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Sensors 2010, 10(12), 11400-11413; doi:10.3390/s101211400
Article
An Efficient Management System for Wireless Sensor Networks
1 Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 3 Department of Applied Geoinformatics, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan 4 Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering, National Dong Hwa University Hualien, Taiwan
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 21 October 2010; in revised form: 16 November 2010 / Accepted: 9 December 2010 / Published: 13 December 2010
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
Download PDF Full-Text [903 KB, uploaded 13 December 2010 14:55 CET]
Abstract: Wireless sensor networks have garnered considerable attention recently. Networks typically have many sensor nodes, and are used in commercial, medical, scientific, and military applications for sensing and monitoring the physical world. Many researchers have attempted to improve wireless sensor network management efficiency. A Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)-based sensor network management system was developed that is a convenient and effective way for managers to monitor and control sensor network operations. This paper proposes a novel WSNManagement system that can show the connections stated of relationships among sensor nodes and can be used for monitoring, collecting, and analyzing information obtained by wireless sensor networks. The proposed network management system uses collected information for system configuration. The function of performance analysis facilitates convenient management of sensors. Experimental results show that the proposed method enhances the alive rate of an overall sensor node system, reduces the packet lost rate by roughly 5%, and reduces delay time by roughly 0.2 seconds. Performance analysis demonstrates that the proposed system is effective for wireless sensor network management.
Keywords: wireless sensor network; management system; fault management; performance management; configuration management; SNMP
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Ma, Y.-W.; Chen, J.-L.; Huang, Y.-M.; Lee, M.-Y. An Efficient Management System for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors 2010, 10, 11400-11413.
AMA Style
Ma Y-W, Chen J-L, Huang Y-M, Lee M-Y. An Efficient Management System for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors. 2010; 10(12):11400-11413.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Ma, Yi-Wei; Chen, Jiann-Liang; Huang, Yueh-Min; Lee, Mei-Yu. 2010. "An Efficient Management System for Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 10, no. 12: 11400-11413.
Sensors EISSN 1424-8220 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Mar. Drugs 2010, 8(12), 2988-2998; doi:10.3390/md8122988
Article
Cytotoxicity on Human Cancer Cells of Ophidiacerebrosides Isolated from the African Starfish Narcissia canariensis
1 Research Group Sea, Molecules and Health EA 2160, College of Pharmacy, University of Nantes, 1 rue Gaston Veil, BP 53508, F-44035 Nantes Cedex 01, France 2 INSERM CRNA U892, 8 quai Moncousu, BP 70721, F-44007 Nantes Cedex, France
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 5 November 2010; in revised form: 6 December 2010 / Accepted: 20 December 2010 / Published: 22 December 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Lipids)
Download PDF Full-Text [332 KB, uploaded 22 December 2010 14:19 CET]
Abstract: The starfish Narcissia canariensis harvested from the coasts off Dakar, Senegal, was investigated for glycolipids (GL). This report deals with the isolation, characterization and biological activity of a fraction F13-3 separated from the GL mixture and selected according to its ability to inhibit KB cell proliferation after 72 hours of treatment. Firstly, a GL mixture F13 was obtained that accounted for 1.36% of starfish biomass (dry weight) and 0.36% of total lipids. The fraction F13-3 obtained from F13 contained three homologous GL identified as peracetylated derivatives on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. These contained a β-glucopyranoside as sugar head, a 9-methyl-branched 4,8,10-triunsaturated long-chain aminoalcohol as sphingoid base and amide-linked 2-hydroxy fatty acid chains. The majority (63%) had an amide-linked 2‑hydroxydocosanoic acid chain and was identified as the ophidiacerebroside-C, firstly isolated from the starfish Ophidiaster ophidiamus. The minor components of F13-3 differed by one more or one less methylene group, and corresponded to ophidiacerebroside-B and -D. We found that F13-3 displayed an interesting cytotoxic activity over 24 hours on various adherent human cancerous cell lines (multiple myeloma, colorectal adenocarcinoma and glioblastoma multiforme) with an IC50 of around 20 μM.
Keywords: glycosylceramides; human cancer cell lines; in vitro anticancerous activity; Narcissia canariensis; starfish
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Farokhi, F.; Wielgosz-Collin, G.; Clement, M.; Kornprobst, J.-M.; Barnathan, G. Cytotoxicity on Human Cancer Cells of Ophidiacerebrosides Isolated from the African Starfish Narcissia canariensis. Mar. Drugs 2010, 8, 2988-2998.
AMA Style
Farokhi F, Wielgosz-Collin G, Clement M, Kornprobst J-M, Barnathan G. Cytotoxicity on Human Cancer Cells of Ophidiacerebrosides Isolated from the African Starfish Narcissia canariensis. Marine Drugs. 2010; 8(12):2988-2998.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Farokhi, Fereshteh; Wielgosz-Collin, Gaetane; Clement, Monique; Kornprobst, Jean-Michel; Barnathan, Gilles. 2010. "Cytotoxicity on Human Cancer Cells of Ophidiacerebrosides Isolated from the African Starfish Narcissia canariensis." Mar. Drugs 8, no. 12: 2988-2998.
Mar. Drugs EISSN 1660-3397 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Conferences
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 13:43, 21 May 2007 by Reshma P. Shetty (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This page lists upcoming conferences that oww members are thinking about attending. Please feel free to post details about a conference, and your contact information if you are interested in sharing transportation or accommodation with another oww member.
Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007
• website: https://smbe2007.dal.ca/index.php
• location: Dashousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
• dates: June 24-28, 2007
• deadlines:
• Early registration: April 18, 2007
• Abstract Submission: May 15, 2007
• OWW members attending:
• Julius Lucks - please email me (lucks at fas dot harvard dot edu) if anyone would like to share travel (driving from Boston), or accommodation
Synthetic Biology 3.0
Personal tools
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"url": "www.pressreleasepoint.com/sofa-bed-barn-announce-their-range-sofa-beds-click-clack-sofa-beds-and-hardwood-futons",
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Sofa Bed Barn Announce Their Range of Sofa Beds, Click Clack Sofa Beds and Hardwood Futons
Printer-friendly versionPDF version
The Sofa Bed Barn announce that their new showroom is now open showcasing their range of Sofa Beds, Click Clack Sofa Beds, and Hardwood Futons.
(PressReleasePoint) - The Sofa Bed Barn www.sofabedbarn.co.uk are pleased to announce that their showroom in now fully open.
Michael Roberts managing Director at the “Sofa Bed Barn” comments:-
“As one of the last manufacturers of the classic french style click clack sofa bed in the UK we are pleased to announce that our showroom is now fully open in Queensbury, Bradford to the public if you would like to make an appointment please contact us.”
CONTACT:-
Should you require any further details or information please contact Michael Roberts on the details below.
COMPANY:-
Sofa Bed Barn
New Barn,
Ryefield Works,
180 Highgate Road,
Queensbusry,
Bradford,
BD13 1DS
Phone: 0330 999 0192
Email: info@sofabedbarn.co.uk
Web www.sofabedbarn.co.uk
Press Contact:
Michael Roberts
Sofa Bed Barn, New Barn, Ryefield Works, 180 Highgate Road, Queensbusry, Bradford, BD13 1DS
03309990192
http://www.sofabedbarn.co.uk
****@s**a**d**r*.co.uk
Email partially hidden to block spam. Please use the contact form here.
Contact Michael Roberts
Email the contact person for this press release. Do not send spam or irrelevant message.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
2 + 10 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Copy this html code to your website/blog and link to this press release.
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AskJeevesRep Found at SearchEngineWatch Forums
Jun 10, 2004 • 5:37 pm | (0) by | Filed Under SEO & SEM Forum News
I can't give too much information away, since I have insider information, but I thought I bring this spotting to the public. At about 5:30 (EST) on June 10th 2004, I found the AskJeevesRep screen name active at the Search Engine Watch Forums. Of course I took a screen capture.
But by the time I had a chance to see where this individual was lurking, he was already gone. Does this mean that we should be expecting to see Yahoo, Google, Overture, MSN and other search engine representatives lurking and posting information at the Search Engine Watch Forums?
Previous story: Google's Real Initiative
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Google Tested Ads In Higher Spots To Adjust CTR For Ad Position
Nov 5, 2008 • 8:01 am | (0) by | Filed Under Google AdWords
Yesterday, I had a conversation with Nick Fox of Google about the most recent quality score changes. I posted the extremely interesting question and answer session at Search Engine Land last night. I was honestly shocked by one of his answers, shocked!
When I asked how Google changed the process of normalizing the CTR scores for ad position, he explained the old way versus the new way. In the past, Google took a lower ranking ad and moved it in a higher position to test to see how that ad's CTR would change. Any clicks on that ad were not charged to the advertiser, plus this was done on a very very small percentage of searches. It was the way Google could get a good metric for what the CTR would be for that ad, in the same ad position.
I was shocked by that, just because it sounds totally weird. It makes sense, don't get me wrong. But I just assumed that Google used, what it is using today, a statistical model to adjust those numbers. Now, they switched to a statistical model to adjust the ad's CTR for normalizing that factor within the quality score.
In any event, you probably want to read the whole discussion at Search Engine Land. I personally felt that specific tidbit was fairly enlightening.
Forum discussion at Sphinn.
Previous story: Google Blog Search Link Command Now Scanning Blogroll Links
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Person:Robert Scott (50)
Watchers
Robert M. Scott
m. 10 Jan 1867
1. Robert M. Scott1868 -
2. Adaline Scott1870 - Aft 1960
3. J. Gale Scott1886 -
m. Abt 1889
1. Elizabeth Scott1889 -
2. Paul Scott1894 -
Facts and Events
Name Robert M. Scott
Gender Male
Birth[2] Jan 1868 Missouri, United States
Census[1] 1880 Putnam, Missouri, United States
Marriage Abt 1889 to Jennifer Lou
Census[3] 1900 Putnam, Missouri, United States
Census[2] 1910 Phillipsburg, Laclede, Missouri, United States
References
1. Missouri, Putnam County, Union Township; FHL #1254711, in United States. 1880 U.S. Census Population Schedule, HH 69, Family 70, Primary quality.
Scott, Joseph T., 40, farming, b. PA, both parents born MD
, A[chsah] M., 33, wife, keeping house, b. MD, both parents b. MD
, Robert M., 12, son, at school, b. MD (Maryland)
, Adda M., 10, daughter, at school, b. MO
Davis, Thomas, 26, servant, works on farm, b. unknown
2. 2.0 2.1 Missouri, LaClede, Union Township, Phillipsburg Village, in United States. 1910 U.S. Census Population Schedule. (National Archives Microfilm Publication T623), HH 280 Fam 284, Primary quality.
Scott, Robert M., 42, married once for 20 years, b. MD, fa b. MD, mo b. VA, proprietor of hotel, rents home
, Jennie L., wife, 44, married once for 20 years, 2 children both living, b. MO, both parents b. US, cook in hotel
, Bessie, dau, 21, single, b. MO, chambermaid in hotel
, Joseph T., father, 69, married once for 43 years, b. MD, fa b. MD, mo b. VA, has own income
, Achasah R., mother, 64, married once for 43 years, 3 children all living, b. MD, both parents b. MD
Gage, Rosa M., servant, 20 single, b. MO, fa b. KY, mo b. MO, chambermaid in hotel
3. Missouri, Putnam, Union Township; FHL #1240884 , in United States. 1900 U.S. Census Population Schedule. (National Archives Microfilm Publication T624), HH 430, Family 430, Primary quality.
Scott, Robt., white male, born January 1868, age 32, married 11 years, born Missouri, father born Pennsylvania, mother born Maryland, merchant grocery, able to read, write, speak English, rents house
, Lou, wife, born July 1865, ag 34, married 11 years, 2 children (2 living), born Missouri, father born Kentucky, mother born Missouri, able to read, write, speak English
, Lizza, daughter, born November 1889, age 10, born Missouri, at school, able to read, write, speak English
, Paul, son, born June 1894, age 6, born Missouri
McGoldrick, Jessie, servant, white female, born March, age 24, single, born Missouri, able to read, write, speak English
Carter, Mary, servant, white female, born May [1869], age 30, single, born Illinois
Eldredge, F. L., boarder, white male, age 35, single, born Iowa, music teacher, able to read, write, speak English
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1304.3 - Monthly Summary of Statistics, Queensland, Dec 1995
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 30/11/1995
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Summary of up-to-date statistics on a wide range of subjects.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4809.0.55.001 - Information Paper: Drug-induced Deaths - A Guide to ABS Causes of Death Data, 2002
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 08/08/2002
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MAIN FEATURES
The main source of statistics on the number of deaths in Australia resulting from drug use is the Causes of Death collection maintained by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). The ABS compiles these statistics from information provided by the Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages in each State and Territory.
This Information Paper outlines classification issues associated with the compilation and dissemination of causes of death data relating to drug use. It may be used in conjunction with the companion data file Drug-induced Deaths, Australia, 1997-2000 (cat. no. 3303.0).
The topics covered in this paper include:
• Registration and coding of deaths in Australia
• ABS definition of drug-induced deaths
• Relevant ICD Classifications used to code these data
• An explanation of the concepts of underlying causes of death and multiple causes of death
• Issues affecting classification of data
• Issues affecting data availability
Prior to 1997, the ABS produced causes of death statistics for the underlying cause of death which is defined as the 'disease or injury which initiated the train of events leading directly to death'. Commencing with deaths registered in 1997, the ABS classifies not only the underlying cause of death but also records information on any associated or contributory conditions mentioned on the death certificate. This additional information known as 'multiple causes' enables more detailed analysis of mortality patterns. It is particularly useful for analysis of deaths involving drugs, as a broader range of drugs which may have contributed to death can now be identified.
DRUG-INDUCED DEATHS
The number of registered deaths directly caused by drug use declined in 2000. The steadily increasing trend recorded for drug-induced deaths since 1997 peaked in 1999 at 1,739, before falling by 10% in 2000 to a total of 1,569 deaths. Accidental overdoses continue to be the leading cause of drug-induced deaths, accounting for 80% of the total number of drug-induced deaths registered in 2000.
Drug-induced Deaths, Australia, 1997-2000
Underlying cause/circumstance of death
Year of registration
1997
1998
1999
2000
Number of deaths
Drug-induced deaths
1,323
1,645
1,739
1,569
Accidental (F11-F16, F19, F55, X40-X44)(a)
916
1,243
1,403
1,274
Intentional self-harm (X60-X64)
309
310
278
273
Assault (X85)
4
6
2
1
Undetermined intent (Y10-Y14)
94
86
56
21
(a) Includes two components: mental and behavioural disorders due to drug use (F11-F16, F19, F55) and accidental poisoning by drugs (X40-X44).
Source: Causes of Death Collection.
Males continue to account for nearly 70% of the total number of drug-induced deaths registered each year since 1997. The overall decrease in the number of drug-induced deaths recorded in 2000 was driven by a significant decline in the number of male deaths (13%).
Drug-induced Deaths by Sex, Australia, 1997-2000
Source: Causes of Death Collection.
Further information is available in the datacube Drug-induced Deaths, Australia, 1997-2000 (cat. no. 3303.0). This data file provides detailed information including age, sex and State of usual residence of the deceased person.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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0
votes
5answers
370 views
Does putting Google Analytics' and Clicktale's code onto our password protected Alpha site expose the content?
We are launching a new site this summer and will have the Alpha version available shortly. We'll be testing this privately with a small group of trusted people before we do our public launch. To ...
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Air Mozilla Reboot, Phase I
With very little fanfare we rolled out a complete refresh of the Air Mozilla website.
As with everything, this was far from a solo act and I have many many people to thank in helping make this happen. Thank you.
Air Mozilla
Air Mozilla is where we tell the Mozilla story in video, where, we hope, the open web meets open video.
It’s seen itself evolve several times but it’s core mission has been consistent – share. Share what we do with the whole of the Mozilla Community.
What started out as just a way to share the Mozilla Weekly Project Meeting with the community, has grown into the foundation for a platform to share nearly everything we do.
The website has never had a lot of attention focused on it. In October, we set out to change that. What you see today is the result of several months of work and effort and a now iconic graphic element that first made its appearance at MozCamp Europe.
Air Mozilla is more than just the website. It is,
• Two full time paid staff who manage the AV and streaming from Moz Spaces and spend time helping the Mozilla Community stream from remote locations.
• Two developers working hard to push WebM forward.
What’s next?
We work on Phase 2. Here’s a glimpse at our goals for this quarter:
• Prove that WebM can work at scale
• Simulcast Mozilla events in WebM & Flash
• Start Air Mozilla Artist Series
• air.mozilla.org (phase 2) (bug 712717)
• Stand up Digital Asset Manager
• Issue Air Mozilla Open Badges
• Live streaming from London & Vancouver
• Big Blue Button integration in San Francisco & Toronto
Want to get involved?
If you’re a skilled web developer, interested in open video or interested film/multimedia, you should be a part of Air Mozilla.
The new Air Mozilla.
Tags:
Categories: Mozilla
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Hardware LEDs
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
m (grammar)
m (HDLAN --> Kurobox HG)
Line 26: Line 26:
|-
|-
|blue
|blue
-
|1000BASE-T(only HGLAN)
+
|1000BASE-T (Kurobox HG only)
|}
|}
-
==DISK FULL LED (red)==
==DISK FULL LED (red)==
Revision as of 03:40, 6 July 2006
Contents
LED Description
Power LED (green)
on Normal: Timed shutdown timer has not been activated
Blink At bootup, prior to ppc_uartd starting, Just prior to flash memory being updated
Blink Slowly Timeed shutdown has been established
If ppc_uartd is not started for some reason (started late due to hardware/software issues), it remains blinking, and then after five minutes, DIAG LED blinks 6 times(hard disk error), 6 times, 6 times, ... finally the box shutsdown.
LINK/ACT LED
orange 10BASE-T
green 100BASE-TX
blue 1000BASE-T (Kurobox HG only)
DISK FULL LED (red)
on Disk full
blink Writing to flash memory
DIAG LED (red)
3 times blink Partition warning: /dev/hda3 is not mounted on /mnt. You can ignore it.
4 times blink Problem with the cooling fan - probably rotor jammed.
5 times blink Problem with the flash memory*
6 times blink Hard drive not found. Or ppc_uartd is not running.
7 times blink Problem with the RAM/LAN/HDD controller.
blink many times Writing to flash memory.
* It may be possible to recover from a flash memory error by pulling out power cord and trying again after one night.
Table copied from http://www.yamasita.jp/linkstation.en/led.html with minor rewording. nobuakiy helped with the translation.
Notes Users have reported problems when the drive already has a Linux partition on it - the diag light blinks 6 times. The solution appears to be to simply to reformat the drive.
Personal tools
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You are here: Home » Content
The content in Connexions comes in two formats: modules, which are like small "knowledge chunks," and collections, groups of modules structured into books or course notes, or for other uses. Our open license allows for free use and reuse of all our content.
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Category:Barbour County, AlabamaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Pages in category "Barbour County, Alabama"
This category contains only the following page.
B
Media in category "Barbour County, Alabama"
The following 3 files are in this category, out of 3 total.
• This page was last modified on 28 November 2012, at 00:37.
• This page has been accessed 447 times.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Japan's Porn Law is Strangling Artists
This post also available in:
Español · La ley japonesa contra la pornografía oprime a los artistas
русский · Японский закон о порнографии подавляет художников
polski · Japońskie prawo pornograficzne dusi artystów
srpski · Japanski Zakon o Pornografiji Organičava Umetnike
Malagasy · Manakenda Ny Artista Ny Lalàna Ao Japana Mikasika Ny Fahavetavetana
Fashion photographer Leslie Kee, who has worked with pop stars Beyonce and Lady Gaga, was arrested for selling obscene images at his latest exhibition in Roppongi, Tokyo on February 4, 2013. Under Japanese law, all images of genitalia must be blurred, so Kee's work which featured nudity was effectively breaking the law.
Michelangelo's David photo modified by Keiko from wikimedia commons uploaded by user Silmaril, (CC BY SA 3.0)
On February 7, the case was dropped, but his arrest has stirred a debate about artistic expression and Japan's broad porn law. Officially known as Article 175 of Japan’s Penal Code, the law prohibits the distribution, sale, or public display of all obscene materials.
Tokyo-based Kee is also known for his homoerotic work. Writer and journalist @quitamarco writes on Twitter [ja]:
【拡散希望】レスリー・キー逮捕に抗議します。彼の表現行為がもたらしたLGBTの解放を、ポルノだとか猥褻だとかの尾籠な劣情を持ち込んで卑小化するのは、まったくの本末転倒の倒錯であると考えます。
<please amplify this> I protest the arrest of Leslie Kee. His artistic expression brought liberation of LGBT. Degrading his work by calling it “porn” or “obscene” with indelicate lust is illogical and fails to properly value his work.
Another user @WildcatBooko pointed out [ja] that by arresting Leslie the police intervened in personal expression:
@quitamarco 横レス失礼。今回のレスリーの写真集はあくまで私費出版として出されてるわけで、マスメディアの場で「猥褻な」写真を公表したわけではないはずです。今回の措置は、いわば私的な領域における表現の規制なわけで、そこに何とも言えないおぞましいものを感じます。
@quitamarco If I may add my comment, I would say this case is serious because Leslie did not sell the “obscene” photo in public. He published the photo book at his own expense privately. This is a horrifying case to me for it can be considered regulation of expression in the personal domain.
Besides Lee's work, an exhibition by leading Japanese contemporary artist Makoto Aida in Tokyo has been met with protest. His work is known for being erotic and controversial.
On January 25, 2013, the People Against Pornography and Sexual Violence (PAPS) [ja] published a letter of protest [en] against the Mori Art Museum where the exhibition is taking place:
These works are child pornography. They are equivalent to child sexual abuse and commercial sexual exploitation. [...]
the ‘Dog’ series treats women and girls as less than human, as sexual playthings and sexual animals.[...] The exhibition is an example of discrimination and contempt for amputees and other people with disabilities.[...]
In its position as a respected public institution, the Mori Art Museum sends a strong message through hosting the current exhibition. [...] The Museum’s hosting of the exhibition actively makes discrimination and violence normal, and actively promotes the sexual exploitation of girls, violence against women, and discrimination and contempt for people with a disabilities.
A voluntary organization called the Institute of Contents Culture [ja] which studies freedom of expression in Japan made an official statement [ja] about the Makoto Aida exhibition controversy:
芸術作品に限らず、多くの表現や意見を楽しむことができるのは、表現の自由を保証する健全な社会があるからです。芸術家・会田誠氏の作品に対する批判がなされること、議論が巻き起こることは、私たちの社会が表現の自由が機能する健全なものである証左であり、そのことは歓迎すべきです。
しかし、今回の作品撤去要請は、他者が会田誠氏の作品を見て、考える機会、それ自体を奪おうとするものであり、議論を形成する機会をも奪おうとするものです。
表現の自由は、特定人の具体的な権利、人権を侵害しない限りは、最大限に保障されるべきであり、表現を見て、各人が自由に考え、批判を含め議論、討議する権利は守られなければなりません。
私たちは市民として、クリエイターとして「森美術館からの会田誠氏の作品撤去要請」に反対します。
We live in a healthy society that guarantees freedom of expression and that is exactly why we can enjoy not only art work but also diverse opinions and expressions.The fact that there's criticism against the works of artist Makoto Aida is the very proof that our society is the one where freedom of expression exists and it should be welcomed.
