK), Seattle, Boston, Halifax, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Toronto,Denver (May, 2012, Anchorage from May 2013 and Orlando (Sanford). Destinations beyond Iceland include most major European cities (i.e. Amsterdam, Bergen, Berlin, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Glasgow, Helsinki, London, Oslo, Madrid, Manchester, Milan, Munich, Paris, and Stockholm, with newly added cities Dusseldorf and Stavanger), with Icelandair's hub-and-spoke network connecting via Keflavík in Iceland. (Please note that some destinations are seasonal.) You can also have a stopover in Iceland en route to Europe at no additional airfare.
• Delta Airlines [7] operates a seasonal, nonstop service between New York (JFK) and Iceland.
• Another option is Iceland Express [8] which flies from Copenhagen and London (Gatwick) to Keflavik (with additional service during the summer month to Warsaw (Frederic Chopin), Frankfurt-Hahn, Berlin (Schönefeld), Friedrichshafen, Alicante, Gothenburg and Stockholm (Arlanda). New connections were added in 2007 from Copenhagen directly to Akureyri and Egilsstadir. Direct flights now also include to and from New York City, Chicago, Boston and Winnipeg.
• The popular European low-cost carrier EasyJet [9] began a service from London Luton airport on the 27th March 2012.
• WOW Air[10], a brand new Icelandic low-cost airline is also due to begin operating flights from KEF to several european destinations : Alicante, Lyon, Basel, Zurich, Paris, Stuttgart, Cologne, Berlin, London, Krakow, Warsaw and Copenhagen.
• Germanwings [11], has seasonal flights from Cologne.
• SAS offers direct flights from Oslo, with connections to Stockholm and the rest of Scandinavia.
• Niki [12] and Air Berlin [13] also have seasonal flights to a few destinations in Europe.
Scheduled service to Greenland and Faroe Islands, is provided by Air Iceland [14] and Atlantic Airways [15].
Due to lack of competition (especially in low season) or heavy demand (in high season), and the lack of any real low-cost airlines operating to Iceland, getting to Iceland is generally considered expensive. Flexible travelers might consider watching out for offers. The best way to do that is to subscribe to Icelandair and Iceland Express´ newsletters. Both airlines tend to send out emails with offers once in a couple of months or so, where you can book somewhat affordable seats. These seats are usually bookable within 12 or 24 hours shortly after the email has been sent out. Besides, Iceland Express almost always has some selected flights on offer in its Icebreaker (Heiti potturinn) section [16]. Besides, it is good to shop around as the other airlines flying to Iceland also have offers occasionally.
By boat
Smyril Line [17] operate a weekly service from Hanstholm or Esbjerg in Denmark. The ferry sails in two nights to Seyðisfjörður, on the east coast of Iceland, via Torshavn, in the Faeroe Islands. Keep in mind that the price for the same trip on Norröna (Smyril Line) can vary depending on where you book (a sales office or on one of their websites in different languages: .fo, .dk, .co.uk, .de, .is, that is the price is different on the different websites). Smyril line sails to Seyðisfjörður from where you can catch a bus to Egilsstaðir from where you can either catch a bus via Akureyri or fly directly to Reykjavík local airport. The bus connection through Akureyri to Reykjavik can only be made in one day on a few days in the summer, when there is an afternoon bus from Akureyri to Reykjavik. Besides, the bus trip will most often cost more than the air fare fro Egilsstaðir to Reykjavík.
Get around
By plane
Aircraft in Iceland are like buses or trains elsewhere - they're the main form of internal travel other than the roads. Be warned though, that the ride can be a bit bumpy if you're entering one of the fjords like Akureyri.
Scheduled service to nearby destinations, including Greenland and Faroe Islands, is provided by Air Iceland [18] and Atlantic Airways [19].
By car
Road in central Iceland
A car offers the most flexibility for travel around Iceland. Numerous agencies rent vehicles, and ferries allow individuals to bring their own car with them. Rental prices are high - expect to pay at least ISK4000 per day for a two wheel drive vehicle, and upwards of ISK12,000 per day for a four-wheel drive vehicle; these prices include basic car insurance, but additional insurance may be purchased to protect against damage from gravel or other common mishaps. Read the fine-print however, because the things that usually break (windshield, tires, bottom of the car) are usually excluded. Travelers can see the majority of Iceland's sights with a two-wheel drive vehicle, but those interested in venturing into the interior or to places such as Landmannalaugar will need four-wheel drive - and long experience at the wheel - as roads are rough and rivers may need to be crossed. In some locations it's best not to travel alone due to the difficult terrain and weather conditions. Be aware that renting a four wheel drive vehicle may require reservations made several months in advance as these vehicles are in high demand. In addition, renting cars on-location is almost never cheaper than doing so in advance, and car rentals, including at the airport, are not open around the clock.
Driving in Iceland is on the right side of the road. Headlights and seat belts for all passengers must be on at all times. There is one main highway, Route 1-Ring Road, that encircles the country.
Gas can generally be obtained 24 hours at self-service stations using a charge or credit card, but you will need a personal identification number for that card. Alternatively, most stations sell prepaid cards that can be used to buy gas after-hours. If traveling around the country, the gas tank should be kept near full because stations can be 100-200 km (62 to 124 mi) apart. Petrol costs (as of summer 2011) are around ISK240 per litre. Because of Iceland's ever-changing weather, one should keep extra food and know where guesthouses/hotels are located in case of a road closure.
Most mountain roads are closed until the end of June, or even longer because of wet and muddy conditions which make them totally impassable. When these roads are opened for traffic many of them can only be negotiated by four wheel drive vehicles. The roads requiring four wheel drive (and possibly snow tires) are route numbers with an "F" prefix, e.g. F128. The general speed limit on Icelandic rural roads is 90 km/h on paved surface and 80 km/h on gravel, in urban areas the general speed limit is 50 km/h. There are some exceptions from the general limits that are specifically signed as such (the limit is never higher than 90 though) but be aware that the general speed limit is usually not indicated by signs. Speed cameras are posted around the country, and fines can easily reach ISK 50,000 - 130,000. The DUI limit is 0.05%, with a minimum fine of ISK 70,000 - don't drink and drive.
Drivers in Iceland should familiarize themselves with road signs and be prepared for Iceland's unique driving conditions. The roads in Iceland are of a high quality, typically made from slightly rough black basalt. Crossing rivers can be very dangerous, particularly if it has been raining, and should be done with great caution. Driving on gravel can be a challenge, and loss of control on cliff-side roads can easily be fatal. There are two signs in particular that foreigners should pay attention to. First, "malbik endar" means that the road changes from a paved road to a gravel road. Slow down before these changes, for one can lose control easily. Also "einbreið brú" means that a one-lane bridge is approaching. Arrive at the bridge slowly and assess the situation. If another car has arrived at the bridge first allow them the right of way.
If you are traveling by road a great site to check is the Iceland Meteorological Office [20] who have an excellent set of pages including the Icelandic Road Administration [21] on all of the main roads.
There are no road tolls on Icelandic roads, except from the Hvalfjardargong tunnel located approx. 30km north of Reykjavik. For vehicles up to 6 metres, the price is ISK 900, 6-8 metre vehicles pay ISK 1200 and drivers of larger vehicles than 8 metres pay ISK 2300.
By bus
BSI [22] is the long-distance bus station in Reykjavik from where you can take scheduled buses on various companies, including Reykjavik Excursions [23], Trex [24], Sterna [25], SBK [26] (for Reykjanesbær). Be advised that long distance bus travel in Iceland is quite expensive, sometimes more expensive than flying. Besides, very few routes are served more than once a day, which means same day connections are rarely possible. For example, it is impossible to reach Reykjavik from Seyðisfjörður in one day by bus, besides on a few summer days, when there is an afternoon service from Akureyri to Reykjavik.
Special offers include 1-4 week unlimited bus travel round the Ring Road (optionally with travel round the West Fjords); one time-unlimited breakable journey around the Ring Road in either direction. Some tours to the interior, in special 4x4 buses, are a much cheaper and more relaxing alternative to driving and serve most major locations (e.g. Landmannalaugar, Thorsmork, Aksja etc). Tours to the interior are only scheduled for the summer months.
Some of the largest day tours and sightseeing companies include Iceland Excursions - Gray Line Iceland [27], Icelandic Travel Market [28] and Reykjavik Excursions [29]. They operate tours all year round and bus routes all over the West, South and East part of the country. NetBus [30] offers only a few itineraries but is considerably cheaper than the rest, especially for a Blue Lagoon tour.
SBA-Nordurleid [31] operates routes all over the North and East of Iceland.
A Golden Circle tour is available from Reykjavík which will take you round the Gulfoss waterfall, geysers, the crater and the Mid-Atlantic rift/place of Iceland's first Parliament. Although you don't get much time at each stop the guide will tell you about Iceland's history and some general information.
Regrettably, the capital area bus system, run by Strætó bs. [32], is an inefficient and expensive mess that can not be relied on. Currently, a single fare costs 350 ISK (slightly over $3), though one and three day passes are available for 700 ISK ($6) and 1,700 ISK ($15) respectively. Unlike in many other countries, bus drivers do not give back change, so if all you have on you is a 500 Kr. bill, do not expect to get the difference back. You can also buy a set of eleven tickets for 3,000 ISK from major bus stops (also from the driver). Once you have paid to the driver, you will not get a ticket, unless you ask for one. If you get a ticket, it is valid for any other buses you take within 75 minutes.
All buses stop running at 11:00 PM, with many stopping earlier, some as early as 6:00 PM. Buses start running around noon on Sundays! Fares to zones 2, 3, and 4 (extending all the way to Akranes and Selfoss) are higher, although all of Reykjavik, Garðabær, Hafnarfjörður, Mosfellsbær, Álftanes and Seltjarnarnes fall within zone one, where the regular fare of 350 ISK is valid.
By bicycle
Cycling is a good way to experience Iceland, and provides a very different experience to other means of transport. You should bring your own touring bike, as buying a bike locally can be expensive. Traffic in and out of Reykjavík is heavy, otherwise, it's OK. You can cycle safely on the Ring Road, or take the bike on the buses (which are equipped with bicycle racks) serving the Ring Road and do side trips. However, if going self-supported, considering the weather and conditions, it is strongly advisable to have a previous touring experience.
By thumb
Hitchhiking is a cheap way of getting around in Iceland. The country is among the safest in the world, people are quite friendly and the percentage of drivers who do give rides is high, especially in the off-season. However, low traffic in areas outside Reykjavik makes hitchhiking in Iceland an endurance challenge. Even on the main ring-road the frequency of cars is often less than one car per hour in the east. Nearly everybody speaks English and most drivers are interested in conversations.
Avoid hitching after nightfall, especially on Friday and Saturday night. Alcohol consumption is high and alcohol-related accidents are not uncommon.
Hitchhiking into the interior is tough, but everything works if you have enough time - calculating in days, not in hours. For longer distances or less touristic areas be prepared with some food, water and a tent or similar. The weather can be awful and sometimes spoils the fun of this way of travelling.
The HitchWiki website [33] has some advice for hitchhikers.
Carpooling
Check [34] and [35] for carpooling options.
ATVs
In the past few years, ATV travel has become popular among adventure travel enthusiasts. Several companies offer ATV tours of various parts of Iceland, check [36] and [37]
Talk
The official language of Iceland is Icelandic (íslenska), which remains very similar to, although not quite the same as 13th-century Norse. Icelandic writing uses the Latin alphabet, but with two characters long ago lost from English: eth (Ð, ð), pronounced like the voiced th of "them", and thorn (Þ, þ), pronounced like the unvoiced th of "thick". Materials in English often substitute "dh" and "th" respectively, so eg. Fjörður is written Fjordhur and þingvellir is written Thingvellir. Loanwords are shunned, and new words are regularly made for concepts like computers, known as tölva ("number-prophetess"). Icelandic is related to the other Scandinavian languages (Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and Faroese), and while it is hardly mutually intelligible with them in spoken form, this is not as much the case in written form.
Most Icelanders also speak English and Danish, as both languages are compulsory in schools, and because of their Danish knowledge also understand Swedish and Norwegian. Icelandic college students choose a "fourth language" to study, usually Spanish, German, French, or Italian, but proficiency is most often nonexistent. Even though the majority of Icelanders are competent in English, attempts at speaking Icelandic are always appreciated, and learning some basic greetings and phrases in Icelandic will make your trip much smoother.
Icelanders use the comma instead of the decimal sign for integers, i.e. 12,000 means 12, not twelve thousand, whereas 12 000 or 12.000 means twelve thousand. Icelanders use both the 24 and 12 hour system, speaking the 12 hour system and using the 24 hour system for writing. Icelanders do not use PM/AM to indicate morning and afternoon. In Icelandic, "half ten" ("hálf tíu") means half past nine (9:30). When speaking to a person not fluent in English it is best not use this form to avoid misunderstanding. Dates can be seen abbreviated in a number of ways, but the order is always DAY-MONTH-YEAR; 12.7.08, 120708, or 12/07/08 is equivalent to July 12, 2008. Icelandic calendars also indicate the number of the week 1 through 52.
Iceland uses the metric system only. There is limited knowledge of Imperial or US measurements.
In Iceland there is no concept of a ground floor as in the UK. Instead, the entrance level of a building is called the first floor ("jarðhæð"), like in the US. Levels are then counted 1, 2, 3 etc.
Foreign television programmes and films are almost always shown in their original language with subtitles. Only children's programmes are dubbed into Icelandic.
Consult the Icelandic phrasebook for more information.
See
• The Blue Lagoon is a geothermal spa and the most famous sight in Iceland.
• The Gullfoss waterfall is quite spectacular.
• Geysir, the namesake of all geysers, and its neighbour Strokkur which erupts every five minutes or so.
• Þingvellir National Park, a beautiful landscape of water-cut lava fields, which is historically important as the site of Iceland's parliament from 930 AD.
• Jökulsárlón, the largest glacier lake in Iceland, is located off Route 1 and part of Vatnajökull glacier.
• In the colder months, one may frequently get stunning views of the Aurora Borealis, a.k.a. Northern Lights anywhere away from city lights.
Do
• Iceland offers many hiking opportunities. Hiking in Iceland is no easy business, strong walking boots which support your ankles are recommended as the terrain is usually craggy lava rock or springy moss with hidden holes!
• Iceland is not well known for skiing or big ski areas but the town of Akureyri in the north has a great little ski area and the mountains of the Troll Peninsula offer world class terrain for ski touring, ski mountaineering and heli skiing.
• Ice climbing is great with world class frozen waterfalls and plenty of glaciers.
• Glacier hiking is one of Iceland´s most popular tourist things to do with the area of Skaftafell in the SE being the center of activity.
• Whale watching available all year from Reykjavik and during the summer from Husavik.
• There are some good opportunities to go mobiling and this can provide access to otherwise inaccessable areas.
Buy
The local currency is the Icelandic króna (ISK), and its value collapsed quite dramatically during the 2008 economic crisis. As of Aug 2012, it trades at around 1 EUR = 150 ISK. This has also made local prices more affordable for the visitor, although the prices of imported goods have risen rapidly.
You will get a better rate of exchange if you buy and sell your króna in Iceland itself. Just about every establishment in Iceland will accept a credit card, including taxis, gas stations, souvenir stands, and even the most remote guest house, so it is not necessary to carry large amounts of Icelandic currency. However, due to the currency's instability some credit cards are still wary of króna transactions, so check with your bank before you go and don't rely entirely on plastic.
Following the 2008 economic crisis, foreign trading in the króna has been restricted, so you may struggle to get króna notes in your home country. As at March 2009 we found the only method was to find old stock at Bureaux de Change which carried it in stock, such as Marks & Spencer. This may have to be ordered in about a week in advance though.
Costs
Getting to Iceland can be done fairly cheaply: Icelandair and Iceland Express both offer many excellent fares and promotions, and Keflavík International Airport will soon welcome the European low-cost airline, EasyJet, as well as another Icelandic budget carrier WOW Air in summer 2012.
However, as soon as one steps off the plane the situation changes quite drastically - prices in Iceland can be vastly higher than in other parts of Europe due to the high import duties and the 25.5% VAT rate, particularly for alcohol, foreign foods, clothing, etc. For example, many retail goods can be 3-4 times more expensive than in North America. Nonetheless, as Iceland is recovering from the financial meltdown, bargains can still be found due to the low value of the currency.
The difference in prices between Iceland and the rest of Northern Europe is much less; petrol is cheaper, for example.
Useful discount card schemes exist for tourists, the two most significant being Norden Voyager Card[38], operated by the Norden Association of Iceland, and Reykjavik City Card, operated by the City of Reykjavik.
When shopping for food or other basic necessities, look for the Bónus or Krónan shops, as they offer considerably lower prices than the others. This is at the expense of quality, of course. Downtown Reykjavik is also home to several second-hand stores like Red Cross and Salvation Army, which can come in handy for buying cheap warm layers.
Expect to spend around 650 to 900 ISK on a pint of beer or glass of wine, 1500 to 2000 ISK on a pizza for one person, 350 ISK on a city bus ride and 330 to 500 ISK for a coffee or espresso drink.
Cigarettes cost around 950 ISK for a packet of 20. Be aware that the law in Iceland states that cigarettes must not be visible in shops, however most gas stations, supermarkets and newsagents sell them.
Shopping
Typical Icelandic products that make good souvenirs include:
• Icelandic wool products. Icelandic sheep are a unique breed that produce a soft and durable wool, and Icelandic woolen goods (hats, gloves etc.) are soft and warm; don't just buy them for other people if you plan to visit the interior.
• Arts and crafts. Iceland has a huge number of great little craft shops that sell everything from musical baskets and wonderful weird porcelain sculptures to paintings, glasswork, and jewelery. An interesting note is that the National Galleries tend to carry the same artist's work in the gift shops rather than the usual mass-marketed products found in so many other museums.
• Local music. There is a plethora of interesting local music CDs (beyond just Björk and Sigur Rós) worth hunting for. Obscurities worth picking up include Eberg [39], Hera [40], Retro Stefson, FM Belfast, Worm is Green, Múm, Singapore Sling, and Bellatrix. Be warned that many of these CDs are often available back home as imports for much lower prices. CDs tend to cost 1500 to 2000 Kr.
Eat
Icelandic cuisine has changed a lot in the last few decades from involving mainly lamb or fish in some form or other, as the popularity of other types of food has increased. A vegetarian diet is more tricky to maintain but there are several vegetarian restaurants in Reykjavík and vegetarian dishes widely available at other restaurants.
Distinctively Icelandic foods include:
• fish
• harðfiskur, dried fish pieces eaten as a snack with butter (also good with coleslaw)
• skyr, a yoghurt-like dairy product available in flavoured and unflavoured varieties all over the country. Low in fat and high in protein.
• hangikjöt, smoked lamb
• smoked lamb sausage
• svið, singed sheep's head
• Slátur, consists of lifrarpylsa, a sausage made from the offal of sheep, and blóðmör which is similar to lyfrapylsa only with the sheep's blood mixed into it.
Iceland is famous for its whale meat, and is one of the few places in the world where it is possible to eat Minke whale. Whaling has long been a tradition in Iceland, albeit it has become an controversial issue in recent times. However, most restaurants that cater to tourists will sell whale meat, and if you are feeling a little more adventurous some places will serve grated puffin with it if you ask.
During the Þorri season (late January-Early February) many Icelanders enjoy Þorramatur, a selection of traditional Icelandic cuisine which usually contain the following: hákarl (putrefied shark cubes), Sviðasulta (brawn [head cheese] made from svið), Lundabaggi (Sheep's fat) and hrútspungar (pickled ram's testicles). Þorramatur is usually served at gatherings known as Þorrablót. If you find yourself invited to a Þorrablót do not be afraid to (politely) refuse some of the more unpalatable delicacies, as many Icelanders chose to do so as well. Don't worry about going hungry, though, as many of the more "normal" foods mentioned above are almost always available too. If uncertain which is which, do not be afraid to ask the caterers for assistance.
A similar event to Þorrablót is Þorláksmessa, celebrated on 23 December each year. During this day you might find yourself invited to skötuveislur where cured skate is served. As with Þorrablót, you can politely refuse to partake in the skate (other type of fish is usually served alongside it for the less adventurous). A word of warning though, the pungent smell that accompanies the cooking of cured skate is very strong and sticks to hair and clothing very easily. Do not wear formal (expensive) clothing at these gatherings, especially not clothing you intend to wear during Christmas.
Any Icelanders' first choice of fast food is usually the pylsa or hot dog. It is usually served with a choice of fried onions, fresh onions, ketchup, mustard and remoulade. It is cheap compared with other fast food staples at around 250 kr, and is sold in every one of the small convenience stores/eateries/video rentals/sweet shops that litter Icelandic towns.
Food prices are particularly high in Iceland - the following sample prices were accurate as of summer 2012:
• ISK 800 - 2000 for a hamburger.
• ISK 250 - 400 for a hotdog
• ISK 2000 - 5000 for a three-course meal in a restaurant.
Drink
Tap water is safe to drink in Iceland and it is one of the countries with cleanest water in the world. Coffee is easy to find and is comparable to what is found throughout Europe. Juices are generally imported and made from concentrate.
Alcoholic drinks are very expensive compared to the UK and USA - as an example, half litre of Viking beer in a bar will cost approximately ISK 900. Liquor can be purchased at licensed bars, restaurants, or Vínbúðin [41], the state monopoly (locally known as Ríkið: "the state") liquor bought there is much cheaper than at bars, there you pay ISK 350 for the same beer you payed 900 for at the bar. The local Icelandic drinks such as Brennivín ("Black death") contain a fairly high alcohol content, so pace yourself while at the bars.
The local beer brands are:
• Egils [42]: Lite, Gull, Pilsner, Premium, El Grillo
• Vífillfell [43]: Thule, Gull, Lite, Víking
• Bruggsmiðjan [44]: Kaldi
• Ölvisholt Brewery [45]: Skjálfti
• Ölgerð Reykjavíkur [46]: Gullfoss
• Mjöður Brugghús [47]: Jökull, Skriðjökull
Visitors arriving by air should note that there is a duty-free store for arriving passengers where they can buy cheap alcohol (at least cheap compared to Iceland). To find the duty-free store, just follow the Icelanders. No Icelander in their right mind will pass the duty free store upon arrival! Import allowances can be found on the customs website: [48].
The drinking age in Iceland is 20 for all alcoholic beverages; while there are no penalties for underage possession or consumption, any alcohol possessed can be confiscated.
Sleep
If you're visiting in summertime you won't regret bringing an eye mask with you. During the height of summer there is no actual darkness and in the north, the sun might just dip for a few minutes below the horizon.
The hotels are usually fairly basic around the island but you can usually get a room even in August just by phoning them up and reserving it before you get there. They are very clean and well maintained, light and airy with nothing at all that could even remotely be considered 'dingy'. They are expensive though. Fosshotels [49] is a chain of 9 tourist class hotels located throughout Iceland, close to the island's most treasured nature spots and major cities of Iceland. The most popular hotel is Fosshotel Skaftafell, located in by the National Park Skaftafell. The accommodation in Fosshotel hotels is diverse and scandinavian breakfast buffet is always included. Icelandair Hotels [50] which include the Edda [51] summer hotels and the Icelandair hotels. Icelandair Hotels are upscale, Scandinavian style hotels located in most major cities of Iceland. Most notable is the Nordica on the outskirts of downtown Reykjavík.
Guesthouses are between hotels and hostels in prices and services. At some times if travelling in groups the guesthouses can be cheaper than the hostels. Guesthouses will usually have more space than a hostel with a shared bathroom that is cleaner and less crowded. Icelandic Farm Holidays [52]: the members are farmers who offer accommodation to travellers in their homes, guesthouses, country-hotels and cottages. The association was founded in 1980 and from 1990 Icelandic Farm Holidays has been a fully licensed Tour operator and a Travel agent. The accommodation is diverse; made up beds in four different categories, with or without private bathroom, sleeping bag accommodation, cottages and camping. Some of the farms offer also various recreation; horse riding, fishing, hunting, sailing, swimming, glacier tours, golf, etc. You can grab their brochure from tourist information centres or find it on their webpage. It is very informative and lists all farms, the services they provide, at what time of the year and contact information. It is best to call in advance to book, especially in the summer.
Iceland has many hostels throughout the entire country. Thirty-seven of them belong to Hostelling International Iceland [53] and it is best it to buy the international membership card (if you do not have it already), if you are staying for four or more nights at HI hostels in Iceland or abroad within the next 12 months. Bring your bedlinen or sleeping bag to avoid extra costs. Also it is advisable to book ahead especially for hostels in more remote locations during busy periods such as the summer.
A budget alternative to hostels can sometimes be found through short-term accommodation rentals sites such as airbnb.com. The cheapest options will usually consist of a private room in somebody's house or apartment, along with kitchen and bathroom access, and this can often work out as the same price or even cheaper for two persons compared to a hostel dorm, and significantly cheaper than hotels, in Reykjavik at least. Some hosts will also rent their car to guests for a much cheaper rate than car rental companies, and do airport pickups.
If you're travelling on a budget, camping is your best bet. There are sites located throughout the country, especially at places you'd want to visit. They range from fully-equipped (hot showers, washing machines, cooking facilities) to farmers' fields with a cold-water tap. Expect to pay 500-1000 Kr per person per night. If you intend to camp in Iceland you must be prepared for the cold, 3 season sleeping bags are essential and an inner, I would also highly recommend thick pyjamas and a warm hat! A bedding roll is also useful as you may end up sleeping on very rough ground...and that's just not very comfortable at all! Don't wait until last minute to find a place to camp. Campers and mobile homes have become immensely popular among Icelanders and they take up a lot of space. You could arrive at a large camping ground that's so filled up with campers and mobile homes that you'll have no place to pitch your tent.
Trekkers will need to use some of the mountain huts, either government or privately-run. These range from dormitory accommodation to fully-staffed facilities. Booking ahead is likely to be necessary at popular times of year (and they may only be accessible in summertime).
Don't bother attempting to sleep in the Keflavík Airport overnight. It's far better to find a hotel in Keflavík or Reykjavík before arrival. If there are no flights to be serviced in the middle of the night (which is most often the case) the airport is closed for a few hours at night and you might have to stand outside in the rain and wind.
Work
Unemployment in Iceland is rising and the wages are crashing, right now Iceland is not a place to come in hopes of finding work. Work permits are required for citizens of most countries. The exceptions are citizens of the Nordic Countries (Greenland, Faroe Islands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Åland Islands, Finland) and EU/EEA countries. As of May 1, 2006 there are no restrictions on the latest entrants into the EU.
Work permits can be extremely difficult to get if you do not come from any of the aforementioned countries, as Iceland has a relatively strict immigration policy and employers are obligated to consider Icelandic or EU citizens above all other applicants. It is also worth mentioning that as a small nation, a great deal of emphasis is placed on family ties and personal relationships; therefore it can be difficult to find a job in Iceland without personally knowing someone in a company.
Beware of offers for contracted work in Iceland. Your wage levels may be lower than average and your rights may be affected. Iceland is a highly unionized society with over 90% of the workforce in labour unions.
A great resource is the Directorate of Labour [54] website.
Stay safe
Emergency phone number: 112
Iceland is one of the safest places in the world, so there is almost no chance of getting robbed or harassed. This, however, excludes Reykjavík, which has recently begun to suffer instances of petty theft and night-time violence. Use common sense when sampling the night life and be alert.
Nature
The greatest dangers to tourists in Iceland are found in the nature. Always do what the signs tell you to do. If there are no signs, use common sense. Every year, quite a few tourists get hurt, even killed, in the mountains or on the seas, usually after having been given unheeded warnings. For example, do not approach a glacier front, big waves on the coast, or a big waterfall unless you know what you're doing, and do not walk on glaciers without proper training and equipment. Iceland is a volcanically active country and you can get caught in an eruption, but chances of that are extremely low.
When hiking or skiing, be prepared for a sudden shift in the weather, as these can happen very quickly in Iceland. If unsure about conditions, ask locals or go on a guided tour. Icelanders are taught to respect nature's power and take care of themselves outdoors in the wilderness from childhood, so you usually won't find fences or warning signs even at the most dangerous places.
Driving
Malbik Endar: Paved road ends.
Einbreið Brú: Single-lane bridge. The closer driver has priority when crossing the bridge. Some longer bridges include passing points.
