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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5608.0 - Housing Finance for Owner Occupation - Savings Banks and Trading Banks, Feb 1977
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 12/04/1977 Ceased
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Statistics of secured finance provided by banks to individuals for the construction or purchase of dwellings for owner occupation, and details of other selected items relating to the provision of housing finance.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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6. How can I order reprints?
As all research articles are open access, readers are free to download and/or print copies from the website, according to the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
If, however, you require high quality, bound reprints of research articles, BioMed Central (Arthritis Research & Therapy's publisher) offers a fast, professional reprint service, and reprints can be ordered by contacting reprints@biomedcentral.com.
Authors can order reprints of their own articles published in Arthritis Research & Therapy or any other BioMed Central journal, by logging on to ‘My manuscripts’ or by sending an email to reprints@biomedcentral.com
FAQ questions
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Saturday, November 03, 2012
How Mobile Device Apps Disrupt Corp Travel Policy
To what degree are business travelers using mobile device technology? What types of mobile offerings disrupt legacy corporate travel policies, and in what ways? How frequently are guidelines for mobile usage communicated? These were the key questions that eMarketer considered during their latest assessment.
Granted, mobile devices have enabled more productive business travel, allowing people to stay in touch and adapt to changing schedule needs -- among the many other apparent benefits.
The same devices can also create challenges for typical corporate travel managers trying to contain their organization's expenses. According to a new eMarketer study, many travel managers are therefore evolving their travel policies to address the current environment.
Moreover, according to an AirPlus International study during 2012, 95 percent of travel managers worldwide said they were either making policies more stringent or keeping them the same going forward.
Managed corporate travel is a unique marketplace because its buyers are not the same as its consumers -- and those groups often have needs that are at odds with each other.
Travel marketers are focused on creating mobile apps and solutions for the end user, versus for someone managing bulk corporate travel planning activities. That user adoption is growing. And, they're gaining lots of new app subscribers.
Business travelers continue to access a multitude of travel information. According to Google and Ipsos MediaCT’s August 2012 study, 57 percent of American business travelers reported using mobile devices to access travel information this year, compared to just 38 percent of U.S. leisure travelers.
These tools give travel managers the opportunity to connect with their employees. At the same time, more devices means an increasing likelihood that business travelers will be free to use the best-fit solutions, such as last-minute booking apps.
The main reason travelers give for engaging in activities contrary to corporate policy is lack of awareness of company guidelines -- if they exist at all.
In fact, few travel managers define the use of mobile bookings. According to a GBTA Foundation study, only 18 percent of travel professionals worldwide had integrated information designed to educate travelers on travel policy into mobile booking tools.
Since mobile policy creation and compliance is predicated on communication between corporate travel managers and their company employees, savvy marketers that develop solutions addressing the needs of both sides will likely have an advantage.
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Add a Serial port to the LS DUO
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 04:53, 8 September 2008 by Ramuk (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This information comes from this forum thread[1]
Contents
Serial Port Pinout
The connector for the Serial port is CN10 it is easy to make out from the frontside image where GND is.
Frontside and Backside Images
The pinout (if you look on the board from the frontside): [RxD]-[TxD]-[Vcc]-[GND]
The pinout (if you look on the board from the backside): [GND]-[Vcc]-[TxD]-[RxD]
Use a Level Shifter
The serial port signals from the processor are only 3.3V. For proper RS-232 12V signaling, an RS-232 level shifter needs to be added. These are very common in PDA serial cables also, but can be purchased
Models other than KuroPro
If you are attaching a serial header pin onto the main board, you may want to consider:
• Using the header pin unit with a 90 degree bend, or you might not be able to close the case
• Soldering it with the pins toward the interior, rather than toward the case. This allows easier access, since if the pins face the case side they would be very close to the metal side. This would make access is so tight that one might end up taking the board out to get plug fitted on the pins.
Build your own LVTTL/RS232 or LVTTL/USB interface
Buy your own TTL Level Shifter
Usage considerations for the TTL-232R-3V3
TTL-232R-3V3 USB to TTL Serial Converter Cable
A very similar TTL/USB converter cable that uses a chip by FTDI (the same chip is used in the SCON-KIT ) can be obtained, but the pinout at the connector end would need to be reassigned: Spec Sheet w/ pinout, wire colors & other info
Mouser Part # 895-TTL-232R-3V3 $20.00
Mouser Part # 517-929400-01-04 $0.32
A working/tested pinout/wire-color scheme is:
Color Pin Number Signal
yellow 1 TXD
orange 2 RXD
unused 3 VCC
black 4 GND
• Solder the 4-pin header to the board. Make sure you don't have shorts.
• You will need to switch wires on the TTL-232R-3V3 cable. Use a sharp object to lift the plastic tabs and carefully pull the wires out. Rearrange them according to the table above (black, empty, orange, yellow, empty, empty) and slide those wires back in. Tape the other wires to make sure they don't short anything.
• When plugging in the cable, make sure black aligns with GND, yellow with TXD, and orange with RXD.
• Connect the USB cable to your computer, start a terminal program with the right settings.
• Turn on the device, you should see output from the bootloader in couple seconds.
References
1. The Buffalo NAS hacking Forums:Serial @ Pro Duo
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Freelink upgrade to lenny with SATA-USB adapter
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 22:38, 7 January 2009 by JonSenior (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
WARNING!
There is a possibility that you could brick your NAS with these instructions. Please make sure that you read the entire page carefully.
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Roadmap of Openlink Development
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
Line 105: Line 105:
http://img140.imageshack.us/img140/5416/config4js.png
http://img140.imageshack.us/img140/5416/config4js.png
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http://img140.imageshack.us/img140/9320/wip8jf.png
+
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*'''adding an additional webpage (Control-Center) where users can start and stop applications'''
*'''adding an additional webpage (Control-Center) where users can start and stop applications'''
Revision as of 12:13, 31 July 2006
This article Based on work by moomoo and mindbender. Originally by mindbender. at Linkstationwiki.org
GREEN: status of OpenLink for the LS1 - BROWN: status of OpenLink for the LS2 - BLUE: status of OpenLink for the HG
Contents
0.52b
• used as a stable base image
CURRENT STATUS FOR LS2
CURRENT STATUS FOR HG
0.6
• skipped because it was unstable
0.72
• for fixing bugs of 0.52b reported in the PITS/PITS
CURRENT STATUS FOR LS1
0.7x
- wget
- unzip (no password-protection-support)
- zip (no password-protection-support)
- sed
- od
+ /usr/bin/arping
+ /usr/bin/cksum
+ /usr/bin/comm
+ /usr/sbin/dnsd
+ /usr/bin/etherwake
+ /usr/sbin/fakeidentd
+ /usr/bin/ftpget
+ /usr/bin/ftpput
+ /usr/bin/fuser
+ /bin/ip
+ /bin/ipaddr
+ /bin/iplink
+ /bin/iproute
+ /bin/iptunnel
+ /usr/bin/last
+ /usr/bin/less
+ /usr/bin/lzmacat
+ /usr/bin/nc
+ /bin/nice
+ /usr/bin/nohup
+ /usr/bin/nslookup
+ /usr/bin/realpath
+ /usr/bin/renice
+ /sbin/route
+ /bin/stat
+ /usr/bin/tftp
+ /usr/bin/traceroute
+ /bin/uncompress
+ /usr/bin/unlzma
+ /usr/bin/who
• make it compatible to andre's webinstaller for kernel 2.6 DONE
+ full wget
+ diff
+ complete openlink-helper-package
• make it compatible to kernel 2.6 DONE
enhanced /etc/murasaki/bin/mount_sd.sh to support 2 usb-hdds while running 2.4 or 2.6
• make it more mac-friendly IN PROGRESS
update netatalk to 2.0.3
• add ipkg DONE
+ ipkg-binary
configured /etc/ipkg.conf for the new feeds (which are currently empty)
[[1]] (see ipkg-articles by nix also)
• make it easy to untar the image.dat of all firmwares - unzip + zip have password-support DONE
+ full unzip
+ full zip
• avoid some busybox compiling problems DONE
+ full sed
+ full od
0.8x
• using Sylver's perl scripts instead of some closed source components
(mkcode) -> currently in development
• updating samba to the most recent one
Sylvers mkcode has support for latest samba
• updating the webinterface
Sylver has enhanced the webinterface a bit:
not all folders in /mnt/ are shared automatically, you can choose if you want to share it
here are some sample pics (with the permission of Sylver)
• adding an additional webpage (Control-Center) where users can start and stop applications
• updating some libs if needed
• updating some apps:
proftpd from 1.2.9 to 1.3.0 for example
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Research
Ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy in critically ill obese patients
Pierre-Grégoire Guinot1*, Elie Zogheib1, Sandra Petiot1, Jean-Pierre Marienne2, Anne-Marie Guerin2, Pauline Monet3, Rody Zaatar4 and Hervé Dupont1,5
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Amiens University Hospital, Place Victor Pauchet, 80054 Amiens, France
2 Critical Care Department, Beauvais General Hospital, Avenue Leon Blum, 60021 Beauvais, France
3 Radiology Department, Amiens University Hospital, Place Victor Pauchet, 80054 Amiens, France
4 Head and Neck Surgery Department, Amiens University Hospital, Place Victor Pauchet, 80054 Amiens, France
5 INSERM UMR1088, Jules Verne University of Picardy, 12 rue des Louvels, 80000 Amiens, France
For all author emails, please log on.
Critical Care 2012, 16:R40 doi:10.1186/cc11233
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://ccforum.com/content/16/2/R40
Received:16 January 2012
Revisions received:20 February 2012
Accepted:5 March 2012
Published:5 March 2012
© 2011 Guinot et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Introduction
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous tracheostomy (PCT) and the incidence of complications in critically ill, obese patients.
Methods
Fifty consecutive patients were included in a prospective study in two surgical and critical care medicine departments. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of at least 30 kg/m2. The feasibility of PCT and the incidence of complications were compared in obese patients (n = 26) and non-obese patients (n = 24). Results are expressed as the median (25th-75th percentile) or number (percentage).
Results
The median BMIs were 34 kg/m2 (32-38) in the obese patient group and 25 kg/m2 (24-28) in the non-obese group (p < 0.001). The median times for tracheostomy were 10 min (8-14) in non-obese patients and 9 min (5-10) in obese-patients (p = 0.1). The overall complication rate was similar in obese and non-obese patient groups (35% vs. 33%, p = 0.92). Most complications were minor (hypotension, desaturation, tracheal cuff puncture and minor bleeding), with no differences between obese and non-obese groups. Bronchoscopic inspection revealed two cases of granuloma (8%) in obese patients. One non-obese patient developed a peristomal skin infection, which was treated with intravenous antibiotics. Ultrasound-guided PCT was possible in all enrolled patients and there were no surgical conversions or deaths.
Conclusions
This study demonstrated that US-guided PCT is feasible in obese patients with a low complication rate. Obesity may not constitute a contra-indication for US-guided PCT. A US examination provides information on cervical anatomy and hence modifies and guides choice of the PCT puncture site.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01502657.
Introduction
The increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide has prompted rapid growth in the proportion of obese patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). The management and care of such patients are complex since obesity is associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation and a longer stay in the ICU [1,2]. During their stay in the ICU, obese patients may require tracheostomy; this procedure is commonly performed when ventilatory weaning fails or when prolonged mechanical ventilation is needed [3,4]. Since the generalization of percutaneous tracheostomy (PCT), many different types of complication have been described [5]. PCT under bronchoscopic control has been developed in this context. Bronchoscopy uses transillumination to indicate the puncture site, confirm the needle position, and control the dilatation and positioning of the tracheostomy tube [6-8]. However, bronchoscopy does not identify the vascular structures or the thyroid gland in the neck region and thus does not prevent complications linked to local organ lesions (punctured vessels or a punctured thyroid) [9]. This is particularly true in obese patients, in whom anatomical landmarks may not be easily identified in a physical examination. Many authors have reported a higher incidence of complications in obese patients [10,11].
In recent years, technical progress and low invasiveness have meant that ultrasound (US) is increasingly used in clinical practice in anesthesia and critical care [12]. This is notably the case for improving procedures (central venous cannulation, arterial cannulation, and peripheral nerve block) in obese patients [13]. With respect to PCT, several studies have demonstrated the value of US mapping of the neck region prior to PCT [14-16]. Indeed, US examination often modifies the puncture site with respect to that chosen solely on the basis of anatomical palpation data [17]. Recently, Rajajee and colleagues [18] demonstrated the feasibility of US-guided PCT in a neurosurgical ICU. They also reported the safety of US-guided tracheostomy in three obese patients. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no published data on the US-guided PCT procedure in obese patients.
Hence, the objectives of our study were to evaluate the feasibility of US guidance, describe any difficulties, and evaluate the incidence of complications in an obese population in surgical and medical critical care departments. We prospectively compared this obese population with a non-obese population.
Materials and methods
This study was a prospective, two-center cohort study of 50 consecutive patients. The protocol was approved by the local independent ethics committee (Comité de Protection des Personnes Nord Ouest, Amiens, France). All patients (or, for unconscious patients, the next of kin) gave their written informed consent to participation. We enrolled all patients who were hospitalized in the ICUs at Amiens University Hospital or Beauvais General Hospital and for whom PCT was indicated. Exclusion criteria were as follows: age under 18 years, coagulation disorders (platelet count of below 80,000 mm-3 and an international normalized ratio of at least 1.2), infection at the puncture site, and emergency tracheostomy.
The percutaneous tracheostomy technique
PCT was performed by using the single-step, progressive Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique, as described previously [18,19]. The PCT set consisted of a puncture needle, a guide wire, a small dilator, a curved dilator with a hydrophilic coating, and a tracheostomy tube (Tracoe® experc dilatation set; Pouret Medical, Clichy, France).
Ultrasound
The same US machine and probe were used in each center (Envisor® point-of-care system with a 12 to 3 MHz linear array probe; Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands). The protocol required three operators: one dealt with the airway while the other two performed the US-guided PCT (an assistant and an operator). All physicians had the same level of experience of PCT (with over 50 operations) and the same university-level training in the use of US in anesthesia and critical care medicine.
Complications
Patient care began with PCT and ended with decannulation. Complications were defined as minor, intermediate, or major and were further classified into technical, intra-procedural, or post-procedural incidents. Minor complications were defined as clinically irrelevant and clearly did not harm the patient. Intermediate complications were defined as potentially harmful for the patient. Major complications required medical or surgical intervention. The complications are listed and classified in Table 1.
Table 1. Classification of complications
Study design
PCT was performed after deep sedation and analgesia by continuous infusion of propofol and sufentanil intravenous bolus (0.3 gamma/kg). Muscle relaxation was achieved with an intravenous bolus of cisatracurium (0.3 mg/kg). Patients were ventilated under volume-targeted mechanical ventilation with a 100% fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), and ventilatory parameters (tidal volume, respiratory rate, and positive end-expiratory pressure) were kept constant. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring (five-lead electrocardiogram, blood pressure, heart rate, and pulse oxygen saturation) was performed. After skin disinfection, a physician determined the point of puncture by palpation of standard anatomical landmarks. Prior to PCT, he performed a US examination of the neck region with longitudinal sections to locate the cricoid cartilage, the tracheal rings, and the puncture site (Figure 1). Then he performed US transversal sections to identify arteries, veins, thyroid, trachea, and endotracheal tube and measure the thickness of the skin to the anterior tracheal wall (Figure 2). After having determined the puncture site and noted whether there was a difference between the two methods, the physician standing at the patient's head withdrew the endotracheal tube's balloon from near the vocal cords under direct laryngoscopic guidance. Next, a second operator performed the PCT by using the single-stage dilator technique with US guidance. A puncture needle with a saline-filled syringe was introduced perpendicularly to the skin and advanced until the needle was seen to pass the anterior trachea wall during an aspiration of air. Then the needle was angled caudally to prevent retrograde passage of the guide wire. The needle was visualized in an 'out-of-plane' mode (that is, the needle path was determined by the presence of a distinct acoustic shadow ahead of the needle) on a transversal section of the neck region (Figure 3). The guide wire was introduced, the needle was removed, and a small horizontal incision was made at the point of puncture. The guide wire was visualized as a hyperechoic signal on transversal and longitudinal sections (Figure 4). The small dilator was then used to create the initial stoma followed by the single-stage curve dilator over the guide wire. The tracheostomy tube fitted over an appropriate loading tube was passed through the stoma. US provides information on the correct positioning of the puncture site and the guide wire before the dilatation of the trachea and then placement of the tracheostomy tube (Figure 4). Complications during the PCT procedure were monitored. An ear, nose, and throat specialist performed an endoscopic check before decannulation of the patient (even in dead patients) or before ICU discharge for non-decannulated patients.
Figure 1. Ultrasound sagittal view of the neck. A-M interface, air-mucosa interface; CC, cricoid cartilage; T1, first tracheal ring; T2, second tracheal ring; T3, third tracheal ring.
Figure 2. Ultrasound transversal view of the neck. Th, thyroid gland; TL, trachea lumen; TR, tracheal ring; V, vessel.
Figure 3. Real-time ultrasound guidance using an out-of-plane approach. Progression of the needle is determined by a distinct acoustic shadow (arrow). TL, trachea lumen; TR, tracheal ring.
Figure 4. Real-time ultrasound guidance using an out-of-plane approach. The dilator is determined by a hyperechoic signal centered by a distinct acoustic shadow (arrows). TL, trachea lumen; TR, tracheal ring; V, vessel.
Data collection
The following data were collected: gender, age in years, height in meters, weight in kilograms, body mass index (BMI), the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II), diagnosis on hospitalization, duration of mechanical ventilation prior to PCT (in days), indication for tracheostomy, anatomical palpation data (short neck, palpated goiter, deviation of the trachea, vessels, puncture site, and cricoid-manubrium distance in centimeters), US data (thyroid, tracheal deviation, aberrant vessels, puncture site, subcutaneous tissue thickness (in centimeters) defined by the distance between the skin and the anterior wall of the trachea measured perpendicularly to the skin at the puncture level, tracheal diameter in centimeters, and installation time in minutes), the duration of the tracheostomy defined by the time (in minutes) between the puncture of the trachea and the ventilation of the patient, difficulty in achieving US-guided PCT (rated on a simple numerical scale; 1: easy; 2: a few difficulties in identifying anatomical structures and in implementation; 3: moderate difficulties in identifying anatomical structures; 4: very difficult; and 5: impossible), hemodynamic data before and after the completion of PCT (blood pressure in millimeters of mercury and heart rate in beats per minute), and complications.
Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as the median (25th to 75th percentiles) or number (percentage). Obesity was defined as a BMI of at least 30 kg/m2. We compared the group of obese patients with the group of non-obese patients. A non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used for inter-group comparisons of continuous variables. Categorical variables were compared by using a chi-squared test (and a Yates correction if necessary) or a Fisher exact test. A P value of not more than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS Statistics 18 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
Fifty patients were prospectively enrolled between March 2010 and August 2011. Twenty-six patients were obese - median BMI of 34 kg/m2 (32 to 38) - and five of the latter were morbidly obese. The median ages were 64 years (50 to 74) in the obese group and 58 years (46 to 64) in the non-obese group (P = 0.62) (Table 2). Of the 50 patients, 23 (46%) had been hospitalized for a medical problem (respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, seizures, acute heart failure, and so on) and 27 (54%) had undergone cardiac, vascular, or digestive surgery or severe trauma. The most frequent indication for tracheotomy was difficult weaning from predictable, prolonged mechanical ventilation (due to a neurological etiology in 39% of cases). Table 2 presents demographic data on the study population.
Table 2. Demographic data for the overall study population and in the obese and non-obese subgroups
Anatomical and ultrasound data
Twenty-six patients (52%) had a short neck, and the median cricoid-manubrium distance was 5.5 cm (4.5 to 7). The prevalence of a short neck was higher in the obese group than in the non-obese group (64% and 38%, respectively; P = 0.05). The cricoid-manubrium distance was lower in the obese group than in the non-obese group: 5 cm (4.2 to 6) and 6 cm (4.7 to 7), respectively; P = 0.05 (Table 3). For the overall study population, the median thickness of subcutaneous tissue at the puncture site was 1.01 cm (0.77 to 1.45). These parameters differed significantly in obese patients, who had a greater pre-tracheal soft-tissue thickness (P = 0.01). The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of the tracheal diameter (Table 3).
Table 3. Anatomical and ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy data in the overall study population and in the obese and non-obese subgroups
The ultrasound-guided technique
The median total time was 18 minutes (15 to 25). The overall PCT procedure consisted of an initial US examination of the neck region, lasting 10 minutes (5 to 12), and a US-guided implementation phase, also lasting 10 minutes (5 to 12). These times were similar in the two groups (Table 3). The physician decided to change the puncture site in 25 cases (50%) because of tracheal coverage by the thyroid (n = 8, 32%) or aberrant vessels (n = 16, 64%) or tracheal deviation (n = 11, 44%) or a combination of these. Identification of the anatomical structures and the PCT guidance were considered to be easy in 24 patients (48%), moderately difficult in 16 patients (32%), difficult in nine patients (18%), and very difficult in one patient (2%). No difference was observed when comparing obese and non-obese patients. It was possible to carry out all PCTs with US guidance. No surgical conversions occurred.
Complications
In terms of technical complications, we observed two multiple punctures (4%) and six punctures of the tracheal tube cuff (12%). Intra-procedural complications included desaturation for less than 5 minutes in three patients (6%), three cases of minor (< 5 mL) bleeding (6%), and three episodes of hypotension for less than 5 minutes (6%). None of the patients had severe bleeding. Post-procedural complications included a hematoma at the puncture site, followed by a skin infection (2%) that resolved easily with local care and intravenous antibiotics. Bronchoscopic check revealed one case (2%) of fracture of the cricoid without tracheal stenosis, a fractured tracheal ring (2%), and two cases of granuloma (4%). The obese and non-obese groups did not differ significantly in terms of these morbidity parameters (Table 4). The median times to decannulation were 26 days (13 to 34) in obese patients and 21 days (16 to 31) in non-obese patients (P = 0.66). Nine patients died from their disease. Nine patients (18%) were not decannulated during the study period.
Table 4. Complications in the overall study population and in the obese and non-obese subgroups
Discussion
Our results demonstrate that PCT can be performed in obese patients under real-time US guidance and with a short completion time. The majority of complications were minor ones (hypotension, desaturation, minor bleeding, and puncture of the tracheal tube cuff) and did not differ in their prevalences in obese and non-obese patients. We did not observe any life-threatening complications.
Several studies have emphasized the value of pre-PCT US examination of the neck region to reduce the incidence of complications [14-16,20-25]. Recently, Rajajee and colleagues [18] demonstrated the feasibility of US guidance during the implementation of PCT in a population of neuro-intensive care patients. Our results confirm the feasibility of this procedure in a larger and more heterogeneous cohort of intensive care patients (even obese ones). Obesity is usually considered to be a relative contraindication to PCT because anatomical conditions can make it difficult to properly identify the patient's anatomical landmarks. Despite a shorter cricoid-manubrium distance, a greater trachea-skin distance, and a shorter neck in our study cohort, US was able to visualize the puncture level, the path of the needle, the tracheal puncture, and all other stages of the procedure (insertion of the needle, the dilator, and then the tube) in real time. Furthermore, the physicians reported that US was easy to use in 80% of cases, even in obese patients. The completion time for US-guided PCT was similar to that for PCT in the absence of US guidance [4]. Furthermore, the fact that the completion time in obese patients was similar to that recorded in non-obese patients emphasizes the feasibility of US guidance in this specific population.
By using standardized definitions to evaluate the incidence and severity of complications (particularly in obese patients), we observed a lower incidence of complications than reported in the literature [10,11]. In our study, the majority of complications were minor ones with little or no clinical significance (minor bleeding and short periods of hypotension or desaturation). None of the obese patients had major complications. Moreover, we did not observe late complications, such as tracheal stenosis. The use of US guidance may account for these results since this modality is probably more informative than bronchoscopy in terms of identification of the cervical anatomy and puncture site. Many surgical teams perform bronchoscopy-guided PCT. However, Walz and Schmidt [26] highlighted the discrepancy between the palpated landmarks and the actual level of puncture during fiber-optic monitoring. Massick and colleagues [27] found that the occurrence of complications was linked to the difficulty in identifying anatomical features. Given that obese patients have shorter and thicker necks, bronchoscopy transillumination cannot indicate the puncture site or identify pre-tracheal vessels. In a study by Byhahn and colleagues [10], bronchoscopy-guided PCT was five times more likely to result in serious adverse events in obese patients than in non-obese patients. Nevertheless, most of the complications could be anticipated by using US examination of the neck to identify the pre-tracheal tissue mass, subcutaneous vessels, and the trachea's axis. US has the advantage of identifying aberrant vessels (damage to which can otherwise cause bleeding [25,28]) and better defining the location and vascularization of the thyroid. In our cohort, US guidance prompted a change in the puncture site in 50% of patients in order to avoid pre-tracheal vessels and better center the PCT site. Romero and colleagues [29] used similar reasoning to demonstrate the safety of fiber-optic bronchoscopy-assisted PCT. However, in the latter protocol, patients underwent a pre-PCT US examination to identify vascular structures and select the optimal PCT site. The ability of US to provide this anatomical information may explain the low incidence of serious complications (such as major bleeding) observed in our obese patients. As with bronchoscopy, US allowed us to focus the puncture point on the trachea and thus avoid poor tracheal tube positioning. Hence, we did not observe any complications related to malposition of the tracheostomy (for example, pre-tracheal or para-tracheal insertion) or puncture of the posterior tracheal wall.
One limitation of the use of US is the required level of anatomical knowledge of the neck (especially among critically ill obese patients). All of the practitioners in our study had been trained by a radiologist on the anatomy of neck as revealed by US. Even so, the cervical anatomy was identified with great difficulty in 10 patients (20%) but did not prevent PCT. There were several reasons for this great difficulty. Short, thick necks limited our ability to carry out a US examination. The presence of a large, hypoechoic, anterior venous maze could have hindered guidance of the needle. Another difficulty was in identifying the balloon of the endotracheal tube with sonography; the tracheal tube cuff was perforated in six cases (12%). Visualization of the balloon was partly improved by using a double-contrast technique (that is, a balloon inflated with water). However, this technique was non-optimal because the air around the tracheal tube could act as an artefact for US. Two other studies reported a rate of tracheal tube cuff puncture of 13% to 17% for bronchoscopy-guided PCT [30,31]. Even though US cannot correctly identify the tracheal tube cuff, the use of this modality did not seem to increase the rate of tracheal tube cuff puncture. One patient suffered a cricoid fracture; the chosen puncture site was moved nearer to the head because of the thickness of the US probe and the guiding in out-of-plane mode. The lack of differences between obese and non-obese patient groups in terms of the completion time, difficulty rating, and incidence of complications prompts us to consider that obesity is not a limiting factor for the use of US guidance. Our study included few morbidly obese patients who may represent a group of patients for whom US would be more informative. None of the five morbidly obese patients had complications. Another limitation of our prospective cohort study related to the fact that we did not use a high-powered, non-inferiority methodology with an adequate sample size. However, our goals were to evaluate the feasibility of US guidance and to describe the implementation difficulty and occurrence of complications in a critically obese population rather than demonstrate the non-inferiority of US guidance relative to fiber-optic bronchoscopy guidance. Furthermore, at the time we designed our study, there were no available data on US-guided PCT in this type of population. The indications and contraindications are yet to be determined in larger cohorts. The role of US guidance (particularly in relation to bronchoscopy) remains to be clarified in prospective studies. The extrapolation of our results to other teams (with little or no training in US or cervical anatomy) might be a concern. A learning curve might well be required before the technique can be incorporated into routine use.
Conclusions
US-guided PCT can be performed in obese patients, and the incidence of complications is low. Use of US provides a better understanding of the anatomy of the neck, prevents vascular puncture, and helps guide the tracheostomy procedure. Obesity does not appear to limit the implementation of US-guided tracheostomy.
Key messages
• Ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy is feasible in obese patients and has a low complication rate.
• Ultrasound provides a better understanding of the anatomy of the neck, prevents vascular puncture, and helps guide the tracheostomy procedure.
Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index; ICU: intensive care unit; PCT: percutaneous tracheostomy; US: ultrasound.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
P-GG conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, and drafted the manuscript. EZ, SP, J-PM, A-MG, RZ, and PM participated in the coordination of the study and in data acquisition and helped to draft the manuscript. HD participated in the study design, data collection, statistical analysis, and manuscript revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The study was performed at Amiens University Hospital and Beauvais General Hospital and was approved by the institutional review board of Amiens University Hospital.
References
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JAMA 2005, 293:1861-1867. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
2. Akinnusi ME, Pineda LA, El Solh AA: Effect of obesity on intensive care morbidity and mortality: a meta-analysis.
Crit Care Med 2008, 36:151-158. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Blot F, Melot C: Indications, timing, and techniques of tracheostomy in 152 French ICUs.
Chest 2005, 127:1347-1352. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
4. Freeman BD, Isabella K, Lin N, Buchman TG: A meta-analysis of prospective trials comparing percutaneous and surgical tracheostomy in critically ill patients.
Chest 2000, 118:1412-1418. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
5. Delaney A, Bagshaw SM, Nalos M: Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy versus surgical tracheostomy in critically ill patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis.
Crit Care 2006, 10:R55. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
6. Winkler WB, Karnik R, Seelmann O, Havlicek J, Slany J: Bedside percutaneous dilational tracheostomy with endoscopic guidance: experience with 71 ICU patients.
Intensive Care Med 1994, 20:476-479. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
7. Kost KM: Endoscopic percutaneous dilatational tracheotomy: a prospective evaluation of 500 consecutive cases.
Laryngoscope 2005, 115:1-30. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
8. Barba CA, Angood PB, Kauder DR, Latenser B, Martin K, McGonigal MD, Phillips GR, Rotondo MF, Schwab CW: Bronchoscopic guidance makes percutaneous tracheostomy a safe, cost-effective, and easy-to-teach procedure.
Surgery 1995, 118:879-883. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
9. Reilly PM, Anderson HL, Sing RF, Schwab CW, Bartlett RH: Occult hypercarbia. An unrecognized phenomenon during percutaneous endoscopic tracheostomy.
Chest 1995, 107:1760-1763. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
10. Byhahn C, Lischke V, Meininger D, Halbig S, Westphal K: Peri-operative complications during percutaneous tracheostomy in obese patients.
Anaesthesia 2005, 60:12-15. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
11. Aldawood AS, Arabi YM, Haddad S: Safety of percutaneous tracheostomy in obese critically ill patients: a prospective cohort study.
Anaesth Intensive Care 2008, 36:69-73. PubMed Abstract
12. Hatfield A, Bodenham A: Ultrasound: an emerging role in anaesthesia and intensive care.
Br J Anaesth 1999, 83:789-800. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
13. Balki M, Lee Y, Halpern S, Carvalho JC: Ultrasound imaging of the lumbar spine in the transverse plane: the correlation between estimated and actual depth to the epidural space in obese parturients.
Anesth Analg 2009, 108:1876-1881. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
14. Hatfield A, Bodenham A: Portable ultrasonic scanning of the anterior neck before percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy.
Anaesthesia 1999, 54:660-663. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
15. Bonde J, Norgaard N, Antonsen K, Faber T: Implementation of percutaneous dilation tracheotomy: value of preincisional ultrasonic examination?
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1999, 43:163-166. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
16. Sustic A, Zupan Z, Antoncic I: Ultrasound-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy with laryngeal mask airway control in a morbidly obese patient.
J Clin Anesth 2004, 16:121-123. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
17. Kollig E, Heydenreich U, Roetman B, Hopf F, Muhr G: Ultrasound and bronchoscopic controlled percutaneous tracheostomy on trauma ICU.
Injury 2000, 31:663-668. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
18. Rajajee V, Fletcher JJ, Rochlen LR, Jacobs TL: Real-time ultrasound-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: a feasibility study.
Crit Care 2011, 15:R67. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
19. Byhahn C, Wilke HJ, Halbig S, Lischke V, Westphal K: Percutaneous tracheostomy: ciaglia blue rhino versus the basic ciaglia technique of percutaneous dilational tracheostomy.
Anesth Analg 2000, 91:882-886. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
20. Flint AC, Midde R, Rao VA, Lasman TE, Ho PT: Bedside ultrasound screening for pretracheal vascular structures may minimize the risks of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy.
Neurocrit Care 2009, 11:372-376. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
21. Sustic A, Kovac D, Zgaljardic Z, Zupan Z, Krstulovic B: Ultrasound-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: a safe method to avoid cranial misplacement of the tracheostomy tube.
Intensive Care Med 2000, 26:1379-1381. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
22. Sustic A, Zupan Z, Eskinja N, Dirlic A, Bajek G: Ultrasonographically guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy after anterior cervical spine fixation.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1999, 43:1078-1080. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
23. Singh M, Chin KJ, Chan VW, Wong DT, Prasad GA, Yu E: Use of sonography for airway assessment: an observational study.
J Ultrasound Med 2010, 29:79-85. PubMed Abstract
24. Reilly PM, Sing RF, Giberson FA, Anderson HL, Rotondo MF, Tinkoff GH, Schwab CW: Hypercarbia during tracheostomy: a comparison of percutaneous endoscopic, percutaneous Doppler, and standard surgical tracheostomy.
Intensive Care Med 1997, 23:859-864. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
25. King D: Preventing bleeding complications in percutaneous tracheostomy - another role for portable ultrasound in intensive care.
Br J Anaesth 2003, 91:607. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
26. Walz MK, Schmidt U: Tracheal lesion caused by percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: a clinico-pathological study.
Intensive Care Med 1999, 25:102-105. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
27. Massick DD, Powell DM, Price PD, Chang SL, Squires G, Forrest LA, Young DC: Quantification of the learning curve for percutaneous dilatational tracheotomy.
Laryngoscope 2000, 110:222-228. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
28. Shlugman D, Satya-Krishna R, Loh L: Acute fatal haemorrhage during percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy.
Br J Anaesth 2003, 90:517-520. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
29. Romero CM, Cornejo RA, Ruiz MH, Gálvez LR, Llanos OP, Tobar EA, Larrondo JF, Castro JS: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy-assisted percutaneous tracheostomy is safe in obese critically ill patients: a prospective and comparative study.
J Crit Care 2009, 24:494-500. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
30. Holdgaard HO, Pederson J, Jensen RH, Outzen KE, Midtgaard T, Johansen LV, Møller J, Paaske PB: Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy versus conventional surgical tracheostomy. A clinical randomised study.
Acta Anesthesiol Scand 1998, 42:545-550. Publisher Full Text
31. Fikkers BG, Staatsen M, van den Hoogen FJ, van der Hoeven JG: Early and late outcome after single step dilatational tracheostomy versus the guide wire dilating forceps technique: a prospective randomized clinical trial.
Intensive Care Med 2011, 37:1103-1109. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
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{
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"url": "elinux.org/index.php?oldid=35515&title=Leapster_Explorer%3A_Play_Theora_Videos",
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Leapster Explorer: Play Theora Videos
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 18:28, 26 February 2011 by Immolo (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This how-to will show you how to load your own Theora (Ogg Vorbis) video files on to the Leapster Explorer and play them from the standard User Interface.
Contents
Programs Needed
ffmpeg2theora
Winscp or similar client *ToDo add link to sshd how to*
7zip archiver or similar
Text Editor
Software Needed
Video file to convert, any thing ffmpeg2theora can handle.