However, the request to remove his work, takes away all opportunities to discuss and to think by seeing his work.
Freedom of expression must be guaranteed fully unless it violates particular rights of particular people, and by seeing the expression, the rights to discuss and criticize with each person thinking freely must be guaranteed.
As a creator and as a citizen, we object to the request to remove Makoto Aida's art at Mori Art Museum.
Some feel this is not just about freedom of expression. Referring to the cancellation of Ahn Se-Hong‘s photo exhibit about comfort women in May 2012 Korean descendant @rinda0818 commented [ja] :
会田誠展とニコンの安世鴻展、表現の自由とかで同じように語られてるけど本当にそうなのかな。人権がちゃんと守られてないこの国で、表現の自由は時々暴力になるんだけど。前者は作品、後者は抗議に対してそう思う。で、何となく違和感。
The narratives of controversies over exhibition of Aida Makoto and that of Ahn Se-Hong both fall into a category of freedom of expression, but is it really the case? In a country where [basic] human rights is not protected, freedom of expression can sometimes turn violent. For the former, art works are violence and for the latter, protest against exhibition is violence. I feel something is wrong.
Porn magazines with blurred images at a convenient store in Japan, by Flickr user eliazar. (CC BY 2.0)
Another tweet by user @tatangarani [ja] referred to both cases of Makoto and Leslie and said that Japan's regulations are taking the wrong direction:
会田誠もレスリーも。クローズドな場所で売ってる芸術作品やアートをグロだ、エロだと取り締まるなら、子供の手が届く範囲でオープンに売られてるコンビニに山とあふれるヘアヌード掲載週刊誌はアリなの？パレンタルロックの存在も仕様も知らない親が、子どもに与えるPCはアリなの？根本間違ってる。
If Makoto Aida and Leslie's art, which were sold at closed venues are being regulated for being offensive and nasty, why are piles of weekly magazines with naked photographs available at convenient stores. Why is it okay for parents to give computers to children when the parents do not even know what a parental lock is? These are fundamental mistakes!
proof-reading by Sahar Habib Ghazi
World regions
Countries
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{
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"url": "googlesystem.blogspot.com/2008/05/monitor-googles-homepage-with-page2rss.html",
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"warc_url": "http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2008/05/monitor-googles-homepage-with-page2rss.html"
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
May 5, 2008
Monitor Google's Homepage with Page2RSS
Page2RSS is a very nice service that creates feeds from any web page, by including the new content and linking to a page that highlights the differences.
A simple example of web page that could be monitored using Page2RSS is google.com: a homepage that rarely changes only to celebrate important events or to announce new Google features. You could subscribe to the automatically-generated feed by visiting: http://page2rss.com/page?url=www.google.com/. This also works for international sites like Google Japan, Google Italy etc. Unfortunately, you'll also receive an update when Google puts the classic logo back.
Of course, the service is useful for any web page that doesn't offer feeds, but it's better suited for web pages that don't change very frequently since Page2RSS checks to see if there's new content every 4 hours. You could use it to generate feeds for changelogs, privacy policies, news sites, Google Labs or to find new features in Google's services, like Hindi support added to Google Translate on April 29. Can you find other interesting web pages that could be monitored using Page2RSS?
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{
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"url": "josm.openstreetmap.de/ticket/2826",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:8edbdde1-dad0-4827-b072-38a7d0fa45ce>",
"warc_url": "http://josm.openstreetmap.de/ticket/2826"
}
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Modify
Opened 4 years ago
Closed 4 years ago
Last modified 4 years ago
#2826 closed defect (duplicate)
Exception when trying to import image(s)
Reported by: jonass@… Owned by: team
Priority: major Component: Core
Version: Keywords:
Cc:
Description
I opened a gpx-track, downloaded the area from OSM and then tried to import photos.
This seems to happen when trying to import images withing the timespan of a gpx-track. Importing an image from outside the timespan works fine.
I am using JRE from Sun in Ubuntu 8.04.
Path: trunk
URL: http://josm.openstreetmap.de/svn/trunk
Repository Root: http://josm.openstreetmap.de/svn
Repository UUID: 0c6e7542-c601-0410-84e7-c038aed88b3b
Revision: 1732
Node Kind: directory
Last Changed Author: stoecker
Last Changed Rev: 1732
Last Changed Date: 2009-07-04 22:32:30 +0200 (Sat, 04 Jul 2009)
Memory Usage: 335 MB / 910 MB (140 MB allocated, but free)
Java version: 1.6.0_07
java.lang.RuntimeException: java.lang.NullPointerException
at org.openstreetmap.josm.gui.PleaseWaitRunnable$4.run(PleaseWaitRunnable.java:127)
at java.awt.event.InvocationEvent.dispatch(InvocationEvent.java:209)
at java.awt.EventQueue.dispatchEvent(EventQueue.java:597)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpOneEventForFilters(EventDispatchThread.java:273)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEventsForFilter(EventDispatchThread.java:183)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEventsForHierarchy(EventDispatchThread.java:173)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEvents(EventDispatchThread.java:168)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEvents(EventDispatchThread.java:160)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.run(EventDispatchThread.java:121)
Caused by: java.lang.NullPointerException
at org.openstreetmap.josm.gui.layer.GeoImageLayer.calculatePosition(GeoImageLayer.java:688)
at org.openstreetmap.josm.gui.layer.GeoImageLayer.access$300(GeoImageLayer.java:85)
at org.openstreetmap.josm.gui.layer.GeoImageLayer$Loader.realRun(GeoImageLayer.java:331)
at org.openstreetmap.josm.gui.PleaseWaitRunnable.run(PleaseWaitRunnable.java:102)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.runTask(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:885)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:907)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:619)
Attachments (0)
Change History (2)
comment:1 Changed 4 years ago by stoecker
• Resolution set to duplicate
• Status changed from new to closed
comment:2 Changed 4 years ago by stoecker
Modify Ticket
Change Properties
<Author field>
Action
as closed .
as The resolution will be set. Next status will be 'closed'.
The resolution will be deleted. Next status will be 'reopened'.
Author
E-mail address and user name can be saved in the Preferences.
Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets.
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:65700",
"uncompressed_offset": 178734132,
"url": "my.pagenation.com/kul/This%2BSpot_101.7141_3.1457.map",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:43:30.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:8edbdde1-dad0-4827-b072-38a7d0fa45ce>",
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This+Spot is on Walter Grenier, L; is on Padang, J; is near Imbi, J; is near Walter Grenier, J; is near Palmer, J; is near Khoo Teik Ee, J; is near Gading, J; is near Barat, J; This+Spot is geographically located at latitude(3.1457 degrees) 3° 8' 44" North of the Equator and longitude (101.7141 degrees) 101° 42' 50" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Kuala Lumpur.
The locations related to This+Spot are represented by the nearest distances for a beam of light to travel and may not be nearest by road. For example, This+Spot is located 41 metres from Wing Heong Dried Meat. This+Spot is located 101 metres from Starhill Centre. This+Spot is located 101 metres from Starhill Gallery. This+Spot is located 101 metres from Starhill Shopping Centre. This+Spot is located 101 metres from Forum Fairlane.
Featured Places Of Interest Located Nearby
Starhill Centre is located 0.1 Kilometres away from This+Spot. Starhill Centre - 3 Photo(s) Featured.
Starhill Gallery is located 0.1 Kilometres away from This+Spot. Starhill Gallery - 3 Photo(s) Featured.
Starhill Shopping Centre is located 0.1 Kilometres away from This+Spot. Starhill Shopping Centre - 3 Photo(s) Featured.
Ritz Carlton 0.2km, KL Plaza Suites Hotel 0.2km, Marriott KL 0.3km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near This+Spot.
Wing Heong Dried Meat 0km, Starhill Centre 0.1km, Starhill Gallery 0.1km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near This+Spot.
Times Square Theme Park 0.5km, Cultural Craft Complex 0.6km, Shophouses along Jalan Hang Kasturi 2km, are places of interest (attraction) located near This+Spot.
SJK (c) Jalan Imbi 0.4km, SMK (p) Bandaraya 0.6km, SMK (p) Bandaraya 0.6km, are places of learning (school, college, university) located near This+Spot.
Park Klcc 1.2km, Johor Technology Park 1.4km, Park Jalan Coales 1.5km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near This+Spot.
This+Spot
Wing Heong Dried Meat
Starhill Centre
Starhill Gallery
Starhill Shopping Centre
Forum Fairlane
Jalan Imbi Chapel
Hawker Stalls Jalan Imbi
Ritz Carlton
Rest Oversea
New Straits Times Press Kiosk
Soo Kee Mee
KL Plaza Suites Hotel
Fahrenheit 88
Star Hill
Marriott KL
Dorset Regency Hotel
KL Plaza
Planet Hollywood
Click here to zoom in
Where do you want to go?
Location Information
Latitude °
Longitude °
PlaceName
Category
This+Spot
Menara Keck Seng is about 0.3 km away.
Park Plaza KL is about 0.3 km away.
Lot 10 is about 0.3 km away.
Westin KL is about 0.3 km away.
Chinese Temple, Jalan Imbi is about 0.3 km away.
Sungai Wang Plaza is about 0.3 km away.
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Become a Fan
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February 01, 2006
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Listed below are links to weblogs that reference Soho Fire Spares AIA + Gugg Offices, Kills Prada:
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"url": "openwetware.org/wiki/Image:WFTR-664-Alignment.mas",
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Image:WFTR-664-Alignment.mas
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
WFTR-664-Alignment.mas (file size: 40 KB, MIME type: text/plain)
Warning: This file may contain malicious code, by executing it your system may be compromised.
File history
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
Date/TimeDimensionsUserComment
current12:48, 7 March 2013 (40 KB)Mitali Kini (Talk | contribs)
The following page links to this file:
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Women must pay for everything. They do get more glory than men for comparable feats, But, they also get more notoriety when they crash. Earhart, Amelia
This quote is about airplane and aviation · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Earhart, Amelia ...
Amelia Mary Earhart (July 24, 1897 - missing as of July 2, 1937), daughter of Edwin and Amy Earhart, was an American aviator and noted early female pilot who mysteriously disappeared over the Pacific Ocean during a circumnavigational flight in 1937.
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Suspicion always haunts the guilty mind; the thief doth fear each bush an officer. Shakespeare, William
Excerpt from The Complete Works of William Shakespeare · This quote is about guilt · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Shakespeare, William ...
Born ca. 1564 and died ca. 1616 during the Renaissance period (1450-1599). One of the greatest writers of all time, Shakespeare, the peerless poet of the Sonnets and the creator of such dramatic masterpieces as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and King Lear, is a playwright of paradigmatic originality. In his discussion of the Western literary canon, critic Harold Bloom declared: "Shakespeare and Dante are the center of the Canon because they excel all other Western writer in cognitive acuity, linguistic energy, and power of invention." However, one could go a step further and suggest that Shakespeare defines the Western canon because he transcends it. If Shakespeare, as Ben Jonson declared, "was not of an age, but for all time," the great dramatist, one could argue, spoke to the ultimate concerns of humankind, regardless of period or cultural tradition.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Rome had Senators too, and that is why it declined. Dane, Frank
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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To suppose such a thing possible as a society, in which men, who are able and willing to work, cannot support their families, and ought, with a great part of the women, to be compelled to lead a life of celibacy, for fear of having children to be starved; to suppose such a thing possible is monstrous. Cobbett, William
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Facing it, always facing it, that's the way to get through. Face it. Conrad, Joseph
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Channing Frye
Your Morning Dump… Where KG’s gentle tap floored Channing Frye
Every morning, we compile the links of the day and dump them here… highlighting the big storyline. Because there's nothing quite as satisfying as a good morning dump. Because I'm an old bastard, I fell asleep during the Celtics game and missed the 4th quarter shenanigans between Kevin Garnett and Channing Frye. What I saw [...]
January 29, 2011 Chuck - Red's Army Uncategorized 36
C’s drop a debacle in Phoenix
This game was an utter mess from the beginning. The C's came out… well… like an older team on a back-to-back after a cross-country trip and losing an hour in the timezone switch. They sucked. Doc got tossed after a couple of techs… KG got tossed after a "dust up" with Channing Frye. The C's [...]
January 29, 2011 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized 24
Fryed in Phoenix
Channing Frye and Amare Stoudemire torched Boston for 26 points each as the Phoenix Suns pounded the undermanned Celtics, 116-98. The Celtics were without the services of Kevin Garnett (and Paul Pierce and Glen Davis and Marquis Daniels but who's counting injuries?), who due to a hyperextended knee will not play until Jan. 6 (vs [...]
December 30, 2009 Chuck - Red's Army Uncategorized 7
Best nickname I’ve heard in a while
“I call him the ‘Cheat Code,’ really because every time he shoots you think it’s going in,” Frye said. “Like in a video game, a basketball game, you put one person into one spot and they’re going make it every time. And that’s him. Yeah, he’s the ‘Cheat Code.’” Channing Frye in Jessica Camerato's "House [...]
November 11, 2009 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized 4
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Difference between revisions of "Tsetserleg"
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m (Understand)
m (Do)
Line 19: Line 19:
==Do==
==Do==
+
*Attend an '''opera''' performance at the town's theater.
==Buy==
==Buy==
Revision as of 13:21, 20 October 2006
Tsetserleg (also spelt Tsetserlik, Tsetserlig or Cècèrlèg) is the capital of Arkhangai province.
Contents
Understand
The town is located is in beautiful forested valley in the Khangay mountains; it has a population of around 20,000.
Get in
By Plane
Aero Mongolia [1] operates several flights a week from Ulaanbaatar.
By bus
Buses for Tsetserleg leave from the Dragon bus station in Ulaanbaatar at 8AM on Mon, Wed, and Fri. Tickets must be purchased the day before.
Get around
See
• Buyandelgeruulekh Monastery
• Zayain Khüree Monastery
• Aimag Museum
Do
• Attend an opera performance at the town's theater.
Buy
• woolen items made by local people.
• There are a few stores near the bakery.
• The town has a small art shop selling the work of local artists.
Eat
• The town has a good bakery.
Drink
Sleep
• Hotel Zamchin - reasonably modern hotel - very popular - US$20-US$40
• Hotel Tsetserleg - US$20+
Get out
• The Japanese managed resort of Tsenger Hot Springs
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1292.0 - Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), 2006 (Revision 1.0)
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 19/09/2008
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Group 592 DATA PROCESSING, WEB HOSTING AND ELECTRONIC INFORMATION STORAGE SERVICES
This section contains the following subsection :
Class 5921 Data Processing and Web Hosting Services
Class 5922 Electronic Information Storage Services
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6401.0 - Consumer Price Index, Australia, Sep 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 26/10/2005
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CPI
1 The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures quarterly changes in the price of a ‘basket’ of goods and services which account for a high proportion of expenditure by the CPI population group (i.e. metropolitan households). This ‘basket’ covers a wide range of goods and services, arranged in the following eleven groups:
food
alcohol and tobacco
clothing and footwear
housing
household contents and services
health
transportation
communication
recreation
education
financial and insurance services.
2 The capital city indexes measure price movements over time in each city individually. They do not measure differences in retail price levels between cities.
3 Further information about the CPI is contained in Australian Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2005 (cat. no. 6461.0) which is available on this site.
PRICES
4 The frequency of price collection by item varies as necessary to obtain reliable price measures. Prices of some items are volatile (i.e. their prices may vary many times each quarter) and for these items frequent price observations are necessary to obtain a reliable measure of the average price for the quarter. Each month prices are collected at regular intervals for goods such as milk, bread, fresh meat and seafood, fresh fruit and vegetables, alcohol, tobacco, women's outerwear, project homes, motor vehicles, petrol and holiday travel and accommodation. For most other items, price volatility is not a problem and prices are collected once a quarter. There are a few items where prices are changed at infrequent intervals, for example education fees where prices are set once a year. In these cases, the frequency of price collection is modified accordingly.
5 In order to facilitate a more even spread of field collection workload, the number of items for which prices are collected quarterly is distributed roughly equally across each month of each quarter. In all cases, however, individual items are priced in the same month of each quarter. For example, items for which prices are collected in the first month of the September quarter, July, are also priced in the first month of subsequent quarters, namely October, January and April.
WEIGHTING PATTERN
6 There are 90 expenditure classes (that is, groupings of like items) in the fifteenth series CPI and each expenditure class has its own weight, or measure of relative importance. In calculating the index, price changes for the various expenditure classes are combined using these weights.
7 Changes in the weighting pattern have been made at approximately five-yearly intervals to take account of changes in household spending patterns. The CPI now comprises fifteen series of price indexes which have been linked to form a continuous series. The current weighting pattern for the CPI for the weighted average of the eight capital cities is published in A Guide to the Consumer Price Index, 15th Series (cat. no. 6440.0). The 15th series weighting pattern for the weighted average of eight capital cities and for each of the eight capital cities, as well as each city's percentage contribution to the weighted average, are also published in the Consumer Price Index: 15th Series Weighting Pattern (Reissue) (cat. no. 6430.0) (electronic publication). Both publications are available on this site.
ANALYSIS OF CPI CHANGES
8 Movements in indexes from one period to another can be expressed either as changes in index points or as percentage changes. The following example illustrates the method of calculating changes in index points and percentage changes between any two periods:
All groups CPI: Weighted average of eight capital cities. Index numbers:
September Quarter 2005 149.8 (see table 1)
less June Quarter 2004 148.4 (see table 1)
Change in index points 1.4
Percentage change 1.4/148.4 X 100 = 0.9%
9 Percentage changes are calculated to illustrate three different kinds of movements in index numbers:
• movements between consecutive financial years (where the index numbers for financial years are simple averages of the quarterly index numbers)
• movements between corresponding quarters of consecutive years
• movements between consecutive quarters.
10 Table 7 provides a detailed analysis, for the weighted average of eight capital cities, of movements in the CPI since the previous quarter, including information on movements for groups, sub-groups and expenditure classes. It also shows the contribution which each makes to the total CPI. For instance, the dairy and related products sub-group contributed 1.76 index points to the total All groups index number of 149.8 for September Quarter 2005. The final column shows contributions to the change in All Groups index points by each group, sub-group and expenditure class.
SPECIAL SERIES
11 Various series are presented in tables 8, 9 and 10 in this publication which are helpful for analytical purposes. These series are compiled by taking subsets of the CPI basket. (A complete list of CPI groups, sub-groups and expenditure classes is contained in tables 6 and 7.)
12 Some of the compiled series are self explanatory, such as ‘All groups excluding Food’. Other series and their composition are described below:
• All groups excluding Financial and insurance services: Reflecting the changing composition of the CPI, from September quarter 1989 to June quarter 1998, comprises the All groups CPI excluding house insurance, house contents insurance, vehicle insurance and mortgage interest charges and consumer credit charges; from September quarter 1998 to June quarter 2000 comprises the All groups CPI excluding house insurance, house contents insurance and vehicle insurance; from September quarter 2000 to June quarter 2005 comprises the All groups CPI excluding insurance services; from September quarter 2005 comprises the All groups CPI excluding Financial and insurance services.
• All groups excluding Housing and Financial and insurance services: Reflecting the changing composition of the CPI, from September quarter 1989 to June quarter 1998, comprises the All groups CPI excluding Housing, house contents insurance, vehicle insurance and consumer credit charges; from September quarter 1998 to June quarter 2000 comprises the All groups CPI excluding Housing, house insurance, house contents insurance and vehicle insurance; from September quarter 2000 to June quarter 2005 comprises the All groups CPI excluding Housing and insurance services; from September quarter 2005 comprises the All groups CPI excluding Housing and Financial and insurance services.
• All groups, goods component: comprises the Food group (except Restaurant meals expenditure class), Alcohol and tobacco group, Clothing and footwear group (except Clothing services and shoe repair expenditure class) and Household contents and services group (except Household services sub-group); the Utilities, Audio, visual and computing and Books, newspapers and magazines sub-groups; and the House purchase, Pharmaceuticals, Motor vehicles, Automotive fuel, Motor vehicle parts and accessories, Sports and recreational equipment, Toys, games and hobbies and Pets, pet foods and supplies expenditure classes.
• All groups, services component: comprises all items not included in the ‘All groups, goods component’.
• All groups, tradables component: comprises all items whose prices are largely determined on the world market.
• All groups, non-tradables component: comprises all items not included in the 'All groups, tradables component'.
• All groups excluding ‘volatile items’: comprises the All groups CPI excluding Fruit and vegetables and Automotive fuel.
13 Market goods and services excluding ‘volatile items’: in addition to the items excluded from the series 'All groups excluding ‘volatile items’', also excludes: Utilities, Property rates and charges, Child care, Health, Other motoring charges, Urban transport fares, Postal, and Education. A detailed description of the special and analytical series is published in Appendix 1.
14 The ABS is grateful for the assistance of the Reserve Bank of Australia for specifying the items included in the 'All groups excluding 'volatile items'' and 'Market goods and services excluding 'volatile items''. The Reserve Bank of Australia does not accord any special policy status to these series.
ROUNDING
15 The CPI uses a hierarchy of rounding procedures to ensure consistency between published index numbers and percentage changes. However, rounding differences can arise in the "points contributions" published in tables 6, 7 and 8 because of the different levels of precision required in those data.
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
16 In analysing price movements in Australia, an important consideration is Australia's performance relative to other countries. However, a simple comparison of All groups (or headline) CPIs is often inappropriate because of the different measurement approaches used by countries for certain products, particularly housing and financial and insurance services. To provide a better basis for international comparisons, the Seventeenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians adopted a resolution which called for countries to 'if possible, compile and provide for dissemination to the international community an index that excludes housing and financial services' in addition to the all-items index.
17 Table 11 aims to present indexes for selected countries on a basis consistent with the above resolution and comparable to the Australian series ‘All groups excluding Housing and Financial services’ (see paragraph 13). However, other than Australia and New Zealand, the countries represented in this table are yet to develop indexes on this basis, so the indexes presented here are consistent with the series previously published for All groups excluding Housing. To facilitate comparisons all indexes in this table have been converted, where necessary, to a quarterly basis and re-referenced to a base of 1989-90 = 100.0.
18 In producing table 11, the ABS is grateful for the assistance of the relevant national statistical agencies which have either directly supplied indexes for all items excluding housing and financial services or data to enable their derivation.
RELATED PUBLICATIONS
19 Current publications and other products released by the ABS are listed in the Catalogue of Publications and Products (cat. no. 1101.0). The Catalogue is available from any ABS office or this site. The ABS also issues a daily Release Advice on the web site which details products to be released in the week ahead.
20 Users may also wish to refer to the following publications and other data products that are available free of charge from the ABS web site:
• Average Retail Prices of Selected Items, Eight Capital Cities (cat. no. 6403.0.55.001)
• Information Paper: Experimental Price Indexes for Financial Services (cat. no. 6413.0)
• House Price Indexes: Eight Capital Cities (cat. no. 6416.0)
• Consumer Price Index: 15th Series Weighting Pattern (Reissue) (cat. no. 6430.0)
• A Guide to the Consumer Price Index, 15th Series (cat. no. 6440.0)
• Consumer Price Index: Concordance with Household Expenditure Classification, Australia (cat. no. 6446.0.55.001)
• Consumer Price Index Standard Data Report: Capital Cities Index Numbers by Expenditure Class (cat. no. 6455.0.55.001)
• Information Paper: The Introduction of Hedonic Price Indexes for Personal Computers (cat. no. 6458.0)
• Australian Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2005 (cat. no. 6461.0)
• Information Paper: Introduction of the 15th Series Australian Consumer Price Index 2005 (Reissue) (cat. no. 6462.0).
