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Water profile of United Arab Emirates
Water profile of United Arab Emirates
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Marty Matlock
Geography and Population
Map of the United Arab Emirates. (Source: NASA)
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) (24°00' North, 54°00' East) is a federation of seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah, Fujairah, Umm ul Quwain, and Ajman. It is situated in the eastern corner of the Arabian peninsula and is bordered in the north by the Persian Gulf, in the east by the Gulf of Oman and Oman, and in the south and west by Saudi Arabia. Six of the seven Emirates lie on the coast of the Persian Gulf, while the seventh, Fujairah, is situated on the eastern coast of the peninsula and has direct access to the Gulf of Oman.
The total area of the United Arab Emirates is about 83,600 square kilometers (km2), of which 77,700 km2 is mainland surface area, where the population lives. The total area of the many, and generally uninhabited, islands is about 5,900 km2. Over 90% of the land is desert. In 1994, the agricultural area was estimated at 72,374 hectares (ha), of which 66,682 ha were available for agricultural production, while the remaining 5,962 ha were occupied by farm buildings and surrounding wasteland. In 1993, the total cultivated area was estimated at 54,512 ha, of which 21,683 ha consisted of annual crops and 32,829 ha of permanent crops.
The total population is about 1.9 million according to United Nations (UN) estimates (1995), of which only 16% is rural. According to the 1995 national census of the Ministry of Planning, the population was about 2.4 million, including both nationals and foreigners. Unofficial estimates suggest that over 80% of the population is made up of nonnationals. Table 1 shows the distribution of the area and the population, including resident foreigners, over the different Emirates in 1993.
Table 1: Mainland area and population by emirates (estimate by the Ministry of Planning, 1993). (Source: FAO)
By far the largest emirate is Abu Dhabi and Abu Dhabi City is the capital of both the emirate and the whole country. It also has the largest population numerically, but at the same time the lowest population density among the emirates. Dubai, which has the highest population density, is considered the business capital and the most important port in the country. Over two-thirds of the total population are concentrated in these two emirates. Average annual population growth has been estimated at over 3.5%, including both nationals and foreigners. The male population accounted for over 66% of the total population in 1995, mainly because of male immigrant labor force.
In 1994, agriculture employed an estimated 9% of the labor force and accounted for less than 2% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). The main source of income is the revenue from oil exports. The last five-year plan concentrated on the manufacturing sector, in order to attain a balance in growth with other industries and a diversification of sources of income. Besides development planning at the federal level, each emirate follows an independent development strategy. The federal government is the driving force behind the economy through large public spending.
Climate and Water Resources
Climate
The climate is arid with very high summer temperatures. The coastal area, where the bulk of the population lives, has a hot and humid climate in the summer (May-October) with temperatures and relative humidity reaching 46 degrees Celsius (°C) and 100% respectively. Winters are generally mild with temperatures between 14 and 23°C. The interior desert region has hot summers with temperatures rising to about 50°C and cool winters during which the lowest temperature may fall to 4°C.
Mean annual rainfall is about 100 millimeters (mm), ranging from less than 40 mm around Liwa in the southern desert to 160 mm in the northeastern mountains. Almost 90% of rainfall occurs during the winter (October-March) and the wettest month is February. Spring and summer witness only occasional concentrated heavy rainfall. The rainfall distribution is highly variable over space and time. Rainfall tends to be more reliable in the north-eastern mountain region.
Water Resources
The total annual surface runoff produced from rain is about 150 million cubic meters (m3), but there are no perennial streams. The average annual groundwater recharge is about 120 million m3, most of which comes from infiltration from the river beds. The total groundwater abstraction during the year 1995 is estimated at l,615 million m3. This means that groundwater depletion probably amounts to almost 1,500 million m3/year. However, this figure does not consider the possible annual recharge of groundwater entering from neighboring countries (for example from the Eastern Arabia Aquifer), as no figures are available. In any case, the over-extraction of groundwater resources has led to a lowering of the water table by more than one meter on average during the last two decades, while seawater intrusion is increasing in the coastal areas.
Dams
To increase the groundwater recharge a number of dams have been built at various locations across the country. There are about 35 dams and embankments of various dimension having a total storage capacity of 80 million m3. While most of these dams are basically built for recharge purposes, they also provide protection against damage caused by flash floods.
Desalinated Water and Treated Wastewater
The first desalination plant was installed in Abu Dhabi in 1976 with a total capacity of 250 m3/day. Because of a rapid increase in domestic and industrial water demand more plants were installed, particularly in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. At present there are 35 desalination plants in the UAE, with a total installed capacity of l,922 m3/day or 700 million m3/year, while total actual production is 385 million m3/year.
It is estimated that about 500 million m3 of wastewater were produced in the urban areas during 1995, of which 108 million m3 were treated and reused.
Water Withdrawal
Total water withdrawal was estimated at 2,108 million m3 in 1995. Over 76% of the total water withdrawal was groundwater. Agricultural water withdrawal for crops was estimated at about l,300 million m3/year (all from groundwater), while landscape irrigation used 108 million m3 (all treated wastewater). Total water withdrawal for domestic and industrial purposes was estimated at 700 million m3 (23.7% and 9.5% of total water withdrawal, respectively), of which 385 million m3, or 55%, consisted of desalinated water and the remaining part of groundwater.
Irrigation and Drainage Development
The UAE has very limited potential for agricultural development since over 90% of the land is desert, there are no perennial surface water resources and rainfall is meager and erratic. However, in spite of the harsh weather conditions and soil and water constraints, remarkable progress has been made in the agricultural sector, particularly during the last two decades. The cultivable area increased from 15,050 ha in 1977 to 66,682 ha in 1994. The land is usually developed by transporting suitable soil to areas where water is available and for this reason the term 'cultivable land' is somewhat relative and may change over time. For the same reason the irrigation potential can be estimated at 66,682 ha but may change over time. The main agricultural areas are located in the north-east (Ras Al Khaimah), in the east along the coast from Kalba to Dibba (Fujairah), in the south-east (Al Ain/Abu Dhabi), and in the central region (Dhaid/Abu Dhabi).
In 1994, the total water-managed area was 66,682 ha (equal to the cultivable area), of which 41,300 ha were equipped with modern irrigation systems (sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation), while on 25,382 ha surface irrigation (basin and furrow) was practiced. All irrigation water is groundwater.
Prior to the introduction of modern irrigation systems, all the agricultural land was irrigated by traditional flood and furrow methods. Extensive research was carried out during the period 1976-1981 to select suitable irrigation systems and a pilot farm was established in 1983 to introduce sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation systems and a subsidy was given to the farmers. These irrigation systems are believed to have saved about 60% of the irrigation water.
Apart from the government's experimental farms, nurseries, afforestation schemes, and public gardens, all the agricultural land is owned and developed by private owners. There are 21,194 farm holdings. The government provides subsidies, extension services and other incentives to the farmers. All crops are irrigated and the main crops grown are dates, fruits, vegetables, and fodder crops. In 1994, the actually irrigated area was 54,512 ha, or 82% of the equipped area. Every year a part of the total equipped area is left fallow, a kind of shifting cultivation being practiced.
The cost of irrigation development has decreased considerably during recent years, mainly due to the local production of pipes and irrigation equipment. The average cost of irrigation development is about $US3,250/ha and the annual operation and maintenance cost is about $US400/ha. There are no irrigation water charges levied by the government, but the farmers pay for the drilling of boreholes on their farms and the pumping of the groundwater.
Over-abstraction of groundwater leads to a rapid fall in the water table, especially near the coast, resulting in increased salinity of the soil and water. Encroachment of seawater had already been reported in 1982, when it apparently penetrated as far as 20 km inland in the northern emirates. As a result, several farms are going out of production.
Institutional Environment
There are five main institutions involved in water resources management:
• The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries is responsible for the development and management of the agricultural water supply. The water and soil department of the Ministry is in charge of promoting irrigated agriculture and for the planning, investigation, and management of groundwater resources, the investigation of quality and salinization of soil due to irrigation, the construction of dams for flood control and groundwater recharge, the operation, and maintenance of the hydro-meteorological network, the operation of laboratories, designing of the irrigation networks, etc.
• The Ministry of Electricity and Water is responsible for the drinking water supply, which includes well drilling, the installation and operation of desalination plants, the operation and maintenance of well fields, water supply, and planning.
• The General Water Resources Authority is the federal authority responsible for water management and coordination between the other agencies. It is also responsible for formulating the rules and regulations for matters relating to water in the country, including the registration of the water well drilling companies and licenses for drilling.
• Local government water departments and authorities especially in the emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah are independently responsible for the supply of drinking water and all water affairs in their respective emirates.
• The Federal Environmental Agency has the power to control and regulate water pollution.
Trends in Water Resources Management
Groundwater has been affected adversely, both qualitatively and quantitatively, due to overabstraction. At present, all water used to irrigate agricultural products is groundwater, while treated wastewater is used for landscaping purposes. Future irrigation development using groundwater is very limited and attempts are being made to alleviate the problem of water scarcity by constructing desalination plants and dams, the latter mainly for the recharge of groundwater.
Local food production currently satisfies about one-fourth of UAE's food demand. The emirates are now self-sufficient in some winter vegetables and, in fact, a surplus is produced at certain times of the year. Overall, the government will continue to encourage agriculture, but is also aware that complete self-sufficiency in food is impossible.
Within the national strategy for water management, priority is given to sustainable and economically viable agricultural products and to research on the growth of salt-tolerant crops. Utilizing all the possible options, the ultimate aim is to maintain the present level of growth if further development is obstructed due to water scarcity.
Further Reading
Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the Food and Agriculture Organization. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the Food and Agriculture Organization should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.
Citation
FAO (Content Source);Marty Matlock (Topic Editor) "Water profile of United Arab Emirates". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth February 7, 2008; Last revised Date February 7, 2008; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Water_profile_of_United_Arab_Emirates>
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Endocrinology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 296485, 9 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/296485
Review Article
Genetically Engineered Islets and Alternative Sources of Insulin-Producing Cells for Treating Autoimmune Diabetes: Quo Vadis?
1Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan
2Department of General Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan
Received 22 October 2011; Accepted 29 March 2012
Academic Editor: Subbiah Pugazhenthi
Copyright © 2012 Feng-Cheng Chou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Islet transplantation is a promising therapy for patients with type 1 diabetes that can provide moment-to-moment metabolic control of glucose and allow them to achieve insulin independence. However, two major problems need to be overcome: (1) detrimental immune responses, including inflammation induced by the islet isolation/transplantation procedure, recurrence autoimmunity, and allorejection, can cause graft loss and (2) inadequate numbers of organ donors. Several gene therapy approaches and pharmaceutical treatments have been demonstrated to prolong the survival of pancreatic islet grafts in animal models; however, the clinical applications need to be investigated further. In addition, for an alternative source of pancreatic β-cell replacement therapy, the ex vivo generation of insulin-secreting cells from diverse origins of stem/progenitor cells has become an attractive option in regenerative medicine. This paper focuses on the genetic manipulation of islets during transplantation therapy and summarizes current strategies to obtain functional insulin-secreting cells from stem/progenitor cells.
1. Introduction
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the progressive destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreatic islets by autoreactive T cells, which eventually leads to hyperglycemia. The disease accounts for about 10% of all cases of diabetes, occurs most commonly in people of European descent, and affects two million people in Europe and North America [1]. There is a marked geographic variation in the incidence, probably because the different populations vary in genetic susceptibility/resistance factors or in exposure to environmental triggers. For instance, a child in Finland (Northern Europe) is about 80 times more likely to acquire the disease than a child in China (Eastern Asia) [2]. The current global increase in incidence of 3% per year is well established [3, 4], and this rapid rise strongly suggests that environmental factors should be acting on susceptibility genes and contributing to the evolving epidemiology of T1D.
In patients with T1D, daily delivery of insulin by injection or a pump is crucial for metabolic control. However, this exogenous insulin delivery cannot achieve physiological control of blood glucose concentrations and also has the risk of causing hypoglycemic episodes. Moreover, a significant proportion of patients suffers chronic and degenerative complications, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and vascular and heart disease [5, 6]. The appropriate treatment to achieve insulin independence for T1D is replacement of the β-cell mass, currently being accomplished through whole pancreas transplantation and islet transplantation. Transplantation of the whole pancreas is a standard treatment for diabetic patients, which can achieve insulin independence with a single donor [7]. Pancreatic islet transplantation is a safer and less invasive method than whole-organ transplant therapy, which causes thrombosis, pancreatitis, and peritonitis. However, the major drawback of islet transplantation compared with pancreas transplantation is the greater requirement for donors and the lower 5-year insulin independence rate [8].
Transplantation therapy should provide a better quality of life than current therapies and should help avoid complications. Unfortunately, immune-mediated destruction and inadequate numbers of donor organs for transplantation are the major obstacles to achieving insulin independence and long-term survival of grafts in this therapy. To circumvent those problems, genetically modifying islets to enhance their resistance to immune attack and explorations of alternative sources of insulin-secreting cells are being investigated intensively. In this paper, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding immunomodulatory therapy in islet transplantation and examine alternative sources of insulin-secreting cells for cell replacement therapy.
2. Mechanisms Involved in Islet Graft Rejection: Nonspecific Inflammation and the Contribution of T-Helper-Cell Subsets
The process of islet isolation also triggers a cascade of stressful events in the cells involving the induction of apoptosis or necrosis and production of proinflammatory molecules that negatively influence islet viability and function. Transplantation procedures such as collagenase-based islet isolation trigger proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production by the islets. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin- (IL-) 1β and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α produced by islet-resident macrophages are toxic to islets and can induce the local production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [9, 10]. By contrast, chemokine receptors such as chemokine (C-C motif) receptor (CCR)2, CCR5, and C-X-C chemokine receptor (CXCR)3, and their ligands are crucial to generate acute islet allograft rejection [11]. Taken together, the inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and ROS contribute to the first line of attack to the islets, which can cause apoptosis and loss of function.
The second barrier against successful transplantation is recipient alloimmunity and autoimmunity. Previous reports have demonstrated that Th1 cells, type 1 cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, and Th1-type cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-2 are commonly associated with graft rejection [1215]. Th1 responses initiate allograft rejection by promoting cytotoxic T-cell activities and IFN-γ-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, whereas Th2 responses cause allograft damage through the recruitment of eosinophils induced by IL-4 and IL-5. Moreover, cytokines produced by non-T-cell sources from the graft microenvironment, such as IL-7 produced by stromal cells and IL-15 produced by activated macrophages and endothelial cells, further support the idea of alloreactive T-cell proliferation [14, 16].
Recently, the role of subsets of Th cells in graft rejection has been reexamined after the identification and thorough characterization of Th17 cells. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that Th17 cells have the capacity to cause rejection of cardiac allografts [1719]. However, it is not clear whether Th1 and Th17 cells work synergistically or sequentially to cause graft rejection. In our laboratory, we have investigated the relative contribution of Th1 and Th17 cells in the autoimmune-mediated rejection of islets in a nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. We have demonstrated that Th1 cells play a crucial role in the destruction of the islet graft, whereas Th17 cells constitute a much smaller population in the islet graft and might play only a minor destructive role in this model of autoimmune islet transplantation (Chou et al., manuscript in revision).
In summary, understanding the inflammatory factors that attack islets during the early phase and dissecting the role of the effector T-cell subsets in the rejection responses might contribute to developing target therapies to protect islets from inflammatory insults and to modulate T-cell responses.
3. Strategies to Protect Islets from Inflammatory Insults and T-Cell-Mediated Immunity
In autoimmune diabetes, pancreatic β cells suffer from inflammatory stress following T-cell-mediated destruction. Macrophages and/or dendritic cells in the islet microenvironment produce proinflammatory cytokines and free radicals, which induce β-cell damage. Activated T cells express death receptors and release cytotoxic molecules including granzyme B, perforin, or cytokines to further activate other immune cells and exacerbate β-cell death. Several preventive and therapeutic approaches have been demonstrated to protect β cells from immune attack, including the modulation of T-cell activity and inhibition of inflammatory responses in the islet microenvironment. To protect islets from immune attack, many gene targets that exhibit strong immunoregulatory effects and antiapoptotic effects have been introduced to the islets through different approaches: generation of transgenic mice using islet-specific promoters to carry genes of interest, delivery of genes into islets by viral vectors or transfection, and the administration of recombinant proteins and drugs.
4. Transgenic Overexpression of Regulatory Genes in Islets
Genetically manipulating islets by transgenic techniques was originally designed for study of the immunopathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. This could help in dissecting the roles of different cytokines, death receptors, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/costimulation molecules in β-cell destruction (reviewed in [20]). Among the transgenic-mouse models that have been generated, some molecules display strong immunoregulatory functions and cytoprotective effects, which could be applied further in islet transplantation therapy (Table 1).
Table 1: Transgenic overexpression of regulatory genes in the islets and their effects on islet transplantation.
4.1. Cytokines and Cytokine Signaling
It is well established that proinflammatory cytokines and Th1-type cytokines are toxic to islets whereas IL-4 and transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β are postulated to be protective. Transgenic expression of IL-4 in β cells under the control of the insulin promoter in NOD mice suppresses insulitis and diabetes; however, islet expression of IL-4 is incapable of preventing islet rejection in diabetic recipients [21]. In other studies, expression of TGF-β driven by an insulin promoter [22] or a glucagon promoter [24] protected islets from autoimmune destruction in NOD mice. However, the β-cell-specific expression of TGF-β changes the pancreatic architecture [22], and this TGF-β-expressing pancreatic tissue fails to inhibit allograft rejection [23]. In other aspects, the inhibition of toxic cytokine signaling in islets represents an attractive strategy in designing therapies to prevent islet destruction. Islets with transgenic expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) show delayed allograft rejection but cannot circumvent destruction of the islets by the autoimmune destruction [26].
4.2. Negative Costimulation Engagement
T-cell activation occurs through two important signals: one is the T-cell receptor recognizing a specific peptide MHC complex and the other is a costimulatory signal. Upon the T-cell activation, the expression of negative costimulatory molecules is induced. The programmed death (PD)-1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 are two important negative costimulatory molecules expressed on T cells, which control their effector functions, tolerance, and autoimmunity [36]. We have demonstrated that transgenic expression of PD-L1 (ligand of PD-1) [27] or a membrane-bound, agonistic single-chain anti-CTLA-4 Fv antibody (anti-CTLA-4 scFv) [30] on islets in NOD mice reduces the severity of insulitis and suppresses the development of diabetes. In an islet transplantation study, transgenic anti-CTLA-4 scFv prolonged islet graft survival and reduced the Th1 cell counts in islet grafts after transplantation into spontaneous diabetic NOD mice. However, the expression of PD-L1 on islets could not prolong graft survival [27]. The role of PD-L1 in the regulation of T-cell tolerance to islets needs to be further investigated because the transgenic expression of PD-L1 on islets in mice with a B6 background induced T-cell-mediated spontaneous diabetes, and the islets from transgenic mice displayed accelerated rejection in an allogeneic transplantation model [29].
4.3. Anti-Inflammatory, Antiapoptotic, and Antioxidative Molecules
Inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ sensitize β cells to Fas-dependent and/or other death receptor-mediated apoptosis [37] and induce ROS formation in β cells. Because islets produce very low levels of antioxidative enzymes and are very sensitive to oxidative stress [38], the reduction of ROS levels in islets is crucial for maintaining the function and viability of islets. Others and we have demonstrated that β-cell-specific expression of the antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory proteins, thioredoxin (TRX) [32] or heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) [33], prevented autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Moreover, the islets from HO-1 transgenic mice survived longer in diabetic recipients, indicating that control of the initial inflammatory responses can promote graft survival. The roles of ROS scavengers in islet transplantation have also been investigated in transgenic mouse models. Thus, several β-cell-specific transgenic mice with different antioxidant enzymes have been generated (reviewed in [39]). In general, islets with transgenic antioxidative genes (e.g., catalase, glutathione peroxidase, metallothionein, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, and manganese superoxide dismutase) are resistant to oxidative stress induced by chemicals [4042] or hypoxia [43]; however, they are still sensitive to proinflammatory cytokines induced cytotoxicity [41]. Among these transgenic mice, islets from metallothionein transgenic mice showed prolonged survival of islet grafts in an allogeneic transplantation model [43].
In summary, most ex vivo studies have shown that overexpression of antioxidative genes in islets protects them from oxidative injury; however, the in vivo function and survival of these genetically modified islets in diabetic recipients have not produced overt success.
5. Genetically Engineering Islets by Transfection or Transduction
The direct delivery of protective and therapeutic genes to islet grafts can overcome many problems; for example, the therapeutic agents cannot be targeted locally and might have effects on other organs or tissues, causing unexpected side effects. By using gene therapy, islets can be manipulated by any vector system ex vivo without exposing the recipient to the vectors. Moreover, graft-specific gene therapy can provide prolonged, safe, and locally controlled gene expression. In this regard, ex vivo manipulation of islets by gene transfer systems becomes an attractive approach to protect grafts from immune attack. However, the gene delivery systems applied should be considered carefully. In general, nonimmunogenic vectors that cannot activate the host’s immune response are used for long-term gene expression [44].
Many strategies have been proven to improve the function of islet grafts and protect grafts from immune attack (Table 2). These approaches include blockade of co-stimulation signals by CTLA-4-Ig [45, 46]; downregulation of Th1 responses by overexpression of galectin-9 (Chou et al., manuscript in revision); overexpression of antiapoptotic and antioxidative molecules such as B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 [47], TRX [48], and superoxide dismutases (SODs) [49]; blockade of inflammatory cytokine signaling by overexpression of IL-1 receptor antagonist protein [50]; overexpression of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β [51], IL-10 [52], and IL-4 [53].
Table 2: Genetically engineered islets for transplantation therapy.
In summary, these strategies significantly reduce apoptosis in islet grafts and prolong graft survival in diabetic recipients. However, the application of these protective genes to transplantation therapy has not been successful. In general, therapeutic targets that have paracrine actions would exert more marked biological effects than membrane-bound or intracellular molecules. Moreover, the efficiency of gene delivery to islets and the expression levels of target proteins in the microenvironment of grafts are closely linked to the protective effect in the grafts. Therefore, better results might have been obtained by using a “cocktail” therapy, for example, combining antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory genes, which could display synergistic protective effects.
6. Alternative Sources of Insulin-Producing Cells: Cell Replacement Therapy by Stem/Progenitor Cell-Derived Insulin-Producing Cells
Although islet transplantation is seen as a “cure” therapy for diabetes, this procedure is hampered by the limited number of donors for isolating islets. Many alternative approaches that can be applied to obtain insulin-secreting cells are being investigated intensively [58]. These include the following: (1) the production of surrogate cells by genetically modifying nonendocrine cells to secrete insulin in response to glucose challenge [59], (2) the transdifferentiation of nonendocrine stem/progenitor cells or mature cells to glucose-responsive adult tissues [60, 61], (3) the regulated differentiation of islet stem/progenitor cells to produce large numbers of mature, functional islets [62, 63], (4) the in vitro differentiation of stem cells to become insulin-secreting cells, and (5) the in vitro differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients to form pancreatic β-like cells.
Stem cells can reproduce themselves (self-renew) and can differentiate into many cell types. These features make them an ideal focus for regenerative medicine. Besides, stem cells have strong immunosuppressive effects and can secrete many trophic factors that promote the regeneration of damaged tissues. Thus, stem cells have become an attractive alternative cell source to treat diabetes. There are many stem cell types available as a potential source for the generation of insulin-producing cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), adult stem cells, and, most recently, the iPSCs.
Previous reports have demonstrated that ESCs can be induced to become insulin-secreting tissue with structures similar to pancreatic islets [64, 65], However, these cells are often unresponsive to glucose or produce lower levels of insulin compared with the endogenous β cells, which is insufficient to control normoglycemia in diabetic recipients in a mouse model [64]. ESCs have not yet been used therapeutically for treating diabetes mellitus in humans because the animal experiments have not progressed sufficiently to justify this approach; for example, the positive insulin staining of ESC-derived pancreatic-like tissue probably occurs by uptake of insulin from the culture medium [66], and the intermediate stages involved in the differentiation pathway are complicated and not fully understood [67]. In addition, the clinical applications of human ESCs are limited by ethical concerns, as well as the potential for teratoma formation.
In addition to the ESCs produced from embryos, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and iPSCs with fewer limitations or restrictions in ethical concerns in the research and clinical settings have become ideal cell types for regeneration therapies. Previous reports have demonstrated that MSCs can be differentiated into islet-like cell clusters, and these cell clusters can reverse the diabetic status after transplant into streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic recipients [68]. Moreover, MSCs themselves also have strong cytoprotective effects and immunosuppressive functions [69]. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that cotransplantation of islets and MSCs produces superior outcomes to islet transplantation alone. In cotransplantation therapy, MSCs act as feeder cells that promote islet revascularization [70] and improve graft function [71]. Besides, MSCs also express immunoregulatory molecules, which might help to reestablish peripheral tolerance in diabetic recipients and to prevent allorejection [72].
Recently, iPSCs generated from reprogrammed somatic cells have become an exciting alternative source of cells with pluripotent characteristics similar to ESCs [73]. This concept has been tested further using human skin fibroblasts [74] or cells from skin biopsies from patients with T1D [75] to generate iPSC-derived islet-like clusters. These cells can secrete C-peptide and respond to high concentrations of glucose, suggesting that functional β cells might eventually be generated from iPSCs. In further studies, transplantation of iPSC-derived pancreatic beta-like cells reversed hyperglycemia in diabetic mouse models [76]. These data provide an initial proof of principle for the potential clinical application of iPSCs. Besides, if iPSCs could be generated from patients with diabetes, they would have the same genotype as the recipient, avoiding the problem of immune rejection. Thus, iPSCs show promise for patient-specific regenerative therapy. Unexpectedly and surprisingly, autologous iPSCs reprogrammed from fetal fibroblasts by viral or nonviral genetic approaches elicit T-cell-dependent immune reactions in genetically identical mice, resulting in their rejection [77]. This is likely because of the abnormal expression of antigens in the iPSCs, leading to a breakdown of peripheral tolerance. Besides, there could be other unknown epigenetic differences between iPSCs and ESCs [78].
7. Conclusion
T1D is among the most amenable diseases for treatment with cell replacement therapy. Clinical trials of islet transplantation are showing remarkable success since the Edmonton protocol was developed [79], and this glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive protocol was replicated successfully [80]. However, the long-term success of this procedure is limited by the effects of allograft rejection and recurrent autoimmunity. Moreover, the scarcity of organ donors also frustrates the treatment of T1D. To overcome these problems, researchers have developed many strategies to modulate the detrimental immune responses and have also explored the alternative sources of insulin-secreting cells. Gene therapy offers a powerful tool to engineer islet grafts to become resistant to inflammation-induced apoptosis, as well as modifying islets to produce immunosuppressive molecules to attenuate T-cell response. The use of stem cells in the generation of renewable and functional β cells is now a promising reality. Moreover, based on current knowledge about genomic cell reprogramming, it should be possible to develop patient-specific, autologous cell replacement therapy by using iPSC-derived pancreatic β-like cells.
Although these proofs of concepts for potential preclinical applications show a big breakthrough in this field, some issues need to be considered: (1) the duration and expression levels of targeted genes in islets, (2) the use of viral vectors for direct gene therapy raises the possibility of insertional mutagenesis (retroviruses and lentiviruses) and host immunogenicity (adenoviruses), and (3) the efficiency of differentiation of insulin-secreting cells from stem cells.
In conclusion, further investigations are required to develop the most potent graft-specific immunoregulatory therapies and to generate safe and stable sources of insulin-secreting cells for clinical islet transplantation or cell replacement treatments.
Abbreviations
T1D:Type 1 diabetes
NOD mouse:Nonobese diabetic mouse
PD-1:Programmed death-1
CTLA-4:Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4
SOD:Superoxide dismutase
STZ:Streptozotocin
ESCs:Embryonic stem cells
MSCs:Mesenchymal stromal cells
iPSCs:Induced pluripotent stem cells.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Science Council, Taiwan (NSC100-3112-B-016-001, NSC99-2320-B-016-001-MY3 to H.-K. Sytwu), the Tri-service General Hospital foundation (TSGH-C101-009-0S01), the National Health Research Institutes (NHRI-100A1-PDCO-0809111), the Ministry of Economic Affairs (100-EC-17-A-20-S1-028) and C.Y. Foundation for Advancement of Education, Sciences, and Medicine.
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Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology » "Current Basic and Pathological Approaches to the Function of Muscle Cells and Tissues - From Molecules to Humans", book edited by Haruo Sugi, ISBN 978-953-51-0679-1, Published: July 18, 2012 under CC BY 3.0 license
Chapter 13
Different Modulators of Airways and Distal Lung Parenchyma Contractile Responses in the Physiopathology of Asthma
By Carla Máximo Prado, Edna Aparecida Leick, Fernanda Degobbi Tenório Quirino dos Santos Lopes, Milton A. Martins and Iolanda de Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério
DOI: 10.5772/48347
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Bibliography: The Facts of Dr Van Helsing's Case
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Title: The Facts of Dr Van Helsing's Case
Author: Stephen Dedman
Year: 2004
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: shortfiction
ISFDB Record Number: 1020517
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Materials 2012, 5(8), 1404-1412; doi:10.3390/ma5081404
Article
Effect of the Milling Time of the Precursors on the Physical Properties of Sprayed Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide (ZnO:Al) Thin Films
1 Center for Nanotechnology Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India 2 Department of Electrical Engineering-SEES, CINVESTAV-IPN, Apdo. Postal 14-740, México D.F. 07000, Mexico
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 21 March 2012; in revised form: 29 June 2012 / Accepted: 24 July 2012 / Published: 16 August 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Transparent Conducting Oxides)
Download PDF Full-Text [483 KB, uploaded 16 August 2012 11:08 CEST]
Abstract: Aluminum doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al) thin films were deposited on soda-lime glass substrates by the chemical spray technique. The atomization of the solution was carried out by ultrasonic excitation. Six different starting solutions from both unmilled and milled Zn and Al precursors, dissolved in a mix of methanol and acetic acid, were prepared. The milling process was carried out using a planetary ball mill at a speed of 300 rpm, and different milling times, namely, 15, 25, 35, 45, and 60 min. Molar concentration, [Al]/[Zn] atomic ratio, deposition temperature and time, were kept at constant values; 0.2 M, 3 at.%, 475 °C, and 10 min, respectively. Results show that, under the same deposition conditions, electrical resistivities of ZnO:Al thin films deposited from milled precursors are lower than those obtained for films deposited from unmilled precursors. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that all films display a polycrystalline structure, fitting well with the hexagonal wurtzite structure. Changes in surface morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well, since films deposited from unmilled precursors show triangular shaped grains, in contrast to films deposited from 15 and 35 min milled precursors that display thin slices with hexagonal shapes. The use of milled precursors to prepare starting solutions for depositing ZnO:Al thin films by ultrasonic pyrolysis influences their physical properties.