The leaplet movie folder from Leapfrog
Under Windows
First you need to find a suitable video file, usual rules apply, better the source better the final video. Download ffmpeg2theora and save it in a directory.
Using your free leaplet card, download the movie available, as of this writing it was, Leapfrog's Letter Factory
Once downloaded you'll find it in C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Leapfrog\LeapFrog Connect\LeapsterExplorer\LST3-0x001B000A-000000.lf2 extract the folder with 7zip or similar.
Go into the folder and delete LetterFactory320x240a2v7F12_AV.ogg that is the main movie file. You will be replacing it with the movie you create later. You can also modify the png logos if you want here, as they will be showing up in the Explorer UI and it will help you tell them apart if you load the Leapfrog movie on there. Be sure to save them as 8bit PNG. Next you're going to need to know a couple things about your video, open up VideoInfo.json in a text editor, changing VideoFile and AudioFile to the name of your soon to be theora video file, VideoTime is the number of seconds the video is, and framerate will be 12.
Now open a command prompt and cd to the directory you saved ffmpeg2theora in. Copy and Paste your source video file to the same directory and run this command in the prompt. 12fps and 16000hz sample rate, seem to be the max before syncing issues occur. You could play around with this if you want.
ffmpeg2theora-02.7.exe -o output_file.ogg -F 12 -H 16000 input_file.ext
Once the file is finished encoding, copy the .ogg file to the /LST3-0x001B000A-000000 folder. You can rename the folder something easier to remember like /My_Video.
Open up your ssh program and navigate to /LF/Bulk/ProgramFiles on your Explorer. And upload your folder.
Now eject your Explorer, pull the usb cable out, and let it refresh to the main UI, you might have to scroll the screen over, but you should see your new movie file there. If all went well, you can tap on it, and it should start playing. Tap on the screen at any time to bring up the player controls, or hit the home button to exit out of it with a confirmation.
Under Linux
This guide already assumes you have set up your Leapster Explorer with SFTP access.
Download the Connect Movie App
We are going to use the Connect Movie App as the base for playing movies saving us from needing to use any leaplet codes. From your Linux desktop run the following command:
scp -r root@10.0.0.2:/LF/Bulk/ProgramFiles/ConnectMovieApp .
Scp will then download the files to your current working directory.
Encoding the video
ffmpeg2theora is included in most distribution repos so install using your distributions method.
Encoding the file is done with one line:
ffmpeg2theora -o output_video.ogg -F 12 -H 16000 -x 320 -y 240 input_video.avi
Editing the files
First thing to do is to open the ConnectMovieApp directory and inside the Video directory delete the ConnectMovie.ogg and LExplorer_ConnectMovie_Mix_V6.ogg place your newly encoded file in this directory.
Open the VideoInfo.json file and replace the ConnectMovie.ogg and LExplorer_ConnectMovie_Mix_V6.ogg lines with your new video filename.
Moving back to the parent directory you can edit the GameInfo.json with some infomation about your video rather then the default you could also use this time to edit the ConnectMovie001.png to something more meaningful.
You also need to update the md5sums for any file you changed, you can find the md5sum in Linux using this command:
md5sum /path/to/filename
Replace the new md5sums in the packagefiles.md5 file.
Rename the directory from ConnectMovieApp to something that means something.
Upload the movie
scp -r Farm root@10.0.0.2:/LF/Bulk/ProgramFiles/
Unplug the USB cable and enjoy your new video.
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:62151",
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"url": "josm.openstreetmap.de/ticket/6911",
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Modify
Opened 20 months ago
Closed 20 months ago
Last modified 20 months ago
#6911 closed defect (fixed)
"Crossing ways" warning for ways waterway=riverbank and waterway=river
Reported by: Koblaid Owned by: team
Priority: normal Component: Core validator
Version: latest Keywords:
Cc:
Description (last modified by Koblaid)
The validator warns for crossing ways, when a way with waterway=riverbank crosses a way with waterway=river. According to http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Tag:waterway%3Driverbank this is correct, so maybe the validator shouldn't complain in this case.
Attachments (0)
Change History (3)
comment:1 Changed 20 months ago by Koblaid
• Description modified (diff)
• Summary changed from "Overlapping ways" warning for ways waterway=riverbank and waterway=river to "Crossing ways" warning for ways waterway=riverbank and waterway=river
comment:2 Changed 20 months ago by simon04
• Resolution set to fixed
• Status changed from new to closed
comment:3 Changed 20 months ago by Koblaid
Modify Ticket
Change Properties
<Author field>
Action
as closed .
as The resolution will be set. Next status will be 'closed'.
The resolution will be deleted. Next status will be 'reopened'.
Author
E-mail address and user name can be saved in the Preferences.
Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets.
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{
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"warc_url": "http://journals.tdl.org/icce/index.php/icce/article/view/2474"
}
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SCOURING DUE TO WAVE ACTION AT THE TOE OF PERMEABLE COASTAL STRUCTURE
Toru Sawaragi
Abstract
In this paper, the relation between a reflection coefficient of waves and a void ratio of permeable face of a structure is firstly revealed, because of the fact that there is a close relationship between the reflection coefficient and the phenomena of scouring. Before the scouring depth is investigated, the relation of the scouring depth to subsidence is made clear. Then, it is found that the scouring depth which has great influence upon subsidence of blocks, becomes larger with the increment of the coefficient of reflection. Furthermore, a composite cross section which has an imaginary uniform slope of 20 degrees, is proposed as the stable cross section against the subsidence of blocks.
Keywords
scouring; permeable structure; coastal structures
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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{
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"warc_url": "http://listarchives.libreoffice.org/global/documentation/msg05433.html"
}
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[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
[libreoffice-documentation] ePUB for Getting Started with Base
Jean's working with ePUB with Calibre led me to do some tinkering
of sorts. I have converted the published version of Getting Started with
Base to the ePUB format. It is presently in the Draft folder for the
Getting Started Guide in ODF.
Step by step: I used Calibre to convert the .odt file to the .epub.
Then I used Sigil to edit the XML of the.epub file. (Calibre recommended
Sigil for this purpose.
I must admit that it takes some time to do the editing, but I have
not gotten this down to specific steps of find and replace in the XML.
Might help if I made a list of the things to do in this regard.
--Dan
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:62181",
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"url": "myedmondsnews.com/2011/11/dj-wilson-concedes-to-joan-bloom-says-he-will-continue-work-on-good-government-issues/",
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}
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DJ Wilson concedes to Joan Bloom; says he will continue work on ‘good government’ issues
DJ Wilson
Stating “it is clear I have lost my bid for re-election to the City Council,” Edmonds City Councilmember DJ Wilson said Friday that he wishes his opponent, citizen activist Joan Bloom, “all the best.”
In a statement posted on his “Citizens to Elect DJ Wilson” website, the Edmonds-based public affairs consultant — who was seeking his second term on the Council – said he is looking forward to continuing his “Civic Engagement” television show via Edmonds Community College along with other “good government” projects, as well as spending more time with his young children.
In the latest election results released from Snohomish County Thursday, Bloom held a 114-vote lead over Wilson, with few votes remaining to be counted.
“I want to thank DJ Wilson for his years of service to Edmonds,” said Bloom, who ran a low-budget campaign focused on government transparency and accountability. “My campaign committee, friends, family, supporters and, most of all, the Edmonds citizens who voted for me, have won. I hope those who did not vote for me will evenutally decide that they won too. Thanks for your faith in me. Yay Edmonds!”
Here’s the full statement that Wilson posted on his “Citizens to Elect DJ Wilson” website:
Now that the dust has settled on the 2011 election, it is clear I have lost my bid for re-election to the City Council. As I have said during the campaign, I think highly of Ms. Bloom and believe she will be act conscientiously on behalf of the citizens of Edmonds. I wish her and the new Council, along with Mayor-elect Earling, all the best.
Despite the rhetoric, I continue to believe that public service can be an honorable calling. I also continue to believe that – particularly today – there are more and more opportunities to serve: from jury duty to running a community blog, from helping at the food bank to volunteering in the classroom. Our society rests upon the engagement of its citizens.
So, I will continue my work to improve the quality and respectfulness of our civic dialog and of good government. That means continuing the “Civic Engagement” program at Edmonds Community College, now it its 7th year. That means hosting TEDxEdmonds next spring, focused on civic literacy. And, it means teaching next year at the Creative Retirement Institute.
Most importantly, now that I’ll be leaving the Council, I’ll have another 20-30 hours a week to spend with my family. Maybe now my kids will stop playing “City Council” and start playing “house” or something else most 5 and 3 year olds get to do!
It has been an honor to serve in elected office these past 4 years. It is a tough time in government – at any level – these days. In a republican democracy like ours, we should all be rooting for our elected officials. Their success will be ours, as will their failure.
To encourage constructive community dialogue, all commenters must use their real names, first and last. Comments from users with names that don't comply with this policy will be removed. Thank you for your cooperation.
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Category Archives: Art
SameAs – Science, Technology and Art
This week I attended a meeting about art and science, organised by SameAs. This is a newish group that aims to bring together “interesting people from diverse backgrounds to discuss science, technology and everything in-between”. Basically it is a free … Continue reading
Posted in Art, Social networking | Leave a comment
Monaco film festival award
I was surprised to see some familiar faces on the front cover of my local freesheet newspaper recently. This paper, The Archer, is not a typical freesheet, but a community-produced monthly newspaper which has a good deal of local content, … Continue reading
Posted in Art, Film | 3 Comments
Amsterdam’s elephants
Well, if Joanna can post gratuitous pictures of furry animals then so can I. Though mine are funny animals rather than furry animals. Last year I showed some of Liverpool’s superlambananas ; this year I show you a parade of … Continue reading
Posted in Art, Froth | 9 Comments
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Koch Lab:Meetings
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==More Meetings==
==More Meetings==
+
*[[/Group meeting 07-29-2009|Group meeting 07-29-2009]]
+
*[[/Group meeting 08-10-2009|Group meeting 08-10-2009]]
</div>
</div>
Current revision
Home Research Lab Members Publications Protocols Contact Funding
Principles Data Notebooks Links Meetings Presentations Inventory
This page is under construction
Symposium
On Friday May 15, 2009 KochLab is holding it's first ever symposium... a full day of talks dedicated to the presentation of our work to the entire lab (which is growing quite rapidly).
Annual Biophysical Society Meeting
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HighPoint/CannonLab:Fluorescence Spectrometry
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Contents
Using the Fluorometer
Warnings
1. Open the sample chamber to close the shutters and protect the detector if the signal exceeds the maximum (~9).
2. Turn off the lamp before shutting down the instrument.
3. Be careful with the cuvettes. You will break one if you work enough, but please develop careful habits.
Using the SLM Aminco-Bowman Luminescence Spectrometer
Startup
1. Make sure the computer is OFF
2. Turn ON the "Lamp Enable" switch on the left side of the spectrometer
3. Turn ON the spectrometer
• look for the red Lamp Monitor LED on front of the instrument to turn on
• wait for the LED on the right side of the instrument to change from ORANGE to GREEN
4. Turn on the computer
• user "lab", password "lab"
5. Open AB2 program
• ignore the error message
• wait for "Initializing Instrument" to finish
• follow the remainder of instructions beginning on p. 4-1 of the manual
Shutdown
1. 20 Minutes before turning off the spectrometer turn OFF the "Lamp Enable" switch
• This is crucial to extend the life of the expensive arc lamp
2. Turn off the computer at any time
3. Clean the cuvettes and return them to the rack behind the computer
• These are the other expensive and breakable item
• They are placed behind the computer when not in use to minimize chances of accidental damage
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Quotation added by staff
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Don't be humble, you're not that great. Meir, Golda
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Money is like fire, an element as little troubled by moralizing as earth, air and water. Men can employ it as a tool or they can dance around it as if it were the incarnation of a god. Money votes socialist or monarchist, finds a profit in pornography or translations from the Bible, commissions Rembrandt and underwrites the technology of Auschwitz. It acquires its meaning from the uses to which it is put. Lapham, Lewis H.
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...have built well. We are continuing our efforts to bring the blessings of a free society, of a free and productive economic system, to every family in the land. This is the promise of America.
It is this that we must continue to build--this that we must continue to defend.
It is the task of our generation, yours and mine. But we build and defend not for our generation alone. We defend the foundations laid down by our fathers. We build a life for generations yet unborn.
We defend and we build a way of life, not for America alone, but for all mankind. Ours is a high duty, a noble task.
Day and night I pray for the restoration of peace in this mad world of ours. It is not necessary that I, the President, ask the American people to pray in behalf of such a cause--for I know you are praying with me.
I am certain that out of the hearts of every man, woman and child in this land, in every waking minute, a supplication goes up to Almighty God; that all of us beg that suffering and starving, that death and destruction may end--and...
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Source: President FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, fireside chat on national defense, May 26, 1940.The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1940, p. 240 .This sentence is one of many quotations inscribed on Cox Corridor II, a first floor House corridor, U.S. Capitol. · Excerpt from The Fireside Chats of Franklin Delano Roosevelt · This quote is about power · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Roosevelt, Franklin D. ...
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), is best known for his leading the U.S. through the Great Depression via his New Deal, his building a powerful political coalition, the New Deal Coalition, that dominated American politics for decades, and for playing a significant role in a grand coalition that defeated Nazi Germany, Italy and the Empire of Japan in World War II and created the United Nations. Born to wealth and privilege, he overcame a crippling illness to place himself at the head of the forces of reform. Universally called FDR, he was both loved and hated in his day, and now is considered by many to be in the top tier of American presidents.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
It is no accident that banks resemble temples, preferably Greek, and that the supplicants who come to perform the rites of deposit and withdrawal instinctively lower their voices into the registers of awe. Even the most junior tellers acquire within weeks of their employment the officiousness of hierophants tending an eternal flame. I don't know how they become so quickly inducted into the presiding mysteries, or who instructs them in the finely articulated inflections of contempt for the laity, but somehow they learn to think of themselves as suppliers of the monetarized DNA that is the breath of life. Lapham, Lewis H.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Quotes by Cardus, Neville
Sir Neville Cardus (2 April 1889 - 28 February 1975) was a celebrated British journalist. He was a music and cricket writer for the Manchester Guardian..
"Such reproductions may not interest the reader; but after all, this is my autobiography, not his; he is under no obligation to read further in it; he was under none to begin. A modest or inhibited autobiography is written without entertainment to the writer and read with distrust by the reader."
Cardus, Neville on autobiography
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Quotes by Stone, Sharon
Sharon Stone.
"If you have a vagina and an attitude in this town, then that's a lethal combination."
Stone, Sharon on hollywood
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"We Barbie dolls are not supposed to behave the way I do."
Stone, Sharon on behavior
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"A REALLY INTELLIGENT INTERVIEWER." -- Lance Henriksen
"QUITE SIMPLY, THE BEST HORROR-THEMED BLOG ON THE NET." -- Joe Maddrey, Nightmares in Red White & Blue
**Find The Vault of Horror on Facebook and Twitter, or download the new mobile app!**
**Check out my other blogs, Standard of the Day, Proof of a Benevolent God and Lots of Pulp!**
Friday, July 3, 2009
Because Boo Berry Never Gets Enough Love...
Here's the little bugger's first appearance, from back in 1973. Gotta love the Peter Lorre voice!
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Guerrero Negro
From Wikitravel
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Guerrero Negro is a city in Baja California Sur, on the edge of the Vizcaino Desert just south of the state border about halfway down the peninsula. It is best known for the whale watching, although its primary industry is salt.
[edit] Get in
The easiest and more confortable way is by plane: there is a company that flies from Ensenada to Guerrero Negro on Monday, Wendesday and Thursday at 11:30, it makes a stop at Isla de Cedros. The company is Aeroservicios Guerrero, and the phone number is +52 (615) 157 01 37.
To get to Ensenada you may fly to San Diego and take the bus at the station that is just across the border in Tijuana. There is also a bus that leaves from the airport in Tijuana each hour since 8:30 am and it arrives to Ensenada two hours later.
Other way is to rent a car in Tijuana and make the 12 hour drive, it is a long drive but it is worth the trip, and it is cheaper if you are two or more people.
The last way is to take a bus from Tijuana Central Station to Guerrero Negro it leaves at 12:15, 16:00 and 18:00 hrs and it takes about 12 hours to get to Guerrero.
You can also fly to Los Cabos and to rent a car there or to take a bus to La Paz and from La Paz to Guerrero Negro (12 hours from La Paz) and it leaves at 10:00 am, 4:00 pm and 11:00 pm.
[edit] Get around
The lagunary complex of Ojo de Liebre has been recognized as a wetland of international importance by the Ramsar Convention and as a Hemispheric Importance Site for shore birds conservation so bird watching is a must.
There can be visited also the sand dunes around the Guerrero Negro Lagoon.
There are guided visits to the largest open salt company and to the rock paintings at San Francisco and Santa Marta Sierras as well to the much unknown paintings of Mesa del Carmen, north from Guerrero Negro.
[edit][add listing] See
Guerrero Negro is the place with the highiest concentration of grey whales in the world. The whale watching tours in this area are almost mandatory, Also, visit the largest salt works in the world, bird watching in winter, giant sand dunes and one of the largest concentrations of Ousprey's in the world (they hatch by the end of february), Malarrimo Restaurant have a little museum on the bar side with a nice collection of flotsam recovered from Malarrimo Beach. There were sand blasted bottles, fishing floats from japan, pieces of ships, wooden oars, round army containers about three feet long and eight inches in diameter, lots of construction helmets and a wooden ships wheel, etc.
[edit][add listing] Do
• Eco-Tours Malarrimo was the first private operator permitted by the mexican government to conduct tours in the area; still in this days, Malarrimo Ecotours it's the most popular whale watching tour in town. Besides, was the first one to offer cave painting tours, bird watching, salt tours, peninsula pronghorn and worked with film crews like CNN, Animal Planet, TBS Japan, Globo Brasil, Televisa, TV Azteca,ABC,three movies and TV Comercials [1]
Tours leave at 8am and 11am and cost US$50 or MX$650. (as of Feb 2012)
• [2]
• Mario's Tours offers a wide variety of tours including whale watching tours, bird watching, rock paintings an more [3]
• Whale watching in nearby Scammon's Lagoon (Laguna Ojo de Liebre).
[edit][add listing] Buy
• Casa El Viejo Cactus, [4]. Gift Shop. Baja books and maps, great collection of local and national crafts,souvenirs like t-shirts, caps, key chains, cups, mugs, Tequila shot glasses, etc. Many of these crafts and souvenirs are made of marine and whales motifs , since whales and other marine life is the main attraction of this region. edit
[edit][add listing] Eat
• Malarrimo restaurant, Blvd. Emiliano Zapata s/n (On Blvd. Emiliano Zapata at entrance into tow), ☎ (615)157 0100,www.malarrimo.com, info@malarrimo.com [6]. Daily from 7:30am. The favorite place in Guerrero Negro to visit by locals, bajatravellers and tourists since 1973, with seafood, Mexican & international specialties. Full bar service, banquet facilities. Tourist information & assistance. ANITHING ALSE...CAME LATER!!
• Tacos El Muelle. Fish tacos edit
Eat at Mario's, the biggest palapa in Baja California, with a very unique ambience and very nice local sea food specialties. [5]
[edit][add listing] Drink
• Malarrimo restaurant, Blvd. Emiliano Zapata s/n (On Blvd. Emiliano Zapata at entrance into tow), (615)157 0100, [6]. Daily from 7:30am. A favorite with visting tourists since 1973, with seafood, Mexican & international specialties. Full bar service, banquet facilities. Tourist information & assistance. edit
[edit][add listing] Sleep
Realize that all accommodations are very basic.
• La Pinta hotel. Basic, but clean. Army base next door provided the "alarm clock" in the AM. edit
• Malarrimo hotel and RV parking., [7]. Also has a restaurant. edit
[edit] Get out
Geting out is not easy as it is a wonderful place to spend some days, any how, the ways out are the same to getting in.
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Difference between revisions of "Fort Collins"
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Colorado : Front Range : Fort Collins
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(By plane)
(By plane)
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===By plane===
===By plane===
*''' Allegiant Air''' [http://www.allegiantair.com/] flies direct from [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]] to the '''Fort Collins/Loveland Airport''' [http://www.fortloveair.com/], located roughly 7 miles south of town, on passenger jets seating roughly 80 passengers. *As of October 29, 2012, Allegiant Air no longer provides commercial flights to Fort Collins/Loveland Airport. Only private aviators can fly into Fort Collins/Loveland Airport.
*'''[[Denver]] International Airport''', [http://www.flydenver.com/] is the closest major commercial airport; a shuttle service to Fort Collins is available from Shamrock Airport Express [http://www.rideshamrock.com/rs_ax.php] or Super Shuttle [http://www.supershuttle.com/].
*'''[[Denver]] International Airport''', [http://www.flydenver.com/] is the closest major commercial airport; a shuttle service to Fort Collins is available from Shamrock Airport Express [http://www.rideshamrock.com/rs_ax.php] or Super Shuttle [http://www.supershuttle.com/].
Revision as of 14:48, 20 December 2012
Fort Collins [1] is a university town located in northern Colorado in the USA, an hour north of Denver. The population according to the 2000 census is 118,652, so the yearly influx of out-of-town students does noticeably impact the feel of the town. In 2006 Money Magazine ranked Fort Collins the "Best Place to Live" in the western U.S. among small cities.
Old Town is the downtown area of the city, centered around the cross-streets of College Avenue and Mountain Avenue. It is the historical beginnings of the town. It is because of this that the downtown area has a vast variety of older buildings, and historical monuments. Those seeking to visit architecture from the early twentieth century should come to Fort Collins for the prime examples located there. The Colorado State University campus is right in the middle of the city, extending from Prospect Street on the South to Laurel Street on the north, and from Shields street on the west to College Avenue on the East. The university also has several other smaller campuses throughout the city.
Contents
Get in
By plane
• Denver International Airport, [2] is the closest major commercial airport; a shuttle service to Fort Collins is available from Shamrock Airport Express [3] or Super Shuttle [4].
Get around
Public transit
Public Transit is provided by Transfort [5]. Most routes have service every half hour, with service ending about 7:00PM. "FoxTrot" service between Fort Collins and Loveland is offered every hour before 7PM.
Bicycle
Fort Collins is known as a bicycle friendly city and is crisscrossed with paved trails and designated bike routes. In many cases, bike travel can be faster than driving, especially during rush hour, because bike trails do not necessarily follow roads and are often given the right of way in street crossings. A bicycle map can be found here: Fort Collins Bicycle Map [6]. Also, a Bike library [7] is run by the city of Fort Collins, providing free rentals for up to 5 days.
See
• Historic Old Town Fort Collins includes many shops and restaurants and an outdoor mall among historic buildings. Old Town is centered just east of College Avenue and between Mountain Avenue and Walnut Street. Parking on the street in Old Town can be difficult, but there are two city parking structures which offer parking for a quarter an hour. Enjoy a locally brewed beer or lager at a restaurant in Old Town Square, and enjoy local music at The Aggie.
• Budweiser Events Center at The Ranch features national acts and sports events. Several semi-professional sports teams call this center home including the Colorado Eagles (hockey), Colorado Chill (basketball), and the Colorado Ice (arena football).
• Breweries - Fort Collins features 5 local award-winning breweries plus an Anheuser Busch outpost (complete with Clydesdales). Visit New Belgium Brewing, Odell Brewing Company, Equinox Brewing, Fort Collins Brewery, Funkwerks Brewery, CooperSmith's Pub and Brewery, Big Horn Brewing, Pateros Creek Brewing, or Anheuser Busch any day of the week but Sunday. Most of the locally owned breweries are open on Sundays, however, and free tours are available at most of the larger facilities complete with free samples for those who are of age (specifically New Belgium and Odell's).
• Colorado State University [8] - Internationally recognized faculty and a top-ranked University with a freshman to sophomore retention rate of 82%. Offers over 150 degree programs of study in 8 Colleges: College of Agricultural Sciences, College of Applied Human Sciences, College of Business, College of Engineering, College of Liberal Arts, Warner College of Natural Resources, College of Natural Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences. Ranked in the Top Tier of public and private doctoral universities in the U.S. News and World Report rankings of America's Best Colleges and Universities.
Do
• The EPIC Pool and Ice Center includes a large pool and ice rink.
• Horsetooth Reservoir, [9]. Climb, boat, hike, boulder, and mountain bike here. (season or day pass required)
• New Belgium Brewery, [10]. Brewers of the popular Fat Tire, and less well known Abby, 1554, Blue Paddle, Sunshine Wheat, as well as several seasonal beers and small-batch productions. The brewery has guided and self-guided tours. Get there early for the guided tours as space is limited. You'll hear the history of the brewery, how they're powered completely by wind energy and methane recycled from the brewing process, and how they truly are a shining example of a socially responsible company that takes care of its employees and the community. Free tasting is available for those over age 21.
• Rocky Mountain Adventures Phone: 800-858-6808, E-mail: info@shoprma.com, [11]. RMA offers whitewater rafting trips, kayaking lessons, and fly-fishing clinics in the summer, as well as snowshoeing and cross-country skiing trips in the winter. Great for the traveler with an adventurous streak.
• Cache La Poudre The Cache La Poudre canyon just outside of town offers excellent fly fishing for wild rainbow and brown trout. In town, starting from the crossing at North Shields and continuing through town, it also provides quick access to fishing. You can tube and swim in the river in town. Upstream, before the irrigation ditches take the water, whitewater rafting is available.
• Bike Parks and Trails There is an extensive set of biking/walking trails around town. An adventurous mountain biker can do a loop. There is a paved trail along the Poudre River from Bellvue through Fort Collins to CSU's Environmental Learning Center. There is another paved trail along Spring Creek that goes from the intersection with the Poudre upstream to Spring Canyon Park which also has a trials bike course. There is also a motocross bike course along the way at Epic Park. From Spring Canyon Park north back towards Bellvue is an extensive collection of mountain bike trails going up and down the hogback that forms the eastern side of Horsetooth Reservoir. The most extensive bike park is at Lory State Park on the northwest side of Horsetooth Reservoir. They have a practice course with small jumps and teeter-totter, a large pump track, four different jump runs of varying difficulty and a wooden trials track with three different paths and a double teeter-totter.
• Mountain Whitewater Descents, 1329 N. Hwy. 287; Ft. Collins, CO 80524, 1-888-855-8874, [12]. Take a whitewater rafting vacation today. We offer rafting adventures on the Cache La Poudre River near Estes Park Colorado. Come see what river rafting in Colorado is all about. We will be running trips through August 30th - so give us a call and we can book you a trip. Mountain Whitewater Descents is proud to have a special use permit from the Roosevelt National Forest. The guidelines keep river use low so that the Poudre delivers an exceptional wilderness rafting experience. Check out the Poudre page to find out how special Colorado's only "Wild and Scenic" river really is. Coloradoans consider it the best canyon and river in Colorado. Come rafting and you'll agree.
• A1 Wildwater, 2801 N. Shields St (NW corner of Sheilds and Hwy 287, about 3 miles N of old town Fort Collins), 800 369 4165 (), [13]. 8AM-7PM. Northern Colorado's oldest outfitter. Free wetsuit use along with paddle jackets. Mild to wild rafting trips with beginner to advanced whitewater. New store built in 2009. Lots of parking, clean new restrooms, picnic areas, game areas, food, retail store, photo area and guides available. Safety kayakers follow along on many of the high water season trips. Wild & Scenic half day trip, family half day trip and full day trip offered. There is a store at the NW corner of Shields St and Hwy 287 (College Ave).
Buy
Historic Old Town
• Children's Mercantile and Clothes Pony
• The Cupboard [14] Opened in 1972, the oldest (and best known) store in Fort Collins, the store is over 6,000 square feet and offers all manner of items for your kitchen.
• Curiosities
• EsScentuals, a boutique body care store, with an intimate massage and fitness facility downstairs.
• Perennial Gardener & Sense of Place
• Tula [15] offers contemporary women's clothing.
• Passion for the Planet Eco-Boutique [16] This new eco-friendly store in Fort Collins offers organic clothing, organic chocolate, and sustainable romantic gifts.
• Kansas City Kitty 136 N College, 970 482-5845. Women's clothing store and boutique. Local vendors sell jewelry, purses, and more.
Eat
Fort Collins is often said to contain more places to eat per person than anywhere else in the country.
Budget
• Big City Burrito. A true Fort Collins institution with a very loyal following. It is fairly typical to see a line stretching out the door but the wait is well worth it. (Local, $6 per person, Old Town)
• The Breakfast Club [17]. Breakfast/Lunch. A really tasty breakfast food eatery, with friendly "homey" atmosphere. Highly recommended: Breakfast burrito. ($3.89-$7.89, 223-7193).
• Cafe Mexicali, Great mexican food for very reasonable prices, and even cheaper for students.
• Charco Broiler. American. Another pillar of Fort Collins restaurant, a good family-style steak house. This is probably the best value for a high quality sit-down restaurant. (Local, $8 per person, North East)
• China Wok, [18] 1514 E Harmony Rd, (970) 223-8867 Typical fast food Chinese. Inexpensive. (Local, $5 per person, South)
• Cozzola's Pizza. Fantastic non-traditional pizza. (Local Chain, $7 per person, South and Old Town)
• Farmer's Table. [19] Breakfast and lunch, breakfast served all day. Great food, large portions. $6 per person.
• Little Saigon Cafe. Vietnamese. (Local, $7 per person, mid-town located in The Square)
• Los Tarascos. Mexican. Very good, authentic Mexican food. (Local, $7 per person, mid-town)
• Matador Mexican Grill. Great local burrito place with $1.41 bottles of beer everyday. Created by two CSU graduates and is a great place to get a beer and some of amazing food with the freshest local ingredients. (Local, $6 per person, south side of town)
• Pickle Barrel. High quality subs at reasonable prices.
• Pizza Casbah. A hole in the wall pizza place very popular with locals. Slices are gigantic and should be folded in half to be eaten properly. $4 per person.
• Silver Mine Subs. Sub sandwiches. (Local Chain, $6 per person, South, mid-town, West, and North-East locations)
• Taqueria Los Comales. Authentic Mexican. (Local, near CSU)
• Teriyaki Wok. (Local chain, $6 per person, West and mid-town)
• Toy's Thai Cafe, 128 W Laurel St # B (970) 224-1512. Excellent, authentic Thai food. Inexpensive. Daily lunch buffet $7.
• Walrus Ice Cream, [20]. Fantastic local ice cream. (Local, $3 per person, Old Town)
• Wok & Roll Healthy Japanese takeout (2 locations). Mostly stir-fries over white or brown rice, or rice noodles. Chicken, beef, shrimp, and vegetarian dishes available. Some (cooked) sushi rolls available.
• Young's Cafe, 3307 S. College Ave.,(970)223-8000. Vietnamese. (Local, $10 per person, mid-town across from the Foothills Fashion Mall)
• Yum Yum, W. Elizabeth Street, 1 block West of CSU. Excellent Lebanese and Mediterranean food, good vegetarian selections. Outstanding Gyros and rice. A small, family-owned restaurant, with very reasonable prices.
Mid-range
• 3 Margaritas. Mexican. (Chain, $8 per person, South)
• Austin's, [21]. American. A grill owned by the same owners as The Moot House (see below), American cuisine, excellent roasted chicken ($12 per person, South and Old Town)
• Avogadro's Number, [22]. American. Try the tempeh burger. (Local, near CSU)
• Beau Jo's Pizza, Old Town, [23]. Pizza, calzones, pasta. Daily lunch buffet.
• Bisetti's, [24]. Italian. A great local Italian place. (Local, $13 per person, Old Town)
• C.B. & Potts, [25] Bar and pub food. Highly recommend. (Local chain, $10 per person, West)
• Cafe Bluebird, [26]. Lunch and breakfast, breakfast-for-lunch.
• Coopersmith's, [27]. Pub food and local brewery, also has a pool hall. (Local, $9 per person, Old Town)
• Domenic's. [28] Metro Bistro & wine bar serving Mediterranean fusion food.
• Enzio's, [29]. Italian, from the owners of Austin's and the Moot House.
• Fish, [30]. Freshest fish in Fort Collins with shipments flown in daily. (Local, Old Town)
• Hu Hot. Mongolian BBQ with an excellent atmosphere. Lunch and dinner buffet available. (Chain, $10 per person, Old Town)
• The Hideout Patio Bar and Grill
[31]American fare: Burgers, brats, hot dogs, green chili, the biggest pork tenderloin in town and prime rib on Saturday nights. Live music most nights, football games, college and NFL and open for Monday Night Football. Open year round.
• Hunan Chinese Restaurant, [32]. Chinese. Excellent Kung Pao Chicken, eggrolls and egg drop soup. Take out available. ($10-$15 per person, with lunch specials, south)
• Jade Garden. Chinese. (Local, $8 per person, mid-town)
• Jim's Wings. Another local favorite with the best hot wings in town and great sports bar atmosphere. (Campus west, $7 per person)
• Lucile's. Cajun breakfast and lunch. Incredibly popular, expect to wait half an hour on the weekends. (Local, $8 per person, mid-town)
• Mancino's. Grinder sandwiches and pizza. (Local, $7 per person, East)
• Moot House. A local English-style restaurant, English/American cuisine and salad bar. (Local, $16 per person, mid-town)
• Mount Everest Cafe. Nepalese (Buffet) Sherpa own restaurant with Mt. Everest theme.
• Mount Fuji. Japanese (Local, $10 per person, $25 per person for sushi, South) Widest variety of sushi in town, often including delicious specials. Definitely eat their banana desert!
• Nyala. Authentic Ethiopian food and excellent coffee. (Local, $15 per person, mid-town)
• Olde Tymes. Pizza, Chicken, and Ribs! Locally owned and operated, Olde Tymes has some of the best down home cooking in town.
• Panino's. [33] Specializes in panino sandwiches, but salads, pasta, and pizza are all available. $7-10 per person. Located at Center Ave. and W. Prospect Rd., it can be crowded at lunchtime, but it is worth the wait. $1 microbrew pints Monday and Tuesday.
• Pho Duy. Pho restaurant. (Local, $7 per person, mid-town)
• Positano's Pizzeria. Pizza and sandwiches. (Local, $8 per person, South)
• Rainbow Restaurant. 212 W Laurel, (970) 221-2664. Breakfast and lunch. Specializes in vegetarian cuisine, but meat substitutions available.
• Rasta Pasta. Creative Pastas with a Caribbean Flair. (local,$4-10 per person, Old Town)
• The Rio Grande Mexican Restaurant. Famous and wildly popular for margaritas. Get there early (143 W. Mountain Avenue, Old Town)
• Silver Grill. A great breakfast and lunch restaurant, a pillar of Fort Collins. (Local, $10 per person, Old Town)
• South China. Chinese Food. Particularly known for their Hot and Sour soup, Sesame Chicken and Hunan Chicken. (Local, $10 per person, South)
• Spicy Pickle, [34]. Subs, salads, soup and paninis. (Old Town)
• Spoons, [35]. Soup and salad. (Local Chain, $7 per person, West and Old Town)
• Sri Thai. 950 S Taft Hill Rd, (970) 482-5115, Thai food. Nice atmosphere, tasty food. Vegan options available.