ABS DATA AVAILABLE ON REQUEST
21 As well as the statistics included in this and related publications, the ABS may have other relevant data available on request. Inquiries should be made to Steve Whennan on (02) 6252 6251 or to the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6530.0 - Household Expenditure Survey, Australia: Summary of Results, 1998-99
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 28/06/2000
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MEDIA RELEASE
June 28, 2000
Embargoed: 11:30 AM (AEST)
84/2000
ABS survey gives snapshot of pre-GST spending patterns
Almost half the money that Australian households spend on goods and services goes on food, housing and transport, according to a major survey released today by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).
The latest Household Expenditure Survey (HES) showed the average Australian household spent $699 per week on goods and services in 1998-99, an increase of 16 per cent ($97 per week) from the previous 1993-94 survey. In contrast, prices as measured by the consumer price index (CPI) increased by 10 per cent, indicating a rise in real living standards over the five years.
Spending by low income households increased by 13 per cent compared with an increase of 18 per cent in high income households. The difference is at least partly explained by changing household sizes. The lowest income households are smaller than five years ago, whereas the highest income households are larger.
The survey also found that:
• On average, households spent 18 per cent of total goods and services expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages ($127 a week), 17 per cent of the total on transport ($118) and 14 per cent on current housing costs, including rent, rates and interest payments on mortgages ($97).
• Some of the most significant spending increases over the five year period were on motor vehicle purchases (up 57 per cent), education fees (up 50 per cent), child care (up 40 per cent) and rent (up 18 per cent).
• Between 1993-94 and 1998-99, spending on clothing and footwear fell by 5 per cent. Notably, the CPI recorded no price change for clothing over this period.
• Households averaged $32 a week on medical care and health expenses. Within this category, the largest expenditure was in the areas of private health and accident insurance ($13 a week) and health practitioners' fees ($10 a week).
• Households spent an average of $89 a week on recreation (13 per cent of total expenditure).
The survey examined spending by different groupings of households. Here are some of the key findings:
Low and high income households: Households in the lowest income quintile (the 20 per cent of households with the lowest levels of household income) spent on average $343 a week on total goods and services. Households in the top income quintile spent an average of $1,171 a week, or nearly three and half times as much. Differences were most noticeable in the areas of transport and recreation, where spending by the top quintile was nearly four and half times as high as spending in the lowest quintile.
Rural and metropolitan areas: Average spending by households in rural areas ($616) was less than in capital cities ($747). Rural households spent considerably less per week on housing, food, clothing, footwear, and recreation than those in capital cities. Only in the category of transport did rural households spend more per week ($127) than households in capital cities ($123). This included purchase of vehicles, petrol and other motor fuels, vehicle servicing and fares (other than for holiday travel). However, rural households also had lower average gross incomes ($697 a week) than those in capital cities ($957 a week).
Families and households: Lone person households and one parent households had the lowest average household incomes and expenditures of all household types.
The Household Expenditure Survey was conducted between July 1998 and June 1999 and collected detailed expenditure information from about 7,000 households throughout Australia. The results from this survey, together with those from the next HES, to be carried out in 2003-04, will provide a "before and after" picture of expenditure with respect to The New Tax System.
Details are in Household Expenditure Survey, Australia: Summary of Results, 1998-99 (cat. no. 6530.0) and in tabulations at the summary and detailed level. The publication is available from ABS bookshops in all capital cities. The key points from the publication can be found on ths site. If you wish to purchase a copy of this publication, contact the ABS Bookshop in your capital city.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1384.6 - Statistics - Tasmania, 2006
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 13/09/2002
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Contents >> Mining >> Value of the mining industry >> Payments on goods and services
Many businesses serve and supply the mining industry. For example, Caterpillar-Elphinstone, a company based in Burnie, designs, constructs and distributes underground mine machinery; and Atlas Copco provides specialist mine equipment to Tasmanian mines. Environmental consultants and managers also service the industry.
The Tasmanian Minerals Council reports that most mines deal with between 300 and 500 suppliers, and one mine deals with over 1,100 suppliers. Payments on goods and services (excluding electricity and freight) in 2000-01 totalled $260m.
MINING INDUSTRY(a), Payments on Goods and Services, Tasmania
1999-2000
2000-01
$m
$m
Electricity
29
24
Freight
- Road
2.9
3.1
- Rail
7.7
4.4
- Sea
8.7
5.8
Port charges
3.6
1.2
Other goods and services(b)
315
260
(a) Does not include processors.
(b) Excludes contract labour.
Source: Tasmanian Minerals Council.
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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<D <M <Y
Y> M> D>
: I would like to say, well in advance of the actual conclusion, that I had nothing to do with it. Nothing. I disclaim any credit for the idea. Everyone might think it's a great idea, and then I might be made to look stupid for saying this, but even if other people think it's great, I don't want the credit for this idea. It's too easy, too unsubtle. That's not the leonardr way.
What am I talking about? You'll find out.
: Woohoo! My name is in a README! The DailyUpdate README, to be exact. Unfortunately, my actual code was not used, but at least I got credit for an idea.
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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Board and Chip Vendors
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 06:24, 10 January 2012 by Nandcon (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This page has a list of the companies or organizations that make processors or boards for embedded products. If you are looking for companies who sell Linux software or Linux-related services, see the Vendors page. If you are looking for companies who sell end-user products based on Linux, see Companies. If you are looking for information about specific development boards, see Category:Development Boards
Contents
A
B
• Bluetechnix makes tiny Blackfin modules to simplify custom board development
• Broadcom - makes ARM chips for mobile phone market
C
D
E
• EFlag Tech does custom Blackfin platform designs (software and hardware)
• eInfochips - The Solution People Open-RD based platform
• Elphel, Inc provide high performance Network Cameras based on Free Software and Hardware designs. Axis EtraxFS & Spartan 3e 1200k gates FPGA.
• Embest provides standard single board computers and custom modules based on different ARM processors from Atmel, Cirrus, NXP, Samsung and Texas Instruments for ARM embedded applications.
F
• Freescale Semiconductor - Wikipedia entry
• Freescale makes the MX31 ARM11-based processor (and associated development boards), among others.
• Freescale makes several PPC-based processors (and associated development boards) as well.
G
• Gumstix sells various very small processor and add-on boards. Especially interesting for robotics related projects.
H
• HITEG LTD does custom embedded board ,it focused on IT outsourcing and embedded technology(software and hardware)
• Hua Heng Tech does custom Blackfin platform designs (software and hardware)
• HV Sistemas S.L. makes tiny Blackfin modules to simplify custom board development
I
K
M
N
• NEC - makes ARM chips, used to make lots of MIPS chips
Q
• Qualcomm - makes multicore ARM MSM products that support Linux
• Their Snapdragon platform provides a 1GHz ARM core and advanced DSP.
R
S
T
• [Tianyeit]
• Sell the tiny Package -- Computer In Package base on TI OMAP35x/AM3517/omap4430/omap4460/dm3730/am3359
• Timll
• Reference Design and customized HW/SW Design Based on TI OMAP35x/AM3517
• TechNexion
• Expandable and fully customizable ARM system modules and interface boards
• Embedded x86 boards with coreboot and linux core extensions
• Texas Instruments - Wikipedia entry
• Texas Instruments makes the MSP430 MCUs, TMS320 C2000/C5000/C6000 DSPs, DaVinci/OMAP ARM+DSP-based processors, and others.
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Canada Land and Property RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 21:33, 29 June 2012 by Joycebevans (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Canada Land and Property
See also Provincial Land records' and Canada Land Records.
Use land records to learn where ancestors lived and when they lived there. Land records may give the:
• Names of spouse, children, other heirs, relatives, and neighbors.
• Place where a person lived previously.
• Occupation.
• Military service.
Naturalization information and other clues for further research.
Many people in Canada owned land, and a very high percentage of the population is named in land records. The availability of land attracted many immigrants to Canada and encouraged westward expansion. Land ownership was generally recorded in an area as soon as settlers began to arrive. These were often the first records available in an area. Although they may not be as easy to use, land records may give pedigree information for earlier times when other records were not kept.
In eastern Canada, most land records begin in the late 1700s. They include land petitions, fiats and warrants, land grants and patents, and deeds. The federal homestead era in the Prairie Provinces lasted almost 60 years (1872 to 1930). Homestead record files cover those years.
Contents
Loyalists
Special categories of land and property records applied to the American Loyalists, in Canada called United Empire Loyalists. Many Loyalists and their sons and daughters applied for land grants in present eastern Canada as compensation for war losses. Loyalists and their children were entitled to land grants without payment of fees. If a man could not prove service in a Loyalist corps, he or his children would have trouble claiming a Loyalist free land grant. Other loss claims were also presented.
Some Loyalist records are in the Locality Search of the Family History Library Catalog under LAND AND PROPERTY headings. Others are in the Subject section under AMERICAN LOYALISTS and UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS. For more information on Loyalists, See Canada Military Records.
Records of Land Grants and Transfer of Property in Eastern Canada
Landholding in New France was based on the seigneuries. Under this system, land was received as a feudal obligation in return for oaths of fealty and promises to perform certain duties.
English-language versions of the French king’s grants to the original seigneurs are in:
Land Grants of Seignories 1674–1760 Quebec. (Appendix to the 11th volume of the Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada.) Quebec: Secretary’s Office, 1853. (Family History Library book 971.4 R2s; film 1036410 item 10; fiche 6046787, computer number 42859.)
Except for a few books that contain transcriptions of some early records, the Family History Library has almost no other land records for Quebec based on the seigneurial system. Notarial records at the library sometimes do include references to this system of land tenure. See Canada Notarial Records, Quebec Notarial Records and Quebec Land and Property.
In most of British North America (early eastern Canada), the land grant process consisted of several steps, which varied from time to time and province to province. Between about 1784 and 1840, this process was typical:
The person wanting land submitted a petition or memorial to the Lieutenant Governor of the province.
The petition was read by a committee of the executive council. If approved, an order-in-council was issued, stating that the person was entitled to land.
Then a warrant to survey an available parcel of land was ordered.
When the survey was completed, and the applicant had met certain conditions, such as living on the land for a certain length of time, a land grant or patent was issued.
Other documents used in the land-granting process could include:
Receipts for fees paid (unless it was a Loyalist free grant).
Fiats and warrants authorizing grants.
Location tickets.
Surveyors’ reports describing the parcels of land awarded.
At the present time, provinces retain records about the initial granting of government lands. Records of subsequent sales or transfers are usually kept by land offices in the district or county where the land is located. Wills and deeds transferring property were sometimes copied into deed books. These are often indexed by grantor and grantee (seller and buyer).
The most family information is usually in land petitions. Some petitions may give little more than the name and address of the applicant, but others may give the petitioner’s:
Age.
Marital status and number of children.
Length of time in the province.
Former residence.
Past service to the Crown.
Applicants sometimes exaggerated their service and sometimes claimed more children living at home than they actually had.
During the Loyalist and immediate post-Loyalist eras, orders-in-council often included the name of the Loyalist father for whose service sons and daughters were claiming free grants. Other than petitions and orders-in-council, most land-grant documents have little or no family information. However, land records involved in court disputes and similar proceedings often contain a wealth of family information. See Ontario Land and Property for information about the "Township Papers" and "Heir and Devisee Commission" records that can fall into this category.
Homestead Records of Western Canada
Homesteading practices in Canada were patterned after those in the western United States. Homesteading began in Canada in 1872, about ten years after it began in the United States. Canadian federal homesteading ended in 1930, when the Prairie Provinces: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta assumed control of the Crown lands within their borders.
The Canadian parliament passed the Dominion Lands Act in 1872 to promote settlement and the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway through the Canadian West. Under that act, the homesteader paid only ten dollars for 160 acres, but was required to build a home and cultivate a certain number of acres within three years.
The federal government made a homestead record file for each person who applied for a homestead. This includes a description of the land filed for, the date of filing, and correspondence about the property. There may also be copies of naturalization papers or other kinds of immigration information. Names of other family members are sometimes included.
In 1930 the national government returned control of the homesteading process to the individual provinces. The provincial archives of Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan each have the homestead application files and indexes for their province. The indexes list the name of the homesteader, location of the homestead, and file number. For microfilms of indexes for Saskatchewan, see the Locality Search of the Family History Library Catalog under:
SASKATCHEWAN - LAND AND PROPERTY
See also Canada Land Records, an article about Canadian homesteading.
Land Description Systems
To use most land records you must know something about land description systems. Legal land descriptions in the western Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, and parts of British Columbia, are different from those in the eastern provinces.
Portions of eastern Canada, especially southern Ontario and the Eastern Townships (Cantons de l’Est) of Quebec, employed a survey system based on counties, townships, concessions, and farm lots. A county consisted of several named townships of unequal size and shape. Each township was divided into strips called concessions, and each concession was further divided into lots.
Equivalent land units in the remaining eastern provinces usually were not composed of concessions but of irregular farm lots. Early surveys of the Maritime Provinces used a metes-and-bounds system that described physical features of the land, such as "north fifty rods from the creek" or "S 10° W 38 rods to the red oak on hill."
About 1872, early in the homesteading era of the Prairie Provinces, the federal government adopted a survey system unlike that of eastern Canada, but similar to that of the western United States. Land was divided into square townships, each composed of 36 sections of 640 acres. The basic homestead was a quarter-section of 160 acres.
In legal land descriptions, township 1, range 1, west of the first meridian is shortened to 1-1-W1: the first figure represents township, the second figure represents range, and the third figure represents meridian. Thus, 3-25-W4 stands for the location of Cardston, Alberta, in township 3, range 25, west of the fourth meridian.
For more about counties, See Canada Historical Geography. Find maps of county boundaries in eastern Canada and of townships in western Canada in:
Atlas and Gazetteer of Canada. Ottawa: The Queen’s Printer, 1969. (Family History Library book 971 E3cd; computer number 160008.)
For more information about the land description system of western Canada, see:
McKercher, Robert B., and Bertram Wolfe. Understanding Western Canada’s Dominion Land Survey System. Revised and enlarged. Regina: Division of Extension and Community Relations, Univ. of Saskatchewan, 1986. (Family History Library book 971 R2m; computer number 490933.)
Diagrams of typical arrangements of farm lots in townships in the various provinces are in Eric Jonasson’s The Canadian Genealogical Handbook (see Canada For Further Reading.)
Land Indexes
Petitions usually have good indexes or are filed alphabetically. Other land records for eastern Canada are often not indexed by surname but are arranged by land parcels within townships. You may have to trace a piece of property through time in order to use those land records, rather than try to trace the family name through indexes.
Therefore, you must know the name of the township where your ancestor lived and the number of the lot he lived on. This information is in the agricultural schedules sometimes included with the 1851, 1861, 1871, and 1901 censuses. Illustrated historical atlases published about 1878 for some counties include maps showing names of landowners. See Canada Maps.
If you know the name of the eastern Canada locality where your ancestor was settled in 1871, Lovell’s Dominion Directory for 1871 shows the names of the townships and counties where the towns and villages were located. There are indexes to portions of Lovell’s directory (see Canada Directories).
Locating Land and Property Records
The Family History Library has:
Extensive province and county land records for Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.
A few land records for Quebec and Newfoundland.
A good collection of homestead applications for Saskatchewan.
Few land records for Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, Alberta, British Columbia, or the territories.
For records not at the Family History Library, see various archives and provincial and local land offices. There is usually a fee to make copies of records at land offices. Sometimes an attorney is required. To find the addresses of smaller land offices, check the local government pages of current telephone directories. To find the addresses and telephone numbers of major land offices in each province and territory, see:
Briggs, Elizabeth. Access to Ancestry: A Genealogical Resource Manual for Canadians Tracing Their Heritage. Winnipeg: Westgarth, 1995. (Family History Library book 971 D27be; computer number 749919.)
Microfilm copies of the series of homestead applications and indexes for all three Prairie Provinces are at the National Archives of Canada.
The Family History Library has many land petitions and indexes for New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Ontario.
Land records for eastern Canada are listed in the Family History Library Catalog under all jurisdictional levels, including:
[PROVINCE] - LAND AND PROPERTY
[PROVINCE], [COUNTY] - LAND AND PROPERTY
[PROVINCE], [COUNTY], [TOWNSHIP] - LAND AND PROPERTY
[PROVINCE], [COUNTY], [CITY] - LAND AND PROPERTY
Land records in Saskatchewan and other western provinces are usually cataloged under:
[PROVINCE] - LAND AND PROPERTY
A wiki article describing an online collection is found at:
New Brunswick, County Deed Registry Books (FamilySearch Historical Records)
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
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Volatility Framework
From Forensics Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
The revision #12980 of the page named "Volatility Framework" does not exist.
This is usually caused by following an outdated history link to a page that has been deleted. Details can be found in the deletion log.
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Minerals Alert June 2006
1. Australian Mineral Exploration Review for 2005
2. Tanami Seismic Workshop, June 2006
3. New SHRIMP results in OZCHRON
4. New Yilgarn synthesis: release of Geoscience Australia Record 2006/05
5. Update on geophysical survey data acquisition
6. Geophysical data releases
7. About Email Alert
1. Australian Mineral Exploration Review for 2005
Geoscience Australia has released a review of mineral exploration highlights in Australia for the year 2005. The review examines levels and trends in exploration in a national and global context. It also presents highlights of government programs that have released information to support exploration during the year. Overall expenditure in 2004-05 rose by 31% to $1028.3 million. 39.3% was spent on the search for new deposits. Total global non-ferrous mineral exploration budgets rose 38% to an estimated US$5.1 billion. Western Australia received 59% of Australian mineral exploration spending in 2004-05 as spending rose in all States except Victoria. Gold remained the main target but its share of spending was eroded by increased spending on nickel, copper, iron ore, coal and uranium. Exploration resulted in a substantial number of drill intersections of economic interest, the most notable being the discoveries of copper-gold mineralisation at Carrapateena (Gawler Craton), mineral sand in the Eucla Basin, and gold at the Trident deposit (Yilgarn Craton).
Copies of the review may be downloaded from the Geoscience Australia web site.
For further information, please email Mike Huleatt; or phone +61 (0)2 6249 9087.
2. Tanami Seismic Workshop, June 2006
The Evolution and Metallogenesis of the North Australia Craton conference, a joint conference between Geoscience Australia, the Northern Territory Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Western Australia will be held on 20-22 June in Alice Springs. Topics will include the evolution and metallogenesis of the Arunta and Tennant regions, metallogenesis and crustal architecture of the Tanami region as established using land seismic, and continental-scale drivers of mineralisation in the North Australia Craton. A post-workshop excursion will be run 23-27 June to examine the metallogeny and geology of the eastern Arunta region, including the Nolans Bore REE-P-U deposit.
The complete program and registration information on the Workshop can be found on our Conferences and Seminars page.
For further information, please email Dave Huston; or phone +61 (0)2 6249 9577.
3. New SHRIMP results in OZCHRON
New SHRIMP geochronology results and interpretations are now available through OZCHRON for samples from areas including the Amadeus Basin, Arunta Inlier, Birrindudu Basin, Davenport Geosyncline, Mount Isa region, Pine Creek Orogen, Tanami Inlier, New England Fold Belt and the Lachlan Fold Belt.
For further information, please email Narelle Neumann; or phone +61 (0)2 6249 9429.
4. New Yilgarn synthesis: release of Geoscience Australia Record 2006/05
This Record is a DVD open file release of the pmd*CRC Y2 project's final report to sponsors. The DVD contains a full colour 276 page PDF report with links to extensive appendices. The appendices include time-space syntheses, 3D earth models or maps as GOCAD objects, mantle tomography, gravity data inversions, seismic sections and data, tables of rock properties, and PowerPoint presentations. A copy of the DVD can be obtained on the Geoscience Australia web site or by emailing the Sales Centre.
For more information, please email Richard Blewett; or phone +61 (0)2 6249 9713.
5. Update on geophysical survey data acquisition
Requests for quotation closed on Wednesday 31 May for provision of gravity coverage in three new survey regions of Western Australia: Murchison, Webb and Western Tanami. These surveys will proceed subject to successful land access negotiations. Geoscience Australia will manage the gravity data acquisition program in the three new survey regions.
The status of current surveys is:
State Survey % Complete Gravity Stations Flight Lines Spacing Ground Clearance Comments
Paterson WA Airborne magnetic & radiometric 73% N/A east-west 400 m 60 m
Murchison WA Gravity N/A 3,600 new east-west 2.5 km N/A Survey covers all portions of the Belele, Cue, Glengarry & Sandstone standard 1:250 000 Map Sheet areas
Webb WA Gravity N/A 4,100 new east-west 2.5 km N/A Survey covers all portions of the Wilson, Webb, Ryan & Macdonald standard 1:250 000 Map Sheet areas
Western Tanami WA Gravity N/A 3,700 new east-west 2.5 km N/A Survey covers all portions of Gordon Downs, Billiluna & Lucas standard 1:250 000 Map Sheet Areas
Bowen-Surat North QLD Airborne magnetic & radiometric 60% N/A east-west 400 m 80 m
Isa A QLD Gravity 53% 6,700 new east-west 2 km N/A
Isa South West QLD Airborne magnetic & radiometric 57% N/A east-west 400 m 80 m
Jervois NT Gravity N/A 3,600 new east-west 2 km N/A Survey is expected to commence in the 1st week of June. The survey will cover the Huckitta, Tobermory, Illogwa Creek & Hay River standard 1:250 000 Map Sheet areas.
For further information, please email Murray Richardson; or phone +61 (0)2 6249 9229.
6. Geophysical data releases
Final located data and grids from airborne magnetic and radiometric surveys over the Gascoyne and East Yilgarn areas of WA will be released on Wednesday 7 June at 0900 AWST. The final datasets may be downloaded from the Geoscience Australia Geophysical Archive Data Delivery System (GADDS) facility at no charge.
For further information, please email Murray Richardson; or phone +61 (0)2 6249 9229.
7. About Email Alert
For more information contact Mike Huleatt on +61 2 6249 9087 or email mike.huleatt@ga.gov.au.
To view past editions of Geoscience Australia's Minerals Alert, visit the Minerals Alert Newsletter Archive.
Topic contact: minerals@ga.gov.au Last updated: September 26, 2012
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
ISRN Chromatography
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 649746, 9 pages
doi:10.5402/2012/649746
Review Article
Chromatographic Removal of Endotoxins: A Bioprocess Engineer's Perspective
1Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
2Biotechnology Research Institute, University Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Received 26 March 2012; Accepted 22 April 2012
Academic Editors: M. P. Marszall, M. A. Pozo-Bayon, and A. Sanches Silva
Copyright © 2012 Clarence M. Ongkudon et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are widely used for the production of gene-based products such as DNA vaccines and bio-drugs, where endotoxin contamination can occur at any point within the process and its removal is of great concern. In this article, we review the structures of endotoxin and the effects that it causes in vivo. The endotoxin removal strategies are also discussed in the light of the different interaction mechanisms involved between endotoxins and bioproducts particularly plasmid DNA and proteins. For most cases, endotoxin removal is favoured at a highly ionic or acidic condition. Various removal methods particularly chromatography-based techniques are covered in this article according to the relevant applications.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Endocrinology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 598180, 5 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/598180
Research Article
Bisphenol A and Metabolic Syndrome: Results from NHANES
1Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University School of Public Health, P.O. Box 9190, Morgantown, WV 26506-9190, USA
2Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
Received 21 August 2012; Accepted 29 October 2012
Academic Editor: Mario Maggi
Copyright © 2012 Srinivas Teppala et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background. Bisphenol A (BPA) is detected in the urine of 95% of US adults. Recent evidence from population-based studies suggests that BPA is associated with individual components for metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, no previous study has examined the direct association between BPA and MetS. Methods. We examined 2,104 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2008. The main outcome was the presence of MetS (). Results. Increasing levels of urinary BPA were positively associated with MetS, independent of confounders such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and urinary creatinine. Compared to tertile 1 (referent), the multivariable adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of MetS in tertile 3 was 1.51 (1.07–2.12); -trend was 0.02. Conclusions. Urinary BPA levels are positively associated with MetS, in a representative sample of US adults and independent of traditional risk factors for MetS. Future, prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings.