Driving around Iceland can be difficult or even dangerous. Inform yourself of local conditions and make sure your vehicle and driving skills are up to the task. Be aware that many roads (even parts of the main country road) are unpaved and can turn into slippery mud during the summer. There have been a number of instances where foreigners, unprepared for Icelandic roads, have had accidents, some of them fatal. Since the roads are very quiet and the distances between settlements great, some Icelanders abuse this by speeding considerably. Sheep sometimes roam near the roads or even on them, so always have your eyes open and be on the lookout for sheep, as they tend to wait for cars before crossing the roads.
Check out the following website for up-to-date road-condition information: [55].
Road numbers starting with an F are for 4x4 vehicles only, and are usually simple dirt paths made by a road scraper and it's not uncommon that river crossings are required. Many F-roads are closed due to extremely bad road conditions from October to mid-June.
Speed limits on highways are 90 km/h on paved roads and 80 km/h on unpaved roads.
Rules and regulations
Rules and regulations in the traffic are generally the same as in the rest of Europe. Foreign visitors should be aware that police controls are common and that fines are very high, and should take special note of the following rules:
The give way rule is universal. On roads without the "Yellow Diamond" sign, all traffic from your right hand side has the right of way; you must yield to traffic from any road to your right, except from private areas such as parking lots. Headlights are mandatory even during daylight. The general speed limit is 90 km/h in the country side and on motorways, and 50 km/h in urban areas. Note that there are no specific rules for change of speed limit (as in some other countries) when driving conditions change. The driver is expected to adjust speed downward to a safe level in for instance fog, heavy rain or snow. Don't drink and drive. Your blood alcohol concentration must not exceed 0.2 ‰. One small beer can be enough. This rule is strictly enforced and violators risk a huge fine, a long (or even indefinite) suspension of the driver's licence and prison time. On typical Icelandic two-lane road with a narrow shoulder, overtaking is only allowed on long straightaways with plenty visibility. Overtake only if really necessary, consider alternatives like taking a short break. Using one's vehicle horn is considered impolite and may result in a fine unless used for an emergency. Right turn on red is illegal.
Drugs
The Icelandic Narcotics Police has a very strict policy on drugs; minimum fine for possession of under 1 gram (3/100 of an oz.) of any illegal substance can result in a fine of over 30000 ISK ($373/€237/£188 in June 2008).
Stay healthy
The medical facilities in Iceland are good and available free to European Union citizens with a valid EHIC form or its replacement ID card. Scandinavian citizens must show valid passport and medical insurance to be treated.
Infectious diseases aren't a problem in Iceland. Inoculations aren't required except if you are arriving from countries that suffer from infectious diseases like cholera.
The biggest threat to your health is likely to be accidental injury or bad weather. Always make sure you have more than adequately warm and waterproof clothing. Selection of appropriate clothing is especially important in Iceland and can even be a matter of life and death. Exercise extra caution in geothermal areas: What may appear to be solid ground can sometimes not be so solid, breaking from underneath your feet with you falling into potentially deadly boiling water.
The water quality in Iceland is excellent and tap water is always drinkable.
The hygiene in public kitchens is very good, and food poisoning rarely happens to tourists.
Respect
• Some Icelanders believe in the hidden people — called huldufólk — and a few claim to have seen them. They are analogous to elves, but are often considered separate. There is even a museum in Reykjavík devoted to the hidden people. This is an ancient Icelandic belief and most Icelanders respect the tradition. Skepticism thus can appear rude.
• Many tourists, including other Europeans, see Icelanders as gruff and unapproachable. This is generally just a first impression and most people are friendly and helpful.
• It is customary for one to take one's shoes off after entering private homes. In case your hosts do not mind, they will say so.
• Tipping is not expected in Iceland; some Icelandic companies have started having a tipping jar next to the cash register but these are generally ignored.
• Punctuality is not as important in Iceland as it is in many other northern European countries. People may often not appear until 15 minutes later than the stated time, and even much later than that for parties or other social gatherings.
• when speaking English, Icelanders may use the word fuck more often than expected by Anglophones. This is because brusque opinions are commonly expressed and should not be taken badly and also, the Icelandic equivalent of this word is not as strong a swear word as in English.
• If you feel an urge to discuss the global economic crisis, keep in mind that it is an emotive issue - Iceland has suffered more than many in the banking crisis and ordinary people have lost a great deal of purchasing power
• It is not uncommon for an Icelander to ask a foreigner for his or her opinion of Iceland as a first question. The standard question is: "How do you like Iceland?" This is in large due to Iceland being a very small country, but it is also a country-wide inside joke of sorts. It is often best to be positive, as many Icelanders are likely to be offended by negative views of their country and thus get defensive.
• Iceland is one of only a few countries with an active whaling industry, and if you choose to assert an anti-whaling position expect some Icelanders to have strong pro-whaling opinions and be well prepared to argue the issue and do not expect to win the argument.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1233.0 - Australian Harmonized Export Commodity Classification (AHECC), Jan 2006
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 17/06/2003
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Contents >> Detailed export commodity classification >> Section 7: Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof
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230 Census Collectors hit the roads of the South Coast
29 July 2011 | NSW/55
230 Census Collectors will hit the streets, and where necessary water, of the South Coast today and deliver Census forms to every person ahead of Census night on Tuesday, 9 August.
Ross Constable is the local National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) Ranger responsible for Montague Island, which is five nautical miles south east of Narooma, and he will be helping deliver Census forms.
"I'll be delivering Census forms by boat to field officers, researchers, their families and visitors staying on the island on Census night," Ross says.
"The Census is extremely important. It provides a vital snapshot of our population and what our needs are so that governments can plan ahead.
"The Census has got to happen no matter what. Everybody has got to get a form and NPWS are more than willing to assist in any way it can.”
Ross, who lives in Narooma and has worked for NPWS since 1974 is often the go to man for getting to hard to reach people.
“I’m used to getting Census forms delivered to those in unusual locations.
"The first Census I worked on was in 1981 and that was the biggest snow season on record in the Australian Alps. My job was to deliver forms to lodges in the snowy mountains.
"There were some great photos taken of me with a yellow Census Collector bag on a skidoo in a blizzard!"
Fortunately the weather omens look good for Ross this Census.
"We haven't been able to get to Montague Island for a week now. But the weather reports are looking good. We'll deliver forms as soon as the seas are calm enough," Ross adds.
More information is available online at www.abs.gov.au/census or by calling the Census Inquiry Service on 1300 338 776
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Global: All Antweb > Formicidae > Myrmicinae > Acromyrmex > Acromyrmex coronatus
See all Acromyrmex coronatus in Bolton World Catalog
or in
Species: Acromyrmex coronatus
Name Status:
Taxonomic Hierarchy:
Subfamily: Myrmicinae Genus: Acromyrmex
Taxonomic History (provided by Barry Bolton, 2013)
5 subspecies
Formica coronata Fabricius, 1804: 413 (q.) SOUTH AMERICA. AntCat AntWiki
Taxonomic history
Forel, 1885a PDF: 356 (w.).
Combination in Atta: Roger, 1863b PDF: 35; in Atta (Acromyrmex): Forel, 1885a PDF: 355; in Acromyrmex: Bruch, 1914 PDF: 216.
Subspecies of Acromyrmex hystrix: Forel, 1885a PDF: 355.
Revived status as species: Dalla Torre, 1893: 152.
Senior synonym of: Acromyrmex meinerti, Acromyrmex modesta, Acromyrmex moelleri, Acromyrmex ochraceolus and material of the unavailable names Acromyrmex flavescens, Acromyrmex medianus, Acromyrmex obscurior, Acromyrmex ornatus referred here: Gonçalves, 1961 PDF: 135.
Distribution:
Guatemala to Brazil and Ecuador.
Biology:
Natural History:
Acromyrmex coronatus is a montane species found in cloud forest habitats and not in the lowlands. It is tolerant of cold, wet conditions and colonies can be found in small clearings and gaps in dense cloud forest. On the transect on the north side of Volcan Barva it has been found at 1100m elevation but not at 500m or 2000m. On the Central Valley side it has been collected at 1600m elevation at Zurqui. In the Monteverde area it occurs in the community area, up to the highest ridges at 1700m, and down to 800m in the Penas Blancas Valley.
In Monteverde, it is the main pest in gardens and will come into houses at night to cut bread, cabbage, or fruit that has been left out. The nests are often in or under a piece of dead wood, and often with a superstructure of loose dead leaf fragments. They do not excavate soil very extensively if at all. They may be arboreal at times, nesting in a low branch junctions of epiphyte-laden trees.
Lisa Ellis, an undergraduate student with the University of California Education Abroad Program in the late 1980's, carried out a study of A. coronatus foraging during the transition from dry to wet season in Monteverde. She found that foraging was continuous at night, but diurnal foraging only occurred when there had been recent rain. Following a heavy rain, diurnal foraging would commmence followed by a gradual cessation over a period of a day or two. Periodic rains during the dry season would initiate a short bout of diurnal foraging, but when the rains became more continuous diurnal foraging became continuous. Thus the lack of diurnal foraging during the dry season was a short-term response to immediate environmental conditions and not a long-term change in colony foraging behavior.
Nuptial flights are common in Monteverde and the distinctively-patterned dealate queens are often seen on the roads. On 9 July 1984 I observed a swarm of males in the canopy of an emergent oak on the ridge crest above Monteverde. Hundreds of males were swarming just above the highest branches of the tree. Later in the day I saw many dealate queens on the roads.
I have observed aggregations of founding queens under epiphyte mats in recent treefalls. Several times I have seen dealate queens out cutting leaves, suggesting that queens need to forage themselves to establish a colony.
Taxon Page Author History
Taxonomic Treatment (provided by Plazi)
Wild, A. L., 2007:
Alto Paraná , Canindeyú , Itapúa (ALWC, INBP, LACM, MZSP, USNM). Literature records: Itapúa (Fowler 1985).
Specimen Data Summary
Found most commonly in these habitats: 32 times found in montane wet forest, 21 times found in cloud forest, 16 times found in oak cloud forest, 12 times found in ridgetop cloud forest, 7 times found in mesophil forest, 3 times found in disturbed pine-oak forest, 3 times found in montane rainforest, 1 times found in Liquidambar forest edge, 2 times found in 2º cloud forest, 1 times found in pine oak Liquidambar forest, ...
Collected most commonly using these methods or in the following microhabitats: 34 times search, 37 times Baiting, 17 times Beating, 10 times Sweeping, 10 times Malaise, 8 times MiniWinkler, 4 times flight intercept trap, 4 times MaxiWinkler, 3 times Winkler, 2 times pan trap, 2 times Berlese, ...
Elevations: collected from 550 - 2190 meters, 1389 meters average
2 Specimens Imaged | View All 205 Specimens for this species
CASENT0173791
CASENT0173792
Enlarge Map
TOOLS:
View:
- Browse Specimens for this species (205 examples)
- View Acromyrmex coronatus in Google Earth
Comparison Tool:
- Compare images of the Specimens within this species
Catalog:
- See Hymenoptera Name Server
Download:
Specimen Data:
- KML
- Tab-delimited
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Maps and graphs / Trends in birds and butterfly populations in EU-25 (% decline)
Trends in birds and butterfly populations in EU-25 (% decline)
Created : Nov 12, 2009 Published : Jan 01, 2002 Last modified : Nov 29, 2012 11:35 AM
Topics: ,
The number in brackets show the number of species taken into account for each habitat type
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European data
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Additional information
The bird trends reflect the period 1980-2002. The butterfly trends reflect the period 1972/73-1997/98. The names of the bird species taken into account are listed in the methodology for calculating the core set indicator on Species Diversity (CSI009).
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Category:Cayman IslandsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
This category is for articles about genealogical research in the Cayman Islands. Do not put compiled family histories or genealogies here.
Authority used to create this category: CIA World Factbook.
Pages in category "Cayman Islands"
The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total.
C
L
• This page was last modified on 28 July 2009, at 23:12.
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Germany, Prussia, East Prussia, Königsberg, Funeral Sermons (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
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This article describes a collection of historical records scheduled to become available at FamilySearch.org.
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This collection contains funeral sermons containing vital information about the deceased. Records were originally in the University Library in Königsberg, East Prussia; now located in the Staatsbibliothek Berlin.
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The following citation refers to the original source of the information published in FamilySearch.org Historical Record collections. Sources include the author, custodian, publisher and archive for the original records.
Germany, Prussia, East Prussia, Königsberg, Funeral Sermons. State Library of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Citation Example for a Record Found in a Historical Record Collection
“Argentina, Buenos Aires, Catholic Church Records, 1635-1981,” images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org: accessed 28 February, 2012), La Plata > San Ponciano > Matrimonios 1884-1886 > image 71 of 389 images, Artemio Avendano and Clemtina Peralta, 1884; citing Parroquia de San Ponciano en la Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Matrimonios. San Ponciano, La Plata.
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• This page was last modified on 2 October 2012, at 20:23.
• This page has been accessed 346 times.
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Landgrove, VermontEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States Vermont Bennington Landgrove
Contents
Brief History
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Allentown Pennsylvania Family History CenterEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 14:13, 28 August 2012 by Ccsmith (Talk | contribs)
This article describes the services and resources available at a Family History Center, a branch facility of the Family History Library.
(Add a brief paragraph about your center here and the area it serves. Information in italics below is guidance for you and should be deleted as you fill out the page. Remove italics from other text by selecting the text and clicking the "I" box in the Toolbar above.)
Contents
Center Contacts and Hours
Location and Map:
• Address: 1881 Van Buren Drive, Whitehall, PA 18052-4167
• (Include information about your center that would be helpful for first time visitors such which entrance in the building to use, parking, etc. Use as many or as few bullet points as needed.)
• Location on Map
Phone: 610.799.3522
E-mail:
Open Hours:
Holiday Schedule:
Calendar and Events
Upcoming Events
Class Schedule
Staff Training Meetings
Center Resources
Collections
• Family History Library Catalog: This center has the ability to order any of the films and fiche available through the Family History Library Catalog.
• (List additional collections you have such as the types of books and microfilm you have on indefinite loan; though you will not want to list every single item you have. Just give visitors to this page a general idea of your resources.)
Databases and Software
• FHC Portal: This center has access to the Family History Center Portal page which gives free access in the center to premium family history software and websites that generally charge for subscriptions. (Note to FHC: Not all FHCs have access to this portal. If you do not, you will want to remove this entire bullet. If you do have access to it, just remove this text in italics.)
Hardware and Equipment
• (Include the resources you have to help individuals do their research - computers, microfilm readers, printers, etc. )
Center Services
Staff Research Specialties
(Include sections for any other services your center provides. Add additional sections for those services. See the Mesa and Logan FHC pages for examples.)
Resources in the Local Area
(This section is to highlight other resources in your area that will be helpful for individuals doing research there in your location, if there are any, such as government offices, historical societies, etc.)
Links
(Include links to other websites of interest to those who visit your center such as links to the city, county and state wiki pages where your center is located.)
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Burke County, North Carolina
From FamilySearch Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
(courthouse image)
Line 14: Line 14:
== County Courthouse ==
== County Courthouse ==
+
+
[[Image:Burke_County_Courthouse.jpg|thumb|right|200px]]
== History ==
== History ==
Revision as of 20:49, 26 March 2012
Burke County, North Carolina
Map
Location in the state of North Carolina
Location of North Carolina in the U.S.
Facts
Founded 1777
County Seat Morganton
Courthouse
Adopt-a-wiki page
This page adopted by:
NCGenWeb Project
who welcome you to contribute.
County Coordinator
Burke Co. NCGenWeb
Adopt a page today
United States North Carolina Burke County
Contents
County Courthouse
History
Parent County
1777--Burke County was created 8 April 1777 from Rowan County. County seat: Morganton [1]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
1865--Many court records and most land records burned by Federal troops.
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Cemeteries
Census
Court
Education
Land
Local Histories
Maps
Migration
Early migration routes to and from Burke County for European settlers included:[2]
Military
Civil War
Civil War Confederate units - Brief history, counties where recruited, etc.
-1st Regiment, North Carolina Infantry, usually known as the Bethel Regiment.
-6th Regiment, North Carolina Infantry
-11th Regiment, North Carolina Infantry
Newspapers
Probate
Taxation
Vital Records
Births
Marriages
• Burke County Marriages - search on the website of the Burke County Register of Deeds
• North Carolina Marriages, 1762-1979 - search this database of marriages from across the state - images included; via FamilySearch
• Burke County marriages - may be included throughout Carrie Broughton's 6-volume index of the Raleigh Register & State Gazette newspaper (1799-1893). Marriages are listed by year and PDF files are searchable. Available on the North Carolina Digital Collections website.
• Burke County Marriages 1774-1854 North Carolina Pioneers
• North Carolina Marriages to 1799, a database, available to members North Carolina Pioneers
Deaths
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Web Sites
References
1. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
2. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), 847-61. (FHL Book 973 D27e 2002) WorldCat entry., and William E. Myer, Indian Trails of the Southeast. (Nashville, Tenn.: Blue and Gray Press, 1971), 12-14, and the book's pocket map "The Trail System of the Southeastern United States in the early Colonial Period" (1923). (FHL Book 970.1 M992i) WorldCat entry.
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Philadelphia County, PennsylvaniaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 21:25, 10 September 2012 by Murphynw (Talk | contribs)
This article is about a county in Pennsylvania. For the city, see Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
United States Pennsylvania Philadelphia County
Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania
Map
Location in the state of Pennsylvania
Location of Pennsylvania in the U.S.
Facts
Founded March 10, 1682
County Seat Philadelphia
Courthouse
Address Philadelphia City Hall
Broad and Market Streets
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Philadelphia County Website
Adopt-a-wiki page
This page adopted by:
PA Roots and its members
who welcome you to contribute.
Adopt a page today
Contents
Historical Facts
Beginning dates for major county records
Birth
Marriage
Death
Deeds
Probate
1893
1885
1893
1684
1682
Boundary Changes
• 14 October 1751: Berks County set off.
• 10 September 1784: Montgomery County set off.
Resources
Bible Records
Biographies
Cemeteries
Cemetery records often reveal birth, marriage, death, relationship, military, and religious information.
Online Grave Transcripts Published Grave Transcripts County Cemetery Directories
Findagrave.com Family History Library
Findagrave.com
Interment.net WorldCat
Names in Stone
USGenWeb-transcripts
USGenWeb-tombstone photos
Billion Graves
Pennsylvania Genealogy
Epodunk
Pennsylvania Gravestones
Billion Graves
Names in Stone
Access Genealogy
Ancestry($)
See Pennsylvania Cemeteries for more information.
• The USGenWeb Tombstone Project
• Magnolia Cemetery
• The Philadelphia Story
• The USGenWeb Archives Project
• 2nd Presbyterian Cemetery
• 3rd Presbyterian Cemetery
• Adath Jeshurun (Jewish) Cemetery
• African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas Churchyard
• All Saints Protestant Episcopal Cemetery
• All Saints Protestant Episcopal Church Ground
• Alms House Cemetery
• American Mechanics Cemetery
• Bellevue Cemetery
• Bensalem Cemetery
• Bethel Church Burial Ground
• Cathedral (New) Cemetery
• Chelten Hills Cemetery
• Christ Church Burial Ground
• Christ Church Garden
• Ebenezer Methodist Episcopal Cemetery
• Emmanuel Episcopal Churchyard
• Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Trinity Cemetery
• First Reformed Dutch Church
• Franklin Cemetery
• Friends' Burial Ground
• German Lutheran Cemetery
• Gladwyne United Methodist Cemetery
• Glenwood Cemetery
• Gloria Dei Old Swedes Cemetery
• Greenmount Cemetery
• Grey Nuns of the Sacred Heart Cemetery
• Har Nebo Cemetery
• Holy Sepulchre Cemetery
• Ivy Hill Cemetery
• Lafayette Cemetery
• Laurel Hill Cemetery
• Lawnview Cemetery
• Machpelah Cemetery
• Magnolia Cemetery
• Medical Mission Sisters Community Cemetery
• Montefiore (Jewish) Cemetery
• Monument Cemetery
• Most Holy Redeemer Cemetery
• Mount Moriah Cemetery http://www.interment.net/data/us/pa/philadelphia/mtmoriah/index.htm
• Mount Peace Cemetery
• Mount Vernon Cemetery
• Mutual Family Cemetery
• New Jerusalem Burial Ground
• New Philadelphia Cemetery
• Newtown Cemetery
• North Cedar Hill Cemetery
• Northwood Cemetery
• Odd Fellows Cemetery
• Old Pennypack Baptist Church Cemetery
• Old St. Paul's Church Cemetery
• Our Lady of Grace
• Oxford Trinity Cemetery
• Philadelphia Memorial Park
• Philadelphia National Cemetery
• Philanthropic Cemeteyr
• Presbyterian Church of Chestnut Hill Cemetery
• Price Family Burial Ground
• Ronaldson's Cemetery
• Salem Reformed Church
• Shalom Memorial Park (Jewish)
• Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth Community Cemetery
• Sisters of the Order of St. Basil the Great Community Cemetery
• Sisters of St. Joseph Community Cemetery
• St. Augustine's Church Grounds
• St. Dominic's Cemetery
• St. George Methodist Episcopal Cemetery
• St. John the Baptist Cemetery
• St. John Evangelical Church Cemetery
• St. John Neumann Cemetery (Roman Catholic)
• St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Cemetery
• St. Mary's Cemetery
• St. Mary's of the Assumption Cemetery
• St. Mary's Ukrainian Catholic Cemeteyr
• St. Michael's Cemetery
• St. Peter's German Burial Ground
• St. Peter's Episcopal Churchyard
• St. Peter's Roman Catholic Cemeteyr
• St. Timothy's Episcopal Cemetery
• Sunset Memorial Park
• Trinity Lutheran Church Cemetery
• West Laurel Cemetery
• Westminster Cemetery
• Wharton Street Methodist Episcopal Burial Grounds
• William Penn Cemetery
• Woodlands Cemetery
• Unknown Location Burials
Census
For tips on accessing Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania Federal (or United States) census records online, see: Pennsylvania Census.
There are no county or state census records available for Pennsylvania. County and city tax records can be used as a substitute when census records are not available.
• 1671 Transcription and Index
Church Records
Finding Church Records at Other Repositories
Additional church records can sometimes be found using search phrases such as Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania Church Records in online catalogs like:
County-wide Database - Multi-denominational
Philadelphia county pennsylvania churches.png
Contains records of:
• Court of Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas
• Chester: Trinity Protestant Episcopal Church
• Frankford: St. Mark's Episcopal Church
• Franklinville: Christ Episcopal Church
• Germantown: St. John the Baptist Church
• Hestonville: St. James Church
• Lower Dublin: All Saints Church; All Saints Episcopal Church; Lower Dublin Baptist Church
• Manoa: Epworth United Methodist Church
• Perkasie: Heidelberg Reformed Church
• Philadelphia: See Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Church Records for hundreds of additional church records included in this database
• Roxborough: Roxborough Baptist Church; St. Alban Church
• Torresdale: All Saints Episcopal Church
• West Whiteland: Church of the Atonement
• 1644-1780 - Humphrey, John T. Pennsylvania Births, Philadelphia County, 1644-1780. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Humphrey Publications, 1994-1995. FHL Book 974.811 K2hj.
Contains records of Gloria Dei, Old Swedes, or Wicaco Church (established 1642); Philadelphia Friends Monthly Meeting (est. 1682); Christ Church (est. 1695); First Presbyterian Church (est. 1698); Second Presbyterian Church (est. 1743); Pennypack Baptist Church in Lower Dublin Township (est. 1688); First Moravian Church (est. 1742); St. Michael's (est. 1728) and Zion (est. 1766) Lutheran Church, Philadelphia; First Reformed Church, Philadelphia (est. 1727); St. Michael's Lutheran Church in Germantown (est. 1738); German Reformed Church in Germantown (est. 1727); St. Joseph's Catholic Church (est. 1733); Trinity Episcopal Church in Oxford Township (est. 1698); First Baptist Church in Philadelphia (est. 1762); Friends Monthly Meeting, Pine and Orange Streets (records from 1730s); Scots Presbyterian Church (est. 1767); Personal register of Rev. Blackwell (records from 1750s); Northern District Monthly Meeting at 6th and Noble Sts. (records from 1750s); Southern District Monthly Meeting (records from 1730s); St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church (est. 1760); St. George's Methodist Episcopal Church (est. 1769).
Churches listed in the 1840, 1850 and 1856 M'Elroy's Philadelphia City Directory
Contains Records of:
18th Street Methodist Episcopal Church
All Saints (Protestant) Episcopal Church
Arch Street Presbyterian Church
Broad Street M.E. Church
Christ Church
German Reformed Chuch
First Reformed Church of Philadelphia
First Baptism Church
First, Second and Third Presbyterian Church
Immaculate Conception Church
Logan Baptis Church Directory
Moravian Church
Old St. Paul's P.E. Church
Pennepack Baptist Church
Philadelphia Monthly Meeting
Reformed Presbyterian Church
Salem Reformed Church
Sarah D. Cooper M.E. Church
St. Anne's Roman Catholic Church
St. Augustine Roman Catholic Church
St. Edward the Confessor Roman Catholic Church
St. James of Kingssesing (Episcopal)
St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church
St. Mary's Catholic Church
St. Michael Roman Catholic Church
St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church
Swede's Church
Trinity (Episcopal) Church, Oxford
LDS Ward and Branch Records
• Philadelphia
Court Records
Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania court records are housed at the Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania Courthouse. For many counties copies of court records may be found at the Pennsylvania State Archives and in the FamilySearch collection. Note that within these collections some films may contain the same records, but have different titles. Other titles are not duplicates. See Finding Court Records at other repositories within this section for links to the online catalogs for these two collections. Films at the Pennsylvania State Archives are not available for inter-library loan. If court records are available FamilySearch films may be ordered at a local Family History Center.
Salmon compiled an inventory of "The Court Records of Philadelphia County 1683-1800," as an appendix to:
• Salmon, Marylynn. "The Court Records of Philadelphia, Bucks, and Berks Counties in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 107, No. 2 (Apr. 1983):249-292. Digital version at The Historical Society of Pennsylvania website - free.
Court of Common Pleas
The Courts of Common Pleas are the trial courts of Pennsylvania. Major civil and criminal cases are heard in these courts. Judges also decide cases involving adoption, divorce, child custody, abuse, juvenile delinquency, estates, guardianships, charitable organizations and many other matters. The Common Pleas courts are organized into 60 judicial districts. Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania County has its own judicial district. Judges of the Common Pleas courts are elected to 10-year terms. A president judge and a court administrator serve in each judicial district.[3]
Clerk of the Court
Prothonotary
Office of the Prothonotary
First Judicial District of Pennsylvania
Room 284 City Hall
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Tel: 215 686-6652
Office hours: 9:00am to 5:00 pm Monday thru Friday
Orphan's Court (see Vital Records)
Finding Court Records at Other Repositories
Additional court records can sometimes be found using search phrases such as Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania Court Records in online catalogs like:
Directories
Fold3 ($) has Philadelphia City Directories 1785, 1791, 1793-1922 (7 yrs. missing) available online.
City Directories by Year courtesy USGenWeb Archives 1825, 1830, 1833, 1835-1850, 1856, 1859-1861, 1863, 1867, 1868, 1880, 1882, 1885, 1888, 1890, 1895, 1897, 1900-1910, 1921, 1935, 1936.
Emigration and Immigration
For information about emigration into Pennsylvania, see the Pennsylvania Emigration and Immigration page.
Ethnic Groups
Germans
Funeral Homes
Funeral records issued by a funeral home include financial records (cost of casket, dressings, etc.), funeral cards given out at the time of the funeral, etc. These records usually give the name of the deceased, when and where buried, if shipped out to another funeral home, purchaser of cemetery plot, etc. Funeral home records from Philadelphia include:
1. David H. Bowen and Son, Undertakers (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Funeral Records, 1845-1899
Gazetteers
Genealogy
History
1633-1643: (-1647?) Dutch build a blockhouse (single log cabin fort) "at the Schuylkill" River (now Philadelphia). It was abandoned about 1643.[4] [5] See the New Sweden and the New Netherland Wiki article for details.
1641: Swedes and Finns spreading north from Fort Christina (present-day Wilmington, Delaware) first settle in Finland (Chamassungh), now Trainer, Pennsylvania[6] [7] [8] and Upland (Meckopenacka), now Chester, Pennsylvania. [9] [10] [11] The New Sweden Colony continues to expand northward with new settlements as far as Philadelphia in the following years.