Keywords: zinc oxide; thin films; ultrasonic spray pyrolysis; transparent conductive oxides; TCO
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Ramireddy, T.R.; Venugopal, V.; Bellam, J.B.; Maldonado, A.; Vega-Pérez, J.; Velumani, S.; Olvera, M.D.L.L. Effect of the Milling Time of the Precursors on the Physical Properties of Sprayed Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide (ZnO:Al) Thin Films. Materials 2012, 5, 1404-1412.
AMA Style
Ramireddy TR, Venugopal V, Bellam JB, Maldonado A, Vega-Pérez J, Velumani S, Olvera MDLL. Effect of the Milling Time of the Precursors on the Physical Properties of Sprayed Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide (ZnO:Al) Thin Films. Materials. 2012; 5(8):1404-1412.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Ramireddy, Thrinath Reddy; Venugopal, Velmurugan; Bellam, Jagadeesh Babu; Maldonado, Arturo; Vega-Pérez, Jaime; Velumani, Subramaniam; Olvera, María De La Luz. 2012. "Effect of the Milling Time of the Precursors on the Physical Properties of Sprayed Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide (ZnO:Al) Thin Films." Materials 5, no. 8: 1404-1412.
Materials EISSN 1996-1944 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Information 2011, 2(1), 217-246; doi:10.3390/info2010217
Article
Finding Emotional-Laden Resources on the World Wide Web
1 Department of Information Science, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany 2 North Campus Building, Room 240, Faculty of Information and Media Studies, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada 3 Dormagen, Germany
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 1 December 2010; in revised form: 24 January 2011 / Accepted: 18 February 2011 / Published: 2 March 2011
(This article belongs to the Special Issue What Is Information?)
Download PDF Full-Text [853 KB, uploaded 2 March 2011 14:06 CET]
Abstract: Some content in multimedia resources can depict or evoke certain emotions in users. The aim of Emotional Information Retrieval (EmIR) and of our research is to identify knowledge about emotional-laden documents and to use these findings in a new kind of World Wide Web information service that allows users to search and browse by emotion. Our prototype, called Media EMOtion SEarch (MEMOSE), is largely based on the results of research regarding emotive music pieces, images and videos. In order to index both evoked and depicted emotions in these three media types and to make them searchable, we work with a controlled vocabulary, slide controls to adjust the emotions’ intensities, and broad folksonomies to identify and separate the correct resource-specific emotions. This separation of so-called power tags is based on a tag distribution which follows either an inverse power law (only one emotion was recognized) or an inverse-logistical shape (two or three emotions were recognized). Both distributions are well known in information science. MEMOSE consists of a tool for tagging basic emotions with the help of slide controls, a processing device to separate power tags, a retrieval component consisting of a search interface (for any topic in combination with one or more emotions) and a results screen. The latter shows two separately ranked lists of items for each media type (depicted and felt emotions), displaying thumbnails of resources, ranked by the mean values of intensity. In the evaluation of the MEMOSE prototype, study participants described our EmIR system as an enjoyable Web 2.0 service.
Keywords: emotional information retrieval; indexing, retrieval; content-based information retrieval; basic emotion; concept-based information retrieval; image; video; music; tagging, scroll bar; Media EMOtion Search; MEMOSE
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Knautz, K.; Neal, D.R.; Schmidt, S.; Siebenlist, T.; Stock, W.G. Finding Emotional-Laden Resources on the World Wide Web. Information 2011, 2, 217-246.
AMA Style
Knautz K, Neal DR, Schmidt S, Siebenlist T, Stock WG. Finding Emotional-Laden Resources on the World Wide Web. Information. 2011; 2(1):217-246.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Knautz, Kathrin; Neal, Diane Rasmussen; Schmidt, Stefanie; Siebenlist, Tobias; Stock, Wolfgang G. 2011. "Finding Emotional-Laden Resources on the World Wide Web." Information 2, no. 1: 217-246.
Information EISSN 2078-2489 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Very High Activity
Ratings and Reviews
Analyzed 5 days ago based on code collected 5 days ago.
Community Rating
4.8
Average Rating: 4.8/5.0
Number of Ratings: 5
Number of Reviews: 0
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Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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U.S. adds extra $150 million to global AIDS fight
PanARMENIAN.Net - The U.S. is adding an extra $150 million to the global AIDS fight, taking a first step toward reaching some stigmatized populations, the Associated Press reported.
Despite tough fiscal times, “I am here today to make it absolutely clear the U.S. is committed and will remain committed to achieving an AIDS-free generation,” Secretary of State Hillary Clinton told the International AIDS Conference
“We need to go where the virus is,” Clinton told the meeting.
Included in the new U.S. funding is $15 million for research to identify the best HIV prevention tools to reach those key populations in different countries, and $20 million to create a challenge fund to support country-led efforts to put those findings into practice.
Closer to reality is a goal of virtually eliminating transmission of HIV from infected pregnant women to their babies by 2015, by getting the mothers onto anti-AIDS drugs. HIV-infected births are rare in the United States and are dropping steadily worldwide, although some 330,000 children became infected last year. Clinton said the U.S. has invested more than $1 billion toward that goal in recent years and is providing an extra $80 million to help poor countries finish the job.
The world spent $16.8 billion fighting AIDS in poor countries, the hardest-hit, last year, and the United States is the leading donor.
But Bill Gates, the Microsoft founder and philanthropist, said the world is facing great uncertainty about whether wealthy nations will continue funding AIDS programs with the same vigor as in the past.
“As these budget trade-offs are made, the voices of the AIDS community and the global health community are going to have to be louder than ever,” said Gates, whose Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has pledged more than $1 billion to global AIDS efforts.
Another $7 billion a year is needed to get 15 million people in low- and middle-income countries onto medication by 2015, a United Nations goal. A record 8 million received it last year.
Partner news
Top stories
Earlier, ArmRosgasprom CJSC addressed Armenia’s Public Services Regulatory Commission with an offer to reconsider natural gas price.
Armenian defense ministry’s spokesman described the maneuvers as ordinary exercises conducted several times a year.
Participants will learn basic skills in protecting IT systems and data as well as how to investigate computer-facilitated crimes.
“I wish to further promote the beauty of Armenian art and its principles of tolerance and respect to diversity,” Mnatsakanyan said.
Partner news
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ISOLATED ERROR AMPLIFIERS OUTPERFORM OPTOCOUPLERS AND SHUNT REGULATORS IN POWER SUPPLY APPLICATIONS
Printer-friendly versionPDF version
Norwood, MA (02/26/2013) -
Analog Devices, Inc. (NASDAQ: ADI), a global leader in high-performance semiconductors for signal-processing applications and a pioneer in digital isolator technology, today introduced isolated error amplifiers that provide power supply designers with a higher performing, single-chip alternative to isolation techniques based on optocouplers and shunt regulators. Designed for linear feedback power supplies using primary side controllers, the ADuM3190 and ADuM4190 isolated error amplifiers have a 400-kHz bandwidth, with 0.5% typical initial accuracy at 25°C and 1% total accuracy over the extended temperature range of –40˚C to +125˚C. This provides manufacturers of ac-to-dc and dc-to-dc power supplies, including those that are DOSA (Distributed-power Open Standards Alliance)-compliant, with a significant upgrade in speed and operating temperature range, as well as a 5× improvement in transient response.
Designed with ADI’s iCoupler® digital isolation technology, the ADuM3190 and ADuM4190 eliminate the CTR (current-transfer ratio) of optocouplers that degrades over the lifetime of the devices and limits operation to 85˚C. The ADuM3190 and ADuM4190 include a highly accurate 1.225-V reference and a wideband operational amplifier that can be used to set up a variety of commonly used power supply loop compensation techniques.
ADuM3190/4190 Isolated Error Amplifiers Key Features
• Bandwidth: 400 kHz
• 0.5% initial accuracy at 25°C
• 1% total accuracy over –40˚C to +125˚C
• Low power operation: <7 li="li" ma<="mA<">
7>
• Isolation voltage:
• ADuM3190: 2.5 kV rms
• ADuM4190: 5 kV rms (reinforced)
Pricing and Availability
Product
Availability Price at 1K Quantity Package Temperature Range (°C) ADuM3190A Now $1.04 QSOP-16 –40 to +85 ADuM3190B Now $1.12 QSOP-16 –40 to +85 ADuM3190S Now $1.14 QSOP-16 –40 to +125 ADuM3190T Now $1.23 QSOP-16 –40 to +125 ADuM4190A April '13 $1.20 Wide-body SO-16 –40 to +85 ADuM4190S April '13 $1.30 Wide-body SO-16 –40 to +125 ADuM4190T April '13 $1.39 Wide-body SO-16 –40 to +125 EVAL-ADUM3190EBZ Now $49 per - -
About Analog Devices
Innovation, performance, and excellence are the cultural pillars on which Analog Devices has built one of the longest standing, highest growth companies within the technology sector. Acknowledged industry-wide as the world leader in data conversion and signal conditioning technology, Analog Devices serves over 60,000 customers, representing virtually all types of electronic equipment. Analog Devices is headquartered in Norwood, Massachusetts, with design and manufacturing facilities throughout the world. Analog Devices is included in the S&P 500 Index.
News Source : ISOLATED ERROR AMPLIFIERS OUTPERFORM OPTOCOUPLERS AND SHUNT REGULATORS IN POWER SUPPLY APPLICATIONS
Copy this html code to your website/blog and link to this press release.
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
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Mike Ciresi
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Mike Ciresi was a Democratic candidate for the Senate in Minnesota
Mike Ciresi was a Democratic candidate in the 2008 congressional elections for the Senate in Minnesota. He was seeking the Democratic nomination to challenge incumbent Sen. Norm Coleman (R-Minn.). In March 2008, Ciresi announced he would withdraw from the race.[1]
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
When looking at forum/community software and ecommerce, it seems java doesn't really have a low-mid market?
When I say low to mid market, I mean something like $299-1999.
Is there a reason for that?
share|improve this question
closed as off topic by TimJ Aug 16 '12 at 16:58
Questions on Answers OnStartups are expected to relate to startups within the scope defined in the FAQ. Consider editing the question or leaving comments for improvement if you believe the question can be reworded to fit within the scope. Read more about closed questions here.
3 Answers
up vote 2 down vote accepted
I tend to agree with gmagana that in this context most customers wouldn't care whether it's Java, C, PHP or PL/1. However to say that customers don't care about the language/platform in all circumstances isn't strictly true.
I previously worked on enterprise software for the financial markets, where a segment of the market is split into sell-side (investment banks, etc) and buy-side (typically investors of other people's money). <SweepingGeneralisation>The sell-side is very pro-Java (especially the US market) and often anti-.NET as they have a lot of in-house expertise in specific technologies. </SweepingGeneralisation>
As we had a .NET/C# product, it was easier for us to compete on the buy-side than on the sell-side.
Bottom line - it depends on the nature of your customers whether they care about the platform you use.
In answer to your specific question, I would suggest the absence of a Java solution indicates that it is easier to build web apps using other technologies. (Not sure what you meant by "forum/community software", but Atlassian's products are built in Java and they have offerings in this price range).
share|improve this answer
Java's roots are in enterprise software. It is tuned to the needs of enterprises such as reliability, performance, scalability, et cetera. Enterprise software is expensive, and is sold by sales people from big companies (e.g. IBM, Oracle, SAP) getting big commissions. It is often sold to run on big expensive specialized servers. This makes it hard to price Java products in the hundreds of dollars.
Software written in PHP, Python, and Ruby tend to come from small companies on small/shoestring budgets and are designed to work on cheap servers. (This is a generalization only). Sales are direct, and often don't involve sales people (with commissions). Software people make their living on installation, customization, and consulting.
share|improve this answer
Hmm... Does it matter?
It seems backward to me to say "Well, there is no software written in C to tackle this problem..."
Under what circumstances would a customer care whether a solution is written in Java or not?
share|improve this answer
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
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I provide purchasing services for foreign companies. How to solve the problem of trust?
I am a purchasing agent for foreign companies. My clients find me on the Internet. I provide services so my clients pay me my service charge. They don't personally know me before they contact me. I ...
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208 reputation
17
bio website future-web-app.blogspot.com
location Israel
age 40
visits member for 2 years, 4 months
seen Feb 14 at 14:10
stats profile views 13
I mostly do Erlang and CoffeeScript these days and am the author of "Building Web Applications in Erlang" and "Programming HTML5 Applications" Both of which were published by O'Reilly.
I am also very interested in the question, How do I become a great developer and spend a fair bit of time thinking about it.
I am also a compulsive writer. I love writing as it forces me to really think about what is important and how to make ideas seem more concreate
This user has no recent positive reputation changes
14 Votes Cast
all time by type
14 up 0 question
0 down 14 answer
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A Materialized View for the Same Generation Query in Deductive Databases
Nabil Arman
Abstract
Traditionally, deductive databases are designed as extensions to relational databases by either integrating a logic programming language, such as PROLOG, with a conventional relational database system that provides storage persistence needed for any database system, or by integrating an expert system with a relational database system. Deductive databases take advantage of a special kind of rule recursion called linear recursion to provide inference capabilities to improve the intelligence of the database system. The simplicity of implementation of linear recursive rules, like same generation rules, is far from the difficulty and the cost of computing the results of queries based on these recursive rules. Thus, to reduce costs and improve performance of the same generation queries, many techniques were suggested. In this paper, we propose the use of materialized views to speed up the evaluation of these queries and explain how to maintain the materialized view if the underlying base relation is updated. Finally, simulations are used to compare the materialized view approach with other approaches that are used to compute the results of the same generation queries.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/cis.v5n6p1
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Computer and Information Science ISSN 1913-8989 (Print) ISSN 1913-8997 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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Wanderer
In Game Description
A lightly equipped soldier that continues an aimless journey. They have especially high dexterity and are skilled at using a curved sword. They also have high luck, but because their initial equipment is shabby, they are weak to attacks.
Starting Stats
Vitality Intelligence Endurance Strength Dexterity Magic Faith Luck Soul
Level
10 10 11 11 15 9 7 13 6
General Information
• The Wanderer is a Unique class.
• Most may think that it is a off shoot of a Thief. This assumption is not entirely wrong, though the play style of a Wanderer is significantly different.
• The Wanderer has no ranged combat at the beginning. It is easy to pick up a bow for the few occasions that you will need a bow though, since Wanderers are quick enough to dispatch most foes with low amounts of damage taken.
• The Wanderer has the highest Dexterity out of any other class, and only requires one extra soul level in Dexterity to start taking less fall damage.
• The Wanderers health is low and armor is weak.
• Dodging is a must.
• The wanderer is not for the faint of heart, the easily frustrated, or the new gamer.
Starting equipment
weapon shield armor ammo spell consumables
Falchion
Dagger
Wooden Shield Leather Armor
Hard Leather Boots
n/a n/a Crescent Moon Grass x6
Ed's Grindstone x2
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
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"url": "elinux.org/index.php?oldid=51361&title=Debugging_by_printing",
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}
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Debugging by printing
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 22:02, 15 June 2011 by Peter Huewe (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Note: This article is currently only a draft and is a part of a series of articles I'm going to publish the next few months - if you want to contribute to it, please feel free to. However it would be nice if you could coordinate your efforts with me
Probably the simplest way to get some information from the kernel is debugging by printing, especially using the kernels equivalent of printf, the printk function.
The main advantage of debugging with printk is that no sophisticated setup is needed and printk can be called from almost anywhere at any time. Printk can be called while holding a lock, from interrupt and process context and does not need any special preparation. It is just there and just works.
The only real exception is early in the boot process where no console is available yet, but there is special function named 'early_printk' just for this special case, which is available if CONFIG_EARLY_PRINTK is set.
What this article will be about - ideas
• printk format
• Debug/log levels - dmesg -n /proc/sys/kernel/printk
• printk_ratelimited
• dynamic debug, pr_debug and dev_dbg
• pr_warn and family - see printk.h for details
• early_printk
• printascii, printch and printhex (on ARM only?)
• /dev/kmsg
• Examples - maybe use example module.
References
External links
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Greece: Flash Opera in Metro Station
This post also available in:
Ελληνικά · Ελλάδα: Όπερα στο μετρό
Español · Grecia: ópera relámpago en estación de metro
To honor European Music Day on June 21, the Greek National Opera organized a small flash concert in Syntagma metro station in Athens, in front of hundreds of surprised passengers, young and old, who enjoyed arias from The Barber of Seville and Faust, as well as the Libiamo duet with chorus from La Traviata. Netizens praised this happy incident on Twitter [el]. You can watch the videos here, here and here.
World regions
Countries
Languages
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:63120",
"uncompressed_offset": 146097148,
"url": "josm.openstreetmap.de/ticket/5410",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:33:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:adc773ae-d53a-4875-b756-cdb31313ee81>",
"warc_url": "http://josm.openstreetmap.de/ticket/5410"
}
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Modify
Opened 3 years ago
Closed 3 years ago
#5410 closed defect (fixed)
No user interaction for failed download
Reported by: stoecker Owned by: team
Priority: critical Component: Core
Version: Keywords:
Cc:
Description
When I try downloading GET http://api.openstreetmap.org/api/0.6/map?bbox=13.7080573,51.0109433,14.055859799999999,51.1604348
I get no data and also no response from josm at all.
Wireshark says that servers says "Error: You requested too many nodes (limit is 50000). Either request a smaller area, or use planet.osm", but this message is no longer displayed.
Attachments (0)
Change History (3)
comment:1 Changed 3 years ago by stoecker
comment:2 Changed 3 years ago by stoecker
comment:3 Changed 3 years ago by stoecker
• Resolution set to fixed
• Status changed from new to closed
Modify Ticket
Change Properties
<Author field>
Action
as closed .
as The resolution will be set. Next status will be 'closed'.
The resolution will be deleted. Next status will be 'reopened'.
Author
E-mail address and user name can be saved in the Preferences.
Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets.
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{
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"warc_url": "http://online-journals.org/i-jet/article/viewArticle/184"
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Agents in E-learning
Steffen Mencke, Reiner Dumke
Abstract
This paper presents a framework to describe the crossover domain of e-learning and agent technology. Furthermore it is used to classify existing work and possible starting points for the future development of agent techniques and technologies order to enhance the performance and the effectiveness of several aspects of e-learning systems. Agents are not a new concept but their use in the field of e-learning constitutes a basis for consequential advances.
Keywords
E-learning, Agent Technology, Framework
Full Text:
PDF
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3991%2Fijet.v2i4.184
International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning. ISSN: 1863-0383
Indexing:
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"url": "opensource.com/government/12/5/govhack-govcamp-govjam-aim-advance-gov-20-australia",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:33:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:adc773ae-d53a-4875-b756-cdb31313ee81>",
"warc_url": "http://opensource.com/government/12/5/govhack-govcamp-govjam-aim-advance-gov-20-australia?sc_cid=70160000000IDmjAAG"
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GovHack, GovCamp, GovJam aim to advance Gov 2.0 in Australia
Image by opensource.com
(4 votes)
Not one, but three upcoming events will bring more open government to Australia over the course of a week. GovHack, GovCamp, and GovJam will collectively allow citizens to interact with the public sector to collaborate, innovate, and share--advancing Gov 2.0 by using government data in new ways.
GovHack will bring together citizens and experts from government, industry, and academia to design new mashups with government data over 48-hours. GovCamp is a one-day unconference where participants can contribute to the stories around innovation in government through presentations, discussions, panels, and workshops. Wrapping up the week is GovJam, a chance for government and public sector professionals to exchange techniques, insights, and ideas with their colleagues.
GovHack Canberra and Sydney, June 1-3
GovHack is a 48-hour event where teams will compete for $40,000 in prizes and grants by creating new applications and mashups using government data. The event will have data "owners" on hand as well as mentors from a range of technology backgrounds. More importantly, power, wifi, food, and lots of caffeine will be provided.
What is a GovHack?
"We fill a room with as many web and application developers, open data & visualisation gurus, user experience folk, accessibility peeps, augmented reality-ists, mobile maesters, user experience fanatics and anyone interested in open government as we can find and set them loose on government data sets to create new mashups, data visualisations and apps. We provide everything you'll need to hack to your hearts content, for glory, or money, or both!"
Find out more. Register.
GovCamp Canberra, June 5
This year's unconference will focus on open data, public engagement and community development, and policy and service delivery design. Thought leaders, implementers, and change agents in public service are encouraged to attend.
What is a GovCamp?
"A GovCamp is a somewhat 'unconference' event for people from government and people interested in government to get together to share knowledge, learn, develop skills, network and find new opportunities to collaborate. It involves both structured and unstructured scheduling to get a good mix of current thought leaders and stories from the trenches."
Find out more. Register.
GovJam Canberra, June 6-7
Government and public sector professionals will have two days to develop innovative approaches and solutions for the challenges faced by Australia's public sector. It's a high-energy environment focused on more doing than talking. The Department of Innovation will facilitate the event in collaboration with Global Service Jam.
What is a GovJam?
"A GovJam is about jamming ideas with other folk in government, and designing better ways to deliver services for your department or agency. This is an international workshop that will see Canberra based staff jamming with Public Servants in Australian Capital Cities, Scotland, and potentially around the world."
Find out more. Register
If you're attending and blogging about any of the above events, consider cross-posting on opensource.com. Just contact us through our webform and see how you can submit an article.
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Agarose gel electrophoresis
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 11:30, 26 July 2005 by Josh K. Michener (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Endy Lab
Pouring agarose gels
Purpose: To prepare gels for gel electrophoresis.
Materials
• gel box, gel tray, comb
all in gel room
• 1% agarose in 1X TAE
premade, premelted bottles available in Peltier incubator; 564D
• Ethidium Bromide (abbreviated EtBr)
in gel room, upper right hand shelf
• 100 ml glass bottle or beaker
prewarmed in incubator or water bath for a few minutes
Procedure
1. Push gel tray down into pouring box. The rubber gasket ends of the tray should form a seal with the sides of the box.
2. Place comb of appropriate width, size, and number into niche at end of the tray.
3. Pour agarose solution, 35 ml for small gels or 70ml for large gels, into prewarmed bottle. The marks on the side of the bottle should be a sufficient guide.
4. Add 0.2 μl of EtBr per 35 ml 1% agarose. EtBr is extremely carcinogenic - be careful with it. (Wear nitrile gloves; dispose of tips properly into EtBr waste container; don't expose any part of the pipette other than the tip).
• Note that our EtBr is currently diluted to an unknown (but low) concentration. More EtBr may need to be added to achieve the same signal.
5. Swirl bottle or mix with pipette tip to mix in EtBr. Pour the mixture into the tray. Rinse out the bottle with hot water.
6. Let agarose sit for ~15 minutes to solidify. After it has set a bit (enough so that you can walk with it), you can set it in the cold room to chill further and solidify completely, saving a few minutes.
7. When gel has solidified, remove the comb, lifting straight up. Lift the gel tray and rotate it 90°, so that the ends of the gel are now exposed to the ends of the gel box.
Running agarose gels
Materials
Procedure
1. Add enough 1X TAE to fill the reservoirs at both ends of the gel box and cover the surface of the gel--the gel should be immersed. (There are bottles of 1X TAE in the gel room on the right side of the bench. If they're empty, 1X TAE is above the sink in 564D.)
You're now ready to load DNA samples and run your gel. Start at step #6 below in the Knight lab protocol. If there is a differing protocol for the Endy lab, please add it here.
Knight lab
Casting agarose gels
We precast our gels.
Materials
Procedure
1. Add 300mL 1X TAE to a 500 mL bottle.
2. Measure out sufficient agarose to cast either a 1% (3 g) or 1.5% (4.5 g) gel.
3. Add the agarose to the TAE buffer in the 500 mL bottle.
4. Swirl to mix.
5. Microwave bottle with loosened cap on high until the gel starts to bubble and is transparent.
This generally takes just over two minutes for 300 mL. If you microwave too long, the gel will bubble over causing a big mess and you will need to start over.
6. Remove from microwave and let cool by either sitting on bench top or adding stir bar and placing on stir plate.
The advantage of the stir plate is that, if you forget about your gel for a while, it is less likely to solidify accidentally.
If you are in a hurry, you can place the bottle in a beaker of room temperature water on the stir plate to speed the cooling process significantly.
7. While gel is cooling, assemble casting trays and gel combs and verify that the trays are level.
8. Once gel is cooled so that it can be touched comfortably with your gloved hand, add 15 μL Ethidium Bromide (final concentration of 0.5 μg/mL).
9. Pour gel into casting trays.
The height of the gel will depend on how much you wish to load. Diagnostic gels can be reasonably shallow since typically 10 μL volumes are loaded. For gel purifications, the gel should be deeper to enable loading of large sample volumes.
10. Let gels sit until they are solidified.
Gels are solid when they are cloudy in appearance and firm to the touch.
11. Gels may be used immediately. Alternatively, gels may be individually sealed in 6 x 10 inch polyethylene bags, labelled with initials, date and percentage and stored at 4 °C.
It is a judgement call as to whether a gel is too old to be used. If it takes on a shrivelled appearance, don't use it. If there is lots of condensation on the bag, only use it if your intended experiment isn't critical.
Running agarose gels
Materials
Procedure
1. Take a gel from the 4°C fridge.
If the number of gels is getting low, cast more gels as described above.
2. Place your gel in gel box.
3. Add 1X TAE buffer to gel box such that buffer just covers the top of the gel.
4. Remove comb.
5. Add 10 μL ethidium bromide stock solution to the running buffer well near the positive terminal.
6. Load 12 μL prepared ladder
Typically load laddder in left-most lane and sometimes right-most lane as well depending on whether you have the space.
7. Use 2 μL loading dye per 10 μL of sample.
8. Load samples left to right.
The capacity of the 8 well, 1.5mm wide well is approximately 45 μL. The capacity of the 15 well, 1.5mm well is approximately 15 μL.
9. Place gel box cover on gel box such that your samples will run towards the positive, red electrode.
10. Run your gel at ~85 volts for 1 hr 20 mins. Use the timer to enable automatic shutoff of your gel.
If you are in a hurry the gel can be run faster at ~95 volts for less than an hour.
11. Verify that bubbles are rising from the electrodes once you start your gel to ensure your gel is running properly.
Visualizing agarose gels
Note that this procedure is under development
Materials
• FluorChem 8800 gel imager
Procedure
1. Remove gel from gel box shaking gently to allow residual buffer to fall back into gel box.
2. Place in middle of UV box inside gel imager (you can leave the gel in gel tray).
3. Close the door and turn on reflective white light button.
4. In gel imager software, click the "Acquire" button such that gel displays on screen.
5. Adjust gel position on UV box so that the entire gel is within the frame.
6. Close the door, turn off reflective white light and turn on transilluminating UV light.
7. In gel imager software, click "Acquire image" button to capture gel image to the screen.
It is occasionally necessary to adjust exposure time to improved image.
8. Increase filtering if bands are difficult to see.
9. Annotate gel as necessary.
10. Save a copy of gel picture in your user folder.
11. Print.
12. Remove gel and dispose in ethidium bromide waste container.
13. Wipe down UV box if necessary.
Interpreting results
If you are getting unexpected bands on your gel you may want to look at the Common Agarose Gel Issues
Personal tools
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
The truth is that there is only one terminal dignity -- love. And the story of a love is not important -- what is important is that one is capable of love. It is perhaps the only glimpse we are permitted of eternity. Hayes, Helen
This quote is about love · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Hayes, Helen ...
Helen Hayes (October 10, 1900 March 17, 1993) was an American actress whose successful and award-winning career spanned almost 70 years. She was eventually to garner the nickname "First Lady of the American Theater", and was one of the few people who has won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony Award.
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/26607/"
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Miracles occur naturally as expressions of love. The real miracle is the love that inspires them. In this sense everything that comes from love is a miracle. Williamson, Marianne
This quote is about miracles · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Williamson, Marianne ...
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/27417/"
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Too often we underestimate the power of a touch, a smile, a kind word, a listening ear, an honest compliment, or the smallest act of caring, all of which have the potential to turn a life around. Buscaglia, Leo
This quote is about motivation · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Buscaglia, Leo ...
Dr. Felice Leonardo Buscaglia Ph.D. (31 March 1924 - 11 June 1998) was a professor of Italian descent at the University of Southern California, who authored a number of New York Times bestselling inspirational books on of love and human reticences on the subject, including The Fall of Freddie the Leaf, Bus 9 to Paradise, Living Loving and Learning, and Love. In lectures he often protested, in outrage at the comparative absence of writings on the subject, "I got the copyright for love!!!"
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"A REALLY INTELLIGENT INTERVIEWER." -- Lance Henriksen
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Thursday, September 29, 2011
VAULTCAST! Interview w/Tom Six & Laurence Harvey, Director & Star of THE HUMAN CENTIPEDE 2!
It's the most talked-about horror film of 2011, and I've got an interview with the men both behind and in front of the camera. The Human Centipede II (Full Sequence) has already been banned in a few countries, and has been making quite a stir, so it was impossible to pass up an opportunity to chat with director Tom Six and star Laurence Harvey (who sounded so nice and loveable with his gentle Liverpool accent that I couldn't match up the voice with the monstrous character he plays in the film).
I'll reserve my opinions for my upcoming review of the movie (keep checking Babbling About Books, and More, where I also reviewed the first film,) but for now, let's all enjoy this little chat with Tom Six and Laurence Harvey (my apologies for the occasionally shoddy audio.) Feel free to listen in on the embedded player below, or proceed to the Vaultcast page, where you can download it for later!
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Auschwitz
From Wikitravel
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Main gate of Auschwitz I concentration camp
Auschwitz [1] is the generic name given to the cluster of concentration, labour and extermination camps built by the Germans during the Second World War and located outside the town of Oswiecim (Polish Oświęcim) in southern Poland, some 60 km from Krakow. The camps have become a place of pilgrimage for survivors, their families and all who wish to travel to remember the Holocaust.
[edit] Understand
Although not the only (or, indeed, the first) German concentration and extermination camp, Auschwitz has become a widespread symbol of terror, genocide and the Holocaust in the global consciousness.
A concentration camp was established by the Nazis in the suburbs of the Polish city of Oswiecim which - like the rest of Poland - was occupied by the Germans from the beginning of the Second World War (1939-1945). The name of the city of Oswiecim was changed ('Germanized') to Auschwitz, which became the name of the camp as well.
The camp was continually expanded over the next 5 years and ultimately consisted of 3 main parts: Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II-Birkenau, and Auschwitz III-Monowitz. Auschwitz also had over 40 sub-camps in the neighboring cities and in the surrounding area. Initially, only Poles and Jews were imprisoned and died in the camp. Subsequently, Soviet prisoners of war ('POWs'), gypsies, and prisoners of other nationalities and minorities were also incarcerated there.
From 1942 onwards, the camp became the site of one of the greatest mass murders in the history of humanity, committed against the European Jews as part of Hitler's plan for the complete destruction of that people ('the Final Solution'). The vast majority of the Jewish men, women and children deported from their homes all over occupied Europe to Auschwitz were sent immediately to their deaths in the Birkenau gas chambers upon arrival, usually trained in in overcrowded cattle wagons. Their bodies were afterwards cremated in industrial furnaces in the crematoria.