1. Introduction
According to national biomonitoring surveys conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the plasticizer, bisphenol A (BPA), is present in the urine of more than 95% of US adults [1, 2]. BPA is an endocrine disruptor with estrogen-like effects. Studies based on animal models suggest that BPA exposure is associated with insulin resistance and weight gain. Previous studies including those from our group [35] suggest that higher BPA exposure is related to individual components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) including hypertension [4, 6], diabetes mellitus [3, 79], insulin resistance [10], and obesity [5, 8, 11]. However, to our knowledge, there are no prior studies examining the association between BPA exposure and MetS in humans. In this context, we hypothesized that higher levels of BPA are independently associated to higher likelihood of MetS. We examined the association between urinary levels of BPA and MetS in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2008 (NHANES), a large nationally representative multiethnic sample of US adults.
2. Methods
The current study is based on data from NHANES 2003–2008 [1214]. In brief, the NHANES survey included a stratified multistage probability sample representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized US population. Subjects signed a consent form before their participation, and approval was obtained from the Human Subjects Committee in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [1214].
The current study sample consisted of participants aged ≥18 years among whom urinary BPA was available (). We further excluded subjects with missing data on waist circumference, fasting serum glucose, serum triglycerides, serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) for the definition of MetS, and other covariates used in our multivariable models. The final sample for the analysis comprised of 2,104 participants (51.0% women), of which 741 had MetS. Subjects who were excluded due to missing covariates were in general similar to the final study sample in terms of age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol intake, and moderate physical activity (see the Appendix).
Rigorous procedures with quality control checks were used in blood and urine collection, and details about these procedures are available online [1214]. Serum glucose, triglycerides, and HDL were measured enzymatically in the morning session (fasting sample) at the University of Missouri Diagnostic Laboratory. Seated systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer according to the American Heart Association and Seventh Joint National Committee (JNC7) recommendations [15]. Up to 3 measurements were averaged for systolic and diastolic pressures. Urinary creatinine analysis was based on the Jaffe reaction and using CX3 analyzer.
Previous measures of BPA in biological matrixes involved techniques such as gas chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography [16]. To achieve enhanced sensitivity and selectivity over previous methods, in the current NHANES, measures of environmental phenols were derivatized to alkyl or acyl derivatives before gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis [1719]. The lower limit of detection for BPA concentrations was 0.36 ng/mL.
MetS was defined based on the revised Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) guidelines [20] and included the following criteria: (1) abdominal obesity (waist circumference: ≥102 cm in men and ≥88 cm in women), (2) hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm of Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mm of Hg, use of medications for elevated blood pressure), (3) elevated serum triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL), (4) glucose intolerance (fasting serum glucose ≥100 mg/dL, medications for diabetes), and (5) reduced HDL (<40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women). Participants positive for 3 or more of the 5 measured components were considered to have MetS.
3. Statistical Analysis
Urinary BPA was categorized into tertiles (<1.4 ng/mL, 1.4–3.4 ng/mL, and >3.4 ng/mL). We hypothesized that high BPA levels are associated with MetS. The odds ratio [(OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)] of MetS for BPA was calculated by taking the lowest tertile (tertile1) as the referent, using multivariable logistic regression models. We used two models: the age and sex-adjusted model and the multivariable model, additionally adjusting for race/ethnicity, annual household income, smoking status, alcohol intake, moderate physical activity, and urinary creatinine (mg/dL). Trends in the OR of MetS across increasing urinary BPA categories were determined by modeling BPA as an ordinal variable. Sample weights that account for the unequal probabilities of selection, oversampling, and nonresponse were applied for all analyses using SAS (version 9.3; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) and SUDAAN software; standard errors (SEs) were estimated using the Taylor series linearization method.
4. Results
Table 1 shows the characteristics of the whole cohort. Participants with higher levels of BPA were more likely to be of non-Hispanic White race/ethnicity, currently smoking, have higher levels of alcohol intake, higher triglycerides, lower HDL, and higher urinary creatinine levels.
Table 1: Characteristics of the study population from NHANES 2003–2008a.
In Table 2, we examine the association between BPA and MetS. Overall, increasing levels of BPA were associated with MetS in both the age and sex-adjusted model and the multivariable model, where we additionally adjusted for race/ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol intake, annual household income, moderate physical activity, and urinary creatinine levels; values for trend were also significant (-trend = 0.02).
Table 2: Association between bisphenol A and metabolic syndrome.
5. Discussion
In a representative sample of US adults, we found that increasing levels of urinary BPA were positively associated with MetS. The observed association was found to be independent of confounding factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking, alcohol intake, moderate physical activity levels, and urinary creatinine. To our knowledge, our study is the first report on a positive association between BPA and MetS in humans.
BPA is a constituent monomer in polycarbonate plastics, used extensively in the manufacture of several consumer grade products including food packaging, bottled water and the lining of canned foods [21]. Recent studies have documented that over 95% of the US population have measurable concentrations of BPA in their urine [1, 2].
Several lines of recent evidence suggest that our findings of an association between BPA and MS are plausible. Previous studies based on animal models provide evidence towards both the endocrine disrupting and estrogen-like effects of BPA and suggest that BPA exposure is related to increased insulin resistance [22] and, therefore, has a role in weight gain and the development of obesity [5, 8, 23]. In an experimental study on human tissue explants, Hugo et al. found that increasing levels of BPA inhibit the release of the beneficial lipid modulating hormone adiponectin, implicating BPA in the development of insulin resistance and MetS [24]. Furthermore, BPA was also associated with known MetS risk factors such as hypertension [4, 6] and diabetes [3, 79] in previous studies.
The main strengths of our study include its nationally representative sample, use of rigorous study methods to collect the data, and the availability of extensive data on confounders [1214]. The main study limitation is that the current study is cross-sectional in nature, therefore, making it impossible to draw cause effects in the observed associations. Another concern to our observed association between BPA levels and MetS is the potential confounding role of diet. It has been shown that majority of BPA exposure in humans is dietary (e.g., the modern Western fast-food diet and drinking canned/bottled sodas) [25], and the same types of diet have been shown to be associated with MetS [26]. Also, recent reports on the pharmacokinetics of BPA suggest that in humans most of BPA is metabolized before it reaches the systemic circulation [27, 28]; therefore, the observed BPA-MetS association may be noncausal and confounded by unhealthy diet.
Previous studies have suggested the inclusion of several additional markers associated with insulin resistance and increased cardiovascular risk, such as hyperuricemia [29], nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [30], polycystic ovary syndrome [31], and hypogonadism [32] towards the assessment of MetS. However, in the current study, our definition of MetS is based on the revised ATP III guidelines [20], which do not include these markers. Since BPA may be positively associated with many of these markers, using the ATP III definition for MetS may have attenuated our observed association. Future studies on BPA and MetS should try to also incorporate these newly suggested markers of MetS to study the true association.
In conclusion, we found that in a nationally representative sample of US adults, higher exposure to BPA was positively associated with MetS independent of confounding factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking, alcohol, moderate physical activity and urinary creatinine. If confirmed in future prospective studies, reducing environmental exposure to BPA may potentially have a role in the prevention of MetS.
Appendix
See Table 3.
Table 3: Comparison of those who were included the final analytic sample to those who were excluded due to missing dataa.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that they have no actual or potential conflict of interests.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by NIH/NIEHS Grants 1R01ES021825-01 and 5 R03 ES018888-02 to A. Shankar. All of the authors contributed to the intellectual development of this paper. S. Teppala wrote the first draft of the paper and performed the statistical analyses. A. Shankar had the original idea for the study, provided statistical expertise, provided critical comments to the paper, was involved in revisions and is the guarantor. S. Madhavan provided critical comments to the paper, and was involved in revisions.
References
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32. G. Corona, M. Monami, G. Rastrelli et al., “Testosterone and metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis study,” Journal of Sexual Medicine, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 272–283, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 476380, 7 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/476380
Review Article
Inflammation as a Link between Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Division of Endocrinology, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy
Received 1 July 2011; Revised 19 October 2011; Accepted 3 November 2011
Academic Editor: H. Vannucchi
Copyright © 2012 Faloia Emanuela et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a complex of clinical features leading to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus in both sexes. Visceral obesity and insulin resistance are considered the main features determining the negative cardiovascular profile in metabolic syndrome. The aim of this paper is to highlight the central role of obesity in the development of a chronic low-grade inflammatory state that leads to insulin resistance, endothelial and microvascular dysfunctions. It is thought that the starting signal of this inflammation is overfeeding and the pathway origins in all the metabolic cells; the subsequent increase in cytokine production recruits immune cells in the extracellular environment inducing an overall systemic inflammation. This paper focuses on the molecular and cellular inflammatory mechanisms studied until now.
1. Introduction
Metabolic syndrome represents one of the major public health challenges worldwide. Different definitions are available describing overlapping but not identical population [1]. The first description goes back to 1988 when Reaven described Syndrome X as the association of insulin resistance, elevated glucose, hypertension, low HDL cholesterol, and augmented VLDL triglycerides [2]. However he did not include obesity, now identified as one of the essential criterion, especially visceral obesity [1].
Overweight and obesity progress to metabolic syndrome through pathophysiological mechanisms at the moment largely unclear. It has been hypothesized that the state of chronic low-grade inflammation associated with excess adipose tissue may explain the development of the obesity-related pathologies, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. This inflammatory response is different from the classical responce defined by the cardinal signs of redness, swelling, heat, and pain [3, 4]. Furthermore, it plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance that triggers the associated comorbidities of metabolic syndrome, such as atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, hypertension, prothrombotic state, and hyperglycemia [58].
2. Metabolic Syndrome
2.1. Prevalence and Definition
The metabolic syndrome is identified as a condition of increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in both sexes. Subjects with metabolic syndrome have three times risk of suffering a heart attack or stroke, twice of dying from such an event, and fivefold greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus when compared to people without the metabolic syndrome [9].
It was first described in 1920 when Kylin, a Swedish physician, demonastrated the association of high blood pressure (hypertension), high blood glucose (hyperglycaemia), and gout [10]. Later in 1947, Vague described that the visceral obesity was commonly associated with the metabolic abnormalities found in CVD and T2DM [11].
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome varies depending on the definition applied, the ethnicity, and the age of the study population. The two currently used definitions are that of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) and the other one of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). They describe overlapping but not identical populations. The major difference is that the first one sets the presence of three of five possible components, whereas the second one identifies in the waist circumference, and therefore in the abdominal obesity, the mandatory diagnostic criterion (Table 1) [12, 13].
Table 1: The most widely used definitions for metabolic syndrome.
Both AHA/NHLBI and IDF recognize the need of a variable definition of elevated waist circumference among different populations. The IDF suggests for Europids a threshold for increased waist circumference of at least 94 cm in men and 80 cm in women; whereas the AHA/NHLBI defines for the US population the cutoff of at least 102 cm for men and 88 cm for women (Table 1) [12, 13]. Two important studies show the rationale for using different cut-off points of waist circumference in people of Asian extraction [14, 15]. East Asian and South Asian populations may have significant differences in lipid indices, fat mass as a proportion of BMI and cardiovascular morbidity. More studies are necessary to clarify these differences before consensus on separate cutoffs for waist circumference will be established for these ethnic groups [16].
3. Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk Condition
It is evident that a condition characterized by multiple risk factors will carry a greater risk for adverse clinical outcomes.
The so-called classic risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) include many of the components of the metabolic syndrome. The most widely applied prediction equation is the Framingham risk score, less well validated for persons with T2DM rather than without T2DM [17]. More recently, Oxford investigators have developed a risk engine based on the large UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) database with validated CVD risk estimate for people with T2DM [1820]. Both methods take into consideration clinical parameters, as well as age, smoking, blood pressure, and serum lipid levels. The UKPDS risk engine also includes duration of diabetes and plasma glucose levels.
4. Obesity
4.1. Prevalence and Definition
Obesity is a metabolic disease of pandemic proportion. The World Health Organization estimates that 300 million of adults worldwide are obese and more than 1 billion are overweight [21].
Obesity is commonly classified into subgroups depending on suspected etiology: monogenic obesity, syndromic obesity, and polygenic or common obesity [22].
The monogenic obesity is an autosomal form characterized by an extremely severe obesity in the absence of developmental delays; there are about 20 single gene disruptions that result in an autosomal form of obesity [23]. Interestingly, all these mutations position the leptin/melanocortin pathway in the central nervous system (CNS) as critical in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis, and obesity in these cases appears to be the result of increased appetite and diminished satiety [24].
Syndromic obesity arises from discrete genetic defects or chromosomal abnormalities at several genes, and it can be autosomal or X-linked. They are clinically obese subjects additionally distinguished by mental retardation, dysmorphic features and organ-specific developmental abnormalities; one of the most well-known forms of syndromic obesity is Prader-Willi syndrome [22].
The most common form of obesity, which affects the general population, is the polygenic form resulting from a long-term positive energy balance; the energy excess is stored in adipose tissue and, if this process is prolonged, obesity develops. The balance between energy intake and expenditure is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and social factors. In common obesity, some yet unclear signals lead to insulin resistance and to health risks, such as increased risk of CVD [25].
A positive energy balance or obesity can also be secondary to systemic disorders: hypothyroidism diminishes energy need, insulinoma causes obesity by promoting energy intake via recurrent hypoglycemia, and Cushing disease is associated with obesity of the classical centripetal type. Other etiological factors of obesity include the binge eating disorder, a high glycemic diet, a sedentary lifestyle, and use of certain medications like psychotropic drugs [26].
Obesity is a potent risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular disease at the population level. At the individual patient level, however, correlations between body mass index and cardiovascular disease are not always straightforward due, in part, to differences among adipose tissue depots with respect to the overall rate of adipocyte dysfunction, tissue vascularization, and local degree of inflammation. Adipose tissue develops in several distinct anatomical depots within the body, and the differential expansion of these depots is of great importance. Expansion of visceral or abdominal white adipose tissue (WAT) has been most strongly correlated to insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease in humans and animals. Several studies have documented that peripheral adiposity (especially leg fat) may protect against cardiovascular risk [27, 28].
5. Obesity and Inflammation
One challenge aspect of metabolic syndrome is understanding the cellular mechanisms that link the metabolic abnormalities with the pathophysiological effects that later generate clinical disease.
The link between obesity and inflammation has been derived from the finding that proinflammatory cytokines are overexpressed in obesity [29].
Adipose tissue is an heterogeneous mix of adipocytes, stromal preadipocytes, immune cells, and endothelium, and it can respond rapidly and dynamically to alterations in nutrient excess through adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia [30]. With obesity and progressive adipocyte enlargement, the blood supply to adipocytes may be reduced with consequent hypoxia [31]. Hypoxia has been proposed to be an inciting etiology of necrosis and macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue that leads to a overproduction of proinflammatory factors like inflammatory chemokines. This results in a localized inflammation in adipose tissue that propagates an overall systemic inflammation associated with the development of obesity-related comorbidities [32]. This paper will focus on three adipokine produced by macrophages: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and adiponectin [33].
TNF-α. It is a proinflammatory cytokine that exerts numerous effects in adipose tissue including lipid metabolism and insulin signaling whose circulating levels are increased with obesity and decreased with weight loss. An increase in TNF-α promotes the secretion of other proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, and reduces anti-inflammatory cytokines like adiponectin [34]. Evidence suggests that TNF-α induces adipocytes apoptosis [35] and promotes insulin resistance by the inhibition of the insulin receptor substrate 1 signaling pathway [36].
IL-6.The primary source of circulating IL-6 is macrophages that have infiltrated WAT; IL-6 has an important role in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis and inflammation. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that IL-6 is capable of suppressing lipoprotein lipase activity. IL-6 receptor is also expressed in several regions of the brain, such as the hypothalamus, in which it controls appetite and energy intake [37].
Adiponectin. Weight loss has been shown to increase adiponectin levels; in animal models of obesity and insulin resistance, its levels are reduced. Adiponectin regulates lipid and glucose metabolism, increases insulin sensibility, regulates food intake and body weight, and protects against chronic inflammation [38]. Human studies show that hypoadiponectinemia is associated with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and the possibility of developing type 2 diabetes, independent of fat mass [39].
Furthermore, more recent studies have been focused on the intracellular pathways of inflammation. In obesity, it is thought that the starting signal of inflammation is overfeeding and the pathway origins in all the metabolic cells, for example, in the adipocyte, hepatocyte, or myocyte. Studies in mice and humans evidence that consumption of nutrients may acutely evoke inflammatory responses [40, 41]. Metabolic cells, such as adipocytes, respond to this insult beginning the inflammatory response. In obese men and women, if compared with lean controls, adipose tissue and liver display an increased activation of three kinases able to induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines: the c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), the inhibitor of k kinase (IKK), and the protein kinase R (PKR) [42, 43]. In the same metabolic tissues, the inflammasome and the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of the innate immune system are also activated [4446]. Nutrients or inflammatory signals may activate the TLRs pathways and downstream JNK, IKK, and PKR. These kinases regulate downstream transcriptional programs through the transcription factors activator protein-1 (AP-1), NF-κB, and interferon regulatory factor (IRF), inducing upregulation of inflammatory mediator gene expression. The increase in cytokines exacerbates receptor activation by establishing a positive feedback loop of inflammation and the inhibitory signaling of metabolic pathways [8].
The hypothesis is that nutrients are not self and therefore elicit an immune response when metabolized, or they are naturally associated with inflammatory molecules released into the circulation [47, 48]. In lean healthy animals, a low pulsatile inflammatory response occurs during the feeding and resolves after the nutrients are metabolized [40, 41]. In obesity or in overfeeding, responses become more intense and resolution less efficient. These signals accumulate over time and may reach a level where the professional immune cells are recruited and activated leading to an unresolved inflammatory response within the tissue [43, 45]. The quality of diet may produce different responses: a diet rich in fruit and fibre is reported to not induce significant inflammation compared to an equicaloric high-fat diet [49].
6. Insulin Resistance and Endothelial/Microvascular Dysfunction
Inflammation in obesity results in the inhibition of the insulin receptor signaling cascade: the three kinases described above, JNK-IKK-PKR, can target insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) for serine phosphorilation and degradation [68].
Insulin has important effects on the endothelium, increasing nitric oxide (NO) availability and stimulating vasodilatation [50]. In contrast, insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction. [51, 52].
Endothelial and microvascular dysfunction are present in obese subjects and represent important factors in metabolic disturbances, since they could influence both vascular resistance and insulin-mediated glucose disposal, contributing to hypertension and insulin resistance in obesity [52, 53].
Endothelial dysfunction is an early process in obesity: it is present even in the absence of hypertension or hyperglycemia, and it is associated with visceral obesity suggesting that obesity is an independent risk factor. It is characterized by impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, reduced arterial compliance, and accelerated process of atherosclerosis [54].
It has been hypothesised an inflammatory aetiology for both obesity and atherosclerosis [5557]. Immune cells play an important role in all stages of the atherosclerotic process [58]; in addiction, a reduction in NO, a key regulator of endothelial homeostasis, and an increase in reactive oxygen species result in endothelial dysfunction and a proatherogenic vascular bed [59].
Therefore, Gavin and collegues demonstrated a microvascular dysfunction in obese subjects resulting in a reduction on capillary density in skeletal muscle and skin when compared to lean individuals. This produces a blunted response to vasodilatation induced by oral glucose loading probably due to impaired capillary recruitment in response to an increased plasma insulin level. There is also a reduction in transcapillary delivery of insulin to muscle in obese subjects [60].
7. The Effect of Different Therapeutic Approaches on Inflammatory Markers
Considering the obesity-induced inflammatory state, studies from the literature have evaluated therapeutic interventions by interfering with inflammatory mediators.
In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the pancreatic IL1-receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) expression is reduced and high glucose concentrations induce IL-1 production in β-cells leading to impaired insulin secretion, decreased cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Larsen et al., using anakinra, a recombinant human IL-1Ra, in 70 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, observed after 13 weeks an improved β-cell secretory function (reduced glycated haemoglobin level, enhanced C-peptide secretion, reduced ratio of proinsulin to insulin) and a reduction of IL-6 and C-reactive protein, markers of systemic inflammation [61]. The same authors in a 39-week follow-up study investigated the durability of these responses: the reduced proinsulin/insulin ratio and CRP and IL-6 serum levels were maintained. The improvement in β-cell function could be a consequence of inhibited IL-1 signaling and not only of improved glycaemia per se [62].
In obese humans are observed increased circulating levels of TNF-α; this event has been proposed to be causatively involved in the evolution of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and its complications.
Animal studies showing that interference with TNF-α signaling protects against developing the metabolic syndrome in obesity and studies in patients with chronic inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, clearly show that quenching TNF-α activity improves insulin sensitivity [63, 64].
Alternatively, some studies were conducted to demonstrate the effect of TNF-α neutralization on insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes: most of them indicated no appreciable effect of TNF-α neutralization on insulin sensitivity [6567].The basis for this controversy is unclear but may relate to patient populations studied or length of clinical trials; all these studies potentially did not allow sufficient time for normalization of the metabolic derangements. In fact more recently, a long-term study conducted in obese subjects with glucose alterations and subclinical inflammation treated with etanercept, TNF-α antagonist, found an improved fasting glucose, increased ratio of high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin to total adiponectin, and decreased soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM) [68].
However, this evidence brings to question whether in TNF-α is a causative link between adiposity and insulin resistance [69].
The thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of potent agonists of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), increasing the activation of this transcription factor in adipose tissue, restores lipogenic function and decrease inflammation [70]. TZDs also block the ability of TNF-α to alter the most proximal steps of insulin signaling through the serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and increase adiponectin expression [71]. One in vitro study demonstrated that adiponectin exerts potent immunosuppressive properties inducing the production of anti-inflammatory mediators IL-10 and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in a variety of myeloid cell types. IL-10 can inhibit the production of many other proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1, IL-2, INFγ, and TNF-α and impairs the phagocytic and all-stimulatory capacity of macrophages [72].
In addition, adiponectin through the upregulation of IL-10 increases the tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) levels in human macrophages preventing the extracellular degradation [73].
8. Conclusions
The association between visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome is well known, but the pathophysiological mechanisms that explain this link are not completely understood. Metabolic syndrome is a complex of clinical features, the most important of which is an increased visceral fat depot. Obesity results in a proinflammatory state starting in the metabolic cells (adipocyte, hepatocyte, or myocyte) and also recruiting immune cells with the consequent release of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, adiponectin, etc.). It has been hypothesized that the obesity-induced inflammatory process may lead to complications such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus which characterize metabolic syndrome (Figure 1), but other studies are necessary to focus on the role of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.