1642: The English build a blockhouse on Province Island (now Philadelphia airport) but are soon removed by the Dutch, probably with help from the Swedish.[12] [13] [14]
1648-1651: The Dutch built Fort Beaversrede (now Philadelphia) inland from the Delaware River to be the first contact for Indian fur traders coming down the Schuylkill River.[15] [16] [17] [18] The Swedes respond by building a blockhouse between the Schuylkill and the Dutch fort in order to obscure the view of the fort from the river.[19] [20]
1651-1655: The New Netherland Colony builds Fort Casimir[21] [22] [23] (now New Castle, Delaware), settle Sandhook,[24] [25] [26] and abandon Fort Beversrede in 1651. In 1654 New Sweden captures Fort Casimir from the Dutch without a fight and rename it Fort Trinty (Trefaldighets).[27] In 1655 New Netherland returns with a large army and all of New Sweden in presend-day Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey submits to Dutch rule.[28]
1664: As part of the Second Anglo-Dutch War New Netherland including southeast Pennsylvania is surrendered to the English.[29]
1673-1674: A new war breaks out and the Dutch send a large armada to retake New Netherland for a few months. But as the war ends the colony is ceded to England for the last time.[30]
1680s: William Penn founded the English colony of Pennsylvania after receiving a grant in 1681 from the king of England. His colony offered religious freedom, liberal government, and inexpensive land. Quakers established the city of Philadelphia.
November 1682: William Penn selected the name Philadelphia which means Brotherly Love.
1700-1754: Welsh, German, and Scotch-Irish groups arrived.
Much of Philadelphia County's functions to exist with Act of Consolidation, 1854. Further consolidations took place in 1867, 1895, 1937, 1951, 1963 and finally 1965.
Published Histories
Land and Property
Land records in Philadelphia County began in 1682. These records are filed with the Philadelphia City Archives office in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Land and property records can place an ancestor in a particular location, provide economic information, and reveal family relationships. Land records include: deeds, abstracts, indexes, mortgages, leases, grants, sheriff sales, land patents, and maps. Property records include liens as well as livestock brands and estray records.
The following are examples of available resources:
Online Land Records
• Online indexes are available through the City Archives for a fee.
• 1734 - "Landholders of Philadelphia County, 1734," Publications of the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania, Vol. 1 (Jul. 1897):166-184. For free online access, see WeRelate.
Online Land Record Abstracts
Philadelphia in 1684
1706-1707Abstracts of Early Deeds Philadelphia (many now Montgomery County)
1733-1866 Warrantees of Land
Land Sales of October 14, 1880
Land Records on Microfilm
Additional Resources
Note that the "Maps" section below also includes maps related to land ownership.
See Pennsylvania Land and Property for more information about using land records, especially about original land warrants, surveys, and patents filed at the state land office.
Additional resources can sometimes be found using search phrases such as Philadelphia County Pennsylvania Land in online catalogs such as:
Maps
Click the image to view an enlarged version
Migration
Early migration routes to and from Philadelphia County for settlers included:[31]
Military
Revolutionary War
Local men served in the Philadelphia County Militia. A guide at the Pennsylvania State Archives website identifies townships where specific companies recruited soldiers, see Revolutionary War Militia Battalions and Companies, Arranged by County.
Philadelphia County men also served in the 2nd Pennsylvania Regiment,[32] and the 9th Pennsylvania Regiment.[33]
Naturalization
Naturalization records can contain information about immigration and nativity. Prior to 1906, it is rare to find the town of origin in naturalization records. See Pennsylvania Naturalization for more information about the types of records and availability.
Naturalizations granted at the county level were kept by the office of the Prothonotary. Naturalizations could also be granted on the Federal Court level.
Newspapers
Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania newspapers may contain genealogical value including obituaries, births, marriages, deaths, anniversaries, family gatherings, family travel, achievements, business notices, engagement information, and probate court proceedings.
To access newspapers, contact public libraries, historical/genealogical societies, college or university libraries, or state archives in the area where the newspaper was published.
For information on state-wide newspapers see Pennsylvania Newspapers
Newspapers of Philadelphia County
Online Newspapers
Online Newspaper Abstracts
Newspaper Excerpts and Abstracts
• Edward W. Hocker and I. Pearson Willits, Genealogical Notes from the Incomplete Files of "The Germantown Telegraph" (SLC, Utah, 1973) FHL film 941584 item 2
• Accessible Archives, The Pennsylvania Gazette, 1728-1800 [electronic resource] (Malvern, Pennsylvania:Accessible Archives, 1999?) Electronic text and retrieval program
Obituaries
Obituaries are generally found in local newspapers where the person died. However, sometimes an obituary is found in the location from which he or she originated. To find an obituary, see the information under the Newspaper heading
Online Obituary Abstracts
Obituary Extracts and Abstracts
Occupations
Indentured Servants
Periodicals
Poorhouse, Almshouse
Probate Records
Probate matters in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania are handled by the Orphans' Court and start when the county was created. To obtain original probate records, contact the Orphan's Court in the County Courthouse.
In addition to wills and administrations, the Orphans' Court also handles: audits of accounts of executors, administrators, trustees, and guardians; distribution of estates of decedents, incompetents, and minors; appointment and control of guardians; adoptions; appeals from the Register of Wills involving probate matters; inheritance tax appeals and various petitions and motions.
Additional Probate Indexes and Abstracts
Additional probate indexes or abstracts can sometimes be found using search phrases such as Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania probate wills in online catalogs like:
• 1682-1839 - "Philadelphia Wills," Publications of the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania, 1682-1692: Vol. 1 (Jul. 1986):45-89; 1692-1697: Vol. 2 (Jun. 1900):7-33; 1697-1700: Vol. 3, No. 1 (Jan. 1906):12-37; 1700-1701: Vol. 3, No. 2 (Jan. 1907):144-152; 1688-1745: Vol. 3, No. 3 (Jun. 1908):161-189, 1701-1702: Vol. 3, No. 3 (Jun. 1908):245-254; 1746-1812: Vol. 5, No. 2 (Mar. 1913):174-240; 1812-1839: Vol. 5, No. 3 (Mar. 1914):271-322. For free online access to Vols. 1, 3, and 5, see WeRelate; see also FHL Book 974.8 B2p. Includes abstracts of Will Books A and B and Administration Book A.
• 1682-1819 - Philadelphia County Wills, 1682-1819. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1900. Digital version at Ancestry ($).
• 1682-1924 - Philadelphia County (Pennsylvania). Register of Wills. Wills, 1682-1916; Indexes to Wills, 1682-1924. FHL Collection
• 1719-1880 - Pennsylvania. Orphans' Court (Philadelphia County). Orphans' Court Records, 1719-1880: Orphans' Court Index, 1719-1938. FHL Collection.
Online Probate Abstracts
Original Probate Records on Microfilm
Repositories
Archives
• Philadelphia City Archives, Genealogical Resources, include records of births (1860-1915), marriages (1860-1885), marriage licenses (1885-1915), deaths (1803-1915), deeds (1683-1952), and naturalizations (1793-1930), plus city directories (1785-1930, 1935-1936).
• The Pennsylvania Archives collection contains county archive records that can be searched onsite. Currently the Archives' staff cannot provide research or make copies of these records. Their collections include Almshouse Registers; Tax records; Birth, Death and Marriage Indexes and Records; Midwife records; African American records; Wills; Deeds; Naturalizations; Coroner's inquests; and Orphan's Court dockets. A list of the Archive's county holdings are on Microfilm or Manuscript form.
• National Archives at Philadelphia
900 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107-4292
(Entrance on Chestnut Street, between 9th and 10th Streets.)
Phone: 215-606-0100
Fax: 215-606-0116
E-mail: philadelphia.archives@nara.gov
Courthouse
Philadelphia County Courthouse
Philadelphia City Hall
Broad & Market Streets
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Phone: 215-683-6950
The offices include"
• U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
• Court-Common Pleas
• Marriage Bureau
• Prothonotary Office
Philadelphia City Archives
3101 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
Telephone: 215-685-9401
Fax: 215-685-9409
Email: archives@phila.gov
Genealogical resources at the City Archives of Philadelphia listed below are available for searching by the patrons. The Archives has self-service coin-operated microfilm readers and a reader-printer.
• BIRTHS: 1 July 1860 - 30 June 1915
• DEATHS: 1803 - 30 June 1915
• MARRIAGES: 1 July 1860 - 30 December 1885
• NATURALIZATIONS: 1793 - 1930
• CITY DIRECTORIES: 1785-1930, 1935
• DEEDS: 1683 - 1952
Other records include:
• Common Pleas Court: Divorce dockets 1851-1875 (docket entries only - papers not in custody of Archives)
• Guardians of the Poor: Support Bonds (indexed): Apprenticeship indentures (partially indexed)
• City and County Commissioners: Tax Assessment Registers ca. 1769 - ca. 1820 (varies by ward or district); Street Lists of Voters, 1928-1929, 1934, 1948-ca. 1980.
Office of the Prothonotary
First Judicial District of Pennsylvania
Room 284 City Hall
Philadelphia PA 19107
Phone: 215-686-6652
Family History Centers
Family History Centers (FHCs) are branches of the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah, and are located all over the world. Their goal is to provide resources for family history research.
The main FHC for Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania is the West Philadelphia Pennsylvania Family History Center. For additional nearby Family History Centers, search online in the FHC directory. See also:
Libraries
Free Library of Philadelphia has 54 branches within the city. Searching their catalog one finds a number of genealogy, local history, and biographical offerings.
The Mennonite Heritage Center
565 Yoder Road
Harleysville PA 19438-1020
215-256-3020
library@mhep.org
Hours: Tuesday thru Friday, 10am–5pm, Saturday, 10am–2pm
The Mennonite Historians of Eastern Pennsylvania support the John L. Ruth Historical Library and Museum at the Mennonite Heritage Center. Located in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania the records and resources of this treasure also cover the counties of Bucks, Chester, Berks, Lehigh, Northampton, and Philadelphia. The website provides a comprehensive overview of library resources, online cemetery database, manuscript collections, photo collections, archival collections, and more.
Museums
Philadelphia History Museum
15 South 7th Street
Philadelphia, PA 19106
Phone: 215.685.4830
Fax: 215.685.4837
Email: info@philadelphiahistory.org
The museum has many historical collections and city history lessons.
Societies
African American Genealogy Group (AAGG) PO Box 1798, Philadelphia, PA 19106 (215) 574-6063
Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107 (215) 732-6200. Collections of the society include information from all Mid-Atlantic States. The Society's digital history project offers several online records and multi-media items.
The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies merged with the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in January 2002. The Balch Institute gathered a many records about ethnic and immigrant groups.
Jewish Genealogical Society of Greater Philadelphia - The Society which was founded in 1979 is devoted to researching, preserving, and sharing Jewish heritage and genealogy. They publish aquarterly newsletter, Chronicles. They have an excellent library in the Tuttleman Jewish Public Library on the second floor of the Newman Building at Gratz College, 7605 Old York Road, Melrose Park, PA 19027. The catalog to the Library is free online; though registration is required.
School Records
Includes records of:
Central High School, 1895
Central Manuel Training School, 1905
Episcopal Hospital School of Nursing, 1890-1912
Frankford High School, 1942
Geo Clymer School, graduates, 1948, 1949, 1952
Jefferson Medical College
Kensington High School, Class of 1924
Philadelphia High School for Girls, 1962
West Philadelphia High School, Class of 1929
Taxation
• 1693 - Rawle, William Brooke. "The First Tax List for Philadelphia County. A.D. 1693," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 8 (1884):82-105. For free online access, see WeRelate.
• 1769, 1774, 1779 - Proprietary, Supply, and State Tax Lists of the City and County of Philadelphia: For the Years 1769, 1774 and 1779. (Pennsylvania Archives, Series 3, Vol. 14). Digital versions at Ancestry ($); Google Books - free.
• 1779-1781 - Proprietary, Supply, and State Tax Lists of the City and County of Philadelphia: For the Years 1779, 1780 and 1781. (Pennsylvania Archives, Series 3, Vol. 15). Digital version at Ancestry ($).
• 1781-1783 - Supply, and State Tax Lists of the City and County of Philadelphia: For the Years 1781, 1782 and 1783. (Pennsylvania Archives, Series 3, Vol. 16). Digital version at Ancestry ($).
• 1798 - Pennsylvania, U.S. Direct Tax Lists, 1798 at Ancestry ($).
Vital Records
Philadelphia County
City Archives
3101 Market Street
Philadelphia PA 19104
(215) 685-9402
archives@phila.gov
Vital records are handled by the County Orphans' Court. Between the years 1852-1855 Pennsylvania made a failed attempt to record birth, marriage and death events at the county level. While the records for that time period are available, there were few events recorded. County marriage records were kept in earnest in 1885. Births and deaths, at the county level, were begun in 1893 and kept through 1905. Abstracts and copies of vital records are available for some counties, but most are incomplete. For the most complete set of records, always contact the County Orphans' Court.
Birth
Early births 1893–1905 are located at the County Orphans' Court. See the heading Court Records on this page for contact information.
Indexes for Pennsylvania birth records are available through the Department of of Health for 1906 and 1907. Once an individual is located in the index a non certified Birth certificate can be obtained by writing and sending $3.00 to:
Division of Vital Records
ATTN: Public Records
P.O. Box 1528
New Castle, PA 16103
Marriages
Pennsylvania marriages are located at the county level. Contact the Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania clerk's office for these records.
Additional resources:
• 1700-1821 - Pennsylvania Marriage Records Ancestry.com – ($) This database is incomplete for all counties.
• 1725-1976 - Pennsylvania, Marriages, 1709-1940 - free index. Not complete for all years. This index is an electronic database of information. The entries are primarily from the International Genealogical Index (IGI) along with some entries derived from compiled and original records such as: Family Records, Church Records, Civil Registration. It may also include indexes generated by the internet indexing project sponsored by the LDS Church.
• Pre-1810 – Pennsylvania Marriages Ancestry.com – ($) This database is incomplete for all counties. Includes 35,000 marriage records from vol. VIII of of the second series of the Pennsylvania Archives. :*1752–1804 – Early Marriage Papers of Philadelphia County,1752–1804. Family History Library film FHL Collection 20438 item 8.
• 1808–1895Marriages in Philadelphia, 1808-1895. FHL Collection 381275-8.
• 1814–1839Marriage Register of Philadelphia County, 1814 to 1839. Family History Library film FHL Collection 20438 item 5.
• 1846–1852 – Philadelphia (Pennsylvania). Board of Health. Certificates of Marriages Before John Dennis, Alderman of Philadelphia, 1846-1852. FHL Collection 20447 item 3.
• 1852-1854 - Pennsylvania Marriages Ancestry.com – ($) Index with images.
• 1857–1938 – Philadelphia (Pennsylvania). Mayor. Marriage Records, 1857-1938. FHL Collection 974.811 V28k
• 1860–1885 – Philadelphia (Pennsylvania). Board of Health. Marriage Returns, 1860-1885, Filed by Person Performing the Ceremony. FHL Collection film 1764889. These records are returns of marriages arranged quarterly under the name of the person performing the marriage. They include the date of ceremony, the name, age, place of birth, and residence of parties involved; and the groom's occupation and race. The records are the source for:
• 1860–1885 – Philadelphia (Pennsylvania). Board of Health. Marriage Register, 1860-1885. FHL Collection. These films are difficult to read in many places.
• 1860-1885 Marriages Records are available at the Philadelphia City and County Archives
• 1880–1908 – Pennsylvania. Magistrate's Court (Philadelphia). Record of Marriages, 1880-1908, in Magistrate's Court No. 9. FHL Collection.
• 1885–1916 – Philadelphia County (Pennsylvania). Clerk of the Orphans' Court. Affidavit of Applicant for Marriage License 1885-1915; Index 1885-1916. FHL Collection.
• 1885-1950 - Pennsylvania County Marriage, 1885-1950 Extracted marriage records – free. Most of the records consist of marriage licenses, certificates, applications, docket books, and affidavits. This database is incomplete for all counties. May also contain marriage records earlier than 1885.
• 1885-1951Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Marriage Indexes, 1885-1951 - free index with images.
• 1885–1951Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Marriage Index, 1885-1951 at Ancestry.com – ($).
• Philadelphia County Marriages
Marriage Licenses and Notices
Orphan's Court Marriage Index, 1885-1916
Divorce
Divorce records are available through the office of the Prothonotary. The office of the Prothonotary is located in the courthouse building.
Death
Early deaths 1893–1905 are located at the County Orphans' Court. See the heading Court Records on this page for contact information.
Indexes for Pennsylvania death records are available through the Department of Health for 1906 through 1962. Once an individual is located in the index a non certified death certificate can be obtained obtained by writing and sending $3.00 to:
Division of Vital Records
ATTN: Public Records
P.O. Box 1528
New Castle, PA 16103
Finding Vital Records at Other Repositories
Additional vital records can sometimes be found using search phrases such as Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania Vital Records in online catalogs like:
Places
Prior to 1854 consolidation:
Websites
References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), [FHL book 973 D27e 2002].
2. Wikipedia contributors, "Adams County, Pennsylvania" in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_County,_Pennsylvania (accessed 17 July 2012).
3. The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania http://www.pacourts.us/T/CommonPleas/ accessed 10 July 2012.
4. Amandus Johnson, "Detailed Map of New Sweden 1638-1655" in Amandus Johnson's book The Swedes on the Delaware 1638-1664 (Philadelphia: Swedish Colonial Society, 1915), 392. This blockhouse is mentioned in Johnson's legend, but not displayed on his map, probably because it was replaced by a Swedish fort.
5. Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan, History of New Netherland, 2nd ed. (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1855; digitized by Google, 2006), 2: 79. "The Swedes had already destroyed the trading-house, which the former [Dutch] had built at Schuylkill, and built a fort in its place."
6. "New Sweden" in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia at New_Sweden (accessed 7 November 2008).
7. Albert Cook Myers, Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware, 1630-1707 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1912; reprint Barnes and Noble, 1959; digitized by Google, 2008), 69, note 3. "Chamassung or Finland, where the Finns dwelt, was on the west side of the Delaware River, between the present Marcus Hook in Pennsylvania, and the mouth of Naaman's Creek just over the circular state line in Delaware."
8. Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, v. 3, (Philadelphia:M'Carty and Davis, 1834; digitized by Google, 2006), 11. "Chamassungh, or Finland. This place was inhabited by Finns, who had strong houses, but no fort. It lies at the distance of two German miles, east of Christina, by water; and, by land, it is distant two long Swedish miles."
9. Johnson, Detailed Map.
10. Johnson, Swedish Settlements, 372. "Johann Companius, who was called by the government to go to New Sweden in 1642, was placed on the new budget, with a salary of 10 R.D. a month and seems to have been looked upon as a sort of military preacher. He was stationed at Christina, but shortly after his arrival here he was transferred to Upland, where he settled with his family and conducted the service at New Gothenborg."
11. Myers, 150. "If now [the land at] Upland, which belongs to the Company, and is large enough for the sowing of twenty or thirty bushels of grain, might be given to the parsonage for Nertunius, together with the small houses there, it would be very well; then he would need no other salary from the Company." and footnote 4, "Now Chester."
12. Johnson, Detailed Map.
13. Arthur H. Buffington, "New England and the Western Fur Trade, 1629-1675" Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts 18 (1917): 168 digitized by Google, 2007. "Regardless of the rights of the Dutch and the Swedes, two large tracts of land were purchased in southern New Jersey, and another tract on the future site of Philadelphia. The colony of New Haven extended its jurisdiction over this territory and lent the Company its full support. A settlement was made the same year [1641] at Varkens Kill (Salem, New Jersey), but as it was below the Dutch and Swedish posts and therefore unfavorably situated for the fur trade, a trading post was erected the next year near the mouth of the Schuylkill and above the rival posts. So seriously did this new post interfere with trade that the Dutch, probably with the aid of the Swedes, destroyed the fort and took away the settlers to Manhattan. The settlement at Varkens Kill was not disturbed, but it amounted to little. Some of the settlers perished of disease, some straggled back to New Haven, and a few stayed on, submitting themselves to Swedish rule."
14. Myers, 100. "There in 1642, on the present Fisher's or Province Island at the south side of mouth of the Schuylkill River, as Dr. Amandus Johnson makes clear in his Swedish Settlements, page 213, the New Englanders built a blockhouse, the first edifice definitely recorded as erected within the present limits of Philadelphia. Both the Dutch and the Swedes vainly protested against this competition, and finally the Dutch descended upon the place, burned the blockhouse and adjacent buildings, and carried the settlers to New Amsterdam."
15. Johnson, Detailed Map.
16. Philip S. Klein, and Ari Hoogenboom, "A History of Pennsylvania, 2nd ed." (University Park, Penn.: Penn State Press, 1980; digitized by Google at http://books.google.com/books?id=AB24rFZOmzcC), 11. "Stuyvesant in the spring of 1648 sent an expedition to build a fort on the Schuylkill further inland than any of the Swedish posts. This he called Fort Beversreede — 'beaver road' — for its purpose was to be the first point of contact with the Minqua traders. But before the summer had passed, Printz built a Swedish fort, 'right in front of our Fort Beversreede,' wrote an indignant Dutchman. This building stood between the water's edge and the Dutch blockhouse, its back wall standing just twelve feet from the palisade gate of Fort Beversreede. The Indians thus found Swedes at the anchoring place, and could not even see the Dutch post from the water."
17. Peter Stebbins Craig, "Chronology of Colonial Swedes on the Delaware 1638-1712" in The Swedish Colonial Society [Internet site] at http://www.colonialswedes.org/History/Chronology.html (accessed 10 November 2008). Originally published in Swedish Colonial News, vol. 2, number 5 (Fall 2001). "[1648] Dutch build Fort Beversreede on east side of Schuylkill, but Swedes thwart Dutch attempts to build dwellings in area."
18. John Thomas Scharf, and Thompson Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: L.H. Everets, 1884; digitized by Google, 2006), 1024. "The Dutch Fort Beversrede was built immediately opposite Minquas, or Mingo, or Eagle's Nest Creek, to command the trade in furs (skins) brought that way by the savages."
19. Johnson, Detailed Map.
20. Klein, and Hoogenboom."But before the summer had passed, Printz built a Swedish fort, 'right in front of our Fort Beversreede,' wrote an indignant Dutchman. This building stood between the water's edge and the Dutch blockhouse, its back wall standing just twelve feet from the palisade gate of Fort Beversreede. The Indians thus found Swedes at the anchoring place, and could not even see the Dutch post from the water."
21. Johnson, Detailed Map.
22. "Fort Casimir" in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Casimir (accessed 7 November 2008).
23. Klein and Hoogenboom.
24. Johnson, Detailed Map.
25. Craig. "1651 - Dutch build Fort Casimir at Sand Hook (New Castle) and abandon Fort Bevers-reede in Schuylkill."
26. Johnson, Swedes on the Delaware, 294. "In October, Novermber, and December the new freemen were ordered to clear their lands at various places, for the purpose of planting maize in the coming spring; and several fields at Sandhook, at Fort Christina and up at the [Christina] River were cleared and sewn for the benefit of the company with the grain which Mr. Lord had brought in . . ."
27. "New Sweden" in Wikipedia.
28. "New Sweden" in Wikipedia.
29. "New Netherland" in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_netherland (accessed 13 December 2008).
30. "New Netherland" in Wikipedia.
31. Handybook, 847-61.
32. John B.B. Trussell and Charles C. Dallas, The Pennsylvania Line; Regimental Organization and Operations, 1776-1783 (Harrisburg, Pa.: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1977). Digital version at Family History Archive.
33. Wikipedia contributors, "9th Pennsylvania Regiment," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Pennsylvania_Regiment, accessed 31 May 2012.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Neural Plasticity
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 352829, 7 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/352829
Research Article
SCRAPPER Regulates the Thresholds of Long-Term Potentiation/Depression, the Bidirectional Synaptic Plasticity in Hippocampal CA3-CA1 Synapses
1Cellular & Molecular Synaptic Function Unit, Initial Research Project, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Promotion Corporation, 1919-1, Tancha, Onna 904-0495, Japan
2Molecular Gerontology Research Group, Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida 194-8511, Japan
3Department of Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
4Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi 570-8506, Japan
5Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7 Goban-cho, Chiyoda-ku 102-0076, Japan
Received 10 September 2012; Accepted 31 October 2012
Academic Editor: Michael Stewart
Copyright © 2012 Hiroshi Takagi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
SCRAPPER, which is an F-box protein encoded by FBXL20, regulates the frequency of the miniature excitatory synaptic current through the ubiquitination of Rab3-interacting molecule 1. Here, we recorded the induction of long-term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD) in CA3-CA1 synapses in E3 ubiquitin ligase SCRAPPER-deficient hippocampal slices. Compared to wild-type mice, Scrapper-knockout mice exhibited LTDs with smaller magnitudes after induction with low-frequency stimulation and LTPs with larger magnitudes after induction with tetanus stimulation. These findings suggest that SCRAPPER regulates the threshold of bidirectional synaptic plasticity and, therefore, metaplasticity.
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Publication Listing
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• Title: Worlds of Weber
• Authors: David Weber
• Year: 2009-10-00
• ISBN-10: 1-4391-3314-X
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4391-3314-9
• Publisher: Baen
• Price: $7.99
• Pages: 947
• Binding: pb
• Type: COLLECTION
• Title Reference: Worlds of Weber
• Cover: Bob Eggleton
• ISFDB Record Number: 292827
• Notes: "First Baen paperback printing, October 2009
No number line used
Cover artist credited on copyright page
• Bibliographic Comments: Add new Publication comment (WRLDSFWBRT2009)
Cover art supplied by Amazon
Contents (view Concise Listing)
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Reference Status
Primary Verified by Sjmathis on 2011-11-15 13:29:58
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bibliography: The Lathe of Heaven (Part 2 of 2)
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Title: The Lathe of Heaven (Part 2 of 2)
Author: Ursula K. Le Guin
Year: 1971
Variant Title of: The Lathe of Heaven (by Ursula K. Le Guin ) [may list more publications, awards and reviews]
Type: SERIAL
ISFDB Record Number: 113252
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: science fiction (1), to read 1971 (1), hugo award for best novel finalist (1), hugo and nebula award for best novel finalist (1)
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Low Activity
Contributors : Костадин Дамянов
Analyzed 6 days ago based on code collected 6 days ago.
Activity on wkhtmltopdf by Костадин Дамянов
All-time Commits: 1
12-Month Commits: 1
30-Day Commits: 0
Overall Kudo Rank:
First Commit: 17-May-2012
Last Commit: 17-May-2012
Names in SCM: Костадин Дамянов
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User:Kfifer
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 23:11, 15 April 2007 by Kfifer (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
About Me
• I'm a computer science concentrator also interested in biology. I also enjoy teaching and currently am tfing cs51.
• Harvard College '08
• contact: kfifer --at-- fas.harvard.edu
Biophysics 101
Please click on the date homework is due to see the assignment.
February
SMTWTFS
123
45678910
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18192021222324
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March
SMTWTFS
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18192021222324
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April
SMTWTFS
1234567
891011121314
15161718192021
22232425262728
2930
Summer 2006
• I really enjoyed working with the Harvard iGEM team last summer. You can find the group wiki here.
• I primarily focused my work on DNA nanostructures. You can find our wiki here.
• Also you can read about our work covered in Technology Review.
• We participated in the iGEM jamboree. If you're interested in iGEM you can find more information here.
• Useful DNA Nanostructures scripts.
Misc
Graphic Design Work
PRISE Presentation
iGEM final presentation
Elisa Presentation
Personal tools
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[8]
He sent out no Persians as satraps over Cilicia or Cyprus or Paphlagonia, because these he thought joined his expedition against Babylon voluntarily; he did, however, require even these nations to pay tribute.
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Cyprus (Cyprus) (1)
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hide References (2 total)
• Cross-references to this page (1):
• Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), SUSA
• Cross-references in general dictionaries to this page (1):
hideData/Identifiers
Citation URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0032.tlg007.perseus-eng1:8.6.8
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[294e] they think they must employ a rougher method and give a general rule which will be good for the physique of the majority.
Younger Socrates
Good.
Stranger
And therefore they nowadays assign equal exercise to whole classes; they make them begin at the same time and stop at the same time, whether they run or wrestle or practise any other kind of bodily exercise.
Younger Socrates
That is true.
Stranger
And so we must believe that the law-maker who is to watch over the herds and maintain justice and the obligation of contracts,
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1
1 [4]
The peninsula bounded by a line drawn from the Ambracic Gulf to Thermopylæ and the Maliac Gulf, and includes the three former.
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load focus Greek (1877)
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Citation URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng2:9.1.4
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Person talk:Thomas Christian (13)
Who were his parents? [1 March 2011]
We don't have the answer yet. If you are a descendent of Thoas Bailey Christian you may want to join a DNA project to help solve this mystery. I found one on the Internet:
chalkley chronicles [3 March 2011]
this notice is from the chakley chronicles which some writers online think is our Thomas. I wasn't sure about including it on his page until we can verify it is him.