At the end of the war, in an effort to remove the traces of the crimes they had committed, the SS began dismantling and razing the gas chambers, crematoria, and other buildings, as well as burning documents. Prisoners capable of marching were evacuated into the depths of the German Reich. Those who remained behind in the camp were liberated by Red Army soldiers on 27 January 1945.
A 2 July 1947 Act of the post-war Polish Parliament established the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum on the grounds of the two extant parts of the camp, Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II-Birkenau.
The site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979.
[edit] Get in
There are quite frequent and inexpensive buses (12zl each way) or minibuses (8zl each way - depart from the basement level of the main bus station) to and from the main bus station in Krakow, or guided tours are available from most hotels or tourist information centres. The bus takes about one and a half hours - it is usually busy and stops locally along the way. The mini buses run every 20 minutes during the morning hours. They return from Auschwitz at 13:16, 15.36, &16.01 as of October 2012. A larger bus also leaves from Auschwitz at 14:10, 15:05, 16:20, 17:25, 17:50 and 18:20 (again as of October 2012). The larger bus leaves from the museum area, while the mini bus leaves from across the street from where you are let off. Also, trains regularly run to Oswiecim, you can purchase a return ticket for approx 45zl or one way for approx 23zl. A bus can then be caught to Auschwitz, or you can walk there (approx 1 km) in about 20-25 minutes. There is a shuttle bus between Auschwitz and Birkenau. It is free and goes every half hour (from Auschwitz to Birkenau it leaves on the hour at half hourly intervals and going the opposite way it is 15 minutes of the hour at half hourly intervals), or you can just walk the two miles between the camps (although it isn't a very nice walk as it is along the roads). If you've just missed a bus, a taxi between the sites will cost about 15 zl.
Local (Krakow - 1hr30m) and international (e.g. Vienna, Prague) trains also stop at the nearby town of Oświęcim (3km).
[edit] Tours from Krakow
Several companies provide tours from Krakow for around 100 zł. They advertise heavily so you'll have no problem finding one. These tours involve a minibus pick-up from anywhere in Krakow, and a few hours guided tour.
[edit] Entrance
Entrance is free, without a ticket, though donations are encouraged. Be aware that because of the large numbers of visitors entry to the Auschwitz I site is exclusively on a guided (and unfortunately rather rushed), group basis from 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. during the period from April 1 to October 31. You can visit the site on your own (highly recommended because you can go at your own pace, see what you want to see and have a much more meaningful experience) if you arrive before 10:00 a.m., this is possible if you're staying in Krakow and don't have your own car with some trains from Krakow Glowny arriving between 8am-10am. Guided tours cost 40zl (discounted price for students up to 24 years of age is 30zl). The Auschwitz II-Birkenau site is open for visitors without the guide during the opening hours of the Memorial. You can also book a private tour guide from the Auschwitz Museum [2] site for a 6 hour study tour (400zl).
[edit] Opening hours
The Museum is open all year long, seven days a week, except January 1, December 25, and Easter Sunday. The Museum is open during the following hours:
•8:00 AM - 3:00 PM December through February •8:00 AM - 4:00 PM March, November •8:00 AM - 5:00 PM April, October •8:00 AM - 6:00 PM May, September •8:00 AM - 7:00 PM June, July, August
These are the hours for visiting the site of the camp. The office of the Former Prisoners' Information Section, Archives, Collections, Library, Administration, and other departments are open from 8:00 AM-2:00 PM, Monday through Friday (except holidays).
The 12:30 tour will get you back for the 4pm bus back to Krakow (goes from behind Auschwitz I, not the main road).
[edit] Get around
The Auschwitz Memorial and Museum is easily navigated on foot. There is a free bus between Auschwitz and Birkenau.
Tours are provided by the museum for a fee in various languages, and are recommended if you want a deeper understanding of the site, but they are unfortunately somewhat rushed, and you can get a pretty good feel by buying a guidebook and map (small, simple guide = 5zl; more detailed "souvenir" guide = 12zl - covering Auschwitz and Birkenau) and wandering around on your own (provided you arrive before 10:00 a.m. - after 10:00 a.m., for crowd control purposes, guided tours are mandatory). Each exhibit is described in Polish with other language translations. The scope of the evil and terror that occurred here is almost unimaginable and a guide can help to put in context what a room full of human hair or what a thousand pairs of infant shoes means. They'll also tell you about former prisoners who have returned to see the museum.
[edit][add listing] See
• Auschwitz I was the first camp to be used (therefore called Stammlager). It consist of old Polish military barracks. Inside some of them you will find information material, boards, photos and personal belongings to illustrate the life and cruelties of this camp. The only remaining gas chamber is here but note that, as indicated in the chamber, it was reconstructed to its wartime layout after the war.
Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp
• Main Building The entrance to Auschwitz I has a museum with a theater where a 15 minute film is shown, shot by Ukrainian troops the day after the camp was liberated. It's too graphic for children, and costs 3.5 zl (included in the price of a guided tour). Showings between 11 and 5 (in english at the hour and polish at the half hour). Highly recommended, but disturbing. Bookstores and bathrooms are here, consider buying a 5 zl guidebook or 5 zl map.
• Auschwitz-Birkenau was the second camp and is around 3km from Auschwitz I. You can still see the entrance gate, the railway track and ramp and many old barracks. The site is huge. You can also see the buildings where incoming prisoners were shaved and given their "new" clothing, the ruins of the five gas chambers, ponds where the ashes of thousands of people were dumped without ceremony, and a memorial site. Note that walking through the whole site may take several hours. Some visitors find the experience harrowing.
[edit][add listing] Do
• Participate in one of the guided tours of the site
• Visit on your own a day or two after a guided tour. A guided tour may be a bit rushed to fully experience the emotions of the place.
[edit][add listing] Eat
There's a basic cafe and cafeteria in the main visitors' centre of Auschwitz 1 and a coffee machine in the bookshop at Birkenau. More options are in a commercial complex across the street from Auschwitz 1, although the quality of one (the Art Hamburger) is rather poor, but a cheap and quick eat. There are hot dog stalls and similar outlets outside the main museum at the end of the bus/car park.
[edit][add listing] Sleep
You cannot sleep at the camps. The closest accommodation options are in Oświęcim.
[edit] Respect
Please remember that you are essentially visiting a mass grave site, as well as a site that has an almost incalculable meaning to a significant portion of the world's population. There are still many men and women alive who survived their time here, and many more who had loved ones who were murdered or worked to death there, Jews and non-Jews alike. Please treat the site with the dignity, solemnity and respect it deserves. Do not make jokes about the Holocaust or Nazis. Do not deface the site by marking or scratching graffiti into structures. Pictures are permitted in outdoor areas, but remember this is a memorial rather than a tourist attraction, and there will undoubtedly be visitors who have a personal connection with the camps, so be discreet with cameras.
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Difference between revisions of "Malaga"
From Wikitravel
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(Get around: no tours)
(added listing Sea open kayak in Nérja (Málaga))
Line 89: Line 89:
[[Image:MalagaHoliday.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Malaga during the holiday season]]
[[Image:MalagaHoliday.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Malaga during the holiday season]]
+
*<do name="Sea open kayak in Nérja (Málaga)" alt="Sea open kayak in Nérja (Málaga)" address="Nérja beach" directions="Nérja Beach" phone="+34 682173225" url="http://www.paddleinspain.com/sea-open-kayak-in-malaga-act-119.php" hours="3.30hrs" price="40" lat="" long="">The activity will be placed in our center in Málaga. it will be consisting in a 3.30 hours tour through the cliffs of this great surroundings.This excursion is recommended to have a first experience with the kayak. It is an easy trip, perfect for groups and all those people who want to try the kayak for the first time in an easy way. You will meet your instructor, receive your equipment, for this activity we will use a sit on top kayak, very stable and easy to manage. This landscape offers itself to us with teh imposing backdrop of the Almijara mountain range, where the peak of the "Alto del Cielo" stands out over the abrupt profile of teh mountains. Next we will find the "Pirate Cave" where we can make a small incursion, and further on the waterfalls of Maro, whose waters spray down in a radiant rain from falling from such a great height.</do>
+
==Learn==
==Learn==
Revision as of 09:50, 30 March 2012
For other places with the same name, see Malaga (disambiguation).
Looking south out over Malaga
Málaga [1] is a large city in the southern Spanish region of Andalucia and capital of the Malaga Province. The largest city on the Costa del Sol, Malaga has a typical Mediterranean climate and is also known as the birthplace of the artist Picasso. The city offers beaches, hiking, architectural sites, art museums, and excellent shopping and cuisine. While more laid back than Madrid or Barcelona, Malaga is still the center and transport hub for the hugely popular Costa del Sol region, which is flooded with tourists in the summer, and the city has certainly cashed in on the sun and sand, with lots of new construction as well as hotels and facilities geared to tourists. However, Malaga also offers some genuinely interesting historical and cultural attractions in its old city and its setting on the coast is still beautiful.
Contents
Understand
Climate
Climate averages for Malaga, Spain
1971-2000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ANNUAL AVERAGES
Average Temperature (°C) 12 13 15 16 20 23 25 26 24 20 15 13 18
Average maximum daily temperature (°C) 16 17 19 21 24 27 30 31 28 24 20 17 23
Average minimum daily temperature (°C) 7 8 10 12 15 18 21 22 19 15 13 11 14
Average monthly Precipitation (mm) 81 55 49 41 25 12 2 6 16 56 95 88 526
Get in
Map of Central Malaga
By bus
The main bus station is right across the street from the train station, a km or so west of the city centre on Paseo de los Tilos. The station serves buses from all over Spain and is a major transfer point if you're passing through the region.
A substation, the Muelle Heredia bus station, is located along Avenida de Manuel Agustin Heredia, adjacent to the port and handles many of the regional buses that serve the Malaga province, such as those going to nearby beach towns, many of which are operated by the Malaga Metropolitan Transport Consortium [2].
By train
María Zambrano, the city's sleek new train station, is about a km west of the city centre and served by RENFE's [3] high-speed AVE service, which zips travelers to Madrid in 2.5-3 hours (some with continuing service to Barcelona), Cordoba in 1 hour or Seville in 2 hours, with multiple trains running each line daily. Slower (and cheaper) trains are also available. For Granada, take a train to Bobadilla and change to a Granada-bound train there.
RENFE also operates two Cercanías [4] commuter rail lines out of Malaga, one west along the coast to the airport and the nearby tourist towns of Torremolinos and Fuengirola and one inland. Both lines make two stops in Central Malaga: one at the María Zambrano station (where you can connect to RENFE and the bus station across the street) and one at the end of the line at Centro-Alameda, located closer to the city center where Avenida de Andalucia crosses the Guadalmedina River.
By car
The A-7 E-15 motorway runs along the coast to from Gibraltar to Almeria and through Murcia and on.
The A-45 motorway runs from Cordoba to Malaga.
By plane
Málaga has the third biggest international airport (AGP) in Spain, which many budget airlines fly to. There are even summer flights to New York. From the airport you can get a train, a bus or a taxi into town, or hire a car. A taxi to the city center will cost about €15. Bus no. 19 costs €1.10 (correct in Feb 2010) and is very convenient, running every 30 minutes and stopping at Alameda Principal and Paseo del Parque, where most of the local buses that serve the city stop as well. The route map for bus 19 can be seen on the web [5]. The stop names are shown on an electronic display inside the bus so you can tell when to get off.
Renting a car at Málaga's airport is relatively cheap, but it is advisable to book in advance.
By boat
There is a ferry route between Malaga and Melilla in North Africa with Transmediterranea. Book early.
By taxi
You can get a taxi from Malaga Airport taxi rank just outside the arrivals hall of Terminal 2. Generally, there are taxis available, although you may have to queue and in summer the queues can be very long. A typical journey to Malaga city centre will cost around €20, a journey to Malaga Port will cost around €25.
Get around
bike2malaga - bike rental service[6]. Address: c/Vendeja 6. Contact: mobile (+34) 650 677 063, email: info@bike2malaga.com
See
The Roman Theater beneath the Alcazaba
• Alcazaba, C/ Alcazabilla 2, +34 630 93 29 87. Tu-Su 9:30-19:00, closed on Mondays. A Moorish castle built in the 11th century on a hill in the middle of the city, this old fort is the best-preserved of its kind in Spain. Upon entering you'll climb up past the ramparts offering excellent views of the city and lush gardens to a small Moorish palace at the top which holds a number of artifacts from excavations on the site. €2.10, free Sundays after 14:00.
• Roman Theater (Teatro Romano), C/ Alcazabilla 8 (next to the Alcazaba), +34 951 04 14 00. Situated under the Alcazaba facing a small plaza are the beautiful remains of an old Roman theater. You can view them anytime from the overlook in the plaza, but if you want to get up close you can enter the attached building, where you'll be shown a short film and view some artifacts before entering the theater itself, where you can walk past the old stage and sit on the stone steps. Free.
• Castillo de Gibralfaro, C/ Gibralfaro 11 (at the top of the hill, you can walk or take bus #35). Tu-Su 9:30-19:00, closed on Mondays. Another Moorish castle and the counterpart to the Alcazaba, the Castillo sits on a larger hill behind the Alcazaba and offers an incredible view of the city and neighboring suburbs from the ramparts that encircle the castillo. Within the fortress is a set of gardens and some displays, including an exhibit on the various military forces to have occupied the fort. Between the Castillo and the Alcazaba, visit the Alcazaba if you only have time for one, as the Castillo requires a hefty hike or a bus ride up the mountain. €2.10, free Sundays after 14:00.
Looking up at the tower of Malaga cathedral
• Malaga Cathedral (Catedral de Malaga), Calle Molina Lario 9, +34 952 21 59 17. M-F 10:00-17:30, Sa 10:00-17:00, closed on Su and holidays. Located right in the heart of the city centre and well worth visiting. €5.
• Picasso Museum, Palacio de Buenavista, C/ San Agustín 8, +34 952 127600, [7]. Tu-Th 10:00-20:00, F-Sa 10:00-21:00, Su and holidays 10:00-20:00. Exclusive paintings and exhibitions. €8.
• Picasso's birthplace (Museo Casa Natal de Picasso), Plaza Merced 15, +34 951 92 60 60, [8]. 9:30-20:00. Loads of objects and some paintings that the most famous artist of the 20th century created during his childhood. €1.
• Museo Carmen Thyssen, Plaza Carmen Thyssen, C/Compañía 10, +34 902 303131, [9]. Tu-Th 10:00-20:00, F-Sa 10:00-21:00, Su and holidays 10:00-20:00 (open M and closed Su in summer). Opened in 2011 and has an excellent collection of 19th and 20th Century Spanish paintings. €8.
• Interactive Museum of Music (Museo Interactivo de la Musica Malaga), Muralla Plaza de la Marina, +34 952 210 440, [10]. Daily 10:00-14:00 and 16:00-20:00. Has one of the largest collections of musical instruments in Europe. €3.
• Centro de Arte Contemporáneo. Closed Mondays. Located in a former wholesale trade market, it houses a good collection of works of art and installations. Guided visits. Free.
• Plaza de Toros de la Malagueta, Paseo de Reding. M-F 10:00-13:00 and 17:00-20:00, closed Sa, Su and holidays. Malaga's bullring.
• La Conception Botanical & Historical Garden (Botanical Garden), Camino del Jardín Botánico 3, +34 95 225-2148, [11]. 9:30-20:30. Botanical and historical garden with beautiful views of the city from this garden; worth a visit. €4, guided visits and special prices for children.
Do
• Rock Climb. There is lots of great rock climbing in and around Malaga. The amazing El Chorro gorge is 50 minutes drive to the North West and this also features the 'Kings Walkway' - an amazing pathway suspended high above the gorge. There is also Via Ferrata and rock climbing at El Torcal near Antequerra.
• Beaches: The nearest beach to the centre is La Malagueta - this is fine for a day's sunbathing although quieter and prettier beaches can be found further east. It can be a nice (if rather long!) walk along the waterfront to reach these beaches, otherwise you could get a bus from near the bull ring in the direction of El Palo (e.g. line 33).
Malaga during the holiday season
• Sea open kayak in Nérja (Málaga) (Sea open kayak in Nérja (Málaga)), Nérja beach (Nérja Beach), +34 682173225, [12]. 3.30hrs. The activity will be placed in our center in Málaga. it will be consisting in a 3.30 hours tour through the cliffs of this great surroundings.This excursion is recommended to have a first experience with the kayak. It is an easy trip, perfect for groups and all those people who want to try the kayak for the first time in an easy way. You will meet your instructor, receive your equipment, for this activity we will use a sit on top kayak, very stable and easy to manage. This landscape offers itself to us with teh imposing backdrop of the Almijara mountain range, where the peak of the "Alto del Cielo" stands out over the abrupt profile of teh mountains. Next we will find the "Pirate Cave" where we can make a small incursion, and further on the waterfalls of Maro, whose waters spray down in a radiant rain from falling from such a great height. 40.
Learn
• Spanish: Take an intensive Spanish course at Málaga University [13] and put it into practice at one of the city's many exciting bars.
• Spanish: Babylon Idiomas [14] offers a wide range of affordable and high quality Spanish courses for all levels with experienced native teachers. The school is located at 100 meters from the beach in the area of Pedregalejo, 15 minutes to the east of the city centre. New courses start every Monday.
• Spanish: Linguaschools Málaga [15] is specialised in teaching Spanish in the old centre of Málaga since 1982.
• Spanish: There are many private language schools in Málaga offering a wide range of Spanish courses. To select the school and course that fit you best, you can search and compare schools and prices on Linganet Languages [16].
• Salsa: Many bars and discos in Málaga offer free Salsa classes, such as The Sound in the center and The Swan in the trendy suburb town of Pedregalejo.
Buy
• Librería de Idiomas, on the Plaza de la Merced. A valuable resource, offering textbooks and dictionaries for learning just about any European language you could desire.
• The market is north of the Alamada Principal and is well worth a visit.
• Ricardo del Cid Fernandez (aka. Del Cid), Calle Caldereria 11, is a fantastic old school hat shop in the old town (selling real sombreros, panama hats, etc.). Worth to visit even just because of the atmosphere and the very helpful owner.
Eat
• Bodeguita El Gallo, Calle San Agustin (Opposite to Picasso's museum's door). Typical andalusian tavern evironment, Sweet Malaga wines and the most traditional tapas.
Iberian ham & cheese at Bodeguita El Gallo.
• Cafetería Córdoba 7, Situated in street Córdoba, nº 7 in Málaga center, between the Port and Alameda Principal. Offers traditional and typical andalucian dishes, including soups, salads, meats and fishes or sandwiches, cakes, croissants or baguettes. Star dishes include: Gazpacho andaluz, Paella, Porra Antequerana, Rabo de Toro, Croquetas caseras, and many more. Breakfasts and meals with inexpensive prices.
• Along the coast there are dozens of restaurants and chiringuitos (beach restaurants) where you can have fish, seafood, paella, sangria, etc. One of the most famous chiringuitos is El Tintero, at the east end, where there is no menu: the waiters sing out what they are carrying and they leave you a plate at your signal. From time to time, one of them offers to give you the bill.
• The most typical thing to eat in Malaga is espetos, sardines squewered on a bamboo stick and grilled over a fire (typically driftwood); and pescaíto frito: all types of deep-fried fish from anchovies to squid. A speciality of Andalucia is fish (most commonly dogfish "cazon", although sometimes other fish such as tuna, "atun") marinated in a garlic and vinegar preparation - look on the menu for "Cazon en adobo". Try also the coquinas (small clams cooked in white wine). Simply delicious!
Jamon is a regional specialty, and is an aged, salted ham, from acorn-fed pork, similar to prosciutto.
• Famous sweet Malaga wine can be tasted in popular pubs in the city center, like the famous old La Casa del Guardia (Avenue Alameda Principal) or the very typical El Pimpi where everyone, from celebrities to local teens meet.
• Restaurante Gallego Candamil. Cuarteles 15. Tel.:+34 95 232-3907. On the street leading from the train station to the centre, this Galician restaurant is very popular with the locals. This is understandable when you see the great range of quality tapas at fantastic prices, e.g. tapa of empanada €1.25, glass of cider €1.15.
• A Casa Gallega. Fernán Núñez 2. Tel.: +34 95 204-2332. Another Galician haunt a little further towards, although still outside, the center, this one does not have any menu but relies on the clientele knowing what they want. Good empanada, pimientos de Padrón. Atmospheric.
• Parador de Málaga Gibralfaro, Castillo de Gibralfaro, Tel.: +34 95 222-1902, [17]. Some report being disappointed by the restaurant at the Parador. The food was sub par, but the service by contrast was exemplary, together with all the nice little free appetizers, aperitifs, etc. Wine list tended towards the expensive but with the excellent idea of a monthly wine choice 'balancing quality and value', for example a very palatable Ribera del Duero Crianza at €10. Set menu €27 pp (plus VAT). Fantastic view of the city, especially from the terrace.
• Las Garrafas. Calle Méndez Núñez 6. Tel.: +34 95 222-3589. Winery and "taperia". Typical Málaga cuisine in a large and clean locale. Delicious and reasonably-priced food. Especially recommended are the mouth-watering "albondigones," large meatballs served alongside french fries.
Drink
• Malaga has a typically sweet wine called Mosto made from muscat grapes.
Malaga nightlife will make you think that nobody sleeps in this town even during the work week! However, it is especially busy from Thursday to Sunday, where people buy their drinks in the supermarkets and have them at night in controlled areas known as "botellodromos" in the city center, before going into the clubs:
• Metropol, Cosa Nostra, Vaticano, Andén (big busy Latin club)
• Velvet Club (aka Sonic, plays metal, hardcore, punk) [not open Sundays]
• Nyx, Urbano, Village Green (Rock, Indie, etc).
• White, Abyssinia, Bar El Sound (Rap, Hip Hop, R&B)
• Paradise/Punto G, Warhol (gay)
• ChillHouse ( house-dance music)
• El Pimpi, Calle Granada (Around the corner from the Picasso Museum). Famous for its sweet yet strong local wine. Tapas and other bites.
• There are several nice Moroccan-style tea houses in town, serving an amazing variety of teas in addition to other interesting non-alcoholic drinks.
Sleep
This guide uses the following price ranges for a standard double room:
Budget Under €40
Mid-range 40-100 euros
Splurge Over €100
There are basically two good locations for tourist lodging in town: At the beach, or in or near the pedestrian zone in the center. The cheapest beds are found in the red light district between the center and the port.
Budget
• Oasis Backpackers' Hostel Malaga, Calle San Telmo 14, +34 952 005 116, [18]. checkin: midday; checkout: 11.30. The newest backpacker in town, amazing location right in the city center with big roof-top terrace to overlook lovely Malaga and a bar in the basement. Free wifi and breakfast. From 14€, dorms and double rooms. Directions: From Busstation Paseo los Tilos its a 2km walk to the Oasis Hostel at Calle San Telmo 14. Walk to the right of Paseo los Tilos turning into Callejones del Perchel. At the roundabout take a right into Avenida de la Aurora crossing the river. Continue the river bank on the this side for about 800m, (Pasilla de Santa Isabel) until you turn right into Calle de los Cisneros. Turn into the 4th street on the left, Calle Santos, next to the right, than left again, than right again into Calle San Telmo at No. 14 from 14€. (36.721905,-4.422411)
• Down Town Hostel, Pasaje de Clemens 11, +34 952 223 292, [19]. checkin: 01.00; checkout: 11.00. Just under the alcazaba, in a quiet street. Not too far from the beach, close to the city center. Free wifi, nice people, nice rooftop. 16-20.
• Hostel La Palma, Calle Martinez 7, 29005 Malaga, +34 95 222-6772. Run by a friendly lady, this cheap and cheerful place has rooms starting from €20 Euros. It's very central and some rooms have little balconies.
• Pension Costa Rica, Calle Córdoba 5, E-29001 Málaga, +34 95 221-3577. Very primitive and in the middle of the red light district, but it seems to be one of the cheapest available. From €20 Euros.
• Picasso's Corner, San Juan de Letrán, 9, +34 95 221-2287, [20]. Right in the historic district,close to the beach. Bar and lounge, food and disco shows! 15-20.
Mid Range
• Hostal Alameda, Street Casas de campos, 3 (corner street Cordoba,9) (Next to the harbor, a short walk from Alameda Principal (sur) stop on the no. 19 bus.), +34 95 222-2099 (), [21]. Economic budget, centrally situated in Málaga center, between historical center and the Port. All rooms have private bathrooms, television and air-conditioning or heating. The hotel is on the eighth floor of a building shared with other businesses and you will need to use the buzzer (well labelled) to speak to reception so they can let you in. (Reception is manned 24 hours a day.) From 55 euros. (36.7164,-4.4218)
• Malaga Hotel, Acacias de Guadalmar, 153 - 29004 Malaga, +34 95 217-6061 (, fax: +34 9521756552), [22]. checkin: 2PM; checkout: 12PM.
Malaga Hotel is on Guadalmar beach and is close to the airport, Torremolinos, Plaza Mayor Malaga, Golf. Charming 3 star hotel with garden, swimming pool, jacuzzi, restaurant. Boardwalk with beach restaurants (chiringuitos).
60 - 119.
• Oficentro Suites, C/ Tomas Heredia, 8. CP-29001. MALAGA (At the City Center), 952213447 (), [23]. The apartment is fully furnished and cleaning is done weekly. The contact person is Jose.
• Hotel Santa Rosa, Carretera Málaga-Almería 125. Torrox Costa El Morche, Malaga 29793, +34952530790, [24]. checkin: 12PM; checkout: 6PM. Hotel Santa Rosa is a small but welcoming hotel situated on the sea front 45-98 €. (36.7358628,-3.9811844)
• Silken Puerta Málaga, Héroe de Sostoa 17, +34 93 280-2988, [25]. Very stylish four-star from the Silken chain, opposite the main train station. Beautifully decorated rooms and bathrooms, with great attention to detail. Good discounted rates in winter (€56-69+VAT).
• Hotel Guadalmedina, Pasillo del Matadero, 16, +34 952 365 146, [26]. . 55-90 €.
Splurge
• Hotel Monte Málaga, [27]. 4 star luxury hotel with good infrastructure. On the seafront, a few minutes walk from the Picasso Museum and very close to the recently opened AVE High Speed Railway Station.
• NH Málaga, Avenida Río Guadalmedina, +34 95 207-1323, [28]. Situated in the historic and commercial center of Malaga, next to the 'Puente de la Esperanza' and a short stroll from the 'Museo de la Expiración'. Its excellent location makes it easy to enjoy Malaga's unique personality.
• Parador de Málaga Gibralfaro, Castillo de Gibralfaro, +34 95 222-1902, [29]. Fantastic location with spectacular views (best on 3rd floor) over the city. Sitting area and balcony. 135 euros +VAT, breakfast €11.
• Hotel del Pintor, Álamos 27, +34 95 206-0980, [30]. Opened in 2005, the Hotel del Pintor is a small urban hotel that combines design and technology with personalized attention. Central location in the historic center, near Picasso's birthplace. €74-121.
Get out
Malaga has exceptional road and motorway links, making it an excellent base for exploring the nearby villages and towns. Wonderful drives inland reveal the hidden gems of this region, with small restaurants nestling in the hills where you can experience a truly authentic taste of Andalucia.
There are also several tourist holiday resorts within reach: Torremolinos, Nerja and Marbella.
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Difference between revisions of "North Uist"
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(Drink)
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*Co-op at Sollas [http://www.co-op.co.uk], open Mon-Sat 8.30-18.00.
*Co-op at Sollas [http://www.co-op.co.uk], open Mon-Sat 8.30-18.00.
*Grocer in Lochmaddy
*Grocer in Lochmaddy
+
*Shop at Bayhead
+
*Shop at Clachan
==Eat==
==Eat==
Revision as of 16:12, 21 July 2009
North Uist is an island in the Outer Hebrides.
Contents
Get in
By boat
• Caledonian MacBrayne, [1]. Citylink coaches generally connect with the ferries on the mainland.
Uig on Skye to Lochmaddy on North Uist Mon-Sun 1 or 2 per day taking 1 hour 45 minutes.
Oban to Lochboisdale on South Uist 4 per week, taking 5+ hours.
Berneray to Leverburgh on Harris Daily 3-4 per day, taking 1 hour. Berneray is connected to North Uist by a causeway.
By air
In the Outer Hebrides, there are airports in Stornoway in Lewis, Benbecula and Barra. These airports provide direct flights to Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Inverness. The nearest to North Uist is Benbecula
Causeways
North Uist is linked by causeway to Benbecula to the South and Berneray to the North.
By Bus
Buses link North Uist with Benbecula, and Berneray. As part of the Western Isles Overland Route combination of bus and ferry, you can travel in under a day from Stornoway or Castlebay on Barra.
Get around
By Bus
There are good bus services during the day Mon - Sat, but little in the evening and no buses on a Sunday.
See
• There are many fine sandy beaches, mainly on the Western shore of North Uist.
• Balranald RSPB reserve [2].
• Taigh Chearsabhagh [3] in Lochmaddy. This is an art centre with a museum and gallery, a cafe and a shop. Also worth seeing are the outdoor sculptures (ask inside for the guide leaflet).
• The coastline around Lochmaddy and the road to Loch Portain is remarkable for the number of little sea lochans.
Do
Buy
• Co-op at Sollas [4], open Mon-Sat 8.30-18.00.
• Grocer in Lochmaddy
• Shop at Bayhead
• Shop at Clachan
Eat
For evening meals see the Hotels section. There is a cafe in Taigh Chearsabhagh in Lochmaddy.
Drink
• Lochmaddy Hotel
• Westford, pub on the west side of the island.
Sleep
Hostels
• There is a Gatliff hostel on nearby Berneray.
• Uist Outdoor Centre in Lochmaddy[5].
Bed and Breakfasts
Some can be found on the tourist board website [6], but many are no longer listed due to the changes and "hassle".
• The Old Courthouse Lochmaddy HS6 5AE +44 1876 500 358 Bed and Breakfast from 25 - 30 pounds per person per night. Around 10 minutes walk from the ferry.
Self Catering
Renting a house for a week or more is a popular option. Such places are generally let from Saturday to Saturday. Some of these can be found on the tourist board website [7].
Hotels
• Tigh Dearg Hotel, Lochmaddy [8] 01876 500700 A new hotel (opened in 2005) located about 15 minutes walk from the ferry.
• Lochmaddy Hotel [9] Tel: 01876 500331 An established hotel next the ferry terminal.
• Langass Lodge, Locheport [10] 01876 580285
• Temple View Hotel, Carinish [11] 01876 580676
Get out
Going North the next islands are Berneray then Harris and Lewis. Going South the next islands are Benbecula, South Uist, Eriskay then Barra.