• Suehiro Japanese Restaurant, 223 Linden St., Suite 103, (970)482-3734. (Local, Old Town)
• Sushi by Kevin. Japanese. Sushi in a non-traditional style, prepared by an ex-French chef. (Local, $20 per person, mid-town)
• Taj Mahal. Indian. A fine lunch buffet, and normal order from the menu for dinner. (Local, $8 per person, Old Town)
• Thai Pepper. Thai. Outdoor seating in warm weather. (Local, near CSU)
• The Egg & I, [36]. Breakfast/lunch. (Chain)
• Tortilla Marissa, [37]. Mexican
• Woody's Woodfired Pizza, 518 W. Laurel St., (970)482-7100. All-you-can eat pizza bar. (North side of CSU)
Splurge
• Pulcinella Pizzeria, [38]. Pizza (multiple locations). Get a true Italian slice here. Good pizza but fairly pricey.
• Sonny Lubick Steakhouse A great restaurant owned by the iconic former CSU football coach.
Drink
As a college town, Fort Collins has a very active nightlife with everything from friendly corner pubs to hip hop dance clubs. Old town is packed on weekends but even week nights always have something happening. Campus west is the second, smaller, cluster of bars in Fort Collins that still has much to offer.
• Surfside 7, 150 N College Ave. Great dive bar with killer jukebox and cheap drinks.
• The Astoria, 146 N College. Lovely place with high end cocktails and excellent Cuban-inspired food.
• The Forge Publick House, 232 Walnut St. Unique high-end beer bar tucked into an alley. Warm, inviting and unpretentious.
Cafes
• The Alley Cat Café. Coffee house. Excellent coffee and chai. Open 24 hours.
• Bean Cycle, Old Town. An excellent coffee shop and independent bookstore. They roast their own organic, fair trade coffee. Wifi.
• Mugs Coffee Lounge (Mugs), 261 S. College, 970-472-Mugs, [39]. 6AM-Late. Local, Organic, Great Community and an awesome menu to go along with great Coffee and coffee drinks.
• Jilly Bean Java, Coffee house. Fantastic coffee and burritos. Wifi, and an open mic stage url="http://jillybeanjava.com/".
Bars
• Bondi's Beach Bar. Nicer bar that is packed every weekend.
• 100 Octane A basic run of the mill dance club. Old Town.
• East Coast Bar with the latest last call.
• Lucky Joe's A self described cowboy / Irish bar that somehow makes it work. Free peanuts.
• Ma's Juice Bar Located at campus west, this may be the most unique bar in Fort Collins. Though it is a full service bar, spiked smoothies are the must-have specialty. Family owned and operated.
• Old Chicago Chain restuarant but the bar / pool hall section stay open til 2.
• Road 34 Bike shop by day, bar by night. Pretty mellow atmosphere but a mainstay in campus west.
• Tony's A great spot to grab a beer or hang out all evening. The bar on the main level has just been remodeled nicely. The recently opened roof top patio is great in the summer and open year-round.
• The Town Pump. A hole in the wall pub that has managed to survive over 100 years, making it the oldest in Fort Collins.
• Washington's. This bar has a very distinct atmosphere that must be seen to be understood. Dance floor in the basement.
Sleep
• The Armstrong Hotel. [40] Located downtown, this boutique hotel was recently renovated and offers 37 eclectic rooms.
• Cambria Suites. [41] Only minutes away from Colorado State University.
• Comfort Inn & Suites - Hotels Fort Collins, Co, 601 Sw Frontage Rd, 9704070100, [42]. checkin: 15:00; checkout: 11:00. Free wifi, Complimentary breakfast, and heated pool and hot tub! $65-159.
• Courtyard Fort Collins, 1200 Oakridge Drive, 9702821700. Indoor pool. Provides free shuttle service to nearby businesses M-F.
• Fort Collins Marriott, 350 East Horsetooth Rd, 970-226-5200, [43]. checkin: 4PM; checkout: 12PM. The Fort Collins Marriott has 229 newly renovated rooms and 16,154 sq. ft. of meeting space equipped with high speed internet access and wireless capabilities.
• Hilton Fort Collins Hotel, [44]. Near student housing and the railroad.
• Quality Inn & Suites, 4001 South Mason St, 970-282-9047, Email: sales@ftcollinsquality.com, [45]. All suites.
• The Edwards House Bed & Breakfast, 402 West Mountain Ave, Fort Collins, CO 80525, 970-493-9191, [46]. Located just a few blocks from historic Old Town Fort Collins, the Edwards House Bed and Breakfast is proud to offer elegant and romantic accommodations far superior to those of typical hotel lodging. Our innkeepers will pamper you with unique amenities and breakfasts fit for royalty. Whether its relaxation or a sense of adventure that brings you to Fort Collins, the Edwards House is the right place for you!
Contact
Wireless Internet
Free
The local ISP Front Range Internet, Inc. (FRII) has introduced a Wireless Mesh which includes most of Old Town. Users may have an unlimited number of 30-minute sessions each day, with a few ads in between sessions.
• Jilly Bean Java 240 Walnut St
• Mugs Coffee Lounge, [47] has two locations. The shops at College & Olive are open M-Su 6AM-1AM; wireless is also accessible from outdoor tables. Timberline between Harmony & Horsetooth (on E side of Timberline N of Caribou), M-Th 6AM-10PM, Fr-Su 6AM-6PM. The Timberline location has extremely uncomfortable seating, the others have comfy chairs.
• Moxie Java is at 2815 East Harmony and is probably the easiest wireless Internet to get to from I-25. M-F 6-9, Sa 7-10, Su 7-7.
• The Wired Bean coffee shop by West Elizabeth and Shields.
• McDonald's Cafe on West Elizabeth west of Shields Street.
• DeliZone at Timberline and Harmony (next to Noodles). 54G full access and great food.
• Timberline Cafe, 2908 S. Timberline Rd, between Drake and Horsetooth, [48]. The Cafe is open 7a-4p weekdays as well as weekends for church services. Open to the public and has great coffee and food.
• Everyday Joe's Coffee House, 144 S. Mason, between Oak and Mountain, [49]. M-F 7AM-10PM, Sa 6PM-10PM.
• Alley Cat Coffee House, [50]. Alley Cat is a 24 hour coffeehouse and cafe located in the alley just west of College Avenue and north of Laurel.
• Genoa's Coffee and Wine. 7AM-9PM, M-Su. Nice coffee house with some good snacks, a few beers, and a good selection of wines. At the corner of Drake and Timberline, near King Soopers.
• Cafe Ardour, 255 Linden, north east of Old Town. M-W 7AM-7PM, Th-Sa 7AM-9PM, Su 9AM-7PM. Locally roasted, organic coffee, sandwiches, salads, muffins, cakes, etc.
• Cool Beans Cafe, 1721 W. Harmony Road (Harmony & Seneca). Coffee drinks, sandwiches, soups and burritos... all with a great view of the mountains.
• The Bean Cycle on College has free WiFi. They are on College in the old-town area.
• Jackson's Sports Bar on Harmony just east of Boardwalk (by the Sam's Club and Kohl's) has WiFi. In November of 2004 they have changed it to block all traffic except for HTTP as a "security measure" and have stated they don't want to switch it back to open. It's pretty useless as it is. Try the Bear Rock Cafe if you need net. Be prepared for lots of sports fans if a game is on though. Verified that it's still locked down in May of 2005.
• Dazbog Coffee, Harmony & McMurray,[51]. Open 5:30AM to 10PM 7 days a week.
• Fedex Kinkos 130 West Olive Street.
• Fedex Kinko's Fort Collins Campus West 1113-1117 West Elizabeth.
• Holiday Inn University Park 425 West Prospect Road.
• SportsCaster Bar & Grill, 165 E Boardwalk Dr.(behind 1st National Bank), [http//www.sportscasterbar.com].
• The UPS Store #4655 at 1281 E Magnolia St.
• The UPS Store #2011 at 1015 S Taft Hill Rd.
• The UPS Store #2718 at 2601 S Lemay.
• Comfort Inn [52].
• Marriott 350 E Horsetooth Rd.
• Fedex Kinko's 226 East Harmony Road.
• Courtyard Fort Collins 1200 Oakridge Drive.
• Catalyst Coffee, 103 W Horsetooth Road (next to McCoy's Morning Glory, SE corner of Horsetooth and Shields), [53].
• Buffalo Wild Wings just east of College on Harmony works, but has a 12 minute session timeout before you get pushed back to a captive portal. Management is working on increasing the lease as of 2005-06-24.
• Club Static, 1437 E Mulberry St., [54]. Music, alcohol and wireless.
• Bear Rock Cafe on in the shopping center at the south west corner of Harmony and Timberline (about 4 miles west of I-25) has good wireless, food, and coffee drinks.
• Panera Bread on College just south of Horsetooth has good wireless (though with a captive portal), and food and coffee beverages. Often crowded during lunch, especially on the weekends.
• Head east 1 block on Columbine Ct, just off of West Laport. There is an unsecured high speed wireless network there.
• Cafe Mexicali has free wifi.
Not Free:
• McDonald's on the west side of College Ave. north of Drake offers 1 hr of free access with a purchase, or $2.95/hr otherwise.
• Barnes & Noble 4045 S College
• T-Mobile East Harmony Rd 238 East Harmony Rd
Get out
Cheyenne, capital of Wyoming, is just across the border from Fort Collins, home of the World's largest outdoor rodeo.
Routes through Fort Collins
CasperCheyenne N S LovelandDenver
RawlinsLaramie N S LovelandDenver
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Difference between revisions of "Glenfinnan"
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
(Contact)
(Get out)
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- Inverness (78 miles)
- Inverness (78 miles)
+
+
- Glasgow (124 miles)
+
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- Edinburgh (150 miles)
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- London (525 miles)
Revision as of 23:33, 25 May 2009
Glenfinan is a village in Highlands.
Contents
Get in
Road
On the A830 road from Fort William to Mallaig. Fort William is 17 miles by road. Mallaig is 25 miles from Glenfinnan.
Rail
Glenfinnan is on the West Coast Line, with daily services operated by ScotRail. Just before reaching Glenfinnan station, north/west-bound trains cross the spectacular Glenfinnan Viaduct, a hundred-year-old stone arched rail bridge which was brought to fame in the Harry Potter movies (the bridge also features on the Bank of Scotland £10 note). Sit on the left of the train for the best views down the loch and towards the Monument.
A single from Fort William to Glenfinnan is £5.10, and a day return is £5.80. If you have a Highland Railcard (for people who live in the Highlands only, £7.50 for one year, gives you 50% off all Highland rail travel), it's £2.55 single, and a day return £2.90. These passes do not have photo ID, therefore can be shared amongst others.
Check for timetables: http://www.scotrail.co.uk/content/timetables.html
In summer, the West Coast Railway company runs a special steam train service along this line to Mallaig, which is popular with tourists and day-trippers, especially due to the associations with the Harry Potter franchise.
Bus
Glenfinnan is on two local bus routes - buses to Mallaig and buses to Acharacle, both from Fort William. The bus company is called Shiel Buses, whose base is in Acharacle. They do other routes to Kilchoan and a local route for the Mallaig area. Buses leave Fort William 3-4 times a day, Monday to Saturday. A single to Glenfinnan is £2.50, a day return £3.35.
Check for timetables: http://www.shielbuses.co.uk/timetables.htm
Get around
Glenfinnan is a small village and it is possible to walk everywhere. There is a track that runs from the top of the village to the bottom, named the back track. It has a foot bridge in the middle and is therefore only accessible by foot. There is now a pavement on the main road from the very top of the village at Tor An Eas, to the bottom, at the National Trust for Scotland.
Car Parks: National Trust for Scotland (for a small daily fee), the car park at the bottom of the glen (turn right instead of left into the village at the cross roads), and both hotels also have their own car parks.
The train station is at the top of the village, with the main bus stop's at the station road entrance (beside the red phone box) or at the cross roads at the bottom of the village. Make sure you hail the buses to stop.
See
• Loch Shiel stretches towards the sea for 17 miles from here and only fails to make it by two miles (it stops at Acharacle). There are boat trips on the loch and walks beside it.
• Glenfinnan Viaduct is a beauty, curving round the head of a river valley in over 20 arches.
• Glenfinnan Monument marks the spot where 'Bonnie Prince Charlie,' son of the Jacobite pretender to the throne, raised his banner to start the 1745 rebellion.
Do
The Glenfinnan Highland Games
During the summer, most small communities in the Highlands open up for their very own Highland Games, which can include anything from dancing competitions, tossing the caber, and local cuisine to races and art tents.
In Glenfinnan, the Games usually happen on the weekend in August closest to the 19th, as it was the day that Bonnie Prince Charlie raised the Standard during the Jacobites Revolution, in 1745. This feat is marked by the monument, which stands by the beach. The monument itself is our own leaning tower of Pisa, as it has slowly been sinking into the sand for years now. It is not dangerous though, as it is hardly noticeable except to the best eye!
The Games are held on the large field on the left hand side as you enter into the village from the Fort William direction. The games go on from morning until night and in the afternoon there is the famous hill race! After 5pm there is usually better craic in the beer tent than anywhere else and later that evening there is the Games Dance.
Glenfinnan Fun Day
Glenfinnan Fun Day is held in June every year on the lawn of Glenfinnan House Hotel. The day begins with a raft race from the Monument to the old pier at the hotel. The raft race began as an original charity event four years ago and has progressed from there. All entries welcome, life jackets must be worn and parent supervision is necessary. Last years winners were four children on a blow up bouncy castle!
The day progresses on the lawn with the entire village turning up for fresh food (local cuisine such as venison and fresh salmon on an open BBQ), games and slides for the children (and the adults). There is usually a raffle to raise funds for village activities (such as parties for the children at Christmas). There is no entry fee although all villagers are asked to contribute to the salads, drinks and raffle prizes available.
Walks
Glenfinnan is in an area of hills, loch and beautiful scenery. Here are a few recommended walks:
• The Village Walk
You can either begin at the top of the village at the station, or start at the bottom and end up there. From the red phone box on the main road: Head towards the top of the village, but take the first right down a bumpy track. This is the "backtrack". Follow the path down and across the foot bridge. When you reach the tarmac road, turn right and follow the road to the pier. At the pier, take the shore path to the left, and you will end up at the Glenfinnan House Hotel. Walk across the front of the lawn, and you will find yourself upon the road again. Straight across the road, there is a footpath leading up to the church. You will have to cross someone's drive to carry on here. At the church there is a fantastic view of the loch. At the church car park, and the main road, you can either take a right down to the bottom of the village and the glen, or take a left to take you back to the top of the village. The main road in the village is single track and has some beautiful little beaches if you just step off the road.
• The Loch Path
At the National Trust for Scotland museum/cafe, there is a path down to the monument. Just off that path to the left, there is a wooden trail around the edge of Loch Shiel which crosses over the old road and over a bridge to the other side of the loch. From here there are view points and a choice to either go left to Callop (where there is another car park and another glen) or to the right and Polloch. Polloch is a long walk, but you can make your way down the track a little bit for lovely views of the island and towards the village.
• The Glen
You can park your car at the bottom of the glen as driving is restricted to residents of the glen only. Walk as far as you like. There are view points further up the glen, plus this is a good way to get a close up of the Glenfinnan Viaduct, used for films such as Charlotte Gray and Harry Potter. The Glen road is tarmac up until the bothy, which is about 4 miles walk. The road follows the river, in which you can swim in summer.
Swim
For you brave ones out there, there are a few good places to swim in summer. The loch (the bay just off the single track road as you enter the village at the bottom) is an excellent place to swim. Although slightly shallow and rocky at the beginning, it soon widens out to a completely sandy bottom and plenty of space to swim. People have been known to swim to the island and back! River Finnan, up the glen, is a good place for privacy though. The further you go, the better the pools.
Buy
Glenfinnan has no grocery shops (nearest: Corpach, 12 miles in the direction of Fort William), clubs or bank machines, although many places do accept credit cards as payment.
• There is a shop at the National Trust for Scotland, selling souvenirs, books, post cards and other miscellaneous items.
• There is a small shop at the Station Museum on the platform at Glenfinnan Station.
• There is a Candle shop at the top of the village (opposite the Prince's House), selling all kinds from the best midge candles in the area (and very handy they are too!) to gorgeous scented candles, all hand made on the premises.
Eat
Drink
• Both hotels are open to non-residents, and both have a wide selection of alcohol, bar meals and soft drinks.
• Glenfinnan House Hotel has a dart board whereas the Princes House (otherwise known as the Stage House) has a pool table.
• The cafe at the National Trust for Scotland is open every day from April 1st to October 29th, 10am until 4.45pm, although in July & August this changes to later openings. It offers hot and cold beverages, home baking, plus ice creams, fresh soup and sandwiches daily.
Sleep
Glenfinnan House Hotel
This fine hotel has won many awards including the Small Country Hotel of the Year (2009). Built in 1755, this hotel has a lot of history along with ghosts (supposedly) and holds a great number of weddings every year.
• Low Season, per room, per night: £85 - £125
• Mid Season, per room, per night: £105 - £140
• High Season, per room, per night: £115 - £160
• Dinner can be pre-booked with the room for £30 per person.
For more information, visit: http://www.glenfinnanhouse.com/Default.asp?page=1
The Prince's House
This hotel is based at the top of Glenfinnan and has also won many awards, not only for quality but for the excellent cuisine also (with an award winning chef). Built in 1658, this hotel was originally a "coaching inn" named, and still given the nickname of The Stage House.
• Low Season, per room, per night: £55 - £125
• Mid Season, per room, per night: £60 - £135
• High Season, per room, per night: £65 - £150
• All Rates include Breakfast. Weekend rates can be as little as £30 extra and will include dinner.
For more information, visit: http://www.glenfinnan.co.uk/index.html
The Sleeping Car, Glenfinnan Station
Built in 1958, this sleeping car has many of it's original features. With a total of 10 beds, dining area, lounge with TV and bathroom, this is the perfect budget get away. Bikes are available for hire also.
• Low/Mid/High Season, per person, per night: £12
• Children under the age of 12: £9
• Book the whole carriage: £100
• Bedding/Towels: £2
For more information, visit: http://www.glenfinnanstationmuseum.co.uk/sleeping_car.asp
Contact
• www.visitglenfinnan.co.uk
Get out
There are many things to visit in the area, what with Fort William (Outdoor Capital of the UK) and Ben Nevis (Highest Mountain in UK) so close. Fort William is 17 miles away and you can get there by bus, train or rail (see above).
• Good Beaches
- Glenuig (17 miles, take right exit at Lochailort towards Acharacle).
- Camusdarach (21 miles, take old road after Arisaig)
- Silver Sands (Morar, just off new road)
• Places to See and Do
- War Memorial at Spean Bridge (22 miles, towards Inverness)
- Nevis Range, Ski Resort & Mountain Biking World Cup Venue, with gondola's up the mountain (19 miles, towards Inverness)
- Treasures of the Earth (12 miles, Corpach)
- Ben Nevis Distillery (15 miles, Fort William Junction)
• Places to go on from here
- Day trips to the Small Isles (Eigg, Rum, Muck and Canna) leave from Mallaig daily (www.calmac.co.uk) or Arisaig (http://www.isleofeigg.net/travel/ferry.htm)
- Over to Skye from Mallaig (www.calmac.co.uk)
- Ardnamurchan Point, most westerly point on the British mainland (drive down to Lochailort, turn left, head for Kilchoan and drive until the road runs out!)
- Isle of Mull, go the same way as Ardnamurchan, but head for Lochaline instead!
- Fort William (17 miles)
- Inverness (78 miles)
- Glasgow (124 miles)
- Edinburgh (150 miles)
- London (525 miles)
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8731.0 - Building Approvals, Australia, Apr 1998
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 02/06/1998
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• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Provides the number and value of dwelling units approved by sector (public/private) and by state, number and value of new other residential dwelling units approved by type of building, and the number and value of non-residential building jobs approved by type of building (i.e. by function such as 'retail and wholesale trade', 'offices') and value ranges. State data includes the number of private sector houses approved; number and value of new other residential dwellings by type of building such as flats, units or apartments in a building of one or two storeys; number and value of non-residential building jobs by type of building and sector; and for Capital City Statistical Divisions, the total number of dwelling units approved broken down by Houses, Other Dwellings and Total Dwelling Units. Seasonally adjusted and trend estimates by state are included for the number of dwelling units and value of building approved. The quarterly value of building approved is shown in chain volume measure terms.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1266.0 - Australian Standard Classification of Religious Groups (ASCRG), 1996
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 06/11/1996
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
M
2234Macedonia Ratador
2234Macedonian Orthodox
2499Mackay Pentecostal Fellowship
4011Mah
3011Mahatma
1011Mahayana
6112Mahikari
4011Mahomad
4011Mahomita
4011Mahommedan
2079Malabarese Catholic
2079Malankarese Catholic
2999Malayan Church
6999Mammon Worshipper
6999Manichaeans
2899Manna Christian Fellowship
0002Many
2806Maori Evangelical Fellowship
2072Maronite Catholic
2072Maronite Christian
2807Marsfield Community Church
2171Martin Luther
6211Mason
3011Mataji
7014Materialist
2331Math C
0002Meditation
3011Meher Baba
3011Meher Baba Foundation of Australia
3011Meher Baba Groups
2899Melbourne Christian Assembly
2807Melbourne Evangelical Fellowship
2073Melkite Catholic
2000Member of the Body of Christ
2999Mennonite Church
6999Metaphysical Society
2331Methodist
2331Methodist Christian
2331Methodist Church
2331Methodist Church in Ireland
2331Methodist Church of Australasia
2331Methodist Church of Scotland
2331Methodist City Mission
2331Methodist Free Church
2331Methodist New Connexion
2331Methodist Old Denomination
2331Methodist Presbyterian Congregational
2999Metropolitan Community Churches
2071Mick
2806Middle East Evangelical Church
0002Mine
2999Mission Church
2999Mission of Goodwill
2899Missionary Church
2999Mission, nai
6231Mithraist
0002Mixture
4011Mohammedan
2999Molokan
2999Molokans (Church of the True Christians)
2999Monastic
6211Monotheist
6139Moon Worship
6999Moonist
2999Moral Rearmament Australia
2999Moravian
2999Moravian Brothers
2151Morman
2151Mormon
5011Mosaiah
5011Mosaic
5011Moses
4011Moslem
4011Mosque
6139Mother Earth
6139Mother Nature
2807Mt Evelyn Evangelical Church
0002Multi
3011Murugan
4011Muslim
4011Mussulman
0002My own belief
6999Mystic
N
7010Na
2999Nameless House Church
3011Narayan Guru Yogacharya
2171National Church of Denmark
2171National Church of Sweden
2413National Revival Fellowship
2999Nativity
6139Naturalist
6139Nature Worship
6139Nature, nai
2804Nazarene
2252Nederland Hervormde
3011Neo-Hindu
6134Neolithic Pantheism
6999Neologian
2000Neophite
2000Neophyte
6999Neoplatonic
6053Neotaoist
2213Nestorian
2252Netherlands Reformed
6999New Age
2999New Age Christian
6999New Age Philosophy
6171New Age Spiritualist Mission
2906New Apostolic
2906New Apostolic Church
2907New Church
2907New Churches (Swedenborgian)
2031New Connexion Baptist
2131New Government Fellowship
2999New Group of World Servers
2907New Jerusalem Church
2499New Life Churches
2899New Testament Church
2499New Testament Church of God
2911New Thought Centres
2999New Tribes Mission
2899New Way Fellowship Church
0002New World Society
2899Ngamar Christian Fellowship
7010Nihilist
7010Nil
7010No
0003No church
0003No denomination
0003No idea
7010No Religion
0003No sect
0002Nominal
6211Non atheist
7010Non believer
0003Non Christian
0003Non churchgoer
0003Non Orthodox
0003Non practising
2000Non sectarian, nai
7012Non Theistic Unitarian
2899Nonconformist
2251Nonconformist Presbyterian
2400Non-denominational Charismatic Christian
2000Non-denominational Church
2499Non-denominational Pentecostal
2000Non-denominational, nai
7010None
7010None in particular
2499Northern Beaches Christian Fellowship (Gosford)
2171Norwegian Lutheran
2171Norwegian State Church
0003Not baptised
0003Not decided
0001Not stated
0003Not yet determined
2499Now Ministry Fellowship
4011Nusayrisn
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1304.6 - Tasmanian Key Indicators, Jan 2007
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 14/02/2007
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CONTENTS
In this Issue
Updates: Labour Force, Wages and Prices, Finance and Consumption and Investment
`
Labour Force
Includes: Unemployment Rate, Number of Employed, Number of Unemployed, Participation Rate
`
Wages and Prices
Includes: CPI All Groups, Price Index Materials Used in House Building Price Index, Wage Price Index, House Price Index, Average Weekly Earnings, Median Income
`
Tourism
Includes: Number of Hotels, Motels and Serviced Apartments (15 rooms or more), Takings From Accommodation
`
Finance
Includes: Housing Finance for Owner Occupation, Private Capital Expenditure
`
Consumption and Investment
Includes: Sales of New Motor Vehicles, Retail Turnover at Current Prices, Number of Dwelling Units Approved, Number of Dwelling Units Commenced
`
State Accounts
Includes: State Final Demand, International Trade - Tasmania, Gross State Product
`
Population
Includes: Estimated Resident Population, Net Interstate Migration, Net Overseas Migration, Population Growth Rate, Population by Age, Median Age of Population, Life Expectancy at Birth, Fertility Rate, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, Population Born Overseas
`
Living Arrangements
Includes: Crude Marriage Rate, Crude Divorce Rate, Number of Households, Lone Person Households, Number of Families, Couple Only Families, Single Parent Families
`
Mortality
Includes: Standardised Death Rate, Infant Mortality Rate
`
Education
Includes: Year 10-12 Apparent Retention Rate, Proportion of Yr 5 Students Reaching National Benchmarks for Reading, Writing and Numeracy
`
Health
Includes: Current Smokers, Overweight/Obese Adults, Adults who are Sedentary
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1300.1.55.001 - Statistics News NSW, Jun 1999
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 30/06/1999
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4515.0 - Federal Defendants, Selected States and Territories, 2010-11 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 19/06/2012
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1300.1.55.001 - Statistics News NSW (Newsletter), Mar 2002
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 11/03/2002
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SELECTED EXPECTED RELEASES MARCH AND APRIL 2002
Release dates for publications can be obtained from the ABS Web Site at www.abs.gov.au.
On the Welcome Page go to Releases out soon.
1139.0.55.001Directory of Construction Statistics, 2000 - Web Site Version
1300.1New South Wales Year Book, 2002 ($49.00)
1353.0Integrated Regional Data Base (IRDB), Australia, 2002 (PoA)
1370.0Measuring Australia's Progress, 2002 ($45.00)
1373.1Teleworking, New South Wales, October 2001 ($19.00)
3101.0Australian Demographic Statistics, September 2001 ($23.00)
4517.0Prisoners in Australia, 2001 ($23.00)
5250.0Australian Business Expectations, June 2002 and March 2003 ($22.00)
5506.0Taxation Revenue, Australia, 2000-2001 ($19.50)
5609.0Housing Finance for Owner Occupation, Australia, January 2002 ($19.00)
6248.0Wage and Salary Earners, Australia, December 2001 ($21.00)
6523.0Income Distribution, Australia, 2000-2001 ($25.00)
8129.0Business Use of Information Technology, 2000-2001 ($20.00)
8156.0Experimental Estimates, Australian Industry, a State Perspective, 1999-2000 ($21.00)
8501.0Retail Trade, Australia, January 2002 ($19.50)
8635.1.40.001Tourist Accommodation, Small Area Data, New South Wales, December 2001 ($53.00)
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4517.0 - Prisoners in Australia, 2011 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 08/12/2011
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LIST OF TABLES
PRISONER CHARACTERISTICS, AUSTRALIA
2.1 Prisoners, selected characteristics by selected most serious offence/charge
2.2 Prisoners, selected characteristics, 2001-2011
2.3 Prisoners, age by sex
2.4 Prisoners, age by selected most serious offence/charge
2.5 Prisoners, selected country of birth by selected most serious offence/charge
2.6 Prisoners, most serious offence/charge by legal status and sex
2.7 Prisoners, most serious offence/charge by legal status and prior imprisonment
2.8 Sentenced prisoners, sex by selected most serious offence, 2001-2011
2.9 Sentenced prisoners, most serious offence by sentence length
2.10 Unsentenced prisoners, most serious charge by time on remand
PRISONER CHARACTERISTICS, STATES AND TERRITORIES
3.1 Prisoners, selected characteristics by state and territory
3.2 Prisoners, most serious offence/charge by state and territory
3.3 Imprisonment rate, state and territory
3.4 Crude imprisonment rate, state and territory, 2001-2011
3.5 Prisoners, selected characteristics by state and territory, 2001-2011
3.6 Prisoners, age and sex by state and territory
3.7 Prisoners, selected country of birth by state and territory
3.8 Prisoners, sex and prior imprisonment by state and territory
3.9 Sentenced prisoners, sentence length by state and territory
3.10 Sentencing characteristics, state and territory, 2001-2011
3.11 Unsentenced prisoners, time on remand by state and territory
ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER PRISONER CHARACTERISTICS
4.1 Prisoners, most serious offence/charge and sex by Indigenous status
4.2 Age standardised imprisonment rate, Indigenous status by state and territory, 2001-2011
4.3 Crude imprisonment rate, Indigenous status by state and territory, 2001-2011
4.4 Prisoners, Indigenous status and age by sex
4.5 Prisoners, most serious offence/charge and Indigenous status by legal status and prior imprisonment
4.6 Indigenous sentenced prisoners, most serious offence by sentence length
4.7 Non-Indigenous sentenced prisoners, most serious offence by sentence length
4.8 Unsentenced prisoners, most serious charge and Indigenous status by time on remand
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Research article
Impact of gastro-oesophageal reflux on microRNA expression, location and function
Cameron M Smith1, Michael Z Michael2,3, David I Watson1,3, Grace Tan1, David St J Astill3,4, Richard Hummel1 and Damian J Hussey1,3*
Author affiliations
1 Department of Surgery, Flinders University, Room 3D213, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
2 Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
3 Flinders Centre for Cancer Prevention and Control, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
4 Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
BMC Gastroenterology 2013, 13:4 doi:10.1186/1471-230X-13-4
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-230X/13/4
Received:18 August 2012
Accepted:4 January 2013
Published:8 January 2013
© 2013 Smith et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Ulceration of the oesophageal squamous mucosa (ulcerative oesophagitis) is a pathological manifestation of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and is a major risk factor for the development of Barrett’s oesophagus. Barrett’s oesophagus is characterised by replacement of reflux-damaged oesophageal squamous epithelium with a columnar intestinal-like epithelium. We previously reported discovery of microRNAs that are differentially expressed between oesophageal squamous mucosa and Barrett’s oesophagus mucosa. Now, to better understand early steps in the initiation of Barrett’s oesophagus, we assessed the expression, location and function of these microRNAs in oesophageal squamous mucosa from individuals with ulcerative oesophagitis.
Methods
Quantitative real-time PCR was used to compare miR-21, 143, 145, 194, 203, 205 and 215 expression levels in oesophageal mucosa from individuals without pathological gastro-oesophageal reflux to individuals with ulcerative oesophagitis. Correlations between microRNA expression and messenger RNA differentiation markers BMP-4, CK8 and CK14 were analyzed. The cellular localisation of microRNAs within the oesophageal mucosa was determined using in-situ hybridisation. microRNA involvement in proliferation and apoptosis was assessed following transfection of a human squamous oesophageal mucosal cell line (Het-1A).
Results
miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205 levels were significantly higher in gastro-oesophageal reflux compared with controls. Elevated miR-143 expression correlated with BMP-4 and CK8 expression, and elevated miR-205 expression correlated negatively with CK14 expression. Endogenous miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205 expression was localised to the basal layer of the oesophageal epithelium. Transfection of miR-143, 145 and 205 mimics into Het-1A cells resulted in increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation.
Conclusions
Elevated miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205 expression was observed in oesophageal squamous mucosa of individuals with ulcerative oesophagitis. These miRNAs localised to the basal layer of the oesophageal epithelium. They reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis, and may play roles in regulating epithelial restoration in response to injury caused by gastro-oesophageal reflux.
Keywords:
microRNA; Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; Ulcerative oesophagitis; Apoptosis; Proliferation; Barrett’s oesophagus
Background
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease affects up to 50% of Western populations [1]. Gastric physiology offers protection from exposure to acid and bile, although the oesophageal lumen is largely unprotected, lacking an adherent mucous barrier [2]. Patients with chronic reflux can present with endoscopically visible mucosal damage, and this manifests as mucosal ulceration (ulcerative oesophagitis) [1]. At the cellular level, ulcerative oesophagitis is associated with increased cell proliferation [3] and apoptosis [4]. Increased inflammatory cell infiltrate [5] and hyper-proliferation of basal cells are typical histopathological changes associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux [3,6]. We have shown previously that increases in cytokeratin (CK) 14 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels correlate with increased severity of reflux [1]. This appears to be a molecular marker of basal cell hyperplasia.
Ulcerative oesophagitis is a major independent risk factor for the development of Barrett’s oesophagus [7], which is characterised by a metaplastic transition from normal oesophageal squamous epithelium to a columnar epithelium with intestinal features [2]. Barrett’s oesophagus is associated with a 40 fold increase in the risk of developing oesophageal adenocarcinoma, a cancer with poor prognosis [8]. Although Barrett’s oesophagus is not a cancerous lesion, the increased risk of cancer development it carries means that investigating markers associated with the development of Barrett’s oesophagus is worthwhile. Studying gene expression in squamous epithelium that has been exposed to reflux might identify changes that precede progression to Barrett’s oesophagus. Previous reports have shown increased expression of the BMP-4 gene, in squamous oesophageal epithelium from individuals with ulcerative oesophagitis [9]. Further, reflux induced expression of BMP-4 has been shown to induce a shift from a squamous to a columnar gene expression profile in oesophageal squamous cells [9,10]. This suggests that reflux induced gene expression changes in ulcerative oesophagitis may promote conversion from squamous to columnar epithelium.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression [11]. Preliminary evidence implicates miRNAs in the differentiation of intestinal [12] and squamous epithelial cell phenotypes [13], and cell proliferation and apoptosis [14]. We have identified miRNAs that are differentially expressed in Barrett’s oesophagus [15]. miR-203 and miR-205 are expressed at higher levels in squamous mucosa, and miR-143, miR-145, miR-194 and miR-215 are expressed at higher levels in Barrett’s oesophagus. Currently, it is not known whether miRNA expression is altered in gastro-oesophageal reflux exposed squamous epithelium at risk of progressing to Barrett’s oesophagus. If miRNA expression is altered in the squamous epithelium of individuals with ulcerative oesophagitis, then this might provide insight into the development of Barrett’s oesophagus.
In this study we hypothesised that miR-203, 205, 143, 145, 194 and 215 expression might be altered in esophageal squamous mucosa in response to chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux. The aims of the study were to 1) Determine the expression of miRNAs known to be differentially expressed between normal squamous and Barrett’s oesophagus mucosa (miR-203, 205, 143, 145, 194 and 215) in oesophageal squamous mucosa from individuals with ulcerative oesophagitis; 2) Assess the location of miRNA accumulation within the oesophageal epithelium; 3) Assess the role of these miRNAs in regulating proliferation and apoptosis, processes that contribute to tissue restoration in reflux-damaged mucosa.