Figure 1: Mechanisms linking abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. TNF-α : tumour necrosis factor alpha; IL-6 : interleukin 6; NO : nitric oxide; ROS : reactive oxygen species; JNK : c-jun N-terminal kinase; IKK : Inhibitor of k kinase; PKR : protein kinase R.
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Fixing No Root Login for KDM
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Nano Express
Annealing of gold nanostructures sputtered on polytetrafluoroethylene
Jakub Siegel1*, Robert Krajcar1, Zdeňka Kolská2, Vladimír Hnatowicz3 and Václav Švorčík1
Author affiliations
1 Department of Solid State Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
2 Department of Chemistry, J.E. Purkyně University, Ceské mládeze 8, 400 96 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
3 Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rez, Czech Republic
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Citation and License
Nanoscale Research Letters 2011, 6:588 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-6-588
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/6/1/588
Received:23 August 2011
Accepted:11 November 2011
Published:11 November 2011
© 2011 Siegel et al; licensee Springer.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Gold nanolayers sputtered on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface and their changes induced by post-deposition annealing at 100°C to 300°C are studied. Changes in surface morphology and roughness are examined by atomic force microscopy, electrical sheet resistance by two point technique, zeta potential by electrokinetic analysis and chemical composition by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in dependence on the gold layer thickness. Transition from discontinuous to continuous gold coverage takes place at the layer thicknesses 10 to 15 nm and this threshold remains practically unchanged after the annealing at the temperatures below 200°C. The annealing at 300°C, however, leads to significant rearrangement of the gold layer and the transition threshold increases to 70 nm. Significant carbon contamination and the presence of oxidized structures on gold-coated samples are observed in XPS spectra. Gold coating leads to a decrease in the sample surface roughness. Annealing at 300°C of pristine PTFE and gold-coated PTFE results in significant increase of the sample surface roughness.
Introduction
Up to now, many efforts have been spent to produce smart materials with extraordinary properties usable in broad range of technological applications. In the last two decades, it has been demonstrated that properties of new prospective materials depend not only on their chemical composition but also on the dimensions of their building blocks which may consist of common materials [1,2]. Besides other interesting properties of nanostructured gold systems, such as catalytic effects or magnetism [2,3], which both originate from surface and quantum size effects, they are also extremely usable, those which are closely connected with the average number of atoms in the nanoparticles. The properties and behavior of extremely small gold particles completely differ from those of bulk materials, e.g., their melting point [2,4,5], density [6], lattice parameter [6-8], and electrical or optical properties [6,7,9] are dramatically changed. Exceptional properties of gold nanoparticles offer completely new spectrum of applications. For example, the ability to control the size and shape of the particles and their surface conjugation with antibodies allows for both selective imaging and photothermal killing of cancer cells [10-12] due to their excellent biocompatibility [13] and unique properties in surface plasma resonance [14]. Besides the medicinal applications, gold nanolayers and nanoparticles are nowadays also used in sensor technology [15] or surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [16].
Recently, new technique has been proposed for modification of Au nanolayer deposited on glass substrate, based on intensive post-deposition annealing [7,9]. Resulting structures are "hummock-like" isolated gold islands uniformly distributed over the substrate. The formation of new structures may be due to the accelerate diffusion and stress relaxation in gold nanolayer.
In this work, we studied the changes in surface morphology and other physico-chemical properties of gold nanolayers, sputtered on polytetrafluoroethylene surface induced by post-deposition annealing.
Experimental details
Substrate and Au deposition
The present experiments were performed on poly(tetrafluoroethylene) foil (PTFE, thickness of 50 956;m, Tg = 126°C, and Tf = 327°C) supplied by Goodfellow Ltd., UK. The gold layers were sputtered on polymer foil (2 cm in diameter). The sputtering was accomplished on Balzers SCD 050 device from gold target (supplied by Goodfellow Ltd., Huntingdon, England, UK). The deposition conditions were: DC Ar plasma, gas purity 99.995%, discharge power of 7.5 W, sputtering time 0 to 550 s. Under these experimental conditions, homogeneous distribution of gold over the substrate surface is expected [17]. Post-deposition annealing of Au-covered PTFE was carried out in air at 300°C (± 3°C) for 1 h using a thermostat Binder oven. The heating rate was 5°C.min−1 and the annealed samples were left to cool in air to room temperature (RT).
Diagnostic techniques
Electrokinetic analysis (determination of zeta potential) of pristine and Au-coated PTFE foils was accomplished on SurPASS Instrument (Anton Paar, Graz, Austria). Samples were studied inside the adjustable gap cell in contact with the electrolyte (0.001 mol.dm−3 KCl). For each measurement a pair of polymer foils with the same top layer was fixed on two sample holders (with a cross-section of 20 × 10 mm2 and gap between that is 100 956;m) [18]. All samples were measured four times at constant pH value with the relative error of 10%. The used method was streaming current and zeta potential was calculated by Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation [19].
An Omicron Nanotechnology ESCAProbeP spectrometer was used to measure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra [20]. The analyzed areas had dimensions of 2 × 3 mm2. The X-ray source provided monochromatic radiation of 1,486.7 eV. The spectra were measured stepwise with a step in the binding energy of 0.05 eV at each of the six different sample positions. The spectra evaluation was carried out by using CasaXPS software. The composition of the various elements is given in atomic percent disregarding hydrogen, which cannot be assessed by XPS.
Surface morphology of as-sputtered and annealed gold layers deposited for different sputtering times was examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM images were taken under ambient conditions on a Digital Instruments CP II set-up working in tapping mode in order to eliminate damage of the sample surface. A Veeco phosphorous-doped silicon probe RTESPA-CP (Veeco, Mannheim, Germany) with spring constant of 20 to 80 N.m−1 was chosen. AFM working in contact mode was also used to determine thickness of sputtered gold by scratch method. The scratch on glass substrate was made in ten different positions on as-sputtered samples and scanned in contact mode [20]. In this case, a Veeco phosphorous-doped silicon probe CONT20A-CP with spring constant 0.9 N.m−1 was chosen. Thickness variations do not exceed 5%. All AFM scans were acquired at scanning rate of 1 Hz. Due to the morphology changes evoked by the annealing, the sputtered layer thickness could only be satisfactorily determined in the case of as-sputtered samples. Thus, in the case of annealed samples, the effective thickness is defined as the thickness of as-sputtered gold which is considered to be the same for annealed structures deposited for the corresponding deposition time.
Sheet resistance (Rs) of the gold layers was measured by standard two point method. Two gold contacts, defining measured area (about 50 nm thick) on the layer surface were prepared by sputtering. We define an electrically continuous layer as a layer, where the declining sheet resistance reaches a saturated minimum.
Results and discussion
The dependence of the electrical sheet resistance (Rs) of the gold layer on its thickness before and after annealing (at 100°C, 200°C, and 300°C) is shown in Figure 1. For the as-sputtered samples the sheet resistance decreases rapidly in the narrow thickness from 10 to 15 nm when an electrical continuous gold coverage is formed. The resulting sheet resistance is saturated at a level of ca 200 Ω. From the measured Rs and effective layer thickness, layer resistivity R (ohm centimeter) was calculated, which appears to be orders of magnitude higher than that reported for metallic bulk gold (RAubulk = 2.5 × 10−6 Ω cm [21], e.g., for 100-nm thick Au layer RAu100 nm = 1 × 10−3 Ω cm). The higher resistivity of thin gold structures is due to the size effect in accord with the Matthiessen rule [22]. It is an empirical rule, which states that the total resistivity of a crystalline metallic specimen is the sum of the resistivity due to thermal agitation of the metal ions of the lattice and the resistivity due to the presence of imperfections in the crystal. Imperfections such as impurity atoms, interstitials, dislocations, and grain boundaries scatter conduction electrons because in their immediate vicinity, the electrostatic potential differs from that of the perfect crystal. Owing to the limited material dimensions and resulting high surface-to-bulk ratio, the development of new allowed surface states occurs which affects local electrostatic potential. As a result, conduction electrons are scattered during electrical measurements performed on thin metal layers which causes higher resistivity compared to bulk material. Annealing at temperatures below 200°C causes only mild shift in the resistance curve towards thicker layers. Transition from electrically discontinuous to electrically continuous layer in case of low temperature annealed samples is more gradual and occurs between the effective layer thicknesses from 10 to 20 nm regarding the annealing temperature. After annealing at 300°C a dramatic change in the resistance curve is observed. The annealed layers are electrically discontinuous up to the Au effective thickness of 70 nm above which the continuous coverage is created and a percolation limit is overcome. However, for longer sputtering times up to 550 s, the sheet resistance changes slowly and it achieves a saturation which is observed on the as-sputtered layers and layers annealed at low temperatures.
Figure 1. Sheet resistance. Dependence of the sheet resistance (Rs) on Au layer thickness for as-sputtered samples (RT) and the samples annealed at 100°C, 200°C, 300°C.
Besides of the sheet resistance, measurement information on the layer structure and homogeneity can be obtained in another way too. Here, complementary information on the layer homogeneity is obtained from XPS spectra.
Figure 2A,B shows intensity normalized XPS spectra (line Au 4f) of 20- and 80-nm thick sputtered gold layers, respectively. Black line refers to as-sputtered layer and blue line to one annealed at 300°C. Annealing of the 80-nm thick gold layer does not change the XPS spectrum. In contrast, the annealing of the 20-nm thick layer results in strong broadening of both lines which is due to the sample charging in the course of the XPS analysis. The charging is closely related to the change in the layer morphology: from electrically continuous one for as-sputtered sample to discontinuous one after the annealing procedure [9]. This observation is in agreement with above described results of the sheet resistance measurements (see Figure 1).
Figure 2. Normalized XPS spectra. Intensity normalized XPS spectra (line Au (4f)) of 20-nm (A) and 80-nm (B) thick sputtered Au layers on PTFE before (black line) and after (blue line) annealing at 300°C.
Concentrations of chemical elements on the very sample surface (accessible depth of 6 to 8 atomic layers) determined from XPS spectra are summarized in Table 1. The XPS data were obtained for the samples with 20- and 80-nm thick gold layers, both as-sputtered and annealed at 300°C. Total carbon concentration and the carbon concentration coming from PTFE (calculated from XPS data) are shown in columns 1 and 2 of the table, respectively. Major part of the carbon is due to sample contamination. Fluorine to PTFE carbon ratio F/CPTFE is close to that expected for PTFE (about 2). By the annealing at 300°C, the ratio decreases to 1.7 for both layer thicknesses. The decrease may be due to reorientation of polar C-F groups induced by thermal treatment. Oxygen detected in the samples may result from oxygen incorporation during gold sputtering which may be accompanied by partial degradation and oxidation of PTFE macromolecular chain or degradation products. Subsequent annealing leads to reorientation of the oxidized groups toward the sample bulk and corresponding decrease of the surface concentration of oxygen. The same effects have been observed earlier on plasma-modified polyolefines [23]. It is also evident from Table 1 that annealing causes resorption of contamination carbon both hydrogenated and oxidized one [24]. Changes in the morphology of the gold layer after the annealing are manifested in changes of the gold and fluorine concentrations as observed in XPS spectra. After the annealing, the observed gold concentration decreases and fluorine concentration increases dramatically, these changes clearly indicate formation of isolated Au islands similarly as in case of Au-coated glass substrate [9].
Table 1. Atomic concentrations
Another quantity characterizing the structure of the sputtered gold layers is zeta potential determined from electrokinetic analysis. Dependence of zeta potential on the gold layer thickness for as-sputtered samples (RT) and annealed samples at 300°C is shown in Figure 3. For as-sputtered samples and very thin gold layers, the zeta potential is close to that of pristine PTFE due to the discontinuous gold coverage since the PTFE surface plays dominant role in zeta potential value. Then, for thicker layers, where the gold coverage prevails over the original substrate surface, the zeta potential decreases rapidly and for the thicknesses above 20 nm remains nearly unchanged, indicating total coverage of original substrate by gold. For annealed samples, the dependence on the layer thickness is quite different. It is seen that the annealing leads to a significant increase of the zeta potential for very thin layers. This increase may be due to thermal degradation of the PTFE accompanied by production of excessive polar groups on the polymer surface, which plays the important role when the gold coverage is discontinuous. Moreover, the surface roughness increases at this moment too (see Table 1 and Figure 4 below) [25]. Then, for medium thicknesses, ranging from 20 to 70 nm, the zeta potential remains unchanged and finally it decreases again for higher thicknesses due to the formation of continuous gold coverage. It appears that the results of electrokinetic analysis (Figure 3) and measurement of the sheet resistance (Figure 1) are highly correlated. The rapid decrease in the sheet resistance occurs at the same layer thickness as the decrease in zeta potential. Both correlated changes are connected with creation of continuous, conductive gold coverage. Another interesting fact is that even for the layers with thicknesses above 80 nm, the values of the zeta potential measured on as-sputtered and annealed samples differ significantly. This can be due to higher fluorine concentration in the annealed samples and the fact that the C-F bond is more polar and exhibits higher wettability. It should be also noted that the value of the zeta potential may be affected by the surface roughness too (see below). In general, it follows that the thicker the gold coverage the lower the zeta potential is, reflecting the electrokinetic potencial of metal itself.
Figure 3. Zeta potential. Dependence of zeta potential on the Au layer thickness for as-sputtered samples (RT) and the samples annealed at 300°C.
Figure 4. AFM images of pristine (PTFE) and Au-coated (PTFE/Au) samples (thickness of 20 nm). Before (RT) and after annealing at 300°C. Numbers in frames are measured surface roughnesses Ra in nanometers.
The changes in the surface morphology after the annealing were studied by AFM. AFM scans of pristine and Au-coated (20 nm) samples before and after annealing are presented in Figure 4. One can see that the annealing causes a dramatic increase in the surface roughness of the pristine polymer. Since the annealing temperature markedly exceeds PTFE glassy transformation temperature (TgPTFE = 126°C) the increase in the surface roughness is probably due to thermally induced changes of PTFE amorphous phase. The gold sputtering leads to a measurable reduction of the sample surface roughness. The reduction may be due to preferential gold growth in hollows at the PTFE surface. Annealing of the gold-coated sample leads to significant increase of the surface roughness too. In this case, the increase is a result of both, the changes in the surface morphology of underlying PTFE and the changes in the morphology of the gold layer. After annealing, the surface roughness of pristine and gold-coated samples is practically the same. This finding is in contradiction with similar study accomplished on gold layers deposited on glass substrate [9]. Possible explanation of this fact probably lies in much better flatness of the glass substrate and in lower thermal stability of PTFE substrate during annealing.
Conclusions
The properties of thin gold layers sputtered on the PTFE substrate and their changes after annealing at 100°C to 300°C were studied by different methods. Chemical composition, electrical conductivity, surface morphology, and zeta potential of the layers as a function of the layer thickness were determined. Attention was focused on the transition from partial to complete gold coverage of PTFE substrate. From the measurement of the sheet resistance the transition from discontinuous to continuous gold coverage was found at the layer thicknesses 10 to 15 nm for as-sputtered samples. After annealing at 300°C, the transition point increase to about 70 nm, the increase indicating substantial rearrangement of the gold layer. The rearrangement is confirmed also by XPS measurement and an electrokinetic analysis. By XPS measurement, contamination of the gold coated PTFE samples with carbon and the presence of oxidized structures created during gold sputtering were proved. The annealing results in significant increase of the surface roughness of both pristine- and gold-sputtered PTFE.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
JS participated in surface morphology measurements and designed and drafted the study. RK carried out resistance measurements together with its evaluation. ZK carried out zeta potential measurements. VH and VŠ conceived of the study and participated in its coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the GA CR under the projects 106/09/0125, P108/10/1106, and P108/11/P337, and AS CR under the project KAN200100801 and by Ministry of Education of the CR under the program LC 06041.
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22. Chopra K: Thin Film Phenomena. New York: Wiley; 1969.
23. Švorčík V, Kotál V, Siegel J, Sajdl P, Macková A, Hnatowicz V: Ablation and water etching of poly(ethylene) modified by argon plasma.
Polym Degrad Stabil 2007, 92:1645-1649. Publisher Full Text
24. Siegel J, Řezníčková A, Chaloupka A, Slepička P, Švorčík V: Ablation and water etching of plasma-treated polymers.
Radiat Eff Deffect S 2008, 163:779-788. Publisher Full Text
25. Švorčík V, Řezníčková A, Kolská Z, Slepička P: Variable surface properties of PTFE foils.
e-Polymers 2010, 133:1-6.
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Clapton-owned Richter painting fetches £21.3mln at Sotheby's
PanARMENIAN.Net - A painting by Gerhard Richter owned by British guitarist Eric Clapton has sold for £21.3 million, a record for the work of a living artist, auction house Sotheby's said, according to AFP.
An anonymous bidder bought the red, blue and yellow oil painting on canvas, "Abstraktes Bild (809-4)", in London on Friday, Oct 12, for more than ten times the £2.1 million that Clapton paid for the painting plus two others in New York in 2001.
The price beat pre-sale estimates and Richter's previous record of £13.5 million in May for "Abstract Picture (7938-3)".
The German artist, 80, is described as the world's top-selling living artist.
Richter was born in Dresden and grew up in communist east Germany. He now produces both abstract and figurative painting as well as photographs from his Cologne studio.
His profile has been boosted by a retrospective, "Gerhard Richter: Panorama", which has been shown in London, Berlin and Paris this year.
Clapton, 67, known for his work with Cream and the Yardbirds and for songs including "Crossroads", "Layla" and "Tears in Heaven", has an extensive art collection.
The sale comes as the art world descends on London for Frieze Art Week, with contemporary art exhibits from hundreds of galleries around the world.
Sotheby's senior director Alex Branczik said: "The combination of outstanding provenance and gold-standard quality in this sublime work by this blue-chip artist made for an historic auction moment. Gerhard Richter's international appeal as one of the hottest contemporary artists was once again confirmed this evening."
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The jewels were to be loaned to celebrities who have arrived on the French Riviera town for its famous annual film festival.
The list of the finalists also includes Hungary, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Romania, Norway, Iceland, Finland and others.
Set in the gritty blue-collar neighborhood of God’s Pocket, story follows a man stuck with a debt he can't pay.
"Catching Fire" follows Katniss and fellow Hunger Games victor Peeta as they embark on a "Victor's Tour" throughout 12 districts of Panem.
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Click on a word to bring up parses, dictionary entries, and frequency statistics
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load focus Introduction (Harold Edgeworth Butler, 1922)
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Google News Censored in China
Sep 27, 2004 • 8:51 am | (0) by | Filed Under Google News & Finances
Not only is this making major news at the press, according to Andy, the censorship placed on Google News over at China is causing some forum noise at Cre8asiteForums and WebmasterWorld. I like the quote pulled by Ruud at Cre8asite "Google's recently launched news service in China doesn't display results from Web sites blocked by that country's authorities, raising prickly questions for an online search engine that has famously promised to "do no evil.""
Its China, they have rules, Google is complying by those rules, why do we care? If I lived in China, then I might have an opinion. :)
Previous story: Google Browser Invites Hoax
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65% Say The Google Sandbox Still Exists
Sep 30, 2010 • 8:22 am | (2) by | Filed Under Google Search Engine Optimization
A week ago, we ran a new poll asking our readers if they feel the Google Sandbox still exists.
The 175+ results are now in and I wanted to share them with you.
• 66.1% said the Google Sandbox still exists
• 33.9% said the Google Sandbox does not exist.
We ran a similar poll last year where the results were about the same. Here is some more history on the Google Sandbox.
The Google Sandbox goes back to April 2004. We first spotted it when I wrote New Sites = Poor Results in Google, then it became known as the Sandbox effect and had controversial definitions. Matt Cutts confirmed the sandbox existed, somewhat, in his Coffee Talk with Brett Tabke. But since then, we really did not discuss it much.
Forum discussion continued at WebmasterWorld.
Note: This was written early on the week and scheduled to go live today.
Previous story: 55% Say Yahoo/Microsoft Deal With Increase CPC Prices
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Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation
Jump to: navigation, search
The Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation also known as the Lobry-de Bruyn-van-Alberda-van-Ekenstein transformation is a base catalyzed Aldose-Ketose-Isomerization in carbohydrate chemistry [1] . A typical rearrangement reaction is that between glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone in a chemical equilibrium.
The reaction is relevant for the industrial production of certain ketoses and was discovered in 1885 by Cornelis Adriaan Lobry van Troostenburg de Bruyn and Willem Alberda van Ekenstein.
Reaction mechanism
The following scheme describes the reaction mechanism where R is any organic residue.
700px
The position of the equilibrium or the reactant to product ratio depends on concentration, solvent,pH value and temperature. At equilibrium the aldose and ketose form a mixture which in the case of the glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone is also called glycerose.
Stereochemistry
The carbon atom at which the initial deprotonation takes place is a stereocenter and based on the equilibrium all reaction steps constitute a epimerization. For example, D-Glucose (an Aldose) rearranges to D-Fructose the ketose. The stereochemical configuration is lost in this reaction in the enol form. In the equililibrium the enol can be protonated from two faces resulting in the backformation of glucose and the formation of D-mannose. The final product is a mix of D-glucose, D-fructose and D-mannose.
500px
References
1. ANGYAL, S.J.: The Lobry de Bruyn–Alberda van Ekenstein transformation and related reactions, in: Glycoscience: epimerisation, isomerisation and rearrangement reactions of carbohydrates, Vol. 215, (Ed.: STÜTZ, A.E.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2001, 1–14
de:Lobry-de-Bruyn-Alberda-van-Ekenstein-Umlagerung
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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/14734/opting-out-before-opting-out-was-cool/
Opting Out Before Opting Out Was Cool
November 23, 2010 by
Opt Out should be our new motto
It has become crystal clear to me that government solutions only cause costly monetary burdens, extravagant misuse of time, and excessive bureaucratic complications. It is high time for all the bureaucrats to just go home. Retire. Forget your foolish social experiment. Abandon your lunatic cravings to mold mankind and exact revenge on your dead father for years of abuse, or whatever other ill caused you to commit so much devastation.
I am sick of our boys dying for ill-conceived delusions and illusions. Must we always send America’s young off to war? Haven’t we seen the destruction, pain, and suffering it causes? At least enough to know better?
I am tired of the taxman stealing the rightfully earned wages of honest laborers. In most cases, mutually beneficial exchange can occur without government intervention. If you are an executive on Ron Brown’s Commerce Department Airline, I am sorry, you’ll have to take the next trip alone. But, you know, you’ll probably be better off that way anyway.
I am sick of bureaucrats wasting billions and billions of dollars away on boondoggles and absurd social experimentation. Must I repeat a long history of government inefficiency? Remember the federal government tea tasters? Now, remember how well we got along when the government shut down for those precious six days in November during the Clinton administration? November 14–20, 1995, best days of my life. The IRS lost $400 million in revenue for the days the enforcement division were closed. My condolences to the National Park visitors who were turned away…
Postscript: Not to mention I discuss the real estate boom and predict its crash and the depreciation of the dollar back in 2003 among other things…
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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/19978/mises-daily-monday-december-19-2011/
Mises Daily: Monday, December 19, 2011
December 19, 2011 by
“The Pure Time-Preference Theory of Interest” by Doug French
By dictating key interest rates, modern central bankers are believed to be alchemists. As the world struggles to deleverage, with the market constantly forced to clear malinvestments of a continuous string of asset bubbles and crashes, central bankers continue their faith in the ancient tradition: more monetary elixir.