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Difference between revisions of "Ukrainian Wikitravel Expedition"
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(Language interface file)
(Gathering a team of users)
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* [[User:KanetaKen|KanetaKen]] 17:29 16 July 2008 (GMT+2)
* [[User:KanetaKen|KanetaKen]] 17:29 16 July 2008 (GMT+2)
* [[User:NasNet|NasNet]] 05:23, 18 July 2008 (EDT)
* [[User:NasNet|NasNet]] 05:23, 18 July 2008 (EDT)
+
* 08:34, 18 July 2008 (EDT)08:34, 18 July 2008 (EDT)~~
More than 3 users are welcome to sign up, but we need at least 3 to get started.
More than 3 users are welcome to sign up, but we need at least 3 to get started.
Revision as of 12:38, 18 July 2008
The Ukrainian Wikitravel Expedition is an expedition to create a Ukrainian-language version of Wikitravel.
For more information on multilingual Wikitravel policy, please see Language version policy.
Contents
Rationale
Ukrainian is a language spoken in Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Russia, Canada and the United States. There are 50 million native speakers worldwide. These travelers would be well-served by a Wikitravel travel guide in their language.
In addition, contributions in Ukrainian would help the other Wikitravel language versions. Many Ukrainian-speaking areas are major travel destinations; having locals update information in their native tongue (which could then be translated to other languages) would make for better information in all the Wikitravel guides. Ukrainian-speakers are also frequent travelers and would have a lot to contribute on other destinations and topics.
Goals
This Expedition has the following goals:
• To collect a good base of Ukrainian-speaking users willing to take this project further.
• To choose a go-between who can keep users on the English-language site up-to-date on developments on Ukrainian Wikitravel, and vice-versa
• To translate the interface files for Wikitravel into Ukrainian
• To launch the new Ukrainian-language Wikitravel.
• To translate the pages and create the infrastructure necessary to make Ukrainian Wikitravel useful and friendly for new Ukrainian-speaking contributors.
• To make Ukrainian Wikitravel an integrated part of the Wikitravel family.
Steps
The Language version policy lists the steps necessary to get a Ukrainian-language Wikitravel in place.
Gathering a team of users
To get this project started, we need at least 3 Ukrainian-speaking users willing to help start the Ukrainian Wikitravel. This means helping to translate the interface files, create content on the new Wikitravel, and to create the necessary infrastructure to make Wikitravel welcoming and useful for the next wave of contributors.
If you're interested, please create a user account here on Wikitravel Shared, and sign the list below. To sign, type four tildes (~~~~)
• Kristof 10:41, 11 May 2008 (EDT)
• Gamweb 12:56, 14 July 2008 (EDT)
• KanetaKen 17:29 16 July 2008 (GMT+2)
• NasNet 05:23, 18 July 2008 (EDT)
• 08:34, 18 July 2008 (EDT)08:34, 18 July 2008 (EDT)~~
More than 3 users are welcome to sign up, but we need at least 3 to get started.
Go-between
If there are no objections, Kristof, the person who started this Expedition, has volunteered to act as go-between for this new language.
Language interface file
MediaWiki, the software that runs Wikitravel, uses a language interface file to make the links and names and prompts and stuff readable in other languages. We need to customize a new version to work for Ukrainian Wikitravel.
We can collaboratively do this at LanguageXX.php. It's started off with the Wikipedia language file, and we can use the English en:Wikitravel:Language.php file as a reference for things that need to be changed. It's mostly just changing the name of the site (Wikipedia -> Wikitravel), the name of the license, and the names of some important pages.
Issues
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6354.0 - Job Vacancies, Australia, May 2010 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 30/06/2010
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Contains estimates of the number of job vacancies with state and territory and industry dissections.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 21/01/2005
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Contents >> National accounts >> Bibliography
ABS products
Australian National Accounts: Financial Accounts (5232.0)
Australian National Accounts: Input-Output Tables, 1998-99 - Electronic Publication (5209.0.55.001)
Australian National Accounts: Input-Output Tables (Commodity Details) - Electronic Publication (5215.0.55.001)
Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product (5206.0)
Australian National Accounts: State Accounts (5220.0)
Australian National Accounts: Tourism Satellite Account, 2002-03 (5249.0)
Australian System of National Accounts (5204.0)
Australian System of National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2000 (5216.0), available in the Statistical Concepts Library on the ABS web site <http://www.abs.gov.au>
Information Paper: ABS Statistics and The New Tax System (1358.0)
Information Paper: Implementation of Revised International Standards in the Australian National Accounts (5251.0)
Information Paper: Improvements in ABS Economic Statistics [Arising from The New Tax System] (1372.0)
Information Paper: Introduction of Chain Volume Measures in the Australian National Accounts (5248.0)
Information Paper: Upgraded Australian National Accounts (5253.0)
Information Paper: Upgraded Australian National Accounts: Financial Accounts (5254.0)
Measuring Australia's Progress, 2002 (1370.0)
National accounts theme page available under 'Themes' on the ABS web site <http://www.abs.gov.au>
National Balance Sheets for Australia - Issues and Experimental Estimates, June 1996 (5241.0)
Occasional Paper: Estimates of Multifactor Productivity, Australia, 1990 (5233.0)
Occasional Paper: Productivity, Prices, Profits and Pay, 1964-65 to 1989-90 (5239.0)
Statistical Concepts Library (1361.0.30.001) - contains the current international standard (the 1993 edition of System of National Accounts (SNA93))
Unpaid Work and the Australian Economy, 1997 (5240.0)
Web sites
Australian Government Department of the Treasury, last viewed October 2004 <http://www.treasury.gov.au>. The Treasury web site provides departmental and business information relevant to the Treasury. The site also includes links to related web sites in which the Treasury provides more detailed information.
International Monetary Fund (IMF), last viewed October 2004 <http://www.imf.org>, contains information related to the IMF and its member countries. Information is included on the IMF's policies and practises as well as detailed information on the IMF's relationships with each individual member country.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), last viewed October 2004 <http://www.oecd.org>. In addition to providing an overview of the history and structure of the organisation, this web site contains information on OECD publications and statistics which relate to a broad range of economic and social issues. Individual country surveys and reviews can also be found.
Reserve Bank of Australia, last viewed October 2004 <http://www.rba.gov.au>. The Reserve Bank web site contains information on its various functions including monetary policy and system stability. There are also updates on Australia's major economic indicators and a news archive containing relevant media releases and a range of publications on its operations and research.
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Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1200.0.55.005 - Language Standards, 2012, Version 1.1
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 26/09/2012 First Issue
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Contents >> Main Language Other Than English Spoken at Home (MLOTESH) >> Classification and Coding - MLOTESH
Main Language Other than English Spoken at Home - Classification and Coding
The standard classification criteria and structure
Language data in Australia should be collected, aggregated and disseminated using the Australian Standard Classification of Languages (ASCL), 2011 (ABS cat. no. 1267.0). The two classification criteria used to form categories in the ASCL are:
• genetic affinity, which is the relationship between languages due to evolution from a common ancestral language and
• geographic proximity of language(s) based on the area in which the language originated or first became recognised as a distinct language.
The classification has a three level hierarchical structure, with the exception of the Australian Indigenous Languages broad group, where an extra level has been added between the narrow group and language levels of the classification.
The most detailed level of the classification consists of 432 (216 Indigenous and 216 non Indigenous) base level units. Included in the 432 base level units are 388 specific languages and 44 'not elsewhere classified' (nec) categories, used to code languages not separately listed in the classification.
The second level of the classification comprises 51 narrow groups of languages that are similar in terms of the classification criteria, including seven 'other' categories which consist of languages which do not fit into a particular narrow group.
For three narrow groups of Australian Indigenous languages (Narrow Group 81 Arnhem Land and Daly River Region Languages, Narrow Group 82 Yolngu Matha and Narrow Group 86 Arandic) three digit levels are positioned between the narrow group and language level of the classification. There are 13 three digit level categories. They provide meaningful and useful groups of languages.
The first and most general level of the classification comprises nine broad groups of languages including one 'other' category. Broad groups are formed by aggregating geographically proximate narrow groups.
The code structure
One, two and four digit codes are assigned to the first, second and third level units of the classification respectively.
The first digit identifies the broad group in which each language or narrow group is contained. The first two digits taken together identify the Narrow Group in which each Language is contained.
Within Broad Group 8, Australian Indigenous Languages, there are some narrow groups where an extra level has been added between the narrow group and language levels of the classification. The first three digits taken together identify the additional language groups at this third level.
The four digit codes represent each of the 432 Languages or base level units.
The following examples illustrate the coding scheme:
a.Broad Group5Southern Asian Languages
Narrow Group52Indo-Aryan
Language5206Nepali
b.Broad Group8Australian Indigenous Languages
Narrow Group82Yolngu Matha
Extra Level824Dhuwala
Language8245Madarrpa
Residual categories and codes
Within each narrow group, a four digit code, consisting of the narrow group code followed by the digits '99', is reserved for a residual 'not elsewhere classified' (nec) or 'other' category. Similarly, within the third level classification of Australian Indigenous Languages the three digit group code may be followed by '9' to denote a 'not elsewhere classified' (nec) or 'other' category. All languages which are not separately identified in the classification are included in these residual 'nec' or 'other' categories of the related classification level.
In each broad group, two digit codes are reserved for residual categories at the narrow group level. These codes consist of the broad group code followed by '9'. These categories are termed 'Other Broad Group Name' and consist of separately identified languages which do not fit into any of the narrow groups contained within the broad group, based on the classification criteria.
Supplementary codes
Supplementary codes are not part of the classification structure. They exist for operational reasons only, and no data would be coded to them if sufficiently detailed responses were obtained in all instances. They are used to process inadequately described responses in statistical collections. The codes are of two types:
• four digit codes ending with one, two or three zeros
• four digit codes commencing with three zeros (operational codes).
Codes ending in zero are described as 'not further defined' (nfd) codes. These codes classify responses to a question about language which cannot be coded to the language level of the classification but which can be coded to a higher level of the classification structure.
Responses which do not relate directly to a particular language category, but which are within the range of languages relating to a particular narrow group, are coded to that narrow group. Such responses are allocated an 'nfd' code consisting of the two digit code of the narrow group followed by 00.
Language responses which do not directly relate to a particular narrow group or language category, but are within the range of languages relating to a particular broad group, are coded to that broad group. These responses are allocated an 'nfd' code consisting of the one digit code of the broad group followed by 000. Language responses which can only be coded at the broad or narrow group levels of the classification can be processed within a collection coded at the four digit level.
Four digit codes commencing with 000 are supplementary codes included for operational purposes to facilitate the coding of responses such as inadequately described languages, etc., which contain insufficient information to be allocated a language, narrow group or broad group code.
Scope of the variable
The variable Main Language Other than English Spoken at Home applies to all persons.
Application of the classification to other variables
The ASCL can be used for a variety of variables. These include: First Language Spoken, Main Language Spoken at Home, Languages Spoken at Home, Language of Greatest Competency, and Preferred Language.
Coding procedures and coding Index
Language responses to the Main Language Other Than English Spoken at Home question are coded to the ASCL, or to one of the supplementary codes, using the guidelines detailed in that classification.
A coding index has been developed to assist in the implementation and use of the ASCL. It contains a comprehensive list of the most probable responses to questions relating to language and their correct classification codes. Each language response is matched with an entry in the ASCL Coding Index to determine the correct code. Use of the coding index enables responses to be coded accurately to the appropriate category of the classification.
Further information about the classification criteria and coding of data about languages can be found in the ASCL.
Copies of the Coding Indexes can be found in the ASCL data cube on the ABS website (www.abs.gov.au).
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Assessing Barriers of Growth of Food processing SMIs in Malaysia: A Factor Analysis
Syed Shah Alam
Abstract
The aim of this research is to examine barriers of food process based small and medium scale manufacturing firms’ growth in Malaysia. We argue that along the process, the SMEs might encounter issues with internal and external environments, institutional, availability of both tangible and intangible resources, organizational and managerial and others that most likely will affect the growth of the firms. From the analysis it was found that there are various factors that could prevent the food processed based SMIs to grow. The findings will contribute to the growth and development of the SMEs in particular in the food processing industry. The paper finalizes with some conclusions for policy makers, industry and other actors, and also future research.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Business Research ISSN 1913-9004 (Print), ISSN 1913-9012 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Measurement and Evaluation of the Collaborative Development of Three Industries in Sichuan
Feng Ye, Qizhi Yang, Fuhui Yan
Abstract
The input-output characteristics method is used to measure the collaboration of three industries in Sichuan, and
the actuality of the collaboration of three industries is analyzed in this article. The result shows three industries
develop collaboratively as a whole, and the compatibility is higher and higher. But comparing with other
developed provinces, the actual final product rate and the compatibility are lower. Aiming at these problems,
some polices are suggested in the article.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Business and Management ISSN 1833-3850 (Print) ISSN 1833-8119 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Utilization Potential of 30Year-old Oil Palm Trunks Laminated Veneer Lumbers for Non-structural Purposes
Razak Wahab, Hashim W. Samsi, Azmy Mohamed
Abstract
Oil palm trunks found in abundant and considered as an agriculture waste were investigated as a possible alternative to future wood in utilization for non-structural purposes. The trunks are of no economic important in their natural form. However, once converted into the form of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) their properties improved tremendously. This paper highlighted properties of the LVL made from oil palm trunks at four (4) different positions comprising two (2) portions height and two (2) cross-sectional zones. These LVL have shown to behave differently when tested for their physical, mechanical and glue delaminating properties. Testing on all the LVL specimens were done in accordance with the Japanese Agricultural Standard, JAS No. 237: 2003.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Sustainable Development ISSN 1913-9063 (Print) ISSN 1913-9071 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Phragmites australis - cryptic invasion of the Common Reed in North America
Phragmites australis - cryptic invasion of the Common Reed in North America
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Mark McGinley
This article was researched and written by a student at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst participating in the Encyclopedia of Earth's (EoE) Student Science Communication Project. The project encourages students in undergraduate and graduate programs to write about timely scientific issues under close faculty guidance. All articles have been reviewed by internal EoE editors, and by independent experts on each topic.
Botanical Overview
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel is a tall, perennial wetland grass that grows in temperate and some tropical regions and is one of the most widely distributed flowering plants on Earth. Commonly called Phragmites or Common Reed, hereafter it will be referred to as P. australis. Phragma is Greek for ‘fence,’ which aptly describes the plant’s fence-like growth along waterways such as brackish and freshwater marshlands, riparian areas, lakeshores and areas that experience seasonal flooding.
This large grass consists of a rigid, hollow stalk 2.5 cm in diameter and 2-4 meters tall. Its long, narrow leaves grow along the length of the stalk, which terminates in a bushy flowering panicle. Flowers are purplish to tan, turn golden and finally take on a silver, fluffy appearance when its hairy seeds set in the fall. P. australis develops an extensive subterranean network of rhizomes and roots that may grow to 2 meters in depth and constitute a substantial proportion of the plant’s biomass. Once established, it reproduces primarily vegetatively through horizontal growth of the rhizomes and it also germinates from seed. In the fall, nutrients are shunted from the leaves and culms down to the rhizosphere for winter storage. Desiccated leaves fall to the ground while the stalks typically stay upright through much of the dormant period.
Historical and Contemporary Distribution
Paleobotanists have uncovered preserved remains of P. australis in the American Southwest that date back 40,000 years. Other researchers studying core samples of marsh beds discovered that P. australis has been present along the Atlantic coasts for 4,000 years. Historically the plant has been a minor component of the upper border community of marsh ecosystems and has lived in mixed associations with sedges, cattails, forbs and woody shrubs.
Today, however, P. australis is more often seen growing in dense, expansive monocultures, especially along the Atlantic coast and the Mississippi River delta. Core samples from New England suggest that P. australis monocultures are a new community type, emerging within the past 100-150 years. The plant can also be found growing along roadsides and railroad tracks across North America, ostensibly dispersed by seed or pieces of rhizome stuck to vehicle tires. Its astonishing rate of increase in distribution and abundance has alarmed many people, including scientists and natural resource managers. Eighteen states have officially declared P. australis an invasive species and it is widely considered an indicator of wetland disturbance.
Genetic Evidence of a Cryptic Invader
If this native plant has been present in North America for 40,000 years, how did it become a threatening invasive species over the course of one century? Genetics is providing some revealing answers. Kristin Saltonstall of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute has conducted a series of groundbreaking genetic analyses on P. australis. Her research has identified 29 unique genetic types, or haplotypes, of the grass globally. Of these, 13 are native to North America and historical pre-1910 samples indicate a wide distribution of these native haplotypes across the continent. Modern sampling has revealed the widespread presence of a non-native haplotype growing throughout North America. This newcomer’s DNA matches that of a Eurasian haplotype that is the most common P. australis haplotype in the world. The presence of the non-native P. australis in the Midwest and Pacific Coast regions of the U.S. hasn’t, to date, changed the native haplotype’s distribution from before 1910. In New England, however, the distribution and abundance of native populations has declined dramatically and genetic data indicate that some haplotypes found historically may no longer be present.
Scientists surmise that seeds and rhizomes of this non-native haplotype probably arrived in America in the ballast of ships sailing from Europe in the 18th century. Because the invasive haplotype looks so similar to its native relative, it took a long time for humans to detect its arrival. Scientists call this kind of invasion by a genetically unique but morphologically similar subspecies a cryptic invasion. The genetically unique native haplotypes of P. australis have been given the new name Phragmites australis subspecies americanus.
In general, both subspecies are highly adaptable and may look different depending on growing site and conditions. There are some features, however, that may distinguish the two but a diagnostics laboratory should confirm identification. The non-native P. australis can grow up to 5 meters tall, has a rough, entirely green stalk, dark blue-green foliage, a dense flower panicle and often grows in dense monocultures. Alternatively, the native subspecies americanus is typically shorter, has a smooth, often reddish stalk, lighter yellow-green foliage, a sparser flower panicle and often grows in association with other plants. The best method for determining a plant’s origin is with genetic analysis and a new, rapid, low cost method has been developed that uses a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay to distinguish P. australis subspecies.
Factors Influencing Invasiveness
Colonies of both P. australis subspecies are often stable and may pose no threat to ecosystem health. The plant is considered invasive if it begins to spread rapidly and negatively impact the growth and persistence of other plants. Invasiveness is difficult to predict as the phenomenon is caused by a convergence of plant traits, plant ecology, site conditions and human activity. Plant traits that give the non-native a competitive edge may include extended photoperiod, greater leaf turnover and reduced susceptibility to herbivory.
Habitat conditions also influence the invasiveness of P. australis. Many stressors in the natural marsh environment, such as high salinity levels, anoxic soils, sulfide concentrations and high plant densities keep its growth in check. Human alteration of marshlands can release introduced P. australis from one or more of these stressors and enable it to spread. Successful dispersion can occur with the transport and burial of large rhizome fragments. If rhizomes become established on a good site then rapid growth into suboptimal areas can occur. Colonization is especially likely if large rhizome fragments are buried in well-drained areas where salinity is low. Human activities that decrease site-level salinity and sulfide concentrations increase invasion rates and extent. Such activities include ditching for mosquito control and flow-alteration, bulkhead construction and tidal restrictions, which are installed in order to drain marshes for salt haying, mosquito control and, most recently, protecting coastal development from flooding during storms.
Coastal development encourages the establishment and spread of P. australis in New England marshes for a number of reasons. Development projects destroy woody upland borders and eliminate their important functions of filtering nutrients, collecting sediments and absorbing freshwater runoff. Nitrogen and phosphorous nutrient loading, or eutrophication, caused by fertilizer and waste runoff, gives P. australis a competitive advantage by fueling increased aboveground growth. Because it is considerably taller than its high marsh plant associates it quickly shades out competitors. Increased sedimentation from erosion creates the bare-soil conditions the plant prefers to colonize. Freshwater runoff that would normally be absorbed by the deep roots of trees and shrubs now flows directly into the marsh, decreasing salinity and promoting the growth of P. australis
Across the Atlantic in coastal Europe another interesting ecological phenomenon is unfolding involving P. australis. For thousands of years stands of the grass have been farmed commercially for thatch and now concern is growing over their unexplained decline. Possible forcing factors include habitat destruction and manipulation of hydrologic regimes by humans, grazing, sedimentation and eutrophication, which are, ironically, many of the same explanations for P. australis expansion in North America.
Ecological Impacts
In North America, rapidly expanding monocultures of P. australis commonly threaten native plant diversity. Populations of Spartina species in salt marshes and Typha species in freshwater marshes can be severely reduced. It is unclear what additional ecological impacts may be attributed to P. australis-dominated wetlands. Numerous studies have examined fish, macro-invertebrate and avian species diversities in the monocultures and the data are highly variable with regards to the direction and magnitude of impact of P. australis on habitat suitability for these wildlife species. Amongst birds, for example, there is evidence that ecological specialists and rare species such as the willet, seaside sparrow and sharp-tailed sparrow are less abundant in P. australis stands than non-P. australis stands. Other studies show, however, that the same dense stands of P. australis provide critical nesting habitat for wading birds and that red-winged black birds and other sparrow species thrive there.
Control Methods and Future Prospects
Managers of conserved marshlands along the Atlantic coast and Mississippi River delta achieve varying degrees of success in their frequent attempts to control and eradicate P. australis monocultures. Methods include chemical control, water level alteration, mowing, cutting, burning and physical destruction and removal of the plants by disking, bulldozing and dredging. Several stalk and rhizome boring insects have been suggested as candidates for biological control but no field trials have been attempted to date. In some cases, simply encouraging shrub and tree growth at the upland border of marshes can create enough shade to discourage P. australis growth and spread.
Some scientists suggest rethinking the plant’s assumed negative impact and recommend considering its potential role in managed systems. Studies show P. australis can provide important ecosystem services such as improving water quality, stabilizing banks and preventing erosion. These services may be especially valuable in highly disturbed coastal areas where other native plants can no longer survive. As coastal ecosystems become increasingly stressed due to human activity and climate change, some of the most severely impacted marshlands may be best managed for sustained ecological function by permitting P. australis stands to grow locally.
References
• Bart, D., D. Burdick, R. Chambers and J.M. Hartman. 2005. Human facilitation of Phragmites australis invasions in tidal marshes: a review and synthesis. Wetlands Ecology and Management 14: 53-65.
• Bertness, M.D., P.J. Ewanchuk and B.R. Silliman. 2001. Anthropogenic modification of New England salt marsh landscapes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (3): 1395-1398.
• Hershner, C. and K. J. Havens. 2008. Managing invasive aquatic plants in a changing system: strategic considerations of ecosystem services. Conservation Biology 22 (3): 544-550.
• Norris, L., J.E. Perry and K. Havens. 2002. A summary of methods for controlling Phragmites australis. TR-02-2. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA.
• Orson, R.A. 1999. A paleoecological assessment of Phragmites australis in New England tidal marshes: changes in plant community structure during the last few millennia. Biological Invasions 1: 149-158.
• Park, M.G. and B. Blossey. 2008. Importance of plant traits and herbivory for invasiveness of Phragmites australis (Poaceae). American Journal of Botany 95 (12): 1557-1568.
• Phragmites australis. 2009. Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health at the University of Georgia and The Nature Conservancy. Invasipedia at Bugwood wiki. Available at: http://wiki.bugwood.org/Phragmites_australis
• Phragmites australis (grass). Global Invasive Species Database. International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission. Available at: http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=301&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=EN.
• Saltonstall, K. 2002. Cryptic invasion by a non-native genotype of the common reed, Phragmites australis, into North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (4): 2445-2449.
• Saltonstall, K. 2003. Genetic variation among North American populations of Phragmites australis: Implications for management. Estuaries and Coasts 26 (2B): 444-451.
Citation
Tyler Van Fleet (Lead Author);Francis Juanes (Contributing Author);Mark McGinley (Topic Editor) "Phragmites australis - cryptic invasion of the Common Reed in North America". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth July 13, 2009; Last revised Date July 13, 2009; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Phragmites_australis_-_cryptic_invasion_of_the_Common_Reed_in_North_America>
The Author
A biography for this person is not yet available. We encourage authors to submit biographical information, if you have not done so and would like to, contact Arielle Conti. ... (Full Bio)
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Queensland, AustraliaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
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Queensland was originally settled by indigenous Australians and Torres Strait Islanders some 40,000 years ago and by Europeans in the 1820s as a convict settlement as the Moreton Bay District of the Colony of New South Wales.
Convict transportation ended in 1839 and free settlement permitted in 1842.
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BitLocker To Go
From Forensics Wiki
Revision as of 01:41, 8 March 2012 by Joachim Metz (Talk | contribs)
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BitLocker To Go is a solution for encrypting USB devices in Windows 7. Unlike previous versions of BitLocker, BTG allows the user to protect volumes with a password or smart card.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Case Reports in Genetics
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 353028, 5 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/353028
Case Report
An Interstitial 20q11.21 Microdeletion Causing Mild Intellectual Disability and Facial Dysmorphisms
1Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 119152, Russia
2Institute of Pediatrics and Children Surgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 125412, Russia
3Moscow City University of Psychology and Education, Moscow 127051, Russia
Received 30 November 2012; Accepted 9 January 2013
Academic Editors: S. Ennis, S. Paracchini, J. L. Royo, and M. Velinov
Copyright © 2013 Ivan Y. Iourov et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
We report a case of an interstitial chromosome 20q11.21 microdeletion in a 7-year-old male child presenting with mild intellectual disability and facial dysmorphisms. Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) has shown that the deletion resulted in the loss of 68 genes, among which 5 genes (COX4I2, MYLK2, ASXL1, DNMT3B, and SNTA1) are disease causing. The size of the deletion was estimated to span 2.6 Mb. Only three cases of deletions encompassing this chromosomal region have been reported. The phenotype of the index patient was found to resemble the mildest cases of Bohring-Opitz syndrome that is caused by ASXL1 mutations. An in silico evaluation of the deleted genomic region has shown that benign genomic variations have never been observed to affect the ASXL1 gene, in contrast to the other disease-causing genes. As a result, it was suggested that ASXL1 loss is likely to be the main cause of the phenotypic manifestations. The present case report indicates that a loss of the disease-causing gene can produce a milder phenotype of a single gene condition.
1. Introduction
The application of array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in clinical cytogenetics has significantly increased the diagnostic yield [1, 2]. Moreover, studying genome variations in neurobehavioral diseases using array CGH has promoted the identification of new causative submicroscopic chromosome imbalances in the clinical population [2, 3]. As a result, array CGH molecular cytogenetic analysis has become almost indispensable in children suffering from intellectual disability and related neurobehavioral problems [13].
Performing a similar study in the Russian cohort of children with intellectual disability and congenital malformations (for details see [4]), we have identified an interstitial 20q11.21 microdeletion in a 7-year-old male child presenting with mild intellectual disability and facial dysmorphisms. According to the available literature, only three cases of chromosome 20 deletions encompassing the same chromosomal region (excluding somatic chromosome rearrangements associated with malignant pathology) have been reported and only two cases of interstitial deletions involving 20q11.21 were previously characterized by array CGH [57].
2. Case Presentation and Methods
2.1. Clinical Description
A 7-year-old male child was referred to molecular cytogenetic analysis, because of intellectual disability and facial dysmorphisms. He was born at 39 weeks of gestation to a 25-year-old mother and 28-year-old father. The couple is healthy and unrelated, having a history of a previous first trimester miscarriage. The pregnancy was reported to be complicated by hypertension during the third trimester. He was delivered vaginally. Neonatal measurements were as follows: birth weight was 2.9 kg (10th centile), and length was 49 cm (25th centile). At the age of one week, feeding problems (feeding intolerance and food refusal) were noted. Physical examination made at the age of 7 years showed microretrognathia, hypertelorism, upslanting palpebral fissures, prominent eyes, broad nasal bridge, low set ears, and low frontal hairline. Mild intellectual disability and speech delay were noticed.
2.2. Cytogenetic Analysis
Cytogenetic analysis was performed by GTG-banding according to standard procedures. Thirty metaphase plates were studied at a resolution higher than 550 bands. Detectable karyotype abnormalities were not found.
2.3. High-Resolution Metaphase CGH
High-resolution metaphase CGH was performed according to previously described protocols of DNA labeling, hybridization, and detection [8, 9]. The use of this technique has suggested the presence of a deletion in 20q11.2 (Figure 1(a)).
Figure 1: Molecular cytogenetic (CGH) findings in the index case: (a) high-resolution metaphase CGH demonstrating ish cgh dim(20)(q11.21q11.21); (b) array CGH demonstrating arr 20q11.21(29,392,835-32,017,043)x1 (two alternative arrays Cy3/Cy5 (pink line) and Cy5/Cy3 (blue line) were plotted on the graph); (c) and depiction of the deleted chromosomal region by NCBI Build 37.1/NCBI Map Viewer (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/mapview/map_search.cgi?taxid=9606).
2.4. Array CGH
Array CGH was done using the customized human genomic microarrays (slightly modified Constitutional Chip 4.0) containing about 5000 human BAC/PAC clones (Human BAC Array-System, Perkin Elmer, USA) achieving a resolution of 0.3–1 Mb for the whole genome scan. Technical performance of array CGH (DNA labeling, hybridization, detection, and data analysis) was made according to previously described protocols [4, 10, 11] and to manufacturers’ instructions. Array CGH has revealed an interstitial deletion in 20q11.21 spanning from 29,392,835 to 32,017,043 (confirmed by four BAC probes: RP5-1018D12, RP5-836N17, RP5-1085F17, and RP5-1125A11 in two reverse assays). The minimal deletion size was estimated to be about 2.6 Mb (Figure 1(b)).
2.5. In Silico Evaluation of the Deleted Chromosomal Region
To get further insights into understanding of the phenotypic outcome, we evaluated the deleted region by NCBI Build 37.1 (Figure 1(c)) and UCSC Genome Browser (Figure 2) as previously described [4]. The deletion resulted in the loss of 68 genes, among which 23 genes are listed in OMIM (http://www.omim.org/). Among the latter, five genes are disease causing: COX4I2 (exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, dyserythropoietic anemia, and calvarial hyperostosis/OMIM: 612714), MYLK2 (cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic, midventricular, and digenic/OMIM: 192600), ASXL1 (Bohring-Opitz syndrome/OMIM: 605039 and myelodysplastic syndrome, somatic/OMIM: 614286), DNMT3B (immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies syndrome 1 or ICF syndrome/OMIM: 242860), and SNTA1 (long QT syndrome 12/OMIM: 612955). It is noteworthy, that no similar cases are indexed in DECIPHER (database of unbalanced chromosome aberrations http://decipher.sanger.ac.uk/) and benign genome variations (retrieved from Database of Genomic Variants http://dgvbeta.tcag.ca/dgv/app/home?ref=GRCh37/hg19) mapped to this genomic region involve DNMT3B (Figure 2).