Thomas Christian vs. Wray--O. S. 54; N. S. 18--Bill, 23d July, 1803. Joseph Wray obtained a certificate by settlement right in Washington County (afterwards Russell), now Tazewell County. Joseph died intestate, leaving his son John Wray heir-at-law, who sold to orator. In 1799 John Wray lived in Kentucky. Joseph's widow deposes in Madison County, Ky. The land was on Clinch River called Indian Crick. John Ray deposes in Clermont County Ohio, where he then resided 18th February, 1806. Deed 26th September, 1794 by John Wray to Thomas Christian of Sumner County, territory south of the Ohio. William Lockhart deposes in Tazewell County 28th September, 1805; aged 27 years. Richard Oney deposes in Tazewell County 28th September, 1805; aged 50 years. John Hawkins deposes in Tazewell County, 28th September, 1805; aged 65 years. John Deskins deposes in Tazewell County 28th September, 1805; aged 31 years. James Brown deposes in Tazewell County 28th September, 1805; aged 50 years. Lawrence Murray deposes in Tazewell County 28th September, 1805; aged 53 years. Oliver Wynne deposes in Tazewell County 28th September, 1805; aged 36 years.
CHRONICLES OF THE SCOTCH-IRISH SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA; Vol 2, pp 86-95 by Lyman Chalkley
http://www.rootsweb.com/~chalkley--Cthrnvl 19:13, 2 March 2011 (EST)
Hezekiah Whitt, Capt Thomas Mastin [3 March 2011]
This is a message online about Thomas Christian.
Posted by: Karen DaPra (ID *****5302) Date: September 17, 2003 at 18:53:26 In Reply to: Re: Thomas Christian wed Louisa Harman abt1800 Va or WVa by Bob Christian of 3214
Hezekiah Whitt's pension application of 1844 in Tazewell Co, VA mentions as part of his service, Hezekiah served in 1779 under Capt. Thomas Maston to fight the Cherokee Indians of Tennessee.
In this same pension application, there is a deposition of Thomas Christian who deposes that he was raised from childhood by Capt Thomas Mastin (being left an orphan)...also Thomas Christian knew said Whit at the time & has known him ever since.
I believe the Christian Chronicles state that no papers have ever been found to verify Capt. Thomas Mastin formally adopted Thomas Christian. It is said Capt. Thomas Mastin had at least one daughter Elizabeth (b.1792 Washington Co, VA d. date unknown in Warren Co, KY) who m. John F. Carpenter.
In Chalkley's Chronicles of the Scotch-Irish there is a lawsuit "Thomas Christian vs. Wray" 23 Jul 1803 which in a nutshell states Joseph Wray obtained certificate by right of settlment in Washington (afterwards Russell) now Tazewell Co. Joseph d. intestate, leaving son John Wray heir-at-law. John Wray sold a piece of land twice - first to Thomas Christian, of Sumner Co, territory south of the Ohio, by deed dated 26 Sep 1794 and then sold it a second time to Craven Belsha who bribed him......it states Thomas Christian was an orphan. Thomas Christian won the case.
This places Thomas Christian in Sumner Co, TN in 1794 and this is where Capt. Thomas Mastin died. Thomas Mastin born October 07, 1749, Spotsyvania Co Va married Agnes (maiden name unknown) January 04, 1773, Sumner County, Tenn. Thomas Mastin died 3 Oct 1810 Sumner Co, TN. (These dates are either from the Christian Chronicles OR a DAR application.]
As far as Nathaniel Christian being the father of Thomas: 1) I have some notes regarding Nathaniel's estate but I need to get a full copy of estate papers. Nathaniels' will was witnessed by Isham Christian (his son?) and a Boydston (Nathaniel's daughter m. William Boydston). Of course, Thomas would only have been abt 9 yrs old. There should be guardianship papers for Thomas in Montgomery Co, VA court papers....I don't have. 2) Early Adventures of Western Waters (Kegley)Volume 2, p. 102 states Thomas Christian, Heir-at-law of Nathaniel Christian, deceased, 400 acres on Brush Creek, Branch of Bluestone. Isham and Anthony Christian, Heir-at-laws of Nathaniel Christian, deceased, 400 acres on East River below Five Mile Fork.
If I have more, I don't have in front of me. Hope this helps. I would like to know more on this CHRISTIAN line. Karen in Michigan--Cthrnvl 19:15, 2 March 2011 (EST)
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Place:Perry, Clarion, Pennsylvania, United States
Watchers
NamePerry
Alt namesPerrysource: WeRelate abbreviation
TypeTownship
Located inClarion, Pennsylvania, United States
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Perry Township is a township in Clarion County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,064 at the 2000 census.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Perry Township, Clarion County, Pennsylvania. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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174 reputation
4
bio website
location Los Angeles, CA
age 22
visits member for 1 year, 11 months
seen Nov 30 '11 at 20:21
stats profile views 10
Design student at UCLA, love coding, football and basketball. Fluent with HTML/CSS, ASP.NET, Java (Processing), and currently learning Objective-C and the iOS SDK. Also have to give a shout-out to my iPhone and Mac, gotta love Apple.
3 Votes Cast
all time by type
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Hardware LEDs
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
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m (Reverted edit of Te0Xhy, changed back to last version by Ice Lion)
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[[Category:Kurobox]]
=LED Description=
=LED Description=
==Power LED (green)==
==Power LED (green)==
Latest revision as of 00:07, 13 July 2007
Contents
LED Description
Power LED (green)
on Normal operation.
blink Bootup, loading Flash ROM and starting ppc_uartd.
blink slowly Shutdown timer has been activated. Box will shutdown soon.
If ppc_uartd does not start for some reason (or is started late due to hardware/software issues), the Power LED will continue blinking. After five minutes the DIAG LED will continuously blink 6 times (hard drive failure) and then shut the box down.
LINK/ACT LED
orange 10BASE-T
green 100BASE-TX
blue 1000BASE-T (Kurobox HG only)
DISK FULL LED (red)
on Hard drive full
blink Writing to Flash ROM
DIAG LED (red)
3 times blink Partition warning: /dev/hda3 is not mounted on /mnt. You can ignore this.
4 times blink Problem with the cooling fan - probably rotor jammed.
5 times blink Problem with the Flash ROM or Boot Kernel*1 *2
6 times blink Hard drive not found, or ppc_uartd is not running.*3
7 times blink Problem with the RAM, Ethernet Controller, or IDE Host Controller.
multiple blinks Writing to Flash ROM.
Source: [1] with translation help from nobuakiy.
*1 If your boot kernel is located on your hard drive, and your hard drive fails, you will get the Flash ROM error instead of the hard drive error because the boot kernel could not be loaded.
*2 It may be possible to recover from a Flash ROM error by pulling out the power cord and trying to boot again the next day.
*3 Users have reported getting this error when the hard drive already has a Linux partition on it. The solution appears to be to simply reformat the hard drive.This might also happen if the PSU does not provide enough power for the hard drive, or if the hard drive takes too much time spinning up.
Personal tools
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Error!
Success!
Disposing Windows SharePoint Services objects
0
kicks
Disposing Windows SharePoint Services objects (Unpublished)
I came accross this article on MSDN about disposable WSS 3.0 objects. I recommend anyone working with the SharePoint object model to give this article a thorough read. The article outlines the fact that the two main classes in the object model SPSite and SPWeb both use unmanaged code and without proper disposal can seriously harm the performance of your SharePoint site.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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England The National ArchivesEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Redirect page
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 29 February 2012, at 15:53.
• This page has been accessed 68 times.
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Research news
Making way for repair
William Wells
Genome Biology 2000, 1:spotlight-20001227-01 doi:10.1186/gb-spotlight-20001227-01
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at:
Published:27 December 2000
© 2000 BioMed Central Ltd
Research news
In the 21/28 December Nature Downs et al. suggest that phosphorylation of budding yeast histone H2A in response to radiation damage loosens up chromatin to allow the entry of repair proteins (Nature 2000, 408:1001-1004). They mutate the carboxyl terminus of H2A to replace a serine, whose phosphorylation is dependent on the DNA-damage-induced kinase Mec1, with an alanine. The resulting strain is sensitive to agents that induce double-strand breaks (DSBs), but not to ultraviolet light or mutagens that affect a single DNA strand. Transcriptional responses to DNA damage, checkpoint delays, and repair by homologous recombination are not affected by the mutation, but DSB repair by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is defective. A serine to glutamic acid substitution that mimics the phosphorylated H2A results in plasmids that are topologically more relaxed, and regions of DNA between individual nucleosomes that are more susceptible to degradation. Thus the Mec1-dependent phosphorylation of H2A may facilitate NHEJ by decondensing chromatin to allow repair proteins better access to the DNA.
References
1. [http://www.nature.com/nature/] webcite
Nature
2. Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 A resolution.
PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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Paper report
Amino-acid substitution and protein function
Reiner Veitia
• Correspondence: Reiner Veitia
Genome Biology 2001, 2:reports0020 doi:10.1186/gb-2001-2-7-reports0020
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://genomebiology.com/2001/2/7/reports/0020
Received:1 June 2001
Published:27 June 2001
© 2001 BioMed Central Ltd
Significance and context
Determining the effects of a mutation on a protein's structure and function has until recently only been possible by laborious physical and biological characterization of the mutant protein. With the advent of databases containing vast amounts of information on DNA and protein sequences and on protein structure and function, computational methods to speed up the assessment of the effects of mutation can now be envisaged. Sunyaev et al. describe a computational method for assessing the impact of amino-acid substitutions on the structure and function of a protein, using a wide range of information from the databases. This should in future enable a provisional prediction of the effects of a newly identified mutation or polymorphism to be made more rapidly.
Key results
The method (see Methodological innovations for details) was first evaluated using a set of known deleterious amino-acid replacements in human proteins. The analysis produced 10-30% false-negatives; that is, changes that were predicted not to be deleterious. On analysis of a data set consisting of human proteins and their orthologs from other mammals, the method predicted that about 9% of the substitutions are damaging, thus providing an estimate of the rate of false-positive prediction (base substitutions that have been fixed in functional proteins in different lineages cannot be considered deleterious). Applying the methodto data on well-characterized polymorphisms (polymorphisms in which the allele frequency, three-dimensional structure of the protein and disease association are all known), 73% of damaging changes were successfully predicted. The authors also estimate that an average human genome carries approximately 20,000 heterozygous changes with respect to a human consensus sequence; out of these 'substitutions', about 2,000 would be predicted to be deleterious. The authors provide theoretical and experimental evidence that most of the deleterious amino-acid replacements are not expected to abolish protein function, however. Much work is required in order to achieve a better performance in prediction, even if all currently available information is taken into account by the method.
Methodological innovations
The authors propose a combined prediction strategy that explores the physicochemical effects of each amino-acid change and exploits all the information available in sequence and structure databases. They take into account whether the replacement lies in an annotated active or binding site; whether it affects the interaction with ligands; if it leads to a change in hydrophobicity or electrostatic charge in a buried site; destroys a disulfide bond; inserts a proline in an α-helix; or is incompatible with the profile of the substitutions observed in a set of aligned homologous proteins. An evolutionary conservation analysis has also been integrated in the prediction tool. For this, a set of proteins homologous (more than 30% identity) to the ones under analysis is assembled and a sequence profile is extracted from the aligned sequences. Then a scoring system is used to evaluate whether the amino-acid replacement alters protein structure and/or function.
Links
The data used to compile this study are available from the website of the Bork lab. A report of another approach to predicting the effects of mutation can be found in a related report Genome Biology 2(7):reports0019.
Reporter's comments
Unfortunately, ab initio predictions of the impact of an amino-acid replacement are not possible yet (if indeed they will ever be) and, at the very minimum, homologous protein sequence data are required for the method presented here to work. Although this might be a problem today, it is likely to become less so in the near future, as the sequences of more genomes will be available. From the data and analyses presented in the paper, it is clear that each of us has always been, and will always be, an 'average' individual from a selective point of view.
Table of links
Assumptions that are made about each paper that is the subject of a report, unless otherwise specified:
The full text and figures are available only to subscribers of the journal, but are available over the internet from the journal's website. The paper itself is abstracted by PubMed. There is no supplementary material.
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Comment
A day in the life of a genome biologist in the not-too-distant future
Gregory A Petsko
Author Affiliations
Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA
Genome Biology 2007, 8:104 doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-3-104
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/3/104
Published:29 March 2007
© 2007 BioMed Central Ltd
Comment
Megalopolis, United States of Western Hemisphere, 18 June 2273. The following fragment was uncovered in an underwater archaeological dig, on the site now generally believed to be the location of the almost mythical engineering school, Screwloose La Tech. Ever since global warming led to the flooding of the entire Eastern Seaboard of North America in 2138, artifacts from the Cambrian Period, as the period of the great universities in Cambridge is called, have been very hard to come by. This document is therefore of great historical significance. Nothing is known about the writer, except that similarities of style suggest that he may actually have been the same as the master of the Genome Biology columns, whose work has recently been challenged as fraudulent.
Pursuant to Federal Paperwork Reduction Act 3,671 of 2016, herewith is submitted daily activities report for Saturday, 3 June 2030.
7:44 am to 8:02 am. Arrived shuttle parking lot number 4, located 11.25 miles from campus. Turned off motor on electric car and detached mandatory passive restraint devices (seat belt, shoulder harness, neck brace, ankle restraints and wrist locks) before exiting. Plugged battery cord into recharger built into parking meter. Inserted $255 in five dollar coins to cover daily parking and battery charging costs. [Personal note: must remember to get more five dollar coins from bank. Ever since university raised off-campus parking fees for faculty to $41,000 per year, have been lugging around more bags of coins than an armored car.] Waited 30 minutes for shuttle bus to campus.
8:46 am to 9:27 am. Arrived at office. Couldn't unlock door because minor head cold has altered appearance of eyes and eyeball-scanner security device couldn't recognize them. Waited 30 minutes for campus swat team to respond to security alarm and unlock door.
9:28 am to 11:11 am. Turned on computer and checked email. Only 1,459 new messages since last night. Ran new Microsoft anti-spam program, which automatically deleted 832 of them, including message from mother. Ran newer Microsoft anti-spam bug fixer, which restored message from mother and other 831 junk messages, plus 204 new junk messages it found from somewhere. Switched to personal examination of messages. Found that only two messages actually were important; all others were spam, including message from mother.
11:12 am to 11:54 am. Surprise inspection by agents from Government Office for Toxicity Checking and Hazard Assessment (GOTCHA). Examined all labs-on-chips at every student desk-bench. Found four minor violations (two chips were not dusted and the dust from two others was not properly collected and stored). Ever since scientific responsibility for wrongdoing (SCREW) mandate of 2020, signed into law by President George IJK Bush IV, scientist responsible for laboratory must pay fines for any GOTCHA violations immediately from personal funds. Presented debit card to agents for fines of $4,400 ($1,100 per violation). Oh well, still a lot better than last week.
11:55 am to 12:39 pm. Met with two students from advanced genomic, cell, molecular and psychological neurosociobiology course. Listened to complaints about their midterm grade. Students argued that grade of A+++, well below class average, severely hampered their ability to gain admission to medical school and therefore constituted grievous psychological harm. Threatened to inflict equivalent grievous bodily harm unless I changed grades. Ever since mandatory American national interpersonal armament concealment (MANIAC) statute law, signed by President George LMN Bush V, required that all citizens carry concealed weapons at all times, such student-faculty disputes have become easier to resolve. Started reaching for pocket grenade launcher but then considered that odds of 2-against-1 dictated non-violent response. Changed grades to class average of Super-A+++++++.
12:40 pm to 12:45 am. Ate lunch, which as always consisted of trans-fat sandwich on tobacco leaf bread. Paused to reflect how amazing that earlier generations of scientists actually considered this unhealthy - exactly the opposite of what careful research has now shown.
12:45 pm to 1:56 am. Reviewed results of latest genome sequencing project in the lab. Sequence of gerbil genome, begun at 12 noon, now complete. Immediately entered file of results into Microsoft Office 2025, which immediately crashed after erasing file. Restored file from backup microdot and relaunched program, which proceeded to write paper describing results, including changing spelling of my name to something it liked better. Attempted to change name back only to be told by the program that it was smarter than me, always would be smarter than me, and that I should go away and let my betters do their job. [Personal note: visit district court and change spelling of my name to that used by program].
1:56 am to 2:39 pm. Submitted finished manuscript, with Bill Gates III first author, as he is on all papers everywhere, to Nature Gerbil, Gerbil Cell, Gerbil Genome Biology, PloS Gerbil, and Current Gerbil Biology. (Ever since famous Supreme Court decision in case of J Craig Venter vs Nature, Science and Cell, scientists have had the right to submit their papers simultaneously to as many journals as they like, and to have the same paper published in up to five journals at once.) Since the Harold Varmus overthrow of capitolism (HAVOC) Act of 2011 made it illegal for journals to reject papers or to make a profit, all journals now accept all papers automatically so paper was immediately accepted by all five. Should appear on-line sometime in 2037 if the backlog doesn't get worse.
2:39 am to 3:55 pm. Attended mandatory daily sensitivity training workshop, required of all faculty by the Office of Self-Esteem, which has controlled all US universities since the Political Correctness Wars of 2014. Was reminded yet again that any idea, no matter how idiotic, must be respected since to do otherwise would stifle student creativity and self-expression.
3:55 pm to 4:00 pm. Thought about meaning of results of research.
4:00 pm to 6:15 pm. Realized I had forgotten to check e-mail for several hours. Found 2,651 new messages. Not bad. Deleted all except offer from ex-Nigerian government official who wants to give me $24 billion in return for promise to think happy thoughts about him. Must look into this tomorrow.
6:15 pm to 7 pm. Packed up to go home. Waited 45 minutes for shuttle bus to parking lot. While waiting, checked latest news on iPhone. Still no progress on ending war in Iraq.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Mohamed Nanabhay
Contributor profile · 22 posts · joined 11 April 2007
RSS feed for Mohamed Nanabhay
View all contributors »
Mohamed is a South African working in Qatar. He blogs about Media, Technology and Culture at mohamedn.com.
Email Mohamed Nanabhay
Latest posts by Mohamed Nanabhay
10 September 2008
Sympathy and Support for Qatari student killed in the UK
A 16-year-old Qatari student visiting Britain died as a result of head injuries sustained when he was attacked by local youth. Mohamed Al-Majed was in Hastings, East Sussex, attending an English language course. The circumstances of the death are still under investigation but the police “are treating his death as a murder inquiry, and are investigating it as racially motivated at this time.” Reactions out of Qatar have been strong.
24 June 2008
“Qatar's greatest football moment…”
Football fans in Qatar were ecstatic over the Qatari national teams 1-0 win over Iraq in a World Cup qualifier. Greeker described it as “Qatar's greatest football moment…” writing: 75th...
30 April 2008
Qatar: Online Community Comes to the Aid of Workers
Qatar Living members are rallying to help an offline community of 600 workers who have lost all their belongings after a devastating fire broke out in their labour camp, writes Mohamed Nanabhay, from Doha, Qatar.
18 February 2008
Editorial Transparency in Qatar
A misunderstanding around the safety of bottle water in Qatar (it's fine!) has led to an interesting conversation about the quality of the English language press in Qatar. Comments were passed back and forth between between a commenter on Qatar Living (tallg) and the Managing Editor of a local English newspaper in Qatar, writes Mohamed Nanabhay.
25 October 2007
Qatar: Divorce via SMS
PeacefulMuslimah, who lives in Qatar, was just divorced via an SMS text message from her husband. She has: “lots of questions rattling around in my head but not a lot of answers…”
8 October 2007
Qatar: Sunbathing in Ramadan
Gypsy was shocked to find someone sunbathing in a bikini in the parking lot of a popular shopping centre in Doha. She writes thatlaying out in your bikini in a busy parking lot with labourers and women in hijab and abaya walking by you DURING RAMADAN is the most disrespectful thing I have ever witnessed in Qatar.
15 August 2007
Beyond Borders: Bloggers Face off over Jordanian Treatment of Iraqi Travellers
The treatment of Iraqis at the Jordan's Queen Alia Airport has triggered a storm in the Middle Eastern blogosphere. What at first seemed to be a straight forward story of refugees being ill-treated by their neighbour's security guards has spawned into a Pan-Arab spat (the type of which is normally reserved for the Palestinian-Israeli conflict), writes Mohamed Nanabhay, who sifts through blogs to bring us what the uproar is all about.
14 August 2007
Child killed in Egypt
Abdulrahman Mansour was horrified to report that Egyptian police brutally tortured and killed 12 year old Muhammad Mamdooh Abdulrahman who they “arrested” for petty theft.
10 August 2007
Documentary on Workers Rights in the Gulf
Jane in Doha points us to a documentary (in Arabic) produced by AlJazeera on the condition of workers in the Gulf States. She is happy that the regional media is paying attention to this problem since there are “17 million foreign workers in the Gulf. Most are from Asia and Egypt”.
8 August 2007
Morad and the Crashing ATM machines
Morad keeps on crashing ATM machines in Qatar every time he puts in his debit card. To his surprise, the ATM machines are running on Windows XP Professional.
World regions
Countries
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Tuesday, 25 August 2009
Into battle! Will Dids save British design?
That veritable Boudica of British Design, battling Dids Macdonald of ACID (Anti Copying in Design), is at it again. Rather than sit back and watch the invading hordes of infringing products stifle the profitability of the creative but defenceless British design sector, she is taking on the British government itself in an attempt to force it to stiffen its legislative programme with some tough new deterrents -- both civil and criminal.
Dids is currently promoting two new-style Downing Street Petitions, each of which calls upon supporters to sign up en masse in the hope that the government might be persuaded that (i) there is a good economic argument in favour of deterrence of design piracy, that (ii) it is just and proper to hit design pirates where it hurts, or that (iii) there are votes to be won by supporting indigenous designers.
To sign the petitions, you must be a British citizen or resident. The closing date for signatures is 21 April 2010.
The first petition reads as follows: We the undersigned petition the Prime Minister to make changes to the copyright and unregistered design right infringement damages regime to create greater deterrent against IP theft. As Dids explains:
"The design industry is a creative industry and all too often ACID is increasingly aware of the emotional damage suffered by a designer when their designs are copied. This can have an extremely detrimental effect on their future ability and willingness to create new designs. A dissuasive system of damages for IP infringement needs to be created to discourage design theft.
In the recently published Government response to the consultation paper “Law of Damages”, The Ministry of Justice has ignored a Government implementation commitment on all recommendations in the 2006 Gowers Review on intellectual property to improve damages awarded for intellectual property theft. Despite this commitment, the MoJ has failed to address the lack of a deterrent effect within the existing damages regime. Gowers had recommended that the MoJ consult over the creation of such a deterrent function for civil damages awards for IP crime. Clearly, one of the main disincentives to a copier or dealer in copies of pirated goods is the potential remedies available against them should action be brought. Currently there are no criminal sanctions available for design infringement".
The second petition reads: "We the undersigned petition the Prime Minister to Create a law which introduces criminal sanctions for design right infringement". Again, Dids explains:
"Design law today has a far greater importance in terms of protecting new designs than it has ever done in the past. The four most copied industries within ACID’s membership are the furniture, textiles, interior accessories and giftware industries. A visit to any major High Street retailer will clearly demonstrate the importance of these sectors of the design industry to the UK economy. ACID is very concerned that there are currently no criminal sanctions whatsoever under the UK unregistered and registered design right, the unregistered or registered Community design. Accordingly anyone dealing in pirated goods that are protected by one of the design rights rather than by copyright or trade marks are at no risk of criminal proceedings being brought against them. Since ACID's formation in 1996, it has seen a huge escalation of copying taking place within the design industry. ACID firmly believes that the introduction of criminal sanctions for design right infringements, will have a significant effect on the reduction of copying and dealings with pirated goods in the UK, consequently strengthening the British design industry".
If you sympathise with these causes, you know what to do! And if you have any friends in the design sector, do please forward this post to them.
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IGEM:IMPERIAL/2006/LabCalendar/2006-8-29
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
TO DO:
*Culture up the ligated parts (J37022 & J37025) for miniprep (to check whether ligations from Monday
were successful) from plates in incubator
*Make frozen stock of 4G(S01656), J37018 and colony 2 of J37020
*Make more 50 times TAE
*Culture for testing: T9002, J37015, J37020 (colony 2)
*To order: LB medium (or make up ourselves & send to autoclave) & make some LB Amp to have in stock
Autoclaved flasks (and cuvettes?)
Need more eppendorfs
More LB Amp plates ? (How many more do we need for our remaining time - there are about 10 left)
*Gels from the weekend need to be analysed: Were J37018 & J37024 ligations successful ?
LoxP PCR
• Run once more, this time with DMSO, and a larger amount of maxiprepped DNA
• Major breakthrough - discovered that the reason for the repeated failures maybe that the DNA is there, but is not showing up.
• Today's gel was looked at immediately after being run and two distinct bands could be seen - however these disappeared once left for a few minutes.
• Once immersed in Ethidium bromide solution, the bands reappeared under the UV light.
Ligations
• Repeat ligation J37023(Immunotagged AiiA)->1I
• Digest DNA from Maxi prep stock
• Run Maxi prep gel
• Image:Maxi j37024.pdf
• Glass Milk Purify insert and vector (J37023 and 1I respectively)
• Leave to ligate overnight
Testing
Culture Up bacteria for testing tomorrow.
Personal tools
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
The significance of a man is not in what he attains, but rather what he longs to attain. Gibran, Kahlil
This quote is about desire · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Gibran, Kahlil ...
Gibran Khalil Gibran (January 6, 1883 April 10, 1931) was a Lebanese poet and artist. His poetry is notable for its use of formal language and insights on topics of life using spiritual terms. He emigrated to Boston, USA in 1895 with his mother, sisters and half-brother. He studied art in Boston, and French and Arabic in Lebanon. The spelling "Kahlil Gibran" is the result of an error when he first entered school in Boston.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Set your affection on things above, not on things on the earth. [Colossians 3:2] Bible
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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McDyess, Marbury or Neither?
RedsArmyAdmin November 7, 2008 Uncategorized 6 Comments
There continues to be an awful lot of chatter about the Celtics reaching out and acquiring Antonio McDyess and (god forbid) Stephon Marbury.
Putting a Celtics uniform on Starbury doesn't make sense to anyone except the out-of-touch Charlie Pierce who apparently has taken a liking to the crazed point guard because of his cheap sneakers and jackets.
Personally, and as a gesture of gratitude for the cheap shoes, I think your defending world champions should take a look at him. He’s still a healthy veteran point guard, and the team has yet to produce a backup for Rajon Rondo, who will become a star if they can somehow keep him intact.
Here's what a lot of people still don't get: the Celtics don't need a backup point guard. Eddie House works. Having the 2nd unit offense run through Paul Pierce or Ray Allen works. What doesn't work is a crazed, tattoo-on-the-head, me first guy named Stephon Marbury.
McDyess intrigues me. His performance against the Celtics in the ECF is reason enough to bring him here. But do we really need another perimeter-playing big man? And while PJ Brown was happy with a reduced role, with McDyess be happy playing 15 minutes a night? And is there room on the roster? Who will be cut? Patrick O'Bryant? Does Big Baby get traded?
Verdict: If you can get McDyess for the $2.392 million midlevel exception…then do it. Maybe Danny will finally smarten up and cut Scalabrine to make room.
Today's Links: USA Today – Bucks vs Celtics Preview | Herald – Powe a Force Inside | SI.com – 5 Future Draft Picks to Watch
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Difference between revisions of "Uludağ"
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(+ some little details on getting in, skiing, grocery stores, cafes, hotels area)
m (Buy: clearer)
Line 63: Line 63:
==Buy==
==Buy==
There are a number of kiosks/grocery stores on the mountain, although like almost anything else, they provide snacks and drinks for about three times of what you'd pay elsewhere.
+
There are a number of kiosks/grocery stores on the mountain, although like almost anything else offered by commercial establishments in Uludağ, they provide snacks and drinks for about three times of what you'd pay elsewhere.
==Eat==
==Eat==
Revision as of 22:45, 28 August 2010
The summit of Uludağ as seen from a tranquil meadow afar
Uludağ (pronounced oo loo daa) is a national park and wintersports resort in Southern Marmara of Turkey.
Contents
Understand
With its 2,543 mt/8,343 ft summit, Uludağ is the highest mountain of northwestern Turkey. There are some reports and photos that claims its summit is visible from Istanbul about 150 km north as the crow flies on clear days, though this is usually not the case.