“The Market for Literary Products” by Ludwig von Mises
Capitalism is essentially a system of mass production for the satisfaction of the needs of the masses. The outstanding example is literature.
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Category:Software
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
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==Software==
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Latest revision as of 02:43, 23 July 2006
Pages in category "Software"
The following 41 pages are in this category, out of 41 total.
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Connexions
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You are here: Home » Content » Growth strategies for start-ups: Learning objectives and overview
About: Growth strategies for start-ups: Learning objectives and overview
Module by: Global Text Project. E-mail the author
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Name: Growth strategies for start-ups: Learning objectives and overview
ID: m35620
Language: English (en)
Summary:
Business Fundamentals was developed by the Global Text Project, which is working to create open-content electronic textbooks that are freely available on the website http://globaltext.terry.uga.edu. Distribution is also possible via paper, CD, DVD, and via this collaboration, through Connexions. The goal is to make textbooks available to the many who cannot afford them. For more information on getting involved with the Global Text Project or Connexions email us at drexel@uga.edu and dcwill@cnx.org.
Translated and reprinted with permission from Dowling/Drumm Gründungsmanagement (Entrepreneurship) Springer Verlag, 2003.
Editors: Michael Dowling, Hans Juergen Drumm (University of Regensberg)
Reviewer: Timothy B Folta (Purdue University)
Subject: Business
Keywords: business, entrepreneurship, global text project, growth strategies, start-up
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 3.0
Authors: Global Text Project (drexel@uga.edu)
Copyright Holders: Global Text Project (drexel@uga.edu)
Maintainers: Global Text Project (drexel@uga.edu), Jared Adler (jca2@rice.edu), Marisa Drexel (drexel@uga.edu), Daniel Williamson (dcwill@cnx.org), Dr. Donald J. McCubbrey (gtp-l@mailman.rice.edu)
Editors: Dr. Donald J. McCubbrey (gtp-l@mailman.rice.edu)
Latest version: 1.4 (history)
First publication date: Aug 17, 2010 4:19 pm -0500
Last revision to module: Oct 6, 2010 2:04 pm -0500
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Version History
Version: 1.4 Oct 6, 2010 2:04 pm -0500 by Jared Adler
Changes:
link added
Version: 1.3 Oct 4, 2010 4:50 pm -0500 by Jared Adler
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Version: 1.2 Oct 2, 2010 7:15 pm -0500 by Jared Adler
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Version: 1.1 Sep 15, 2010 3:31 pm -0500 by Daniel Williamson
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Error!
Success!
Getting locked out of DNN's login page
0
kicks
Getting locked out of DNN's login page (Unpublished)
One common accident while developing DNN portals is to change DNN's default login page through the Site Settings page. This is ok, as long as the new page you set contains a user login module. But if the new page does not, you usually get "locked out" of DNN, not being able to login since there is no way to get to the login page again.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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Difference between revisions of "Didj Make ATAP"
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(Notes)
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We should probably look at a lot more of the scripts that are dotted all over the sources, the emeraldmfgtest folder found on an original lx firmware gives us some hints, as does make_release.sh, mkbase.sh mkSuperATAP.sh and many others.
We should probably look at a lot more of the scripts that are dotted all over the sources, the emeraldmfgtest folder found on an original lx firmware gives us some hints, as does make_release.sh, mkbase.sh mkSuperATAP.sh and many others.
[[Category:Didj]]
[[Category:Didj]]
+
[[Category:LeapFrog_Pollux_Platform]]
Revision as of 07:42, 23 July 2011
Contents
Summary
This tutorial explains how to create a usable NAND if you have a modified LeapFrog Cartridge or Homebrew, this is by no means complete but should get you well on your way to creating your own recovery cartridge. It will also show you the beginnings of being able to create your own partition structure for the NAND devices, which in turn should eventually lead us to being able to run a full kernel and rootfs without having to do too much to the codebase.
Prerequisites
Mount Didj USB Partition on Host Extract lfp Files
Software Needed
LeapFrog_Pollux_Platform:_Source_Code#Didj 2009 Didj Sources
Extract Archives
ATAP Files /Didj-Linux-4222-20090422-1236/packages/mfg-cart/Base2ATAP/Atap_FW
• bootstrap-LF_LF1000-0.33.5.3186_ATAP.lfp
• firmware-LF_LF1000-0.33.5.3186-ATAP.lfp
Hardware Needed
Console Access
Read/Write NAND Cartridge
Preparing the Didj
We need to get a custom firmware onto the Didj so that it can 'see' the extra mtd partitions on the cart, fortunately for us, LeapFrog provided those in the form of the bootstrap/firmware ATAP.lfp files in /Didj-Linux-4222-20090422-1236/packages/mfg-cart/Base2ATAP/Atap_FW
Mount the Didj Partition on the host PC
Extract each of the ATAP lfp files into /Base/
You'll end up with 2 extra folders in /Base:
/Didj/Base/bootstrap-LF_LF1000/
/Didj/Base/firmware-LF_LF1000/
The bootstrap directory contains a Lightning-Boot and firmware contains the kernel and rootfs files.
Make sure you are booted from RFS0 (we'll keep this as the original for now) and make sure the Didj knows that you've got a mfcart in the unit, once done reboot:
echo RFS0 > /flags/rootfs
touch /flags/mfcart
reboot
Flashing the Didj with the ATAP files will load a bootloader kernel1 and RFS1 to your didj's nand.
I'm not certain that you need to update the bootloader but for the sake of completeness I did, on the Didj do the following to update the bootloader and firmware:
blupdate
fwupdate
Reboot and you should now be in the ATAP firmware on RFS1, you should see an extra 9 mtd partitions being created.
NAND device: Manufacturer ID: 0x2c, Chip ID: 0xda (ST Micro NAND 256MiB 3,3V 8-bit)
Scanning device for bad blocks
lf1000-nand: cartridge ECC mode: <6>software
NAND device: Manufacturer ID: 0x20, Chip ID: 0xdc (ST Micro NAND 512MiB 3,3V 8-bit)
Scanning device for bad blocks
9 cmdlinepart partitions found on MTD device lf1000-cart
Creating 9 MTD partitions on "lf1000-base":
0x00000000-0x00020000 : "LF1000_uniboot"
0x00020000-0x00100000 : "Atomic_Boot_Flags"
0x00100000-0x00200000 : "Manufacturing_Data"
0x00200000-0x00400000 : "Kernel0"
0x00400000-0x01200000 : "Linux_RFS0"
0x01200000-0x01400000 : "Kernel1"
0x01400000-0x02200000 : "Linux_RFS1"
0x02200000-0x10000000 : "Brio"
0x10000000-0x10000000 : "EXT"
mtd: partition "EXT" is out of reach -- disabled
Creating 9 MTD partitions on "lf1000-cart":
0x00000000-0x00020000 : "prg_LF1000_uniboot"
0x00020000-0x00100000 : "prg_Atomic_Boot_Flags"
0x00100000-0x00200000 : "prg_Manufacturing_Data"
0x00200000-0x00400000 : "prg_Kernel0"
0x00400000-0x01200000 : "prg_Linux_RFS0"
0x01200000-0x01400000 : "prg_Kernel1"
0x01400000-0x02200000 : "prg_Linux_RFS1"
0x02200000-0x10000000 : "prg_Brio"
0x10000000-0x20000000 : "prg_EXT"
Doing a cat /proc/mtd shows us that the mappings are not direct 1:1, our Brio/Didj partition gets moved all the way to mtd18 for some reason, not sure why it does this but I think it creates an ubi volume it then creates an extra mtd partition and mounts either the ubi volume to it or the new mtd partition to the ubi volume. It does more of the same to the cart once its formatted correctly. More on this later.
# cat /proc/mtd
dev: size erasesize name
mtd0: 00020000 00020000 "LF1000_uniboot"
mtd1: 000e0000 00020000 "Atomic_Boot_Flags"
mtd2: 00100000 00020000 "Manufacturing_Data"
mtd3: 00200000 00020000 "Kernel0"
mtd4: 00e00000 00020000 "Linux_RFS0"
mtd5: 00200000 00020000 "Kernel1"
mtd6: 00e00000 00020000 "Linux_RFS1"
mtd7: 0de00000 00020000 "Brio"
mtd8: 00000000 00020000 "EXT"
mtd9: 00020000 00020000 "prg_LF1000_uniboot"
mtd10: 000e0000 00020000 "prg_Atomic_Boot_Flags"
mtd11: 00100000 00020000 "prg_Manufacturing_Data"
mtd12: 00200000 00020000 "prg_Kernel0"
mtd13: 00e00000 00020000 "prg_Linux_RFS0"
mtd14: 00200000 00020000 "prg_Kernel1"
mtd15: 00e00000 00020000 "prg_Linux_RFS1"
mtd16: 0de00000 00020000 "prg_Brio"
mtd17: 10000000 00020000 "prg_EXT"
mtd18: 0d812000 0001f800 "ubi_Brio"
Preparing the MTD Partitions
mkbase.sh will flash the nhe cart with the same nand layout as the didj nand, at this moment in time the partitions don't exist, so it will fail, the flash_eraseall functions don't seem to work correctly so we do it ourselves.
We need to erase the following partitions:
mtd13: 00e00000 00020000 "prg_Linux_RFS0"
mtd15: 00e00000 00020000 "prg_Linux_RFS1"
mtd16: 0de00000 00020000 "prg_Brio"
mtd17: 10000000 00020000 "prg_EXT"
I'll show you the first one (prg_Linux_RFS0) as an example, to do this we use mtd_debug on the Didj to get mtd.size:
# mtd_debug info /dev/mtd13
mtd.type = MTD_NANDFLASH
mtd.flags = MTD_CAP_NANDFLASH
mtd.size = 14680064 (14M)
mtd.erasesize = 131072 (128K)
mtd.writesize = 2048 (2K)
mtd.oobsize = 64
regions = 0
Convert the mtd.size to something we can use in mtd_debug: On Host
# echo 'obase=16; 14680064' | bc E00000
On Didj
mtd_debug erase /dev/mtd13 0 0x00E00000
Repeat this whole process for mtd15,16 and 17, then reboot the didj, you will see it complain that it couldn't find something on prg_EXT, and it will format it for you (it might do the same to mtdblock16) if not then do:
mkfs.vfat -n Didj -S 512 /dev/mtdblock16
Flash the NAND
At this point you should be ready for mkbase.sh to run to completion. give it a try, from the didj do:
On Didj
# mkbase.sh
Mounting /dev/mtdblock18 on /Didj as rw
Mounting /dev/mtdblock19 on /opt/prg_mfg as rw
/dev/mtd9 is the bootstrap partition
/dev/mtd12 and /dev/mtd14 are the kernel partitions
/dev/mtd13 and /dev/mtd15 are the root partitions
/dev/mtd11 is the manufacturing partition
/dev/mtdblock11 is the manufacturing partition block device
/dev/mtd10 is the flags partition
/dev/mtdblock10 is the flags partition block device
/dev/mtd16 is the brio partition
/dev/mtdblock2
11 is the base mfg partition
/dev/mtd17 is the extended partition
/dev/mtdblock17 is the extended partition mount device
10000000 is the extended partition size
I have found a development cartridge
Making a manufacturing cartridge
BOOTLDR=/Didj/Base/bootstrap-LF_LF1000/lightning-boot.bin
FLAGS=/Didj/Base/bootstrap-LF_LF1000/bootflags.jffs2
KERNEL=/Didj/Base/firmware-LF_LF1000/kernel.bin
ROOTFS=/Didj/Base/firmware-LF_LF1000/erootfs.jffs2
Boot sector programmed successfully
Flag partition programmed successfully
Linux Kernel partition 0 programmed successfully
Linux Kernel partition 1 programmed successfully
Skipping manufacturing partition
Root filesystem partition 0 programmed successfully
Root filesystem partition 1 programmed successfully
End of root filesystem setup
Configuring your manufacturing cartridge...
Empty flash at 0x0000007c ends at 0x00000800
No startup scripts. Cartridge will be a bare boot cartridge.
No files found to preload the ATAP cartridge with.
Programming complete
As you can see, there are a couple of issues, No Startup scripts and No files found to preload proably mean there are some more bits we need to to fill in to make this a completely working atap cartridge.
You should now do a reboot, check whether the cart prg_EXT partition has been mounted on the didj:
On Didj
# mount
rootfs on / type rootfs (rw)
/dev/root on / type jffs2 (rw)
none on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
/dev/ram0 on /tmp type tmpfs (rw)
/dev/mtdblock1 on /flags type jffs2 (rw,sync,noatime)
/dev/mtdblock2 on /mfgdata type jffs2 (rw,sync,noatime)
/dev/mtdblock18 on /Didj type vfat (rw,noatime,fmask=0022,dmask=0022,codepage=cp437,iocharset=i)
/dev/mtdblock19 on /opt/prg_mfg type vfat (rw,noatime,fmask=0022,dmask=0022,codepage=cp437,ioch)
Our prg_EXT partition was on mtd17, its now been mounted as an ubi volume to mtdblock19 you can find it in /opt/prg_mfg, this is similar behavour to the Brio:/Didj partition, it starts on mtd7, without a cart its put onto mtdblock9 as an ubi volume, with a cart /Didj ends up on mtdblock18.
Reboot, then plug your usb cable in and mount the partitions.
You should now see both the Brio:/Didj partition and the prg_EXT:/opt/prg_mfg partitions, /Didj will be 'DIDJ' and /opt/prg_mfg will be 'MFG_PAYLOAD'
I think we need to look at all of the /scripts files to glean more information about how to truly make an ATAP cart, I think make_release.sh shows us how to package some files for the mfg-cart ATAP stuff so they can be installed on the Didj, I think we can probably make up the rest of the files needed from mfg-cart and leapfrog lfp files.
Notes
Whats next?
It would obviously be nice to make the prg_Brio partition show up automatically, I'd like to work out how we can get it to show up as an ubi volume, not entirely sure what the mechanism is there yet.
We should be able to boot from the cart, not sure how that works yet either, but something along the lines of:
echo RFS2 > /flags/rootfs
should be enough, it will be in the sources, just need to track it down (lightning boot uses RFS0, RFS1, NFS0, NFS1 currently, will probably need extra flags)
I'd like to make a full cart, there are some bits missing, which I think are in the mfg-cart folders or at least the info.
I think we've learnt how to format a nhe cart, with the same partition structure as a didj nand unit, so we now know how to roughly deal with rebuilding a didj, so by extension we are not that far removed from being able to rebuild an LX partartition structure on a didj.
If you do cat /proc/cmdline you will notice that it builds the mtd partition structure for the cart in there, I think we should be able to use the same technique to make a custom SD booting kernel that can see a cart, this way we probably wouldn't need to flash the didj at all with the atap firmware. we can use root=31:04 technique to boot from the NHE, for instance from 31:12 :) once we know that we can boot from a cart we should be able to leverage an lx kernel with sufficient mtd2/ubi utils (will need to make ubiformat etc. ourselves from the new-utils).
We should probably look at a lot more of the scripts that are dotted all over the sources, the emeraldmfgtest folder found on an original lx firmware gives us some hints, as does make_release.sh, mkbase.sh mkSuperATAP.sh and many others.
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Flameman/blackfin-avr
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 10:49, 17 April 2012 by Legacy (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
For more interesting projects done by Flameman, be sure to check out his project index
Contents
main
Overview
The P1 is a dual processor, high performance, compact DSP embedded processor board based on a powerful Analog Devices 400MHz Blackfin processor and ATmega644 AVR processor. The P1 is an excellent platform for robotic, industrial process control and real time video processing applications. The P1 comes complete with all the necessary software tools for application development and programming. A number of daughercards are available to expand the functionality of the basic P1.
The Blackfin is a complex Digital Signal Processor. This product is for experienced embedded developers. If you are new to embedded programming than consider starting with a simpler device such as the SmartLCD or Wasp.
The P1 is capable of running uCLinux with the 4/8M Serial Flash option.
Blackfin
Features
• Blackfin ADSP-BF531 400MHz DSP Processor
• AVR ATmega644 8MHz RISC Processor
• 32Mbytes SDRAM
• 1Mbyte External Flash (2,4,8M optional)
• 2 RS-232 Ports, RS-485 Port
• 8Ch 10 bit A/D
• General Purpose Video Input Port
• 7 Bi-directional I/O ports
• Blackfin Memory/SPORT Expansion Port
• AVR Analog/Digital Expansion Port
• Blackfin JTAG/AVR ISP Programming Ports
• Extensive Source code examples
• GNU C compilers for both processors
• 5-7VDC input, 3.3V on board @10-350ma
• Small form factor (2.9x1.9in)
Software
blackfin
development
The main reference is http://blackfin.uclinux.org/gf/ About development tool, Go to www.blackfin.org - GNU tools are there for download.
Note that Analog Devices allows you to download and use VisualDSP for a time limited period.
I strongly recommend using VisualDSP first as the Blackfin ia a sophisticated processor and learning the processor and all the GNU tools at the same time is a little much. I believe VisualDSP is good for 90days.
P1 firmware
The Blackfin boot monitor is burned into external serial flash and should output a signon message.
If it is not and you can see serial on the AVR side then there maybe something wrong with the Blackfin serial out.
The AVR command set allows you to reset (reboot) the blackfin. Also there is no xon/xoff flow control on either port.
One thing to try is to reload the Blackfin bootmonitor hex file. You do this using sfprog.exe by sending the bootmonitor using the AVR. The AVR programs the Blackfin's external serial boot flash.
The other possibility, if you have the necessary hardware, is to attach to the Blackfin's JTAG port.
kernel
• blacksheep [1]
Hardware
blackfin
The P1 is a dual processor board (about the size of a business card) with a 400MHz Blackfin processor and a 8MHz ATmega644 processor. The Blackfin is a high performance 16 bit RISC DSP with dual MACs, multiple accumulators with 84Kbytes of internal program and data cache. The Blackfin is capable of 600MMACs and is designed for ultra fast image processing and general purpose processing. Programs are loaded from a 1Mx8 Flash and execute from the 16Mx16 SDRAM. The SDRAM provides both program and data storage. The video expansion port accepts several color and BW camera modules or can be used as a general-purpose data port. A memory expansion bus supports additional peripheral daughter boards. The Blackfin ultra high-speed serial ports (SPORTS) are available on another expansion port. A Blackfin JTAG emulation port and RS-232 serial port allows local communication. A real time clock provides self timed sleep capability with several power down modes. The Blackfin communicates with the AVR over the SPI port.
avr
The AVR processor is an 8MHz ATmega644 self clocked general purpose controller with 8 10bit A/D channels, 7 general purpose bi-directional digital IO channels, an RS-232 port, RS-485 port and 2-Wire port. The AVR processor has 64Kbytes of Flash, 4K SRAM and 2Kbytes EEPROM. The 2-Wire port is a general purpose communications bus that connects multiple AVR satellite processors each supporting remote wake-up, node ID identification and high-speed data transfer (>400Kbits/sec). The AVR communicates with the Blackfin and 512K Flash over a high speed SPI link. The AVR controls the Blackfin reset line and can provide initial boot code to the Blackfin after reset is released. Alternatively the Blackfin can boot from Flash.
jtag
The JTAG10 is compatible with the McGregor Wiggle JTAG parallel port adapter. Analog Devices VisualDSP does not support the JTAG10 - only their own USB JTAG emulators which are very expensive.
Programming & running Apps
A bootable image must setup the SDRAM, xtal PLL and a few other peripherals in order to boot. The result file should be loaded into the Blackfin's external Flash using sfprog.exe.
using ATmega644 to flash the spi flash, by sfprog.exe
The app sfprog.exe talks to the ATmega644 on the P1 which in turn resets the Blackfin and loads the hex file into the external spi flash.
flash and run hex images from SDRAM
There is no procedure to flash and run hex images from SDRAM - there is a utility called Das UBoot but it has not been ported to the Blackfin yet.
binary format and ldr-utils
About ldr-utils: an LDR image is an image format that the Blackfin Boot ROM supports. On the host, is it normally represented by in an Intel hex-32 format files, or a binary file. The files support 8-bit-wide PROMs and are used with an industry-standard PROM programmer to program memory devices. One file contains data for the whole series of memory chips to be programmed. More information can be found on the VDSP++ 5.0 Loader and Utilities Manual or in the ADI App Note Blackfin Booting Process.
Normally U-Boot is the only thing that needs to create an LDR file, and it uses the ldr-utils which are included as part of the GNU Blackfin toolchain. Source
varia
usb-jtag to do hard job
flameman/blackfin-avr-jtag
other bf board
blackfinone bf1
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Wednesday, 18 May 2011
INTA Special Report: Sir Robin Jacob's Speech
Sir Robin Jacob was the final speaker of the concurrent session ( see previous report here) and opened by stating that
"This is my first time at INTA and I have been told that it involves everyone here exchanging their business cards with everyone else, which by my calculation is 81 million exchanges of cards. I have not brought enough cards."
Sir Robin stated that he cannot give a 100 year perspective on European trade mark law because there has yet to be 100 years of European trade mark law: the Directive was only introduced in 1994, however he was able to comment on UK law. Sir Robin began his substantive speech by giving a short overview of the beginning of trade mark registration in the UK in 1875 and told the audience about the story of the first UK trade mark - that of Bass Beer as a word mark and the more recognisable red triangle. Even back then UK judges were cautious about allowing trade mark and brand owners go too far for registrations. Sir Robin quoted the dicta in Joseph Crosfield & Sons' Application in a case dealing with the registration of PERFECTION for soap
"Wealthy traders are habitually eager to enclose part of the great common of the English language and to exclude the general public of the present day and of the future from access to the enclosure."
This was the general theme of pretty much everything that Sir Robin said during his speech - that the powerful trade mark owners have pushed the boundaries forward over the past several years and the courts are going to start pushing them back. He stated that the wealthy marks, known in chambers as "snob-marks", have been around for hundreds of years and exist today, and these marks try to show off all the time and shout the loudest about others "free-riding" off their esteem. Sir Robin stated that this argument is listened to more by Continental judges than by English ones, which is worrying. He stated that the Continental systems do not seem to have the same suspicious of monopolies than we do in the UK and that they are more comfortable with the fuzzily defined areas of unfair competition (The AmeriKat thinks there should be a drinking game for every time Sir Robin says he hates unfair competition in a speech. One talk she attended by Sir Robin, the AmeriKat would have been on the floor by minute-10). Sir Robin stated that he believed that the Far East is more in favor of competition than that of Europe when it comes to addressing trade mark owner's rights.
Sir Robin concluded his speech by criticizing the L'Oreal v Bellure decision (the AmeriKat agrees) and that this was an unfortunate development in trade mark law in Europe. He stated that
"I think people should be allowed to tell the truth."
So if they say they are a smell-a-like, then why should trade mark law "save" a big brand owner where the consumer is not confused because the defendant has informed the consumer that they are a smell-a-like. A member of the audience took fault with that view, but Sir Robin stated that if someone tells truth in a trade and has not made anything infringing, i.e. making smell-alike perfume is not infringing, then what is the problem? We do not need to protect brands that far, stated Sir Robin.