Figure 2: In silico evaluation of the deleted region by UCSC Genome Browser (GRCh37/hg19) (http://genome.ucsc.edu/), including data retrieved from DECIPHER (database of unbalanced chromosome aberrations http://decipher.sanger.ac.uk/), OMIM (http://www.omim.org/) (dark green OMIM genes are disease causing), and Database of Genomic Variants (http://dgvbeta.tcag.ca/dgv/app/home?ref=GRCh37/hg19) (blue bars correspond to a gain in size relative to the reference; red bars correspond to a loss in size relative to the reference; brown bars correspond to both losses and gains in size relative to the reference.).
3. Discussion
We present a case of an interstitial microdeletion (2.6 Mb) in 20q11.21 that has resulted in a loss of 68 genes. The chromosomal region was previously reported to be deleted in three cases (deletions of 6.5, 6.6, and 6.8 Mb within 20q11.2–q12) [57]. Generally, interstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 20 are rare. Apart from the previously mentioned three cases, another ten cases of intellectual disability (mental retardation) and congenital anomalies were associated with deletions within the long arm of human chromosome 20 (for more details see [7]). Clinically, cases of deletions in chromosome 20q11.2–q12 are similar to the present one. However, the index case exhibits a significantly milder phenotype compared to previous ones. For instance, intellectual disability and facial dysmorphisms were all more severe in cases demonstrating deletions of 20q11.2–q12. Interestingly, all the facial dysmorphisms and feeding problems are observed not only in cases of 20q11.2–q12 loss, but also in Bohring-Opitz syndrome. The latter condition is usually the result of mutations in ASXL1 [12]. To be more precise, addressing the study of Hoischen and colleagues [12], we have noticed that feeding problems, microretrognathia, hypertelorism, upslanting palpebral fissures, prominent eyes, broad nasal bridge, low set ears, and low frontal hairline are all observed in ASXL1 mutation positive cases. On the other hand, patients with Bohring-Opitz syndrome usually exhibit much more severe phenotype as to the index case (i.e., severe (profound) intellectual disability; growth retardation; and craniofacial, ophthalmic, and neurological abnormalities). The phenotypic differences can be explained by a suggestion that ASXL1 mutations cause loss of functions, whereas an allelic loss is likely to result in ASXL1 dosage decrease that is probably less severe if the gene is not mutated.
Apparently, phenotypic manifestations of diseases caused by genomic variations within the remaining four genes were not observed in the present case. In this context, one can propose that an allelic loss of these genes can be benign and is likely to be observed in unaffected individuals. In silico evaluation of the deleted genomic region has shown that benign genomic variations have never been observed to affect the ASXL1 gene, in contrast to the other disease-causing genes within this chromosomal region. Moreover, the loss of DNMT3B, mutations in which cause immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies syndrome, appears not to contribute to the present phenotype. On the other hand, benign variations encompassing this gene have been reported (Figure 2) allowing a suggestion that DNMT3B allelic losses can be benign in some cases. Taking into account the data acquired by in silico analysis, we have proposed that ASXL1 loss is the main cause of phenotypic abnormities in this case. We have to add that the presence of an ASXL1 mutation is unlikely in the index case according to comparative analysis between Bohring-Opitz syndrome and 20q11.21 microdeletion phenotypes. Thus, the present case might be considered as an example of nonmutated ASXL1 loss, which is likely to be associated with milder phenotypes of Bohring-Opitz syndrome. Nonetheless, the loss of genes, which are not associated with a specific disease, can contribute to the phenotype, as well. Finally, somatic mosaicism, which reduces the consequences of genomic imbalances and is a relatively frequent occurrence among structural chromosome abnormalities [13], can be theoretically considered as a potential cause of mild phenotypic manifestations. In conclusion, the present case report indicates that a deletion can lead to a milder phenotype of a single gene condition and the loss of neighboring disease-causing genes due to the same deletion can be benign. To our knowledge, this is the first case of 20q11.21 microdeletion that is associated with such a mild phenotype.
Disclosure
In the present work, modified Constitutional Chip 4.0 was applied. It was purchased from the local Perkin Elmer agency at the time when no other microarray companies were present at the local market. We have not ever received any funding or promotion from the Perkin Elmer. None of the authors has been ever involved in the sale and distribution. Therefore, we do not have a direct financial relation with the commercial identity mentioned in our paper and do not have any conflict of interests.
Acknowledgments
Dr. IY Iourov is supported by the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation MD-4401.2013.7.
References
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Active and Passive Electronic Components
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 879294, 11 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/879294
Research Article
An Inductive Link-Based Wireless Power Transfer System for Biomedical Applications
1Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
2RF MicroDevices, Inc., Greensboro, NC 27409, USA
3Department of Engineering and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
4Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6006, USA
Received 14 November 2011; Revised 19 February 2012; Accepted 5 March 2012
Academic Editor: Sheng Lyang Jang
Copyright © 2012 M. A. Adeeb et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
A wireless power transfer system using an inductive link has been demonstrated for implantable sensor applications. The system is composed of two primary blocks: an inductive power transfer unit and a backward data communication unit. The inductive link performs two functions: coupling the required power from a wireless power supply system enabling battery-less, long-term implant operation and providing a backward data transmission path. The backward data communication unit transmits the data to an outside reader using FSK modulation scheme via the inductive link. To demonstrate the operation of the inductive link, a board-level design has been implemented with high link efficiency. Test results from a fabricated sensor system, composed of a hybrid implementation of custom-integrated circuits and board-level discrete components, are presented demonstrating power transmission of 125 mW with a 12.5% power link transmission efficiency. Simultaneous backward data communication involving a digital pulse rate of up to 10 kbps was also observed.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Geophysics
Volume 2010 (2010), Article ID 791790, 10 pages
doi:10.1155/2010/791790
Research Article
Three-Component Forward Modeling for Transient Electromagnetic Method
School of Info-Physics and Geomatics Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Received 24 July 2009; Revised 8 December 2009; Accepted 19 February 2010
Academic Editor: Rudolf A. Treumann
Copyright © 2010 Bin Xiong. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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13. M. E. Everett and R. N. Edwards, “Transient marine electromagnetics: the 2.5-D forward problem,” Geophysical Journal International, vol. 113, pp. 545–561, 1993.
14. M. J. Unsworth, B. J. Travis, and A. D. Chave, “Electromagnetic induction by a finite electric dipole source over a 2-D earth,” Geophysics, vol. 58, pp. 198–214, 1993.
15. Y. Mitsuhata, “2-D electromagnetic modeling by finite-element method with a dipole source and topography,” Geophysics, vol. 65, pp. 465–475, 2000.
16. K. Key and C. J. Weiss, “Adaptive finite-element modeling using unstructured grids: the 2D magnetotelluric example,” Geophysics, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. G291–G299, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
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23. G. Q. Xue, X Li, and Q. Y. Di, “Research progress in TEM forward modeling and inversion calculation,” Progress in Geophysics, vol. 23, pp. 1165–1172, 2008.
24. Y. L. Meng and Y. Z. Luo, “Finite element method for solving electromagnetic field with harmonic dipolar source on two-dimensional geoelectric model,” in Annual of the Chinese Geophysical Society, Seismological Press, Beijing, China, 1994.
25. H. J. Wang, Methods study on 2.5-D forward and inversion for transient electromagnetic with central loop, Ph.D. thesis, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China, 2001.
26. B. Xiong and Y.-Z. Luo, “Finite element modeling of 2.5-D TEM with block homogeneous conductivity,” Chinese Journal of Geophysics, vol. 49, pp. 590–597, 2006.
27. K. J. Xu, Study on 2.5D complex resistivity electromagnetic forward and inversion, Ph.D. thesis, Jilin University, Jilin, China, 2007.
28. B. Xiong, “A new formula based on the independent electric and magnetic fields for 2.5-D forward of TEM,” in Proceedings of the 19th International Workshop on Electromagnetic Induction in the Earth, pp. 536–539, 2008.
29. Y. Z. Luo and G. Q. Zhang, Application of Electronic Computer in Electrical Prospecting, Wuhan College of Geology Press, 1987.
30. S. Z. Xu, FEM in Geophysics, Science Press, Beijing, China, 1994.
31. J. M. Jin, J. G. Wang, and D. B. Ge, The Finite Element Method in Electromagnetics, Xidian University Press, Xi'an, China, 1997.
32. T. A. Davis and I. S. Duff, “An unsymmetric-pattern multifrontal method for sparse LU factorization,” SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, vol. 18, pp. 140–158, 1997.
33. T. A. Davis, Direct Methods for Sparse Linear Systems, SIAM, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 2007.
34. H. Stehfest, “Numerical inversion of Laplace transforms,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 13, pp. 47–49, 1970.
35. Z. L. Niu, The Theory of Time-Domain Electromagnetic Methods, Central South University of Technology Press, Hunan, China, 1992.
36. J. T. Liu, H. M. Gu, and X. Y. Hu, “Three-components interpretation for transient electromagnetic method,” Yangtze River, vol. 39, pp. 114–116, 2008.
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Bibliography: Devil on My Stomach: a Tale of Tiana's World
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Title: Devil on My Stomach: a Tale of Tiana's World
Authors: Richard K. Lyon and Andrew J. Offutt
Year: 1980
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: shortstory
Language: English
ISFDB Record Number: 1129860
Note: First published in Dragonfields #3, summer 1980
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: fantasy (1) Add Tags
Variant Titles:
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Text:
Blog Archive
May 2013
SMTWTFS
1234
567891011
12131415161718
19202122232425
262728293031
Estimating the Economic Impact of Google Book Search
PDF | Print | E-mail
Thursday August 26, 2010
A new article forthcoming in the prestigious Journal of the Copyright Society of the USA attempts to estimate the economic impact of Google Book Search on the publishing industry. The study finds no evidence of negative impact and some evidence of a positive impact.
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Red Hat Expands Open Hybrid Cloud Solutions Portfolio and Strategy After Closing ManageIQ Acquisition
Printer-friendly versionPDF version
Raleigh
NC, Global, January 22, 2013
Company Hosts Webcast to Provide Cloud Strategy Update and Further Details ManageIQ's Enterprise Cloud Management and Automation Technologies
Red Hat, Inc. (NYSE: RHT), the world's leading provider of open source solutions, today announced updates to its open hybrid cloud solutions portfolio and strategy following the closing of its acquisition of ManageIQ, a leading provider of enterprise cloud management and automation solutions that enable organizations to easily deploy, manage and optimize across private clouds, public clouds and virtualized infrastructures. Red Hat both announcedhttp://www.redhat.com/about/news/press-archive/2012/12/red-hat-signs-definitive-agreement-to-acquire-manageiq that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire ManageIQ and completed the acquisition in late Dec. 2012.
"We've worked with ManageIQ as a partner to our Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization platform with successful joint customers and saw an opportunity to expand our hybrid cloud management capabilities with an even closer relationship with ManageIQ's compelling portfolio," said Bryan Che, general manager, Cloud Business Unit at Red Hat. "With the closing of the acquisition, we now begin work to integrate ManageIQ's enterprise cloud management and automation technologies with our complementary Red Hat CloudForms hybrid Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) solution and our open Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization management solution. With this combination, we can offer our customers an unparalleled open hybrid cloud management portfolio."
"As more and more production workloads are deployed across heterogeneous virtual, private cloud and public cloud datacenters, IT buyers are prioritizing investments in management solutions that can automate and optimize end-to-end performance and capacity utilization across these complex environments," said Mary Johnston Turner, research vice president, Enterprise Systems Management at IDC. "IDC expects spending on cloud systems management software to exceed $3.6 billion by 2016 thanks to demand for these types of sophisticated tools."
In addition to their technology and solutions portfolios being complementary, Red Hat and ManageIQ also share many joint customers - the majority of ManageIQ's customers are also Red Hat customers.
According to Chris Russell, IT architect consultant for a leading global provider of banking and payments technologies to thousands of financial institutions that runs a multi-tenant virtual IT infrastructure in three datacenters using ManageIQ technologies, "With ManageIQ EVM, we sought to provide our account teams and their respective customers with granular visibility into the fee-based virtual infrastructure services being consumed by its customers, and also needed operational tools capable of providing insight into resource utilization, trends and available capacity across our multiple datacenters. Even before Red Hat acquired ManageIQ, we were already starting to look closely at the cost benefits of leveraging our Red Hat Enterprise Linux environment with Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization, as well as considering OpenStack options for open cloud implementations. Now with Red Hat and ManageIQ together, we can continue to manage our current virtual estate while looking forward to a compelling open hybrid cloud management portfolio that will result from the combination of these powerful technologies."
To learn more about Red Hat's strategy around the acquisition of ManageIQ and about Red Hat's open hybrid cloud management solutions, join Red Hat executives for a webcast press conference beginning at 11:00 a.m. ET on Jan. 22, 2013. The webcast will also be available for replay. Register to join: https://vts.inxpo.com/Launch/QReg.htm?ShowKey=12479.
For more information
Connect with Red Hat
About Red Hat, Inc.
Red Hat is the world's leading provider of open source software solutions, using a community-powered approach to reliable and high-performing cloud, Linux, middleware, storage and virtualization technologies. Red Hat also offers award-winning support, training, and consulting services. As the connective hub in a global network of enterprises, partners, and open source communities, Red Hat helps create relevant, innovative technologies that liberate resources for growth and prepare customers for the future of IT. Learn more at http://www.redhat.com.
Forward-Looking Statements
Certain statements contained in this press release may constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements provide current expectations of future events based on certain assumptions and include any statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact. Actual results may differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements as a result of various important factors, including: risks related to delays or reductions in information technology spending; the effects of industry consolidation; the ability of the Company to compete effectively; uncertainty and adverse results in litigation and related settlements; the integration of acquisitions and the ability to market successfully acquired technologies and products; the inability to adequately protect Company intellectual property and the potential for infringement or breach of license claims of or relating to third party intellectual property; the ability to deliver and stimulate demand for new products and technological innovations on a timely basis; risks related to data and information security vulnerabilities; ineffective management of, and control over, the Company's growth and international operations; fluctuations in exchange rates; and changes in and a dependence on key personnel, as well as other factors contained in our most recent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (copies of which may be accessed through the Securities and Exchange Commission's website at http://www.sec.gov), including those found therein under the captions "Risk Factors" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations". In addition to these factors, actual future performance, outcomes, and results may differ materially because of more general factors including (without limitation) general industry and market conditions and growth rates, economic and political conditions, governmental and public policy changes and the impact of natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. The forward-looking statements included in this press release represent the Company's views as of the date of this press release and these views could change. However, while the Company may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, the Company specifically disclaims any obligation to do so. These forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing the Company's views as of any date subsequent to the date of this press release.
Red Hat, the Shadowman logo and JBoss are registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds.
News Source : Red Hat Expands Open Hybrid Cloud Solutions Portfolio and Strategy After Closing ManageIQ Acquisition
Copy this html code to your website/blog and link to this press release.
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Section Targeting by Google AdSense
Aug 23, 2005 • 9:39 am | (0) by | Filed Under Google AdSense
This just makes so much sense! As a publisher and Webmaster, you can tell your contextual ads, which content is the real content on the page. As you and I know, many content management systems default text into titles and meta information into the pages, that have nothing to do with the actual article on that page. By telling the contextual AdSense ads, what content is relevant to the page, AdSense can then serve up more contextually relevant content for the Web visitor. This makes the publisher happy, the reader happy and Google happy.
Google explains;
Section targeting allows you to suggest sections of your text and HTML content that you'd like us to emphasize or downplay when matching ads to your site's content. By providing us with your suggestions, you can assist us in improving your ad targeting.
The AdSense Support page has more information on "What is section targeting and how do I implement it?" JenSense has her views as well. And of course we have a thread on the topic at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: Google Site Command Inflated?
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Poll: Should Google Censor Non-Adult Search Suggestions?
Jan 11, 2010 • 8:30 am | (6) by | Filed Under Google Search Engine
Ever since Google suggest became the default at Google.com back in 2008, the search suggestions had led to some controversy. Most recently over religions suggestions such as Christianity or Islam. Plus a month or so back, we had the Climategate controversy. We do know that Google censors out adult search suggestions and I don't think anyone would argue with that.
However, do you think Google should censor out non-adult negative search suggestions? Such as those that appear negative to religious beliefs or make companies look bad. For example, a WebmasterWorld thread is discussing a French ruling which required Google to remove the search suggestions that had the word 'scam' when you entered in a company name. Should those also be censored?
Take my poll:
I for one believe adult content should be censored there, as Google does. But I do not believe Google should remove the others.
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: Google Adds News Flip to Google News Home Page
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Family:George Abbott and Mary Weed (1)
Browse
Facts and Events
Marriage[1] bef 1657
Children
BirthDeath
1.
2.
References
1. Jonas Weed, in Anderson, Robert Charles. The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England, 1620-1633. (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1995), III:1957.
Mary Weed … m. by about 1657 George Abbott [FOOF 1:5].
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Help:Surname pages
Watchers
Purpose of Surname pages
Surname pages have several functions:
1. Their primary function is list the alternate spellings of a surname. The search engine uses this list to find person and family pages that with alternate spellings. Please do not delete alternate spellings unless they are unrelated names. Many names changed over time and with immigration.
2. A place to give general information about the surname.
3. A place to give information about one name studies and similar name projects
Alternate names
The related names field is for alternate spellings. It is not for surnames of related families.
Text field
This space is for general information about the surname and one name studies. It may also be used for name projects. Links to Help:Surname in Place projects should be provided here.
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Person:Alexander Walker (16)
Alexander Walker
b.about 1754 prob. Virginia
m. about 1746
1. Joseph Culton Walkerabt 1748 - 1815
2. Mary Walkerabout 1750 -
3. John Walkerabout 1750 - BEF 1797
4. James Walkerabout 1752 - 1835
5. Alexander Walkerabout 1754 - ABT 1820
6. Samuel Walker1758 -
7. William Walker1758 - 1837
8. Jane Walkerabout 1760 - before 1797
9. Margaret Walkerabout 1762 -
10. Andrew Walkerabout 1764 -
11. Eleanor Walkerabout 1766 -
• HAlexander Walkerabout 1754 - ABT 1820
• WJane StuartAFT 1755 - 1843
m. 1 SEP 1778
1. Melinda WalkerAFT 1778 -
2. Ella WalkerAFT 1778 -
3. James WalkerAFT 1778 -
4. Betsy WalkerAFT 1778 -
5. Ann WalkerAFT 1778 -
6. Archibald WalkerAFT 1778 -
7. Mary Culton WalkerEst 1779-1783 -
8. John C. WalkerBEF 1802 - 1866
9. Pherzy Walker
10. Joseph Walker
11. Priscilla Walker
12. Archibald Walker
Facts and Events
Name Alexander Walker
Gender Male
Birth? about 1754 prob. Virginia
Marriage 1 SEP 1778 Rockbridge County, Virginiato Jane Stuart
Death? ABT 1820 Rockbridge County, Virginia
Alexander Walker was one of the Early Settlers of Augusta County, Virginia
__________________________
Contents
Return to Old Augusta County!
Walker Tapestry
Register
Data
Notebooks
Analysis
Bibliography
Graphics
Index
YDNA. Walker
Chalkley's
The Tapestry
Families Old Chester OldAugusta Germanna
New River SWVP Cumberland Carolina Cradle
The Smokies Old Kentucky
Sources
Southern Campaigns, Rev. War Pension Application on part of son Archibald B.
Related
Walker Revolutionary War Pension Applications from Southern Campaigns
PersonDOBDODDOMSpouseFatherMotherNotes
Person:Alexander Walker (28)17161784Jane HammerJohn Walker IIKatherine Rutherford
Person:Alexander Walker (42)17181774*Elizabeth Patterson unknownUnknown
Person:Alexander Walker (26)1718 1783Jane?Alexander I (14)unknown"Sawney" the Wheelwright
Person:Alexander Walker (29)17451770Martha GrimesPerson:Alexander Walker (42)Elizabeth Patterson
Person:Alexander Walker (24)17561764x Alexander Walker (28)Jane Hammer
Person:Alexander Walker (16)176518201778Jane Stuart Alexander Walker (217)
Gunstocker John
Margaret Culton
Person:Alexander Walker (27)17651824Mary Magdalene Harmon Alexander Walker (28)Jane Hammer
Person:Alexander Walker (23)1774Mary CultonPerson:John Walker (207)Margaret Hudson
Person:Alexander Walker (25)17791848Elizabeth ScottJames Walker (120)Margaret Gray
Person:Alexander Walker (20)c17801838Jean TelfordWilliam Walker (172)Jane Walker (57)
Person:Alexander Walker (21)17951869Isabella PattersonPerson:David Walker (31)Jane Holmesson of Alexander (28)
and Jane Hammer
Person:Alexander Walker (32)Penelope BeckwithUnknownUnknown
List of Records for Alexander Walker in Chalkley's ChroniclesWalkers in Chalkley's Chronicles
Overview
Pension
Source of Information: Genealogical Abstracts Of Revolutionary War Pension Files
Volume III: N - Z
Walker, Alexander, Virginia Line, Jane, R11040, soldier married Jane daughter of Alexander Stuart in September 1777 in Augusta County the part that became Rockbridge County Virginia and soldier died there in 1820 and his widow died December 13, 1843, soldier and wife raised a family of thirteen children and the following children survived their mother ; Archibald B., Elizabeth, Pricilla and Malinda D. Walker, Jane widow of Walker Kelso of Kentucky and John C. Walker of Indiana, on January 5, 1846 the son Archibald B. Walker aged 45 applied in Rockbridge County, Virginia , soldier had lived in Augusta County, Virginia in 1774 and was in the battle of Point Pleasant , being wounded in said battle, widow`s sister Eleanor Walker aged 80 was a resident of Monroe County,Virginia in 1845 and she stated she was raised by her uncle Edward Hall of Augusta County,Virginia, in 1845 Thomas Walker aged 82 was of Monroe County,Virginia but no kinship was given, in 1845 Elizabeth Stuart the widow of widow`s deceased brother Robert Stuart was age of 78 and she lived in Botetourt County,Virginia , in 1845 a James Walker aged 54 was reffered to but no kinship was given, in 1852 Thomas H. Walker aged 68 and a Joseph Walker aged 50 was a Justice of the Peace (JP) for Rockbridge Co.,Virginia were shown in the claim but their kinship "if any" to soldier`s family was not given.
Misc
http://www.penjaccphoto.com/walkerged/fam00108.htm
Husband: Alexander Walker
Born: at:
Married: 1 SEP 1778 at: Rockbridge Co., VA.
Died: ABT 1820 at:
Father:John Jack Gunstocker Walker
Mother:Mary Margaret Culton
Other Spouses:
NOTES -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wife: Jane Stuart
Born: at:
Died: 13 DEC 1843 at:
Father:Alexander Stuart, Maj.
Mother:Mary Patterson
Other Spouses:
CHILDREN
Name: Mary Culton Walker
Born: at:
Married: at:
Died: at:
Spouses: Mr. Hoague
Name: John C. Walker
Born: at:
Married: 1 APR 1822 at:
Died: 15 AUG 1866 at: Montgomery County, Indiana
Spouses: Margaret Culton NOTES -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Name: James Walker
Born: at:
Married: at:
Died: at:
Spouses:
Name: Pherzy Walker
Born: at:
Married: at:
Died: at:
Spouses:
Name: Joseph Walker
Born: at:
Married: at:
Died: at: drowned in Arkansas River
Spouses:
Name: Ella Walker
Born: at:
Married: at:
Died: at:
Spouses: Charles Kelso
Name: Ann Walker
Born: at:
Married: at:
Died: at:
Spouses: Walker Kelso
Name: Betsy Walker
Born: at:
Married: at:
Died: at: Rawley County, WVa.
Spouses:
Name: Priscilla Walker
Born: at:
Married: at:
Died: at: Rawley County, WVa.
Spouses:
Name: Melinda Walker
Born: at:
Married: at:
Died: at: Rawley County, WVa.
Spouses:
Name: Archibald Walker
Born: at:
Married: at:
Died: at: Raleigh Courthouse, W. VA.
Spouses:
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Place:Apple Valley, San Bernardino, California, United States
Watchers
NameApple Valley
TypeCommunity
Coordinates34.511°N 117.212°W
Located inSan Bernardino, California, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
The town of Apple Valley is located in the Victor Valley of San Bernardino County, in the U.S. state of California. It was incorporated on November 14, 1988, and is one of the twenty-two incorporated municipalities in California that uses "town" in its name instead of "city." The town is east of and adjoining to the neighboring cities of Victorville and Hesperia, 37 miles (60 km) south of Barstow and 46 miles (74 km) north of San Bernardino through the Cajon Pass. The population was 69,135 at the 2010 census.
Apple Valley is governed by a town council, whose current mayor is Curt Emick. The Mayor changes each December. By policy, the highest vote getter in the most recent election is selected mayor by the five-member Council.
Apple Valley was home to Roy Rogers and Dale Evans, whose museum was first established in Apple Valley (in 1967) before the museum was relocated to Victorville in 1976. Since 2003, the museum has been in Branson, Missouri. The move was made in hopes of reaching more fans; however, the museum closed for financial reasons on December 12, 2009.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Apple Valley, California. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8301.0 - Manufacturing Production, Australia, Preliminary, Feb 1996
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 02/04/1996
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Monthly; ISSN:1035-9311; Estimates of production for major manufacturing indicators, including metals, household appliances and textiles. Contains original, seasonally adjusted and trend data. The indicators are part of a much broader range of items published quarterly.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6202.0 - Labour Force, Australia, Preliminary, Feb 2001
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 15/03/2001
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Summary results of the monthly Labour Force Survey containing estimates of employed and unemployed persons classified by sex, full-time/part-time status, states and territories and some age groups; and persons not in the labour force.
6202.0 was published as Labour Force, Australia, Preliminary until March 2003. As the publication had provided final summary data for a number of years to that point, the misleading qualification preliminary was removed from the April 2003 issue onwards.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Tuesday, October 31, 2006
Autism Awareness Month & the Autism Society New Brunswick
October is Autism Awareness Month in Canada and as it draws to an end I would like to say a few words about the Autism Society New Brunswick which is the only provincial voice for autism in New Brunswick. First, and foremost, ASNB is a democratic volunteer organization open to persons with an interest in autism in New Brunswick. General meetings of the ASNB membership are held at least 3 times a year in different locations around the province. Policy at ASNB is set by the board in consultation with membership; not by paid executive directors.
The ASNB does not receive money from government to conduct its operations. When ASNB assists parents in discussions with government, education or health authorities it does so with no conflicting interest. It is not tied to government grants and it is not required to comply with government regulations or policies which tell it what it can and can not say to its members.
Notwithstanding its fiercely independent voice, ASNB was recognized as the voice for the autism community by government by enactment of regulation 97-127 pursuant to the Mental Health Services Act.
NEW BRUNSWICK
REGULATION 97-127
under the
MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES ACT
(O.C. 97-900)
Filed November 14, 1997
Under section 12 of the Mental Health Services Act, the Lieutenant-Governor in Council makes the following Regulation:
1 This Regulation may be cited as the Mental Health Services Advisory Committee Regulation - Mental Health Services Act.
2 In this Regulation
"Act" means the Mental Health Services Act;
"Committee" means the Mental Health Services Advisory Committee.
3(1) The following mental health interest groups are prescribed for the purposes of paragraph 5(1)(b) of the Act:
(f) Autism Society New Brunswick;
The ASNB has been a key partner in the UNB Autism Steering Committee and has participated in such committees as the Dialogue on Education Committee and the Ministerial Committee on Inclusive Education. It also participated in the ad hoc committees that were struck to examine the continued provision of tertiary care services for autistic persons at the Stan Cassidy Centre.
ASNB has helped raise public awareness of autism around the province purchasing books on autism and evidence based interventions for autism for the New Brunswick Public Library System, for community autism centres and for autism agencies. It has also been a key participant in the recent National Autism Strategy initiative advanced by Andy Scott and the students in Greg Peters Leo Hayes High School class.
On this last day of October, Autism Awareness Month in Canada, I recommend that anyone with an interest in autism in New Brunswick visit the ASNB website at :
http://www.autismnb.org/
Study - Vitamin B12 Injections for Autism Show No Signs of Benefit
The biggest challenge confronted by parents of children newly diagnosed with autism is what to do about it; how can they help their children, what treatments should they seek to cure their child or at least improve their quality of life. ABA has been widely endorsed as being an evidence based effective intervention but it is complex and expensive. "Alternative" treatments abound as cheaper, easier alternatives, and parents can end up losing their valuable funds and even more valuable time - time which is critical for the their childrens' development - exploring unproven, ineffective, alternative treatments. When my son was diagnosed secretin was the flavor of the day. So too was vitamin B-12 treatment. Now a study by University of California at Davis professor and colleagues indicates that there is no benefit to B-12 treatment.
http://www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/AACAP/tb/4401
SAN DIEGO, Oct. 30 -- Preliminary results of a small ongoing study of vitamin B12 injections for children with autism showed no signs of significant benefit, researchers reported here, but they remained hopeful.
So said Lesley J. Deprey, Ph.D., of the University of California at Davis, and colleagues, in a poster presentation at the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry meeting here.
Their hope, they noted, derived from "anecdotal reports of remarkable clinical improvements" using subcutaneous vitamin B12 (methyl cobalamin), although there have been no supporting published studies. Vitamin B12 is an antioxidant involved in metabolism pathways for cellular methylation, which has been implicated in other neurological disorders like schizophrenia and Alzheimer's Disease.
The researchers reported that no significant benefits have turned up yet for the 14 patients who have completed three months in the current double-blind crossover study. They found no significant differences with active versus placebo treatment for the following measures:
• Clinical Global Impression Scale Improvement (P=0.4129),
• Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test scores (P=0.2895), and
• Social Communication Questionnaire verbal results (P=0.4211).
A significant improvement found for nonverbal Social Communication Questionnaire scores in the vitamin B12 group compared to placebo (P=0.0309) disappeared after adjusting for multiple testing.
Monday, October 30, 2006
Pics - National Autism Strategy Debate October 27 2006
History was made Friday, October 27, 2006, with the debate on Fredericton MP Andy Scott's private member bill M-172 calling for a National Autism Strategy. Here are a couple of pics for the history books.
Bottom: Andy Scott at a reception after the first hour of debate surrounded by supporters.
Top: National autism advocate Andrew Kavchak and Dr. Sam Yassine father of 6 year old Amjad Yassine who was completely non verbal at the age of 4 but is now thriving and entering a regular school at age 6 - after two years of ABA therapy.
Bite Marks and Hair Brushes - Environmental Sensitivity of Autistic Chidlren
In the debate over education of autistic children it is difficult to impress upon professional educators that for some autistic children, who are very environment sensitive, the mainstream classroom is NOT the best learning environment, that for some the classroom is an overwhelming experience that can, as it did with my son Conor, result in self injurious behavior. Conor would come home from school with bite marks self inflicted from frustration.
In Conor's case the local school and district officials cooperated and removed Conor to a quieter location where most of his learning takes place with occasional, well considered, and purposeful visits to the classroom for specific tasks and interaction with other students. Not all parents of autistic children receive such enlightened cooperation when it comes to their children. Some educators simply do not understand that autistic children are environmentally sensitive and can be overwhelmed to the point of self injury by too much stimulation or even change in their environment.