Uludağ has two sides to it: On one side, it's an untouched natural beauty of forests, hills, and rocks overlooked by eagles and on the other it's a heavily-used resort of wintersports. One might argue there is a third side as well, the relatively small-sized but well-used daily-use areas that are filled with kebab-odour that disseminate from grills of open-air restaurants.
History
Uludağ was one of the twenty-odd mountains around the eastern half of Mediterranean basin that used to be called Olympos in ancient times—more precisely Mysian Olympos in this case, Mysia being the ancient name of the region what is about eastern two-thirds of Southern Marmara today.
In medieval times, Uludağ served as a hermitage to Christian monks, a situation which is the reason why its name was Keşiş Dağı ("Mountain of the Monks") in Ottoman Turkish. It was renamed Uludağ, which translates "Great Mountain" ("great" being more in the sense of "grand"), in 1935, about a decade after the Turkish Republic was founded.
Landscape
Northern side of the mountain overlooking the city of Bursa (though you should be darn lucky to have a glimpse of the city from most locations on the mountain) is dotted with a number of flat plateaus around 1,600 mt above the sea level: Sarıalan (the main daily-use area and where cable cars from Bursa terminate), Kadıyayla (where the cable car pauses before heading forward to Sarıalan), Karabelen (when approaching by road, the national park gate is situated here), and Kirazlıyayla (the first plateau after the park gate) among others.
The southern slopes of the mountain is far steeper and is less accessible.
Flora and fauna
Uludağ is one of the places where school geography textbooks come true: the mountain has belts of different types of vegetation varying with the elevation. The lowest slopes bordering Bursa, up to 350 mt above the sea level is covered with Mediterranean shrubs (maquis), such as laurel trees. Between 350 through 700 mt, it's the warm temperate decidious forests dominated by chestnut trees (this zone is where most of those delicious chestnut desserts unique to Bursa originates from). It's the time for cool temperate decidious woods between 700 to 1,500 mt, dominated by beech trees. 1,500 to 2,100 mt is the highest belt that still allow trees to grow, dominated by indemic firs of Uludağ. Tree-less and fragile alpine meadows cover the areas of mountain above 2,100 mt.
Bears, wolves, deers, and eagles among others are the dwellers of Uludağ.
Climate
As you may be expecting, Uludağ is far chillier than nearby Bursa thanks to its elevation. The wintersports season, especially skiing, is between October and April, with a guaranteed stable snowcover and constant below freezing temperatures between December and March. A summer day that is sweltering hot in Bursa is likely to be cool enough that makes it really uncomfortable without at least a cardigan outdoors in Uludağ during the day and definately at night.
Get in
Autumn colours along the cobbled road to Uludağ
Cable car to Uludağ
The narrow (wide enough for vehicles to pass side by side though) and tarmac road from Bursa (with signs pointing it all around the city) winds on the side of the mountain for 22 km until it arrives at the national park gate at Karabelen. After the gate, it turns into—or rather isn't upgraded from since it was opened—a cobbled road, presumably to force drivers to lower their speed, so that driving under icy conditions in winter on this winding road is safe. The cobbled road lasts for 8 km until Sarıalan, or 12 km until Oteller (area where all hotels are clustered).
In winter, vehicles without tire chains may not be allowed to go further than park gate if park authorities decide so (which usually do so in heavily-snowing days). Fortunately, you'll see a lot of stalls run by local people on sides of the road which sell chains—though they'll for sure try to rip you off if it's one of those no-cars-without-chains days (like trying to sell the chain for up to 100 TL, whereas it would cost about 15 TL elsewhere). Whether a snowy day or not, winter driving rules apply.
30-person cable cars (teleferik) from Bursa's upper neighbourhood of Teferrüç on the foothills of the mountain (minibuses with signs Teferrüç – Teleferik get there from central Bursa) take a much more direct route than the road. It takes around 20-25 minutes to get to the Sarıalan station located at 1,634 mt above the sea level. At about mid-way up to Sarıalan, there is a change station at Kadıyayla. Because of space constraints, no skiing/snowboarding equipment is allowed in the cable car, but fortunately you can rent them up on the mountain. As of 2010, teleferik ride from Teferrüç to Sarıalan costs 10 TL pp return on Wednesdays and Fridays, 15 TL pp return on other days [1]. Children aged 7-12 are entitled for a 50% concession. Departures start 8:30AM with 30-minute intervals until 10AM. Then, there is a departure every 40 minutes during the rest of the day with the last departure from Teferrüç to Sarıalan at 8PM and the last returning departure to the city at 8:20PM [2]. Cable car service may be cancelled due to bad weather, especially in wintertime.
If that's the case, then you can take 15-person dolmuşes from Bursa, which have no fixed hours, and depart when full. Their departure stop is in Tophane, next to the Saltanatkapı gate of old city walls. It takes around 50 minutes to get to Oteller, their last stop in Uludağ, by these dolmuşes and a one-way trip costs 9 TL pp. There are also dolmuş taksis with a capacity of four passengers available, which naturally have less waiting times until they are full, and which cost 15 TL pp one-way.
Fees/Permits
A flat rate—which doesn't depend on the number of passengers—for vehicles is charged at the national park gate. Bigger the vehicle, more expensive the fee (though not prohibitively so).
Get around
Minibuses (dolmuş) are available from Sarıalan cable car station to Oteller area, about 10 km away and where all of the hotels are located.
2-person gondola lifts (telesiyej) start from their separate station next to the cable car station in Sarıalan and head to Çobankaya plateau 3 km away and about 100 mt higher than Sarıalan. A return ticket on gondola lift line costs 10 TL pp, with a 50% reduction for children aged 7-12.
See
• At Bakacak Plateau near Çobankaya—where gondola lifts from Sarıalan terminate—you can have a large overlooking view of the region around the mountain, including the city of Bursa just north of Uludağ, and Lake Apollonia (Apolyont Gölü or Ulubat Gölü in Turkish), about 50 km to west.
Do
The "two sides" of Uludağ is also evident in the activities it offers: in wintertime it's skiing down the white slopes, in summertime it's taking a walk amidst the woods.
Skiing
Teleskis and skiing tracks of Uludağ with the hotels at the back
Uludağ is the oldest wintersports resort of the country with the first hotel opened in 1940s. Uludağ offers a number of tracks between fir trees, each with a different level of hardness. Lots of teleskis are available, though unlike many other wintersports resorts around the world, there is not a universal teleski pass system in Uludağ, so you may have to pay each time you use a teleski unless you are using your hotel's own, although there are daily passes valid for each individual teleskis, which cost 80 TL a day.
Skiing equipment can be rented on the mountain for 15-25 TL a day.
Hiking
Although none of them waymarked, there is a number of hiking trails on the mountain, with the most popular ones being the trail from Sarıalan to Çobankaya and the trail to the glacial lakes and the summit, which you can start from the abandoned wolfram mine (location simply known as Volfram) east of Oteller area. Volfram to lakes and summit hike is reported to take place along a non-waymarked but obvious trail which forks in about an hour and a half after you started walking: trail to right leads to the summit while the one to left leads to the lakes. Hiking Volfram to either location is said to take around 3 hours—though those wishing to see both the summit and the lakes close-up better take their camping gear with them since, although near each other, hiking to both locations and then back at the same day is said to be demanding.
Buy
There are a number of kiosks/grocery stores on the mountain, although like almost anything else offered by commercial establishments in Uludağ, they provide snacks and drinks for about three times of what you'd pay elsewhere.
Eat
Around Sarıalan is a number of open-air Kendin Pişir Kendin Ye ("Cook it yourself!") restaurants mostly favoured by Middle Eastern (especially Saudi) families where you buy your meat by kilo and rent a grill with some charcoal and cook your kebab yourself. Most, if not all, of these restaurants are open round the year.
Otherwise, all hotels in Uludağ are full-board and you'll have your meals in your hotel.
Drink
The cafés and bars of the hotels are open to anyone (for a fee, unless you stay there, of course). Expect to pay dearly, though—a cup of coffee can easily cost 15 TL in winter.
Sleep
Although a national park, being a wintersports resort means that those prefering a luxurious bed rather than a bumpy mat under the tentfloor won't be dissappointed in Uludağ.
Lodging
All hotels in Uludağ are located in Oteller (literally "hotels") area, which is divided into 1. Gelişim Bölgesi, the older development area and 2. Gelişim Bölgesi, the newer development area with a few km inbetween. 1. Gelişim Bölgesi is reported to be livelier than 2. Gelişim Bölgesi. Many hotels in Uludağ, though, are aimed at skiers and thus are closed during summer.
• Ağaoğlu My Resort, +90 224 285-20-01 (), [3]. Rooms with central heating, wireless internet connection, TV. Hotel offers conference rooms, its own skiing track and a number of teleskis, and indoors swimming pool.
• Atasu Otel, 1. Gelişim Bölgesi, Oteller, +90 224 285-20-71 (, fax: +90 224 285-20-73), [4]. Rooms with en-suite bathrooms, central heating, satellite TV, wireless internet connection, and a minibar (with everything in it free of charge!). Skiing and snowboarding equipment rental is available.
• Otel Beceren, Oteller, +90 224 285-21-11 (, fax: +90 224 285-21-19), [5]. A hotel open year-round, offering rooms with satellite TV. Hotel has a skiing equipment rental service, conference rooms, and day-care for children.
• Otel Fahri, +90 224 285-20-10 (, fax: +90 224 285-20-18), [6]. Family-run hotel offering rooms with en-suite bathrooms, satellite TV, internet connection, and forest view. Hotel also offers its own teleski and skiing track with cafes at both ends, sauna, and children day care room.
• Hotel Grand Yazıcı, 1. Gelişim Bölgesi, Oteller, +90 224 285-20-50 (, fax: +90 224 285-20-48), [7]. Rooms with en-suite bathrooms, satellite TV, central heating, and safeboxes. The hotel offers skiing training and equipment rental, and also has teleskis free of charge (for customers) operating 9AM-5PM.
• Kartanesi Otel, 2. Gelişim Bölgesi, Oteller, +90 224 285-25-21 (, fax: +90 224 285-23-57), [8]. Rooms with en-suite bathrooms, and safeboxes. Disabled-accessible rooms are also available. Hotel offers indoors swimming pool, sauna, movie theater, skiing equipment rental, skiing training, carpark, and five teleski lines and two gondola lines accessing to tracks with intermediate and advanced hardness.
• Monte Baia Uludağ, 2. Gelişim Bölgesi, Oteller, +90 224 285-23-83 (, fax: +90 224 285-22-02), [9]. Rooms with en-suite bathrooms, satellite TV, heating, safeboxes, and carpet floors. Hotel offers five teleski and two gondola lift lines. Skiing training, baby sitting service, indoors swimming pool, spa&wellness centre, wireless internet connection, internet cafe, conference rooms, carpark are among what is available in the hotel.
Camping
Organized campgrounds run by Turkish Ministry of Forestry can be found in Sarıalan and in Çobankaya.
Backcountry
It's possible to wild camp pretty much anywhere—apart from the obvious skiing tracks, of course—in the mountain. However, highest areas are covered with alpine meadows, some of the most fragile ecosystems in the world, so it's important to follow leave-no-trace guidelines.
Stay safe
• A heavy fog can quickly set on any day in Uludağ, even on a perfectly sunny one. With the loss of sight of natural distinguishers, it becomes fairly hard to follow the trails, especially on the higher meadows of the mountain, so stay ahead of weather forecasts if you're planning to hike. If you are trapped in fog, the best would be to wait until it goes away—it can rise as quick as it forms.
• Bear encounters may take place in the remoter parts of the mountain.
Get out
Getting out of the mountain generally means backtracking to Bursa, although there are some tracks leading to remote villages at the western and southern foothills of the mountain.
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Zushi
From Wikitravel
Asia : East Asia : Japan : Kanto : Kanagawa : Zushi
Revision as of 16:53, 5 December 2011 by ホテル (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
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Zushi (逗子) is a small city in Kanagawa, Japan about an hour by train south of Tokyo. It is often visited for its beach, marina, and summer events. Though it has a few historic temples and similar scenery to neighboring Kamakura, it gets much fewer tourists.
[edit] Get in
Take the Yokosuka line from Tokyo to Zushi (60-65 min);
Keihin Kyuko line from Shinagawa to Shinzushi station(47 min);
Shonan Shinjuku line from Shinjuku (59 min). (be careful, only some of the Shonan Shinjuku line trains go to Zushi, others go to Odawara) [1]
[edit] Get around
There are many buses, but the beach and shopping areas are within walking distance. Some of the better parks and temples are in the hills and a little far unless you want to take a nice long walk. Taxis are prevalent.
[edit][add listing] See
• Zushi Beach - A crescent-shaped beach about a couple kilometers long. Mt. Fuji is visible on a clear day from the south end of the beach. Has a pleasant atmosphere in the off-season with people flying kites, walking their dogs, or windsurfing in the bay. In the summer (the end of June-the end of August), it becomes a swimming beach and is a host to a number of beach houses, which feature food and drinks, live music, and more. About a 10-15min. walk from either Zushi or Shin-Zushi station.
• Kotsubo - small fishing village with views of Mount Fuji and summer Ayu Festival
• Hiroyama Park - Panoramic view of Sea (Sagami Bay) and mountains around the area, including Mt. Fuji. There is a mini-zoo, with monkeys and small animals (free), and a small playground. Take the bus bound for Kamakura via Kotsubo at Zushi Station. 15-minute walk from the Hiroyama-iriguchi bus stop. There is also a hiking course from the north end of the beach (ask locals).
• Osaki Park - A similar view to Hiroyama Koen, but further away with fewer facilities. Fewer visitors come here.
• Gandenji Temple - An old temple (founded in the year 721) surrounded by green hills. It is a 15min. walk from Zushi station (ask locals or take a taxi) (5-7-11 Hisagi).
• Jinmuji Temple - Another old temple (year 724), surrounded by lush hills. There are many nice hiking courses nearby. Closer to Higashi Zushi Station.
• Hisagi Ooike Park - A pond is surrounded by lush greenery and is a haven for water plants and wild birds. (about 20-25min. walk from Zushi Station.
[edit][add listing] Do
• Festivals: Zushi Coast Yabusame (Horseback Archery)/Zushi Yabusame Warrior Procession
• Scuba, [2]
• Swimming at the beach
• Windsurfing, boating, and sea kayaking - The bay is relatively shallow and calm, making a haven for wind surfers.
[edit][add listing] Buy
There are a number of smaller shops and boutiques, but Zushi is not considered a shopping destination.
[edit][add listing] Eat
There are a number of non-chain restaurants near the station. Especially, compared to other Japanese towns of this size, there are several local seafood places, Italian restaurants, and small "natural food" restaurants.
• Shokusaido, 249-0006 Kanagawa-ken, Zushi-shi, Zushi 5-7-6, Phone 046-871-7585. Hours: 5PM-12AM Closed Thursdays. Japanese, western. No English spoken. Price: 1000Y-2000Y entree.
• Lanterna Rossa, Kanagawa-ken, Zushi-shi, Zushi 6-5-9, 0468 72-2045. 12PM-3PM and 6PM-midnight. Italian Wine bar. Serves snacks (cured meats) and wine. Wines expensive.
• Napoli Pizzeria Cantina, Kanagawa-ken Zushi-shi, Shinjuku 1-3-15, 046-870-6440, [3]. 11AM-11PM. Large Italian restaurant with ocean and Fuji views. Pizza is made in a wood stove (specialty is Quattro Formaggi). Lunch sets are much cheaper than dinner and served quite late.
• Cinema Amigo, 1-5-14 Shinjuku Zushi Kanagawa Japan #249-0007 (On a narrow road behind Canita from the beach.), 046.873.5643, [4]. Set in a small old Japanese house with a nice atmosphere, it has a different chef everyday of the week serving meals (Japanese, Italian, Indian) with fresh ingredients. Lunches are usually about 1,000yen. Other times of the day, they play films (documentaries or art films) for 1,500, including a drink. edit
• Katsu’s Restaurant and Bar, [5]. Seafood. No English. Entrees around 3000Y.
[edit][add listing] Drink
There are a number of bars near the station (izakayas, Western bars, and wine bars). Most are visited with friends or small groups, rather than singles. A few have a beach atmosphere and are popular with visitors.
From late June to August, the beach is filled with various beach houses and bars, with various themes and music.
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• KKR Zushi, 046-871-2042, [6].
• Otowanomori Hotel, 046-857-0108, [7].
[edit] Get out
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
9303.0.40.003 - New Motor Vehicle Registrations, Australia, Feb 1998
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 09/04/1998
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
This product has been discontinued and is replaced by 9303.0.55.001.
Tables contain details of new motor vehicles registered in the reference month. These details include State of registration, vehicle type, make of vehicle, top makes and models for passenger vehicles, fuel used and tare weight, gross vehicle mass or gross combination mass.
See also 9311.0.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Please disable AdBlock. CAN is an ad-supported site that takes hundreds of hours and thousands of dollars to sustain.
Weird Faces Study by Matthias Dörfelt using PaperJS
Created by Matthias Dörfelt aka mokafolioWeird Faces Study uses PaperJS library to produce computer generated faces that have a certain aesthetics and are immediately recognisable.
Weird Faces Study is an attempt to combine my old interest in illustration with programing, to create something procedural that has a truly individual artistic touch to it and is not instantly recognisable as a generative art piece. Even though, the faces look hand-drawn, they are entirely expressed by algorithmic rules. Each face is random, each face is unique. Still, they look similar to my actual hand drawn faces.
The faces are generated in a similar way as potato head (the toy). As seen on the right in the image below, Matthias thought about different presets for the different facial features that could then be mixed in arbitrary ways to compose the final face. The presets are expressed entirely algorithmically, so that each preset potentially has an infinite number of variations. Noise is applied to the outlines to suggest a hand drawn and natural gesture.
The order of the face generation is:
1. draw head shape.
2. draw fold inside the head shape.
2. find shape center, draw nose.
3. draw eyes based on the nose position and radius to make sure that they don’t overlap.
4. draw eyebrows based on the eye positions and radii.
5. draw mouth based on eyes and nose to make sure they don’t overlap.
6. draw cheeks based on head outline and head radius.
7. draw ears on the head outline.
8. draw hair on the head outline.
Weird Faces Study has been programed in Java Script using the great PaperJS library. The library includes useful functions built in to simplify a lot of the operations described above (i.e. to find the closest point on a path and to find the normal of a point on a path).
Project Page
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<D <M <Y
Y> M> D>
(4) Bread Salad: This was a big hit and is useful for getting rid of leftover farmer's market vegetables. Here's stuff for one big serving:
Toast the bread and dice it. Put it in a bowl. Pour olive oil and vinegar on top. Dice the tomato and put it on top. Meanwhile, cook the green beans. Put them on top of the tomato. By this time the tomato juice should have soaked into the bread. Or help it out by tossing everything together with tongs.
Another recipe coming immediately because my sister-in-law just requested it. Immediate update: No need, Sumana already posted the Indian-style popcorn recipe.
Yo Ho Ho: and a Seth David Schoen.
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Indicators / Renewable gross final energy consumption / Renewable gross final energy consumption (ENER 028) - Assessment published Aug 2011
Renewable gross final energy consumption (ENER 028) - Assessment published Aug 2011
Created : Aug 05, 2011 Published : Aug 11, 2011 Last modified : Apr 04, 2012 12:01 PM
Topics: ,
Generic metadata
Topics:
Energy (Primary topic)
Tags:
Assessment09 | ENER | ENER28 | renewable energy | energy | assessment11 | ENER2011 | energy consumption | ENER2009 | climate change | ENER028
DPSIR: Impact
Typology: Efficiency indicator (Type C – Are we improving?)
Indicator codes
• ENER 028
Dynamic
Temporal coverage:
1993-2008, 2020
Contents
Key policy question: How rapidly are renewable technologies being implemented in Europe?
Key messages
In 2008, the share of renewable energy in final gross energy consumption (with normalised hydro and wind)[1] in the EU-27 was 10.4 % (up from 6% in 1990, 7.6 % in 2000), representing half of the 20 % target set in the EU directive on renewable energy for 2020. Renewable energies represented in 2008, 11.8% of total final heat consumption (up from 6.3% in 1990, 9% in 2000), 17% of electricity consumption (up from 12% in 1990, 13.8% in 2000) and 3.4% of transport fuels consumption (up from 0.02% in 1993)[2]
[1] Gross final consumption of energy is defined in Directive 2009/28/EC on renewable sources as energy commodities delivered for energy purposes to final consumers (industry, transport, households, services, agriculture, forestry and fisheries), including the consumption of electricity and heat by the energy branch for electricity and heat production and including losses of electricity and heat in distribution and transmission.
[2] The gross final consumption of energy from renewable sources is calculated as the sum of: (a) gross final consumption of electricity from renewable energy sources; (b) gross final consumption of energy from renewable sources for heating and cooling; and (c) final consumption of energy from renewable sources in transport.
Share of renewable energy to final energy consumption, 1993-2008
Note: The share of renewable energy in final energy consumption in the EU-27 reached 10.4% in 2008, which is representing about half of the target for 2020
Data source:
Eurostat 2010 Energy statistics - annual data.
• All products
• Electricity
• Heat
• Oil
• Renewables and wastes (total, solar heat, biomass, geothermal, wastes)
• Renewables (hydro, wind, photovoltaic)
Tables available at: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/energy/data/database
Downloads and more info
Share of Renewable Energy to Final Energy Consumption with normalised for hydro, EU27
Note: Share of Renewable Energy to Final Energy Consumption with normalised for hydro, EU27. In 2009 the European Commission adopted a new directive on renewable energy (2009/28/EC). The new Directive on renewable energy sets an ambitious target for the EU-27 of 20% share of energy from renewable sources in final energy consumption by 2020 and a 10% share of renewable energy in the transport sector (in each Member State). In 2008, five countries have reached 75% of their targets for 2020: Sweden is the closest with 89% of the target in 2008 (share of 43.6% compared to a target of 49%), followed by Romania (85%), Austria (82%), Estonia (76%) and Latvia (75%)
Data source:
Eurostat. Energy statistics: Supply, transformation, consumption - renewables and wastes (total, solar heat, biomass, geothermal, wastes) - annual data. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/energy/data/database
Eurostat. Energy statistics: Supply, transformation, consumption - renewables (hydro, wind, photovoltaic) - annual data. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/energy/data/database
Downloads and more info
Key assessment
• The overall share of renewable energy in the final energy consumption[1] includes consumption of electricity and heat from renewable energy sources as well as biofuels consumption. The final energy consumption of renewables has increased faster since 2004. It rose by 33.7% in EU-27 or 7.5%/year
• The share of renewable energy in final energy consumption in the EU-27 reached 10.4% in 2008, which is representing about half of the target for 2020 (see Figure 1)
• The fastest progression in the share of renewable energy in final energy consumption since 2004 is observed in Sweden and Austria (+6.1% and 5.6% between 2005 and 2008), followed by Romania, Portugal (+3.4%) and Germany (+3%).
• The share of renewable energy in final energy consumption across all EEA countries in 2008 was 11.6 %. The higher number for the whole EEA is caused by the high share of renewables in Norway and Iceland, with 61.3 % and 51.7 % respectively (2006 for Iceland).
[1] For sake of simplicity final energy consumption total or by fuel (electricity, heat) refer to the gross final energy consumption as defined above.
Specific policy question: How rapidly are renewable energies being consumed in electricity, heat and transport sectors?
Specific assessment
• In 2008, renewable electricity (with normalised hydropower and wind) accounted for around 40 % of renewable energy consumption in EU-27; this share has remained largely constant since 2004. In total, renewable electricity consumption has increased by 41% since 2004, with an average annual growth rate of 9 %.
• The largest portion of renewable electricity in EU-27 is still generated from hydropower, although its share is rapidly declining to 58 % in 2008[1], due to the rapid penetration of non-hydro renewable electricity (15.7%/year since 2004), in particular wind electricity (19.4%/year) and to a lesser extent biomass (12%/year). In 2008, 49 % of non-hydro renewable electricity was generated from wind, 45.4 % from biomass, 3.1% from PV and 2.4% from geothermal energy. The largest contributor of non hydro renewable electricity are Germany (30%), Spain (17%), Italy (8%), UK (7%), France, Finland and Sweden (5% each) .
• Between 1993 and 2008, heat consumption from other renewable sources such as solar, geothermal sources, waste and biomass[2] increased by 58 %, at an average annual rate of 2.6 %, and accounted in 2008 for 46% of the total final renewable energy consumption. The heat produced from large biomass CHP and heat plants[3] has doubled since 1990 (7.3%/year) and accounted in 2008, for 6.2 % of the total final renewable energy consumption, representing an almost threefold increase since 1990. The main producers of biomass-derived heat are Sweden (35%), Finland (17%), Germany (11%), Denmark (10%) and Austria, which together accounted for 81 % of the total biomass use for heat production in CHP and heat plants in 2008.
• In 2008, the share of biofuels in transport petrol and diesel consumption reached 3.4 % in EU-27. This represents 60% of the 2010 target (5.8%); this nevertheless represents a steep increase compared to 2005, when this share was only 1% (0.02% in 2000). Four countries have already exceeded the target of 5.75% in 2010: Slovakia with 6.6%, followed by Germany 6.5%, Austria 6% and France 5.8%. Roughly half of the EU-27 countries have a share of less than 1 % but steep increases occurred particularly between 2006 and 2007. In 2008, Germany is by far the largest consumer of biofuels, accounting for 31 % of total biofuels consumption in the EU-27 (49% in 2007), followed by France with 23% (19% in 2007). However, recent policy developments such as reduced tax exemptions for biofuels and introduction of a quota system with a level lower than expected are likely to temper further development of biofuels in Germany, in the near future
[1] The method used here for calculating the contribution of hydropower differs from that employed in ENER 30. Here, differences in rainfall are compensated by using a weighted average load factor for the past 15 years instead of the actual production that is used in ENER 30.
[2] Includes residual heat from power plants and industry that can be attributed to the use of biomass and excludes residual heat from biomass-based large CHP and heat plants.
[3] Biomass derived residual heat from CHP and heat plant.
Specific policy question: What are the observed trends in renewable heat consumption in sectors (industry, households, services, etc)?
Specific assessment
• Between 1990 and 2008, in EU-27 renewable heat consumption increased by 55.8% in the industry sector and by 59 % in other sectors (households, services, etc). Sweden, Germany and Finland are large industrial renewable heat consumers, accounting for around 52% of total EU-27 industrial consumption of renewable heat in 2008. Due to the presence of large wood industries (pulp and paper), both countries have a large feedstock of black liquor which is used to produce industrial heat. France, Turkey and Germany are amongst the countries with highest consumption of renewable heat in other sectors (households, services, etc). Romania, the Czech Republic and Germany contributed most to the absolute growth in consumption of renewable heat in the others sectors. Turkey showed a large decline in use of renewables for heat production (-18.6 %) between 1990 and 2008. This is due in part to a transition of wood fuelled domestic heating systems to other types of heating systems
Data sources
More information about this indicator
See this indicator specification for more details.
Contacts and ownership
EEA Contact Info
Cinzia Pastorello
Ownership
EEA Management Plan
2010 2.8.1 (note: EEA internal system)
Dates
First draft created: 2011/08/05 13:36:6.980000 GMT+2
Publish date: 2011-08-11T10:24:32+02:00
Last modified: 2012/04/04 12:01:40.260188 GMT+2
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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Information for "Porting DirectFB"
Jump to: navigation, search
Basic information
Display titlePorting DirectFB
Default sort keyPorting DirectFB
Page length (in bytes)16,110
Page ID1480
Page content languageEnglish (en)
Search engine statusIndexable
Number of views19,300
Redirects to this page0
Counted as a content pageYes
Page protection
EditAllow all users
MoveAllow all users
Edit history
Page creatorWmat (Talk | contribs)
Date of page creation19:13, 14 December 2006
Latest editorPeter Huewe (Talk | contribs)
Date of latest edit00:44, 18 May 2010
Total number of edits16
Total number of distinct authors4
Recent number of edits (within past 91 days)0
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advanced search
Category: Educational Resources > Sustainable Development > Sustainable Technology
Sustainable Futures Institute
The mission of the Sustainable Futures Institute is to create and disseminate new methods and processes for generating scientific knowledge and engineering products in support of sustainability decisions and education.