Methods
Tissue collection and processing
Oesophageal mucosal fresh tissue biopsies were collected from individuals undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Full details of the tissue collection protocol and RNA extraction procedure have been described previously [1,15]. In the current study we used mucosal biopsies collected from the oesophageal squamous mucosa 5 cm above the gastro-oesophageal junction from normal subjects and from subjects with gastro-oesophageal reflux with ulcerative oesophagitis. Normal subjects without clinical or endoscopic evidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux were used as the controls (n=13; median age 54 years). Selection criteria for controls were a visibly normal oesophageal mucosa at endoscopy, no endoscopic indicators of mechanical incompetence of the gastro-oesophageal junction, no current or previous symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and no use of antisecretory medication. Subjects with gastro-oesophageal reflux (n=10; median age 52 years) were included if they had typical symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (heartburn and regurgitation), mucosal ulceration (Savary Miller grade I to IV) at endoscopy, and no endoscopic or histological evidence of Barrett’s oesophagus. The Flinders Clinical Research Ethics Committee approved tissue collection.
Mucosal biopsies were collected and stored in RNAlater® (Ambion, Austin, Texas, USA) at −20°C. When required, biopsies were thawed and a small piece of each biopsy was fixed using formalin, embedded in paraffin for histopathological confirmation of the tissue origin. RNA was extracted from once thawed tissue using TRIzol® as described previously [1]. RNA yield was determined by spectrophotometry, and the quality assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Oesophageal mucosal tissue biopsies, used for in-situ hybridisation, were collected adjacent to those used to assess miRNA and mRNA expression by the same collection protocol described above. These biopsies were fixed immediately with 10% formalin and subsequently embedded in paraffin.
miRNA and mRNA quantitation by real-time RT-PCR
Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure miRNA and mRNA expression levels in oesophageal mucosal biopsies from individuals without pathological reflux and individuals with ulcerative oesophagitis. The expression of miRNAs in the different types of oesophageal squamous mucosa was determined using previously described methods [15]. miR-21 (P/N# 4373090), miR-143 (P/N# 4373134), miR-145 (P/N# 4373133), miR-194 (P/N# 437310), miR-203 (P/N# 4373095), miR-205 (P/N# 4373093), miR-215 (P/N# 4373084) levels were determined by qRT-PCR using TaqMan® miRNA assays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California, USA). Due to limited RNA, miR-145 expression was only assessed in ten of the 13 controls. The levels of differentially expressed miRNAs were correlated with the mRNA expression levels of squamous (CK14) and columnar (CK8 and BMP-4) differentiation markers in squamous mucosa from patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux. mRNA levels were assessed using a Quantiscript® RT kit for reverse transcription and the Quantitect® SYBRGreen mastermix for PCR (Qiagen, Valencia, California). Primer details are available upon request. miRNA expression was normalised to U44 small nucleolar RNA levels (P/N# 4373384) and mRNA expression was normalised to ß-actin levels.
In-Situ Hybridisation (ISH)
To localise miRNA activity within the oesophageal mucosa in-situ hybridisation was performed, probing against miRNAs elevated in ulcerative oesophagitis. Standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to confirm the tissue type. In-situ hybridisation was performed on serial 4 μm sections of 4% formalin fixed, paraffin embedded oesophageal tissue biopsies from controls and individuals with ulcerative oesophagitis. The in-situ hybridisation protocol was based on a protocol published by Pena and colleagues [16] with the following changes. All buffers were prepared with diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) treated water (Sigma, Castle Hill, NSW) unless otherwise stated. Sections were deparaffinised in Histo-Clear (National Diagnostics, Atlanta, Georgia) and rehydrated through an ethanol dilution series (100-25%). Slides were then washed for 5 min in water treated with DEPC followed by 13 min in 2 μg/ml proteinase K treatment (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Tissue sections were acetylated for 10 min and then washed twice, for five minutes in PBS. Sections were framed with a wax pen (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, California), covered with 40 μl of pre-hybridisation solution [16] and incubated at room temperature for four hours. Pre-hybridisation buffer was tipped from the slides and replaced with 40 μl of either the digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled, Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA)-miRNA probe or LNA-scramble probe (Exiqon, Vedbaek, Denmark) diluted to 250 nM with denaturing hybridisation buffer (0.25% CHAPS (Amresco, Solon #0465-5g), 0.1% Tween-20 (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA #P1379). Slides were then incubated at 55°C overnight. The LNA-probes used include miR-143 (#38515-15), miR-145 (#38517-15), miR-205 (#18099-15) and miR-SCR (#99004-15). The sequence of the miR-SCR duplex, used as a negative control, shared no homology with known miRNAs.
Slides were washed twice with 0.2X SSC buffer heated to 60°C and then incubated with 0.2X SSC buffer 60 min at 60°C. Levamisole (24% w/v) (Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, Mo, USA, #L9756-5G) was used to reduce background alkaline phosphate activity. Slides were submerged in levamisole buffer containing 1M TRIS pH 7.5 and 5M NaCl for 5 min at room temperature. The sections were then incubated with a blocking buffer (1% blocking buffer and 1X maleic acid buffer, DIG Wash and Block Buffer Set, (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) for 60 min. 40 μl of anti-DIG antibodies (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) diluted 1:2000 using blocking buffer was added to each section and then slides were incubated overnight at 4°C. The slides were then washed in 1X wash buffer (DIG Wash and Block Buffer Set, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) and incubated with the detection buffer (0.08 M Tris-Cl containing 0.17 M NaCl pH 9.5) for 10 min. The slides were then submerged in a 1:500 dilution of nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) /BCIP (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate, toluidine salt) (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) until staining was observed. Buffered glycerol was added to each section before cover-slipping.
Het-1A Cell Culture and miRNA over-expression
To assess the impact of selected miRNAs on proliferation and apoptosis in oesophageal epithelial cells miR-143, miR-145 or miR-205 were overexpressed in Het-1A cells, a non-neoplastic oesophageal keratinocyte derived cell line [1,17]. Het-1A cells were cultured using LHC-9 medium (Invitrogen, Mulgrave, Victoria). Cells were transfected with either miR-143, miR-145 or miR-205 mimics or a negative control duplex. Experiments measuring cell proliferation were conducted using 96 well plates. Three thousand Het-1A cells were plated per well and 10 wells were used for each experimental and control group. Experiments measuring apoptosis were conducted using 24 well plates, 50,000 Het-1A cells were plated per well and 8 wells were used for each experimental and control group.
miRNA levels were increased by transfecting cells with miR-143, miR-145 or miR-205 mimics using the Lipofectamine™ 2000 system (Invitrogen, Mulgrave, Victoria) as per the manufacturer’s protocol. Cells were transfected using miRNA mimic or negative control duplexes at 33 nM concentration (miR-143 #2988, miR-145 #8480, miR-205 #3391, negative control duplex #1733 all from GenePharma, Shanghai, China).
Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assayed, and miRNA over-expression was confirmed 24 and 48 h post transfection. Cell numbers were measured using the MTS assay system (Invitrogen, Mulgrave, Victoria) as per the manufacturer’s protocol. Cell numbers at each time point were assessed to compare cell groups transfected with either miR-143, miR-145 or miR-205 with cells transfected with the negative control duplex.
Apoptosis was measured by assessing the numbers of pre-apoptotic cells. The annexinV antibody (BD Biosciences, North Ryde, NSW) was used with propidium iodide as per the manufacturer’s protocol to stain viable, pre-apoptotic, and non-viable cells 24 and 48 h post-transfection. Propidium iodide indicated cell viability and positive AnnexinV, pre-apoptotic staining was measured using flow cytometry (BD FACSCANTO II, BD Biosciences, North Ryde, NSW) and the BD FACSDiva software package. In addition RNA was extracted from the transfected cells using TRIzol®, and miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205 levels were assessed in transfected cell lines using the methods described above.
Statistical analysis
miRNA and mRNA expression data were analysed using Q-Gene software [18]. Gene expression data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Differences in miRNA expression between tissues were assessed for statistical significance using the Mann–Whitney test (GraphPad Prism Software, Inc. La Jolla, CA, USA). Spearman rank order correlation tests between miRNA vs. mRNA expression in tissues were determined on-line ( http://www.wessa.net/rankcorr.wasp webcite). Differences in proliferation and apoptosis in the Het-1A cell line were assessed using the Mann–Whitney test.
Results
miRNA expression and mRNA expression in tissues
Table 1 summarises the expression of the evaluated miRNA markers. The expression of miR-143, miR-145, and miR-205 were significantly higher in oesophageal squamous mucosa from subjects with ulcerative oesophagitis compared to squamous mucosa from subjects without pathological reflux. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups of squamous mucosae for the expression of miR-21, miR-194, miR-203 and miR-215.
Table 1. MiRNA expression in oesophageal squamous mucosa from subjects with ulcerative oesophagitis vs controls without gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
In oesophageal squamous mucosa biopsies from individuals with ulcerative oesophagitis, there were significant positive correlations between the expression of miR-143 and CK8 (Rho = 0.802, p = 0.004), miR-143 and BMP-4 (Rho = 0.591, p = 0.032), and a significant negative correlation between miR-205 and CK14 (Rho = −0.587, p = 0.034).
Spatial expression of miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205 in oesophageal biopsies
In situ hybridisation was used to study the spatial expression of miRNAs in oesophageal tissues. In oesophageal mucosal biopsies from individuals with ulcerative oesophagitis, the expression of miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205 was predominantly most intense in the basal layer of the epithelium (Figure 1). Haematoxylin and eosin stained sections showed elongated papillae and an enlarged basal layer, consistent with known gastro-oesophageal reflux histopathology (Figure 1A). Staining for miR-143 (Figure 1B), miR-145 (Figure 1C) and miR-205 probes (Figure 1D) revealed similar expression patterns, with the most intense staining seen in the basal layer of the epithelium. Staining of both the cytoplasm and nucleus was seen, with greater staining intensity seen within the nucleus in most cells. No staining was observed with the negative control duplex (Figure 1E).
Figure 1. miRNA in situ hybridisation analysis in oesophageal mucosal biopsies from patients with ulcerative oesophagitis. A: Staining with Haematoxylin and Eosin. The basal layer, papillae and differentiated squamous epithelium are clearly visible. B, C, D and E: Hybridisation with LNA-probes for miRNAs miR-143 (B), miR-145 (C) and miR-205 (D), and LNA-negative control (E). No hybridisation was observed with the LNA-negative control probe. A region from each section has been magnified 100x. In A, rounded nuclei in the oesophageal epithelium are evident. B, C &D depict the punctate nuclear staining observed for each miRNA.
Increasing miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205 activity in Het-1A cells
To address the roles of the three differentially expressed miRNAs, synthetic miRNA mimics were transfected into the oesophageal keratinocyte cell line, Het-1A, to determine their effect on proliferation and apoptosis. The median fold increase in miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205 levels, 24 hours after transfection, is presented in Figure 2. Figure 3 summarises the effect of elevating miR-143, miR-145 or miR-205 activity in the Het-1A cell line. Elevated miRNA levels were associated with significantly decreased proliferation and significantly increased apoptosis.
Figure 2. Normalised median fold increase in miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205 levels at 24 hours after transfection with respective mimics. The fold increase in miRNA levels was calculated as the ratio of miRNA expression in Het-1A cells transfected with a miRNA mimic compared with miRNA expression in Het-1A cells transfected with the negative control duplex.
Figure 3. Cell proliferation (A) and apoptosis (B) levels in Het-1A cells 48 h after transfection with miR-143, miR-145 or miR-205. Data are represented as a percentage of the negative control. Decreased proliferation (A) and increased apoptosis (B) were observed for all miRNAs. For all negative control vs miRNA mimic comparisons p<0.05 (Mann–Whitney test).
Discussion
miRNA regulation of gene expression has been implicated in most cellular processes [11], and it probably plays a role in the development of Barrett’s oesophagus. miRNA expression patterns might be useful biomarkers for the clinical assessment and management of Barrett’s oesophagus. Previous work from our laboratory which compared normal squamous oesophageal mucosa with Barrett’s oesophagus showed increased expression of miR-21, miR-143, miR-145, miR-194 and miR-215, and decreased expression of miR-203 and miR-205 in Barrett’s oesophagus. Ulcerative oesophagitis of the squamous mucosa, secondary to gastro-oesophageal reflux, has been shown to pre-dispose to the development of Barrett’s oesophagus [7]. Therefore, in the current study miRNAs associated with metaplasia were investigated in the earlier context of ulcerative oesophagitis.
Our study demonstrated elevated miR-143 and miR-145 levels in the oesophageal squamous mucosa from subjects with ulcerative oesophagitis (and without Barrett’s oesophagus) compared to subjects without gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. This extends our previous observation of elevated miR-143 and miR-145 expression in Barrett’s oesophagus epithelium [15], and suggests that increased expression of these miRNAs occurs prior to the development of Barrett’s oesophagus. In support of the proposal that alterations in miR-143 and miR-145 expression occur at an early stage in the development of Barrett’s oesophagus, we also observed positive correlations in expression between miR-143 and CK8, and miR-143 and BMP-4, in the oesophageal mucosa from individuals with ulcerative oesophagitis. The BMP-4 pathway is activated in the oesophageal mucosa in both ulcerative oesophagitis and Barrett’s oesophagus, and this promotes expression of columnar gene markers [9]. Further, CK8 is a known marker of columnar epithelia [19]. Taken together, these correlations with BMP-4 and CK8 support an association between elevated miR-143 expression and elevated expression of columnar cell markers in reflux-exposed squamous mucosa. Whether or not miR-143 has a role in modulating gene expression programs to promote metaplastic conversion of a squamous to a columnar mucosa remains undetermined.
Although we observed upregulation of miR-143 and miR-145 in squamous mucosa from individuals with ulcerative oesophagitis, we did not observe altered expression of other miRNAs, miR-21, miR-194 and miR-215, which have previously been shown to be increased in Barrett’s oesophagus mucosa. However, support for the argument that miR-143 and miR-145 might have a role in promoting the development of Barrett’s oesophagus does not actually require the expression of other columnar miRNAs to be altered in our current study. It is important to note that the current study evaluated oesophageal squamous mucosa from individuals with ulcerative oesophagitis, and none of these individuals had Barrett’s oesophagus. Our negative findings for miR-21/194/215 are consistent with the upregulation of these miRNAs occuring later in the progression to Barrett’s oesophagus.
Two major hallmarks of oesophageal squamous mucosa in the presence of ulcerative oesophagitis include increased proliferation and apoptosis [1,3,4]. We sought to identify the spatial expression of miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205. Also, given the known association of these miRNAs with proliferation and apoptosis, we assessed possible roles in a squamous oesophageal cell line [17]. We observed reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis in the cells following transfection with miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205 mimics. Restoring miR-143, miR-145 or miR-205 expression in other cell models has also been shown to reduce cell proliferation and increase apoptosis [20-24]. In ulcerative oesophagitis miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205 staining intensity was greatest in the basal layer of the oesophageal epithelium, and it is possible that these miRNAs might direct anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects within this layer. The pro-apoptotic effects of transfection with miR-143, miR-145 or miR-205 mimics may reflect the physiological apoptotic response observed in the oesophagus following reflux exposure. It is possible that up-regulation of miR-143, miR-145 or miR-205, and the associated anti-proliferative effect, might counterbalance hyperplasia in the basal layer of the oesophageal epithelium. In support of this, we identified an inverse correlation between miR-205 and CK14, a marker of basal cell hyperplasia and squamous restoration. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205 might suppress proliferation or promote apoptosis in the basal layer of the oesophageal epithelium. These miRNAs could be informative in studies that compare the efficacy of different treatment methods used for controlling gastro-oesophageal reflux.
Very recently, van Baal and colleagues reported that forced expression of miR-145 in Het-1A squamous oesophageal cells results in reduced cell counts and reduced expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen [25]. However, apoptosis was not assessed in this study, and human tissues from reflux oesophagitis patients without Barrett’s oesophagus were not evaluated. Our data are consistent with the reported anti-proliferative effect of miR-145, and in addition, demonstrate apoptotic induction as a miR-145 mediated process in oesophageal squamous cells. Interestingly, this group also showed that miR-145 can modulate BMP-4 expression and alter BMP-4 signalling in Het-1A cells, thus providing in-vitro data suggestive of a role for miR-145 in regulating squamous to columnar cell differentiation. Taken together with our in-vivo observations of elevated levels of miR-145 in squamous oesophageal mucosa from individuals with ulcerative oesophagitis, the data suggest that miRNAs have a real functional role in controlling cellular identity in oesophageal mucosa in the setting of gastro-oesophageal reflux. It is possible that gastro-oesophageal reflux alters the expression of several miRNAs, including those identified in our study, in oesophageal squamous mucosa. These miRNAs could target genes and pathways that contribute to columnar metaplasia, and if enough alterations are induced this might promote the formation of Barrett’s oesophagus mucosa. Future studies could explore the miRNAs and miRNA targets involved, and use model systems to determine whether induction of a switch from squamous to Barrett’s mucosa is possible. Any model should combine both stromal and epithelial components of the oesophageal mucosa in order to faithfully replicate the complexity of cell types and signalling that is thought to be involved in Barrett’s oesophagus development [9].
In-situ hybridisation staining for miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205 appeared to be both nuclear and cytoplasmic. Nuclear staining has been reported for miR-145 [26] in breast myoepithelium, but our study is the first to show nuclear staining for miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205 in the oesophagus. Nuclear localisation of mature miRNAs is surprising, as they are typically known to exert their effects in the cytoplasm. However, recent studies also describe the nuclear localisation of mature miRNAs [27,28] and suggest that nuclear miRNAs can direct biological processes [29]. Therefore miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205 may regulate gene expression in the nucleus of oesophageal epithelial cells to exert the effects observed in our study.
Our study has some limitations. Firstly, our sample cohort was of modest size and we were not able to compare differences in miRNA expression between genders. Further validation in a larger cohort may help to identify differences in miRNA expression between genders, and may help explain why males are more likely to develop Barrett’s oesophagus than females [30]. Secondly, we limited our study to the miRNAs shown by Wijnhoven et al. [15] to be differentially expressed between normal squamous epithelia and Barrett’s oesophagus. As global miRNA expression changes were not assessed it is possible that the expression of other miRNAs may be altered in response to chronic reflux. Thirdly, we used a common transfection protocol to increase miRNA levels in Het-1A cells greater than physiological miRNA levels. This may impact on the biological relevance. However, all assay results were compared with Het-1A cells transfected with a negative control duplex at similar levels.
Conclusions
We have shown that miRNA expression is altered in the oesophageal squamous mucosa from individuals with gastro-oesophageal reflux and ulcerative oesophagitis. These changes in miR-143, miR-145 and miR-205 expression appear to be most pronounced in the basal layer of the oesophageal epithelium. In the context of gastro-oesophageal reflux these expression changes might influence proliferation and apoptosis and thereby regulate epithelial restoration. It is reasonable to hypothesise that they could represent early molecular events preceding the development of Barrett’s oesophagus, although proving this will require further studies as described above. Future detailed analyses of the role of these miRNAs in progression from gastro-oesophageal reflux to Barrett’s oesophagus, and then to oesophageal adenocarcinoma will be valuable, and may help in efforts to control and treat these diseases.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
CMS: performed the qRT-PCR miRNA experiments, performed the in-situ hybridisation experiment, and performed the cell transfection, proliferation and apoptosis assays; MZM: assisted with in-situ hybridisation and miRNA expression protocols and analyses; DIW: collection of samples; GT: assisted with sample processing and performed qRT-PCR analysis of mRNA expression; DStJA: histopathological confirmation and assessment of in-situ miRNA localisation in tissues; RH: assisted with proliferation and apoptosis experimental protocols and conducting miRNA qRT-PCR analysis; DJH: supervision of the study. CMS, MZM, DIW and DJH had lead roles in manuscript preparation, and all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This study was funded by a Competing Project Grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. Cameron Smith was supported by a PROBE-NET PhD scholarship funded by a Strategic research Partnerships Grant from the Cancer Council of New South Wales.
Acknowledgments
We thank staff in Anatomical Pathology at SA Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre for assistance with tissue processing and staining of tissue slides.
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6. Binato M, Fagundes R, Gurski R, Meurer L, Edelweiss MI: Immunohistochemical overexpression of the p53 protein and Ki-67 (MIB-1) antigen in patients with GERD and chronic oesophagitis.
Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2010, 18:236-243. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
7. Ronkainen J, Talley NJ, Storskrubb T, et al.: Erosive oesophagitis is a risk factor for Barrett's oesophagus: a community-based endoscopic follow-up study.
Am J Gastroenterol 2011, 106:1946-1952. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
8. Pera M, Cameron AJ, Trastek VF, Carpenter HA, Zinsmeister AR: Increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and oesophagogastric junction.
Gastroenterology 1993, 104:510-513. PubMed Abstract
9. Milano F, van Baal JW, Buttar N, et al.: Bone morphogenetic protein 4 expressed in oesophagitis induces a columnar phenotype in oesophageal squamous cells.
Gastroenterology 2007, 132:2412-2421. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
10. Zhou G, Sun YG, Wang HB, et al.: Acid and bile salt up-regulate BMP4 expression in human oesophageal epithelium cells.
Scand J Gastroenterol 2009, 44:926-932. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
11. Pillai R, Bhattacharyya S, Filipowicz W: Repression of protein synthesis by miRNAs: how many mechanisms?
Trends Cell Biol 2007, 17:118-126. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
12. Dalmasso G, Thu Nguyen HT, Yan Y, et al.: MicroRNAs determine human intestinal epithelial cell fate.
Differentiation 2010, 80:147-154. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
13. Lena AM, Shalom-Feuerstein R, Di Val Cervo PR, et al.: miR-203 represses ‘stemness’ by repressing ΔNp63.
Cell Death Differ 2008, 15:1187-1195. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
14. Sotiropoulou G, Pampalakis G, Lianidou E, Mourelatos Z: Emerging roles of microRNAs as molecular switches in the integrated circuit of the cancer cell.
RNA 2009, 15:1443-1461. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
15. Wijnhoven BP, Hussey DJ, Watson DI, Tsykin A, Smith CM, Michael MZ: MicroRNA profiling of Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma.
Br J Surg 2010, 97:853-861. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
16. Pena JTG, Sohn-Lee C, Rouhanifard SH, et al.: miRNA in situ hybridisation in formaldehyde and EDC–fixed tissues.
Nat Methods 2009, 6:139-141. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
17. Stoner GD, Kaighn ME, Reddel RR, et al.: Establishment and characterization of SV40 T-antigen immortalized human oesophageal epithelial cells.
Cancer Res 1991, 51:365-371. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
18. Simon P: Q-Gene: processing quantitative real-time RT-PCR data.
Bioinformatics 2003, 19:1439-1440. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
19. van Baal JW, Bozikas A, Pronk R, et al.: Cytokeratin and CDX-2 expression in Barrett's oesophagus.
Scand J Gastroenterol 2008, 43:132-140. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
20. Wu H, Zhu S, Mo YY: Suppression of cell growth and invasion by miR-205 in breast cancer.
Cell Res 2009, 19:439-448. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
21. Takagi T, Iio A, Nakagawa Y, Naoe T, Tanigawa N, Akao Y: Decreased expression of microRNA-143 and −145 in human gastric cancers.
Oncology 2009, 77:12-21. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
22. Akao Y, Nakagawa Y, Iio A, Naoe T: Role of microRNA-143 in Fas-mediated apoptosis in human T-cell leukemia Jurkat cells.
Leuk Res 2009, 33:1530-1538. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
23. Zaman MS, Chen Y, Deng G, et al.: The functional significance of microRNA-145 in prostate cancer.
Br J Cancer 2010, 103:256-264. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
24. Majid S, Dar AA, Saini S, et al.: MicroRNA-205-directed transcriptional activation of tumor suppressor genes in prostate cancer.
Cancer 2010, 116:5637-5649. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
25. van Baal JW, Verbeek RE, Bus P, et al.: microRNA-145 in Barrett's oesophagus: regulating BMP4 signalling via GATA6.
Gut 2012.
Epub ahead of print
26. Sempere L, Christensen M, Silahtaroglu A, et al.: Altered MicroRNA expression confined to specific epithelial cell subpopulations in breast cancer.
Cancer Res 2007, 67:11612-11620. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
27. Hwang HW, Wentzel EA, Mendell JT: A hexanucleotide element directs microRNA nuclear import.
Science 2007, 315:97-100. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
28. Liao JY, Ma LM, Guo YH, et al.: Deep sequencing of human nuclear and cytoplasmic small RNAs reveals an unexpectedly complex subcellular distribution of miRNAs and tRNA 3' trailers.
PLoS One 2010, 5:e10563. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
29. Taft RJ, Simons C, Nahkuri S, et al.: Nuclear-localised tiny RNAs are associated with transcription initiation and splice sites in metazoans.
Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010, 17:1030-1034. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
30. Caygill CP, Reed PI, Johnston BJ, Hill MJ, Ali MH, Levi S: A single centre's 20 years' experience of columnar-lined (Barrett's) oesophagus diagnosis.
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999, 11:1355-1358. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-230X/13/4/prepub
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You are here: Home / The European environment – state and outlook 2010 / Country assessments / Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia / Nature protection and biodiversity - State and impacts (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)
Nature protection and biodiversity - State and impacts (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)
SOER Common environmental theme from Macedonia the former Yugoslavian Republic of
Published: Nov 26, 2010 Modified: Apr 08, 2011
Key message
• Under the legally regulated procedure for the protection of natural sites with nature value, six categories of natural heritage sites have been established;
• CORINE biotopes with 77 Corine sites and the National Emerald Network of the Republic with 35 Emerald areas and 11 protected areas included in the Republic’s green belt as part of the Balkan green belt have been established;
• the number of protected areas has risen during the past decade, from 7.4 % of the national territory in 1991 to 8.7 % in 2008.
• the protected areas coverage is 2 220.5 km2;
• degradation of natural habitats and reductions of the areas of endemic, relict and rare species of flora and native fungi have been recorded;
• there has been a slight decrease in the populations of several species of migratory waterfowl in lake, river and swamp habitats, as well as a decrease in the populations of the four globally threatened birds of prey (eagles and vultures) and globally threatened mammals (bats, otter, badger, etc.);
• the amendments of the law on hunting (2008) have provided for an increased number of wild animal species (game) to acquire the status of permanently protected wild species;
• the effect of implementation of the amendments to the 2008 law of hunting is positive. Hunters are supporting activities for permanent protection of endangered wild species.
Data on the number and area of protected areas is presented in the table 1.
Table 1. Number and area of protected areas, 1948-1998
Year protected
Number of protected areas
Area
(in ha)
% of the total national territory
1948-1960
11
131 599
5.11
1961-1998
58
52 538
2.04
Total:
69
184 137
7.16
According to the data presented above, 11 areas and objects were protected in the period between 1948 and 1960 as natural rarities on the basis of the Law on Protection of Monuments of Culture and Natural Rarities applicable in that period, with a total surface area of 131 599 – 5.11 % of the national territory. Under the Law on Natural Rarities Protection enacted in 1960 and its amendments of 1965 and 1973, a further 58 objects were protected, resulting in the total number of protected areas and objects reaching 69 with a total area of 184 137 ha – 7.16% of the territory of the Republic.
With the establishment of a separate Ministry of Environment in December 1998, the process of natural heritage protection continued in the period 1999-2008. Adoption of the Law on Nature Protection in 2004, incorporating the European directives related to natural heritage protection, has been of particular significance. Data on protected areas in this period is presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Number and area of protected areas, 2008 status
Protected area
number
area (in km2)
% of national territory
National park
3
1 130
4.4
Strict nature reserve
4
126.8
0.5
Landscape of outstanding natural characteristics
3
23.4
0.1
Individual flora and fauna species
12
26.5
0.1
Monument of nature
60
634.3
2.5
Multi-purpose area
1
279.5
1.1
Total
83
220.5
8.7
Data in Table 2 indicate that protected areas occupy around 8.7 % of the national territory. The majority of them are national parks – around 4.4 % of the national territory – followed by monuments of nature at around 2.5 % and the Jasen multi-purpose area of around 1.1 % of national territory. A relatively small area of 0.5 % is strict nature reserves, the smallest being around 0.1 % of the Republic. Each landscape category has outstanding natural characteristics and individual flora and fauna species.
At present, the first three categories of protected area – strict nature reserve, national park and monument of nature – have been established and there is only one multi-purpose area (Jasen), while the fourth and the fifth categories of protected area – nature park and protected landscape – have not yet been established. Upon finalisation of a re-evaluation of the natural heritage of the Republic, the objects of nature included in the categories of landscape of outstanding natural characteristics and individual flora and fauna species will be incorporated into the six categories of protected areas under the Law on Nature Protection.[1]
[1] Under the Law on Nature Protection, the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning is obliged, within six months from the day of implementation of this law, to carry out a re-evaluation of areas protected prior to the the application of this law and to prepare new acts for declaration in accordance with the relevant provisions. Due to this, the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, Administration for Environment is carrying out intensive activities to conduct the procedure of the Government of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia for declaration of new or redeclaration of existing protected areas. Within this context, the site of Kuklica near Kratovo has already been declared as a nature monument; re-declaration has been carried out for Markovi Kuli (King Marko's Towers) and Smolare Waterfalls as monuments of nature, as well as re-designation of part of the Pelister Mountain as a National Park. Activities for declaration/re-declaration of around ten objects of nature are in progress in the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning.
UNESCO Site
At the international level, UNESCO listed the Ohrid region as a world cultural and natural heritage site in1979, while the Tentative List has included the monuments of nature Markovi Kuli and the Cave of Slatino Springs since 2004. The responsible state authority for coordination of environmental activities for integral protection of the Ohrid region’s UNESCO status is the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning (MEPP), and, at the regional level. the Division for the Protection of Ohrid Lake and the Hydrobiological Institute – Ohrid (monitoring and research). Separately, the Ministry of Culture and the Regional Institute and Museum in Ohrid are responsible for cultural and heritage activities.
Ramsar Site
The Ramsar List of wetlands of international importance includes Prespa Lake (1995) and Dojran Lake (2008). The responsible authority for coordination of activities for protection of the natural heritage and biological diversity conservation are MEPP and the National Ramsar Committee. Monitoring and research at two Ramsar sites is organised by the Institute of Biology, the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Skopje, the Hydrobiological Institute – Ohrid and the Bird Study and Protection Society of Macedonia (NGO).
Figures
National Emerald Network
In accordance with the provisions of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern, 1979) and the Law on Nature Protection, four projects that aim to establish the National Emerald Network in the Republic were implemented between 2002 and 2008. This was an important enabling activity/mechanism for the establishment of a coherent European Natura 2000 network (Table 3).
Table 3. Identified Emerald sites, 2002-2008
Period of identification
Number of identified sites
Area
(in ha)
% of the planned national Emerald network
First project (2002-2003)
3
27 660
3.6
Second project (2004)
3
28 000
3.8
Third project (2005-2006)
10
144 783
19.1
Fourth project (2008)
19
556 447
73.5
Total:
35
756 890
100.0
Thirty-five sites have been identified in the National Emerald network of areas of special importance for conservation. Under the first project implemented in 2002-2003, three areas were identified: SNR Ezerani, NP Galicica and MN Dojran Lake, with a total area of 27 660 ha –3.6% of the total network. Under the second project implemented in 2004, three more areas were identified: SNR Tikves, NP Pelister, and MN Demir Kapija, with a total area of 28 000 ha –3.8% of the total network. Under the third project implemented in 2005-2006, 10 areas were identified with a total area of 144 783 ha – 19.1%, and under the fourth project implemented in 2008, 19 areas were identified with a total area of 556 447 ha – the remaining 73.5%. By this, the National Emerald Network comprises 35 sites covering 752 223 ha or 29 % of the Republic’s territory.
For the purpose of compatibility of the National Emerald Network with Natura 2000, the areas have been categorised into three types:
A. Important Wild Bird Area corresponding to Special protected areas (SPAs) for birds under Natura 2000. Four areas have been included in the Emerald network.
B. Important wild species and habitats area corresponding to Special areas for conservation (SACs) under Natura 2000. Five areas have been included in the Emerald network.
C. Important bird, other species and habitats areas – 26 areas have been included in the Emerald network.
Figures
Balkan Green Belt
Within the framework of the activities of the IUCN concerning the initiative for establishment of the Balkan Green Belt, the Republic’s part of the green belt was established in 2004 in its border regions with Bulgaria, Greece and Albania (Map 2).
The Republic’s Green Belt includes 11 protected areas: the three National Parks Pelister, Mavrovo and Galicica; three natural lakes, which are also Monuments of nature - Ohrid, Prespa and Dojran; a Strict nature reserve - Ezerani (Prespa Lake); Monuments of nature – Vevcani springs, Smolare waterfall, Kolesino waterfall; and a floral site - Majdan.
The goal of the initiative is to link the protected areas in South Eastern Europe to provide integrated protection of nature and biodiversity and promote cooperation between countries for the protection of natural heritage.
In total 42 areas have been identified in the Republic as the most important plant habitats (IPA), 77 sites as Corine biotopes, 14 important bird areas (IBA) and 8 important butterfly areas (ILA). Parts of the protected areas cover important plant habitats, the most important bird areas and important butterfly areas, and constitute part of Corine biotopes.
Main components of biodiversity in the Republic of Macedonia
The main components of biodiversity in the Republic have been determined in accordance with the international criteria of the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD). The status of preservation of ecosystems, habitat types and species have been analysed by scientists in development of the Country Study for Biological Diversity of the Republic (MEPP, 2003) and the National Strategy for Biological Diversity Action Plan (MEPP, 2004).
Habitat types
In research carried out so far in the framework of the projects on CORINE biotopes, Catalogue of aquatic habitats, Emerald Network and PEEN, 32 habitat types have been identified.
Vegetation communities
The number of vegetation communities in the Republic is high – more than 270. Forest wood communities dominate with more than 55 % of the total, followed by grass communities, lake and river vegetation communities, with swamp communities and temporal communities being the smallest areas. The analysis of the structure of forest communities shows that Quercus coccifera and Caprinus betulus communities are dominant – 35 %, followed by Quercus pubescens and Caprinus betulus– 27.5 %, Quercus petraea – 13.5 %, then highland beech (Fagus silvatica)- ,10.6 %, lowland beech (Fagus silvatica), 9.7 %, five-leaved pine (Pinus peuce) and Macedonian pine (Pinus mugos)- 3.8%.
Wetland vegetation communities are represented in running and standing waters. Floating and submersed plant communities in the three natural lakes are of particular significance. Swamp plant communities have been preserved in a fragmentary form in major swamps and marshes. Thirteen swamp plant communities dominated by reed-mace, reed, and other species are especially significant.
Species diversity
Species diversity includes more than 16 000 wild species in several groups: bacteria, lichens, fungi, mosses, higher plants, invertebrate and vertebrate animals, 853 of which are endemic (Table 4).
Table 4. Abundance of wild species
Taxonomic group
Number of species
Endemic
FLORA
Algae
2 198
196
Lichens
354
-
Fungi
1 250
-
Mosses
398
2
Ferns
45
1
Peat mosses
6
-
Horsetails
7
-
Gymnosperms
18
-
Angiosperms
3 200
114
Total:
7 486
251
FAUNA
Protozoans
113
32
Sponges
10
6
Flatworms
85
35
Roundworms
613
3
Segmented worm
186
48
Cnidarians
2
-
Nemertine worms
1
-
Molluscs
366
131
Arthropods
8 234
383
Vertebrate (Chordates)
535
30
Total:
9 370
602
Total (flora and fauna):
17 604
976
Flora diversity of 7486 species is dominated by more than 3 200 higher plants species, followed by algae – 2 169 species, fungi – more than 1 250 species, mosses – 398 species and lichens – 354 species. Other groups are represented by small numbers of species.