This morning an innocuous event which illustrates my son's environment awareness and sensitivity occurred when he rose a bit early to use the bathroom. I lent my arm to him for support as he staggered to the bathroom. Groggy and half awake he entered the bathroom still staggering a bit when he spotted a hair brush with the bristles face down on the counter. Conor stopped to turn the brush over so that the bristles would face upward as they usually did. The smallest details of his environment do not escape his attention even half awake in the early morning while on his way to perform an urgent task.
Sunday, October 29, 2006
Bill M-172 National Autism Strategy - Contact Your MP Now
***REQUEST***
Please contact your Member of Parliament right away
And encourage him or her to vote in support of
Andy Scott's private member motion M-172
Calling for a National Autism Strategy
Bill M-172 (National Autism Strategy)
M-172 --- May 15, 2006 --- Mr. Scott (Fredericton) --- That, in the
opinion of the House, the government should create a national strategy
for autism spectrum disorder that would include: (a) the establishment,
in cooperation with provincial governments, of national standards for
the treatment of autism spectrum disorder and the delivery of related
services; (b) the study, in cooperation with provincial governments, of
the funding arrangements for the care of those with autism spectrum
disorder, including the possibility of transferring federal funds to
assist provincial governments to provide no-cost treatment, education,
professional training and other required supports for Canadians with
autism spectrum disorder without unreasonable wait times; (c) the
creation of a national surveillance program for autism spectrum disorder
to be managed by the Public Health Agency of Canada; and (d) the
provision of funding for health research into treatments for autism
spectrum disorder.
***REQUEST***
Please contact your Member of Parliament right away
And encourage him or her to vote in support of
Andy Scott's private member motion M-172
Calling for a National Autism Strategy
Saturday, October 28, 2006
Health Care Providers Oppose Kirby's Autism & Vaccine Views
Health care providers are objecting to the presentation by David Kirby at a conference which began yesterday in Halifax. Kirby is the journalist and author of "Evidence of Harm" a book which purports to examine the debate between medical authorities and parents of autistic children who believe that the mercury based preservative thimerosal used in some vaccines is to blame for their childrens' autism.
The theory of a causal link between thimerosal and autism has been soundly rejected by medical and scientific authorities but SOME parents do not accept those views and believe that there is a "Big Pharma" conspiracy to suppress evidence of the link - evidence of harm - as Kirby's book is titled. Kirby is accused by some authorities of stoking the fears of parents and contributing to a downswing in vaccinations thus causing a revival of serious, even deadly diseases, once thought vanquished by vaccination programs. Personally, I have never bought into the theory that vaccinations cause autism, but obviously further research could prove me wrong. As of right now the research literature does not support such a link.
There is much research being done now into the causes of autism. Whatever the cause/causes of autism might be it is critically important that any conclusions we reach are based on careful scientific study and clear evidence derived from those studies. Fear should never be a substitute for careful study and analysis. That is the opinion of this parent.
From the Daily News:
http://www.hfxnews.ca/index.cfm?sid=9094&sc=2
Joanne Langley, pediatric infectious disease specialist at the IWK, said the idea that thimerosal, an anti-bacteria preservative containing mercury found in some vaccines, could contribute to autism was raised about 15 years ago, but was later retracted.
"There is now a huge body of evidence that shows there is no association between infant vaccines and autism," she said, adding that thimerosal has not been used in children's vaccines in Canada for 10 years.
Langley also said it's important that parents know vaccines are safe and information to the contrary is "fear mongering" and could be dangerous.
"If they're concerned and don't immunize their children, they are susceptible to those infectious diseases, which are very serious."
Friday, October 27, 2006
National Autism Strategy Motion Debate To Continue 3rd or 4th Week in November
The debate of Fredericton MP Andy Scott's national autism strategy private member's bill started today in the House of Commons and aired on CPAC. It was encouraging to see a lot of important information about autism, evidence based treatment, particularly ABA aired in the H of C. The Leo Hayes class of teacher Greg Peters was praised for the tremendous effort they have made on behalf of the autism cause nationally. It was also great to hear Andy read Fredericton area resident Brian Rimpilainen's letter about his autistic child and some of the realities of life for a family with an autistic child. It was tough to sit still as the Bloc Quebecois speakers squabbled about protecting Quebec's constitutional turf. It was difficult to say where the Conservatives were going with their comments.
For many of us in New Brunswick who have fought for years for government funded evidence based pre-school treatment, autism trained TA's to work with autistic students, and decent residential care for autistic youths and adults it was nice to be able to sit back and let advocates like Andy Scott, Nova Scotia NDP MP Peter Stoffer and Brampton-Springdale (Ontario) Liberal MP Ruby Dhalla do the heavy hitting and educate Canadians about autism today in the House of Commons.
Debate did not conclude today and I am informed by Andrew Holland, executive assistant to Andy Scott, that the debate and vote will probably be continued and concluded in either the 3rd or 4th week of November.
2 30 PM Autism Motion Debate Now At 2 30 PM
I have been informed that the debate on the National Autism Strategy motion will now be heard at 2:30 PM Atlantic time.
Thursday, October 26, 2006
Autism Community's Friend In Ottawa
Fredericton MP Andy Scott is leading off the historic debate on a Nation Autism Strategy in the House of Commons tomorrow. In New Brunswick he has been assisted by Leo Hayes High School students in Mr. Greg Peter's class for two consecutive years. ASNB has also contributed much to the national campaign led by Luigi Rocca, Lila Barry, Nancy Blanchette, Dawn Bowie and Brian Rimpilainen.
In Ottawa Andrew Kavchak has been an unrelenting advocate for a national autism strategy. The following pictures and description can be found on the Canada Autism Petition page at http://canadaautism.com/Default.aspx?tabid=97 .
Protest on The Hill
Andrew Kavchak is an Ottawa father of a boy who was diagnosed with autism in 2003. From March to November 2004 Andrew protested on Parliament Hill during his lunch hour breaks. Recently, on June 1, 2005 he recommenced his noon hour protest on the Hill. Andrew tries to lobby politicians and journalists as they walk by. He also engages in a lot of public education and asks visitors to the Hill to sign the autism treatment petition.
Flashback - Andy Scott Addresses Autism Rally on Parliament Hill April 24, 2006
On the eve of tomorrow's historic National Autism Strategy debate it is important to remember that such events do not spring up overnight. Here is Andy Scott speaking at a National Autism Strategy rally on April 24th.
M-172 - National Autism Strategy Motion Oct 27 - 1 PM
MEDIA ADVISORY
October 26, 2006
The Liberal MP for the Fredericton riding, Honourable Andy Scott will be presenting his Private Member's Motion tomorrow (Friday October 27th) in the House of Commons calling on the Government of Canada to create a national autism strategy.
The purpose of this motion is to call on the Minister of Health and this government to collaborate with provincial and territorial Ministers of Health to create a national strategy ensuring that persons with autism spectrum disorders will receive treatment and therapy for their condition and the associated costs will be covered by the health care insurance plan of every province.
The motion was a collaborative effort with people with autism, autism advocates, researchers and other professionals - and the Grade 12 political science class of Mr. Greg Peters at Leo Hayes High School in Fredericton who also brought in many authorities to discuss the issue and develop this motion.
The first hour of debate will take place Friday afternoon at 1 p.m. Atlantic.
For the purposes of media, a number of Leo Hayes classes will be watching the debate live at their school and Mr. Peters and his students will be available for comments. Mr. Peters can be reached at 1 (506) 457-6898 and gregory.peters@nbed.nb.ca
Attached below is the text of MP Andy Scott's motion:
M-172 May 15, 2006 Mr. Scott (Fredericton) That, in the opinion of the House, the government should create a national strategy for autism spectrum disorder that would include: (a) the establishment, in cooperation with provincial governments, of national standards for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder and the delivery of related services; (b) the study, in cooperation with provincial governments, of the funding arrangements for the care of those with autism spectrum disorder, including the possibility of transferring federal funds to assist provincial governments to provide no-cost treatment, education, professional training and other required supports for Canadians with autism spectrum disorder without unreasonable wait times; (c) the creation of a national surveillance program for autism spectrum disorder to be managed by the Public Health Agency of Canada; and (d) the provision of funding for health research into treatments for autism spectrum disorder.
For further information media may contact:
Andrew Holland
Executive Assistant
Office of Hon. Andy Scott P.C.,M.P.
Fredericton
Tel. (506) 452-3516
Fax. (506) 452-4076
E-mail andrew.holland@nb.aibn.com
Whacky Autism Treatments - Swimming with Dolphins & Touching Beluga Whales
Autism has been plagued by whacky theories about its causes and treatments. Almost every thing imaginable has been offered to desperate parents as a cure or treatment for autism. The classic example of a whacky autism treatment is the "swimming with dolphins" treatment which has otherwise rational people spending money and placing their children in the water with dolphins in the hopes that the interaction would stimulate development in their autistic child. That particular therapy has now morphed into the "touching beluga whales" treatment offered in China.
http://tinyurl.com/yj7mmp
Beluga whales helping children with autism in China
Touching, feeding and training Beluga whales is helping 16 children suffering from autism in northeast China.
The children, all under 10 years of age are working with the whales at the Polarland Aquarium in Harbin, capital of Heilongjiang province.
Experts said that the sounds by beluga whales can help to treat infantile autism by stimulating thee children's nerve cells, which will be more effective when the children make direct contacts with the animals.
The children spend 30 minutes, three times a week with the whales which are from the Arctic Circle near Russia,
After a 20-day course of treatment the children are given medicines and get supportive therapy.
Dolphins have been used in other parts of the world to help stimulate children with autism, experts said.
Source: Xinhua
Wednesday, October 25, 2006
National Autism Strategy Bill - Friday at 1 PM on CPAC
I have been informed by Fredericton MP Andy Scott's office that the debate on Andy's private member bill asking the government to implement a National Autism Strategy will take place at 1 PM Atlantic time this Friday October 27 2006 and will be seen on CPAC at that time.
Harold Doherty
Sunday, October 22, 2006
Another Study Nixes MMR Vaccine & Autism Link
Another study has found that the MMR vaccine is not a causal or contributing factor to development of autism. The most recent study to clear the MMR vaccine may or may not have an impact on those who believe that the MMR causes autism. But here is an article on the latest study and some further links.
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=54366
New MUHC Study Adds More Evidence To Clear Measles Mumps Rubella Vaccine As A Risk Factor For Autism
Article Date: 21 Oct 2006 - 18:00pm (PDT)
A new MUHC study provides conclusive evidence that the Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) vaccine is not associated with the development of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The study, published in the scientific journal Pediatrics, also reveals fundamental errors in previous molecular studies that falsely implicated the MMR vaccine as a risk factor for autism.
"The hypothesis linking the MMR vaccine to autism was originally supported by studies that found the measles virus persisting in certain biological tissues of children with autism who had received the MMR vaccination," says Dr. Eric Fombonne, Director of Pediatric Psychiatry at the Montreal Children's Hospital of the MUHC and a principal investigator in the new study. "Using enhanced techniques we have shown that in fact the measles virus did not persist in the biological tissues of these children." The new study uncovers errors in the techniques used in the earlier studies, which led to the false identification of the measles virus. "There is no association between the MMR vaccine and autism as demonstrated by all controlled epidemiological studies carried out up to now in human populations," noted Dr. Fombonne.
"The reluctance of parents to inoculate their children due to widespread fear of the MMR vaccine generated by these earlier studies resulted in measles outbreaks and the deaths of several young children in Europe," says Dr. Brian Ward, Chief of the Division of Infectious Diseases at the MUHC, Associate Director of the McGill Center for Tropical Diseases and a principal researcher in the study. "We hope that our investigation of these earlier studies will not only clear the MMR vaccine of its link to autism but also give parents confidence in their choice to vaccinate their children against this dangerous and potentially fatal disease."
The biological evidence from this new MUHC study correlates with the epidemiological evidence from another previous MUHC study that also proves that the MMR vaccine has no link to autism. The previous study, led by Dr. Fombonne, was published in the July 5 issue of Pediatrics. All epidemiological studies conducted have found no association between the MMR vaccine and autism.
This study was funded by the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada and the Fonds de Recherche en Sante du Quebec.
Link to article
Link to editorial
Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI MUHC) is a world-renowned biomedical and health-care hospital research centre. Located in Montreal, Quebec, the institute is the research arm of the MUHC, a university health center affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine at McGill University. The institute supports over 500 researchers, nearly 1000 graduate and post-doctoral students and operates more than 300 laboratories devoted to a broad spectrum of fundamental and clinical research. The Research Institute operates at the forefront of knowledge, innovation and technology and is inextricably linked to the clinical programs of the MUHC, ensuring that patients benefit directly from the latest research-based knowledge. For further details visit: http://www.muhc.ca/research.
The McGill University Health Centre (MUHC) is a comprehensive academic health institution with an international reputation for excellence in clinical programs, research and teaching. The MUHC is a merger of five teaching hospitals affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine at McGill University--the Montreal Children's, Montreal General, Royal Victoria, and Montreal Neurological Hospitals, as well as the Montreal Chest Institute. Building on the tradition of medical leadership of the founding hospitals, the goal of the MUHC is to provide patient care based on the most advanced knowledge in the health care field, and to contribute to the development of new knowledge.
For more information please visit:
McGill University Health Centre
And
Medical University of South Carolina
Saturday, October 21, 2006
Autism Exodus - Ex-NB'er Miriam London Speaks Out
The following comments, and the CBC interview transcript that
follow, are from Miriam London, a New Brunswicker with an autistic
child who moved to Alberta. Alberta provides more than 3 times
the funding levels for pre-school autism intervention than New
Brunswick and other provinces. But problems remain as the
following comment and interview point out:
"This is some of the interview that I did for the CBC radio. Now
that we found that therapist to work with Mitchell for AP to hire,
the gov't is saying our son is not "severe enough" to get services.
Kind of a kick in the teeth. That's our wonderful gov't for you...
don't help these kids now so that can be independent and have a
fulfilling life. When will our country provide fundamental
intervention for these individuals so they can reach their full
potential. So sad and frustrating!!!!!?"
Miriam
http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2006/10/16/autism-follow.html
Shortage of workers straining Alberta's autism programs
Last Updated: Monday, October 16, 2006 | 1:25 PM ET
Families moving to Alberta because of the province's heralded services for autistic children are discovering a shortage of frontline staff is preventing their children from getting help.
Workers have been lured from community agencies that work with autistic children by higher paying and less stressful jobs available thanks to the province's economic boom.
Those agencies are now facing a staffing crisis, said Anne Hughson, an associate professor in the disability studies department at the University of Calgary.
"When agencies are desperate, they start to maybe reduce their qualifications, or their credentials, or maybe even standards that they have for hiring people," she said.
Up to $60,000 a year
Autism, or autistic spectrum disorder, is a neuropsychiatric disorder that impairs a person's ability to communicate and interact with others. It is estimated to affect between two and six children in every 1,000.
Alberta pays up to $60,000 annually per qualifying child up to age 18 — and anyone who comes to the province can apply.
That's prompted families to pick up and move to Alberta. Some families with autistic children who have lived in the province for years have expressed concerns that the influx is straining the system.
The Londons came to Calgary from New Brunswick a year after Mitchell was diagnosed with autism.
"When we first came here we thought, wow, we've got all this funding," said his mother Miriam London. "But now we're beginning to realize … it's very difficult for you to get these services out in the community because there's … not enough people that are filling these positions."
Mitchell is now in Grade 1. His parents struggled to find someone to do one-on-one therapy with him after school, going so far as to distribute recruitment flyers for Autism Partnership, the agency that works with her son.
The Londons eventually found a psychology student at the University of Calgary who was willing to work with Mitchell.
$14 million boost for salaries
Children's Services Minister Heather Forsyth said over the last two years the province has provided social agencies with $14 million to boost salaries so they could hold on to frontline workers.
She applauded the Londons for taking the matter into their own hands.
"Good for them," she said. "That's not only government's responsibility, that's somebody that has taken action within the community and gone out aggressively and found a worker."
The University of Calgary's Hughson said the province needs to do more.
"Yes, it is true there have been increases in budgets to allow for improvement in staff salaries, but we're talking about an erosion that's gone on for nine or 10 years with a Conservative government," said Hughson. "[They] are only slowly now beginning to make up for that."
The Questions The MacKay Inclusion Review Did Not Ask
In a previous post I commented on the gap between the rhetoric and the reality of mainstream classroom inclusion for all children including autistic children. The emphasis on putting all children together in the mainstream classroom is based on the belief, unsupported by evidence, that all children benefit from being placed full time in a mainstream classroom. Some autistic children are overwhelmed by the stimulation of the mainstream classroom resulting in some cases in self aggression, disruptive behavior and failure to learn. Governments like mainstream inclusion for a number of reasons. Inclusion is such an appealing concept it is easy to sell to parents. Mainstream classroom inclusion is cheap, much cheaper than providing separate locations and specialized assistance for those children for whom alternatives work better. When the MacKay review was commissioned it was assumed that inclusion works and that some minor tinkering was all that was required to keep it running smoothly. The MacKay review terms of reference did not ask whether inclusion works for all. Because it was based on the premise that inclusion is wonderful the MacKay review did not ask whether alternatives to the inclusion model might work better for students, parents and educators. The MacKay review did not ask whether some children, including some autistic children, have actually suffered from being placed full time in a mainstream classroom. The MacKay review did not ask these difficult questions.
The Inclusion Summit which followed the issuance of the MacKay Report on Inclusive Education was organized to prevent discussion of these important questions. It was organized to prevent discussion of issues affecting children with particular disabilities such as autism. Autism representatives were told at the outset that we would not be permitted to discuss specific disabilities; that the discussion would focus on general themes. In the first workshop that I attended I was actively discouraged from asking these difficult questions by one of the government participants who informed me that "you people should be thankful for what you've got". At another session when I tried to talk about the need to provide autism specific training to Teachers' Assistants who work with autistic children I was told by a School District Superintendent to "get serious". As the second day of the summit was rapping up a press conference had been scheduled at which a summary of the summit was provided at a press conference before the the summit had even ended.
The process of ignoring dissent, of painting a pretty picture of inclusion in NB schools and ensuring that the difficult questions are not asked continues today. In November the Department of Education and the New Brunswick Association for Community Living will co-host a two day professional development event for New Brunswick teachers. The NBACL has done a lot of good work improving the lives of all persons with disabilities and their work is appreciated but they have consistently promoted the philosophy that all children benefit from being placed in a mainstream classroom. This belief is not supported by evidence or study and in practice has hurt some children including my own severely autistic son. ASNB requested the opportunity to address the teachers at this event but that request was rejected by the Department of Education and the NBACL. The event was planned entirely by the Department and the NBACL and the list of speakers and topics reflects their jointly held beliefs in mainstream classroom inclusion for all students. The questions that were not asked during the Mackay Inclusion summit will not be asked in discussion with the teachers of NB. Dissenting voices will not be permitted to be heard by the teachers who form the backbone of the NB Education system. The ASNB evidence based approach that NOT all children should be placed in a mainstream classroo, that there should be flexibility in placement and that a child should learn in a setting where they learn best, by the methods that work best for that child, will not be heard by NB teachers.
The MacKay review process consumed a lot of time, money and human resources but it did not include a critical review of the current system. The old system with all its flaws is still being promoted at important events such as the professional development days for NB teachers. An opportunity to truly rethink, re-examine and improve NB's approach to inclusive education may well have been lost for another generation of students.
Wednesday, October 18, 2006
ABA - Cruel and Abusive? Conor on the Green "Step"
Opponents of ABA - Applied Behavioural Analysis - as a health and education intervention for autistic children will sometimes chacterize ABA as a form of abuse, a form of cruelty inflicted on autistic children. Such criticism is without any merit. It is not based on first hand experience of ABA as it is practiced today by competent ABA therapists.
Right now my son Conor has been sitting outside on the green deck or "step" as he calls it, under a roof, on a rainy day, waiting for his ABA therapist to arrive. He has been there for 15 minutes and it will be another 20 minutes before his therapist arrives. But Conor is waiting in anticipation for his ABA therapist and he is waiting in anticipation of doing his ABA therapy. He does so because ABA as it is practiced today can be fun. It is something Conor looks forward to and enjoys.
And it works.
ABA - cruel and abusive? Not even close.
Sunday, October 15, 2006
A Great Day at the Autism Society NB AGM
The ASNB AGM was held yesterday and it was a great day!
Andy Scott was our guest speaker and he filled us in on the National Autism Strategy and his private member's motion scheduled to be debated in Parliament on October 27, 2006. With his expertise in federal government, his speaking skills and his passion for the autism cause it made for an outstanding presentation. Many thanks to Andy Scott and his communications officer Andrew Holland who also attended. Andy also brought with him two students from the Leo Hayes High School political science class that has been assisting Andy on the National Autism Strategy last year, and with new students, this year. These young people have done a lot of hard work on behalf of the NAS including extensive letter writing campaigns. I met with the first group in the class last year and they are well informed about autism and public policy making. It is very heartening to see young people so actively involved.
There were some changes on the ASNB Board. Long time ASNB board member Jason Oldford did not reoffer this year. Jason has been a key part of ASNB and the autism community in New Brunswick for several years.
ASNB accomplishments and activities over the past year were reviewed. These included:
1) Autism specific training of 80 Teacher Assistants and 9 Methods and Resource Teachers at UNB-CEL which is currently ongoing;
2) A commitment from the new Liberal government to train a further 100 TA's and M&R teachers per year for the next 4 years;
3) Obtaining a commitment from the government to provide funding for a dedicated autism team at the
Stan Cassidy Provincial Tertiary Neurological Rehabilitation Centre. The services provided at the Stan Cassidy are extremely important and include working with extremely challenging problems, even life threatening problems, presented by autistic persons. It had been announced that such services would be discontinued and would no longer be provided by the Stan Cassidy. The decision to fund a new team dedicated specifically to autism at the Stan Cassidy is a huge development that will enhance the health and well being of many persons with autism;
4) Bringing to public attention the plight of a young autistic person who had been placed in residence on the grounds of the Miramichi Youth Facility, launching a complaint with the Ombudsman in respect of that decision, meeting with then Minister of Family and Community Services Minister in respect of that decision and opening discussions on long term youth and adult residential care services for autistic persons with the Minister of Family and Community Services;
5) Working with Andy Scott in the development of a National Autism Strategy;
6) Providing autism advocacy assistance to parents and families in various communites around the province;
7) Expanding ASNB
presence in the francophone autism community in New Brunswick;
8) Creation and airing of an autism awareness commercial running during October on ATV;
9) Purchasing books on evidence based interventions for autism for distribution to community autism centres, autism intervention agencies and the NB Public Library System.
The Autism Society New Brunswick is the provincial voice for the autism community in NB. It is a volunteer based organization and it is not financed by government. This allows ASNB to speak frankly to government in our discussions about autism and the issues and conditions affecting autistic persons in New Brunswick. If you are interested in becoming involved do not hesitate to contact me at my email address for this blog site or contact the ASNB web site at http://www.autismnb.org/ for email and telephone contact coordinates.
Harold Doherty
Thursday, October 12, 2006
Ireland - Parents Seek Autism Specific School
While the advocates of mainstream classroom inclusion for all students have ruled the roost in New Brunswick in recent decades parents of autistic children in Mayo County Ireland are looking in a different direction. They are seeking an autism specific school where there children can receive a real education using the Applied Behavioural Analysis techniques which have proven effective in treating and educating autistic children.
http://www.westernpeople.ie/news/story.asp?j=33475
"Wednesday, October 11, 2006
Mayo parents join forces for Autism Specific School in West
By: Anna-Marie Flynn
MAYO is hoping to be home to a new autism specific school and one group of parents is determined to get the project off the ground.
A group of Mayo parents with children affected by autism have held several meetings within the county with a view to putting a proposal to Minister for Education, Mary Hanafin.
The group are currently working to raise awareness on the benefits of autism specific schools and particularly on Applied Behaviour Analysis.
Applied Behavioural Analysis or ABA, is the methodology based on the well-researched principles of operant and respondent conditioning. A key focus in ABA is to change behaviour and increase communication by using two components: teaching (utilizing Discrete Trial Training or DTT) and behaviour modification.
By utilizing repetition and ongoing evaluation of student performance, complex tasks can be learned in a simple step-by-step manner.
An autism specific school in Mayo would emulate other schools of its kind throughout the country such as The Red Door in Dublin or Saplings School, Kill, Kildare.
ABA schools have a 47 per cent success rate in mainstreaming children with autism and this reflects the success of the ABA system."
Andy Scott to Speak at ASNB AGM About National Autism Strategy
I had promised my last update about the Autism Society NB AGM on Saturday to be the final notice. However, since then Andy Scott, MP, Fredericton has agreed to speak at the AGM about the National Autism Strategy that Andy has been fighting for in Ottawa. Andy will be there at 1 pm. Again the meeting starts at 1 at Tilly Hall, Room 5, UNB Fredericton Campus this Saturday, October 14, 2006.
See you there!
Wednesday, October 11, 2006
Autism Society NB AGM - Final Notice
Just one more notice - the ASNB Annual General Meeting is this Saturday, October 14 from 1 to 4, in Tilley Hall, Room 5, UNB Campus, Fredericton. If you are interested in issues pertaining to pre-school autism intervention, education of autistic students and adult residential care you should plan to attend this Saturday.
Tuesday, October 10, 2006
Educating Autistic Students - Inclusion in the UK
Some of the same issues that we face in seeking to educate autistic students in New Brunswick schools are also being faced in the United Kingdom where classroom inclusion has also been substituted for inclusion in a real learning experience. In the UK autistic children are not taught using the techniques necessary for them to learn. We are still fighting that battle in New Brunswick and we will keep an eye on what happens in the UK.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/5350506.stm
"Ruth McNichol, whose son George has Asperger's syndrome, told BBC News teachers needed to be trained to deal with autistic children.
"There appears to be a lot of ignorance about autism and the particular education techniques that are required to teach children with autism.
"It is particularly bad when children make the transition from primary to secondary school.
Ms McNichol said when her son had started secondary school "he was bullied, he withdrew from lessons in the classroom and the staff didn't appear to know how to engage with him".
"At the end of his first year at secondary school, despite not being in any way disruptive, he started self-harming and he was obviously in a great deal of distress," she said."
Monday, October 09, 2006
National Autism Strategy Motion October 27 2006
On October 27 2006 a Private Member's motion by Fredericton MP Andy Scott, M-172, will be debated in the House of Commons. The Motion, as Andy's letter soliciting support from other MP's sets out below, calls on the federal government to develop a National Autism Strategy. Andy has had the help of an amazing group of students from Leo Hayes High School in Fredericton led by teacher Greg Peters. I had the privilege of talking to them last year for about an hour. The hour flew by quickly, filled with well informed, insightful questions. Autism advocates Brian Rimpilainen, Lila Barry and Dawn Bowie, have also worked hard at making this happen. The motion debate will be broadcast on the CPAC channel on October 27 2006.
Let's keep our fingers crossed and wish for success on October 27, 2006. And whatever happens a big thank you to Andy Scott, his office staff, Greg Peters and his students at Leo Hayes High School , Brian Rimpilainen, Lila Barry and Dawn Bowie.
...
"Dear Colleague,
I am contacting you in reference to my Private Member’s Motion M-172 calling on the House of Commons to ask the Government of Canada to develop a National Strategy on Autism Spectrum Disorder.
In advance of the debate early in this fall session, I ask that you please take a moment and review the attached letter from students and teachers at Leo Hayes High School in Fredericton. They have consulted extensively with autism treatment advocates, legal authorities and myself to help craft the contents of this motion.
As you know, children with autism are not covered under the Canada Health Act. As a result, it is up to each province and territory to determine the level and extent of care that they will receive.
In Alberta, care is provided to those individuals up to 18 years old. During the past couple of years, I have heard many stories of families leaving parts of the country, including here in New Brunswick, to go to Alberta and seek the appropriate care for their children. Quite frankly, parents shouldn’t have to do that in this country.
A national strategy would help ensure that persons with autism spectrum disorders will receive treatment and therapy for their condition and the associated costs will be covered by the provincial and territorial health care insurance plans. One child in one hundred and sixty-six now born will be afflicted with Autism Spectrum Disorder and that number is increasing at an alarming rate.
Studies have repeatedly shown that Applied Behavioural Analysis, Intensive Behavioural Intervention and other treatments can dramatically improve the social and intellectual functioning of autistic children and thereby their quality of life.
The enormously debilitating intellectual and social cost to the sufferer is rivaled only with the financial and emotional burden of care on their families. Therefore, a strategy would be a great thing to help make practical investments early in a child’s life in providing necessary interventions that will save money in the long run.
I believe the Government of Canada has an important role it can play to facilitate such an important initiative.
I ask that for your support of M-172 and please reply to these high school students who should be commended for being so enthusiastically engaged in public policy development.
Sincerely yours,
Hon. Andy Scott
P.C., M.P. Fredericton "
Friday, October 06, 2006
Educating Autistic Students - the 25 Hour Cap Obstacle
In New Brunswick graduates of the UNB-College of Extended Learning are starting to fill positions as TA's working with autistic students. With the new Liberal government pledge to provide more autism training for TA's and Resource Mentors each year for the next 4 years the pieces are in place for autistic students to receive a real education. ASNB, which helped establish the UNB-CEL autism program is confident that the AIT training is exactly what is needed to enable autistic student to receive a real education and not simply be subjected to a baby sitting exercise throughout their school attendance. It looks like clear sailing right? Well, yes .... and no.
Even once an autism trained TA is assigned to work with an autistic child some NB School Districts, including Districts 14, 17 and 18, refuse to let the autism trained TA work the full school week with the autistic student. Instead the autistic student must spend approximately 25% of their day with another TA, usually one without autism training. 25% of the autistic student's day is at risk of being wasted, and in some cases, of having the good work done by the autism trained TA undone by the efforts of a TA with no autism training or knowledge.
Some of the school districts insist that another TA, even if that person has no autism training or knowledge, be brought in to work with the student for parts of the school day to ensure that the autism trained TA does not surpass 25 hours a week. Thus, a severely autistic child who can learn only by the specialized methods taught at the UNB-CEL program, who has access to a UNB-CEL autism trained TA will not be permitted to work with that TA for more than 25 hours a week. The best interests of the autistic student in that situation are set aside in obedience to the 25 hour cap imposed by these districts. The cap is imposed by the districts in order to ensure that the TA's do not acquire status as employees under their collective agreement and under the Public Service Labour Relations Act. While the Department of Education suggests the cap as a guideline to the districts some districts impose the guideline without any exception and without taking into account the individual child's best interests. Even a severely autistic child who learns by the ABA or behavioural learning techniques must spend a part of the day with an untrained TA with no training or knowledge of ABA.