Ratings/Review of this resource:
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E-Mail: sfi@mtu.edu
Website: http://www.sustainablefutures.mtu.edu/
Detailed Information:
The vision of Michigan Tech's Sustainable Futures Institute (SFI) is to become internationally recognized for its teaching, research, and outreach contributions to the field of sustainable systems. We will develop a new meta-discipline in sustainability science that integrates engineering and technology elements of industrial ecology; the scientific elements of environmental assessment and modeling; and the economic, human behavioral elements of the social sciences that support environmental decision making.
We seek to make science relevant to the citizenry so that it serves society and helps to inform decisions. Education and technology transfer are key elements toward attaining this vision and demonstrating its utility in the Great Lakes and other regions.
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Elmbridge, WorcestershireEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
England Worcestershire
Contents
Chapelry History
ELMBRIDGE, a chapelry, in the parish of Dodderhill, union of Droitwich, Upper division of the hundred of Halfshire, Droitwich and E. divisions of the county of Worcester, 2¾ miles (N.) from Droitwich; containing 384 inhabitants."
From: Lewis, Samuel A. "A Topographical Dictionary of England" (1848), pp. 161-164. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50945 Date accessed: 21 October 2011.
Resources
Civil Registration
Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day. The civil registration article tells more about these records. There are several Internet sites with name lists or indexes. A popular site is FreeBMD.
Church records
Include here information for parish registers, Bishop’s Transcripts and other types of church records, such as parish chest records. Add the contact information for the office holding the original records. Add links to the Family History Library Catalog showing the film numbers in their collection
Census records
Census records from 1841-1891 are available on film through a Family History Center or at the Family History Library. The first film number is 464206. To view these census images online, they are available through the following websites for a fee ($) or free:
• FamilySearch has some of the British Censuses available.
• FindMyPast ($) has all available census records including images, and is free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and some public and academic libraries.
• Ancestry.co.uk ($) has now all available census records but free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and at numerous public and academic libraries. The library versions are known as AncestryInstitution.com.
• The Genealogist.co.uk ($) has all available censuses and is free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and various other libraries.
• FreeCen is a UK census searches. It is not complete and individuals are always asked to consider helping out with transcriptions.
Probate records
Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to Worcestershire Probate Records to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish.
Maps and Gazetteers
Maps are a visual look at the locations in England. Gazetteers contain brief summaries about a place.
Web sites
Worcester Branch of the Birmingham and Midland Society for Genealogy and Heraldry
Add any relevant sites that aren’t mentioned above.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
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• This page was last modified on 13 August 2012, at 17:35.
• This page has been accessed 238 times.
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http://www.fides.org
Asia
2011-09-27
ASIA/INDONESIA - Rudimental bombs in front of the churches in the Moluccas: Christian leaders reject "religious war"
Ambon (Agenzia Fides) - Two rudimental bombs were found in Ambon in front of the Synod Office of the Protestant Church of the Moluccas and in front of the protestant church "Marantaha" in Ambon. The two unexploded bombs were taken away by police. After the explosion of the bomb outside a church in Solo (Central Java) on Sunday (see Fides 26/09/2011), local sources of Fides say that the fear and concern among Indonesian Christians returns.
The watchword for the faithful, at this stage is "not to yield to provocations" and "not to fall into the temptation of war and violence". "Nobody wants to fall into the trap of religious war", underlined the head of the Synod of the Protestant Church of the Moluccas, Rev. Dr. John Ruhulessin in a statement sent to Fides. The leader invites the faithful to remain calm: "We must be wary of those who spread hatred and work to destroy our brotherhood".
Even on the recent incident only Christian leaders continue to send messages of peace: the President of the Indonesian Communion of Churches, Rev. Andrew Yewangoe, called every believer to "act as a true Christian, abandoning plans for revenge, which only cause bigger problems ".
With regards to the attack in Solo, Rev. Arthur Rumengan, Secretary General of the evangelical Christian church, urged the police to identify the culprits, saying that "every religious community has the right to feel safe during worship". According to the Secretary, "Cirebon", a terrorist group blamed for the suicide attack, is "a splinter group that wants to create havoc and does not act in the name of religion". For this reason "Christians and Muslims must work together to maintain harmony and peace among religious communities". (PA) (Agenzia Fides 27/09/2011)
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http://www.fides.org
Africa
2012-03-26
AFRICA/LIBYA- A security officer at the Italian Embassy in Tripoli wounded
Tripoli (Agenzia Fides) - A security officer at the Italian Embassy in Tripoli was wounded by a gunfire shot on Saturday, March 24. This was reported to Fides by local sources. The man, whose name is not mentioned for security reasons, seems he was shot in the back by a stray bullet. The wounded man was transported to Saint James Hospital for surgery. His life does not seem to be at risk. (L.M.) (Agenzia Fides 26/3/2012)
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Change the color of the hair
This is an article on Change the color of the hair in Web Design, HTML And CSS Tutorials.
Change the color of the hair
Changing the colors of the hairs looks very hitech but its one of the sinmplest things you can do with photoshop.
Open any image in Adobe photoshop. Here I would use the famous photograph of Leo.
Now select the "Magnetic Lasso Tool" to make a good selection of the only hairs. With the magnetic lasso tool selecting the hairs of the picture and with magnetic lasso tool it will be very simple to select the hairs.
Now create a new layer and start working on the new layer ideally it will be called layer 1.
Now make a feather effect with the selection of 5 pixels. This will make the blending of the hair colour look gradiently changing and natural and will not look an abrupt change in colours on hair.
Fill any colour into the selection.
Now change the opacity of the layer 1 to 10-20% and you will see that the colour of the hair is totally different.
You have inumerable combination to try and test it.
Light Poster
19Mar2006,20:17 #2
Some more samples to look at
Newbie Member
6Feb2007,22:42 #3
hi there. It is so easy. You can also use the color mode of brush to change the whole image.
Newbie Member
10Feb2007,12:10 #4
yes, i am in...........
Contributor
3Dec2007,02:32 #5
you can do it with irfan view as well
Newbie Member
5May2009,07:23 #6
It sounds like very interesting. I like do it.
Go4Expert Member
8May2009,15:53 #7
Very nice. But it is a very basic technique. Photoshop lets you do a lot more than just this. Like reflection, water effect, shadows etc etc.
Newbie Member
30Mar2012,13:54 #8
Change the color of hair is good thing. But think first which color is suited on you.
Newbie Member
8Jan2013,01:51 #9
I read topic and saw pics they are very helpful and creative..
Newbie Member
10Jan2013,16:22 #10
I never thought changing the color of someone's hair is so simple :O
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Mr. Black
From Grand Theft Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Character
Mr. Black
Appearances GTA Vice City
Full Name Mr. Black
Gender Male
Home Vice City
Main Affiliations Leo Teal (? - 1986)
Tommy Vercetti (1986)
Voiced by uncredited
Mr. Black is a character in the Grand Theft Auto series who is heard in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (set in 1986). He is a businessman who hires hitmen for his associates. His voice actor is not credited.
Character history
Mr. Black, at some point prior to 1986, became a successful businessman in Vice City and had formed connections with various criminal underworld elements, including chef/hitman Leo Teal. He hired Teal for his business associates, although the Vice City Police Department are tracking his operations and suspect him of being involved in money laundering. The police force, however, have no evidence about him. Teal, however, is later killed by Tommy Vercetti in his search for answers after the botched drug deal. During Tommy's search, he continues Teal's work and completes a few jobs for Mr. Black.
Trivia
• Mr. Black and Leo Teal are likely a parody of the film Reservoir Dogs. The criminals in the film use colours as codenames, Mr. White, Mr. Orange, Mr. Brown, Mr. Blue, Mr. Pink, and Mr. Blonde (who is played by Michael Madsen, the voice actor for Toni Cipriani in Grand Theft Auto III).
Mission appearances
GTA Vice City
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
ISRN Mechanical Engineering
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 636898, 10 pages
doi:10.5402/2012/636898
Research Article
Design Optimisation of Lower-Bound Buckling Capacities for FRP-Laminated Cylindrical Shells
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
Received 25 October 2011; Accepted 1 December 2011
Academic Editor: W.-H. Steeb
Copyright © 2012 Hongtao Wang and James G. A. Croll. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The imperfection sensitive buckling loads of fibre reinforced polymeric (FRP) composite cylindrical shells under axial compression can be optimised with respect to many material and geometric parameters. Current approaches, using mathematical algorithms to optimise the linearised classical critical loads with respect to many design variables, generally ignore the potential reductions in elastic load carrying capacities that result from the severe sensitivities of buckling loads to the effects of initial imperfections. This paper applies a lower-bound design philosophy called the reduced stiffness method (RSM) to the optimisation design of FRP shell buckling. A physical optimisation in terms of parametric studies is carried out for simply supported, 6-ply symmetric, glass-epoxy circular cylindrical shells under uniform axial load. It is shown that under the guidance of RSM, safe lower-bound buckling loads can be enhanced greatly by choosing appropriate combinations of design parameters. It is demonstrated how this approach encourages the delineation of those components of the shell’s membrane and bending stiffness that are important and those that are unimportant within each of the prospective buckling modes. On this basis, it is argued that the RSM provides not only a safe but also a more rational strategy for better design decision making.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 367698, 9 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/367698
Research Article
Wnt-Signaling-Mediated Antiosteoporotic Activity of Porcine Placenta Hydrolysates in Ovariectomized Rats
1Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305811, Republic of Korea
2Department of Food and Nutrition, Institutes of Basic Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan 336795, Republic of Korea
Received 23 August 2012; Accepted 18 November 2012
Academic Editor: Roja Rahimi
Copyright © 2012 Byoung-Seob Ko et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 920505, 9 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/920505
Research Article
An ACOA-AFSA Fusion Routing Algorithm for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network
1Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
2College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
Received 10 October 2011; Revised 3 March 2012; Accepted 4 March 2012
Academic Editor: Sabah Mohammed
Copyright © 2012 Huafeng Wu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Due to intrinsic properties of aqueous environments, routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) have to cope with many challenges such as long propagation delay, bad robustness, and high energy consumption. Basic ant colony optimization algorithm (ACOA) is an intelligent heuristic algorithm which has good robustness, distributed computing and combines with other algorithms easily. But its disadvantage is that it may converge at local solution, not global solution. Artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA) is one kind of intelligent algorithm that can converge at global solution set quickly but has lower precision in finding global solution. Therefore we can make use of AFSA and ACOA based on idea of complementary advantages. So ACOA-AFSA fusion routing algorithm is proposed which possesses advantages of AFSA and ACOA. As fusion algorithm has aforementioned virtues, it can reduce existing routing protocols’ transmission delay, energy consumption and improve routing protocols’ robustness theoretically. Finally we verify the feasibility and effectiveness of fusion algorithm through a series of simulations.
1. Introduction
Rapid evolvement of wireless communication technology, electronic technique, sensor technology, micro-electro-mechanical system, and other computer technologies promotes research in wireless sensor network. Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN), one kind of special and promising wireless sensor network, gains more and more attention. With the development of ocean exploitation, UWSN is becoming one of hot topics in research fields. UWSN is the development trend of future underwater communication and detection techniques, for instance, seabed resource detection and exploration, oil spill, tsunami, underwater earthquake, and underwater environment monitoring. Therefore we can say that marine development degree determines future world development degree while UWSN determines marine development.
Electromagnetic wave and light wave are not suitable for underwater communication since their signals can be absorbed by water. As wavelength of acoustic wave is long enough and it is cost effective, acoustic communication is the only ideal medium for underwater information transmission. That is to say, acoustic communication is the best communication style for UWSN to date [1]. However the transmission condition of ocean acoustic channel is terrible, and there are so many interference factors that disturb such information transferring [2]. Besides UWSN is disposed in interesting aquatic area which means nodes of UWSN are mobile and delicate easily. And above all, each node of UWSN carries limited energy and it is impossible to replace its battery. All of those afore-mentioned characteristic are huge challenge for the realization of UWSN. As most traditional land-based wireless sensor networks routing protocol and other energy-based routing protocols are designed for stationary network, they are not applicable to UWSN whose network topology is dynamic. Therefore UWSN routing protocol is becoming a hot spot in the field. The design principle of UWSN routing protocol is the same as WSN—low energy consumption [3]. UWSN is a kind of three-dimensional dynamic, sparse networks, so it is important to take such characteristics into consideration in devising underwater routing protocol. In other words, underwater routing protocol algorithm should have these following advantages: energy efficiency, short transmission path, and robustness.
Ant colony optimization algorithm (ACOA) is one kind of heuristic bionic algorithm based on ant colony finding its way in the population’s foraging process. ACOA algorithm is parallel algorithm in essence that has the following features: robustness, universality, fast convergence, easiness of combining with other algorithm, and so forth [4, 5]. However ACOA may converge at local optimal solution for the algorithm refreshes local pheromones, so some improvements need to be taken to optimize ACOA for its application in UWSN. Compared with ACOA, AFSA converges at global solution better and is insensitive to parameters [6, 7]. So we can take advantage of AFSA to optimize ACOA, and apply the fusing algorithm based on ACOA, and AFSA to the routing protocol of UWSN, which can improve protocol’s robustness and energy efficiency.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we present related work. In Section 3, we present AFSA-ACOA fusion algorithm which includes introduction of ACOA, AFSA, the ACOA-AFSA fusion algorithm, the implementation, and its application in optimizing routing protocol of UWSN. Section 4 mainly gives details for the simulation and analysis of the simulation result. At last Section 5 concludes the paper.
2. Related Work
Lv et al. [8] provided a research review of mobile underwater wireless sensor network. It included the following contents: node’s design of underwater wireless sensor network, nodes interconnection and dynamic network, nodes’ location in three-dimensional environments, and acoustic channel link control. But Lv et al. did not pay much attention to UWSN’s routing protocol, not to say the research about its optimization making use of some algorithms. Guo et al. [9] did the similar work as Lv et al. Meanwhile Guo introduced some research work with respect to routing protocol of UWSN. He said underwater routing protocol could be divided into three categories: initiative routing protocol, on-demand routing protocol, and routing based on geography. But Guo et al. did not present research about optimal algorithms for UWSN’s routing protocol.
Yanhua [1] proposed time-sharing balance routing algorithm based on network coding for UWSN. It is one kind of improvement flooding algorithm. The routing protocol had the following characteristics: (a) children nodes need not to response to their father nodes in routing establishment process; they would broadcast their routing data packets which could be considered as acknowledgment to their father’s requirement. Such activity saved time and energy effectively. What is more, the action reduced conflicts probability in sending data packets significantly. (b) Probability balance mechanism was given to regulate every communication cluster’s children nodes. Thus each node’s overhead in the routing tree was equivalent. (c) After establishment of routing tree, data packets received by nodes were encoded into one encoding, compressed data packet. Such encoding technique reduced node’s energy cost and improved network bandwidth’s utilization ratio, prolonged network’s lifetime. Xiao et al. [10] reported the ongoing efforts of their research toward developing an analytic model to address the performance of contention-based protocols within the context of underwater acoustic sensor networks. They identified the challenges of modeling contention-based MAC protocols and present models for analyzing ALOHA and p-persistent ALOHA variants for a simple string topology.
Qiliany and Liping [11] took sensor nodes’ limited energy, communication into account, and he proposed one routing protocol based on improved optimal ant colony algorithm. The algorithm considered node’s residual energy, communication distance, and other factors fully in routing list; it gathered ants’ searching activities near optimal solution successfully. To avoid accident of premature convergence, the algorithm restricted range of pheromones. But the algorithm is suitable for land-based wireless sensor network. Similarly, Xuhua et al. [12] discussed a new routing approach based on ant colony optimization algorithm to obtain the optimal path between two nodes in network. The algorithm increased formulas’ sensibility to impact factors, thus the algorithm’s convergence speed was raised largely. Xiangguang et al. [13] posed a new hybrid evolutionary algorithm based on artificial fish swarm algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm. The core is such algorithm took advantage of ASFA’s global convergence to find range of satisfied solution firstly, then it employed PSO algorithm to get local optimal solution quickly. So the hybrid method had features of quick local searching speed and global convergence. For the multiple QoS constrained unicast routing problem, a new QoS routing algorithm combining modified ant colony algorithm with artificial fish swarm algorithm was proposed by Mingjia et al. [14]. It adopted hybrid ant behavior to produce diverse original paths, optimizing the choice nodes set according to multiple QoS constrained, adding AFSA to MACA’s every generation, making use of AFSA’s advantage of whole quick convergence, ACA’s convergence speed was quickened, and AFSA’s preying behavior improved the ability of MACA to avoid being premature.
Muhammad Ayaz and Abdullah [15] proposed a Hop-by-Hop Dynamic Addressing Based (H2-DAB) to provide scalable and time-efficient routing for UWSN. The H2-DAB routing does not require any dimensional location information or any extra specialized hardware compared with many other routing protocols in the same area. Domingo and Prior [16] presented GPS-free Routing Protocol for UWSN in deep water. It minimized the proactive routing message exchange and compensated the high propagation delays of the underwater medium using a continually adjusted timing advance combined with guard time values to minimize data loss and maintain communication quality. Huang et al. [17] proposed a self-healing clustering algorithm which combined the ideas of energy-efficient cluster-based routing and application-specific data aggregation. The self-healing mechanism significantly enhanced the robustness of clustered UWSNs.
The aforementioned researches are closely related with sensor network routing and its algorithms. As characteristics of subaqueous environments, routing algorithms with short propagation delay, good robustness, low energy consumption, and high network throughput can be really challenged for UWSN. To address the above-mentioned challenges, we propose one hybrid ACOA-AFSA routing algorithm for underwater wireless sensor network.
3. ACOA-AFSA Fusion Algorithm and Its Application in Optimization of UWSN’s Protocol
3.1. Introduction of ACOA and AFSA
Ant will leave pheromones in their passing roads so that other ants can find the previous ants easily. What is more, ant is going to take the path which has higher pheromones, left by other ants, than other pathways nearby. So ant colony can find their end readily with the help of pheromones’ positive information feedback. That’s to say, although ant is nonintelligent species, activities of ant colony represent living intelligent. Advantages of ACOA are self-organization, distributed process, positive feedback, and good robustness. Thus ACOA is suitable for solution of NP-hard problems like routing protocol in UWSN. But we notice that ACOA may converge at local optimal solution instead of global optimal solution sometimes.
Fish can find specific areas that are rich in nutrients in their living waters by themselves or tagging along with other fish quickly. Thus the area that has the greatest number of fish is the most nutritious area in the water. According to the characteristics, artificial fish swarm algorithm is proposed by Xiaoli [6]. Artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA) can get global solution effectively by simulating activities of fish swarm’s foraging, clustering, and rear ending. AFSA has simple algorithm model and strong abilities of getting out of local solution, converging at global solution. However the AFSA can hardly get high-accuracy solution sometimes. Besides in the foraging stage of AFSA, individual artificial fish may choose some new status randomly if the fish cannot get better status than current state. That means previous beneficial information is not used fully. Thus advantages and disadvantages of AFSA can be used and made up by ACOA.
3.2. Introduction of Fusion Algorithm
Basic idea of the fusion algorithm is that fusion algorithm takes artificial fish swarm algorithm as subject, and it introduces idea of ant colony optimization algorithm. So ant colony algorithm takes advantage of AFSA’s speediness and global solution to fulfill quick convergence and get global solution. At the same time ACOA covers disadvantages of AFSA. As ACOA has strong ability of positive feedback for ants search for pheromones left by previous ants fully, every next state of ACOA will be better than its current status. Such superiority can cover disadvantage of AFSA effectively. With ACOA’s calibration, AFSA can modify its routing path more slightly and accurately.
3.3. Implementation of Fusion Algorithm See [18]
AFSA can get optimal solution domain quickly with lower precision. Meanwhile an important feature of ACOA is that the algorithm makes use of pheromones’ positive feedback to choose optimal solution. Thus based on the idea of offsetting each other’s weakness, ACOA-AFSA fusion algorithm is proposed which can converge at optimal solution effectively and quickly. To summarize the realization of the proposed fusion routing algorithm, fish swarm tries to find routing path through data delivering from source node to destination node. And each node in the routing path then compares its energy, path length with nearby nodes with the assistance of ACOA algorithm. Algorithm’s basic steps are as follows while its flow diagram is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Fusion algorithm’s flow diagram.
(a) Parameters’ initialization: both parameters of ant colony algorithm and AFSA are initialized. They are shown as follows. Parameters in ant colony algorithm: pheromone evaporation factor , pheromone level , number of ants , maximum iteration number for ant colony algorithm Max, pheromone heuristic factor . Parameters in AFSA: fish’s step length , visual radius and bulletin board’s content, population quantity, crowding factor , and so on.
(b) , identifier number of fish, increments one.
(c) Implement foraging activity. Fish swarm implements activity of foraging to test whether next status is better than current status. If so, the fish swarm implements foraging activity. If not AFSA will perform next activity: clustering activity. The logic formula of environment consistence is shown where is current state of fish and are the coordinates of , respectively, is consistence of . Fish implements activity of foraging by comparing the consistence with its neighbor. In its visual range, fish chooses some status randomly and the chosen status is compared with current status to judge which one is better. If the chosen one is better, then fish will move one step toward it. Else fish will try to find some better status in the extent of maximum number of iterations. The equations are shown as follows: where is the chosen state that needs to be compared and is the next state that fish will reach. Here (2) is valid if fish finds better status in the maximum iterations, and (3) is executed for fish’s next step toward . After that every status’ consistence will be increased with idea of ACOA. That is to say, we introduce modifying factor, which is positive feedback mechanism from AOCA, to strengthen the chosen status (next node). The updated consistence is shown as expression (4). Then bulletin board’s content is refreshed by latest status. We employ two pieces of bulletin boards to record fish’s choice. One is for recording the best optimal choice and the other one is for suboptimal choice. The content of the bulletin boards will be refreshed after every activity. We name the boards as optimal board and sub-optimal board, respectively. If there is only one link for fish to choose or the distance of alternative node is bigger than optimal path, then the content of optimal board is the same as sub-optimal board. The rules are applicable to the clustering activity, following activity and random activity:
(d) Implement clustering activity. fish swarm implements activity of clustering to test whether next status is better than current status. If so, the fish swarm implements foraging activity. If not AFSA will perform next activity: following activity. The activity of clustering is similar with foraging activity. First fish percepts the number of fish in its visual range and the fish’s visual range forms set of visual_fish . Center location of fish is calculated in (6):
Fish will implement clustering activity if those two conditions are met: (1) , (2) . The two premises demonstrate that is better than . Logically the next status of fish is shown in expression (7). Like foraging activity, consistence of next status should be strengthened with (4) and then bulletin board’s content is refreshed by latest status:
(e) Implement following activity: fish swarm implements activity of following to test whether next status is better than current status. If so, the fish swarm implements foraging activity. If not AFSA will perform next activity: random activity. The following activity is an activity that fish tries to get closer to fish state that has minimum consistence. Certainly following activity will be implemented if the following conditions are met:(1), (2).
Similarly the two conditions indict that is better than, so fish will move one step toward. The next state of fish is shown
So the same work is done to improve environment consistence like foraging activity and clustering activity. At last AFSA updates content of bulletin board.
(f) Random activity: if none of foraging activity, clustering activity, and following activity is implemented, then random activity is executed. The calculation formula for next step of fish is shown in expression (9). As shown in flow diagram, next step is to judge whether fish swarm gets optimal solution or AFSA reaches maximum iterations. If not, algorithm jumps to step b and implement circle successively:
(g) ACOA optimizes the path set from AFSA. Although AFSA has strong ability of finding optimal solution set, its disadvantage is that it has lower precision of obtaining optimal solution in optimal solution set. Because of the aforementioned reasons, we use ACOA to acquire optimal solution from the solution set that outputted from AFSA. Firstly taboo list in ACOA is initialized by solution set of AFSA and ant colony is the same as fish swarm.
(h) Searching for next node and transferring path: we use taboo list to record the city that ant walks around. And the transferring path is determined by route pheromone heuristic index . represents probability that ant moves to city from city . Its expression is shown in the following term: Parameter in expression (10) indicates potential cities that ants can choose for the next step. indicates heuristic function and its expression is as follows: where is the distance between city and .
(i) Path pheromone update. Pheromones level in each path that ants have passed by is refreshed in specific algorithm to induce more ants select the path. The update policy as follows:
In formula (12), represents pheromones’ level; it affects convergence speed to some extent. represents the square of path length that ant walks by in the circulation. means total number of nodes that ant has to traverse from source node to destination node [19, 20].
(j) Loop condition judgment: if whole ant colony walks around the same and the only one route to destination, or number of iterations reaches the maximum iterations set by the algorithm, the ant colony algorithm stops. Otherwise algorithm will jump to step h and continue the search for next path. Pseudo-code block of fusion algorithm’s about AFSA’s initialization as is in Algorithm 1.
Algorithm 1
3.4. Issue Description and Solution
Usually UWSN consists of many underwater nodes for monitoring underwater environments. But characteristics of underwater environments, such as long propagation delay, multipath interference, and limited channel width, decrease UWSN’s network performance. Nodes and network link may join in UWSN or be unusable at any time. Namely, protocols of UWSN may have bad robustness, higher energy consumption, longer transmission delay, lower throughput of network, and so forth.
Thus efficient routing protocol algorithm for UWSN should resolve the aforementioned deficiencies effectively. The conspicuous characteristics of efficient routing algorithm are that the algorithm has autocatalysis and positive feedback mechanism. Fusion algorithm proposed in this paper is the very algorithm that possesses the aforementioned characteristics. As fusion algorithm is based on ant colony algorithm and artificial fish swarm algorithm, the fusion algorithm has advantages of both algorithms like positive feedback mechanism, self-adaptive mechanism, converging at global solution quickly, and good robustness.
Fusion algorithm’s self-adaptive mechanism enhances robustness of UWSN’s routing protocol. In this case routing protocol will not be affected if partial nodes become invalid or some network links are disabled suddenly. Thus robustness of routing protocol is strengthened. What is more, the positive feedback mechanism makes message routes from source node to destination node in shortest path. That means overhead of information routing will be decreased naturally. The more nodes deployed in acoustic environment and further distance that message need to be delivered, the more overhead will be saved. Taking all the aforementioned contents into consideration, we can employ the fusion algorithm to improve UWSN’s network robustness, reduce its energy consumption and propagation delay. Because of reasons given above, we will use ACOA-AFSA fusion algorithm for finding optimal link in UWSN.
For simplicity, we give communication links in protocol table of UWSN as shown in Figure 2. Node A is the source node and node D is sink node while node E is destination node. The distance between AB, BC, CD, DE, AH, HF, FG, GE, BH, LE, LD, DG is 10, 6, 10, 12, 8, 15, 18, 17, 5, 5, 9, 5, 16, respectively. Firstly fish swarm computes food density in the environment. That is to say, each fish in the population will implement foraging activity, clustering activity, following activity, or random activity to choose next node to jump according to formulas from (1) to (9). So after the fish swarm finishes the first circle, most fish will choose node H and node B as their next node, while only little fish will choose node I as their next node. So the optimal bulletin will record H and sub-optimal board will record B as their content. Then the fish swarm continues to find next node based on their current position until they arrive at node D which is a sink node. Next we extract the content in two bulletin boards. The path in optimal-board is A-H-B-C-D while the path in sub-optimal board is A-B-C-D. Then we use ACOA to choose which path is the real shortest path. Paths in optimal board and sub-optimal board form solution set. The source node and destination node in ACOA are node A and node D, respectively. Then ants walk along the given routes from source node to destination node. As The length of path A-B-C-D is 26 and the length of path A-H-B-C-D is 29. As a result, more and more ants will choose path A-B-C-D than path A-H-B-C-D as their route to destination. The whole ant colony will choose A-B-C-D as their walking path eventually. And the process of choosing path from D to E is similarly with choosing path from A to D. So the final routing path is A-B-C-D-E and the whole length of the path is 38.
Figure 2: Topology link of UWSN.
4. Simulation and Analysis
4.1. Simulation Setup
We ran series of simulations to evaluate performance of the proposed algorithm by comparing with other popular algorithms which were discussed in Section 3.2 concretely. In the series of experiment, 1000 nodes are randomly deployed in underwater environment in cubic meters which includes 80 sink nodes. The communication range for sensor nodes and sink nodes was 60 meters while data channel was set to 5 kbs. The length of each data message packet is 512 bytes. Based on the energy consumption model presented in [17, 21], the least transmission power required at the transmitter site to achieve a power level, , at the receiver can be expressed as follows: where is the distance between transmitting node and receiving node, is loss factor that is affected by extension of wave surface, is absorption coefficient of frequency, while is the acoustic transmitting frequency. The parameters of AFSA and ACOA are as follows. (1) Parameters in AFSA. Fish’s step length is 2, bulletin board’s content is 0, visual radius is 6, crowding factor is 10, iteration number is 2000, calculation precision is , and population quantity of fish swarm is 50 [7]. (2) Parameters in ACOA. Pheromone evaporation factor is 0.5, number of ants is 50, maximum iteration number for ant colony algorithm Max is 1000, pheromone heuristic factor is 1.5, expected heuristic factor is 5, and strength of pheromone is 600 [22, 23].