Fauna diversity of 10 354 species is dominated by invertebrates, namely arthropods –8234 species, roundworms – 613 species and molluscs – 366 species. There are also 535 species vertebrates animals. There are 308 species and 20 subspecies of birds, 82 mammals, 78 indigenous fish species, 32 species and 8 subspecies of reptile and 15 amphibians species and 2 subspecies.
It is also notable that the number of endemic animal species, 602, is far greater than the number of endemic plant species – 251.
Disclaimer
The country assessments are the sole responsibility of the EEA member and cooperating countries supported by the EEA through guidance, translation and editing.
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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Roanoke County, VirginiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 15:32, 11 October 2012 by HillierLW (Talk | contribs)
United States Virginia Roanoke County
Roanoke County, Virginia genealogy and family history research page. Guide to Roanoke County (established 1838) genealogy, history, and courthouse sources including birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, wills, deeds and land records, Civil War records, Revolutionary War records, family histories, cemeteries, churches, tax records, newspapers, and obituaries.
Roanoke County, Virginia
Map
Location in the state of Virginia
Location of Virginia in the U.S.
Facts
Founded 1838
County Seat Salem
Courthouse
Contents
County Courthouse
Roanoke County Courthouse
P.O. Box 1126
Second Floor, Room 200
305 East Main Street
Salem, VA 24153
Phone: 540-387-6205
Clerk Circuit Court has marriage, divorce,
probate, court and land records from 1838[1]
Beginning Dates for Roanoke County, Virginia Government Records
Birth Marriage Death Census Land Probate
1853 1838 1853 1840 1838 1838
History
The county takes its name from the Roanoke River.
The county is named after the Roanoke River.[2]
Parent County
1838--Roanoke County was created 30 March 1838 from Botetourt and Montgomery Counties.
County seat: Salem [3]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
• Lost census: 1890
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
African American
Roanoke County, Virginia cohabitation records are available online.
Bible Records
Images of the Virginia Historical Society's family Bible collection have been digitized:
Additional Bible records include:
Cemeteries
Census
For tips on accessing Roanoke County, Virginia census records online, see: Virginia Census.
Historical populations
Census Pop.
18405,499
18508,47754.2%
18608,048−5.1%
18709,35016.2%
188013,10540.2%
189030,101129.7%
190015,837−47.4%
191019,62323.9%
192022,39514.1%
193035,28957.6%
194042,89721.6%
195041,486−3.3%
196061,69348.7%
197067,3399.2%
198072,9458.3%
199079,3328.8%
200085,7788.1%
1785
• Burton, Charles T. Botetourt County, Va., 1785 Enumeration. Troutville, Va.: Burton?, 1972. FHL Collection; digital version at Ancestry ($). [All of part of present-day county of Roanoke is included.]
1840
• Douthat, James L. 1840 Mountain Empire of Virginia Census. Signal Mountain, Tenn.: Mountain Press, 2001. FHL Collection 975.5 X2d 1840. Free online surname index and purchase details at Mountain Press website. [Includes Roanoke County.]
1890 Union Veterans
Church Records
Early Baptist churches (with years constituted):
1. Catawba (1780)[4]
2. Salem (1784)[4]
Roanoke County fell within the bounds of the New River Association.
Court
Genealogy
Several genealogies have been published about Roanoke County families. To view a list, visit Roanoke County, Virginia Genealogy.
Land and Property
Early settlers maps are available for Roanoke County. Hildebrand plots the locations of pioneers from original land grants, farm owners (1825-1875), etc. The Family History Library has copies: FHL Map 975.5792 E7hi, FHL Map 975.5792 E7hj, and FHL Map 975.5792 E7h.
Grants and Patents
Land patents (pre-1779), land grants (after 1779) and surveys are available online at the Library of Virginia website. For step-by-step instructions on retrieving these records, read the Virginia Land and Property article.
Local Histories
• Jack, George S. History of Roanoke County. Roanoke, Va.: Stone, c1912. FHL; digital versions at Ancestry ($); Google Books.
• McCauley, William. History of Roanoke County, Salem, Roanoke City, Virginia, and Representative Citizens, 1734-1900. Chicago: Biographical Pub. Co., 1902. FHL; digital version at Ancestry ($).
• Prillaman, Helen R. Places Near the Mountains: From the Community of Amsterdam, Virginia Up the Road to Catawba, on the Waters of the Catawba and Tinker Creeks, along the Carolina Road as it Aproached Big Lick and Other Areas, Primarily North Roanoke [Botetourt and Roanoke Counties, Virginia]. Baltimore, MD, USA: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2002. FHL; digital version at Ancestry ($).
• Roanoke, Story of County and City. unknown: unknown, 1942. FHL; digital version at Ancestry ($).
• Salem and the Roanoke Valley: A Circular of Information, Location, Railroad Facilities, Business Interests, Manufacturing Prospects, Water Power, Mineral wealth, Fertile Lands, Healthful Climate, Social, Moral, Religious and Educational Advantages. Salem, Va.: Times-Register Power Press Print, 1884. FHL; digital version at Ancestry ($).
Maps
Military
Revolutionary War
• A Census of Pensioners for Revolutionary or Military Services: With their Names, Ages, and Places of Residence, as Returned by the Marshalls of the Several Judicial Districts, Under the Act for Taking the Sixth Census]. 1841. Digital version at Google Books. 1967 reprint: FHL Book 973 X2pc 1840. [See Virginia, Western District, Roanoke County on page 136.]
War of 1812
• List of Pensioners on the Roll, January 1, 1883; Giving the Name of Each Pensioner, the Cause for Why Pensioned, the Post-Office Address, the Rate of Pension Per Month, and the Date of Original Allowance... Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1883. FHL Collection 973 M2Lp v. 5; digital versions at Google Books and Internet Archive. [See Vol. 5, Virginia, Roanoke County, pp. 100-101. Identifies War of 1812 veterans living in this county in 1883.]
Civil War
Regiments. Service men in Roanoke County, Virginia served in various regiments. Men often joined a company (within a regiment) that originated in their county. Listed below are companies that were specifically formed in Roanoke County, Virginia:
- 14th Regiment, Virginia Cavalry (Confederate). Company F (2nd) and Company G (Border Rangers).[5]
- 25th Regiment, Virginia Cavalry (Confederate). Company F.[6]
- 28th Regiment, Virginia Infantry (Confederate). Company F (Botetourt Springs Rifles) and Company K (Roanoke Grays).[7]
- 42nd Regiment, Virginia Infantry (Confederate). Company E (Dixie Grays).[8]
Newspapers
Occupations
• Cutten, George Barton. The Silversmiths of Virginia (together with Watchmakers and Jewelers) from 1694 to 1850. Richmond, Va.: The Dietz Press, Incorporated, 1952. Available at FHL. [Includes a section on Salem silversmiths.]
Probate Records
Research Guides
• "A Guide to the Counties of Virginia: Roanoke County," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1977):285-286. Available at FHL; digital version at American Ancestors ($).
Taxation
• [1882] Big Lick District Personal Property Tax List, 1882, Virginia Appalachian Notes. Roanoke VA: Nov 1982. Vol. 6 Iss. 4.
Vital Records
Indexes to Roanoke County, Virginia births, marriages, and deaths are available online. These collections are incomplete, but are easy to search. Courtesy: FamilySearch - free.
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Web Sites
References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Richmond County, Virginia. Page 720 At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. Wikipedia Contributors, "Roanoke County, Virginia," in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_County,_Virginia, accessed 13 January 2012.
3. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
4. 4.0 4.1 Robert Baylor Semple and George William Beale, A History of the Rise and Progress of the Baptists in Virginia (Pitt and Dickinson, 1894), 349. Digital version at Google Books.
5. Robert J. Driver, 14th Virginia Cavalry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, c1988). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 47.
6. Dobbie E. Lambert, 25th Virginia Cavalry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1994). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 106.
7. Frank E. Fields, 28th Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1985). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 15.
8. John Chapla, 42nd Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1983). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 5.
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August 10 2012
Boarded Up to Start Up: Retail and Risk in Detroit, Michigan
Architecture alone doesn’t make a vibrant city, you have to activate the store fronts. Despite its assets, during the suburban growth of the 1970′s, 80′s, and 90′s, Detroit found that it could no longer compete with the malls and shopping centers cropping up in Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb County. In many ways, the 1998 demolition of Detroit’s famed JL Hudsons Department Store felt like the last nail on the coffin. Would Woodward Avenue ever recover its former retail glory?
Who has the capital for such high-risk ventures in Detroit? If only there was a way to “test-drive” a store. Rake in the hype of a grand opening, then simply pack it all up when demand ebbs. In January 2004, Trendwatching.com “dubbed this trend pop-up retail, as these initiatives have a tendency to pop up unannounced, quickly draw in the crowds, and then disappear or morph into something else, adding to retail the fresh feel, exclusivity, and surprise.”
Thanks to funding platform, Kickstarter, Detroit welcomed the first store of its kind, 71 POP: Detroit Pop-Up Shop for Emerging Artists in June 2011. In the true fashion of pop-up, savvy entrepreneur, Margarita Berry, closed shop on 71 POP in Sugar Hill in May 2012, just in time for the June soft-launch of revamped D:pop at D:hive near @ 1253 Woodward. Pop-up retail is all about marketing, flexibility, novelty, and evolution.
Somerset City Loft is another retail pop-up in Detroit. This summer, for three days at the end of each month, the high-end retail of Troy, MI’s Somerset mall filled the racks in newly renovated 1261 Woodward. Between Living Social deals and social media trending, the events brought some of the largest crowds since the 2009 Final Four tournament.
The subsequent Marketplace Vendors affair provided a stage for local retail start-ups such as 31D Clothing, Common Thread Clothing, and The Detroit Shoppe; companies with sustainable business initiatives and place-based social media marketing.
In addition to pop-up retail, Detroiters are finding other ways to fill empty store fronts:
● Art Installations - Street Culture Mashs grassroots Woodward Windows project @ 1400-1500 Block Woodward;
● Virtual Retail - RESULTCO makes watch shopping easy with QR codes @ 1528 Woodward;
● Permanent RetailHatch Detroit awarded 50K to HUGH Men’s Retail opening September 2012 @ Cass & Canfield.
How does “temporary” play into our long term vision? Should we incorporate pop-up retail strategies into our urban planning and economic development?
Credits: Images and data linked to sources.
Alexandria Stankovich
Alexandria Stankovich graduated from The University of Michigan with a B.S. in Architecture. In order to gain an authentic understanding of the urban context through the lens of education, she became a Denver, Colorado corps member with Teach for America, teaching elementary Special Education. Returning to metro-Detroit, Michigan, Alexandria writes about the innovative design projects and urban programs taking place in the Motor City. Fueled by her passions for the triple bottom line - environment, economy, and social equity – Alexandria is now working on her Masters in Urban & Regional Planning. She is specializing in Physical Planning and Real Estate Development.
More Posts - Website - Twitter - Facebook
This entry was posted on Friday, August 10th, 2012 at 9:26 am and is filed under Community/Economic Development, Social/Demographics, Urban Development/Real Estate. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
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Which one is search engine friendly?
Team Leader
23Nov2006,12:57 #1
Which one is search engine friendly, relative URLs or absolute URLs?
Go4Expert Founder
23Nov2006,15:42 #2
Absolute urls. But you can have relative urls doing the job of absolute urls with the help of a .
<A href="one.html">One</A> - Relative URL
<A href="http://www.somesite.com/one.html">One</A> - Absolute URL
<A href="./one.html">One</A> - Absolute url but is actually a relative one.
Go4Expert Member
27Dec2006,16:01 #3
IMO, you should go with absolute urls as far as SEO is considered as most SE spiders are NOT intelligent like web browsers. With relative urls they tend to stop before proceeding onto a new directory.
Team Leader
27Dec2006,16:08 #4
But I guess, absolute URLs are harder to maintain.
Go4Expert Member
27Dec2006,16:59 #5
Yes, that’s true..
But they will not make havoc in your site if something ( directory-subdirectory ) is changed. You will have to give each changed path which will ensure your site’s integrity.
Newbie Member
5Jun2007,02:18 #6
I am sure that search engine spiders can understand both URL formats if they are used correctly.
Newbie Member
16Aug2007,14:56 #7
Yes thats right, both URL's doesn't affect the ranking of a site.
Contributor
4Sep2007,11:30 #8
both are different?
I think no different because both are output the same html code
Go4Expert Founder
4Sep2007,13:17 #9
The HTML output can be achieved in multiple ways but the better of the 2 is what makes the difference between ordinary and extra ordinary.
Light Poster
3Jul2008,11:25 #10
Abosulute url's are comparatively better than Relative url's,but search engine can understand both.Absolute url's are use to identify a resourse independence of their context as compare to Relative url's.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 409048, 7 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/409048
Research Article
Real-Time Train Wheel Condition Monitoring by Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors
1Department of Electronic Engineering, Shantou University, Guangdong 515063, China
2Department of Applied Mathematics, Université catholique de Louvain 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
3Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Received 25 July 2011; Accepted 8 August 2011
Academic Editor: Tai Hoon Kim
Copyright © 2012 Chuliang Wei et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Wheel defects on trains, such as flat wheels and out-of-roundness, inevitably jeopardize the safety of railway operations. Regular visual inspection and checking by experienced workers are the commonly adopted practice to identify wheel defects. However, the defects may not be spotted in time. Therefore, an automatic, remote-sensing, reliable, and accurate monitoring system for wheel condition is always desirable. The paper describes a real-time system to monitor wheel defects based on fiber Bragg grating sensors. Track strain response upon wheel-rail interaction is measured and processed to generate a condition index which directly reflects the wheel condition. This approach is verified by extensive field test, and the preliminary results show that this electromagnetic-immune system provides an effective alternative for wheel defects detection. The system significantly increases the efficiency of maintenance management and reduces the cost for defects detection, and more importantly, avoids derailment timely.
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Bibliography: The Man on the Meteor
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Review of: The Man on the Meteor
Author: Ray Cummings
Reviewer: Everett F. Bleiler
Year: 1991
Type: REVIEW
ISFDB Record Number: 1024944
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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The free office suite
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LibreOffice Windows, version 3.6.4, Swedish. Not the version you wanted? Change System, Version or Language
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• Source code
LibreOffice is an open source project and you can therefore download the source code to build your own installer.
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Bible Verses about International Trade
Amos 8:5-6 ESV / 5 helpful votes
Saying, “When will the new moon be over, that we may sell grain? And the Sabbath, that we may offer wheat for sale, that we may make the ephah small and the shekel great and deal deceitfully with false balances, that we may buy the poor for silver and the needy for a pair of sandals and sell the chaff of the wheat?”
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accubō (ad-c-) —, āre
CVB-, to lie at, lie beside: Furiarum maxima iuxta accubat, V.: nemus accubat, stands near, V.: (cadus) nunc Sulpiciis accubat horreis, H. — Esp., at table: in conviviis, recline.
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[139] But in the holy place he placed a table, like those at Delphi. Its length was two cubits, and its breadth one cubit, and its height three spans. It had feet also, the lower half of which were complete feet, resembling those which the Dorians put to their bedsteads; but the upper parts towards the table were wrought into a square form. The table had a hollow towards every side, having a ledge of four fingers' depth, that went round about like a spiral, both on the upper and lower part of the body of the work. Upon every one of the feet was there also inserted a ring, not far from the cover, through which went bars of wood beneath, but gilded, to be taken out upon occasion, there being a cavity where it was joined to the rings; for they were not entire rings; but before they came quite round they ended in acute points, the one of which was inserted into the prominent part of the table, and the other into the foot; and by these it was carried when they journeyed: Upon this table, which was placed on the north side of the temple, not far from the most holy place, were laid twelve unleavened loaves of bread, six upon each heap, one above another: they were made of two tenth-deals of the purest flour, which tenth-deal [an omer] is a measure of the Hebrews, containing seven Athenian cotyloe; and above those loaves were put two vials full of frankincense. Now after seven days other loaves were brought in their stead, on the day which is by us called the Sabbath; for we call the seventh day the Sabbath. But for the occasion of this intention of placing loaves here, we will speak to it in another place.
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Person:Thomas Maxwell (19)
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Thomas Maxwell
Facts and Events
Name[1] Thomas Maxwell
Gender Male
References
1. Ancestry.com. Public Member Trees. (Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2006.Original data - Family trees submitted by Ancestry members.Original data: Family trees submitted by Ancestry members.).
Information extracted from various family tree data submitted to Ancestry and The Generations Network
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Place:Kesteven, England
Watchers
NameKesteven
Alt namesParts of Kestevensource: Wikipedia
TypeAdministrative county
Located inEngland (1889 - 1974)
Also located inLincolnshire, England ( - 1888)
Lincolnshire, England (1974 - )
The Parts of Kesteven is a traditional subdivision of Lincolnshire, England located in the southwest of the county. The subdivision had long been a separate county administration for Quarter Sessions (or courts held quarterly in the year), as did the other two parts, Lindsey and Holland.
Kesteven ceased to be an administrative county in 1974 when Holland, Lindsey and Kesteven were unified into Lincolnshire.
For more information, see the EN Wikipedia article Kesteven. which includes lists of districts and boroughs making up Kesteven.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Kesteven. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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Statistics by Release Date
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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ABOUT THIS RELEASE
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I am sending packets using the UDP protocol and raw sockets. i want to manually build the ip header which I want to transmit over wlan0 and capture these packets using wireshark so that I can analyse the contents that I have received. But for some reason, I am not able to capture these packets using wireshark. Do you need to write an explicit receiver code on the client side to capture these packets or can can wireshark capture them automatically?
I am a noob at network programming and any help in this regard would be sincerely appreciated.
Thanks
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You are here: Home » Content » Inequalities and Absolute Value Concepts -- Graphing Inequalities
About: Inequalities and Absolute Value Concepts -- Graphing Inequalities
Module by: Kenny M. Felder. E-mail the author
View the content: Inequalities and Absolute Value Concepts -- Graphing Inequalities
Metadata
Name: Inequalities and Absolute Value Concepts -- Graphing Inequalities
ID: m18208
Language: English (en)
Summary: This module describes how to graph inequalities.
Subject: Mathematics and Statistics
Keywords: felder, graphing, inequalities
Document Type: -//CNX//DTD CNXML 0.5 plus MathML//EN
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 2.0
Authors: Kenny M. Felder (KFelder@RaleighCharterHS.org)
Copyright Holders: Kenny M. Felder (KFelder@RaleighCharterHS.org)
Maintainers: Kenny M. Felder (KFelder@RaleighCharterHS.org)
Latest version: 1.2 (history)
First publication date: Dec 19, 2007 1:38 am -0600
Last revision to module: Dec 30, 2008 3:35 pm -0600
Downloads
PDF: m18208_1.2.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
XML: m18208_1.2.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.2 Dec 30, 2008 3:35 pm -0600 by Kenny M. Felder
Changes:
Initial publication.
Version: 1.1 Nov 11, 2008 8:01 am -0600 by Kenny M. Felder
Changes:
Initial publication
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How to Cite and Attribute This Content
The following citation styles comply with the attribution requirements for the license (CC-BY 2.0) of this work:
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Felder, K. Inequalities and Absolute Value Concepts -- Graphing Inequalities, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m18208/1.2/, Dec 30, 2008.
American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style:
Felder K. Inequalities and Absolute Value Concepts -- Graphing Inequalities [Connexions Web site]. December 30, 2008. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m18208/1.2/.
American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual:
Felder, K. (2008, December 30). Inequalities and Absolute Value Concepts -- Graphing Inequalities. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m18208/1.2/
Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography):
Felder, Kenny. "Inequalities and Absolute Value Concepts -- Graphing Inequalities." Connexions. December 30, 2008. http://cnx.org/content/m18208/1.2/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Note):
Kenny Felder, "Inequalities and Absolute Value Concepts -- Graphing Inequalities," Connexions, December 30, 2008, http://cnx.org/content/m18208/1.2/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Reference, in Author-Date style):
Felder, K. 2008. Inequalities and Absolute Value Concepts -- Graphing Inequalities. Connexions, December 30, 2008. http://cnx.org/content/m18208/1.2/.
Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Manual:
Felder, Kenny. Inequalities and Absolute Value Concepts -- Graphing Inequalities. Connexions. 30 Dec. 2008 <http://cnx.org/content/m18208/1.2/>.
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Ruby on Rails sounds cool, but you don't need a Mac to use it. Here's how to get started with Ruby on Rails in Windows, and play with the cool kids.
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Vermilion County, Illinois CourthouseEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States IllinoisVermilion County Courthouse
Photo courtesy of Illinois Regional Archives Depository, Illinois State Archives
The county records in Illinois are typically kept in the following offices:
County Clerk keeps birth, marriage and death records
County Recorder keeps land records
Circuit Court Clerk keeps court and probate records.
The office of record may sometimes change depending on the size of the county, but a quick phone call will help you find the correct office.
Contents
Courthouse
Vermilion County Courthouse
6 N. Vermilion
Danville, Illinois 61832
County Clerk
Address
6 North Vermilion Street
Courthouse Annex - 1st Floor
Danville, Illinois 61832
Phone: (217) 554-1900
Fax: (217) 554-1914
Email: coclerk@vercounty.org
County Recorder
Address
6 North Vermilion Street
Courthouse Annex - 1st Floor
Danville, Illinois 61832
Phone: (217) 554-6040
Fax: (217) 554-6047
Email: recorder@vercounty.org
Circuit Clerk
Address
7 North Vermilion Street
Danville, Illinois 61832
Phone: (217) 431-2540
Fax: (217) 554-7728
Email: dgardner@vercounty.org
Hours: Monday - Friday 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
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• This page was last modified on 25 August 2011, at 22:53.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Madagascar: Traditional and New Media Discuss Crisis Reporting
This post also available in:
Français · Madagascar : Les médias, nouveaux et traditionnels, discutent de la couverture de la crise
繁體中文 · 馬達加斯加：傳統與新媒體討論動亂報導
简体中文 · 马达加斯加：传统与新媒体讨论动乱报导
Malagasy · Madagasikara: resaka tati-baovao mandritra ny krizy!
As the political crisis in Madagascar drags along and international awareness of the situation fades, traditional media and new media in Madagascar came together to debate standards of collection and distribution of news in times of crisis.
The free exchange of ideas, power of personal testimonies, and the quality of interventions during the meeting produced an enriching conversation that highlighted the need for a collective effort to report complete, factual information despite unfavorable conditions.
This meeting built on the foundation posed by the organizers and the participants of the first Malagasy Barcamp in October 2008.
One of the most striking aspects of the meeting was the substantial attendance despite recent reports from Reporters without Borders and the Committee to Protect Journalists that many journalists and bloggers received threats to themselves and their relatives during the crisis. Participants took a stand for freedom of expression, knowing well that their names and faces were now public knowledge and that members of former and current administrations were present in the room.
Audience at information meeting via ariniaina
The discussion had to happen because such authentic, powerful and apolitical testimonies were too important to not be told publicly and on record.
Here is an overview of the time line of the event:
An estimated 80 to 90 people came from 5 different regions and 4 different countries.
Alain Andriamiadravola, former journalist and now new media enthusiast, opened a meeting that turned out to be a free-flowing conversation with plenty of dissident opinions and unexpected authorities in the field of information and journalism.
I gave a quick overview of collaboration between traditional media and new media worldwide, its tremendous impact during crises and our hope that such a collaboration can come to fruition in Madagascar. A smaller meeting that was part of the American Cultural Center-driven “Friday talk” between journalists and bloggers allowed for an open friendly criticism of both sides and showed that there are room for partnership and mutual growth.
The poignant part of the meeting came when citizens from all over the country gave their account of how they used personal media to share what they saw during the crisis and how it cost them. Andry explained that his thirst for raw information drove him to be where trouble was brewing. Jentilisa explained that it was very odd that on black Monday (Jan 26th) people would announce that a building was burning even before it actually happened, hence suggesting that some events were probably planned and not just random acts of protests. Avylavitra told a story of how he feared for his life on March 28th when a soldier hold him at gun point and demanded his camera. Jaona from Fianaratsoa explained how his blog was mentioned at a public meeting as a threat to social order in Fianarantsoa and should be shut down. Many other bloggers/twitterers shared similar stories of major hardships while covering the crisis.
Thierry Andriamirado explained the increased relevance of online social networks in dispatching news about the crisis. Thierry was the first to exhaustively live-tweet the first tragic event of the crisis, “Black Monday,” and explained that he felt compelled to share the stories in real-time for a time-stamped digital record of the events.
Former minister of culture and communication Tsilavina Ralaindimby emphasized that such testimonies and citizens’ willingness to report troubles are civic acts and must be protected at an institutional level.
Tsilavina Ralaindimby, former minister of communication, encouraging citizen journalism.
Barijaona Ramaholimiaso argued that his personal ethic as a blogger demanded that he reveal his true identity and pointed out that there is another form of pressure in Madagascar, the social peer pressure that prevents people from freely expressing their minds.
Christie Turner and Affick Gassard presented an initiative to promote the development of community radio in Madagascar. Some remote rural areas were aware of the development of the crisis thanks to a radio center that received online news feed through dial-up connection and broadcast the information to rural communities.
Claire Ulrich gave a complete report on censorship online in the world building on examples from Iran and China, emphasized the importance of protecting first and foremost the well-being of journalists and bloggers. She also warned the audience to be mindful of the fine prints in the upcoming bill on the regulation of online communication in Madagascar. She also pointed out that both communities, traditional and new media, ought to come together to ensure that the memory of journalists killed during the crisis, like Ando and others, is never forgotten.
Finally, Harinjaka, Arinaina and Tahina presented the Foko Ushahidi platform, explaining how it came about and how SMS reports to a local phone number can be utilized for crisis reporting, but also other urgent humanitarian news and election monitoring.
Journalists also weighed in. Randy Donny, journalist and advocate of citizen journalism argued that there are no difference between journalism and citizen journalism in Madagascar. If anything he said, citizen journalist covered the crisis better because they were not under direct pressure from whichever regime ruled at the time.
The consensus at the end of the meeting was that the flow of information was/is severely affected bythe crisis. The information community came to a common agreement that we all needed to make a conscious effort to fight censorship and provide news free of government pressure. It was also an opportunity for people who followed the crisis through blogs to meet in real life the people behind the coverage. For instance, Jacqueline, in the audience, was still beaming from chatting with blogger Jentilisa. She said
:” I read his blog everyday since January. It is just awesome to put a face and a personality on such remarkable people. “
Stay tuned for more on the current state of media in Madagascar.
Here are additional reports from the meeting:
Ariniana:
Tahina:
Avylavitra
Harinjaka:
sixthman:
photos
Madagascar matin ( print only version)
World regions
Countries
Languages
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Spain: Journalists Fined After Revealing Corruption in Catalonia
This post also available in:
English · Spain: Journalists Fined After Revealing Corruption in Catalonia
Français · Cafè amb Llet : condamnés pour avoir posé des questions qui dérangent
Español · España: Multan a periodistas luego de revelar corrupción en Cataluña
Magyar · Spanyolország: Pénzbüntetéssel sújtották a korrupciót leleplező újságírókat Katalóniában
Català · Cafè amb Llet agra: condemnats per fer preguntes incòmodes?
This article is a follow-up to ‘Spain: Two Journalists on Trial for Revealing Corruption in Catalonia‘.
Marta Sibina and Albano Dante, editors of the Girona magazine Cafè amb Llet were fined 10,000 euro on Tuesday October 23, 2012, as compensation to Josep Maria Via, president of Barcelona MAR Health Park Consortium and healthcare advisor to Catalan President Artur Mas.
The presiding judge, Maria Millán Gisbert, decided that the video the two journalists had uploaded to YouTube last February, ‘El major robatori de la història de Catalunya‘ (Greatest theft in the history of Catalonia) [ca], which strongly criticized the lack of transparency in public healthcare financing, was an act of libel against Mr. Via.
Poster from before the sentence, supporting the two journalists, editors of the magazine “Cafè amb Llet”.
Since February, when Sibina and Dante published the video, several high-profile figures who were referenced – like Ramon Bagó [es], Carles Manté [es] or Josep Prats [es] – have been implicated in alleged cases of corruption in the public healthcare system. Some of the more grievous accusations expressed in the Cafè amb Llet video have already been independently investigated and confirmed, but none of the men have been brought to trial yet.
Even though the video didn't levy any concrete accusations against Mr. Via, Sibina and Dante did reference an article [es] Via had published in El País, in which he argued that regulations on the distribution of public money complicates management of the healthcare system – an article they described as “shameful”.
In the video, Ms. Sibina addressed Mr. Via directly: “Maybe it would be more comfortable for you to have tax dollars deposited right into a private back account in Liechenstein?”
She referenced, “people like you [Mr. Via], Bagó, Manté [both now implicated in corruption charges] and so many others who have gotten rich at the cost of tanking our healthcare system.”
According to the judge, this constituted a baseless accusation, and therefore libel, against Mr. Via.
The newspaper La Vanguardia [es] described the sentence [es] in the case:
La sentencia aclara que “esto ya no puede considerarse una opinión”, y, por tanto, quedar amparado por el derecho de la libertad de expresión, “sino que es más bien una atribución de hechos que no estaría amparada por la libertad de expresión, sino por el derecho a la información”. El auto judicial aclara que este derecho no se puede aplicar en este caso porque la revista cafeambllet no demuestra las acusaciones vertidas contra el alto cargo sanitario.
The sentence makes clear that “this can no more be considered an opinion” and therefore is not protected under freedom of expression, “but rather an attribution of facts that would not be protected by freedom of expression, but rather freedom of information.” However, the sentence also made clear that freedom of information does not apply in this case because the magazine's editors did not provide a legitimate basis for their claims against the senior healthcare official.
In reaction to the sentence, the Cafè amb Llet editors have uploaded a new video [ca] to YouTube, explaining their understanding of the situation. The 10,000 euro fine not only endangers the viability of their publication, but also their personal finances. Ms Sibina, a nurse, and Dante, who receives his salary from the magazine, are a couple and publish the magazine from their home [ca].
This may help explain the apparently “amateur” style of Dante's and Sibina's video, which resembles more closely “investigative citizen journalism” than the kind of content produced by mainstream media outlets. Sibina and Dante did not study journalism and did not had any previous professional experience as journalists before founding the magazine Cafè amb Llet. They cannot afford a legal advisor and did not take any precautions to avoid being accused of libel.
Asked whether they feel identified with the “citizen journalism” label, Dante reflects: “I don't know how to name what we have done [...] I don't know if what we have done is journalism. I know it had to be done”.
The question, however, is not whether the Cafè amb Llet editors’ accusation against Mr. Via actually constitute a form of libel – that is up to the judges – but rather, if Via's lawsuit and the subsequent fine were meant to impede the diffusion of information and questions that are relevant to Catalan society, rather than protect Mr. Via's reputation.
In the wake of rising separatism, Catalonia's President, Artur Mas has called for early elections on November 25. He is campaigning on the notion [ca] that his political formation, CiU, needs an absolute majority to effectively fight for Catalan independence. CiU is Catalonia's largest party and closely tied to many of the high-profile figures implicated in these cases of corruption.
Sibina and Dante, who had previously highlighted [ca] perceived attempts to impede their investigative work, have argued that Mr. Via's ultimate goal was not to protect his honor:
Ens va sorprendre que fos ell qui posava la denúncia. […] No ens hagués estranyat tant una denúncia dels altres personatges que surten al vídeo, ja que el vídeo sí que posa en qüestió la seua actuació en el maneig dels diners públics.
It surprised us that Mr. Via himself brought the lawsuit… It would not have been suspicious if other high-profile figures in the video raised the case, since we had actually questioned their role in the disappearance of public funds.
Amb el pas del temps, però, hem entès per què tots els altres guardaven silenci: tots estaven implicats en casos fins i tot molt més grans del que nosaltres imaginàvem.
As time has passed, however, we have come to understand why figures across the board have kept quiet: everyone has been implicated in cases more severe than we could have ever imagined.
El senyor Josep Maria Via ha estat fins fa poques setmanes, company de Bagó al consell d'administració del Consorci Hospitalari de Catalunya, que és, justament, una institució implicada en que Bagó rebés contractes per valor de 12 milions d'euros de manera irregular.
El senyor Josep Maria Via ha estat soci en diverses empreses del senyor Josep Prat, el mateix que està actualment imputat per haver pagat, presumptament, els 700.000 euros a Carles Manté de manera irregular. Està defensant el seu honor el senyor Via o està defensant l'opacitat i els negocis poc transparents de la gent del seu entorn?
Mr. Josep Maria Via has been, up until a few weeks ago, a close colleague of Bagó at Barcelona MAR Health Park Consortium's administrative council, which is an implicated institution in Bagó's suspiciously received multimillion-euro contracts.
Mr. Via has been a partner in various companies with Josep Prat, the same man who has been implicated for curiously paying Carles Manté 700,000 euro. Is Via defending his honor or is he really working to conceal shadowy dealings of his colleagues?
On Twitter, the hashtag #MésCafèAmbLlet (#MoreCafèAmbLlet) has been used in defense of the editors, as well as a handful of others, including #volemlesdades (#WeWantTheData) or #BoomerangCafèAmbLlet:
@Nitsuga000: La censura es l'unica defensa dels culpables. Necessitem #mescaféambllet son tot un exemple de tenacitat i dignitat http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=wNNawj7MMVo# …!
@Nitsuga000: Censorship is the only defense of the guilty. We need more Cafè amb Llet, an example of dignity and tenacity http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=wNNawj7MMVo# …!
@a_llado: És massa greu per callar. Amb @_cafeambllet i @marta_sibina Escric alt i clar: ‘El que tenim és fàstic’ http://diarimaresme.com/2012/el-que-tenim-es-fastic/ … Tota la força!
@a_llado: It's too serious to keep quiet. Standing with @_cafeambllet and @marta_sibina. I'll write it loud and clear: ‘We're disgusted' http://diarimaresme.com/2012/el-que-tenim-es-fastic/ …Strength!
@paullonch: Si fas factures falses i desvies caler públic, et posen a llistes d CiU. Si ho denuncies, et multen amb 10.000 euros @_cafeambllet #CiuFacts
@paullonch: If you forge invoices and play with public funds, you run on the CiU ticket. If you speak out, they fine you 10,000 euros @_cafeambllet #CiuFacts
@PeopleWitness: La condena de @_cafeambllet tiene un nombre: CENSURA. Difundamos el vídeo que CIU no quiere que veamos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VNLMY40MkU … #MesCafeAmbLlet
@PeopleWitness: The sentence agaisnt @_cafeambllet has a name: CENSORSHIP. Let's spread the video CiU doesn't want us to watch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VNLMY40MkU … #MesCafeAmbLlet
@Fisiofan: Volem #méscafeambllet! Volem transparència i premsa digna. Volem justicia social. Volem #absoluciócafeambllet!
@Fisiofan: We want #méscafeambllet! We want transparency and a dignified press. We want social justice. We want Cafè amn Llet acquitted!
@Laiaortiz Cal ajudar a “@_cafeambllet: VÍDEO: Ens han condemnat :-( http://youtu.be/wNNawj7MMVo” difusió i a sumar 10000€ entre tots i totes. Ánims!