My own son is severely autistic and learns via an ABA based curriculum and methods. This year he has an autism trained and experienced TA with him for most of the day. She is excellent. But if we want to keep him in school after 2:00, until 3:10 like his peers, his autism trained TA can not remain and work with him notwithstanding the investment the province has already made in her training and notwithstanding that her skills are needed in order for my son to learn. The District has refused our request to extend the hours of my son's autism trained TA so that she can spend the full day with our son. They have informed us that they do not wish to set a precedent and if we do not like it we should appeal. At the school level teachers and principals have always been helpful and focussed their efforts on our son's best interests. At the district level though the educators are replaced by administrators more interested in protecting arbitrary salary cap rules than acting in the best interests of each child.
Although I am a lawyer by profession I do not like to be involved in legal appeals pertaining to my son's education. I prefer to work with the educators to whom we entrust our son's education and development. We have tried to work within the limits dictated by necessity and we have enjoyed a positive relationship with the school officials with whom we have worked. Now, with a district level issue involved, we must deal with an inflexible district policy. We are told we must appeal. We have requested an appeal under the Education Act. Unfortunately under that Act the appeal is to ........ the District which imposes the inflexible 25 hour cap.
Any predictions on the outcome of our appeal?
Tuesday, October 03, 2006
Congratulations Education Minister Lamrock
The following is an email which I have sent to the new Education Minister Kelly Lamrock:
"October 3, 2006
Honourable Kelly Lamrock
Minister of Education
Dear Minister Lamrock
Congratulations on being named Minister of Education in the new cabinet. Your appointment will undoubtedly be well received by parents and educators.
Now that you have had a couple of hours to get settled in I hope you do not think it too pushy if I remind you, as the parent of an autistic 10 year old boy, of Premier Graham's commitment to provide UNB-CEL Autism Intervention Training to Teachers' Assistants and Resource Teachers, for a total of 100 per year, for the next four years. The course will be commencing again on April 1, 2007 and this training is badly needed.
Respectfully,
Harold L. Doherty "
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| Edit | | History |
From DDO wiki
(Redirected from Sparkstriker)
Jump to: navigation, search
Sparkstriker
Proficiency Class Martial Weapon Proficiency
Damage and Type 1.25[1d6] + 3 Pierce, Adamantine, Magic
Critical threat range 20 / x4
Weapon Type Heavy Pick / Piercing weapons
Minimum Level 6
Required Trait None
Use Magical Device DC No UMD needed
Handedness One-handed
Damage Mod Str
Attack Mod Str
Binding Bound to Account on AcquireBound to Account on Acquire: This item is Bound to Account on Acquire
Durability 105
Made from AdamantineAdamantine: Adamantine weapons may bypass the damage reduction of certain items and creatures.
Hardness 24
Base Value 00027008002,700pp 8gp
Weight 6 lbs
Location Delera's Tomb, Quest reward
Enchantments
Upgradeable?
Not upgradeable
Description Forged from dwarven steel and meteoric iron, this pick shoots out a torrent of sparks when it strikes a foe.
Tips
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Research Department Patron Files 1928 to 1966Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
In 1924 the Genealogical Society of Utah established the Research Bureau. The Research Department was one of three divisions in the Research Bureau which helped people search and compile records for a small fee. This service ended in 1966. The material collected is available on 4018 rolls of microfilm.
Contents
The Research Department patron files include:
• research notes
• family group records
• pedigree charts
• correspondence
• various indexes
1. Card Index to Patron's Pedigree Surnames
2. Card index to Patron Surnames
3. Index to Parishes Searched for Patrons
4. Card Index to Microfilmed Patron Files
What you must know to use these records
These records are best used if you know or suspect that a family member may have paid for genealogical research between 1928 and 1966.
How to search
1. Visit an LDS family history center and search:
• Card Index to Microfilmed Patron Files (Patron surnames A - J) microfilm 1059525
• Card Index to Microfilmed Patron Files (Patron surnames K - Z) microfilm 1059526
2. Find the name of a relative who paid for research on the indexes listed above and note the microfilm number listed for that patron file.
3. Obtain the patron file microfilm and examine it.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 4 August 2008, at 10:10.
• This page has been accessed 376 times.
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Revision history of "2011-05-13 Court denies right to resist illegal cop entry into home"
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Personal tools
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OpenWetWare:Support
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 17:03, 2 May 2007 by Reshma P. Shetty (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Learn about donating to OpenWetWare.
Current support
NSF Biological Databases & Informatics program
NSF Biological Databases and Informatics (BD&I) -- Three year grant award to Dr. Drew Endy. You can view the grant application or the official project description.
MIT's Cell Decision Process Center
Cell Decision Process Center -- One time, $50,000 in direct funding provided via the NIH NIGMS Centers of Excellence Program award to Dr. Peter Sorger.
Past support
iCampus Student Grant
MIT iCampus Student Grant -- One time, $16,000 in direct funding sponsored by Microsoft Research. You can view the grant application or the official project description. Most of the funds were used to provide hardware and support from RackSpace. Funds were also used to support the Seminar Series on Open Science, as well as other Steering Committee activities.
MIT Computational and Systems Biology Initiative (CSBi)
OpenWetWare was graciously hosted on hardware provided by CSBi with technical support from MIT's BioMicro Center from December 2005 to October 2006.
Endy lab at MIT
The Endy Lab has also provided initial support through server space and occasional funding when needed.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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The wisdom of the wise, and the experience of ages, may be preserved by quotation. Disraeli, Isaac
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in Gods good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old. Churchill, Winston
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Saturday, July 21, 2012
The right hand doesn't know the left hand has DRM
One of the stars of SyFy’s Haven tweets that the best short fan video in advance of Season 3 (premiering in September) will get its creator an autographed set of Season 2 DVDs (which will also be released in September). In response to a fan who asks whether the footage should be original, he clarifies “We want a promo trailer like a commercial.” Legitimately acquired source will have to be from DVD rips (for Season 1) or iTunes/Amazon downloads (for Seasons 1/2). A few points: (1) nobody, on the show’s side or the fans’ side, is interested in anything but the quality of the resulting video, which includes both content and form and therefore requires high-quality source; (2) this contest presumes that fans will have ready access to clip-making software (or unauthorized downloads), and it’s doubtful that the people behind it gave a moment’s thought to that background reality; (3) this contest also celebrates the underlying truth that creative, engaged fans are a huge benefit for a mass media production, not a detriment. So tell me again what’s wrong with a remix video exemption?
PS: Haven is fun and sf/fantasy fans should give it a try!
HT GK.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5609.0 - Housing Finance, Australia, Mar 2004
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 12/05/2004
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5609.0 - Housing Finance, Australia
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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< Previous
Next >
: OK, I have a sublet for the summer. It's the feel-good sublet of the summer. It costs $325 a month. If I get this other Linux job at UCLA I will be happy.
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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Personal tools
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Maps and graphs / Movements of people: migration and tourism
Movements of people: migration and tourism
Created : Dec 10, 2010 Published : Dec 13, 2010 Last modified : Nov 29, 2012 11:35 AM
The map shows 'moving to work and escape poverty': Migration between and inside world regions from 1995 to 2004. Colors show regional migratory balance (surplus or deficit), arrows show major movements between and inside regions. The graph shows 'travelling for leisure': trends in number of tourists since 1950 and projections to 2020.
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European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
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Phone: +45 3336 7100
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"warc_url": "http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/biodiversity/about-data-centre"
}
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Personal tools
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Follow us
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You are here: Home / Environmental topics / Biodiversity / About the Biodiversity data centre
About the Biodiversity data centre
Last modified : Apr 13, 2011 09:49 PM
The Biodiversity data centre (BDC) provides access to data and information on species, habitat types and sites of interest in Europe and to related products for biodiversity indicators and assessments. Priority is given to policy-relevant data and information for European and national institutions, professionals, researchers and the public.
The BDC makes use of web-based tools to suit the information needs of different user groups. The tools currently available give access to quality-controlled spatial and tabular datasets, interactive maps, static maps and graphs, statistics and indicators. Supporting documents, code lists and standards are also available for the datasets provided.
The BDC currently contains information reported by European countries which is maintained or hosted by the European Environment Agency (EEA). The BDC will be developed further within the framework of the Biodiversity Information System for Europe (BISE) and the agreement entered into by DG Environment, DG Eurostat, DG Joint Research Centre and the EEA.
Other data centres
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
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Phone: +45 3336 7100
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Raw Image Format
From Forensics Wiki
(Redirected from Raw image file)
Jump to: navigation, search
The RAW Image Format is used to store a disk or volume image.
Contents
File types
Some variants of the RAW Image Format split the data among multiple segment files, which is also known as split RAW.
There are various naming schemes for RAW Image Format files, some of the more common used for disk or volume images are:
• PREFIX.dd
• PREFIX.dmg
• PREFIX.img
• PREFIX.raw
• PREFIX.0 - PREFIX.#; variations: starting with either 0 or 1, consisting of multiple digits e.g. PREFIX.000
• PREFIX0 - PREFIX#; variations: starting with either 0 or 1, consisting of multiple digits e.g. PREFIX000
• PREFIXaa - PREFIXzz; variations: consisting of more letters e.g. PREFIX.aaa
• PREFIX.1of5 - PREFIX.5of5; variations: consisting of multiple segment files
• PREFIX001.asb - PREFIX###.asb
• PREFIX-f001.vmdk - PREFIX-f###.vmdk; variations: starting with 001
Note that there are also RAW Image Formats specific to the storage media, e.g. RAW optical disc image.
These often are accompanied by a table of contents file often in the CUE Sheet format, e.g.
• BIN/CUE
• ISO/CUE
Contents
The RAW Image Format is basically a bit-for-bit copy of the RAW data of either the disk or the volume, without any additions or deletions.
There is no metadata stored in RAW Image Format files. However sometimes the metadata is stored in secondary files.
The RAW Image Format was original used by dd, but is supported by most of the computer forensics applications.
See Also
Tools
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Updated: 1 December 2007
2.4.4 Mine Areas
2.4.4.5 Example 5
Location of Example: 150°53'48" East, 32°11'34" South
Distinctive Characteristics:
• Figure 2.4.4.5 is an example of a complex Mine Area.
• Interpretation of components within complex Mine Areas is difficult from imagery alone. Use additional Reference Material where available or seek further clarification from Geoscience Australia via Action Request.
Regional Considerations:
Figure: 2.4.4.5 Representation of a complex Mine Area.
Unless otherwise noted, all Geoscience Australia material on this website is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence.
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January 08 2013
Megaciudades Buenos Aires 2012: Clear Ideas for a Renewed Interest in Urban Planning
The main slogan for this past August 29, 2012 event was “Towards the Buenos Aires of 2030;” and for now Megaciudades is the most important conference regarding Urban Planning and Sustainability taking place in the city on an annual basis.
In its third year, the event was organized by the German-Argentine Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and oriented towards the intelligent debate of this widely spoken but not always applied concept of “Sustainable Development.”
Megaciudades 2012 was a whole day of open forums and expositions, and succeeded in being an open space of debate, with the purpose of establishing a platform of information exchange between the city-involved professionals which attended this years’ edition.
There were four subjects analyzed:
• Urban Planning and Creative Cities held discussions by Ralf Amann from GMP Architekten and Jaime Kuck from Manaus. These discussions exposed the transformations behind the 2016 Olympic preparations and demonstrated something in which Brazilians really are experts: Reinventing their cities;
• Climate Change and Urban Management: The ventures of the Public Administration towards the reduction of gas emissions taken in different Argentine districts, and how they are working towards significant change district-by-district;
• Mobility and Energy were debated under the concept of Smart Grids; improvement of sustainable transportation and innovative solutions for energy supplies, especially in the case of Chilean cities;
• Management of Waste was the fourth and final point of discussion. The organization of a new scheme of separation of residues and recyclables (as presented in a last post for the case of Buenos Aires) was analyzed in a panel discussion with representatives of the government, the academia, and everyone involved in this newly applied process.
It is estimated that in 2030, 60% of Humanity will live in Megacities located mainly in the developing world; but surprisingly in many countries there is still skepticism on the public sphere about the efficacy of these type of events, that still are financed privately with almost no governmental intervention.
Wouldn’t it then be necessary to ask our governments to promote and invest in these types of events on a grand scale? Or should we leave the debate in the hands of the private sector? Which of the two sectors is akin to achieve actual success?
Credits: Images and data linked to sources.
Luis Lozano-Paredes
Luis Lozano-Paredes is currently a student seeking a Diploma of Architecture and Urban Planning at Belgrano University in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Born in Colombia in 1987, he grew between the cities of Bogotá and Santiago de Cali, and then moved to Argentina in 2006. There, he finished the Common Basic Cycle of Architecture, Design, and Urbanism at the University of Buenos Aires before pursuing studies in Landscape Design at the same Institution. Inspired by the Urban Transformation of Bogotá in the past decades, his interests evolved from Landscape Architecture to his current passion; Urban Planning, Policy Making, and Sustainable Development. He plans to continue his studies in Urban Planning and Sustainability in Canada, Chile, or the U.S.; but for the moment he currently works as a Graduate Research Assistant at the Center of Metropolitan Transport Studies of the University of Buenos Aires and is a Member of the Observatory of Urban Sustainability at Belgrano University. Luis’ main interests lay within the study of Smart Cities, Urban Sustainable Development, and Social Architecture in Latin America.
More Posts - Website - Twitter - Facebook
This entry was posted on Tuesday, January 8th, 2013 at 9:00 am and is filed under Community/Economic Development, Education and Careers, Energy, Environmental Design, Government/Politics, Infrastructure, Luis Lozano-Paredes, Social/Demographics, Transportation, Urban Planning and Design. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
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Bibliography: Cover: Der Schöpfer der Ewigkeit
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Title: Cover: Der Schöpfer der Ewigkeit
Author: Dirk Schulz
Year: 2006
Type: COVERART
Select 2 publications to diff:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Rand Paul for President
By the Left Coast Rebel
Watch this video and see if you agree with me.
I will post Rand Paul's Tea Party response to the 2013 State of the Union Address once it hits the intertubes.
hat-tip Frankenstein Government.
Updated:
Full text of Rand Paul's Tea Party SOTU speech last night here.
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Nano Express
Study on the visible-light-induced photokilling effect of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles on cancer cells
Zheng Li1, Lan Mi1*, Pei-Nan Wang1 and Ji-Yao Chen2
Author Affiliations
1 Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
2 Surface Physics Laboratory (National Key Laboratory), Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
For all author emails, please log on.
Nanoscale Research Letters 2011, 6:356 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-6-356
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/6/1/356
Received:19 January 2011
Accepted:21 April 2011
Published:21 April 2011
© 2011 Li et al; licensee Springer.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared by calcining the anatase TiO2 nanoparticles under ammonia atmosphere. The N-TiO2 showed higher absorbance in the visible region than the pure TiO2. The cytotoxicity and visible-light-induced phototoxicity of the pure- and N-TiO2 were examined for three types of cancer cell lines. No significant cytotoxicity was detected. However, the visible-light-induced photokilling effects on cells were observed. The survival fraction of the cells decreased with the increased incubation concentration of the nanoparticles. The cancer cells incubated with N-TiO2 were killed more effectively than that with the pure TiO2. The reactive oxygen species was found to play an important role on the photokilling effect for cells. Furthermore, the intracellular distributions of N-TiO2 nanoparticles were examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The co-localization of N-TiO2 nanoparticles with nuclei or Golgi complexes was observed. The aberrant nuclear morphologies such as micronuclei were detected after the N-TiO2-treated cells were irradiated by the visible light.
Introduction
Semiconductor titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been widely studied as a photocatalyst for its high chemical stability, excellent oxidation capability, good photocatalytic activity, and low toxicity [1-4]. Under the irradiation of ultraviolet (UV) light with the wavelength shorter than 387 nm (corresponding to 3.2 eV for the band gap of anatase TiO2), the electrons in the valence band of TiO2 can be excited to the conduction band, thus creating the pairs of photo-induced electron and hole. Then, the photo-induced electrons and holes can lead to the formation of various reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could kill bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells [5-10].
In recent years, TiO2 attracted more attention as a photosensitizer in the field of photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to its low toxicity and high photostability [2,3]. However, TiO2 can be activated by UV light only, which hinders its applications. Improvement of the optical absorption of TiO2 in the visible region by dye-adsorbed [11,12] or doping [13,14] methods will facilitate the practical application of TiO2 as a photosensitizer for PDT. When using dye-adsorbed method, the dyes such as hypocrellin B [11] and chlorine e6 [12] themselves are well-known PDT sensitizers and will have influence on the PDT efficiency of TiO2. For doping method, anionic species are preferred for the doping rather than cationic metals which have a thermal instability and an increase of the recombination centers of carriers [14]. In addition, cationic metals themselves always present cytotoxicity. Therefore, anionic species doping, especially nitrogen doping, is mostly adopted to improve the absorption of TiO2 in the visible region.
In the present work, the nitrogen-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2) nanoparticles were used as the photosensitizer to test its photokilling efficiency for three types of cancer cell lines. The N-TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by calcining pure anatase TiO2 nanoparticles under ammonia atmosphere, which was an inexpensive method and easy to operate. The produced N-TiO2 nanoparticles have high stability and effective photocatalytic activity. Their absorption in the visible region was improved and their photokilling efficiency of cells under visible-light irradiation was compared with that of the pure TiO2. The intracellular distributions of these nanoparticles were measured by the laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). The mechanisms of the photokilling effect were discussed.
Methods
Preparation and characterization of N-TiO2 nanoparticles
The anatase TiO2 nanoparticles (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; particle size <25 nm) were calcined under ammonia atmosphere with various calcination parameters, such as temperature, gas flow rate, and calcination time, and then cooled down in nitrogen flow to the room temperature. Three N-TiO2 samples prepared with different calcination parameters were used in this work. Together with the pure TiO2, they are denoted as listed in Table 1. The crystalline phases of these samples were determined by Raman spectra (LABRAM-1B; HORIBA, Jobin Yvon, Kyoto, Japan). To evaluate their absorptions in the visible region, the ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) diffuse reflectance absorption spectra of these samples were measured with a Jasco V550 UV/Vis spectrophotometer (Jasco, Inc., Tokyo, Japan)
Table 1. Calcination parameters and the resulted crystalline phases of the TiO2 nanoparticles
Pure- and N-TiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with high glucose (DMEM-H), respectively, at various concentrations between 50 and 200 μg/mL. To avoid aggregation, these suspensions were ultrasonically processed for 15 min before using.
Cell culture
The human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa), human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (QGY), or human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (KB) procured from the Cell Bank of Shanghai Science Academy (Shanghai, China) were grown in 96-well plates or Petri dishes in DMEM-H solution supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum in a fully humidified incubator at 37°C with 5% CO2 for 24 h. Then, the culture medium was replaced by TiO2-containing medium and the cells were incubated for 2 h in the dark. After the TiO2 nanoparticles deposited and adhered to the cells, the medium was changed to the TiO2-free DMEM-H solution supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum for further study.
Measurements of photokilling effect and cytotoxicity
To examine the photokilling effect, the cells were irradiated with the visible light from a 150-W Xe lamp (Shanghai Aojia Electronics Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China). Two pieces of quartz lens were used to obtain a concentrated parallel light beam. An IR cutoff filter was set in the light path to avoid the hyperthermia effect. A 400-nm longpass filter was used to cut off the UV light. The visible-light power density at the liquid surface in cell wells was 12 mW/cm2 as measured by a power meter (PM10V1; Coherent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). After irradiation with this visible light for 4 h, cells were incubated in the dark for another 24 h until further analysis were conducted. The cytotoxicity examinations were carried out with the same procedure as the photokilling effect examinations but without the light irradiation, i.e., the TiO2-treated cells were incubated in the dark for 28 h.
The cell viability assays were conducted by a modified MTT method using WST-8 [2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H tetrazolium, monosodium salt] (Beyotime, Jiangsu, China). Each well containing 100 μL culture medium was added with 10 μL of the WST-8 reagent solution, and the cells were then incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2 for 2 h. Subsequently, the absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a microplate reader (Bio-Tek Synergy™ HT; Bio-Tek® Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT, USA). The untreated cells were used as the control groups. The surviving fraction represents the ratio of the viable TiO2-treated cells relative to that of the control groups. It should be noted that the TiO2-containing DMEM-H solution will affect the absorbance value at 450 nm. Therefore, when measuring the cell viability, the absorbance values were measured as a reference before the WST-8 dyes were added. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and repeated three times.
Confocal laser scanning microscopy
The cells grown in Petri dishes were incubated with 50 μg/mL TiO2 in DMEM-H for 10 h before the LSCM observation (Olympus, FV-300, IX71; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Hoechst 33342 (Beyotime) and BODIPY FL C5-ceramide complexed to BSA (Molecular Probes; Invitrogen Corporation, Eugene, OR, USA) were used as the indicators for nucleus and Golgi complex, respectively. Hoechst 33342 (0.5 μg/mL) or Golgi complex marker (5 μM) was added into the growth medium for 15 to 30 min to stain the nuclei or Golgi complexes, respectively.
The reflection images of the intracellular TiO2 nanoparticles and the fluorescence images of nuclei (or Golgi complexes) were simultaneously obtained by the LSCM in two channels with no filter for the reflecting light and a 585 to 640-nm bandpass filter for the fluorescence. A 488-nm continuous-wave (CW) Ar+ laser (Melles Griot, Carlsbad, CA, USA) or a 405-nm CW semiconductor laser (Coherent) was used as the excitation source. A 60 × water objective was used to focus the laser beam to a spot of about 1 μm in diameter. The differential interference contrast (DIC) micrographs to exhibit the cell morphology were acquired in a transmission channel simultaneously. The three-dimensional (3D) distributions of TiO2 nanoparticles and nuclei (or Golgi complexes) were obtained using the z-scan mode of the microscope.
Results and discussion
Raman spectra of TiO2 nanoparticles
As shown in Table 1 and Figure 1a, the N-TiO2 samples N-550-1 and N-550-2 with the calcination temperature of 550°C, as well as the pure TiO2, exhibited a similar feature with five Raman peaks around 143, 197, 395, 514, and 640 cm-1, corresponding to the Raman fundamental modes of the anatase phase [15,16]. The Raman peaks for rutile phase [16] around 238, 420, and 614 cm-1 appeared when the calcination temperature was 600°C as shown in the spectrum of the sample N-600-1. It can be concluded that the phase of the TiO2 nanoparticles would transform from anatase to rutile when the calcination temperature increased to 600°C. Such a phase transformation will result in a decrease of the photocatalytic ability for TiO2 powders [17,18]. Therefore, we only used samples N-550-1 and N-550-2 for further studies.
Figure 1. Raman and UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectra of the nanoparticle samples. (a) Raman spectra of the pure and the three N-TiO2 nanoparticle samples. (b) Diffuse reflectance absorption spectra of samples pure, N-550-1, and N-550-2. Sample N-550-2 exhibited the highest absorbance in the visible region.
Absorption spectra of TiO2 nanoparticles
Figure 1b shows the absorption spectra of the samples N-550-1 and N-550-2 and pure TiO2. Compared to the pure TiO2, the absorbances of N-550-1 and N-550-2 are higher in the visible region. However, the sample N-550-2 has the higher absorbance than N-550-1 in the region of 400 to 500 nm. Since N-550-1 and N-550-2 were calcinated at the same temperature and with the same amount of ammonia (flow rate times time), it seems that higher ammonia flow rate (N-550-2) could cause more absorption in the visible, which was expected to have higher photokilling efficiency of cells.
Cytotoxicity and photokilling effect
To evaluate the cytotoxicity of pure- and N-TiO2 nanoparticles, the TiO2-treated cells were further incubated in the dark for 28 h and the cell viability assays were then conducted. As shown in Figure 2a, all the surviving fractions of the treated HeLa cells were on the average values greater than 85% (with the concentration from 50 to 200 μg/mL). As shown in Figure 3, all the surviving fractions of the treated QGY or KB cells with the pure- or N-TiO2 concentration of 200 μg/mL in the dark were greater than 85%. These results indicated that the cytotoxicities of pure- and N-TiO2 nanoparticles were quite low. The cytotoxicities of these nanoparticles were quite similar, and there was no significant influence of the concentration on the cytotoxicity. Pure TiO2 is biocompatible with primary and cancer cells [4]. Nitrogen is an essential element of many biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. So, nitrogen is not toxic if it does not exceed the normal levels. It could be understood that a small amount of nitrogen doping would not lead to more cytotoxicity than pure TiO2.
Figure 2. Surviving fraction of treated and untreated HeLa cells. (a) Surviving fraction of HeLa cells as a function of the concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles. HeLa cells were treated with 50, 100, 150, and 200 μg/mL TiO2, respectively, in the dark. The surviving fraction of untreated cells (control group) was set as 100%. (b) The photokilling effects of pure and N-TiO2 with different concentrations under visible irradiation. The inset is the transmittance spectrum of the combination of a 400 nm longpass filter and an IR cutoff filter used to acquire the visible-light irradiation from a Xe lamp.
Figure 3. The cytotoxicities and the photokilling effects of pure TiO2 and N-550-2 samples. With the concentration of 200 μg/mL on HeLa, QGY, and KB cells. The control groups were also shown for comparison.
The photokilling effects were measured as described in the experimental section. The surviving fractions of HeLa cells under visible-light irradiations for 4 h in dependence on the concentrations of pure- and N-TiO2 nanoparticles were shown in Figure 2b. As demonstrated in Figure 2b, the visible light showed very little photokilling effect on HeLa cells in the absence of any TiO2 (pure or N-doped) (at the 0 concentration). The surviving fractions (compared to the control cells without irradiation) were around 93%, which might be caused by the light irradiation, the fluctuant temperature during irradiation, and the experimental procedures. The spectrum of the light irradiated on cells (with filters) is also shown in the figure as an inset. It should be noted according to the spectrum in Figure 1b that the pure TiO2 nanoparticles still has some absorption around 400 nm though the band gap of TiO2 was reported to be 3.2 eV (corresponding to a wavelength of 387 nm). Therefore, pure TiO2 exhibited some photokilling effect under visible-light irradiation as shown in Figure 2b. However, the cells treated with N-TiO2 were killed more effectively than that with pure TiO2. The photokilling effects of samples N-550-1 and N-550-2 were quite similar although their absorption spectra showed some difference. It is also demonstrated in Figure 2b that the survival fractions decreased with the increasing concentrations of the TiO2 samples. It decreased to 40% for the cells treated with sample N-550-2 at a concentration of 200 μg/mL.
The photokilling effects of sample N-550-2 at a concentration of 200 μg/mL on QGY and KB cells were also measured as shown in Figure 3. Similar with the photokilling effect on HeLa cells, the QGY and KB cells treated with N-550-2 were also killed more effectively than that with pure TiO2 under the visible-light irradiation. The results revealed that the N-TiO2 might be applied to different cancers as a photosensitizer for PDT.
ROS influence on the photokilling effect
The mechanism of the photokilling effect for cancer cells caused by TiO2 nanoparticles is very complex. It has been identified that UV-photoexcited TiO2 in aqueous solution will result in formation of various ROS, such as hydroxyl radicals (·OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide radicals (·O2-) and singlet oxygen (1O2) [19,20]. The ROS will attack the cancer cells and finally lead to the cell death. In order to study the function of ROS on the photokilling effect, the L-histidine, a quencher for both 1O2 and ·OH [21-23], was added into the 96-well plates (20 mM) 30 min before the cells were irradiated by light. In the presence of 20 mM L-histidine, all the surviving fractions of the cells treated with pure- and N-TiO2 at a concentration of 200 μg/mL increased evidently as shown in Figure 4. These results are similar to the previous report for UV-photoexcited TiO2 [14]. It can be concluded that the ROS plays an important role on the photokilling effect, although we cannot tell which one played the main role. Further research is needed to figure out all the ROS influences.
Figure 4. Changes in the surviving fractions of the TiO2-treated HeLa cells with histidine. The concentration of the three TiO2 samples is 200 μg/mL and L-histidine is 20 mM.
Distribution of TiO2 in cells
As is well-known, light-excited TiO2 generates the electron-hole (e-/h+) pairs. The photogenerated carriers migrate to the particle surface and participate in various redox reactions there. Hence, the direct damage induced by photokilling effect would only occur at the sites of TiO2 particles. Therefore, it is of importance to know if the TiO2 nanoparticles were internalized into cells and how their intracellular distributions were. To find out the subcellular distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles, the TiO2-treated HeLa cells were stained with fluorescence indicators for Golgi complex and nucleus, respectively. Surprisingly, some TiO2 nanoparticles were found inside the nuclei as shown in Figure 5, where the HeLa cells were treated with (N-550-2, 50 μg/mL) and stained with nuclear indicator. When these N-TiO2-treated cells were irradiated by light from the Xe lamp with a 400-nm longpass filter (12 mW/cm2) for 4 h, some micronuclei were observed as shown in Figure 6. Since the TiO2 nanoparticles had entered into the nuclei of cells, the photoactivation effect could occur directly inside the nuclei, which might cause chromosomal damage or nucleus aberration. Micronuclei are usually formed from a chromosome or a fragment of a chromosome not incorporated into one of the daughter nuclei during cell division. This is an evidence of the direct damage to the nucleus resulted from the photoexcited N-TiO2 nanoparticles.
Figure 5. Micrographs of the distributions of nuclei and TiO2 nanoparticles in HeLa cells. (a) the distribution of nuclei (blue), (b) the distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles (red), (c) DIC micrograph, and (d) the merged image of (a), (b), and (c), in which the violet color denotes the co-localization of TiO2 nanoparticles with nuclei. The images displayed at the bottom and right side of (d) were the X-Z and Y-Z profiles measured along the lines marked in the main image, showing the 3D distributions of TiO2 nanoparticles and nuclei.
Figure 6. Micrograph of the micronuclei of the HeLa cells. Cultured with 50 μg/mL sample N-550-2 for 10 h and irradiated by a Xe lamp with a 400-nm longpass filter (12 mW/cm2) for 4 h. The micronuclei were observed.
Figure 7 is the confocal micrographs to show the distributions of Golgi complexes (fluorescence image) and TiO2 nanoparticles (reflection image) in HeLa cells. As shown in the merged image in Figure 7d, the TiO2 particles were not only found on the cell membrane but also in the cytoplasm. Some TiO2 nanoparticles aggregated around or in Golgi complexes. The co-localizations of TiO2 with Golgi complexes (yellow color) were observed. The cell viability might be influenced by the localization of TiO2 in Golgi complexes or other cell organelles, although there is no direct evidence found in this work.
Figure 7. Micrographs of the distributions of Golgi complexes and TiO2 nanoparticles in HeLa cells. (a) The distribution of Golgi complexes (green), (b) the distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles (red), (c) differential interference contrast (DIC) micrograph, and (d) the merged image of (a), (b), and (c), in which the yellow color denotes the co-localization of TiO2 nanoparticles with Golgi bodies. The images displayed at the bottom and right side of (d) were the X-Z and Y-Z profiles measured along the lines marked in the main image, showing the 3D distributions of TiO2 and Golgi bodies.