Probably seeing his time quickly evaporating, Sir Robin starting spilling out other criticisms. He took issue with the terminology used in trade mark law. If we started referring to "protecting a monopoly" than "protecting a brand" people and courts may be more cautious in protecting trade mark rights to such extremes, as that in the L'Oreal case. Also, he said that some of the exhaustion rules in Europe were "stupid", but the Amerikat could not write fast enough to take everything down (did anyone else?). Sir Robin went on:
"Trade marks say something and if they are telling the truth that is okay, but if they are lying they should be strangled."
Sir Robin closed with the following three comments:
1. The impact on technology in this field cannot be predicted and we will not yet be able to understand it.
2. The most important trade marks that matter have always been, are and will always be word marks.
3. From 100 years ago today, there is nothing all that different because trade marks are still performing the same function. [Note: Was this a quick attempt to discuss the functionality doctrine of trade marks and criticism of recent EU case law in this area? Surely not!]
It was a fascinating discussion and spurred a lot of debate following the close of the speeches. One audience member passionately questioned why the panel was so reluctant to refer to trade mark's as property. The panel were in agreement in stating that the use of the word "properly" when referring to IP is not helpful to IP because IP is really only a "bundle of rights". The term "property" also negative in term as it ring-fences rights as "ours" and "not-yours", which is unhelpful PR-wise as well is inaccurate. Miles also stated that if international trade mark systems are to be successful they need to recognize registered marks only in so far as a local use does not pre-date it.
This was the first speech the AmeriKat has seen by Sir Robin since he left he bench earlier this Spring and is very much looking forward to more uncensored commentary on IP law from the bastion of UK intellectual property law
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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Comparing Efficiency of Web Based Learning Contents on Different Media
Julija Lapuh Bele, Joze Rugelj
Abstract
The purpose of the research was to find out what kind of multimedia learning materials gave the most efficient and effective results with regards to learning time and knowledge gained. Different web based learning materials were used as regards presentation mode: static pictures, animations with online text and animations with narrated text. Although the research results showed that learners from WBL contents with static graphics learnt less time than learners from animations, we did not find significant differences in learning time between experimental groups. However, we proved significant differences between three experimental groups in terms of gained knowledge. The learners using learning materials with static graphics performed worse than learners using materials with animations. Furthermore, we did not prove significant differences in gained knowledge between groups that learnt from audio animations and the animations with online text.
Keywords
multimedia learning; web-based learning; animations
Full Text:
PDF
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3991%2Fijet.v4i7.1087
International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning. ISSN: 1863-0383
Indexing:
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EDTA
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
m (0.5 M EDTA stock)
(Safety)
Line 54: Line 54:
==Safety==
==Safety==
-
?
+
* ?
+
** Woop Woop! Sounds like the work of cloning ninjas... :) - [[User:Etienne Robillard|Etienne Robillard]] 11:16, 3 December 2012 (EST)
==References==
==References==
Revision as of 12:16, 3 December 2012
chemical structure of EDTA - ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid
EDTA (black) with coordinate bonds to a metal ion (red)
EDTA stands for ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid. It chelates divalent cations and is therefore used in many buffers. Its relative EGTA has a higher affinity for calcium than for magnesium ions.
Contents
Purpose
• EDTA is a synthetic amino acid and chelating agent for divalent metals.
• Most enzymes that synthesize or modify nucleic acids (e.g. polymerases, ligases, kinases, nucleases) are Mg2+-dependent. The addition of EDTA is a convenient way to stop these reactions.
• EDTA is a component of many buffers used to store DNA, such as TE buffer, where the EDTA removes the metal cofactors (typically Mg++ required for activity of DNAses and other DNA damaging enzymes.
Procurement
• Usually sold as the disodium salt (CAS 6381-92-6) (Sigma E1644).
Use
• Molecular Weight, disodium salt dihydrate: 372.24
• EDTA is essentially insoluble in water, and will only dissolve when neutralized with sodium hydroxide to a pH = 8.0
• Standard stock solutions are 0.5M at pH 8.0. A 1M solution cannot be made. Autoclave.
• Making the standard solution from disodium EDTA (the typical form sold) requires approximately 1 molar equivalent of NaOH
• pK1 = 1.99
• pK2 = 2.67
• pK3 = 6.16
• pK4 = 10.26
EDTA stock solution recipes
0.5 M EDTA stock
• 18.61 g EDTA (Sodium Salt)
• dH2O to 90 ml
• adjust pH to 7.0
• adjust volume to 100 ml
0.5M 500ml pH 8.0 with NaOH pre-calculated
• 93.05g of Na2.EDTA (FW 372.2)
• 10.14g of NaOH (FW 40)
• 500 ml dH2O
[1]
Storage and stability
• store at room temperature
• stable for years
Interesting facts
• Here's an article that speaks of the wonders of EDTA and how it can help treat Aunt Edna's cardiovascular disease, enhance your enjoyment of the Friday night happy hour, and act as a "get out of jail free" card.
• EDTA helps you determine the hidden contents of your hard water.
Safety
• ?
• Woop Woop! Sounds like the work of cloning ninjas... :) - Etienne Robillard 11:16, 3 December 2012 (EST)
References
• Here's a great page about EDTA, including formation constant (Kf) values for metal-EDTA complexes. Note that many heavy metal ions (like Fe3+, Co2+, and Zn2+) are chelated much more strongly than Mg2+. A little bit of EDTA in your reaction will go a long way to keep these evildoers out of trouble and away from your precious biomolecules without interfering with your Mg2+-dependent reactions.
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Janet B. Matsen:Open Lab Questions
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 15:39, 31 July 2012 by Janet B. Matsen (Talk | contribs)
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These questions are "open" to me, not necessarily the scientific community. If you have insights or can point me toward references relevant to them, please do!
Open Questions
• Is it ok to re-use electroporation cuvettes after they arc and turn black?
normal and "burnt" electroporation cuvettes
• Is a two plasmid system where the two plasmids have different antibiotic resistance genes but the same origin of replication stable? (7/16/2012)
• A collaborator implied use of a different antibiotic is sufficient. However, I suppose this could lead to unpredictability in the number of each plasmid. For example, suppose the copy origin they share yields 100 plasmid copies. It could be that 10 copies of the antibiotic A & 90 copies of the antibiotic B plasmids is equally favorable as 90 copies of the antibiotic A plasmid & 10 of the antibiotic B plasmid. Presuming the two plasmids encode different proteins, the relative ratios of the expression levels would be drastically important.
• Is it important to let chemically competent cells sit on ice 20-30 min after adding DNA? What does this do? (7/13/2012)
• Example protocol showing ice incubation
• Mila weighing in: "This waiting period is part of the protocol. Not sure anyone knows what exactly happens but likely DNA just needs this time to land onto a cell. Longer time does not do much for the efficiency of the transformation. However the efficiency of the cells is determined by something upstream, by how the cells were grown and chemically treated. This is the most important part of the transformation process.."
• online: ""After making the cells leaky, the DNA is added to the cells and allowed to sit on ice for 10-20 minutes. This allows the DNA to get past the cell membrane, and gives enough time for lots of cells to recieve the DNA and to make certain all of the DNA gets in the cells. After this, in order to make the cells keep the DNA, and to make certain they survive, (Being leaky is not a good thing) the cells are heat shocked for several seconds to 'turn on' (induce) heat shock genes which aid in survival and recovery. After that, the cells are incubated to start growing and plated on selective media to recover those cells that actually recieved the DNA.
• What causes an overloaded colony PCR reaction to fail?
• How does plasmid copy number get affected by oxygen availability? Cellular media?
• I have noticed that LB often gives me orders of magnitude lower plasmid yields and that growing cultures with liquid:air volumes higher than 1:5 is not good.
• How does colony density affect colony size?
colony size varies with colony density
• I observe that when there is a large number of colonies per area on an agar plate, that the colonies are smaller. I have thought about the possibility of diffusion-limited arrival of nutrients, however, one would expect to see larger colonies on the outside of the cluster if this is the case.
• Why do apples make people burp? (posted 5/23/2012)
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there is no such thing as a harmless truth. Nunn, Gregory
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The first time I sang in the church choir; two hundred people changed their religion. Allen, Fred A.
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Fred Allen (born John Florence Sullivan on May 31, 1894 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, died March 17, 1956 in New York City) was an American comedian whose absurdist, pointed radio show (1934–1949) made him one of the most popular and forward-looking humorists in the so-called classic era of American radio.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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212 - The Extra Degree
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Big Man Swap, LA’s Reduced Offer to Odom
Chuck - Red's Army July 27, 2009 Uncategorized 12 Comments
ESPN.com's Marc Stein says a Tyson Chandler for Emeka Okafor deal is in the works:
Although Chandler ($11.7 million) and Okafor ($10.6) carry similar salaries for next season, New Orleans' apparent willingness to take on Okafor's contract — with four years remaining after next season — is a marked departure from the Hornets' recent cost-conscious efforts to move Chandler.
Hornets management must really dislike Chandler. They've been shopping him for months, under the premise they couldn't afford his salary or an extension. But suddenly they've found $40+ million to pay Okafor? While I haven't followed their careers closely, I prefer Chandler's game.
Stein is also reporting the Lakers have reduced their offer to Lamar Odom:
One team source confirmed Monday that Lakers owner Jerry Buss, after pulling his initial offer off the table on July 14, is now offering "less" than the original three-year, $27 million deal that he withdrew when Odom pushed for a fourth year.
Dwyane Wade continues his full-court press. He tweeted that he's flown to LA to bring Odom back to Miami. C'mon Lamar, how can you pass up a chance to play with Wade. He's Kobe minus the douchebagginess.
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Taking Stock: Celtics – Bobcats
John - Red's Army March 27, 2012 Uncategorized 4 Comments
After every game, we'll take stock of how each individual performance affects the player's overall value.
Starters
Rajon Rondo: This has become his typical game now. Single-digit points and big assists. 13 assists is awesome, and the 1-7 shooting is misleading because he was forced to take a few shots as the shot clock wound down. His 6 rebounds were also 2nd highest on the team and he was a game high +21.
Paul Pierce: He just keeps on getting it done. I know I said it earlier, but he is just one of the best of exploiting your weaknesses and mistakes. How an ancient Paul Pierce 12 shots at the rim against these kids shows how good he is.
Avery Bradley: He wasn't hitting his jumper like he did a couple of nights ago, but he was still aggressive in getting himself to the hoop. All 5 of his makes were at the rim
Kevin Garnett: 24 points to lead the team, including a vicious third quarter dunk that was part of a C's run to hold off the Bobcats. He's playing his best ball right now.
Brandon Bass: 15 points on 9 field goal attempts is a nice night from the field. He did miss some rotations on D, especially in that debacle of a second quarter, but he had a decent game overall.
Bench
Keyon Dooling: I'm going to be overly nice to the bench, which got decimated 59-9. Keyon made a shot. That's important to me. It's sad, I know, but he made 1 of the 2 shots he took and that matters for his confidence.
Greg Stiemsma: The 5 rebounds and 2 blocks are important. Letting a guy get past you on a free throw for a follow dunk… inexcusable. Considering the injuries he's dealing with too, I'm cutting him a little slack.
Marquis Daniels: So much for this being the beginning of something for Marquis. He needs more time so he can get into a groove… but the C's can't afford to have people getting into grooves rightn now. .
Ryan Hollins: He exists. KG really lilkes him, so I hope that's beneficial.
JaJuan Johnson, Sasha Pavlovic, E'Twaun Moore
Coaching
Doc Rivers: He's just holding down the fort until everyone gets back. It's a tough balancing act because now the C's need to win their games. They're fighting for the division.
Overall
2nd and 4th quarter lapses aside, they are now in a tie for the division lead. This isn't a beauty contest, this is a matter of basketball survival. I don't care who the leading scorer is or if the other team starts feeling bad for the C's and scoring baskets for them… I'll take every win the C's can get.
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Pokémon Emerald/Battle Pyramid
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
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Battle Pyramid
In the Battle Pyramid, the trainer chooses three Pokémon to accompany the trainer through a pyramid. The goal is to make it to the top of the pyramid by finding the blue warp-tiles and teleporting to the next level while avoiding trainers and wild Pokémon encounters. Initially, the visible space around the player's sprite is very small, making navigation harder. This space increases with each battle won. To limit the player's bagged items, the item bag is taken away and replaced with the Battle Bag, which stores items found inside the pyramid. Also, the participating Pokémon cannot hold any items from the item bag when signing up. At the end of the challenge, which spans seven floors, any new items held by the Pokémon are placed in the Battle Bag, which is once again exchanged with the item bag until another challenge. Each floor's wild Pokémon follow a specific theme.
After progressing through 21 and 70 floors, the trainer can fight the Pyramid King Brandon.
Silver Symbol Team
Gold Symbol Team
Brandon's name comes from brave, which the Battle Pyramid tests.
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Key:highway
From OpenStreetMap Wiki
(Redirected from Highway)
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Available languages
+/- highway
Description
The highway tag is the primary tag used for any kind of street or way.
Group
Highway
Element help
Useful combination
Implies
Usage
See also: Highways
The highway tag is the main tag used for identifying any kind of road/street or path. It is a very general and sometimes vague description of the importance of the highway for the road grid. See Highway:International equivalence for how to interpret this tag in different countries.
Values
See below for details of commonly used tag values:
Key Value Element Comment Rendering Photo
Roads
highway motorway A restricted access major divided highway, normally with 2 or more running lanes plus emergency hard shoulder. Equivalent to the Freeway, Autobahn, etc..
highway motorway_link The link roads (sliproads/ramps) leading to/from a motorway from/to a motorway or lower class highway. Normally with the same motorway restrictions.
highway trunk Important roads that aren't motorways. Typically maintained by central, not local government. Need not necessarily be a divided highway. In the UK, all green signed A roads are, in OSM, classed as 'trunk'.
highway trunk_link The link roads (sliproads/ramps) leading to/from a trunk road from/to a trunk road or lower class highway.
highway primary Administrative classification in the UK, generally linking larger towns.
highway primary_link The link roads (sliproads/ramps) leading to/from a primary road from/to a primary road or lower class highway.
highway secondary Administrative classification in the UK, generally linking smaller towns and villages
highway secondary_link The link roads (sliproads/ramps) leading to/from a secondary road from/to a secondary road or lower class highway.
highway tertiary A "C" road in the UK. Generally for use on roads wider than 4 metres (13') in width, and for faster/wider minor roads that aren't A or B roads. In the UK, they tend to have dashed lines down the middle, whereas unclassified roads don't.
highway tertiary_link The link roads (sliproads/ramps) leading to/from a tertiary road from/to a tertiary road or lower class highway.
highway living_street For living streets, which are residential streets where pedestrians have legal priority over cars, speeds are kept very low and where children are allowed play on the street. Also known as Home Zones in the UK.
highway pedestrian For roads used mainly/exclusively for pedestrians in shopping and some residential areas which may allow access by motorised vehicles only for very limited periods of the day. To create a 'square' or 'plaza' create a closed way and tag as pedestrian and also with area=yes.
highway residential Roads which are primarily lined with housing, but which are of a lowest classification than tertiary and which are not living streets. Using abutters=residential together with tertiary, secondary etc for more major roads which are lined with housing.
highway unclassified To be used for minor roads in the public road network which are not residential and of a lower classification than tertiary. Please do not use this as a marker for roads where the classification is unknown, for which highway=road should be used. Use highway=residential for minor roads lined with housing. See highway=service for access roads
highway service For access roads to, or within an industrial estate, camp site, business park, car park etc. Can be used in conjunction with service=* to indicate the type of usage and with access=* to indicate who can use it and in what circumstances.
highway track Roads for agricultural or forestry uses etc. Often rough with unpaved/unsealed surfaces. Use tracktype=* for tagging to describe the surface.
highway bus_guideway A busway where the vehicle guided by the way (though not a railway) and is not suitable for other traffic. Please note: this is not a normal bus lane, use access=no, psv=yes instead!
highway raceway A course or track for (motor) racing
highway road A road of unknown classification. This is intended as a temporary tag to mark a road until it has been properly surveyed. Once it has been surveyed, the classification should be updated to the appropriate value.
Paths
highway path A non-specific or shared-use path. Probably better to use highway=footway for paths mainly for walkers, highway=cycleway for one also usable by cyclists, highway=bridleway for ones available to horses as well as walkers and highway=track for ones which is passable by agriculture or similar vehicles.
highway footway For designated footpaths; i.e., mainly/exclusively for pedestrians. This includes walking tracks and gravel paths. If bicycles are allowed as well, you can indicate this by adding a bicycle=yes tag. Should not be used for paths where the primary or intended usage is unknown. Use highway=pedestrian for pedestrianised roads in shopping or residential areas and highway=track if it is usable by agricultural or similar vehicles.
highway cycleway For designated cycleways; i.e., mainly/exclusively for bicycles. Add foot=* only if default-access-restrictions do not apply.
highway bridleway For horses, (in the UK, these are rights of way for pedestrians, horse-riders and cyclists). Equivalent to highway=path + horse=designated.
highway steps For flights of steps (stairs) on footways. Use with step_count=* to indicate the number of steps
Lifecycle
highway proposed For planned roads, use with proposed=* and also proposed=* with a value of the proposed highway value.
highway construction For roads under construction. Use construction=* to hold the value for the completed road.
Attributes
abutters commercial/ industrial/ mixed/ residential/ retail etc. See Key:abutters for more details.
cycleway lane / opposite / opposite_lane / opposite_track / shared / share_busway / shared_lane / track See Key:cycleway for more details.
ice_road yes A highway is laid upon frozen water basin, definitely doesn't exist in summer.
incline Number %/° Incline steepness as percents ("5%") or degrees ("20°"). Positive/negative values indicate movement upward/downwards in the direction of the way.
junction roundabout This automatically implies oneway=yes, the oneway direction is defined by the sequential ordering of nodes within the Way. This applies on a way, tagged with highway=* already.
lanes number The number of traffic lanes for general purpose traffic, also for buses and other specific classes of vehicle.
lit yes/no Street lighting
motorroad yes / no The motorroad tag is used to describe highways that have motorway-like access restrictions but that are not a motorway.
mountain_pass yes The highest point of a mountain pass.
mtb:scale 0-5 Applies to highway=path and highway=track. A classification scheme for mtb trails (few inclination and downhill).
mtb:scale:uphill 0-5 A classification scheme for mtb trails for going uphill if there is significant inclination.
mtb:scale:imba 0-4 The IMBA Trail Difficulty Rating System shall be used for bikeparks. It is adapted to mtb trails with artificial obstacles.
mtb:description Text Applies to highway=path and highway=track. A key to input variable infos related to mtbiking on a way with human words
overtaking yes/ no/ both/ forward/ backward Specifying sections of roads where overtaking is legally forbidden.
passing_places yes A way which has frequent passing places
sac_scale hiking / mountain_hiking / demanding_mountain_hiking / alpine_hiking / demanding_alpine_hiking / difficult_alpine_hiking Applies to highway=path and highway=footway. A classification scheme for hiking trails.
service alley/ driveway/ parking_aisle etc. See Key:service for more details.
surface paved / unpaved / asphalt / concrete / paving_stones / cobblestone / metal / wood / grass_paver / gravel / pebblestone / grass / ground / earth / dirt / mud / sand See Key:surface for more details.
tactile_paving yes / no A paving in the ground to be followed with a blindman's stick. Not to be rendered on standard maps.
tracktype grades 1-5 To describe the quality of the surface. See Key:tracktype and Key:surface for more information.
traffic_calming yes/ bump/ hump/ cushion/ table etc. See Key:traffic_calming for more details.
trail_visibility excellent / good / intermediate / bad / horrible / no Applies to highway=path, highway=footway, highway=cycleway and highway=bridleway. A classification for hiking trails visibility
winter_road yes A highway functions during winter, probably can't be driven in summer.
Other features
highway bus_stop A small bus stop. Can be mapped more rigorously using public_transport=stop_position for the position where the vehicle stops and public_transport=platform for the place where passengers wait. See public_transport=* for more details.
highway crossing Pedestrians can cross a street here; e.g., zebra crossing
highway emergency_access_point Sign number which can be used to define your current position in case of an emergency. Use with ref=NUMBER_ON_THE_SIGN
highway escape Emergency lane beside long descending slopes for trucks and other vehicles to stop safely after brake failure. Not decided yet, but a white/red checkered line has been proposed.
ford yes The road crosses through stream or river, vehicles must enter any water. See ford=*.
highway give_way A give way sign
emergency phone A calling device can be used to tell on your current position in case of an emergency. Use with ref=NUMBER_ON_THE_SIGN
highway mini_roundabout Similar to roundabouts, but at the center there is either a painted circle or a fully traversable island. In case of an untraversable center island, junction=roundabout should be used.
Rendered as anti-clockwise by default direction=anticlockwise. To render clockwise add the tag direction=clockwise.
highway motorway_junction Indicates a junction (UK) or exit (US). ref=* should be set to the exit number or junction identifier. (Some roads - e.g., the A14 - also carry junction numbers, so the tag may be encountered elsewhere despite its name)
highway passing_place The location of a passing space
highway rest_area Place where drivers can leave the road to rest, but not refuel.
highway speed_camera A fixed road-side or overhead speed camera.
highway street_lamp A street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night
highway services A service station to get food and eat something, often found at motorways
highway stop A stop sign
highway traffic_signals Lights that control the traffic
highway turning_circle A turning circle is a rounded, widened area usually, but not necessarily, at the end of a road to facilitate easier turning of a vehicle.
highway User Defined All commonly used values according to Taginfo
This table is a wiki template with a default description in English. Editable here.
Examples
See highway examples
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Boulder
From Wikitravel
Front Range : Boulder
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See Boulder City for the town in Nevada near the Hoover Dam.
Flatirons and Chautauqua Park, Boulder
Boulder, Colorado is a city located at the base of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. It is a college town with a reputation for progressive values, enjoying the great outdoors and thus a very pleasant place to live and visit.
[edit] Understand
Climate Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Daily highs (°F) 46 48 56 63 72 81 88 85 77 66 53 45
Nightly lows (°F) 22 23 29 36 44 51 57 56 48 38 28 21
Precipitation (in) 0.7 0.8 2.1 2.7 2.8 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.3 0.9
Check Boulder's 7 day forecast at NOAA
These days, Boulder wears several hats: as a university town, home of the University of Colorado at Boulder [1] and others; as a hi-tech town that is rapidly spawning bedroom communities in outlying farm towns; and as a center of alternate culture, with various new age institutions, Naropa University [2], meditation centers, Buddhist centers, and the like. What perhaps distinguishes it most from other cities of similar size in the United States, however, is its status as a mecca for serious athletes, many of whom have made their home here for the conditioning advantages of high altitude, combined with businesses, facilities, and a community that provides opportunities for serious training and competition. Even the average nine-to-five Boulderite is much more likely than the average American to be a serious climber, cyclist, runner, skier, etc., and you will see the difference as you're about town.
Boulder is situated in the Front Range region of Colorado and is virtually contiguous with Denver, except for its buffer of Open Space Parks [3] which border the city and provide it shelter from its growing surroundings. This reflects that it is the "front door" to the mountainous country to the west, with many outdoor attractions, including a medium sized ski resort less than an hour from the city limits, and also the fact that there are significant cultural differences between Boulder and Denver beyond its liberal politics.
Boulder is known for its outdoors and the residents with one of the healthiest lifestyles in America. It is very true, no matter what the weather, there are always people outdoors; running, biking, walking, hiking. It has a great atmosphere and beautiful sights.