@Laiaortiz: We need to help “@_cafeambllet: VIDEO: They've condemned us :-( http://youtu.be/wNNawj7MMVo” spread the word and help raise 10,000 euro. Get activated!
@AdaColau: @_cafeambllet Us necessitem més que mai, digueu com podem ajudar. #Catalunya mai serà lliure amb una classe dirigent corrupta
@AdaColau@_cafeambllet We need you more than ever. Please, tell us how we can help. Catalonia will never be free with a corrupt political class
@Sonia_Farre: #CorrupCiU Condemneu a @_cafeambllet i @marta_sibina i només aconseguireu que us torni! #BoomerangCafeambllet
@Sonia_Farre: Corrupt CiU, condemning @_cafeambllet and @marta_sibina will only bring things back to you! #BoomerangCafeambllet
Read a transcription of other parts of the video [ca] in reaction to the sentence here.
World regions
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Earthling – Sexuality in a British Somali Family
This post also available in:
Español · Terrícolas - Sexualidad en una familia somalí británica
Sokari writes about Earthling, a short story by Diriye Osman: “Set in Peckkahm south London, Diriye explores sexuality and sister to sister relationships in a British Somali family where desires to be married and to live out of the closet are set against each other. Mental illness and death, two familiar themes in Diryie’s work, are explored as Zeytun turns to the internet in search of ways of dying but really its a search for freedom.”
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"url": "googlesystem.blogspot.com/2005/12/google-pays-aol-1-billion-for-5.html",
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
December 28, 2005
Google Pays AOL $1 Billion For 5 Percent
CNN/ Reuters report the Google/AOL deal is final now:
“America Online said Google had agreed to invest $1 billion to take a 5 percent stake in AOL, as part of an enhanced pact where Google will move beyond text-based advertising to allow AOL to sell graphical ads to Google’s fast-growing ad network.”
Here’s the press release on the Google/ AOL “alliance.” Some key issues:
* Creating an AOL Marketplace through white labeling of Google’s advertising technology - enabling AOL to sell search advertising directly to advertisers on AOL-owned properties;
* Expanding display advertising throughout the Google network;
* Making AOL content more accessible to Google Web crawlers;
* Collaborating in video search and showcasing AOL’s premium video service within Google Video;
* Enabling Google Talk and AIM instant messaging users to communicate with each other, provided certain conditions are met; and
* Providing AOL marketing credits for its Internet properties.
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{
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Issuepedia:Links/2011/07/13/1353
From Issuepedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Facts about Links/2011/07/13/1353RDF feed
HeadlineBad law, good lawsuit +
Page typeLink +
SummaryIt's not comfortable to side against the s It's not comfortable to side against the state of North Carolina in the lawsuit filed by Planned Parenthood of Central North Carolina. Rooting against the state means hoping that we, as taxpayers who pay for the state's legal defense, lose money on litigation. s legal defense, lose money on litigation.
Thing typeArticle +
TitleBad law, good lawsuit +
TopicPlanned Parenthood + and US/NC +
When posted12 July 2011 +
URLThis property is a special property in this wiki.http:////heraldsun.com/bookmark/14677958/article-Bad%2Blaw%2Bgood%2Blawsuit +
Personal tools
bookmarking
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STABILITY FORMULA FOR TETRAPOD INCORPORATING SLOPE EFFECT
Kyung-Duck Suh, Jin-Sung Kang
Abstract
To develop a stability formula for Tetrapods armoring rubble mound breakwaters, sixty hydraulic model tests have been conducted for various wave conditions and slope angles of breakwaters. The test results are used, along with the data of previous researchers, to develop a new stability formula. The developed formula is proven to be applicable to breakwaters with various slope angles with reasonable accuracy. It is also shown to be applicable to low-crested breakwaters and different packing densities, if the corresponding terms are incorporated in the formula. The uncertainty of the proposed formula is also given.
Keywords
armor units; breakwaters; hydraulic models; model tests; stability; Tetrapods
References
De Jong, R.J., 1996. Wave transmission at low-crested structure, Stability of Tetrapods at front, crest and rear of a low-crested breakwater. Master thesis, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands.
Goda, Y., 2000. Random seas and design of maritime structures. 2nd Ed., World Scientific, Singapore, xi+443pp.
Hanzawa, M., H. Sato, S. Takahashi, K. Shimosako, T. Takayama, K. Tanimoto, 1996. New stability formula for wave-dissipating concrete blocks covering horizontally composite breakwaters. Proc. 25th Int. Conf. Coastal Eng., ASCE, 1665-1678.
Hudson, R.Y., 1959. Laboratory investigation of rubble-mound breakwaters. J. Waterways and Harbors Div. 85(WW3): 93-121.
Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, 2001. Development of technology for the optimum design of rubble-mound breakwater (I) (in Korean).
Suh, K.D., W.S. Park, B.S. Park, 2001. Separation of incident and reflected waves in wave-current flumes. Coastal Eng. 43: 149-159.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3839(01)00011-4
U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, 1984. Shore protection manual, 4th Ed., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., USA.
Van der Meer, J.W., 1987a. Stability of breakwater armor layers−Design formulae. Coastal Eng. 11: 219-239.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3839(87)90013-5
Van der Meer, J.W., 1987b. Stability of rubble mound breakwaters, Stability formula for breakwaters armoured with Tetrapods. Report on Basic Research, H462 Volume II, Delft Hydraulics Laboratory.
Van der Meer, J.W., 1988. Stability of cubes, tetrapods and accropode. In: Design of breakwaters, Thomas Telford, London, 71-80.
Willmott, C.J., 1981. On the validation of models. Phys. Geography 2: 184-194.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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Show Photo
Show Photo
Muzium Negara Malaysia is located at Jalan Damansara, 50566 Kuala Lumpur. The National Museum was designed according to a compilation of aesthetic elements and traditional Malay carving motifs. Y.T.M. Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj, the Father of Independence, as well as the First Prime Minister of Malaysia, personally chose this exquisite design. Muzium Negara Malaysia operating hours is from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. daily except during Aidil Fitri and Aidil Adha. Admission tickets are priced at RM2. It can be purchased at the ticket counter by the entrance. Entrance to the museum is free for children under twelve years of age and children wearing school uniform. Muzium Negara is on Damandara, J; is near Damansara (ne), J; is near Damansara (w), J; is near Mahameru, P; is near Stesen Sentral 3, J; is near Ktm Sentul - Kelang; is near Travers, J; is near Stesen Sentral 4, J; Muzium Negara is geographically located at latitude(3.1375 degrees) 3° 8' 15" North of the Equator and longitude (101.6876 degrees) 101° 41' 15" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Kuala Lumpur.
The locations related to Muzium Negara are represented by the nearest distances for a beam of light to travel and may not be nearest by road. For example, Muzium Negara is located 278 metres from Planetarium Negara Dome. Muzium Negara is located 278 metres from Hilton Sentral. Muzium Negara is located 311 metres from Stone Henge Replica. Muzium Negara is located 312 metres from Exhibition Mall Sentral. Muzium Negara is located 319 metres from Police Station Jalan Travers.
Featured Places Of Interest Located Nearby
Planetarium Negara Dome is located 0.3 Kilometres away from Muzium Negara. Planetarium Negara Dome - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
Hilton Sentral is located 0.3 Kilometres away from Muzium Negara. Hilton Sentral - 2 Photo(s) Featured.
Stone Henge Replica is located 0.3 Kilometres away from Muzium Negara. Stone Henge Replica - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
Hilton Sentral 0.3km, Le Meridien Sentral 0.4km, Istana Tetamu 0.8km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near Muzium Negara.
Exhibition Mall Sentral 0.3km, KL General Post Office 1km, Ocean Petaling St 1.2km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near Muzium Negara.
Stone Henge Replica 0.3km, Police Museum 0.4km, Tun Abd Razak Memorial 0.5km, are places of interest (attraction) located near Muzium Negara.
SMK (p) Methodist 0.7km, SJK Brickfields 2 0.7km, SJK (t) Vivekananda 0.8km, are places of learning (school, college, university) located near Muzium Negara.
YMCA Field, Brickfields 0.4km, KL Lake Gardens 0.7km, KL Orchid Garden 0.7km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near Muzium Negara.
Muzium Negara
Planetarium Negara Dome
Hilton Sentral
Stone Henge Replica
Exhibition Mall Sentral
Police Station Jalan Travers
Planetarium
Le Meridien Sentral
Sentral
Petronas Brickfields
Police Museum
TASIK PERDANA 50480
Mal Inst Of Accountants
Mobil Brickfields
YMCA Field, Brickfields
City Air Terminal, Kul
YMCA Brickfields
Tun Abd Razak Memorial
Sentral Car Park
Click here to zoom in
Where do you want to go?
Location Information
Latitude °
Longitude °
PlaceName
Category
Muzium Negara
Monorail Sentral is about 0.5 km away.
Syariah Court, Wp is about 0.6 km away.
Islamic Arts Museum is about 0.6 km away.
Parking Islamic Arts Museum is about 0.6 km away.
Bird Park is about 0.6 km away.
KTMB HQ is about 0.6 km away.
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User:David J. Gifford
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 01:59, 30 January 2013 by David J. Gifford (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
David J. Gifford (an artistic interpretation)
I work in the Bioinformatics and Systems Engineering Division at RIKEN Yokohama Institute. I learned about OpenWetWare from references in iGem, and I've joined because I would like to set up an OpenWetWare wiki for our GenoCon project http://genocon.org.
Education
• 1981, BA, Harvard College, History of Science
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Useful links
Personal tools
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Help:DPL Goals
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
< Help
Contents
Introduction
(See also this blog introduction.)
The dynamic page listing (DPL) extension for MediaWiki allows listing and linking to pages based on their attributes. With this extension, it's fairly easy to list all pages satisfying category requirements (for example, all the pages in the category DNA, but not in the category Courses). Since OWW has DPL installed, you can use this extension along with some templates as a convenient way of assigning goals and tasks and using the wiki to keep track of them. To see an example of how it works, see the following link:
To look at a more complicated example of a real person using the system, see Caleb Morse's Open Science Goals. As of December 31, 2008, his goals were in example form, but they will grow more extensive in subsequent weeks.
Once it is set up for a user, DPL Goals are very easy and quick to use. Any page anywhere on the wiki can easily be "marked" as a goal or task for a specific user, by adding just a couple templates that are very easy to memorize. It's just as easy to mark a task or goal as completed.
How to set it up
The system takes a moderate amount of effort to set up: some DPL code needs to be custimized and placed on a page and a few templates need to be created. If you're familiar with DPL and MediaWiki, it would probably take you well under one hour to get it going by copying an example page. If you're not familiar, please ask Steve Koch for help, he can set things up for you if you want to give it a try.
Here are some steps on how to set it up.
Create a Goals and Task listing page
1. Create or choose a page where you'd like your goals to be listed
2. Copy the wiki code from The Example User Page and paste it into your chosen page
3. Replace all the "Hope N. Science" text with your own user name (or your full name)
• The reason full name is suggested is to prevent conflicts caused by common names or initials.
• There will be many instances of Hope N. Science, so you may want to use a "find and replace" tool.
At this point you are able to assign any wiki page to your list of goals and tasks by adding categories to the pages. For example, adding the following code would assign a page to your list of high priority goals:
[[Category:Your User Name]]
[[Category:Goal]]
[[Category:Priority High]]
This wouldn't be too bad to type, but by the use of templates, you can reduce the amount of stuff you have to remember and have to type on each page. The following section will help you do that.
Create user name templates
(This section assumes you already know how to create a new page)
1. Create a new template that is an abbreviation for your username. For example, instead of Hope N. Science, you could use HScience.
• Here is a link to the template the fictitious Hope N. Science used: Template:HScience.
2. Copy the wiki code on the HScience template: Template:HScience.
3. Paste the wiki code into your new template (Let's call it YName).
4. Replace all instances of "Hope N. Science" with "Your User Name"
5. Save the new template.
Repeat this process for the second template
1. Repeat the above process, except instead of YName, create a template called "YName Done", copy the code from Template:HScience Done, and replace all instances of Hope N. Science with "Your User Name".
How to get more help?
Please contact Steve Koch with questions. You can leave a message on his talk page, or send him an email.
What else can I do with DPL?
If you set up this system and use it, it's possible you will get the hang of it and adapt the system for other convenient uses while doing Open Science research. For example, here are two pages that Steve uses DPL to keep track of ideas:
Personal tools
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rikshaka's bookmarks
"My own idea is that these things are as piffle before the wind."
Ashford, Daisy on things and little things
"It is time I stepped aside for a less experienced and less able man."
Elledge, Scott on kindness
"There is always something ridiculous about the emotions of people whom one has ceased to love."
Wilde, Oscar on love
11 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"You can never get enough of what you don't want."
Dyer, Wayne on abundance
8 fans of this quote
"Some people drink deeply from the fountain of knowledge. Others just gargle."
Bright, Grant M. on knowledge
3 fans of this quote
"A spoon does not know the taste of soup, nor a learned fool the taste of wisdom."
Proverb, Welsh on fools and foolishness
"Ignorance is bold and knowledge reserved."
Thucydides on ignorance
4 fans of this quote
"A child, like your stomach, doesn't need all you can afford to give it."
Clark, Frank A. on parents and parenting
6 fans of this quote
"Let us not take ourselves too seriously. None of us has a monopoly on wisdom."
Elizabeth, Queen on wisdom
3 fans of this quote
"Humanity I love you because when you're hard up you pawn your intelligence to buy a drink"
Cummings, E.E. (Edward. E.) on humankind
6 fans of this quote
"God is only a great imaginative experience."
Lawrence, D. H. on god
3 fans of this quote
"If all difficulties were known at the outset of a long journey, most of us would never start out at all."
Rather, Dan on trials
13 fans of this quote
"I like work; it fascinates me. I can sit and look at it for hours. I love to keep it by me; the idea of getting rid of it nearly breaks my heart."
Jerome, Jerome K. on work
"My secret is practice"
Beckham, David on practice
"The highest reward for a person's toil is not what they get for it, but what they become by it."
Ruskin, John on success
16 fans of this quote
"I married beneath me. All women do."
Astor, Lady Nancy on marriage
"A woman who can't forgive should never have more than a nodding acquaintance with a man."
Howe, Edgar Watson on forgiveness
3 fans of this quote
"Life is a foreign language: all men mispronounce it."
Morley, Christopher on life
5 fans of this quote
"The mind that does not understand is the Buddha. There is no other."
Ma-Tsu on zen
3 fans of this quote
"You have to be very fond of men. Very, very fond. You have to be very fond of them to love them. Otherwise they're simply unbearable."
Duras, Marguerite on men
3 fans of this quote
"But money, wife, is the true Fuller's Earth for reputations, there is not a spot or a stain but what it can take out."
Gay, John on money
"He who goes to law for a sheep loses his cow."
Proverb, Spanish on law and lawyers
3 fans of this quote
"The important question is not, what will yield to man a few scattered pleasures, but what will render his life happy on the whole amount."
Addison, Joseph on pleasure
3 fans of this quote
"Existence itself does not feel horrible; it feels like an ecstasy, rather, which we have only to be still to experience."
Updike, John on existence
4 fans of this quote
"The love of truth lies at the root of much humor."
Davies, Robertson on truth
5 fans of this quote
"Let us be poised, and wise, and our own, today."
Emerson, Ralph Waldo on wisdom
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"What lies behind you and what lies in front of you, pales in comparison to what lies inside of you."
Emerson, Ralph Waldo on power
8 fans of this quote
"Of all the wonders of nature, a tree in summer is perhaps the most remarkable; with the possible exception of a moose singing Embraceable You in spats."
Allen, Woody on animals
8 fans of this quote
"Life is divided up into the horrible and the miserable."
Allen, Woody on life
14 fans of this quote
"I've never been an intellectual but I have this look."
Allen, Woody on intelligence and intellectuals
6 fans of this quote
"I don't want to achieve immortality through my work. I want to achieve it through not dying."
Allen, Woody on immortality
18 fans of this quote
"In Beverly Hills... they don't throw their garbage away. They make it into television shows."
Allen, Woody on hollywood
8 fans of this quote
"Money is better than poverty, if only for financial reasons."
Allen, Woody on money
3 fans of this quote
"I will not eat oysters. I want my food dead -- not sick, not wounded -- dead."
Allen, Woody on food and eating
5 fans of this quote
"What if nothing exists and we're all in somebody's dream? Or what's worse, what if only that fat guy in the third row exists?"
Allen, Woody on dream
6 fans of this quote
"What if everything is an illusion and nothing exists? In that case, I definitely overpaid for my carpet."
Allen, Woody on illusion
14 fans of this quote
"I don't respond well to mellow, you know what I mean, I have a tendency to... if I get too mellow, I ripen and then rot."
Allen, Woody on drugs
6 fans of this quote
"If only God would give me some clear sign! Like making a large deposit in my name at a Swiss bank."
Allen, Woody on skepticism
8 fans of this quote
"I was nauseous and tingly all over. I was either in love or I had smallpox."
Allen, Woody on love
62 fans of this quote
"Sex alleviates tension. Love causes it."
Allen, Woody on love
68 fans of this quote
But wait... my book has more: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 next
Dan Bisgaard's quote collection
I'm male and made my book on 22nd February 2007.
My book as a pdf
My feed
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Village: The Village Inn
new ads
Started by djimmey
Why is a quote web site advertising products not related to the web page contents? So Annoying don't you think? Here we are sharing intelligent saying, thoughts, and general concerns of life. I wrote about this last time, no response.. Now we have a video commercials interrupting your train of thought. I am so tired of being sold to, I'm giving up Direct TV just because of constant loud commercials. We are being bombarded to get your attention off what WE what to focus on, its a wonder if anyone can have peace of mind.
amitkoth said:
Hello I apologise for the ads. I need to explain myself on how much has been spent building and maintaining this site. I spend a lot of time building features and maintaining this site, as well as paying for hosting it. The ads barely cover these costs, and as such - they are essential to cover costs at least (without taking my time into account). I detest ads as much as you do, but I had no choice but to place them. I aim for this site to be permanent, and to ensure its longevity, and that seems the only available option to do that. I am also building a shop where you can make handmade goods (canvas items) out of any quote - but that will be a little longer before it's released on the site. I hope in future - that is what will earn the money for this site, rather than ads. thanks Amit
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
With close-lipped Patience for our only friend, Sad Patience, too near neighbor to Despair. Arnold, Matthew
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
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A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
You guys are both saying the same thing. The only reason you're arguing is because you're using different words. Conversation in a dorm room quoted in Language in Thought and Action, Hayakawa, S. I.
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
Choose something popular ...
Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
Make custom holiday cards ...
Make custom t-shirts ...
Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
Make custom holiday gifts for girls ...
Make custom holiday gifts for men ...
A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Avery Bradley made JET beg for room on the court
John - Red's Army November 7, 2012 Avery Bradley, Celtics News 14 Comments
The Celtics defense right now sucks. I mean… it flat-out sucks. It will get better, but watching plays like this just make me want to vomit.
I know it will get better, because the Celtics’ best defender will be back next month. And there’s no way guys on the court can play lazy, terrible defense when Avery Bradley is out there hounding guys full court.
Just ask Jason Terry… who was one of the guys last season that begged Bradley for some breathing room on the court.
“If it wasn’t me, it was (Mavericks teammate) Jason Kidd, and (Bradley) would literally pick us up full court,” Terry said. “One time I asked him in the middle of the game, ‘Come on, young fella, you’ve got to back up a little bit,’ and he said, ‘Man, this is the only way I can stay on the court.’”
Bradley had figured out how to stay on the floor for coach Doc Rivers. He wasn’t going to change. And as he later discovered, Bradley had disrupted Dallas’ scheme.
“I didn’t know this because I was so into the game, but (Terry and Kidd) didn’t want to bring the ball up the court,” he said. “They had Dirk (Nowitzki) bringing the ball up the court.”
I love that Bradley response… “this is the only way I can stay on the court”.
Once again, we turn to video guru Jay (a.k.a. MrTrpleDouble10) who read that same Herald piece and compiled a little video of what real defense looks like, from that Celtics-Mavs game in question.
Ahhhhh…. isn’t that nice to see? Active feet, hustle, great instincts. So great… even though he got called for b.s. foul when he clearly drew a charge at the :49 mark.
We know the drill by now. The C’s need time to get their defensive act together. But part of that time is the time it will take for Bradley to return. His effort is infectious out there. The Celtics need him.
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One way for local businesses to increase their online visibility is through video. Online video is just about everywhere. Good videos are readily shared and search engines, particularly Google, display online video in their listings. In short, video increases your chances of being found.
Who Voted for this Story
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Panorama Farms
From Cvillepedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Panorama Farms is an estate in Earlysville, Virginia named for its views of the Blue Ridge Mountains.
Contents
History
Panorama Farms was established in 1953 by James Murray and his wife, Jean Brundred Murray, who moved to the area from New York. The farm was a conventional farm for many years invested in agricultural endeavors, and in 1996 the Murray family established Panorama Pay-Dirt, a company that produces and sells quality compost for the local area.[1]
In 2012, the family established their farm as a local venue for weddings. They received a special use permit from the Board of Supervisors in June 2012. [2]
Dredging
In July 2012 the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority announced plans to begin dredging the South Fork Rivanna Reservoir. Orion Marine Construction Incorporated has stated that materials culled from the reservoir will be pumped to Panorama Farms' Pay-Dirt operation and excess water will be returned to the reservoir.[3] However, while the Farm has been surveyed by engineers from the firm, no business relationship exists as yet.[4]
Other Events
In addition to Panorama Pay-Dirt and Panorama Events, Inc., Panorama Farms hosts eight cross-country events per year on their 5k, 6k, and 8k courses. Panorama also lends their tracks to local high school and the University of Virginia track teams for training.[5]
Panorama also hosts the A.R.C. Natural History Day Camp for local elementary school students. Sponsored by the Albemarle Garden Club, the Rivanna Garden Club, the Charlottesville Garden Club, and the Piedmont Environmental Council, the camp endeavors to teach children about wildlife and natural history by exploring the wilderness surrounding Panorama Farms.[6]
Location
Panorama Farms is located in Earlysville, Virginia.
Coordinates: 38°07′21″N 78°29′41″W / 38.122539°N 78.494668°W / 38.122539; -78.494668
References
1. Web. About the Farm, Panorama Events, retrieved June 7, 2012.
2. Web. Panorama Farms to begin hosting weddings, Ian M. Lamb, Charlottesville Tomorrow, June 8, 2012, retrieved June 15, 2012.
3. Web. RWSA in talks to dredge South Fork reservoir, Courtney Beale & Sean Tubbs, Charlottesville Tomorrow, July 27, 2012, retrieved July 30, 2012.
4. Web. Panorama Farms wants answers on dredging, Sean Tubbs, Charlottesville Tomorrow, August 6, 2012, retrieved August 8, 2012.
5. Web. About the Farm, Panorama Pay-Dirt, retrieved June 7, 2012.
6. Web. About A.R.C. Natural History Day Camp, A.R.C. Natural History Day Camp, retrieved June 7, 2012.
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What is the flash presentation and how can we learn it?
Newbie Member
17Jun2011,10:29 #1
Flash presentation as being the market trend I want to use this in my website to make it more attractive please tells me what t is and how can we learns this?
Newbie Member
19Jun2011,21:20 #2
Flash is a vector animation software which facilitates multimedia operation. This is very popular in making of interactive websites. There is an online tutorial for Flash which you can find at below link: weblinkindia.net/web-articles/flash-designing.html Also some troubleshooting notes are available on the link
techyv.com/questions/trouble-creating-flash-presentations
Hope this helps you.
Thanks
Ambitious contributor
20Jun2011,04:19 #3
You need Adobe flash, swish max or another flash creation software. Additionally you may need to learn action script 2 or 3 depending on what your trying to do and also you'll need to know vector art work and how to use the pen tool and some knowledge of motion tweening and boning. Tweening can be done easy but for fluid graphics its best to do the frames yourself because flash will always take the fastest and easiest route in tweening. You'll also need to have an understanding of how to create frames, and frame rates if your using action script 3(arrays handle this for you).
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After almost a decade, the Jharkhand state seed subcommittee released nine high-yielding varieties of rice, groundnut, soya bean, sugarcane and chickpea crops, following a notification by the Gover
For a state that always takes pride in being called the “Rice Bowl of India”, this is surely disconcerting news. As per the 2011 census, there has been a significant fall in the number of cultivators in Andhra Pradesh during the last one decade.
The percentage of cultivators has declined from 22.52 per cent in 2001 to 16.47 per cent in 2011. The total population of the state is 8.45 crore as per the latest census.
The Central Government would provide relief only to those farmers, who were affected by drought, and not compensation for crop loss, clarified Pravesh Sharma, Team leader of the Central Drought Tea
Team visits delta regions in Tiruchi, Thanjavur, and Tiruvarur districts
Farmers representatives sought to impress upon the Central team that toured the delta districts on Tuesday the need for sanctioning relief quickly to all farmers as the drought has had a severe impact. Several farmers also insisted that the Centre sanction the full quantum of compensation sought by the State (which has sought about Rs.19,665 crore as drought relief).
In a departure from its stated stand on the Food Security Bill, the Samajwadi Party Tuesday said it is "totally opposed" to the proposed legislation as it is "anti-farmer".
After cancelling its licence to sell 12 varieties of Bt cotton seeds last year, the State government has allowed Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company (Mahyco) to sell the seeds in the coming kharif season, subject to certain conditions.
Confirming this, State agriculture commissioner Umakant Dangat told The Hindu on Monday that Mahyco had given an affidavit to him stating that the company would supply 10 lakh packets of Bt cotton seeds of the popular MRC 7351 variety.
The fertiliser ministry, in a note to the EGoM on domestic natural gas pricing, suggested that gas should not be priced more than $6 mmBtu.
Of the total amount, Rs 3,500 cr will be disbursed in the khariff season and another Rs 2,500 cr during rabi plantation
Naveen Patnaik-led Biju Janata Dal (BJD) government on Monday announced to provide Rs 6,000 crore loan to the farmers at two percent interest rate through co-operative societies. This comes close on the heels of earlier scheme to provide free mobile handsets and health insurance to farmers, marking the overdrive by the ruling dispension to woo a prominent section of voters in the run up to the elections.
CM says agriculture production in the state crossed 10 mn tonnes in 2011-12 and it had won the Krishi Karman award for 2012-13
The Tamil Nadu government on Monday announced schemes worth Rs 984.7 crore aimed at boosting agricultural production in the state besides ensuring fair prices for agri produce in the market. The state expects these projects to help it achieve self-sufficiency in foodgrain. Chief minister J Jayalalithaa said agriculture production in the state crossed 10 million tonnes in 2011-12 and it had won the Krishi Karman award for 2012-13.
Even while trade and industry have been demanding the reopening of the GAIL pipeline project, citing the energy needs of the region, farmers are united against its unilateral implementation in its
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Bibliography: Raft
You are not logged in. If you create a free account and sign in, you will be able to customize what is displayed.
Title: Raft
Author: Stephen Baxter
Year: 1991
Type: NOVEL
Series: Xeelee
Series Number: 1
Wikipedia Entry: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raft_(novel)
ISFDB Record Number: 1297
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: hard sf (1), todo (1), bsfa award for best novel finalist (1), to read 1991 (1) Add Tags
Variant Titles:
Awards:
Publications:
Reviews:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Compare Projects
General
Project Activity Not Available Not Available
Ohloh Data Quality Updated 1 day ago Updated almost 2 years ago
Homepage code.google.com www.joomace.net
Project License GPL-3.0+ GPL-2.0+
Estimated Cost $0.00 $170,456.00
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Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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Karenliu:Lab Members
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Post-docs)
Line 43: Line 43:
==Students==
==Students==
-
Triona Bolger (arriving Fall 2007)
+
+
'''Triona Bolger (arriving Fall 2007)'''
+
+
Title: Roles of GSK-3 in embryonic patterning of the neural tube
</div>
</div>
Revision as of 05:10, 6 July 2007
Home Research Publications Protocols & Etc. Lab Members Contact Links
Principal Investigator
Dr. Karen J. Liu
2007-present King's College London, Department of Craniofacial Development: Lecturer
2003-2006 Stanford University Medical School: Postdoctoral Fellow with Dr. Mike Longaker and Dr. Jerry Crabtree
1997-2003 University of California, Berkeley: PhD with Dr. Richard Harland
1995-1997 Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons: Technician with Dr. Argiris Efstratiadis
1992-1995 Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, Architects (formerly I.M.Pei & Partners)
1988-1992 Columbia College, Columbia University: BA, English/Architecture
Link to Nature "Authors" profile
Post-docs
Dr. Lucy Smithers (arriving Fall 2007)
Funding: BBSRC-Selective Chemical Intervention in Biological Systems
Title: Using chemical tools to study Wnt signalling in neural development
Summary: We are adapting a novel drug-dependent conditional system to the study of Wnt signalling. This project has two goals, first, to provide additional chemical tools for the study of Wnts and second, to use these tools to define the subcellular and temporal requirements of Wnts during patterning of the neurectoderm. We are developing tools in which activation of target proteins will be regulated temporally and spatially using small molecules specifically designed to have minimal off-target effects.
Dr. Heather Szabo-Rogers (arriving August 2007)
Funding: Wellcome Trust
Title: Signal transduction by GSK-3beta in craniofacial development
Summary: Congenital malformations of the craniofacial skeleton are among the most frequent developmental anomalies affecting live births. Common defects can include cleft palate and premature or delayed fusion of cranial sutures (craniosynostosis and cleidocranial dysplasia, respectively). GSK-3β, a kinase implicated in a number of important signaling pathways, is required for proper development of the craniofacial skeleton, including the palate and skull vault. We will use genetic analysis and novel protein regulation techniques to study the roles of GSK-3β in skull formation. Understanding this requirement will shed light on signalling events involved in craniofacial development and thus illuminate the mechanistic causes of these birth defects.
Related Projects
Postdocs interested in working in the lab are welcome to discuss potential projects and fellowship applications. Informal inquiries may be made at any time to Dr. Karen Liu.
Students
Triona Bolger (arriving Fall 2007)
Title: Roles of GSK-3 in embryonic patterning of the neural tube
Personal tools
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"warc_url": "http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/146270/"
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Hamas confirms indirect talks with Israel
PanARMENIAN.Net - Senior Hamas official Khalil al-Hayya on Sunday, Feb 17, confirmed that the movement is conducting indirect talks with Israel over the implementation of the ceasefire deal agreed upon following Operation Pillar of Defense, The Jerusalem Post reported citing Palestinian news agency Ma'an.
However, he stressed that these talks cannot be described as political negotiations, according to the report.
Over the weekend the Egyptian website Al-Shorouk reported that an Israeli delegation departed from Cairo on Thursday evening after meeting Egyptian officials to discuss security issues in Sinai, the alleged Israeli strike in Syria, and the Israeli-Palestinian peace process.
Partner news
Top stories
Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
Partner news
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}
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Which Link Factors Did Google Turn Off? Survey Says...
Apr 13, 2012 • 8:56 am | (5) by | Filed Under Google Search Engine Optimization
About a month ago, Google announced they turned off certain link factors but didn't say specifically which ones. We ran a poll asking which link factors did Google turn off?
One of the responses I did not list was "anchor text" because I felt there was no way Google would turn off that factor, but a nice number of you, about 27, entered that in as "other" answer. Here are the responses to my poll:
I am honestly shocked so many people selected PageRank, but hey - the numbers do not lie.
Honestly, it is probably none of these factors. Bill Slawski listed his own theory on 12 factors that may have been turned off. Who knows? Only Google.
Forum discussion continued at WebmasterWorld.
This was written yesterday and scheduled to be posted today.
Image credit to ShutterStock for on off switch.
Previous story: Poll Results: Social Required To Compete In Search Rankings
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"warc_url": "http://www.seroundtable.com/photos/yahoo-training-day-13246.html"
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Yahoo Mobile Training Fun
Apr 11, 2011 • 8:02 am | (0) by | Filed Under Search Engine Photo Of The Day
Here is a picture of what goes on at Yahoo on training day. As you can see, they are doing some type of exercise of some sort, which makes it look like they are about to play indoor football. Fun!
The picture was taken on April 8, 2011 using a Nikon Coolpix P7000. It was posted on Brandon Carson Flickr album.
Previous story: Yahoo Winking Dart Pen
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Listeria monocytogenes
Jump to: navigation, search
Listeria monocytogenes
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Division: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Listeriaceae
Genus: Listeria
Species: L. monocytogenes
Binomial name
Listeria monocytogenes
Murray et al. (1926)
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Listeria monocytogenes
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Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium, in the division Firmicutes, named for Joseph Lister. Motile via flagella, L. monocytogenes can move within eukaryotic cells by explosive polymerization of actin filaments (known as comet tails or actin rockets).
Studies suggest that up to 10% of human gastrointestinal tracts may be colonized by L. monocytogenes.
Pathogenesis
Infection by L. monocytogenes causes the disease listeriosis. The manifestations of listeriosis include septicemia[1], meningitis (or meningoencephalitis)[1], encephalitis[2], corneal ulcer[3], Pneumonia[4], and intrauterine or cervical infections in pregnant women, which may result in spontaneous abortion (2nd/3rd trimester) or stillbirth. Surviving neonates of Fetomaternal Listeriosis may suffer granulomatosis infantiseptica - pyogenic granulomas distributed over the whole body, and may suffer from physical retardation. Influenza-like symptoms, including persistent fever, usually precede the onset of the aforementioned disorders. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may precede more serious forms of listeriosis or may be the only symptoms expressed. Gastrointestinal symptoms were epidemiologically associated with use of antacids or cimetidine. The onset time to serious forms of listeriosis is unknown but may range from a few days to three weeks. The onset time to gastrointestinal symptoms is unknown but probably exceeds 12 hours. An early study suggeseted that L. monocytogenes was unique among Gram-positive bacteria in that it possessed lipopolysaccharide[5], which served as an endotoxin. A later study did not support these findings[6].
The infective dose of L. monocytogenes varies with the strain and with the susceptibility of the victim. From cases contracted through raw or supposedly pasteurized milk, one may safely assume that in susceptible persons, fewer than 1,000 total organisms may cause disease. L. monocytogenes may invade the gastrointestinal epithelium. Once the bacterium enters the host's monocytes, macrophages, or polymorphonuclear leukocytes, it becomes blood-borne (septicemic) and can grow. Its presence intracellularly in phagocytic cells also permits access to the brain and probably transplacental migration to the fetus in pregnant women. The pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes centers on its ability to survive and multiply in phagocytic host cells.
Treatment
When listeric meningitis occurs, the overall mortality may reach 70%; from septicemia 50%, from perinatal/neonatal infections greater than 80%. In infections during pregnancy, the mother usually survives. Reports of successful treatment with parenteral penicillin or ampicillin exist. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been shown effective in patients allergic to penicillin.
Bacteriophage treatments have been developed by several companies. EBI Food Safety and Intralytix both have products suitable for treatment of the bacteria. The FDA of the United States approved a cocktail of six bacteriophages from Intralytix, and a one type phage product from EBI Food Safety designed to kill the bacteria L. monocytogenes. Uses would potentially include spraying it on fruits and ready-to-eat meat such as sliced ham and turkey.