Conclusions
In the present work, N-TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by calcination under ammonia atmosphere, which is an easily operative method and can achieve the product fruitfully. All the cytotoxicities of the pure- or N-TiO2 nanoparticles were quite low. The N-TiO2 samples showed higher absorbance and better photokilling effect than the pure TiO2 in the visible region. Therefore, the N-TiO2 has a higher potential as a photosensitizer for PDT of cancers.
TiO2 is nonfluorescent and cannot be detected by fluorescence imaging. However, it can be monitored by the reflection imaging, which makes it convenient to record simultaneously with the fluorescence image using a LSCM. Co-localization of N-TiO2 nanoparticles with nuclei was observed. After visible-light irradiation, some micronuclei were detected as a sign of the nucleus aberration. Furthermore, ROS was found to play an important role on the photokilling effect for cells. However, the mechanisms for the photokilling effect on cancer cells should be investigated in details further.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
ZL carried out the experiments and drafted the manuscript. LM designed the project, participated in the confocal microscopy imaging, and wrote the manuscript. PW supervised the work and participated in the discussion of the results and in revising the manuscript. JC participated in the discussion of the results. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61008055, 11074053), the Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (20100071120029), and the Shanghai Educational Development Foundation (2008CG03).
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4. Carbone R, Marangi I, Zanardi A, Giorgetti L, Chierici E, Berlanda G, Podestà A, Fiorentini F, Bongiorno G, Piseri P, Pelicci PG, Milani P: Biocompatibility of cluster-assembled nanostructured TiO2 with primary and cancer cells.
Biomaterials 2006, 27:3221-3229. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
5. Adams LK, Lyon DY, Alvarez PJ: Comparative eco-toxicity of nanoscale TiO2, SiO2, and ZnO water suspensions.
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6. Thevenot P, Cho J, Wavhal D, Timmons RB, Tang LP: Surface chemistry influences cancer killing effect of TiO2 nanoparticles.
Nanomed-Nanotechnol 2008, 4:226-236. Publisher Full Text
7. Brunet L, Lyon DY, Hotze EM, Alvarez PJJ, Wiesner MR: Comparative photoactivity and antibacterial properties of C60 fullerenes and titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
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8. Choi O, Hu ZQ: Role of reactive oxygen species in determining nitrification inhibition by metallic/oxide nanoparticles.
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9. Lagopati N, Kitsiou PV, Kontos AI, Venieratos P, Kotsopoulou E, Kontos AG, Dionysiou DD, Pispas S, Tsilibary EC, Falaras P: Photo-induced treatment of breast epithelial cancer cells using nanostructured titanium dioxide solution.
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12. Tokuoka Y, Yamada M, Kawashima N, Miyasaka T: Anticancer effect of dye-sensitized TiO2 nanocrystals by polychromatic visible light irradiation.
Chem Lett 2006, 35:496-497. Publisher Full Text
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SES Chicago '06 Today - Live Coverage
Dec 4, 2006 • 7:37 am | (0) by | Filed Under Search Engine Strategies 2006 Chicago
Today begins the first day of SES Chicago 2006. I arrived yesterday and we are all excited for the event. Again, our live coverage schedule is posted and so are the details of those contributing towards the coverage. So expect some long, detailed, a bit messy, posts going live within the next few hours and throughout the next 4 days.
Are you here? Do you want to be?
A forum thread is taking place at Search Engine Watch Forums with a virtual party, of itself.
Previous story: Webmasters Discuss Possible Changes to Google AdWords Quality Score
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AdWords Using Google Moderator For Feature Request Voting
Jan 7, 2009 • 7:57 am | (0) by | Filed Under Google AdWords
A week ago, we reported that the Google Mobile team is using a new tool to track and monitor how popular feature requests are. Well, it seems like Google AdWords started their own similar tool, using Google Moderator.
A AdWords Help thread has AdWordsPro Sarah suggesting that one advertiser go to the "AdWords Wish List" at http://moderator.appspot.com/#15/e=de65&t=e52c and submit and vote of feature requests.
Looking at Google Moderator versus the Google Product Ideas site, it is the same thing, just with a custom URL. So, it seems like Google product lines are starting to migrate their feature request lists to Google Moderator, some getting custom URLs, so that users can vote on which ones they want to use.
It is a sort of Digg approach to feature requests, which I like.
Forum discussion at AdWords Help.
Previous story: Daily Search Forum Recap: January 6, 2009
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Person:Theodore Roosevelt (1)
Theodore Roosevelt, Sr.
m. 09 Oct 1821
1. James Alfred Roosevelt1825 - 1898
2. Robert Roosevelt1829 - 1906
3. Theodore Roosevelt, Sr.1831 - 1878
m. 22 Dec 1853
1. Anna Roosevelt1855 - 1931
2. President Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.1858 - 1919
3. Elliott Roosevelt1860 - 1894
4. Corinne Roosevelt1861 - 1933
Facts and Events
Name Theodore Roosevelt, Sr.
Gender Male
Birth? 22 Sep 1831 New York City, New York, United States
Marriage 22 Dec 1853 Roswell, Fulton, Georgia, United Statesto Martha Bulloch
Death? 9 Feb 1878 New York City, New York, United States
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. (September 22, 1831 – February 9, 1878) was the father of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt and the paternal grandfather of American first lady Eleanor Roosevelt. He was the son of Cornelius Van Schaak Roosevelt and Margaret Barnhill. He was a fourth-generation Dutch New Yorker and participant in the Roosevelt family business of plate-glass importing, Roosevelt and Son.
Roosevelt Sr. was a noted New York City philanthropist. He helped found the New York City Children's Aid Society, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the American Museum of Natural History, and the New York Children's Orthopaedic Hospital. A participant in the dazzling New York society life, he was described by one historian as a man of both "good works and good times." In December 1877 he was nominated to be Collector of the Port of New York but was rejected by the U.S. Senate.
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Theodore Roosevelt, Sr.. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Overactive let-down
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Overactive let-down is the forceful ejection of milk from the breast during breastfeeding. This can cause the baby to swallow air and consume too much milk too quickly. The watery foremilk of the let-down can also lead to an imbalance of the amount of lactose (milk sugar) reaching the baby's gut, if not enough hindmilk is consumed to compensate. Babies that drink too much foremilk can have green watery stools, and other gut problems. Other babies become upset at the spray of milk and refuse the breast, which can lead to a prolonged nursing strike.
References
• Andrusiak, Frances and Larose-Kuzenko, Michelle. The Effects of an Overactive Let-Down Reflex. Lactation Consultant Series, 1987.
• Benson, K.D. "Clinical Problem Solving," CERP session LLL of Illinois Area Conference. September 4, 1993, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
• Mohrbacher, Nancy and Stock, Julie. THE BREASTFEEDING ANSWER BOOK. La Leche League International, 1991.
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The Storm Blows
Image via Daylife
I had a friend who wanted an iPhone, but decided he'd wait and see how the Blackberry Storm stacked up. His son had an iPhone, so he took it into a Verizon office and played with them side by side. He tells me that in 5 minutes it was clear to him that he'd hate the Storm. He told me this as he was showing off his new iPhone.
David Pogue reviewed the Storm for the NY Times and reached the same conclusion.
I haven't found a soul who tried this machine who wasn't appalled, baffled or both.
From No Keyboard? And You Call This a BlackBerry?
Referenced Wed Nov 26 2008 19:41:08 GMT-0700 (MST)
The keyboard doesn't work, navigation is awful, and there's no wi-fi. Hard to believe people waited in line for this.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
9208.0.55.001 - Survey of Motor Vehicle Use Fitness for Purpose Review: Information Paper, 2004
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 29/11/2004
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131 reputation
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bio website cloudanalyzer.net
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I'm a C# developer, working on enterprise reporting and analytics applications.
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Appliance of Value Engineering on the Improvement of Headstock Gear
ZHANG WEI LI, Xun-gang Zheng
Abstract
Based on the value engineering analysis, this article calculates the vale coefficient of the headstock gear through defining the cost coefficient and functional coefficient, whose result shows that the lower cover and screw stem are the main objects to be improved, therefore, puts forward proposals to the improvement of lower cover and screw stem and finally evaluates the improving program whose result suggests improving program has a good effect.
Full Text: PDF
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International Business Research ISSN 1913-9004 (Print), ISSN 1913-9012 (Online)
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Minireview
Making sense of nonsense: the evolution of selenocysteine usage in proteins
Paul R Copeland
Author Affiliations
Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
Genome Biology 2005, 6:221 doi:10.1186/gb-2005-6-6-221
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://genomebiology.com/2005/6/6/221
Published:27 May 2005
© 2005 BioMed Central Ltd
Abstract
A recent analysis of sequences derived from organisms in the Sargasso Sea has revealed a surprisingly different set of selenium-containing proteins than that previously found in sequenced genomes and suggests that selenocysteine utilization has been lost by many groups of organisms during evolution.
Minireview
As well as the 20 amino acids universally found in proteins, two other amino acids - pyrrolysine and selenocysteine - are incorporated into a small number of proteins in some groups of organisms. L-pyrrolysine is a C4-substituted pyrroline-5-carboxylate attached to the ε-nitrogen of lysine; L-seleno-cysteine is identical to cysteine but with selenium substituted for sulfur. Pyrrolysine has so far been found only in enzymes required for methanogenesis in some archaebacteria, suggesting a possible role in catalysis, but the precise role of this amino acid has not been identified. The selenium atom in selenocysteine confers a much higher reactivity than cysteine, as its lower pKa (5.2) allows it to remain ionized at physiological pH. Most selenoproteins use their higher nucleophilic activity to catalyze redox reactions, but many have no known function. The current studies of selenoprotein evolution represent one of the important tools used to completely identify and categorize selenoprotein function.
The Sargasso Sea (named for the surface-borne sargassum seaweed) is a body of water covering 2 million square miles in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean near Bermuda. Its well defined physical and geochemical properties, including relatively low nutrient levels, made it an alluring target for a shotgun sequencing project covering a whole biome - a collection of interrelated ecosystems typical of a particular physical environment [1]. This effort, the first 'biome sequencing project', represents a novel application for shotgun genome sequencing and is an important new component of modern bioinformatics. Of the 1.2 million genes identified by this approach, however, a small subset is likely to be misannotated because of the presence of in-frame nonsense codons, either UGA or UAG, which in these cases are acting as codons for selenocysteine and pyrrolysine, respectively. In some archaea, the UAG codon is redefined as a pyrrolysine codon, apparently forcing these organisms to rely on only two redundant signals (UGA and UAA) for translation termination [2]. In many bacteria, some methanogenic archaea and most, if not all, animals, the codon UGA can be used to specify the incorporation of selenocysteine as well as for translation termination. As well as UGA, selenocysteine incorporation requires an additional cis-element in the gene and trans-acting factors.
Although selenocysteine incorporation is much more widely distributed than that of pyrrolysine, it is still an evolutionary mosaic. In fact, two kingdoms of life - plants and fungi - have eschewed the system entirely - or perhaps never acquired it (Table 1). So why does selenocysteine incorporation persist in some groups of organisms and not others? What are the forces driving the evolution of selenoproteins? In which direction is the evolution going - are animals in the process of phasing out or phasing in selenocysteine utilization? There are no answers to these questions yet, but a recent analysis of the large Sargasso Sea sequence dataset by Vadim Gladyshev and colleagues [3] at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, is a first step toward shaping our view of selenoprotein evolution.
Table 1. Mosaic of selenoprotein evolution
Cleaning the database
The misannotation of selenoproteins has been carefully and systematically corrected in completed genomes by Gladyshev's group. Work in this arena began just before the 'genomic era' when two groups published algorithms designed to identify eukaryotic selenoprotein genes by locating selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) elements downstream of in-frame UGA codons [4,5]. SECIS elements specify a stem-loop mRNA structure that is required for selenocysteine (Sec) incorporation. Two trans-acting entities are also required: a specialized translation elongation factor for Sec-tRNA[Ser]Sec binding and delivery to the ribosome as well as a SECIS-element-binding component. In bacteria, the SECIS element is located just downstream of the Sec codon and the SECIS-binding component is a domain within the elongation factor. In eukaryotes, the SECIS element is in the 3' untranslated region of the gene and the SECIS-binding protein is encoded by a separate gene (SBP2, reviewed in [6]). Archaea appear to possess a mixture of the two systems, with SECIS elements located in untranslated regions but SECIS binding being a function of the elongation factor.
Gladyshev's group subsequently applied their algorithmic wares to the human genome to catalog a complete 'selenoproteome' consisting of 25 human genes encoding selenoproteins [7]. A similar task proved more challenging for prokaryotes because the SECIS element is not well conserved in bacteria. To tackle the prokaryotic genomes, Kryukov and Gladyshev [8] took a slightly different approach, using the assumption that all selenoproteins have orthologs in other species that have a conserved cysteine residue in place of selenocysteine. While this may seem a risky assumption, the risk is tempered by the fact that their study found that only 20% of eubacteria with completely sequenced genomes utilize selenoproteins. This suggests that a complete comparison of gene sets should yield plenty of cysteine homologs, assuming these genes to represent relatively stable gene families. In addition, the ability of an organism to utilize selenocysteine can be determined quite easily, and independent of selenoprotein analysis, because at least four genes are required for incorporation in bacteria: selA (selenocysteine synthase), selB (Sec-specific translation elongation factor), selC (encoding tRNASec) and selD (selenophosphate synthase).
Each of the 'idiosyncracies' of the selenocysteine system was exploited in rank order and an algorithm was designed for identifying selenoprotein genes [8]. The algorithm looks something like this: first, identify bacteria containing at least one component of the selenocysteine incorporation machinery; second, identify pairs of homologous genes with cysteine codon-TGA pairs and align the regions flanking the TGA; third, make sure that the TGA positions correspond to conserved cysteine residues in cluster groups; and fourth, analyze genes individually for potential SECIS elements and for homology with known selenoproteins. Using this algorithm, ten known selenoprotein families were identified, as well as five new families (those with definitive eukaryotic selenoprotein homologs), eight strong candidates (new cysteine-selenocysteine pairs appearing at least twice in the dataset) and one weak candidate that appeared as a singleton. One class of selenoproteins that this algorithm cannot detect is that in which no cysteine-containing homolog exists. As noted above, this would seem very unlikely, but one such gene is known to exist: that for glycine reductase selenoprotein A. This is an apparently unique case, as the recently developed bacterial SECISearch program confirmed the fact that all known bacterial selenoproteins except glycine reductase selenoprotein A have cysteine-containing homologs [9].
From an evolutionary perspective, things seemed fairly tidy on the basis of the analysis of completed and partially completed prokaryotic genomes: there was minimal overlap in the eukaryotic and prokaryotic selenoproteomes, and the prokaryotic selenoproteome was dominated by a single gene family, formate dehydrogenase α-chain (fdhA). The authors [8] argued that there is evidence of 'recent' cysteine-to-selenocysteine evolution for genes that are rare as well as the 'ancient' preservation of major gene families such as fdhA.
This comfortable scenario for prokaryotic selenoprotein evolution lasted precisely a year. The Sargasso Sea database analysis [3] now provides two new pieces of information that shatter previous assumptions: three selenoprotein families that were thought to be of eukaryotic origin are found among the bacteria in the Sargasso Sea (deiodinase, glutathione peroxidase and SelW), and fdhA was found to be a minority selenoprotein gene in this dataset (around 3% of the selenoprotein genes). In the Sargasso Sea data, a total of 310 known and new selenoproteins (clustered from a total of 2,131 unique TGA-containing open reading frames) were identified from the pool of 811,372 sequences with 88% of the selenoprotein genes falling into one of three families - SelW-like, peroxiredoxin or proline reductase. The remaining 12% of genes were spread over 22 families.
Because the Sargasso Sea database is reported to represent at least 1,800 species with variable coverage, it is difficult to assess what percentage of the species possess selenoproteins. But searches in this database for highly conserved genes defined anywhere from 341 to 569 species [1], suggesting that the most common selenoprotein gene (selW with 48 unique sequences), if universally conserved among marine bacteria utilizing selenocysteine, would correspond to the presence of selenoproteins in approximately 8-14% of bacterial species. Despite the vast number of assumptions made in arriving at those percentages, they are not too far from the 20% of species found to utilize selenocysteine among those with at least partially sequenced genomes. Yet the Sargasso Sea yielded entirely different sets of selenoproteins from the fully sequenced genomes. Of the multitude of possible explanations for this phenomenon, two stand out. First, as Zhang et al. [3] suggest, the relatively constant supply of selenium in seawater would mean less need for flexibility in the use of selenoproteins than is experienced by terrestrial organisms that must deal with dramatic differences in local selenium concentrations depending on location. Alternatively, it is tempting to speculate that laboratory culture conditions have selected for a subset of bacteria that require seleno-FdhA, thus dramatically increasing the representation of that gene among the well-studied bacteria. As most microbes cannot be cultured in the laboratory, the Sargasso Sea dataset may simply more accurately reflect the gene distributions in nature, thus bearing out the main advantage of biome sequencing.
The forces driving the evolution of selenocysteine utilization
The discovery of new prokaryotic selenoprotein families in the Sargasso Sea data revealed phylogenetic information clearly demonstrating independent evolution of all three gene families common to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (glutathione peroxidase, deiodinase and SelW). In addition, the hallmarks of the selenocysteine utilization system also show evidence of a common ancestor. That is, all three systems share three major features: selenocysteine is always encoded by UGA, incorporation always requires a stem-loop specificity sequence (SECIS element), and there is always a dedicated translation elongation factor plus an RNA-binding component. Nevertheless, the present distribution of selenocysteine utilization among the major phyla clearly illustrates an evolutionary mosaic for selenoproteins (Table 1). If the assumption is made that all life began with the opportunity to utilize selenocysteine, then one is forced to conclude that some groups lost their incorporation machinery, most probably as a result of limiting selenium. The persistence of selenocysteine utilization makes it clear that maintaining the system provides selective advantage, but that the advantage quickly becomes a serious (or perhaps fatal) disadvantage if selenium supply is inadequate.
Interestingly, if the system had usurped a cysteine codon instead of a stop codon the situation might have turned out differently, allowing an organism to switch between cysteine- and selenocysteine-containing enzymes when selenium supply allowed. The fact that the system did not evolve this way may suggest that there is something more to the loss of selenocysteine than a simple conversion to cysteine-containing enzymes. Because selenoenzymes substituted with cysteine are generally considered significantly less active, it seems quite likely that cysteine-containing redox enzymes must have adapted to the loss of selenium by co-evolving active-site contexts that improve the efficiency of cysteine's redox power. One can therefore imagine that a biome-sequencing project comparing selenium-rich and selenium-poor environments would yield significant insight into the forces behind selenoprotein evolution.
Another argument against organisms acquiring selenocysteine utilization de novo is the fact that in Escherichia coli, for example, only two of the four genes for the selenocysteine incorporation machinery are physically linked in an operon [10]. If organisms had acquired the system from lateral gene transfer, then one might expect to see a much closer physical relationship among the genes. In addition, there have been no reports that these genes have ever been found on a plasmid or phage. Interestingly, a search of the GenBank plasmid database does yield one plasmid hit in Sinorhizobium (Rhizobium)meliloti, the nitrogen-fixing plant symbiont [11]. This i.35-Mbp plasmid, called pSymA, is actually genomic in scale, but it is interesting to note that all four selenocysteine incorporation genes are located within an approximately 20 kb region with a transposon between the selA/B and selC/D (Figure 1). Perhaps a vector for selenoprotein acquisition does exist - only time and a lot more sequencing and gene mapping will tell whether a subset of organisms can be classified as having obtained the selenocysteine-utilization system from a pSymA-like arrangement.
Figure 1. Diagram of the pSymA megaplasmid in Sinorhizobium (Rhizobium) meliloti, illustrating the physical relationships among genes of the selenocysteine utilization system (selA, selB, selC and selD) and the only known selenoprotein gene in this organism, the α-subunit of formate dehydrogenase (fdhA). Also noted is the location of a putative transposon between selA/B and selC/D [11].
Molecular archeology
If the majority of microbes lack the selenocysteine utilization system, then those that might have 'recently' lost access to selenium could still contain relics of the system. In addition, as the genes are not all linked, it seems likely that gene loss would proceed at variable rates, leaving an imbalance in the components of the selenocysteine system. Indeed, using the Salmonella enterica sequences for the four components in a search of the nonredundant GenBank bacterial sequence database, with a stringent significance cutoff (10-14) to eliminate annotation errors, yields 65 hits for selA, 31 hits for selB, 31 hits for selC and 99 hits for selD. While this is a crude method, it clearly suggests that selD and perhaps selA persist in organisms that lack selenoproteins, thus increasing the likelihood that they are remnants of the selenocysteine utilization system that have probably been retained for use in other processes. This latter point may be borne out by the fact that selD shows some sequence similarity to thymidine monophosphate nucleotide kinase and, perhaps not surprisingly, selA is similar to selenocysteine (β-lyase, the enzyme that catalyzes the back-reaction of selenocysteine synthesis.
Perhaps the most interesting evolutionary question for selenoprotein biology is why archaea and animals evolved an incorporation system different from that of bacteria, in that it uses a distal SECIS element and, in the case of animals, a separate SECIS-binding component. Perhaps it is a question of efficiency. Selenocysteine incorporation is routinely reported as being inefficient (around 10% at best) in both bacteria and mammalian cells [12,13]. Unfortunately, efficiency has never been measured for an endogenous selenoprotein, probably because it is a daunting task on account of the differential stabilities of full-length selenoproteins and truncated versions (the result of termination instead of selenocysteine incorporation). It is known, however, that at least one mammalian selenoprotein (glutathione peroxidase 4) is expressed in very large quantities in the testis, and it seems unlikely that this overexpression would come from an inherently inefficient system. In addition, because the bacterial system is extremely well defined, it is likely that the low efficiency values reported are accurate.
Thus, one might argue that the main difference between bacterial and eukaryotic selenocysteine incorporation is efficiency. But if primordial selenocysteine utilization was inefficient, then it seems surprising that 'efficiency elements' were not simply laid on top of the already functioning bacterium-like system. New evidence suggests that this may indeed be the case. Recent work from John Atkins' laboratory at the University of Utah [14] has identified in-frame stem-loop structures in several mammalian selenoprotein genes that can account for a significant portion of total selenocysteine incorporation activity. In fact, they are able to support selenocysteine incorporation in the absence of a SECIS element. This similarity to bacterial SECIS elements is too attractive to ignore and begs the question of whether there are primordial eukaryotic SECIS elements in bacterial mRNAs. One current hypothesis is that the mammalian system has strong links to ribosome structure and function [6], but only further forays into the world of biome sequence analysis will uncover the 'missing links' in prokaryotic selenoprotein evolution that got us to the current state of the art in mammalian cells.
References
1. Venter JC, Remington K, Heidelberg JF, Halpern AL, Rusch D, Eisen JA, Wu D, Paulsen I, Nelson KE, Nelson W, et al.: Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso Sea.
Science 2004, 304:66-74. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
2. Zhang Y, Baranov PV, Atkins JF, Gladyshev VN: Pyrrolysine and selenocysteine use dissimilar decoding strategies.
J Biol Chem 2005, 280:20740-20751. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Zhang Y, Fomenko DE, Gladyshev VN: The microbial selenoproteome of the Sargasso Sea.
Genome Biol 2005, 6:R37. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text
4. Lescure A, Gautheret D, Carbon P, Krol A: Novel selenoproteins identified in silico and in vivo by using a conserved RNA structural motif.
J Biol Chem 1999, 274:38147-38154. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
5. Kryukov GV, Kryukov VM, Gladyshev VN: New mammalian selenocysteine-containing proteins identified with an algorithm that searches for selenocysteine insertion sequence elements.
J Biol Chem 1999, 274:33888-33897. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
6. Driscoll DM, Copeland PR: Mechanism and regulation of selenoprotein synthesis.
Annu Rev Nutr 2003, 23:17-40. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
7. Kryukov GV, Castellano S, Novoselov SV, Lobanov AV, Zehtab O, Guigo R, Gladyshev VN: Characterization of mammalian selenoproteomes.
Science 2003, 300:1439-1443. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
8. Kryukov GV, Gladyshev VN: The prokaryotic selenoproteome.
EMBO Rep 2004, 5:538-543. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
9. Zhang Y, Gladyshev VN: An algorithm for identification of bacterial selenocysteine insertion sequence elements and selenoprotein genes.
Bioinformatics 2005, 21:2580-2589. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
10. Sawers G, Heider J, Zehelein E, Bock A: Expression and operon structure of the sel genes of Escherichia coli and identification of a third selenium-containing formate dehydrogenase isoenzyme.
J Bacteriol 1991, 173:4983-4993. PubMed Abstract | PubMed Central Full Text
11. Barnett MJ, Fisher RF, Jones T, Komp C, Abola AP, Barloy-Hubler F, Bowser L, Capela D, Galibert F, Gouzy J, et al.: Nucleotide sequence and predicted functions of the entire Sinorhizobium meliloti pSymA megaplasmid.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98:9883-9888. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
12. Suppmann S, Persson BC, Bock A: Dynamics and efficiency in vivo of UGA-directed selenocysteine insertion at the ribosome.
EMBO J 1999, 18:2284-2293. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
13. Mehta A, Rebsch CM, Kinzy SA, Fletcher JE, Copeland PR: Efficiency of mammalian selenocysteine incorporation.
J Biol Chem 2004, 279:37852-37859. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
14. Howard MT, Aggarwal G, Anderson CB, Khatri S, Flanigan KM, Atkins JF: Recoding elements located adjacent to a subset of eukaryal selenocysteine-specifying UGA codons.
EMBO J 2005, 24:1596-1607.
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NEAR-FIELD TSUNAMI HAZARD MAP PADANG, WEST SUMATRA: UTILIZING HIGH RESOLUTION GEOSPATIAL DATA AND RESEASONABLE SOURCE SCENARIOS
Torsten Schlurmann, Widjo Kongko, Nils Goseberg, Danny Hilman Natawidjaja, Kerry Sieh
Abstract
Near-field tsunami propagation both in shallow water environments and bore-like wave propagation on land are conducted in this
study to obtain fundamental knowledge on the tsunami hazard potential in the city of Padang, Western Sumatra, Republic of
Indonesia. As the region proves a huge seismic moment deficit which has progressively accumulated since the last recorded
major earthquakes in 1797 and 1833, this investigation focuses on most reasonable seismic sources and possibly triggered nearshore
tsunamis in order to develop upgraded disaster mitigations programs in this densely-populated urban agglomeration located
on the western shore of Sumatra Island. Observations from continuous Global Positioning Satellite (cGPS) systems and
supplementary coral growth studies confirm a much greater probability of occurrence that a major earthquake and subsequent
tsunami are likely to strike the region in the near future. Newly surveyed and processed sets of geodata have been collected and
used to progress most plausible rupture scenarios to approximate the extent and magnitudes of a further earthquake. Based upon
this novel understanding, the present analysis applies two hydronumerical codes to simulate most probable tsunami run-up and
subsequent inundations in the city of Padang in very fine resolution. Run-up heights and flow-depths are determined stemming
from these most plausible rupture scenarios. Evaluation of outcome and performance of both numerical tools regarding impacts
of surge flow and bore-like wave fronts encountering the coast and inundating the city are thoroughly carried out. Results are
discussed not only for further scientific purposes, i.e. benchmark tests, but also to disseminate main findings to responsible
authorities in Padang with the objective to distribute the most probable dataset of plausible tsunami inundations as well as to
address valuable insights and knowledge for effective counter measures, i.e. evacuation routes and shelter building. Following
evacuation simulations based on rational assumptions and simplifications reveal a most alerting result as about 260.000 people
are living in the highly exposed potential tsunami inundation area in the city of Padang of which more than 90.000 people will
need more than 30 min. to evacuate to safe areas.
Keywords
tsunami hazard modeling; risk assessment; coastal development; integrated coastal zone management
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[maemo-developers] [maemo-developers] New open source Web Browser for Maemo.
From: Mohammad mdamt at maemo.org
Date: Wed Aug 10 11:36:14 EEST 2005
On Sel, 2005-08-09 at 11:27 -0400, ext Antônio Gomes wrote:
> Hi all,
> Feel free for download and look at the source code, send us patches
> with new features or bug fixes. Every contribution will be apreciated.
Nice work!
However are the 10le-mozilla-engine and 10le-mozilla-engine-dev deb
files the same in your ARM directory? (the file size are identical)
Because when I tried to dpkg -i 10le-mozilla-engine.deb it was failed
and dpkg complained that the deb file I install is a dev file (which
requires some other dev packages).
Obrigado!
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Category:Standard Media
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 16:39, 3 May 2008 by Bill Flanagan (Talk | contribs)
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Pages in category "Standard Media"
The following 14 pages are in this category, out of 14 total.
7
D
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T cont.
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Mathies:Dynamic Coating
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Contents
Coating Procedure Using polyDuramide
polyDuramind (MW~ 2,000,000 g/mole) is the trade name for poly hydroxyethyleacrylamide (pHEA)
Coating Solution Preparation
The dynamic coating solution is prepared at a concentration of 0.25% (wt%) in deionized water.
Ex. To prepare 20 mL of polyDuramide solution from lyopholized sample: Dissolve 50 mg of polyDuramide in 20 mL of water
PolyDuramide Derivitization Procedure
(1) Rinse channel with DI water
(2) Remove water
(3) Fill channel with 1 M HCl, let stand for 15 minutes
(4) Remove HCl
(5) Rinse channel with DI water
(6) Remove water
(7) Fill channel with coating solution, let stand for 15 minutes
(8) Remove coating solution. Chip should be coated.
If desired, rinse channel with DI water followed with acetonitrile. Dry channel and chip is ready to use.
Coating Storage
This coating is very stable. However, when not in use, it would be best to store at ~ 4 °C.
Contact
or instead, discuss this protocol.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Quotes by Edwards, Robert C.
We don't have a biography. Please consult wikipedia.
"Don't place too much confidence in the man who boasts of being as honest as the day is long. Wait until you meet him at night."
Edwards, Robert C. on dishonesty
"Never exaggerate your faults, your friends will attend to that."
Edwards, Robert C. on friends and friendship
"You are only what you are when no one is looking."
Edwards, Robert C. on appearance
17 fans of this quote
"Somehow the people who do as they please seem to get along just about as well as those who are always trying to please others."
Edwards, Robert C. on trying
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British Medical Journal Open!
I was a bit surprised but at the same time glad to see the details about the upcoming (autumn, 2010) BMJ Open, an open access journal of the BMJ Group.
BMJ Open is an open access journal for general medical research.
Not only will the journal publish traditional full research reports, including small or low-impact studies, but we intend to shed light on all stages of the research process by publishing study protocols, pilot studies and pre-protocols. The journal will also place great emphasis on the importance of data sharing; raw data will be linked to at its repository or hosted online as supplementary material wherever possible.
Authors will be asked to pay article-processing charges on acceptance, although waivers will be available on request. The ability to pay will not influence editorial decisions; payment requests will be made on acceptance.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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