4.2. Simulation Scheme
The simulation experiments were realized through C++ to verify feasibility and validity of the proposed algorithm. The compared schemes during the simulations included the proposed ACOA-AFSA fusion algorithm, a representative clustering algorithm called low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) [24], classic routing protocol for underwater sensor networks named vector-based forwarding (VBF) [25].
We compared the three algorithms in the following aspects. (1) energy consumption: we compared energy consumption in the same application and condition, such as same nodes, same velocity, same packets need to be delivered. (2) Loss ratio of data packets: we got each algorithm’s packets loss probability through quantity loss of the sent packets and received packets between same source node and destination node in same application and condition, such as same nodes, same velocity, and same packets that need to be delivered. (3) Propagation time and delay: propagation time and delay were measured by transmission time of data packets from same source node and destination node in the same application and condition such as same nodes, same velocity, same packets need to be delivered.
4.3. Simulation Results and Analysis
(a) Energy Consumption Comparison
Figure 3 shows the number of data received at sink nodes over different energy consumption level. In fact both algorithms of VBF and LEACH have intrinsic drawback of limited receiving capacity. Figure 3 reveals that LEACH protocol’s largest capacity is 4200 approximately while VBF is 2500 data packets. The proposed routing protocol in the paper does not have such imperfection. Mainly reasons for the aforementioned phenomenon can be summed up as follows: (a) LEACH protocol assumes the nodes chosen as clustering randomly without considering energy state, and it presumes cluster nodes are scattered in monitoring area evenly. As a matter of fact, not all of the message collected by nodes in cluster can be sent to sink nodes correctly and effectively in the real and complicated monitoring area. Sometimes part of monitoring area is full of monitoring nodes but no clustering nodes, thus the information collected by spot nodes cannot be transferred and relayed in time. As a result, energy consumption of LEACH protocol is proportional to the amount packets while data packets fall short of protocol’s theoretical maximum. LEACH’s energy consumption increases while its packets remain unchanged if protocol reaches its maximum limitation. (b) In basic VBF protocol, nodes that near sink nodes think they are authorized to deliver and relay data packets. Thus same data packets may be transferred several times which means the protocol has the lowest capacity of receiving valid data packets. (c) The proposed fusion algorithm ACOA-AFSA can achieve much more data traffic with less energy consumption lies in such a fact; ACOA-AFSA algorithm makes use of biological intelligence to find global path for information delivery in minimum duration. What is more, the proposed algorithm can adaptively select the best route to transmit data if network topology changes. Given the reasons above, the proposed algorithm performs better than the other two algorithms. As ACOA-AFSA algorithm has the best routing path for data transmission, number of total data packets received at sink node is the largest for certainty. VBF and LEACH perform worse than ACOA-AFSA algorithm. VBF protocol takes data forwarding as its most important task if monitoring network is large enough, which results in VBF protocol’s higher network load. That is to say, utilization ratio of VBF protocol’s network is pretty lower which leads to lower sink node’s lower data reception. As clustering nodes are selected randomly in LEACH protocol, some selected clustering nodes are not fit for the mission as their energy is lower. In other words some clusters may lose their clustering nodes easily for the selected nodes’ lower energy, which brings about sink node lower data reception. Figure 4 proves the proceeding discussion.
Figure 3: energy consumption versus data receive at sink node.
Figure 4: Total data packets received at sink node.
(b) Loss Ratio of Data Packets
Figure 5 shows VBF and LEACH have higher packets dropping rate even if nodes have sufficient energy for data receiving and transmitting. The main reasons for such phenomenon is that VBF and LEACH are easily affected by dynamic and complicated underwater environment. Besides in VBF protocol nodes only near routing vector can transmit data which means VBF protocol has lower network usage ratio. As a result loss rate of VBF is largest among three UWSN routing protocol. LEACH protocol allows clustering node to realize the data transmission while nonclustering nodes can restore their energy for the next data transmission. Thus LEACH protocol performs better than VBF protocols. For the same reason, clustering nodes, which is chosen randomly in LEACH protocol, are easy to fail as they execute the assignments which consume a lot of energy. After several data transmission circles, energy distribution is extremely unevenly distributed. So nodes’ energy in some monitoring regions is super small that means data delivery in the area is likely to fail. Through our experiment, it can be revealed that ACOA-AFSA gets the least data dropping probability. Such an outperformance may exist owing to ACOA-AFSA’s global and local view of the whole network topology. And simultaneously, the self-adaptive switching of ACOA and AFSA causes less energy consumption during the disruption of the clusters resulting in deterioration of the performances.
Figure 5: Packet dropping rate versus remaining energy.
(c) Average Delay
We have also conducted the simulation to observe the average delay over number of nodes, namely, the relationship between network scale and average delay. VBF protocol is kind of UWSN routing protocol that performs well while scale of network is small. The major reason is that VBF protocol empowers most nodes in network to transfer data with less data retransmission if UWSN is dense network. As nodes’ number increases, the protocol’s shortage of data retransmission handicaps network’s normal operation of data receiving and delivering seriously. Simulation result in Figure 6 testifies aforementioned VBF protocol’s merits and demerits as well. What is more, Figure 6 demonstrates that ACOA-AFSA fusion algorithm could lower the average delay more with number of nodes increasing. The reason that ACOA-AFSA performs better than VBF is that the self-adaption mechanisms have been incorporated into the protocol. So, the routine efficiency is not so sensitive to the network scale and the scalability is thus optimized.
Figure 6: Average transmission delay versus number of nodes.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, a novel ACOA-AFSA fusion algorithm for UWSN routing protocol has been presented. It is a useful routing algorithm for underwater sensor networks owing to its local acknowledge and global view offered by ACOA and AFSA, respectively. The proposed algorithm also introduces a self-adaptive mechanism to fuse such two algorithms for searching better routing path. ACOA algorithm’s parallel feature makes routing search in proposed protocol quickly. As AFSA algorithm finds candidate optimal routing path roughly in the fusion algorithm for optimizing and ACOA algorithm helps AFSA to calibrate routing path, fusion algorithm’s robustness is stronger than VBF and LEACH. The fusion algorithm’s global view and local optimal routing path makes its energy consumption for data transmission and reception more efficiently. With the increment of nodes and iteration number, advantages of swarm intelligence play greater role in finding best transmission route as well. The whole train of simulations proves ACOA-AFSA routing algorithm outperforms VBF and LEACH marginally in the way of energy consumption, packet loss rate, and delay. For future research work in the field, we will devote our efforts to the optimal tuning of parameters in ACOA and AFSA algorithm to realize the optimal performance in underwater wireless sensor network’s data routing.
Acknowledgments
This paper was supported by Foundation of Shanghai Maritime University (20110028), Shanghai Science and Technology Committee Program (11PJ1404300, 09170502000), Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (S30602), and a Grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40801174).
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Sarcoma
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 325238, 12 pages
doi:10.1155/2011/325238
Review Article
Defective Osteogenic Differentiation in the Development of Osteosarcoma
1Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC3079, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
2Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
3Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education and Affiliated Hospitals, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
4School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
5Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, China
6Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400030, China
Received 20 September 2010; Revised 19 December 2010; Accepted 20 December 2010
Academic Editor: H. Kovar
Copyright © 2011 Eric R. Wagner et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is associated with poor prognosis due to its high incidence of metastasis and chemoresistance. It often arises in areas of rapid bone growth in long bones during the adolescent growth spurt. Although certain genetic conditions and alterations increase the risk of developing OS, the molecular pathogenesis is poorly understood. Recently, defects in differentiation have been linked to cancers, as they are associated with high cell proliferation. Treatments overcoming these defects enable terminal differentiation and subsequent tumor inhibition. OS development may be associated with defects in osteogenic differentiation. While early regulators of osteogenesis are unable to bypass these defects, late osteogenic regulators, including Runx2 and Osterix, are able to overcome some of the defects and inhibit tumor propagation through promoting osteogenic differentiation. Further understanding of the relationship between defects in osteogenic differentiation and tumor development holds tremendous potential in treating OS.
1. Introduction
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor. Most patients with osteosarcoma complain of symptoms for several months and initially present with a pathologic fracture [1, 2]. Although OS can occur in any bone, it frequently involves the metaphysis of long bones where high bone turnover occurs during longitudinal growth spurts [2]. Radiographic imaging, combined with biopsy, is required for definitive diagnosis [2]. However, a problem lies in the detection of the pulmonary metastases, as only around 15%–20% of patients will have radiographically detectable pulmonary metastases, while approximately 80% of the patients will either develop or already have radiographically undetectable micrometastases [14]. These pulmonary lesions are responsible for the high mortality associated with OS [1, 2]. Treatment of OS includes surgical resection of both primary and pulmonary lesions combined with radiotherapy [2]. However, due to the high suspicion for micrometastases, nearly all patients will also receive preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy with agents such as cisplatin, doxorubicin, methotrexate, and isofosfamide [1, 2, 57]. These agents expose patients to longterm toxicities, including hearing loss, cardiomyopathy, sterility, and hypomagnesemia [2, 813]. Even with this aggressive management, OS patients still have a poor prognosis. Patients who present without detectable metastases have a 70% longterm disease-free survival; once a metastasis has been detected, the disease is likely to relapse [1, 2, 57]. Thus, there is a critical need to identify metastatic markers that can accurately predict the presence or absence of metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis and provide both prognostic value and potential targets for novel therapies in the future.
Although the etiology underlying OS is poorly understood, the tumors often develop in settings of high bone turnover, such as the adolescent growth spurt [2]. Furthermore, numerous genetic and cytogenetic abnormalities have been associated with OS, including mutations of tumor suppressors and oncogenes, as well as chromosomal amplifications, deletions, rearrangements, and translocations [1, 2, 14]. The most common alterations are associated with chromosomes 1, 9, 10, 13, and 17, or involve the p53 and Rb genes [1]. Given the numerous alterations associated with OS, it is no surprise that no singular consensus mechanism can account for OS tumorigenesis. Recent investigations have focused on the role of osteogenic differentiation in the pathogenesis of OS. This is supported by the similarities between OS tumors cells and primitive osteoblasts [15]. It is plausible that the genetic and epigenetic alterations associated with OS alter the signaling pathways associated with osteogenic differentiation, arresting the cells as undifferentiated precursors. By approaching OS as a disease caused by differentiation defects, we not only acquire a unique understanding of OS pathogenesis, but suggest avenues for developing novel therapies that can target OS differentiation.
2. Molecular Biology of Osteosarcoma
2.1. Loss of Tumor Suppressors
Both sporadic and inherited mutations to pathways associated with p53 and Rb tumor suppressor genes are associated with osteosarcoma. Rb is a key regulator in the G1/S transition. In its hypophosphorylated state, Rb acts as a tumor suppressor by binding to and inactivating E2F, resulting in cell cycle arrest [16]. Cyclin D1 and CDK4 phosphorylate and inactivate Rb during the G1/S transition, thereby allowing cell cycle progression to occur [16]. Approximately 70% of sporadic OS cases have shown genetic alterations in the Rb1 locus, and individuals heterozygous for a germline inactivation of Rb1 have a 1,000-times greater probability of OS [1, 1720]. Moreover, inactivation of the Rb1 locus has been implicated as a poor prognostic factor in patients with OS [1, 2, 14].
OS development has also been associated with another tumor suppressor in the Rb signaling pathway, p16INK4A [21]. It functions through inactivation of CDK4, causing cell cycle arrest at the G1/S transition. Alterations in p16INK4A cause an inability to regulate CDK4 and the G1/S transition, leading to an uninhibited cell cycle progression that mimics the Rb mutation phenotype. The downregulation of p16INK4A also serves as a poor prognostic factor in pediatric patients with OS [14, 22].
The tumor suppressor gene p53 maps to 17p13, a region that is frequently abnormal in patients with OS [14, 23]. The p53 gene product acts as a transcription factor that regulates cell cycle progression through apoptotic and DNA repair mechanisms, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human cancers, including OS [2427]. In OS patients, studies have frequently found point mutations, gene rearrangements, and allelic loss at the p53 locus [1]. Furthermore, patients with the Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a disorder characterized by a germline mutation at the p53 locus, have a significantly higher risk of developing OS [2830].
2.2. Induction of Oncogenes
Activation of a variety of oncogenes has been implicated in OS tumorigenesis. The c-Myc oncogene encodes for a transcription factor that regulates both cell proliferation and growth [31, 32]. It is reported that up to 12% of OS tumors have amplification at the c-Myc locus while the expression of Myc appears to be correlated with a higher risk for relapse [1, 3336]. Furthermore, overexpression of c-Myc in Ink4a/Arf−/− bone marrow stromal cells leads to a malignant transformation [37]. Another oncogene associated with OS is MDM2, an important negative regulator of p53. It encodes a protein that inactivates the N-terminal transactivation domain of p53 and marks it for degradation via polyubiquitination [1, 2325, 27]. Located at the 12q13 locus, MDM2 has been found to be amplified in up to 10% of OS tumors [3840]. Finally, CDK4, an oncogene associated with the regulation of cell cycle progression, has shown high levels of expression in up to 65% of low-grade OS [41]. CDK4 forms a complex with cyclin D1 and phosphorylates RB, thereby releasing the E2F transcription factor and promoting cell cycle progression [1]. Other important oncogenes that have been reported in association with OS include, but are not limited to, FOS, ERBB2 and CCND1 [1].
2.3. Syndromes Associated with OS
A variety of syndromes show a predisposition to the development of OS. In patients affected by Paget’s disease of the bone, approximately 1% will develop OS [42]. Paget’s disease of bone results when there is a disconnection between osteoclast and osteoblast activity, resulting in largely deformed bone. Furthermore, Paget’s disease accounts for a substantial fraction of patients over 60 years old with OS [42]. Another syndrome that increases the risk of OS is Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder that results from a mutation in an RECQ helicase, resulting in photosensitivity, cataracts, and skeletal dysplasias [43]. In one study, 32% of patients with Rothmund-Thomson developed OS, with a tendency to occur at a younger age [43]. Finally, patients with neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) have decreased expression levels of merlin, an ERM-related protein that acts as a tumor suppressor [44, 45]. Merlin increases the stability of p53 by inhibiting MDM2-mediated degradation, and the loss of merlin in NF2 is thought to destabilize p53 [46]. NF2 heterozygous mice showed a propensity of highly metastatic tumors, including poorly differentiated OS [46].
2.4. Dysregulation of Signaling Pathways
Recently, many investigations have focused on aberrations in cell signaling pathways that have been linked to the development of many different human tumors, including OS. One example is the TGFβ signaling pathway, which involves three distinct proteins (TGFβ 1–3) that are involved in cellular differentiation, cell growth, and apoptosis [4750]. In OS tumors, there is significantly higher expression of TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 compared to TGFβ2 [51]. Expression levels of TGFβ3 strongly correlate with OS tumor progression [51]. Alterations in other signaling pathways that are implicated, but whose roles are less delineated in OS, include Shh, FGFR2, MET/HGF, and BMPs [1, 5254]. Later, we discuss the signaling pathways associated with the Wnt proteins and Runx2, and their relationship with defects in osteogenic differentiation and subsequent OS tumor development.
2.5. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are bone marrow stromal cells that can differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, neurogenic, or myogenic lineages [5558]. Osteogenic differentiation is a complex, tightly regulated process that is critical for proper bone formation and is influenced by a variety of endogenous and environmental factors [1, 59]. As MSCs pass through each successive stage of differentiation, they are thought to lose their proliferative capacity. Markers of the osteoblastic differentiation cascade include connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) (early), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Osterix, Runx2 (early/middle), osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), and collagen 1a1 (Col 1a1) (late) [1, 15, 47, 57, 5964] (Figure 1).
Figure 1: (a) Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) progress down the osteogenic differentiation cascade. MSCs are pluripotent bone marrow stromal cells that are able to differentiate into bone, muscle, tendon, and adipose tissue. Osteogenic differentiation of MSCs is a tightly regulated process by different signaling. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their downstream mediators, such as inhibitor of DNA binding (Id) proteins and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), are early markers in the osteogenic differentiation cascade. Runx2 and Wnt proteins are important regulators of osteoblastic differentiation. Alkaline phosphatase and Osterix are early/middle markers, while osteocalcin and osteopontin are late markers of bone formation. (b) Defects in osteogenic differentiation lead to osteosarcoma (OS) development. If alterations in the MSC differentiation cascade block the progression to terminally differentiated osteoblasts or osteocytes, it is likely that tumorigenic precursors are formed. Such undifferentiated OS precursors would maintain the ability to proliferate and increase the risk for OS development. Although not well understood, some of the potential defects may include genetic and/or epigenetic changes in Wnt signaling, Rb, p53, and p27. These defects may lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and disrupted differentiation. Thus, these alterations disrupt the delicate balance between proliferation and differentiation, leading to a tumorigenic phenotype.
Many signaling pathways and associated regulatory genes control the complex MSC differentiation cascade [65]. For example, myogenic differentiaion is controlled by factors such as the MyoD and Mef2 family of transcription factors [58, 66, 67]. Commitment of MSCs to the adipogenic lineage is a two-phase process of cell determination and differentiation that is regulated in part by PPARγ, as well as BMPs 4 and 7 [5759, 68, 69]. Chondrogenic differentiation is regulated by multiple transcription factors and growth factors, such as Sox9, BMP2, BMP7, and FGF2, many of which represent early regulators of the osteogenic differentiation pathway [57, 58]. The factors controlling these pathways are integral in regulating the osteogenic cascade through interpathway cross-talk and feedback cycles. Some of the most important of these molecules include the BMPs, PPARγ, Runx2, and the Wnts (Figure 1).
BMPs belong to the TGFβ superfamily of growth factors, which are considered pivotal regulators of early MSC commitment. The osteogenic BMPs include 2, 4, 6, 7, and 9, with BMP 6 and 9 showing the most potent osteogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo [1, 47, 5759, 7074]. BMP 4 and 7 also exhibit adipogenic activity, but commitment to the adipogenic or osteoblastic lineage is mutually exclusive [57, 59, 7483]. These osteogenic BMPs are able to induce undifferentiated MSCs to express many early osteoblast progenitor markers, such as the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), inhibitor of DNA binding (Id), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) [57, 75, 76, 8487].
PPARγ is considered the main regulator of adipogenesis. However, it plays a crucial cross-regulatory role in osteoblastogenesis, as PPARγ expression shifts MSC differentiation from the osteogenic to the adipogenic cascade [59, 88]. For example, PPARγ-deficient mice show a lack of adipogenesis with an increase in osteogenic activity [59, 89]. Furthermore, PPARγ seems to be involved in BMP-induced osteogenesis, as PPARγ knockout mice fail to differentiate in response to BMP stimulation [59, 74, 85]. These results suggest that in addition adipogenesis, PPARγ may act as a differentiation regulator in conjunction with the osteogenic BMPs to promote MSC differentiation along an osteogenic lineage.
Runx2 is considered one of the master regulators in MSC osteoblast differentiation [58, 9092]. Runx2 knockout is fatal in mice, leading to a cartilaginous skeleton without any ossification and delayed chondrocyte maturation [93, 94]. Moreover, Runx2 interacts with numerous transcriptional activators and repressors, which are crucial in osteogenesis, such as Rb, PTH/PTHrP, MAPLK, and histone deacetylases [58, 92, 9597]. In particular, it is thought to be a critical regulator in the BMP-mediated osteogenic differentiation pathway [98].
Wnts are a group of highly conserved, secreted proteins, and are one of the major osteogenic regulators [58, 99102]. Wnt genes are expressed in developing limbs and the Wnt coreceptor LRP5 has been shown to regulate bone formation [58, 103105]. Osteoblast maturation is dependent on Wnt proteins, as Wnt deficient cells fail to undergo terminal differentiation in the presence of the hedgehog signaling proteins [106]. Overexpression of a Wnt antagonist leads to the presence of lytic bone lesions, while activation of Wnt/ β-Catenin signaling is frequently observed in osteosarcoma [107, 108]. It appears Wnt molecules control both osteoblastic differentiation and cell proliferation while shunting away from chondrogenic differentiation [109].
The effect of terminal differentiation on stem cells is crucial in understanding oncogenesis. When cells progress down a differentiation cascade, they lose their proliferative capabilities in exchange for a differentiating potential. As a result, they are less responsive to growth factors and increasingly susceptible to apoptosis and cytotoxic agents such as chemotherapy [59]. Thus, it is conceivable that tumorigenesis may result from disruptions that prevent terminal differentiation, thereby allowing tumor-initiating cells to retain their highly proliferative precursor cell phenotypes.
3. Association between Differentiation Defects and Cancer
Stem cells are undifferentiated precursor cells that have a pluripotent ability to give rise to many different types of tissues. They are defined by their capacity for self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation into mature cells of a particular tissue. Recent studies have linked undifferentiated progenitor cells with tumorigenesis, and their similar ability to self-renew and proliferate [63]. A crucial aspect of stem cell biology is to regulate the balance between proliferation and terminal differentiation. A dysregulation of this balance in favor of proliferation appears to be associated with many different human tumors (Figure 1).
Both normal stem cells and cancer-initiating cells show a unique ability for self-renewal. Pathways that are normally associated with cancer are also crucial to stem cell proliferation, and vice versa. For example, the notch, Sonic hedgehog, and Wnt signaling pathways are associated with the regulation of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) pathway, development and oncogenesis [63, 106, 110114]. Osteoblast maturation is dependent on Wnt proteins, as Wnt-deficient cells fail to undergo terminal differentiation in the presence of the hedgehog signaling proteins [106]. Overexpression of β-catenin in the Wnt pathway can expand the pool of transplantable HSCs from cultured HSCs by propagating stem cell division [62, 63]. Gli1, an intracellular mediator of the hedgehog family, regulates limb bud and osteogenic development [113, 114]. This pathway has also been linked to increased proliferation and tumorigenic transformation [114]. Furthermore, this link is demonstrated in the relationship between epidermal progenitor cells and epithelial cancers [115]. Tumorigenesis is thought to be a summation of multiple events over a period of time. If some of these alterations were blocked to arrest the progenitor cells in undifferentiated, highly proliferative state, it may explain the tumor cells’ abilities of self-renewal and propagation [63, 116, 117].
Recently, the notion of “cancer stem cells” has taken shape, where a small subset of stem cells fail to undergo terminal differentiation and maintain their proliferative capacities, enabling the tumor to continue to self-propagate and regenerate new cells [63, 118]. As reported by Reya et al., both cancer cells and stem cells maintain tremendous proliferative capacity and display similar phenotypic cellular markers [63]. Additionally, both tumors and stem cells consist of a heterogenous population of cells with different proliferative potentials at various stages of differentiation [63]. Thus, the cancer stem cells may be derived from normal undifferentiated progenitor cells, and are thought to drive tumorigenesis.
Multiple therapeutic interventions have targeted the defects in differentiation and are able to promote terminal differentiation of cancer cells and make them more susceptible to apoptosis. Furthermore, these therapies are able to target a specific tissue type, and therefore avoid the systemic toxicities of most chemotherapeutic agents. For example, in breast cancer the estrogen receptor (ER) blocks differentiation in part through induction of cellular proliferation [119]. Tamoxifen targets this receptor, enabling the cells to undergo differentiation and associated apoptosis [120]. PPARγ ligands and retinoids are able to treat liposarcoma through the induction of terminal differentiation [121125]. In patients with prostate cancer, antiandrogens and retinoids can promote differentiation, and thus decrease tumorigenesis [126, 127]. Finally, clinical trials have suggested that ARA-C can induce complete remission in patients with AML by inducing the differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells [128]. While there are numerous examples of successful differentiation therapy, one particular example is seen in the treatment of Ewing’s sarcoma, another primary bone tumor.
4. Ewing’s Sarcoma: An Example of Differentiation Defects in a Bone Tumor
Ewing’s sarcoma is the second most common malignant pediatric bone tumor [129]. A part of the molecular pathogenesis underlying Ewing’s sarcoma is the overexpression of EWS/ETS or EWS/FLI-1 fusion oncogenes that prevent MSC differentiation along the adipogenic and osteogenic lineage [130]. The fusion protein carries out its functions by binding Runx2 and regulating the transcription of the hedgehog mediator Gli1 [130133]. Silencing of this oncogene leads to the recovery of the MSCs differentiation capabilities [134]. Moreover, expression of this EWS/FLI-1 fusion protein in murine primary MSCs leads to the inhibition of MSC differentiation, and subsequent development of a EWS/FLI-1-dependent Ewing’s sarcomas [129]. Collectively, these results suggest that inhibition of MSC differentiation may be crucial to the pathogenesis of Ewing’s sarcoma, and that restoration of MSC differentiation potential may be an effective therapy in patients with Ewing’s sarcoma.
5. Osteosarcoma as a Result of Differentiation Defects
OS cells share many similar features to undifferentiated osteoprogenitors, including a high proliferative capacity, resistance to apoptosis, and similar expression of many osteogenic markers, such as CTGF, Runx2, ALP, Osterix, and Osteocalcin [1, 15, 47, 57, 5964]. Furthermore, the more aggressive OS phenotypes often resemble early progenitors, while less aggressive tumors seem to share more similarities with osteogenic MSCs that have progressed further along the differentiation cascade [55, 59].
Analysis of the expression of osteogenic markers in OS cells demonstrates an early osteogenic phenotype. Alkaline phosphatase, a well-documented early marker of osteogenesis, has a much lower expression in OS tumor cells when compared to hFOB1.19 cells, a committed osteoblastic line [64, 135]. Similarly, the late osteogenic markers osteopontin and osteocalcin are highly expressed in mature, differentiated osteoblasts, but are minimally expressed in both primary OS tumors and OS cell lines [47, 57, 136, 137]. CTGF, a multifunctional growth factor that is normally upregulated at the earliest stages of osteogenic differentiation, also shows elevated basal expression in human OS cells [76]. These results suggest that OS cells likely fail to undergo terminal differentiation, and that the degree of dedifferentiation may correlate with a worse prognosis.
By retaining a phenotype similar to undifferentiated osteoprogenitors, OS cells are able to maintain a capacity for uncontrolled proliferation. For example, it is well established that gradual telomere shortening is an effective mechanism of cell senescence when stem cells become terminally differentiated. However, more than 50% of OS cells utilize an alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT) pathway that prevents telomere shortening, allowing the tumor cells to evade senescence and resemble their stem cell progenitors [138]. As a result, OS cells demonstrate similar rates of proliferation, growth factors responsiveness, and capacity for self-renewal to osteoprogenitor stem cells [139]. Furthermore, the stage at which differentiation is interrupted likely correlates with the aggressiveness and metastatic potential of the various OS tumors.
The Runx2 and Wnt regulators of osteogenic differentiation are two examples of alterations in the differentiation cascade potentially underlying tumorigenesis (Figure 1). Runx2 is a member of the runt family of transcription factors that has been linked to a variety of human cancers such as leukemia and gastric cancer [98, 140, 141]. Runx2 is a master regulator of osteoblastic differentiation that is consistently altered in human OS [98]. Runx2 and its associated protein p27KIP1, are important regulators of the G1 cell cycle checkpoint [98]. Runx2 also physically interacts with the hypophosphorylated form of Rb, a known coactivator of Runx2, to create a feed forward loop that promotes terminal cell cycle exit and the formation of a differentiated osteoblastic phenotype [98]. Additionally, Runx2 regulates BMP-induced osteogenesis, synergistically inducing many terminal differentiation markers [98]. Interestingly, Runx2 has a very low expression in OS cell lines. When considering the role of Runx2 in the cell cycle and terminal differentiation regulation associated with BMPs, Rb, and p27KIP1, it is natural that any alterations would lead to uncontrolled proliferation and loss of differentiation. Accordingly, high-grade osteosarcomas show decreased expression of p27KIP1, while lower-grade tumors have detectable p27KIP1 levels. Furthermore, dedifferentiated OS tumors have significantly lower levels of p27KIP1 in comparison to well-differentiated OS. Since OS differentiation status bears prognostic significance, disruptions in the Runx2 pathway and loss of differentiation may be an important step in the development of highly aggressive, less differentiated OS tumors.