Gene Therapy
L. monocytogenes has been used in studies to deliver genes in vitro. However transfection efficiency remains poor.
Detection
Colonies of typical Listeria monocytogenes as they appear when grown on Listeria selective agar
The methods for analysis of food are complex and time-consuming. The present Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method, revised in September, 1990, requires 24 and 48 hours of enrichment, followed by a variety of other tests. Total time to identification takes from 5 to 7 days, but the announcement of specific nonradiolabled DNA probes should soon allow a simpler and faster confirmation of suspect isolates.
Recombinant DNA technology may even permit 2-to-3 day positive analysis in the future. Currently, the FDA is collaborating in adapting its methodology to quantitate very low numbers of the organisms in foods.
Bio-Rad Laboratories (www.bio-rad.com) have come up with media called Rapid'L.Mono Medium which cut short time to 48 hours
Epidemiology
Researchers have found L. monocytogenes in at least 37 mammalian species, both domesticated and feral, as well as in at least 17 species of birds and possibly in some species of fish and shellfish. Laboratories can isolate L. monocytogenes from soil, silage, and other environmental sources. L. monocytogenes is quite hardy and resists the deleterious effects of freezing, drying, and heat remarkably well for a bacterium that does not form spores. Most L. monocytogenes are pathogenic to some degree.
Routes of infection
L. monocytogenes has been associated with such foods as raw milk, pasteurized fluid milk[7], cheeses (particularly soft-ripened varieties), ice cream, raw vegetables, fermented raw-meat sausages, raw and cooked poultry, raw meats (of all types), and raw and smoked fish. Its ability to grow at temperatures as low as 0°C permits multiplication in refrigerated foods. In refrigeration temperature such as 4°C the amount of ferric iron promotes the growth of L. monocytogenes.[8]
Infectious Cycle
The primary site of infection is the intestinal epithelium where the bacteria invade non-phagocytic cells via the "zipper" mechanism. Uptake is stimulated by the binding of listerial internalins (Inl) to host cell adhesion factors such as E-cadherin or Met. This binding activates certain Rho-GTPases which subsequently bind and stabilize Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASp). WASp can then bind the Arp2/3 complex and serve as an actin nucleation point. Subsequent actin polymerization extends the cell membrane around the bacterium, eventually engulfing it. The net effect of internalin binding is to exploit the junction forming-apparatus of the host into internalizing the bacterium. Note that L. monocytogenes can also invade phagocytic cells (e.g. macrophages) but only requires internalins for invasion of non-phagocytic cells.
Following internalisation, the bacterium must escape from the vacuole/phagosome before fusion with a lysosome can occur. Two main virulence factors which allow the bacterium to escape are listeriolysin O (LLO - encoded by hly) and phospholipase C B (plcB). Secretion of LLO and PlcB disrupts the vacuolar membrane and allows the bacterium to escape into the cytoplasm where it may proliferate.
Once in the cytoplasm, L. monocytogenes exploits host actin for the second time. ActA proteins associated with the old bacterial cell pole (being a bacilli, L. monocytogenes septates in the middle of the cell and thus has one new pole and one old pole) are capable of binding the Arp2/3 complex and thus induce actin nucleation at a specific area of the bacterial cell surface. Actin polymerization then propels the bacterium unidirectionally into the host cell membrane. The protrusion which is formed may then be internalised by a neighbouring cell, forming a double-membrane vacuole from which the bacterium must escape using LLO and PlcB.
References
1. 1.0 1.1 Gray, M. L., and A. H. Killinger. 1966. Listeria monocytogenes and listeric infection. Bacteriol. Rev. 30:309-382.
2. Armstrong, R. W., and P. C. Fung. 1993. Brainstem encephalitis (Rhombencephalitis) due to Listeria monocytogenes: case report and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16:689-702.
3. Holland, S., E. Alfonso, H. Gelender, D. Heidemann, A. Mendelsohn, S. Ullman, and D. Miller. 1987. Corneal ulcer due to Listeria monocytogenes. Cornea 6:144-146.
4. Whitelock-Jones, L., J. Carswell, and K. C. Rassmussen. 1989. Listeria pneumonia. A case report. South African Medical Journal 75:188-189.
5. Wexler, H., and J. D. Oppenheim. 1979. Isolation, characterization, and biological properties of an endotoxin-like material from the gram-positive organism Listeria monocytogenes. Infect. Immun. 23:845-857.
6. SHYAMAL K. MAITRA,RONALD NACHUM, AND FREDERICK C. PEARSON. 1986. Establishment of Beta-Hydroxy Fatty Acids as Chemical Marker Molecules for Bacterial Endotoxin by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 1986, p. 510-514
7. Fleming, D. W., S. L. Cochi, K. L. MacDonald, J. Brondum, P. S. Hayes, B. D. Plikaytis, M. B. Holmes, A. Audurier, C. V. Broome, and A. L. Reingold. 1985. Pasteurized milk as a vehicle of infection in an outbreak of listeriosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 312:404-407.
8. Dykes, G. A., Dworaczek (Kubo), M. 2002. Influence of interactions between temperature, ferric ammonium citrate and glycine betaine on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in a defined medium. Lett Appl Microbiol. 35(6):538-42.
External links
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"warc_url": "http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyReleaseDate/D3990F62C6363C7FCA257930000F8256?OpenDocument"
}
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4602.0.55.001 - Environmental Issues: Energy Use and Conservation, Mar 2008 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 28/11/2008 First Issue
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Contents
NOTES
ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION
This publication presents information on environmental behaviour and practices in Australian households for March 2008, for people aged 18 years and over.
The statistics in this publication were compiled from the Energy Use and Conservation survey, conducted in March 2008 as a supplement to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) monthly Labour Force Survey (LFS).
This survey provides information on household practices in relation to domestic energy use. It covers a range of issues including energy sources, appliances and energy saving measures used in households.
The title of this publication replaces Environmental Issues: People's Views and Practices (cat. no. 4602.0).
NOTES ABOUT THE ESTIMATES
Household energy use and conservation data is collected every three years. Previous data were published in 2005, 2002, 1999 and 1994. Where applicable, those data have been included in this publication to enable comparisons.
New data items include type and number of televisions and solar hot water system or solar panels used to generate electricity. Existing data items have been modified in the 2008 survey to provide more detailed information on lighting, energy sources and household appliances.
Data items that referred to the amount people were willing to pay for electricity produced through the GreenPower scheme were not collected in the March 2008 survey.
ROUNDING
Estimates have been rounded so discrepancies may occur between sums of the component items and totals. Published percentages are calculated prior to rounding of the figures and therefore some discrepancy may occur between these percentages and those that could be calculated from the rounded figures.
INQUIRIES
For further information about these and related statistics, contact the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070 or Graeme Brown on Canberra (02) 6252 5920.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:62700",
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"url": "ask.libreoffice.org/en/questions/scope:all/sort:age-desc/tags:calc,draw/author:532/page:1/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:33:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:bf83d984-aaf1-4f20-8fc8-6a142bf12cb5>",
"warc_url": "http://ask.libreoffice.org/en/questions/scope:all/sort:age-desc/tags:calc,draw/author:532/page:1/"
}
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Ask Your Question
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2012-12-11 15:30:24 +0200 Koen W
Implement font embedding [closed]
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:62721",
"uncompressed_offset": 48548302,
"url": "ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijps/article/view/24991",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:33:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:bf83d984-aaf1-4f20-8fc8-6a142bf12cb5>",
"warc_url": "http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijps/article/view/24991"
}
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Slot Machine Response Frequency Predicts Pathological Gambling
Jakob Linnet, Kristine Rømer Thomsen, Arne Møller, Mette Buhl Callesen
Abstract
Slot machines are among the most addictive forms of gambling, and pathological gambling slot machine players
represent the largest group of treatment seekers, accounting for 35% to 93% of the population. Pathological
gambling sufferers have significantly higher response frequency (games / time) on slot machines compared with
non-problem gamblers, which may suggest increased reinforcement of the gambling behavior in pathological
gambling. However, to date it is unknown whether or not the increased response frequency in pathological
gambling is associated with symptom severity of the disorder. This study tested the hypothesis that response
frequency is associated with symptom severity in pathological gambling. We tested response frequency among
twenty-two pathological gambling sufferers and twenty-one non-problem gamblers on a commercially available
slot machine, and screened for pathological gambling symptom severity using the South Oaks Gambling Screen
(SOGS). The results showed that pathological gambling sufferers had significantly higher response frequency
than non-problem gamblers, and that response frequency was significantly correlated with SOGS symptom
severity among pathological gambling sufferers. Finally, binary logistic regression showed that response
frequency accurately identified 21 (95.5%) pathological gambling sufferers and 18 (85.7%) non-problem
gamblers. The correlation between response frequency and SOGS may suggest a stronger reinforcement of
gambling behavior in individuals with exacerbated pathological gambling symptoms. These findings may have
important implications for detecting behaviors underlying pathological gambling.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ijps.v5n1p121
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Psychological Studies ISSN 1918-7211 (Print) ISSN 1918-722X (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:62722",
"uncompressed_offset": 48553700,
"url": "ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/view/5531/0",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:33:36.000Z",
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"warc_url": "http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/view/5531/0"
}
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Characterizing Fecal and Manure Phosphorus from Pigs Fed Phytase Supplemented Diets
Stephen Abioye, Dupe Ige, Oluwole Akinremi, Martins Nyachoti, Don Flaten
Abstract
We conducted this study to characterize P forms in feces and manure from pigs fed phytase supplemented diets and to determine if higher phytase levels can result in greater reduction in manure P without increased P solubility. Twenty-eight growing pigs were fed diets containing varying levels of supplemental P and phytase. Phosphorus concentrations in feces, urine and manure were determined and fecal and manure P were fractionated. Phytase addition reduced P concentration in feces and manure but increased urine P concentration. The greatest significant reduction in fecal and manure P was in pigs fed diet containing 2000 U phytase kg-1 without supplemental P, with 33% reduction in manure P. Inorganic P constituted more than 85% of fecal and manure P and the percentage decreased with phytase addition. Our study showed that higher phytase levels up to 2000 U phytase kg-1 could offer additional advantage of reducing manure P concentration and solubility.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN 1916-9752 (Print) ISSN 1916-9760 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:62723",
"uncompressed_offset": 48560077,
"url": "ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/mas/issue/view/119",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:33:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:bf83d984-aaf1-4f20-8fc8-6a142bf12cb5>",
"warc_url": "http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/mas/issue/view/119"
}
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Vol 1, No 4 (2007)
Modern Applied Science, Vol. 1, No. 4, November 2007
Table of Contents
Articles
Modern Applied Science, Vol. 1, No. 4, November, 2007, all in one file PDF
Editor MAS P0
Relationship Between Maximum Basal Aarea Carrying Capacity and Maximum Size-density Rrelationships PDF
Curtis L. VanderSchaaf, Harold E. Burkhart P3
TheWay to Internationalization for Small & Medium-sized Enterprises !a Industry Cluste PDF
Xiaoshui Yu, Jinsheng He P7
A Primary Study on Making the Decision of the Selection of Multimodal Transport PDF
Gang Wang P11
Structure and Property of Mulberry Fiber PDF
Ruili Cong, Weiguo Dong P14
The Measure and Control System in Parameters Testing Device of the Spindle Wings of Fly Frames PDF
Jian Lin, Jiping Mai, Xiang Liu P18
Independent Directorship and Corporate Performance: Some Further Testing from the China Case PDF
Jordan Shan, Jianhong Qi P22
Some Properties of Relative Topological Space PDF
Genglei Li P30
Study on the System of Technical Innovation in Our Country!?s Textile Industr PDF
Tao Ma, Qi Qi P32
The Value of a Network PDF
Nick Wills-Johnson, Peter Hornby P37
Performance Analysis on Equivalent Elasticity of 3D 4-directional Braided Composites PDF
Dong Chen, Li Chen, Ying Sun P43
Discussion and Application of WPKITechnology PDF
Lunyong Chen, Chunqing Li, Chunqing Li P50
Reliability Analysis of an n-unit Standby Repairable System with K Repair Facilities PDF
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A Study on the Relationship between the Thickness of Nonwoven and Its Sound Absorption Capability PDF
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Discussion on the Development Problems of TravelAgencies PDF
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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Oregon Births and Christenings (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
This article describes a collection of historical records available at FamilySearch.org.
Contents
Record Description
This index is an electronic index for the years 1868 to 1929. It is not necessarily intended to index any specific set of records. This index is not complete for any particular place or region. This collection may include information previously published in the International Genealogical Index or Vital Records Index collections.
Citation for This Collection
The following citation refers to the original source of the information published in FamilySearch.org Historical Record collections. Sources include the author, custodian, publisher and archive for the original records.
"Oregon, Births and Christenings, 1868-1929" Index. FamilySearch. http://FamilySearch.org : accessed 2013. Index based upon data collected by the Genealogical Society of Utah, Salt Lake City.
Record Content and Use
For details about the contents of these records and help using them see the wiki article Births and Christenings Vital Record Index Collections (FamilySearch Historical Records).
Coverage Table
The Coverage Table shows the places and time periods of the original records in this collection. The table indicates how many records the collection has from each place. Most of the records in the collection are from the time periods listed in the table; however, the collection may have a few records from before or after the time period.
Locality Births and Christenings, 1868-1929 Marriages, 1853-1935 Deaths and Burials, 1903-1947
Baker 408 0 0
Benton 284 6,722 0
Clackamas 757 0 0
Clatsop 3,503 13,118 6,227
Columbia 5 2,297 0
Coos 462 0 0
Crook 156 0 0
Deschutes 7 0 0
Douglas 406 1,484 0
Grant 5 2,066 0
Hood River 5 0 0
Jackson 690 0 0
Josephine 120 932 0
Klamath 0 213 0
Lake 111 131 0
Lane 4,754 1,600 837
Linn 2,058 10,144 0
Malheur 13 0 0
Marion 1,246 0 0
Morrow 2,066 2,208 315
Multnomah 4,032 26 0
Oregon 45,198 4,793 21,656
Polk 350 1,272 0
Tillamook 154 0 0
Umatilla 917 0 0
Union 598 10,517 0
Wallowa 117 0 0
Wasco 414 0 0
Washington 507 0 0
Yamhill 910 0 0
Total 70,253 57,523 29,035
Known Issues with This Collection
Problems with this collection?
See a list of known issues, workarounds, tips, restrictions, future fixes, news and other helpful information.
For a full list of all known issues associated with this collection see the attached Wiki article. If you encounter additional problems, please email them to support@familysearch.org. Please include the full path to the link and a description of the problem in your e-mail. Your assistance will help ensure that future reworks will be considered.
Related Websites
Western States Marriages Search
Related Wiki Articles
Contributions to This Article
We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. Guidelines are available to help you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide. If you would like to get more involved join the WikiProject FamilySearch Records.
Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections
When you copy information from a record, you should list where you found the information. This will help you or others to find the record again. It is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records.
A suggested format for keeping track of records that you have searched is found in the wiki article Help:How to Cite FamilySearch Collections.
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• This page was last modified on 28 February 2013, at 16:50.
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Caroline County, MarylandEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 20:35, 7 March 2011 by Murphynw (Talk | contribs)
United States Maryland Caroline County
Contents
County Courthouse
Office of the Commissioners of Caroline County
109 Market Street
Room 123
Denton, Maryland 21629
History
• Named for Lady Caroline Eden, wife of Maryland's last appointed royal colonial governor, Robert Eden, 1st Baronet of Maryland before he was usurped by the Annapolis Convention in 1776.
• Pig Point was the county seat. The name has since been renamed Denton.
Parent County
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Towns
• Denton
• Federalsburg
• Goldsboro
• Greensboro
• Henderson
• Hillsboro
• Marydel
• Preston
• Ridgely
• Templeville
Communities
• American Corner
• Andersontown
• Baltimore Corner
• Bethlehem
• Burrsville
• Choptank
• Gilpin Point
• Grove
• Harmony
• Hickman
• Hobbs
• Jumptown
• Ninetown
• Oakland
• Oil City
• Tanyard
• Tuckahoe Neck
• Two Johns
• Reliance
• Whiteleysburg
• Williston
Neighboring Counties
Dorchester | Queen Anne's | Talbot | Delaware counties: Kent | Sussex
Resources
Cemeteries
Census
Federal Census reports available 1790-1930 including slave and veterans schedules.
Church
Maryland State Archives' Guide to Maryland Religious Institutions identifies all churches known to have existed in Caroline County, Maryland. It covers all denominations and includes record descriptions.
Church of England
See also St. John's Parish
Court
Family Histories
It is anticipated that this bibliography will eventually identify all known family histories published about residents of this county. Use this list to:
• Locate publications about direct ancestors
• Find the most updated accounts of an ancestor's family
• Identify publications, to quote Elizabeth Shown Mills, about an ancestor's "FAN Club" [Friends, Associates, and Neighbors]
General
• Barnes, Robert W., F. Edward Wright, Vernon L. Skinner and Henry C. Peden. Colonial Families of the Eastern Shore of Maryland. 23 vols. Westminster, Md.: Family Line, 1996-2003; Lewes, Del.: Delmarva Roots and Colonial Roots, 2007. FHL US/CAN Book 975.21 D2b v. 1 ff. [Caroline County families appear in Vols. 7 and 11.]
Bibliography
• [Genn] Hillman, Ralph E. "James Genn of Northumberland County, Virginia, and Some of His Descendants," The American Genealogist, Vol. 72, No. 1 (Jan. 1997):32-38; Vol. 72, No. 2 (Apr. 1997):101-108.
• [Wright] Wright, Charles W. The Wright Ancestry of Caroline, Dorchester, Somerset and Wicomico Counties Maryland. Baltimore: Baltimore City Printing and Binding Co., 1907. Available at FHL; digital versions at BYU Family History Archives and Google Books (full-view).
Gazetteers
Land
Maryland State Archives has uploaded free images and indexes to the complete series of Caroline County Deed Books (1774-present). Visit their site to find the land records that interest you: MDLandRec.Net: A Digital Image Retrieval System for Land Records in Maryland. (Free registration is required.)
Local Histories
Maps
Military
Revolutionary War
• A Census of Pensioners for Revolutionary or Military Services: With their Names, Ages, and Places of Residence, as Returned by the Marshalls of the Several Judicial Districts, Under the Act for Taking the Sixth Census]. 1841. Digital version at Google Books et. al. 1967 reprint: FHL Collection 973 X2pc 1840. [See Maryland, Caroline County on page 127.]
War of 1812
• List of Pensioners on the Roll, January 1, 1883; Giving the Name of Each Pensioner, the Cause for Why Pensioned, the Post-Office Address, the Rate of Pension Per Month, and the Date of Original Allowance... Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1883. FHL Collection 973 M2Lp v. 5; digital versions at Google Books and Internet Archive. [See Vol. 5, Maryland, Caroline County, pp. 139-140. Identifies War of 1812 veterans living in this county in 1883.]
Newspapers
Probate
Taxation
• [1783] Caroline County Tax List of 1783: This is an alphabetical index to names to all property owners assessed. The index cards at the Maryland State Archives include county, hundred, names of tracts of land and whether individuals were paupers or single males as provided in the law.
Vital Records
Death
Societies and Libraries
Web Sites
References
1. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named HBG
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
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Monroe County, West Virginia
From FamilySearch Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
m
(Early Baptist church)
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[http://www.us-census.org/image-index/wv/monroe/1830/index.htm 1830 Census Federal Census Index ]
[http://www.us-census.org/image-index/wv/monroe/1830/index.htm 1830 Census Federal Census Index ]
==== Court ====
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==== Church ====
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+
===== Baptist =====
+
+
Early Baptist churches (with years constituted):
+
+
#Indian Creek (1792)<ref name="baptist">Robert Baylor Semple and George William Beale, ''A History of the Rise and Progress of the Baptists in Virginia'' (1810; reprint, Richmond, Va.: Pitt and Dickinson, 1894), 421. Digital version at [http://books.google.com/books?id=t6RhTC8ziQQC Google Books].</ref>
+
+
Monroe County fell within the bounds of the Greenbrier Association.
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==== Court ====
==== DNA ====
==== DNA ====
Revision as of 07:04, 30 May 2012
Monroe County, West Virginia
Map
Location in the state of West Virginia
Location of West Virginia in the U.S.
Facts
Founded 1799
County Seat Union
Courthouse
United States West Virginia Monroe County
Contents
County Courthouse
Monroe County Courthouse
Main Street
Union, WV 24983
Phone:304-772-3096
County Clerk has birth and death records from 1853
Marriage and land records from 1799 and probate Records[1]
History
Monroe County, West Virginia
Parent County
1799--Monroe County was created 14 January 1799 from Greenbrier County.
County seat: Union [1]
Boundary Changes
See an interactive map of Monroe County boundary changes.
Record Loss
Places / Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Research Guides
• "A Guide to the Counties of Virginia: Monroe County," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1974):295-298. Available at FHL; digital version at New England Ancestors ($).
Cemeteries
Find a Grave Monroe County, West Virginia
Tombstone Transcription Monroe county, West Virginia
Political Graveyard.com - Monroe County, West Virginia
Census
For tips on accessing Monroe County, West Virginia census records online, see: West Virginia Census.
1830 Census Federal Census Index
Church
Baptist
Early Baptist churches (with years constituted):
1. Indian Creek (1792)[2]
Monroe County fell within the bounds of the Greenbrier Association.
Court
DNA
DNA has been collected from men claiming descent from the following Kanawha County, (West) Virginia residents. Attempts have not been made to verify the lineages of those tested.
• [Fletcher] Descendant of William Fletcher, b. England, resident of Kanawha and Monroe Counties, Virginia. Y-DNA 12 Marker Test, FTDNA. Genetic signature available online (labelled William Fletcher of Accomac County, Virginia/James Fletcher of Brunswick County, Virginia), courtesy: The Fletcher DNA Project.
Family Histories
It is anticipated that this bibliography will eventually identify all known family histories published about residents of this county. Use this list to:
• Locate publications about direct ancestors
• Find the most updated accounts of an ancestor's family
• Identify publications, to quote Elizabeth Shown Mills, about an ancestor's "FAN Club" [Friends, Associates, and Neighbors]
General
• Blankenship, Gayle King. Virginia Families of Louisa, Hanover and Monroe Counties. Poquoson, Va.: G.K. Blankenship, 1991. FHL 975.5 D2bg
Bibliography
• [Bean] Beane, Fannie B. William Bean of Monroe County and His Descendants. St. Albans, W.Va., 1988.
• [Long] Beane, Fannie B. William Bean of Monroe County and His Descendants. St. Albans, W.Va., 1988.
• [Long] Buchanan, Paul C. "Long Families in Monroe Co. (Then) Virginia," Mountain Empire Genealogical Quarterly, Vol. 8. Pages 146-153.
• [Long] Buchanan, Paul C. and Susie M. Owens. "Henry Long and Some Descendants of Colonial Virginia," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 1994):115-126; Vol. 38, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep. 1994):190-200; Vol. 38, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1994):263-273; Vol. 39, No. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 1995):27-31. Digital version at American Ancestors ($). FHL Book 975.5 B2vg v. 38 (1994)-v. 39 (1995).
• [Mann] Malott, Eva, Ada McPhilliamy, and Dick Pence. Digging Our Roots: The Pence Kids. Baltimore, Md.: Gateway Press, 1977. FHL Book 929.273 P372a.
• [Riggins] Burgess, James A. Burgess, Mullins, Browning, Brown and Allied Families. Parsons, W.Va.: McClain Printing Company, 1978. FHL Film 1035668 Item 10; digital version at Family History Archives - free.
• [Tiffany] McIlhany, H.M. Some Virginia Families. Staunton, Va.: Stoneburner & Prufer, 1903, pp. 239-242. 1962 reprint: FHL US/CAN Book 975.5 D2m 1962; digital version at Ancestry ($).
Land
Local Histories
The standard local history of Monroe County, West Virginia is Oren F. Morton's A History of Monroe County (Ruebush-Elkins Co., Dayton, VA, 1916). It is available as a reprint, and is also up at: Google Books.
Maps
Map of 1850 Virginia and West Virginia
Monroe County, West Virginia Map
Military
Revolutionary War
• A Census of Pensioners for Revolutionary or Military Services: With their Names, Ages, and Places of Residence, as Returned by the Marshalls of the Several Judicial Districts, Under the Act for Taking the Sixth Census]. 1841. Digital versions at U.S. Census Bureau and Google Books et. al. 1967 reprint: FHL Collection 973 X2pc 1840. [See Virginia, Western District, Monroe County on page 135.]
• Rejected or Suspended Applications for Revolutionary War Pensions. Washington, D.C., 1852. Reprinted by Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1969, and 1991. Reprints include "an Added Index to States." FHL Collection 973 M24ur; digital version at Ancestry ($). [Includes veterans from this county; Virginia section begins on page 238.]
War of 1812
Monroe County men served in the 75th Regiment.[3]
Turk, David Scott, The memorialists : an antebellum history of Alleghany, Craig and Monroe counties of West Virginia, 1812-60 (Bowie, Maryland, Heritage Books, c1997) page 168 FHL Book 975.5 H2
Civil War
World War II
Monroe County, West Virginia World War II Casualities Army and Air Force
Naturalization
West Virginia, Naturalization Records, 1814-1991
Newspapers
Probate
Monroe County, West Virginia Will Books 1799 - 1969
Taxation
At first glance, researchers might conclude that Virginia tax lists contain very little family history data, though one soon learns that valuable genealogical conclusions can be drawn from these records, nicknamed "annual censuses," such as: relationships, approximate years of birth, socio-economic status, identification of neighbors, the ability to distinguish between persons of the same name, evidence of land inheritance, years of migration, and years of death.
Virginia began enumerating residents' payments of personal property and land taxes in 1782. These two types of taxation were recorded in separate registers. Personal property tax lists include more names than land tax lists, because they caught more of the population. The Family History Library has an excellent microfilm collection of personal property tax lists from 1782 (or the year the county was organized) well into the late nineteenth century for most counties, but only scattered land tax lists. Microfilm collections at The Library of Virginia include land tax lists for all counties and independent cities for the years 1782 through 1978, as well as personal property tax lists for the years 1782 through 1930 (and every fifth year thereafter). Taxes were not collected in 1808.
Some tax records are available online or in print, though published abstracts often omit useful details found only in the original sources. Statewide indexes can help genealogists identify specific counties where surnames occurred in the past, providing starting points for research.[4][5]
Vital Records
West Virginia Vital Records - Birth - Death - Marriages
Monroe County, West Virginia Marriage Record Indexes
Societies and Libraries
Monroe County Historical Society
P O Box 465
Union, WV 24983
Monroe CountyPublic Library
Family History Centers
Web Sites
Genealogy courses: Learn how to research from an expert in Fun Five Minute Genealogy Videos.
References
1. 1.0 1.1 The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
2. Robert Baylor Semple and George William Beale, A History of the Rise and Progress of the Baptists in Virginia (1810; reprint, Richmond, Va.: Pitt and Dickinson, 1894), 421. Digital version at Google Books.
3. Stuart Lee Butler, A Guide to Virginia Militia Units in the War of 1812 (Athens, Ga.: Iberian Pub. Co., 1988), 145. FHL Book 975.5 M2bs.
4. "Using Personal Property Tax Records in the Archives at the Library of Virginia," Library of Virginia, http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/rn3_persprop.htm.
5. "Using Land Tax Records in the Archives at the Library of Virginia," Library of Virginia, http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/rn1_landtax.pdf.
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This article is part of the series Release 3 of the Drosophila genome.
Software
An integrated computational pipeline and database to support whole-genome sequence annotation
CJ Mungall1*, S Misra2,3, BP Berman2, J Carlson4, E Frise4, N Harris3,4, B Marshall2, S Shu2,3, JS Kaminker2,3, SE Prochnik2,3, CD Smith2,3, E Smith2,3, JL Tupy2,3, C Wiel2,3, GM Rubin1,2,3,4 and SE Lewis2,3
Author Affiliations
1 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
2 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
3 FlyBase-Berkeley, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
4 Genome Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
Genome Biology 2002, 3:research0081-0081.11 doi:10.1186/gb-2002-3-12-research0081
This article is part of a series of refereed research articles from Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project, FlyBase and colleagues, describing Release 3 of the Drosophila genome, which are freely available at http://genomebiology.com/drosophila/.
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/12/research/0081
Received:25 October 2002
Accepted:28 November 2002
Published:23 December 2002
© 2002 Mungall et al., licensee BioMed Central Ltd
Abstract
We describe here our experience in annotating the Drosophila melanogaster genome sequence, in the course of which we developed several new open-source software tools and a database schema to support large-scale genome annotation. We have developed these into an integrated and reusable software system for whole-genome annotation. The key contributions to overall annotation quality are the marshalling of high-quality sequences for alignments and the design of a system with an adaptable and expandable flexible architecture.
Rationale
The information held in genomic sequence is encoded and highly compressed; to extract biologically interesting data we must decrypt this primary data computationally. This generates results that provide a measure of biologically relevant characteristics, such as coding potential or sequence similarity, present in the sequence. Because of the amount of sequence to be examined and the volume of data generated, these results must be automatically processed and carefully filtered.
There are essentially three different strategies for whole-genome analysis. The first is a purely automatic synthesis from a combination of analyses to predict gene models. The second aggregates analyses contributed by the research community that the user is then required to integrate visually on a public website. The third is curation by experts using a full trail of evidence to support an integrated assessment. Several groups charged with rapidly providing a dispersed community with genome annotations have chosen the purely computational route; examples are Ensembl [1] and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [2]. Approaches using aggregation adapt well to the dynamics of collaborative groups which are focused on sharing results as they accrue; examples are the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) genome browser [3] and the Distributed Annotation System (DAS) [4]. For organisms with well established and cohesive communities the demand is for carefully reviewed and qualified annotations; this approach was adopted by three of the oldest genome-community databases, SGD for Saccharomyces cerevisiae [5], ACeDB for Caenorhabditis elegans (documentation, code and data available from anonymous FTP servers at [6]) and FlyBase for Drosophila melanogaster [7].
We decided to examine every gene and feature of the Drosophila genome and manually improve the quality of the annotations [8]. The prerequisites for this are: first, a computational pipeline and a database capable of both monitoring the pipeline's progress and storing the raw analysis; second, an additional database to provide the curators with a complete, compact and salient collection of evidence and to store the annotations generated by the curators; and third, an editing tool for the curators to create and edit annotations based on this evidence. This paper discusses our solution for the first two requirements. The editing tool used, Apollo, is described in an accompanying paper [9].
Our primary design requirement was flexibility. This was to ensure that the pipeline could easily be tuned to the needs of the curators. We use two distinct databases with different schemata to decouple the management of the sequence workflow from the sequence annotation data itself. Our long-term goal is to provide a set of open-source software tools to support large-scale genome annotation.
Sequence datasets
The sequence datasets are the primary input into the pipeline. These fall into three categories: the D. melanogaster genomic sequence; expressed sequences from D. melanogaster; and informative sequences from other species.
Release 3 of the D. melanogaster genomic sequence was generated using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones that formed a complete tiling path across the genome, as well as whole-genome shotgun sequencing reads [10]. This genomic sequence was 'frozen' when, during sequence finishing, there was sufficient improvement in the quality to justify a new 'release'. This provided a stable underlying sequence for annotation.
In general, the accuracy and scalability of gene-prediction and similarity-search programs is such that computing on 20 million base (Mb) chromosome arms is ill-advised, and we therefore cut the finished genomic sequence into smaller segments. Ideally, we would have broken the genome down into sequence segments containing individual genes or a small number of genes. Before the first round of annotation, however, this was not possible for the simple reason that the position of the genes was as yet unknown. Therefore, we began the process of annotation using a non-biological breakdown of the sequence. We considered two possibilities for the initial sequence segments, either individual BACs or the segments that comprise the public database accessions. We rejected the use of individual BAC sequences and chose to use the GenBank accessions as the main sequence unit for our genomic pipeline because the BACs are physical clones with physical breaks, while the GenBank accession can subsequently be refined to respective biological entities. At around 270 kilobases (kb), these are manageable by most analysis programs and provide a convenient unit of work for the curators. To minimize the problem of genes straddling these arbitrary units we first fed the BAC sequences into a lightweight version of the full annotation pipeline that estimated the positions of genes. We then projected the coordinates of these predicted genes from the BAC clones onto the full-arm sequence assembly. This step was followed by the use of another in-house software tool to divide up the arm sequence, trying to simultaneously optimize two constraints: to avoid the creation of gene models that straddle the boundaries between two accessions; and to maintain a close correspondence to the pre-existing Release 2 accessions in GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ [11,12,13]. During the annotation process, if a curator discovered that a unit broke a gene, they requested an appropriate extension of the accession prior to further annotation. In hindsight we have realized that we should have focused solely on minimizing gene breaks because further adjustments by GenBank were still needed to ensure that, as much as possible, genes remained on the same sequence accession.
To re-annotate a genome in sufficient detail, an extensive set of additional sequences is necessary to generate sequence alignments and search for homologous sequences. In the case of this project, these sequence datasets included assembled full-insert cDNA sequences, expressed sequence tags (ESTs), and cDNA sequence reads from D. melanogaster as well as peptide, cDNA, and EST sequences from other species. The sequence datasets we used are listed in Figure 1 and described more fully in [8].
Figure 1. Gadfly data sources and analyses. This figure provides an overview of the pipeline analyses that flow into the central annotation database (Gadfly) and are provided to the curators for annotation. The D. melanogaster-specific datasets (dark blue) are one of the following: nucleic acids, peptides (from SPTR: SWISS-PROT/TrEMBL/TrEMBLNEW [31]), or transposable elements (the source of the sequences are listed in the light-blue column). The nucleic acids are aligned using sim4 and the peptides using BLASTX. The transposable elements are the product of a more detailed analysis [46] and their coordinates were recorded directly in Gadfly. The peptide datasets from other species (yellow) were obtained from SWISS-PROT and aligned using BLASTX. We used TBLASTX to translate (in all six frames) and align the rodent UniGene [47] and insect ESTs from dbEST [48] (green). For ab initio predictions on the genomic sequence we used Genie [42], Genscan [43] and tRNAscan-SE [44]. BOP was used to filter BLAST and sim4 results and parse all the results to output GAME XML; the results were recorded in Gadfly by loading the XML into the database.
Software for task monitoring and scheduling the computational pipeline
There are three major infrastructure components of the pipeline: the database, the Perl module (named Pipeline), and sufficient computational power, allocated by a job-management system. The database is crucial because it maintains a persisting record reflecting the current state of all the tasks that are in progress. Maintaining the jobs, job parameters and job output in a database avoids some of the inherent limitations of a file-system approach. It is easier to update, provides a built-in querying language and offers many other data-management tools that make the system more robust. We used a MySQL [14] database to manage the large number of analyses run against the genome, transcriptome and proteome (see below).
MySQL is an open-source 'structured query language' (SQL) database that, despite having a limited set of features, has the advantage of being fast, free, and simple to maintain. SQL is a database query language that was adopted as an industry standard in 1986. An SQL database manages data as a collection of tables. Each table has a fixed set of columns (also called fields) and usually corresponds to a particular concept in the domain being modeled. Tables can be cross-referenced by using primary and foreign key fields. The database tables can be queried using the SQL language, which allows the dynamic combination of data from different tables [15]. A collection of these tables is called a database schema, and a particular instantiation of that schema with the tables populated is a database. The Perl modules provide an application programmer interface (API) that is used to launch and monitor jobs, retrieve results and support other interactions with the database.
There are four basic abstractions that all components of the pipeline system operate upon: a sequence, a job, an analysis and a batch. A 'sequence' is defined as a string of amino or nucleic acids held either in the database or as an entry in a FASTA file (usually both). A 'job' is an instance of a particular program being run to analyze a particular sequence, for example running BLASTX to compare one sequence to a peptide set is considered a single job. Jobs can be chained together. If job A is dependent on the output of job B, then the pipeline software will not launch job A until job B is complete. This situation occurs, for example, with programs that require masked sequence as input. An 'analysis' is a collection of jobs using the same program and parameters against a set of sequences. Lastly, a 'batch' is a collection of analyses a user launches simultaneously. Jobs, analyses and batches all have a 'status' attribute that is used to track their progress through the pipeline (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Pipeline job management. The pipeline database tracks the status of jobs, analyses and batches. As indicated by the ovals, a batch is a collection of analyses, and an analysis is a set of jobs. A job is a single execution of a program on a single sequence (for example, BLASTX similarity searching of a unit of genomic sequence). All three have a current task status. The slowest running in the set dictates the status of an analysis and a batch. Thus, in terms of analyses, the analysis status is the same as the status of the slowest job in that analysis, and for batches, the status is the same as the slowest analysis in that batch. The allowed values for the status attribute are READY, RUN, FIN, PROCD, UNPRC and FAIL. With respect to jobs, READY means the jobs are ready to be sent to the pipeline queue, RUN means the jobs are on the queue or being run, FIN means the jobs have run but have not yet been processed by BOP to extract the results from the raw data, UNPRC generally means there was an error in the processing step, FAIL means there was an error in job execution, and PROCD means the jobs have run and been processed by BOP.
The three applications that use the Perl API are the pipe_launcher script, the flyshell interactive command line interpreter, and the internet front end [16]. Both pipe_launcher and flyshell provide pipeline users with a variety of powerful ways to launch and monitor jobs, analyses and batches. These tools are useful to those with a basic understanding of Unix and bioinformatics tools, as well as those with a good knowledge of object-oriented Peri. The web front end is used for monitoring the progress of the jobs in the pipeline.
The pipe_launcher application is a command-line tool used to launch jobs. Users create configuration files that specify input data sources and any number of analyses to be performed on each of these data sources, along with the arguments for each of the analyses. Most of these specifications can be modified with command line options. This allows each user to create a library of configuration files for sending off large batches of jobs that can be altered with command-line arguments when necessary. Pipe_launcher returns the batch identifier generated by the database to the user. To monitor jobs in progress, the batch identifier can be used in a variety of commands, such as 'monitor', 'batch', 'delete-batch' and 'query_batch'.
The flyshell application is an interactive command-line Perl interpreter that presents the database and pipeline APIs to the end user, providing a more flexible interface to users who are familiar with object-oriented Perl.
The web front end allows convenient, browser-based access for end users to follow the status of analyses. An HTML form allows users to query the pipeline database by job, analysis, batch or sequence identifier. The user can drill down through batches and analyses to get to individual jobs and get the status, raw job output and error files for each job. This window on the pipeline has proved a useful tool for quickly viewing results.
Once a program has successfully completed an analysis of a sequence, the pipeline system sets its job status in the database to FIN (Figure 2). The raw results are recorded in the database and may be retrieved through the web or Perl interfaces. The raw results are then parsed, filtered and stored in the database and the job's status is set to PROCD. At this point a GAME (Genome Annotation Markup Elements) XML (extensible Markup Language [17]) representation of the processed data can be retrieved through either the Perl or web interfaces.
Analysis software
In addition to carrying out computational analyses, a critical function of the pipeline is to screen and filter the output results. There are two primary reasons for this: to increase the efficiency of the pipeline by reducing the amount of data that computationally intensive tasks must process, and to increase the signal-to-noise ratio by eliminating results that lack informative content. We now describe the auxiliary programs we developed for the pipeline.
Sim4wrap
Sim4 [18] is a highly useful and largely accurate way of aligning full-length cDNA and EST sequences against the genome [19]. Sim4 is designed to align nearly identical sequences and if dissimilar sequences are used, the results will contain many errors and the execution time will be long. To circumvent this problem, we split the alignment of Drosophila cDNA and EST sequences into two serial tasks and wrote a utility program, sim4wrap, to manage these tasks. Sim4wrap executes a first pass using BLASTN, using the genome sequence as the query sequence and the cDNA sequences as the subject database. We run BLASTN [20,21] with the '-B 0' option, as we are only interested in the summary part of the BLAST report, not in the high-scoring pairs (HSPs) portion where the alignments are shown. From this BLAST report summary sim4wrap parses out the sequence identifiers and filters the original database to produce a temporary FASTA data file that contains only these sequences. Finally we run sim4 again using the genomic sequence as the query and the minimal set of sequences that we have culled as the subject.
Autopromote
The Drosophila genome was not a blank slate because there were previous annotations from the Release 2 genomic sequence [22]. Therefore, before the curation of a chromosome arm began, we first 'autopromoted' the Release 2 annotations and certain results from the computational analyses to the status of annotations. This simplified the annotation process by providing an advanced starting point for the curators to work from.
Autopromotion is not a straightforward process. First, there have been significant changes to the genome sequence between releases. Second, all of the annotations present in Release 2 must be accounted for, even if ultimately they are deleted. Third, the autopromotion software must synthesize different analysis results, some of which may be conflicting. Autopromote resolves conflicts using graph theory and voting networks.
Table 1 lists the programs and parameters that were used for the analysis of the genomic sequence and peptide analysis.
Table 1. Software used in the analysis pipeline
Berkeley Output Parser filtering
We used relatively stringent BLAST parameters to preserve disk space and lessen input/output usage and left ourselves the option of investigating more deeply later. In addition, we used the Berkeley Output Parser (BOP) with the following adjustable parameters to process the BLAST alignments and remove HSPs that did not meet our annotation criteria.
Minimum expectation is the required cutoff for a HSP. Any HSP with an expectation greater than this value is deleted; we used 1.0 × e-4 as a cutoff.
Remove low complexity is used to eliminate matches that primarily consist of repeats; such sequences are specified as a repeat word size - that is, the number of consecutive bases or amino acids - and a threshold. The alignment is compressed using Huffman encoding to a bit length, and hits where all HSP spans have a score lower than this value are discarded.
Maximum depth permits the user to limit the number of matches that are allowed in a given genomic region. This parameter applies to both BLAST and sim4. The aim is to avoid excess reporting of matches in regions that are highly represented in the aligned dataset, such as might arise between a highly expressed gene and a non-normalized EST library. The default is 10 overlapping alignments. However, for sim4, we used a value of 300 to avoid missing rarely expressed transcripts.
Eliminate shadow matches is a standard filter for BLAST that eliminates 'shadow' matches (which appear to arise as a result of the sum statistics). These are weak alignments to the same sequence in the same location on the reverse strand.
Sequential alignments reorganizes BLAST matches if this is necessary to ensure that the HSPs are in sequential order along the length of the sequence. For example, a duplicated gene may appear in a BLAST report as a single alignment that includes HSPs between a single portion of the gene sequence and two different regions on the genome. In these cases the alignment is split into two separate alignments to the genomic sequence.
Sim4 filtering
Our primary objective in using sim4 was to align Drosophila ESTs and cDNA sequences only to the genes that encoded them, and not to gene-family members, and for this reason we applied stringent measures before accepting an alignment. For sim4 the filtering parameters are as follows.
Score is the minimum percent identity that is required to retain an HSP or alignment; the default value is 95%.
Coverage is a percentage of the total length of the sequence that is aligned to the genome sequence. Any alignments that are less than this percentage length are eliminated; we required 80% of the length of a cDNA to be aligned.
Discontinuity sets a maximum gap length in the aligned EST or cDNA sequence. The primary aim of this parameter is to identify and eliminate unrelated sequences that were physically linked by a cDNA library construction artifact.
Remove poly(A) tail is a Boolean to indicate that short terminal HSPs consisting primarily of runs of a single base (either T or A because we could not be certain of the strand) are to be removed.
Join 5' and 3' is a Boolean operation and is used for EST data. If it is true, BOP will do two things. First, BOP will reverse complement any hits where the name of the sequence contains the phrase '3prime'. Second, it will merge all alignments where the prefixes of the name are the same. Originally this was used solely for the 5' and 3' ESTs that were available. However, when we introduced the internal sequencing reads from the Drosophila Gene Collection (DGC) cDNA sequencing project [23] into the pipeline this portion of code became an alternative means of effectively assembling the cDNA sequence. Using the intersection of each individual sequence alignment with the genome sequence a single virtual cDNA sequence was constructed.
Another tactic for condensing primary results, without removing any information, is to reconstruct all logically possible alternative transcripts from the raw EST alignments by building a graph from a complete set of overlapping ESTs. Each node comprises the set of spans that share common splice junctions. The root of the graph is the node with the most 5' donor site. It is, of course, also possible to have more than one starting point for the graph, if there are overlapping nodes with alternative donor sites. The set of possible transcripts is the number of paths through this tree(s). This analysis produced an additional set of alignments that augmented the original EST alignments.
External pipelines
Of the numerous gene-prediction programs available, we incorporated only two into our pipeline. This was because some of these programs are difficult to integrate into a pipeline, some are highly computationally expensive and others are only available under restricted licenses.
Rather than devoting resources to running an exhaustive suite of analyses, we asked a number of external groups to run their pipelines on our genomic sequences. We received results for three of the five chromosome arms (2L, 2R, 3R) from Celera Genomics, Ensembl and NCBI pipelines. These predictions were presented to curators as extra analysis tiers in Apollo and were helpful in suggesting where coding regions were located. However, in practice, human curators required detailed alignment data to establish biologically accurate gene structures and this information was only available from our internal pipeline.
Hardware
As an inexpensive solution to satisfy the computational requirements of the genomic analyses we built a Beowulf cluster [24] and utilized the portable batch system (PBS) software developed by NASA [25] for job control. A Beowulf cluster is a collection of processor nodes that are interconnected in a network and the sole purpose of these nodes and the network is to provide processor compute cycles. The nodes themselves are inexpensive off-the-shelf processor chips, connected using standard networking technology, and running open-source software; when combined, these components generate a low-cost, high-performance compute system. Our nodes are all identical and use Linux as their base operating system, as is usual for Beowulf clusters.
The Beowulf cluster was built by Linux NetworX [26] which also provided additional hardware (ICE box) and Clusterworx software to install the system software and control and monitor the hardware of the nodes. The cluster configuration used in this work consisted of 32 standard IA32 architecture nodes, each with dual Pentium III CPUs running at 700 MHz/1 GHz and 512 MB memory. In addition, a single Pentium III-based master node was used to control the cluster nodes and distribute the compute jobs. Nodes were interconnected with standard 100BT Ethernet on an isolated subnet with the master node as the only interface to the outside network. The private cluster 100 BT network was connected to the NAS-based storage volumes housing the data and user home directories with Gigabit ethernet. Each node had a 2 GB swap partition used to cache the sequence databases from the network storage volumes. To provide a consistent environment, the nodes had the same mounting points of the directories as all other BDGP Unix computers. The network-wide NIS maps were translated to the internal cluster NIS maps with an automated script. Local hard disks on the nodes were used as temporary storage for the pipeline jobs.
Job distribution to the cluster nodes was done with the queuing system OpenPBS, version 2.3.12 [25]. PBS was configured with several queues and each queue having access to a dynamically resizable overlapping fraction of nodes. Queues were configured to use one node at a time, either running one job using both CPUs (such as the multithreaded BLAST or Interpro motif analysis) or two jobs using one CPU each for optimal utilization of the resources. Because of the architecture of the pipeline, individual jobs were often small but tens of thousands of them may be submitted at any given time. Because the default PBS first-in/first-out (FIFO) scheduler, while providing a lot of flexibility, does not scale up beyond about 5,000-10,000 jobs per queue, the scheduler was extended. With this extension the scheduler caches jobs in memory if a maximum queue limit is exceeded. Job resource allocation was managed on a per queue basis. Individual jobs could only request cluster resources based on the queue they were submitted to and each queue was run on a strict FIFO basis. With those modifications PBS was scaled to over 100,000 jobs while still permitting higher-priority jobs to be submitted to a separate high-priority queue.
Storing and querying the annotation results: the Gadfly database
A pipeline database is useful for managing the execution and post-processing of computational analyses. The end result of the pipeline process is streams of prediction and alignment data localized to genomic, transcript or peptide sequences. We store these data in a relational database, called Genome Annotation Database of the Fly (Gadfly). Gadfly is the second of the two database schemata used by the annotation system and will be discussed elsewhere.
We initially considered using Ensembl as our sequence database. At the time we started building our system, Ensembl was also in an early stage of development. We decided to develop our own database and software, while trying to retain interoperability between the two. This proved difficult, and the two systems diverged. While this was wasteful in terms of redundant software development, it did allow us to hone our system to the particular needs of our project. Gadfly remains similar in architecture and implementation details to Ensembl. Both projects make use of the bioPerl bioinformatics programming components [27,28,29].
The core data type in Gadfly is called a 'sequence feature'. This can be any piece of data of biological interest that can be localized to a sequence. These roughly correspond to the types of data found in the 'feature table' summary of a GenBank report. Every sequence feature has a 'feature type' - examples of feature types are 'exon', 'transcript', 'protein-coding gene', 'tRNA gene', and so on.
In Gadfly, sequence features are linked together in hierarchies. For instance, a gene model is linked to the different transcripts that are expressed by that gene, and these transcripts are linked to exons. Gadfly does not store some sequence features, such as introns or untranslated regions (UTR), as this data can be inferred from other features. Instead Gadfly contains software rules for producing these features on demand.
Sequence features can have other pieces of data linked to them. Examples of the kind of data we attach are: functional data such as Gene Ontology (GO) [30] term assignments; tracking data such as symbols, synonyms and accession numbers; data relevant to the annotation process, such as curator comments [8]; data relevant to the pipeline process, such as scores and expectation values in the case of computed features. Note that there is a wealth of information that we do not store, particularly genetic and phenotypic data, as this would be redundant with the FlyBase relational database.
A core design principle in Gadfly is flexibility, using a design principle known as generic modeling. We do not constrain the kinds of sequence features that can be stored in Gadfly, or constrain the properties of these features, because our knowledge of biology is constantly changing, and because biology itself is often unconstrained by rules that can be coded into databases. As much as possible, we avoid built-in assumptions that, if proven wrong, would force us to revisit and explicitly modify the software that embodies them.
The generic modeling principle has been criticized for being too loosely constrained and leading to databases that are difficult to maintain and query. This is a perceived weakness of the ACeDB database. We believe we have found a way round this by building the desired constraints into the program components that work with the database; we are also investigating the use of ontologies or controlled vocabularies to enforce these constraints. A detailed discussion of this effort is outside the scope of this paper and will be reported elsewhere.
Figure 3 shows the data flow in and out of Gadfly. Computational analysis features come in through analysis pipelines - either the Pipeline, via BOP, or through an external pipeline, usually delivered as files conforming to some standardized bioinformatics format (for example, GAME XML, GFF).
Figure 3. Pipeline dataflow. Finished genomic sequence is deposited in Gadfly, and then fed to the pipeline database, which manages jobs, dispatching them to the compute farm via PBS. When a job finishes, the pipeline database stores the output. BOP filters this output and exports GAME XML to Gadfly. A cycle of annotation consists of curators loading GAME XML into Apollo, either directly from Gadfly or from a data directory. Modified annotations are then written to a directory and loaded into Gadfly.
Data within Gadfly is sometimes transformed by other Gadfly software components. For instance, just before curation of a chromosome arm commences, different computational analyses are synthesized into 'best guesses' of gene models, as part of the autopromote software we described earlier.
During the creation of Release 3 annotations, curators requested data from Gadfly by specifying a genomic region. Although this region can be of any size, we generally allocated work by GenBank accessions. Occasionally, curators worked one gene at a time by requesting genomic regions immediately surrounding the gene of interest. Gadfly delivers a GAME XML file containing all of the computed results and the current annotations within the requested genomic region. The curator used the Apollo editing tool to annotate the region, after which the data in the modified XML file was stored in Gadfly.
The generation of a high-quality set of predicted peptides is one of our primary goals. To achieve this goal, we needed a means of evaluating the peptides and presenting this assessment to the curators for inspection, so that they might improve the quality of the predicted peptides iteratively. Every peptide was sent through a peptide pipeline to assess the predicted peptide both quantitatively and qualitatively. Where possible, we wanted to apply a quantifiable metric, requiring a standard against which we could rate the peptides. For this purpose we used peptides found in SPTRREAL (E. Whitfield, personal communication), a carefully reviewed database of published peptide sequences, for comparison to our predicted proteins. SPTRREAL is composed of 3,687 D. melanogaster sequences from the SWISS-PROT and TrEMBL protein databases [31] and provides a curated protein-sequence database with a high level of annotation, a minimal level of redundancy and the absence of any hypothetical or computational gene models. Our program, PEP-QC, performed this crucial aspect of the annotation process and is described below. In cases where a known peptide was unavailable, we used a qualitative measure to evaluate the peptide. The peptide pipeline provided a BLASTP analysis with comparisons to peptides from other model organism genome sequences and InterProScan [32] analysis for protein-family motifs to enable the curators to judge whether the biological properties of the peptide were reasonable.
Each annotation cycle on a sequence may affect the primary structure of the proteins encoded by that sequence and these changes must therefore trigger a reanalysis of the edited peptides. Whereas the genomic pipeline is launched at distinct stages, on an arm-by-arm basis, the peptide pipeline is run whenever a curator changes a gene model and saves it to the Gadfly database. To rapidly identify whether the peptide sequence generated by the altered gene model has also changed, the database uniquely identifies every peptide sequence by its name and its MD5 checksum [33]. The MD5 checksum provides a fast and convenient way of determining whether two sequences are identical. To determine whether a peptide sequence has been altered is a simple comparison of the prior checksum to the new checksum, allowing us to avoid using compute cycles in reanalyzing sequences that have not changed.
PEP-QC generates both summary status codes and detailed alignment information for each gene and each peptide. ClustalW [34] and showalign [35] are used to generate a multiple alignment from the annotated peptides for the gene and the corresponding SPTRREAL peptide or peptides. In addition, brief 'discrepancy' reports are generated that describe each SPTRREAL mismatch clearly. For instance, an annotated peptide might contain any or all of the mismatches in Table 2 (in this example, CG2903-PB is the initial FlyBase annotation and Q960X8 is the SPTRREAL entry).
Table 2. Example of PEP-QC output
The quality assessments produced by the peptide pipeline need to be available to the curators for inspection during annotation sessions so that any corrections that are needed can be made. Curators also need to access other relevant FlyBase information associated with a gene in order to refine an annotation efficiently. We developed automatically generated 'mini-gene-reports' to consolidate this gene data into a single web page. Mini-gene-reports include all the names and synonyms associated with a gene, its cytological location and accessions for the genomic sequence, ESTs, PIR records and Drosophila Gene Collection [23] assignments, if any. All of these items are hyperlinked to the appropriate databases for easy access to more extensive information. All literature references for the gene appear in the reports, with hyperlinks to the complete text or abstracts. The mini-gene-reports also consolidate any comments about the gene, including amendments to the gene annotation submitted by FlyBase curators or members of the Drosophila community. The mini-gene-reports can be accessed directly from Apollo, or searched via a web form by gene name, symbol, synonym (including the FlyBase unique identifier, or FBgn) or genomic location. A web report, grouped by genomic segment and annotator, is updated nightly and contains lists of genes indexed by status code and linked to their individual mini-gene-reports.
Other integrity checks
Before submission to GenBank a number of additional checks are run to detect potential oversights in the annotation. These checks include confirming the validity of any annotations with open reading frames (ORF) that are either unusually short (less than 50 amino acids) or less than 25% of the transcript length. In the special case of known small genes, such as the Drosophila immune response genes (DIRGs) [36], the genome annotations are scanned to ensure that no well-documented genes have been missed. Similarly, the genome is scanned for particular annotations to verify their presence, including those that have been submitted as corrections from the community, or are cited in the literature, such as tRNA, snRNA, snoRNA, microRNA or rRNA genes documented in FlyBase. If the translation start site is absent, an explanation must be provided in the comments. Annotations may also be eliminated if annotations with different identifiers are found at the same genome coordinates or if a protein-coding gene overlaps a transposable element, or a tRNA overlaps a protein-coding gene. Conversely, duplicated gene identifiers that are found at different genome coordinates are either renamed or removed. A simple syntax check is also carried out on all the annotation symbols and identifiers. Known mutations in the sequenced strain are documented and the wild-type peptide is submitted in place of the mutated version.
The BDGP also submits to GenBank the cDNA sequence from the DGC project. Each of these cDNA clones represents an expressed transcript and it is important to the community that the records for these cDNA sequences correctly correspond to the records for the annotated transcripts in both GenBank and FlyBase. This correspondence is accomplished via the cDNA sequence alignments to the genome described previously. After annotation of the entire genome was completed these results were used to find the intersection of cDNA alignments and exons. A cDNA was assigned to a gene when the cDNA overlapped most of the gene exons and the predicted peptides of each were verified using a method similar to PEP-QC.
Public World Wide Web interface
We provide a website for the community to query Gadfly. This allows queries by gene, by genomic or map region, by Gene Ontology (GO) assignments or by InterPro domains. As well as delivering human-readable web pages, we also allow downloading of data in a variety of computer-readable formats supported by common bioinformatics tools. We use the GBrowse [37] application, which is part of the GMOD [38] collection of software for visualization and exploration of genomic regions.
Software engineering
The main software engineering lesson we learned in the course of this project was the importance of flexibility. Nowhere was this more important than in the database schema. In any genome, normal biology conspires to break carefully designed data models. Among the examples we encountered while annotating the D. melanogaster genome were: the occurrence of distinct transcripts with overlapping UTRs but non-overlapping coding regions, leading us to modify our original definition of 'alternative transcript'; the existence of dicistronic genes, two or more distinct and non-overlapping coding regions contained on a single processed mRNA, requiring support for one to many relationships between transcript and peptides; and trans-splicing, exhibited by the mod(mdg4) gene [39], requiring a new data model. We also needed to adapt the pipeline to different types and qualities of input sequence. For example, to analyze the draft sequence of the repeat-rich heterochromatin [40], we needed to adjust the parameters and datasets used, but also to develop an entirely new repeat-masking approach to facilitate gene finding in highly repetitive regions. We are now in the process of modifying the pipeline to exploit comparative genome sequences more efficiently. Our intention is to continue extending the system to accommodate new biological research situations.
Improvements to tools and techniques are often as fundamental to scientific progress as new discoveries, and thus the sharing of research tools is as essential as sharing the discoveries themselves. We are active participants in, and contributors to, the Generic Model Organism Database (GMOD) project, which seeks to bring together open-source applications and utilities that are useful to the developers of biological and genomic databases. We are contributing the software we have developed during this project to GMOD. Conversely, we reuse the Perl-based software, GBrowse, from GMOD for the visual display of our annotations.
Automated pipelines and the management of downstream data require a significant investment in software engineering. The pipeline software, the database, and the annotation tool, Apollo, as a group, provide a core set of utilities to any genome effort that shares our annotation strategy. Exactly how portable they are remains to be seen, as there is a tradeoff between customization and ease of use. We will only know the extent to which we were successful when other groups try to reuse and extend these software tools. Nevertheless, the wealth of experience we gained, as well as the tools we developed in the process of reannotating the Drosophila genome, will be a valuable resource to any group wishing to undertake a similar exercise.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by NIH grant HG00750 to G.M.R., by NIH Grant HG00739 to FlyBase (W.M. Gelbart), and by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. We are grateful to our external contributors for finding the time and resources to provide additional computation pipeline results for us to consider: Karl Sirotkin (NCBI), Mark Yandell and Doug Rusch (then at Celera Genomics and now with the BDGP and TCAG respectively), and Emmanuel Mongin (Ensembl group). We also are deeply grateful to our colleague Chihiro Yamada for his valuable comments on this paper, and to Eleanor Whitfield at SWISS-PROT for providing the SWISS-PROTREAL dataset.
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11. Benson DA, Boguski MS, Lipman DJ, Ostell J, Ouellette BF: GenBank.
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13. Tateno Y, Imanishi T, Miyazaki S, Fukami-Kobayashi K, Saitou N, Sugawara H, Gojobori T: DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) for genome-scale research in life science.
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23. Stapleton M, Carlson J, Brokstein P, Yu C, Champe M, George R, Guarin H, Kronmiller B, Pacleb J, Park S, et al.: A Drosophila full-length cDNA resource.
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28. Stajich JE, Block D, Boulez K, Brenner SE, Chervitz SA, Dagdigian C, Fuellen G, Gilbert JGR, Korf I, Lapp H, et al.: The Bioperl toolkit: Perl modules for the life sciences.
Genome Res 2002, 12:1611-1618. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
29. bioperl.org [http://bioperl.org/] webcite
30. The Gene Ontology Consortium: Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology.
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31. Bairoch A, Apweiler R: The SWISS-PROT protein sequence database and its supplement TrEMBL in 2000.
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32. Zdobnov EM, Apweiler R: InterProScan - an integration platform for the signature-recognition methods in InterPro.
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33. Preneel B: Analysis and design of cryptographic hash functions. PhD Thesis, Katholieke University, Leuven; 1993.
34. Higgins D, Thompson J, Gibson T, Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ: CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice.
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37. Stein LD, Mungall CJ, Shu S-Q, Caudy M, Mangone M, Day A, Nickerson E, Stajich J, Harris TW, Arva A, Lewis S: The generic genome browser: a building block for a model organism system database.
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40. Hoskins RA, Smith CD, Carlson JW, Carvalho AB, Halpern A, Kaminker JS, Kennedy C, Mungall CJ, Sullivan BA, Sutton GG, et al.: Heterochromatic sequences in a Drosophila whole-genome shotgun assembly.
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Genome Res 2000, 10:529-538. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
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46. Kaminker JS, Bergman C, Kronmiller B, Carlson J, Svirskas R, Patel S, Frise E, Wheeler DL, Lewis SE, Rubin GM, et al.: The transposable elements of the Drosophila melanogaster euchromatin - a genomics perspective.
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McClean: Cleaning Floating Pin Replicators
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 18:31, 24 February 2012 by Megan N McClean (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Overview
This is the procedure for cleaning the 96-format and 386-format floating pin replicators. You must perform this procedure between every pinning step when pinning strains from liquid culture to agar, from frozen stocks, etc.
Materials
• Square liquid reserviors (kept in drawer with pinners or on pegs over the sink)
• Reservoir 1: 100ml deionized water
• Reservoir 2: 40mls of 10% bleach
• Reservoir 3: 50mls of deionized water
• Reservoir 4: 70mls of deionized water
• Reservoir 5: 100mls of deionized water
• Reservoir 6: 95% ethanol
• Floating pinner
• Flame source
Protocol
1. Fill the reservoirs as described in the 'Materials' section above.
2. Set the replicator into Reservoir 1 (water) and agitate by hand for 1 minute
3. Set the replicator into Reservoir 2 (bleach) and agitate for 30 seconds
4. Set the replicator into Reservoir 3 (water) and rinse briefly (~ 5 seconds)
5. Set the replicator into Reservoir 4 (water) and rinse briefly (~ 5 seconds)
6. Set the replicator into Reservoir 5 (water) and rinse briefly (~ 5 seconds)
7. Set the replicator into Reservoir 6 (ethanol) and rinse briefly (~ 5 seconds).
8. Remove the replicator from Reservoir 6 and allow the excess ethanol to drip off of the pins
9. Flame the pins. Allow the pins to cool to room temperature before using the replicator.
Notes
Please feel free to post comments, questions, or improvements to this protocol. Happy to have your input!
1. List troubleshooting tips here.
2. You can also link to FAQs/tips provided by other sources such as the manufacturer or other websites.
3. Anecdotal observations that might be of use to others can also be posted here.
*Megan N McClean 17:31, 24 February 2012 (EST): Be careful with ethanol and flame! If you accidentally set the ethanol bath on fire (which should not happen if you allow the pins to cool and follow all of the wash instructions) don't panic! Cover the container to exstinguish the flames.
Please sign your name to your note by adding '''*~~~~''': to the beginning of your tip.
References
Contact
or instead, discuss this protocol.
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Todd:ARC Open Access Policy
From OpenWetWare
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m (University-specific Points)
Current revision (19:48, 17 January 2013) (view source)
m (ARC Open Access Policy - Released Jan 10th 2013)
Line 3: Line 3:
===ARC Open Access Policy - Released Jan 10th 2013===
===ARC Open Access Policy - Released Jan 10th 2013===
-
[[Image:Screen shot 2013-01-18 at 10.10.38 AM.png|thumb|center|300px| '''ARC "Green" Open Access Policy released Jan 2013]]
+
[[Image:Screen shot 2013-01-18 at 10.10.38 AM.png|thumb|center|300px| '''ARC "Green" Open Access Policy was released Jan 2013]]
===Summary Points===
===Summary Points===
Current revision
Home Contact Internal People Papers Research Teaching Links News Construction
ARC Open Access Policy - Released Jan 10th 2013
ARC "Green" Open Access Policy was released Jan 2013
Summary Points
1) The policy is effective immediately, covering future research grants. It is not retrospective.
2) If you receive ARC funding and publish resulting work, you can still submit the paper to any journal - you do not have to submit to open access journals.
3) When you publish a paper derived from ARC funding, the Uni is expected to make the citation information (metadata) available immediately in an openly-available online institutional repository.
4) 12 months after publication you are expected to make a copy of the paper itself openly available in the repository. If you have already published in an open access journal you need not deposit an additional copy in the repository.
5) The version posted can either be the post-review corrected file or the final publisher PDF.
6) The ARC acknowledges you may not be able to comply if your publisher forbids deposition, or if there any other reasons you cannot deposit the work.
7) Either way, we will be expected to show to the ARC, in final reports, whether we have abided by this policy, and if not, why not.
University-specific Points
1) The University has:
i) a repository,
ii) a draft mechanism for negotiating copyright with publishers, and
iii) a draft open access policy.
These will be demonstrated at a Faculty of Science session on the new ARC policy: Friday, Jan 25th, 2013, 12-1, Eastern Avenue LT, The University of Sydney
2) A suggested form of words for grant applications that covers dissemination of research findings will be covered in the above meeting, finalised by RGAF and then distributed to all staff.
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Mere goodness can achieve little against the power of nature. Hegel, Georg
This quote is about goodness · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Hegel, Georg ...
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Wrttemberg, in present-day southwest Germany. His influence has been widespread on writers of widely varying positions, including both his admirers (F. H. Bradley, Heidegger), and his detractors (Kierkegaard, Marx).
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
The discovery of the North Pole is one of those realities which could not be avoided. It is the wages which human perseverance pays itself when it thinks that something is taking too long. The world needed a discoverer of the North Pole, and in all areas of social activity, merit was less important here than opportunity. Kraus, Karl
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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The Herald posted the roster along with some explanation of who some of these guys are. Semih Erden will come come in from Turkey… where he's been tucked away since being picked late in the draft a couple of years ago. His biggest skill as far as I know is not being small. Other than [...]
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1384.6 - Statistics - Tasmania, 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 26/09/2005
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Contents >> Government >> Commonwealth Government
Legislative power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Commonwealth Parliament, which consists of:
• the Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II (represented by the Governor-General)
• the Senate
• the House of Representatives.
This section contains the following subsection :
The Governor-General
The Senate
The House of Representatives
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1384.6 - Statistics - Tasmania, 2008
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 02/07/2004 Ceased
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Contents >> Information technology and Communications >> Information technology and Communications - overview
Information technology and telecommunications refers to the services and technologies that enable information to be transformed and disseminated, including the transmission or communication of voice or data over a variety of transmission media.
Rapid advances in information and telecommunications technology and other forms of communication (e.g. radio, television and newspapers) have had large impacts on our society and economy. Digital technology has created links between telecommunications and computing technologies, transforming the ways in which information is exchanged and accessed. It has influenced the ways in which business is conducted, how governments operate, and how individuals interact with each other.
In Tasmania, the communication services industry, which encompasses telecommunications services and postal and courier services, contributed 2.5% to Tasmania's GSP based on factor incomes (i.e. compensation of employees, gross operating surplus and gross mixed income) in 2002-03.
The feature article Employment in information and communication technology includes statistics on information and communication technology workers in Tasmania.
SUMMARY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION STATISTICS
Period
Unit
Tasmania
Australia
Household use of information technology(a)
Households with home computer access
2001-02
%
51
61
Households with home Internet access
2001-02
%
35
46
Households with mobile phones
2001-02
%
62
72
Farm use of information technology(b)
Farms using a computer
2001-02
%
50
53
Farms using the Internet
2001-02
%
40
43
Business use of information technology(c)
Businesses using a computer
Businesses using the Internet
Businesses with a web presence
2002-03
%
83
83
2002-03
%
63
71
2002-03
%
^19
23
^ estimate has a relative standard error of 10% to less than 25% and should be used with caution
(a) Proportions are of all households in each category, and may include some 'farm' households.
(b) Percentages are of all farms.
(c) Proportions are of all businesses in each category.
Source: Household Use of Information Technology, Australia (cat. no. 8146.0); Use of Information Technology on Farms, Australia (cat. no. 8150.0); Business Use of Information Technology, Australia (cat. no. 8129.0).
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Empirical Study on Consuming Psychology and Consuming Behavior of Contemporary University Students: Taking Shandong Province as an Example
Shuang Li
Abstract
As a sort of knowledge, emotion and disposition in the social living conditions, consuming psychology and behavior is not only a wind vane for social development to a certain extent, but also a barometer of the spirit of the time. Therefore, study on consuming psychology and the consuming behavior it affects becomes a significant and unique perspective to analyze state of development of the society and orientation of behaviors of its social members. University students are the vanguard of the mass culture and consumption, so study and analysis in their consuming psychology and behavior is helpful to come to know the consumer trends of contemporary young people, and even the whole society. In this article, the author adopts the research method with combination of questionnaire survey and interview, and conducts a sample survey on university students in several colleges and universities in Shandong Province. The survey indicates the following characteristics of consumption among university students: prominent trend of consumption diversification, obvious disequilibrium of consumption, co-existence of consumption individuation and belongingness, practical consumption being the main stream, increasing consumption of intercourse and entertainment. Enlightenment and recommendations: To cultivate and strengthen the Financial Quotient of university students, to establish scientific consumption value and to advocate green consumption.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Asian Social Science ISSN 1911-2017 (Print) ISSN 1911-2025 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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< Pretty Good Hummus
So Rich And Green >
Wait For The Wagon: Profiles In Adequacy:
Millard Fillmore demonstrated that through methodical industry and some competence an uninspiring man could make the American dream come true.
Now that suffices! Maybe there's hope for me yet!
Filed under:
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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"url": "www.crummy.com/photos/2008/1122%20-%20Computer%20History%20Museum/img-16.html",
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cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
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The IBM Model 1311 hard drive. I inherited one of those brown platters from my dad and I'm glad to know what series it's from.
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This document (source) is part of Crummy, the webspace of Leonard Richardson (contact information). It was last modified on Thursday, December 24 2009, 03:24:59 Nowhere Standard Time and last built on Saturday, May 18 2013, 09:00:08 Nowhere Standard Time.
Crummy is © 1996-2013 Leonard Richardson. Unless otherwise noted, all text licensed under a Creative Commons License.
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