Wnt signaling pathway has been implicated in a variety of human diseases [62, 142, 143]. The canonical Wnt pathway involves binding of the Wnt glycoprotein to the transmembrane Frizzled receptor and LRP5/6 coreceptors [61, 144146]. Ligand-receptor binding prevents downstream phosphorylation of β-catenin, allowing it to translocate to the nucleus and activate downstream genes that mediate cell proliferation and differentiation [61]. This canonical Wnt pathway plays a crucial role in osteoblast differentiation, as evidenced by the fact that Wnt3a expression leads to cell proliferation and suppression of osteogenic differentiation in adult MSCs [147]. Multiple aberrations in the Wnt signaling pathway have been associated with OS tumorigenesis [108, 148]. For example, elevated levels of β-Catenin, an important regulator of the Wnt pathway, are correlated with osteoprogenitor proliferation and OS metastasis [108, 148]. Furthermore, OS tumors overexpressing LRP5, a Wnt coreceptor, are associated with a poorer prognosis and decreased patient survival [149]. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that deregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway may lead to OS tumorigenesis by preventing terminal osteogenic differentiation and promoting cell proliferation (Figure 1).
Given these results, it appears that a lack of terminal differentiation may not only be responsible for OS tumorigenesis, but may also predict its malignant potential. By preventing terminal differentiation, tumors can retain their proliferative phenotypes, responsiveness to growth factors, and overall aggressiveness. If osteosarcoma is a consequence of these differentiation defects, we can focus future research on identifying new therapies targeting cellular differentiation thereby avoiding some of the negative consequences associated with conventional chemotherapy.
6. Therapeutic Potential by Targeting Differentiation Defects in OS
Recent investigations have focused on the therapeutic potential to overcome differentiation defects associated with osteosarcoma, and therefore prevent tumorigenesis. Examples of such therapies have been detailed in previous studies and include agents such as nuclear receptor agonists, growth factors, and transcription factors [55, 59, 150155] (Table 1). In addition to inducing terminal differentiation, these therapies can obviate the need for chemotherapy, thereby avoiding some of the toxicities and chemoresistance associated with current OS therapeutic regimens.
Table 1: Summary of some currently used differentiation agents in human osteosarcoma cells. These differentiation agents are in general nonspecific differentiation-promoting agents, and are able to promote osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells. These agents can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in OS cells.
One example of potential OS differentiation agents are the nuclear receptor superfamily of proteins, including PPARγ, the retinoids, and estrogens. Various PPARγ agonists have shown the ability to prevent proliferation and induce osteoblastic differentiation in OS tumor cells [15, 153] (Table 1). When OS cells are exposed to these agents, they exhibit an increased susceptibility to apoptosis, decreased proliferative capacity, and an increase in the expression of differentiation markers such as alkaline phosphatase [59]. Similarly, treatment of OS cells with other members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, such as 9 cis-retinoic acid and all-trans retinoic acid, are able to induce differentiation and growth inhibition in human OS cell lines [150]. When these retinoic acid ligands are combined with troglitazone, a potent PPARγ agonist, there is a strong synergistic effect in inducing cellular apoptosis and differentiation [153]. Another nuclear receptor that has potential in OS therapies is the estrogen receptor. In previous studies, estrogen receptor antagonists, such as tamoxifen, Raloxifene, 17-beta estradiol, and SERMS, are able to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in U2OS cell lines through varying mechanisms [156]. These studies also demonstrated that the decreased cell proliferation was associated with an increase in osteoblast differentiation markers [156].
Another nuclear receptor agonist that has the potential to serve as an OS differentiation inducer is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) (Table 1). 1,25(OH)2D3 can induce OS differentiation through a p21-dependent pathway [152]. The p21 is a downstream effector of p53 that regulates G1 cell cycle arrest [157]. However, since most OS cells contain absent or nonfunctional p53, this pathway is often interrupted [1]. Osteogenic differentiation of OS cells is associated with the expression of p21 [152]. 1,25(OH)2D3 has been shown to induce the expression of p21, and treatment of three different OS cell lines with exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 induced cellular differentiation (as measured by ALP and OCN) and triggered apoptosis [151]. Taken together, these results suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 may prevent OS tumorigenesis by inducing differentiation in a p21-dependent manner.
An interesting possibility for a differentiation agent is parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), as they are both able to induce osteoblastic differentiation in MG63 OS cells [155] (Table 1). PTH/PTHrP ligands bind to the G protein family of trans-membrane receptors, and the signal is transduced via a MAPK pathway that leads to the eventual phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA) and/or protein kinase C (PKC) [158]. Carpio et al. demonstrated that treatment of MG63 cell lines with PTHrP resulted in elevated levels of ALP and type 1 collagen, suggesting that these tumor cells underwent osteoblastic differentiation. Furthermore, transient transfection of the OS cells with inhibitors of this PTHrP pathway resulted in downregulation of both type 1 collagen and ALP, suggesting that the PTHrP-mediated cellular differentiation is likely a result of activation of the MAPK/PKA/PKC pathway [155]. Interestingly, PTH regulates the oncoprotein c-fos, which is a critical modulator of osteogenic differentiation and malignant transformation [159, 160]. Upregulating the expression of this oncoprotein leads to both malignant transformation and more aggressive tumors [159161].
Interestingly, as potent osteogenic differentiation regulators BMPs are unable to promote OS cell terminal differentiation (Table 1). BMPs play an essential role in the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, and exposure of MSCs to the most osteogenic BMPs (2, 4, 6, and 9) result in the expression of osteoblast markers such as ALP, OCN, and OPN [47, 57, 58, 84, 136, 137, 162, 163]. When four different OS cell lines were exposed to these osteogenic BMPs, there was an increased expression of early target genes Id1, Id2, and Id3, but no change in ALP, OCN, and OPN levels [64]. Furthermore, BMP exposure not only prevented differentiation, but actually promoted tumor growth and proliferation [64]. These results suggest that these OS cells may contain defects in the differentiation pathway that are regulated by osteogenic BMPs. Therefore, exogenous administration of BMPs fails to bypass the defects, but instead promotes tumor cell proliferation. However, when the cells were treated with adenovirus expressing Runx2 (even in the presence of osteogenic BMPs), the tumor growth was significantly inhibited, and these cells underwent terminal differentiation and apoptosis [64]. Collectively, these results suggest that Runx2 is able to bypass the differentiation defects that are downstream in the cascade from the BMPs, and thus, able to inhibit tumor progression through the induction of osteogenic differentiation (Table 1).
7. Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
Osteosarcoma is a complex disease whose etiology is likely from multiple sources, including rapid bone proliferation, an accumulation of mutations, and possible defects in differentiation. Recent investigations have focused on the factors regulating the osteogenic differentiation cascade of mesenchymal stem cells. Alterations in other differentiation pathways have already been established as critical etiologies in the pathogenesis of other cancers, such as breast, prostate, and the hematologic system. We have had success in overcoming these differentiation defects in these cancers, leading to the inhibition of the tumor cells with uncontrolled proliferation. We have recently shown that osteosarcoma, at least in part, results from defects in the osteogenic differentiation cascade. OS tumor cells share many cellular and morphologic features with undifferentiated osteogenic progenitors. As a result, osteogenic factors such as BMPs, are not able to bypass these defects, leading to cellular proliferation and tumor growth. Late osteogenic regulators, such as Runx2 and the retinoids, are able to overcome these defects and stimulate progression through the differentiation cascade. Further understanding of the relationship between defects in differentiation and tumor development holds tremendous potential in developing novel therapies to treat OS.
Acknowledgments
This paper was supported, in part, by research grants from the American Cancer Society (H. H. Luu and T. C. He), the National Institutes of Health (CA106569, AT004418, AR50142, and AR054381 to T. C. He, R. C. He and H. H. Luu), and the 863 and 973 Programs of Ministry of Science and Technology of China (no. 2007AA2z400 and no. 2011CB707900 to TCH and JL).
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151. K. Nozaki, T. Kadosawa, R. Nishimura, M. Mochizuki, K. Takahashi, and N. Sasaki, “1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, recombinant human transforming growth factor-β, and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 induce In Vitro differentiation of canine osteosarcoma cells,” Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 649–656, 1999. View at Scopus
152. M. Zenmyo, S. Komiya, T. Hamada et al., “Transcriptional activation of p21 by vitamin D or vitamin K leads to differentiation of p53-deficient MG-63 osteosarcoma cells,” Human Pathology, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 410–416, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
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154. H. Fukushima, E. Jimi, H. Kajiya, W. Motokawa, and K. Okabe, “Parathyroid-hormone-related protein induces expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand in human periodontal ligament cells via a cAMP/protein kinase A-independent pathway,” Journal of Dental Research, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 329–334, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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28 Bible Verses about Purpose
Jeremiah 29:11 ESV / 75 helpful votes
For I know the plans I have for you, declares the Lord, plans for welfare and not for evil, to give you a future and a hope.
Proverbs 16:4 ESV / 41 helpful votes
The Lord has made everything for its purpose, even the wicked for the day of trouble.
Romans 8:28 ESV / 39 helpful votes
And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose.
1 Peter 2:9 ESV / 36 helpful votes
But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession, that you may proclaim the excellencies of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light.
Psalm 138:8 ESV / 28 helpful votes
The Lord will fulfill his purpose for me; your steadfast love, O Lord, endures forever. Do not forsake the work of your hands.
Colossians 1:16 ESV / 18 helpful votes
For by him all things were created, in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities—all things were created through him and for him.
Romans 11:36 ESV / 14 helpful votes
For from him and through him and to him are all things. To him be glory forever. Amen.
Isaiah 55:11 ESV / 12 helpful votes
So shall my word be that goes out from my mouth; it shall not return to me empty, but it shall accomplish that which I purpose, and shall succeed in the thing for which I sent it.
1 Corinthians 6:19-20 ESV / 11 helpful votes
Or do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, whom you have from God? You are not your own, for you were bought with a price. So glorify God in your body.
Ecclesiastes 3:1 ESV / 11 helpful votes
For everything there is a season, and a time for every matter under heaven:
Ephesians 2:10 ESV / 10 helpful votes
For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand, that we should walk in them.
Ephesians 2:1-22 ESV / 10 helpful votes
And you were dead in the trespasses and sins in which you once walked, following the course of this world, following the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that is now at work in the sons of disobedience— among whom we all once lived in the passions of our flesh, carrying out the desires of the body and the mind, and were by nature children of wrath, like the rest of mankind. But God, being rich in mercy, because of the great love with which he loved us, even when we were dead in our trespasses, made us alive together with Christ—by grace you have been saved— ...
Revelation 4:11 ESV / 8 helpful votes
“Worthy are you, our Lord and God, to receive glory and honor and power, for you created all things, and by your will they existed and were created.”
Isaiah 46:10 ESV / 8 helpful votes
Declaring the end from the beginning and from ancient times things not yet done, saying, ‘My counsel shall stand, and I will accomplish all my purpose,’
Ephesians 1:4-5 ESV / 6 helpful votes
Even as he chose us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and blameless before him. In love he predestined us for adoption as sons through Jesus Christ, according to the purpose of his will,
John 16:13-15 ESV / 6 helpful votes
When the Spirit of truth comes, he will guide you into all the truth, for he will not speak on his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will declare to you the things that are to come. He will glorify me, for he will take what is mine and declare it to you. All that the Father has is mine; therefore I said that he will take what is mine and declare it to you.
Matthew 28:18-20 ESV / 6 helpful votes
And Jesus came and said to them, “All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you. And behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age.”
John 5:30 ESV / 5 helpful votes
“I can do nothing on my own. As I hear, I judge, and my judgment is just, because I seek not my own will but the will of him who sent me.
John 1:1-4 ESV / 5 helpful votes
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things were made through him, and without him was not any thing made that was made. In him was life, and the life was the light of men.
Isaiah 43:16-19 ESV / 5 helpful votes
Thus says the Lord, who makes a way in the sea, a path in the mighty waters, who brings forth chariot and horse, army and warrior; they lie down, they cannot rise, they are extinguished, quenched like a wick: “Remember not the former things, nor consider the things of old. Behold, I am doing a new thing; now it springs forth, do you not perceive it? I will make a way in the wilderness and rivers in the desert.
Ecclesiastes 12:13-14 ESV / 5 helpful votes
The end of the matter; all has been heard. Fear God and keep his commandments, for this is the whole duty of man. For God will bring every deed into judgment, with every secret thing, whether good or evil.
Psalm 139:1-24 ESV / 5 helpful votes
To the choirmaster. A Psalm of David. O Lord, you have searched me and known me! You know when I sit down and when I rise up; you discern my thoughts from afar. You search out my path and my lying down and are acquainted with all my ways. Even before a word is on my tongue, behold, O Lord, you know it altogether. You hem me in, behind and before, and lay your hand upon me. ...
Philippians 3:1-21 ESV / 4 helpful votes
Finally, my brothers, rejoice in the Lord. To write the same things to you is no trouble to me and is safe for you. Look out for the dogs, look out for the evildoers, look out for those who mutilate the flesh. For we are the circumcision, who worship by the Spirit of God and glory in Christ Jesus and put no confidence in the flesh— though I myself have reason for confidence in the flesh also. If anyone else thinks he has reason for confidence in the flesh, I have more: circumcised on the eighth day, of the people of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews; as to the law, a Pharisee; ...
Ephesians 2:8-9 ESV / 4 helpful votes
For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, not a result of works, so that no one may boast.
1 Chronicles 29:17-18 ESV / 4 helpful votes
I know, my God, that you test the heart and have pleasure in uprightness. In the uprightness of my heart I have freely offered all these things, and now I have seen your people, who are present here, offering freely and joyously to you. O Lord, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, our fathers, keep forever such purposes and thoughts in the hearts of your people, and direct their hearts toward you.
Romans 9:20-21 ESV / 3 helpful votes
But who are you, O man, to answer back to God? Will what is molded say to its molder, “Why have you made me like this?” Has the potter no right over the clay, to make out of the same lump one vessel for honorable use and another for dishonorable use?
Luke 1:1-80 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Inasmuch as many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the things that have been accomplished among us, just as those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word have delivered them to us, it seemed good to me also, having followed all things closely for some time past, to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, that you may have certainty concerning the things you have been taught. In the days of Herod, king of Judea, there was a priest named Zechariah, of the division of Abijah. And he had a wife from the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth. ...
Isaiah 1:1-31 ESV / 1 helpful vote
The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth; for the Lord has spoken: “Children have I reared and brought up, but they have rebelled against me. The ox knows its owner, and the donkey its master's crib, but Israel does not know, my people do not understand.” Ah, sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity, offspring of evildoers, children who deal corruptly! They have forsaken the Lord, they have despised the Holy One of Israel, they are utterly estranged. Why will you still be struck down? Why will you continue to rebel? The whole head is sick, and the whole heart faint. ...
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SBPWG:Gaps
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
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(Gap Seed List)
(Gap Seed List)
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* How to balance competition, collaboration - where and how should we invest?
* How to balance competition, collaboration - where and how should we invest?
* The internet changes everything
* The internet changes everything
+
===B) Public Communication between the Scientific Community and Other Sectors of Society===
===B) Public Communication between the Scientific Community and Other Sectors of Society===
Revision as of 17:53, 10 July 2011
Home About Members Meetings Gaps Discussion Resources
Contents
Introduction
We intend to use this space to seed, prioritize and sustain a list of 'Top 10 gaps' in our practice of synthetic biology for this group - and others - to consider, discuss, and work towards addressing. We ideally hope to produce from the discussions documented and materials collected here a series of simple, digestible co-authored papers summarizing each gap, current practices, open questions, and recommendations for moving forward.
Gap Seed List
About the Gap Seed List and Editing Methodology
The gaps below were first outlined by participants of the June 30th 2011 Working Group Meeting. This is a rough draft and should be considered a living document to be revised (or re-conceived!) as the contributors see fit. Edit ruthlessly, add comments, references, examples, questions - anything that will be helpful. Don't worry about messing anything up - the wiki allows us to revert to old versions!
At least one person should indicate they will take the lead for synthesizing comments into a clear, digestible paragraph outlining the gap, current practices and open questions (though everyone should feel free to add content!). Please indicate your chosen gap(s) to take the lead on by placing your name beside 'content lead' - first come first served. If you have additional gaps, or want to combine gaps, please add them to the list bottom of the list as a newly enumerated gap, and also indicate if it represents a split or merge of other gap(s). This is a work in progress, so give it a good shot, but expect the final product to change!
Please have a first draft of your paragraphs before our next meeting on July 18th!
(The list is not yet prioritized, but I have rearranged the list into three main groups, retaining the original numbering to preserve cross-listing. - JV)
A) How Information is Produced, Shared, Disseminated, Coordinated, and Protected
While new scientific knowledge is generated from a variety of sources (DIY, research institutions and private corporations from around the world), all synthetic biologists benefit from access to the work of their peers. Furthermore, coordination among scientists minimizes redundant research, freeing up time and resources for the pursuit of new areas or the further development of existing areas. However, ownership of one's own work and the ability to profit from that work are important incentives that must be maintained if scientists and their supporters are to continue investing effort and money into new research. The conflict between these opposing ideals must be resolved for the full potential of synthetic biology to be realized. - JV
0. Relationship between DIY and Synthetic Biology Communities
• Content Lead:
• Should there be similar expectations of responsible conduct between institutional and non-institutional actors?
• How are we held mutually accountable for each others' actions?
1. Ownership, Sharing and Innovation - Property Rights Frameworks for Synthetic Biology
• Content Lead:
• At what level in the abstraction hierarchy of envisioned biological designs should we instill property rights?
• How does IP determine relationships, scaling, dissemination, commercialization of technology?
• How do scientists deal with the fact we're not lawyers? How do we know if and how we should publish and or/share our parts/devices/organisms?
2. Collaboration, Sharing of Parts and the Security / IP implications thereof
• Content Lead:
• exposure vs scooping
• possibilities for interception of work by national security as in other fields?
• parts registries - whether or not to release consent
• unknown trajectory to privacy
• institutionalization and access (e.g. cocaine available through Sigma to academic labs, not public)
• e.g. of needing confidentiality, ownership agreements w/ labs before they will share their parts (Joe S)
9. International Collaboration and Competition
• Content Lead:
• How do we coordinate between countries re: regulation, safety, security?
• How to balance competition, collaboration - where and how should we invest?
• The internet changes everything
B) Public Communication between the Scientific Community and Other Sectors of Society
The scientific community does not exist in isolation, but rather is one aspect of human society populated by myriad groups with their own (concurrent, orthogonal, or opposing) agendas. Society as a whole determines what research may be performed (through laws and funding) and how the products of that research are used. Strong communication between scientists and the rest of society is important to ensure the perception and reality that scientific progress benefits society as a whole. - JV
3. Low National Scientific Literacy as an impediment to Constructive Dialogue around Emerging Technologies
• Content Lead:
• decelerating pace of scientific literacy in the US vs other countries
• public perceptions frame tech developments
• what are the best channels of scientific information that reach publics (e.g. blogs, realclimate.org, reddit, quora, Factcheck.org)
• even within community we have a diverse community of new practitioners
• Establishing Meaningful Dialogues with Diverse Stakeholders - How can deliver reliable information about synthetic biology to the publics?
• How can we anticipate and respond proactively to public/societal sentiments on biotechnology?
• e.g. ETC group letter to SB5 concerned that civil society wasn't included
4. Responding to Other Philosophies and Agendas
• Content Lead:
• Perhaps Related to (the same as?) 3, but dealing with explicitly antagonistic agendas (e.g. PETA?)
• How to recognize, respect dissenting views, philosophies, moral frameworks, philosophies - should these impact decision making?
• Are there limits to rational, constructive dialog?
6. Defining 'Poster Children' for Synthetic Biology
• Content Lead:
• We are much better at articulating risks and telling of stories of failures than the past or future successes. This frames our conversation with the public, govt, regulators etc.
• So focused on not being Monsanto, GMOs that our conversations revolve around risk instead of benefits.
• Possibly could details success stories: Insulin, Amyris, Selective Breeding, Antifreeze Tomatoes etc
• How do we relate how SB could touch and improve people's lives?
7. Practical Frameworks for Responding to Political Forces/Situtation that Frame Our Work
• Content Lead:
• Land Use Politics
• Existing Systems of Belief
8. Biotechnology Innovation Roadmap
• Content Lead:
• Do we have a roadmap outlining near-term and long-term deliverables of synthetic biology, their context wrt other (bio)technologies and where they offer either new application areas and/or more cost effective solutions?
• This would help us and other
• What are the key decision points, areas for investment to accelerate innovation
• Economic Forecasting for Synthetic Biology Technology Developments
10. Education, Training and Identity Across a Diverse Community of Practitioners
• Content Lead: Megan
• How savy should we expect researchers to be wrt the broader context of technology developments?
• How do we engage and inspire leadership on practices in a way that aligns with our technical goals, interests?
• How do deal with generational transfer of knowledge and immigration from a broad array of disciplines?
13. Developing Trust in a World of Profits and Secrets
• Content Lead:
• Relation to 2, 5
• How can we be ambassadors for biosafety when we do not have knowledge of research ongoing at private companies and in secure govt labs?
C) Potential Negative Consequences
Synthetic biology has potential to do great good for the world, but it also has the potential for great harm. There exists the danger for the products of synthetic biology to be abused, misused, or unjustly distributed. Care must also be taken to prevent synthetic organisms from escaping human control and damaging human life or the environment. The risks of these negative consequences must be weighed against the potentially generated benefits when determining what research to restrict or entirely disallow. Alternatively, certain potentially dangerous research may be allowed to proceed, with regulation occurring only downstream at product implementation. - JV
5. Risk Analysis Frameworks for Emerging Technologies
• Content Lead:
• How do we deal with the unknown unknowns? Are we dealing with the known unknowns?
• How can we claim, justify safety of things we haven't yet built?
• How do we frame both risk and opportunity?
• How do we do ecosystem clinical trials?
• If we say it's safe, why should you trust us?
• What are appropriate risk assessment frameworks for intentional & unintentional environmental release?
• How do we approach regulation of cross-cutting technology platforms spanning multiple disjointed regulatory bodies set primarily by application area?
• Can we develop experimental systems for assessing safety?
• e.g. rE.Coli - ' safer chassis, but no regulatory framework so hard to commercialize
• e.g. http://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/article_6945effb-0af4-53ab-ba93-af79461f1535.html
• Risk Governance & SB report http://www.irgc.org/IMG/pdf/irgc_SB_final_07jan_web.pdf
11. Preparedness for Syn Bio (-Labeled) Accidents
12. Technology Distribution and Accessibility - Justice
• Content Lead:
• How do we develop the technology so that it doesn't serve/benefit only the privileged, elite?
Prioritization - My Gaps and Your Gaps
Participants at the Working Group Meeting were asked to list their top 2 gaps that 'somebody' should be resolving, and which amongst those they felt were their responsibility
Gaps Someone Should Mind
• 0.
• 1. JS, JV, DTE, AK
• 2.
• 3. RR, JS, JV, DTE, MF, AK
• 4.
• 5.RR. SA
• 6.
• 7.
• 8.MP
• 9.
• 10. MF, MP
• 11.
• 12. JV, SA
• 13.
Gaps I Should Mind
• 0.
• 1. DTE
• 2. JS ( already affected, part collab), RR, DTE
• 3. JS (educator), RR, JV++, DTE, AK
• 4.
• 5. RR, SA
• 6. DTE
• 7.
• 8. MP
• 9.
• 10. MP
• 11.
• 12.
• 13.
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Size selective DNA precipitation
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 18:41, 27 August 2008 by Kersten S. Rabe (Talk | contribs)
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Contents
Curators
Kersten S. Rabe
Anyone should feel free to add themselves as a curator for this consensus protocol. You do not need to be a curator in order to contribute. The OpenWetWare community is currently discussing the idea of protocol curators. Please contribute.
Abstract
A very fast and easy method for the size-selective removal of smaller DNA from larger fragments. By adjusting the PEG and MgCl2 concentration the range of precipitated DNA fragments can be adjusted.
Materials
Reagents
• DNA to be separated
• 30% (w/v) PEG 8000/30 mM MgCl2 (concentration of PEG 8000 can be varied to shift the size of the percipitated DNA)
• TE Buffer, pH 8.0 (10 mM TRIS-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0)
Equipment
• Centrifuge which can do up to 10.000 rcf (=g)
• Appropriate tubes for the centrifuge
• Pipettes
• Vortexer
Procedure
• Mix 50 μL of sample with 150 µL of TE
• Add 100 µL of PEG/MgCl2
• Vortex
• Centrifuge 15 min at 10.000 rcf at roomtemperature
• Carefully remove supernatant not to disturb the pellet, which will be invisible
• Dissolve the pellet in a appropriate amount of buffer of choice
Critical steps
• Before centrifugation mark the tubes in order to know where the pellet will be expected afterwards, as the pellet will be (nearly) invisible
Troubleshooting
Notes
This protocol is being mention in the manual for the Gateway recombinational cloning system based on published methods
Acknowledgments
Acnkowledge any help you had in development, testing, writing this protocol.
References
See OpenWetWare:Biblio for information on how to reference within a wiki.
Specific Protocols
Add links to all the OWW protocols that have been used in making the consensus.
Discussion
You can discuss this protocol.
Tag this page with categories to allow easier indexing and searching. See Categories for information on existing categories.
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Vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting-laser
Revision as of 19:00, 25 June 2008 by Mdoherty (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
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A vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting-laser (VECSEL) is a small semiconductor laser similar to a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). VECSELs are used primarily as near infrared devices in laser cooling and spectroscopy, but have also been explored for applications such as telecommunications.
Comparisons with VCSELs
Unlike a VCSEL, in which two high-reflecting mirrors are incorporated into the laser structure to form the optical cavity, in a VECSEL one of the two mirrors is external to the diode structure. As a result, the cavity includes a free-space region. A typical distance from the diode to the external mirror would be 1 cm. Several workers demonstrated optically pumped VECSELs, and they continue to be developed for many applications including very high power diode laser sources for use in industrial machining (cutting, punching, etc.) because of their unusually high power (see below) and efficiency when pumped by multi-mode diode laser bars. These lasers are in the process of challenging conventional high power lasers such as solid state (e.g., Nd:YAG) and carbon dioxide lasers for machining operations.
However, electrically pumped VECSELs (another matter entirely), were the brainchild of Aram Mooradian, a well-known and highly credentialed worker in the laser field. (Mooradian worked for many years at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts. He is known for fundamental contributions to diode laser linewidth studies.) Mooradian formed a company, Novalux, Inc., for this express purpose (www.novalux.com) which was the first to demonstrate VECSELs (which they call "NECSELs"). Applications for electrically pumped VECSELs include frequency doubling of near-IR VECSEL emitters to attain compact powerful sources of single-mode blue and green light for projection display purposes.
Semiconductor gain
One of the most interesting features of any VECSEL is the thin-ness of the semiconductor gain region in the direction of propagation, less than 100 nm. In contrast, a conventional in-plane semiconductor laser entails light propagation over distances of from 250 µm upward to 2 mm or longer. The significance of the short propagation distance is that it causes the effect of "antiguiding" nonlinearities (the same phenomenon is coincidentally quantified by the linewidth enhancement factor relating to Mooradian's above-mentioned earlier work) in the diode laser gain region to be minimized. The result is a large-cross-section single-mode optical beam which is not attainable from in-plane (a.k.a. "edge-emitting") diode lasers.
In a VECSEL, the external mirror permits a significantly greater area of the diode to participate in generating light in a single mode, resulting in much higher power than otherwise attainable. Monolithic VCSELs emit powers in the low milliwatt range. By contrast, at the 2004 Optical Society of America "Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics," held in San Francisco, California, one company (Coherent, Inc.) announced 45 watt continuous wave single-mode emission from an optically pumped VECSEL. Numerous other companies and organizations world-wide have adopted the optically pumped architecture for its simplicity.
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2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
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2013-05-18T09:28:06.000Z
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Phase 2 of Liberty Alliance Specification
The Liberty Alliance released phase 2 of their work on identity federation. The latest installment is called the Web services framework, ID-WSF (complete list of documents). ID-WSF provides a framework for identity-based Web services in a federated environment. There will likely be some conflict on this between the work of the Liberty Alliance and the WS-I framework proposed by Microsoft, IBM, and others. Liberty adopted the WS-Security specification after it was turned over to OASIS (although there's reason to argue that even that isn't enough). Liberty hasn't adopted WS-Federation, however and last month, published a white paper comparing their approach with WS-Federation. Liberty refuses to adopt standards like WS-Federation unless they're turned over to a standard's body. I think that's wise.
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