Living in Boulder is very expensive. Along with being one of the most active towns in America, it is right up there with the living expense. Smaller towns are popping up around Boulder that are cheaper, but may take 10-15 minutes to get into this vibrant town.
[edit] Get in
Boulder is easily reached from Denver International Airport via car or bus. It is only 20 miles from Denver, and is an easy drive via US highway 36. The drive is pretty spectacular, with beautiful scenery as you drive straight toward the Rocky Mountains. The public Regional Transportation District (RTD) [4] 'AB' bus runs hourly between DIA and Boulder. The AB bus is a clean, safe, and easy way to get to town, and the route 'B' bus runs between Boulder and Denver.
[edit] Get around
Boulder and Denver share a common mass transit system, known as RTD [5]. which won "Best Public Transportation" in a nationwide survey in 2008. You will also notice that a large percentage of locals use bicycles to get around the down town (most of the city sights are within 2 miles). If you choose to drive around town, be aware that there is heavy traffic on the main thoroughfares, high numbers of pedestrians (cyclists) and parking downtown can be a bit tight. There are a number of city-owned garages tucked behind the buildings downtown. Keep your eyes open for the large green "P" signs outside their entrance ramps, as they don't look like parking garages from the outside. Be careful when parking in the University area, as tickets can be quite expensive. Boulder's police are vigilant about drunk driving, so try to keep out of the car when you find yourself tipping down a local microbrew or two. Watch carefully for the school zones: when the yellow lights are flashing, slow down to 20 mph! Many of the main streetlights have cameras that can capture you running the tail end of yellow lights. Watch out, or you may get tickets in the mail!
Many locals use the "Skyride" RTD bus to get to and from the airport. It's greener and easier.
[edit][add listing] See
Pearl Street Mall, Boulder
• Downtown[6] covers a large area, with the Pearl Street Mall (see below) at its core. Downtown features shopping, eating, and entertainment for all ages. Be sure to check out the restaurants on Walnut Street, between 9th Street and Broadway, as they offer several good options just off the Pearl Street Mall. Also check out the West End of Pearl Street, between 8th Street and the Pearl Street Mall, as it offers additional shopping and more restaurant options. For home furnishings, make sure to check out Pearl Street's East End, from the Pearl Street Mall to 20th Street. Stop by the Boulder Farmers Market [7] on 13th St., between Canyon and Arapaho Avenues, on Saturday mornings and Wednesday evenings - an experience not to miss.
• Pearl Street Mall. This four block long downtown pedestrian walking mall is surrounded by historic buildings containing shopfronts and restaurants. Along Pearl Street you will find many boutiques and independent shops featuring everything from clothing to trinkets and art. Also along Pearl Street are some national chain shops, and several street performers. For food, the Pearl Street area offers a large variety of cuisines from around the world, and is priced from $8 to $30 per person.
• Pearl Street Performers. As you stroll down Pearl Street, there are many street performers (when the weather is nice). One of the most famous is the "zip-code man" this is one performance not to miss. He knows every zip code throughout the entire world and there is always a huge crowd around him. Other performers include magicians, mimes, and other assortments of crazy acts. Pearl Street is always somewhere to find live entertainment. Make sure to come at the right time though, usually in the winter the performers are not out, obviously.
• University Hill, [8]. This small area is located West of Broadway across from the main campus of the University of Colorado at Boulder. Commonly referred to as just 'The Hill,' the area caters to college students with a variety of restaurants and bars, and services such as barbershops, bookstores, and coffee houses. There are also several entertainment venues that showcase up-and-coming talent from around the world.
• University of Colorado at Boulder, [9]. The flagship institution of the state of Colorado, CU (as it's called locally) has a 600-acre campus, with beautiful gardens and buildings tucked away in its mainly pedestrian core that's worth a visit. Check out the Heritage Center [10] located in the Old Main building, for a look at the history of CU. There are also art galleries and museums located throughout campus.
[edit][add listing] Do
• Boulder Creek Path, [11]. This miles-long path sits on the banks of the Boulder Creek, cutting right through the middle of town. Along this path you will find beautiful walking, biking, and other forms of recreation. In the downtown area, pick up the path at Civic Park, located on Broadway, between Canyon and Arapaho Avenues. In the summer, many parts of the creek become popular swimming holes. You can buy (and fill) inner tubes at local gas stations, should you want to have a down-the-creek journey. It follows Boulder Creek, making this path anything but boring.
• Chautauqua Park, at Baseline Ave and 8th Street, [12]. Located at the base of the Flatiron's rock formations. For a minor hike, take the trail to the 3rd Flatiron. This hike will show you sweeping vistas of town and an up-close and personal look at the Flatiron's rock formations. During the summer months, the Boulder Symphony performs at Chautauqua, with the mountains as a stunning backdrop.
• Whitewater Tube Co., 204 Canyon Blvd (at The Watershed School), (720) 239-2179, During summer time, it is popular to go tubing on Boulder Creek. Either rent from Whitewater or buy a tube at a local service station (the service station at NE corner of Arapahoe Avenue and Broadway is very popular for tube purchase. It also has a free air hose if your own tube needs inflating).
• Happy Thursday Cruising, Every Thursday during the summer, a lot of people gather up in front of wahoo's restaurant and go around the city with bikes. Each week they have a different theme to wear. [13]
• NCAR Trails, Green Mountain, Bear Mountain Trails.
• The Caritas Spiritis Center
• The Shambala Center
• Celestial Seasons Tea Factory. Take the tour through this famous tea company. Check out the mint room, it is VERY intense. edit
• Fox Theatre, 1135 13th St (On the Hill), (303) 443-3399, [14]. A great music venue located on the hill. Has been nominated for best venue in the US. edit
• Flagstaff Mountain. Flagstaff Mountain is a must-do. Follow Baseline Road West up the mountain, it is a windy, long road but the view is breathtaking. From up top, there is a beautiful view looking down on Boulder. The view from the other side is the Rocky Mountains. There are picnic areas, an ampitheatre, bike and walking trails, Summit Nature Center, the Flagstaff House and views that you can not get anywhere else. A great place to relax or enjoy with friends. edit
• South Boulder Creek Trail, [15]. Good walking/biking trail, but the unique feature of this trail is that there are prairie dogs everywhere! edit
• Eldorado Canyon State Park, 9 Kneale Road, [16]. Eldorado Ali Oren Canyon State Park is a local state park to see the wilderness and beauty of this Colorado area. edit
• Eldora Mountain Resort, 2861 Eldora Ski Road #140, [17]. Located 21 miles west of Boulder. This easy to get to mountain (via car or RTD) is a local ski resort if travelers do not want to make the 2 hours trip to the main Colorado mountains. edit
• Boulder Convention & Visitors Bureau (Boulder CVB), 2440 Pearl Street, 303-442-2911, [18]. Open Daily. Offering visitor information for your next visit to the area, including maps, hotel information, dining guides, meeting information and more. Visit one of our two visitor kiosks for brochures and maps, Davidson Mesa Overlook, several miles southeast of Boulder on US 36 or Pearl Street Mall, in front of the Courthouse between 13th and 14th streets. edit
[edit][add listing] Buy
• Eldora Mountain Sports, 2775 Canyon Blvd (28th & Canyon). Retail store located in Boulder. Purchase lift tickets, season passes and retail items on your way up to the Resort. edit
• Albums on the Hill, 1128 13th St (on University Hill), 303-447-0159, [19]. 10-9 M-Sat, 12-6 Sunday. Boulder's only remaining dedicated record store. Sells records, CDs, DVDs and more. edit
[edit][add listing] Eat
University of Colorado at Boulder
• Efrain's II, 1630 N. 63rd St., 303.440.4045, [20]. This restaurant is a small dive that serves up excellent mexican food. A little out of the way on the east side of town, it is well worth the drive. $. edit
• China Gourmet, 3970 North Broadway, 303.440.3500, [21]. Just north of town, China Gourmet is a local restaurant that has been serving up great Chinese food at reasonable prices for years. $. edit
• Khow Thai, 1600 Broadway, 303.447.0273, [22]. M-F 11-3 & 5-10; Sa-Su 4-10. Tucked into a small space on the east side of Broadway just south of Arapahoe Ave, this restaurant has repeatedly been voted the best Thai food in Boulder. Not expensive and really good, especially the green curry. The owner is surprisingly anti-veg*n, so don't expect gracious substitutions or a warm reception. edit
• The Kitchen, 1039 Pearl Street, 303.544.5973, [23]. M-F 8-close; Sa-Su 9-2, 5:30 to close. A fantastic neighborhood bistro that sources most of its food from local growers and producers. Open 7 days a week for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Located at the west end of Pearl Street. Check out Monday night's Community Dinner, a $35 prix fixe meal that's off-menu, served family style around a huge table -- it's the best deal in town for the variety, quality, and quantity of food (reservations recommended). edit
• Kim's Vietnamese Food to GO, 1325 Broadway St, 303-442-2829,. 8AM-10PM M-Sa Sunday's closed. A fantastic asian hole in the wall. Its a little shack facing broadway in a parking lot. The best food I've ever had. Kim makes everything fresh in front of your eyes and the place is very homey and fits in well with Boulder lifestyle. A hit among college students, its a great place.
• Centro, 950 Pearl Street (near Pearl and 10th), (303) 442-7771.
• Boulder Dushanbe Teahouse, 1770 13th Street, 303-442-4993, [24]. 8AM-9PM. A great place to enjoy a cup of tea and enjoy architecture from half way around the world. The food is moderately portioned and deliciously prepared. In the summers, outside dining is available, and when the rose garden is in bloom it is amazing.
• Illegal Pete's, 1530 16th Street, 303-623-2169, [25]. A favorite for students of CU-Boulder, there is a location on "The Hill," close to Jones Drugs, across the street from the CU Economics Building, and one on the far east side of the Pearl Street Mall. Economically priced, very generously proportioned Mexican food and beer. Perfect college town restaurant. The burritos are out of this world.
• West End Tavern, 926 Pearl Street, 303-444-3535, [26]. The classic American tavern is reborn! The rooftop deck is open (weather permitting), affording remarkable views of the Flatirons beneath 300 days of sunshine a year. Visit the Boulder locals' favorite for a cold brew and some good eats.
• Brasserie 1010, 1011 Walnut Street, 303-998-1010, [27]. For a more expensive meal, visit Brasserie 1010, on Walnut Street downtown, where french-inspired cuisine is served in an elegant setting with delicious daily specials.
• Sushi Zanmai, 1221 Spruce (one block north of Pearl Street), 303-440-0733, [28]. Zanmai is a traditional sushi house with the best rolls in town. Reasonably priced, watch as sushi chefs prepare your meal at the sushi bar. For the best deals, go to Happy Hour, from 5PM-6:30PM or all day Sunday. Try the Z-Number 9 and the Firecracker role or for an appetizer try the green mussels.
• Q's Restaurant, 2115 13th Street, 303-442-4880, [29]. Q's is in the Hotel Boulderado. Q's delivers it's extraordinary cuisine at reasonable prices. For a truly exquisite display of the culinary arts, this is the place to be.
• Boulder Chophouse, 1735 19th Street #100, (303) 296-0800, [30]. Yes, it's part of a national chain, but it's still worth a visit to experience wonderful beef and seafood in a moderately priced environment.
• Flagstaff House, (303) 442-4640, [31]. Su-F 6PM-10PM, Sa 5PM-10PM. Tucked up on Flagstaff Mountain, the Flagstaff House has breathtaking views of the City of Boulder just below it. Visit for cocktails, dessert, or stay for a full meal, the views will astonish you. Located up Baseline Ave, on Flagstaff Mountain, just 3 minutes outside of town. If you are just visiting Boulder, this is a definite must!
• Mountain Sun/Southern Sun, On the East End of the Pearl Street walking mall, the Mountain Sun is well-known for homebrewed beers, but also serves seriously tasty American fare. In the last 5 years, it built a sister restaurant in South Boulder, the Southern Sun, that is roomier and even more raucous. It's loud and filled with earthy Boulder locals. At dinner no matter what day of the week, you may wait for 20-30 minutes for a booth, but their quesadillas, nachos, salads, burgers, pizzas, and vegetarian options are sure to please every time. (Note: Neither the Mountain or Southern Sun accept credit cards, and can be flaky about out-of-state checks. Both have ATMs onsite.)
• The Cork, 3295 30th St., (303) 443-9505, [32]. A high quality restaurant since 1969, serving excellent dishes from prime rib to lobster ravioli. Located on the west side of 30th street.
• Sherpa's, 825 Walnut St., (303) 440-7151, [33]. Run by Pemba Sherpa, this restaurant is just outside off Broadway and Pearl. Featuring authentic Nepalese food that is made fresh to order, this restaurant is a must of Boulder.
• Jax Fish House, 928 Pearl Street. Home to Top Chef Season 5 winner Hosea Rosenberg edit
• Red Rock Coffeehouse, 3325 28th Street #9, 303-443-1975. In the Safeway shopping center on the corner of 28th and Iris. Locally-owned cafe serving locally roasted Organic Fair Trade Coffee, local food and pastries, naturally brewed Sanctuary Chai and locally Micro-Blended Tea. edit
• Silhouette (Conscious Fashion), 2015 10th Street (Just off Pearl on NW side of 10th), 303-442-0787, [34]. Mon-Sat 10-7, Sun 11-6. Silhouette, an eco-conscious fashion forward boutique is now here for you. edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
• The Sink, [35]. The sink is a Boulder institution with its colorful walls, great food and stories past (Robert Redford was the janitor) it attracts a large crowd for burgers, beer, gourmet pizza, and drinks almost every day of the week. Bring a black magic marker, and you can sign your name on the ceiling like generations of graduating CU seniors. Do not write on the walls, though.
• Mountain Sun/Southern Sun, [36]. Two locations in Boulder for your delight. The original Mountain Sun is on the east end of Pearl Street while newer location, called the Southern Sun, is in South Boulder at the intersection of South Broadway and Table Mesa in the Table Mesa Shopping Center. Some excellent beers (particularly the Java Porter) and often excellent Boulder granola music. Remember that it's a cash only bar.
• Boulder Beer, [37]. Claims to be Colorado's first microbrewery, but there is no doubt that their beers have been around forever in Boulder. Brewery/Pub is in north Boulder (in what always seemed an odd location) near the train tracks and off of Valmont near Foothills Parkway. They make great beers and have excellent happy hour deals.
• Walnut Brewery, [38]. Many classic beers that Boulderites rave about years after they leave Boulder. Located in the heart of Boulder on Walnut St, near 11th. Parking can be a pain in this area; best to use the parking garage across the street and hope for validation of your ticket.
• Red Fish Brewhouse, [39]. Classic small-scale brewpub in the heart of Boulder. New Orleans style food, great happy hours, and they even serve an organic beer (Tree Hugger is a great try). The restaurant has one of the largest big-screens in Boulder to watch the game, and small local bands in the evenings. Located on 13th and Spruce, one block off Pearl Street and across from the Boulderado Hotel.
• Frasca's Food and Wine, 1738 Pearl Street, 3034426966, [40]. World-class Northern Italian cuisine. The tasting menu can be pricey, but the food is astounding. $40-$80. edit
[edit][add listing] Sleep
[edit] Budget
• Boulder University Inn , 1632 Broadway, (303) 417-1700, [41]. The most affordable downtown lodging option. It is one of three hotels officially located downtown- the other two are upscale establishments (Boulderado and St Julien). Rooms are clean and spacious. Has wireless internet, a business center, and an outdoor swimming pool. Easy walk to the University and downtown's Pearl St.
• Rodeway Inn & Suites, 555 30th Street, (303) 444-3330, [42]. Within walking distance of The University of Colorado at Boulder, this hotel offers amenities for business travelers and vacationers alike.
[edit] Moderate
• Best Western Plus Boulder Inn, 770 28th Street, 303-449-3800, [43]. Prominently located directly across from the University, the Boulder Inn gives guests easy access to Boulder's principal attractions, NIST, NOAA, premier shopping, and extraordinary dining. Stylish, well-appointed rooms reflect a gracious ambiance, found throughout the hotel.
• Briar Rose Bed and Breakfast, 2151 Arapahoe Avenue, 303-442-3007, [44]. Bed and breakfast in the heart of Boulder offers organic breakfast, fine teas, private baths and ecologically-conscious hospitality. Walk to C.U., Naropa, Pearl Street and the 29th Street Mall.
• Boulder Outlook Hotel, 800 28th Street, 303-443-3322, [45]. This new hotel is located adjacent to the University of Colorado at Boulder, and is the quintessential Boulder hotel experience. They have a black lagoon pool and a rock climbing area indoors. They even allow you to bring your dog along to stay with you.
• Courtyard Boulder, 4710 Pearl East Circle, 303-440-4700, [46].
• Housing Helpers, 2865 Baseline Road, 303-545-6000, [47]. Offers high quality executive rental apartments and homes backed by superior customer service. Housing Helpers corporate rentals are more comfortable, convenient and affordable than a hotel.
• Quality Inn & Suites CU Boulder, 2020 Arapahoe Ave, 303-449-7550, [48]. Located in the heart of downtown Boulder, this hotel is walking distance to The University of Colorado, Boulder, and minutes away from the Pearl Street Mall
• Residence Inn Boulder, 3030 Center Green Dr., 3034495545, [49]. edit
[edit] Splurge
• Alps Boulder Canyon Inn, 38619 Boulder Canyon Drive, (303)444-5445 (800)414-2577 (), [50]. checkin: 4PM; checkout: 11AM. This historic 1870's mansion/castle was originally built of local stone and log construction. The Alps is now luxurious and completly remodeled into an award winning three-star bed and breakfast country inn[51]. The Inn is located just 5 min. from downtown Boulder in scenic Boulder Canyon surrounded by City of Boulder mountain parks and sits across from Boulder creek. Perfect for romantic getaways, outdoor enthusiasts, special occasions, parties, weddings [52] and ceremonies. The Alps offers complimentary gourmet breakfast, afternoon tea, evening desserts, high-speed internet, local and domestic long-distance calling. edit
• Hotel Boulderado, 2115 Thirteenth Street, (303) 442-4344, [53]. A three-star getaway located one block off the Pearl Street Mall, with easy downtown access. Everything is within a five minute walk and you don't even need to worry about finding a parking place.
• St. Julien Hotel, 900 Walnut Street, 720-406-9696, [54]. This new three-star hotel is the luxury experience in downtown Boulder. Located at 9th and Walnut streets, the St. Julien offers everything you could desire while only being three blocks from the Pearl Street Mall.
[edit] Stay safe
[edit] Crime and personal safety
Boulder has a very low crime rate and has no bad neighborhoods, but use common sense. University Hill, which is bordered by Baseline, Broadway, and Canyon can become raucous in the evenings, especially on weekends. Downtown Boulder, especially at night, is frequented by panhandlers, who can be aggressive at times but are not dangerous. Aggressive panhandling is illegal in Boulder, and you may report it to the police. Throughout the hiking trails near university property, Boulder has black posts lit with a blue light that have emergency phones in them that only dial 911. Due to a growing number of rapes during the 2008/2009 school year, it is not advised for girls to walk alone after 1AM on the hill or near Pearl St. Mall. Boulder has also had several recent reports of violence against Asian individuals.
[edit] Outdoors
Boulder has a dry climate and during any season, dehydration can be a problem for visitors and residents alike. Drink plenty of water. If you go hiking in the evening, bring two quarts of water. At night, temperatures drop remarkably, so bring warm clothing if you'll be out at night. (This is true even during summer months.) Be aware of mountain lions while hiking.
[edit] Cope
[edit] Get out
There are a very large number of opportunities for outdoor recreation. Go to the Gallery map store or to the Boulder Bookstore and buy maps and a guide. Local favorites include the Anne U White hiking trail, the Chatauqua trails, White Rock, Eagle Trail, Boulder Creek, Dowdy Draw, Green Mountain, and Walker Ranch.
For Skiers/Snowboarders, the closest resort is Eldora, located near Nederland, CO. It takes about 45-60 minutes to drive there from Downtown. The 'N' RTD Bus to Nederland runs to Eldora during ski season.
Routes through Boulder
Rocky Mountain N.P.Estes Park NW SE → Broomfield → Denver
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Galkacyo
From Wikitravel
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Galkacyo is located in Central Somalia, and remains one of the most developed cities in the region.
[edit] Understand
The city has a north/south divide and a small airport, which has been the center of controversy for many years. During the time of the Italian occupation, the city was referred to as Gallacaio, and later, as Rocca Littorio.
Galkacyo is also home to several media outlets. These include Radio Gaalkacyo (formerly Radio Free Somalia), which is affiliated with the Puntland government and with the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), as well as Radio Codka Nabadda, Radio Daljir, Radio Hikma and Radio Codka Mudug, the latter of which is affiliated with the the Galmudug sub-region and the former United Somali Congress (USC).
Districts: Galkacyo consists of the following districts:
• Wadajir
• Garsoor
• Horumar
• Israac
• New Garsoor
[edit] Get in
[edit] Get around
[edit][add listing] See
[edit][add listing] Do
[edit][add listing] Buy
[edit][add listing] Eat
[edit][add listing] Drink
[edit][add listing] Sleep
[edit] Contact
[edit] Get out
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8752.7 - Building Activity, Northern Territory, Jun 2000
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 26/10/2000
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• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Presents number of dwelling units and value of residential buildings (new houses and new other residential); value of alterations and additions to residential buildings and value of non-residential building by class of building (e.g. hotels, offices, etc.), for private and public sectors; stage of construction (commenced, under construction, completed); value of work done during the reference period, and value of work yet to be done. Also includes value of work commenced and work done in chain volume measures, with the reference year being the year prior to the latest complete financial year.
ABS data available on request for small areas.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > News & Media > Media Releases by Release Date
Media Releases by Release Date
March, 2002
27/03/2002 More than one in three unemployed are under 25 (Media Release), Jul 2001 (cat no. 6222.0)
26/03/2002 Australia's prisoner population up 50% in a decade - ABS figures (Media Release), 2001 (cat no. 4517.0)
22/03/2002 Uni degrees double in decade: ABS (Media Release), May 2001 (cat no. 6227.0)
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PhyloMap: an algorithm for visualizing relationships of large sequence data sets and its application to the influenza A virus genome
Jiajie Zhang, Amir M Mamlouk, Thomas Martinetz, Suhua Chang, Jing Wang and Rolf Hilgenfeld*
BMC Bioinformatics 2011, 12:248 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-248
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This article is part of the supplement: Problems and tools in the systems biology of the neuronal cell
Review
Integration of enzyme kinetic models and isotopomer distribution analysis for studies of in situ cell operation
Vitaly A Selivanov1,2, Tatiana Sukhomlin3, Josep J Centelles1, Paul WN Lee4 and Marta Cascante1,2*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, Marti i Franques, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
2 CERQT-Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
3 Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
4 Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Research and Education Institute, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Neuroscience 2006, 7(Suppl 1):S7 doi:10.1186/1471-2202-7-S1-S7
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at:
Published:30 October 2006
© 2006 Selivanov et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
A current trend in neuroscience research is the use of stable isotope tracers in order to address metabolic processes in vivo. The tracers produce a huge number of metabolite forms that differ according to the number and position of labeled isotopes in the carbon skeleton (isotopomers) and such a large variety makes the analysis of isotopomer data highly complex. On the other hand, this multiplicity of forms does provide sufficient information to address cell operation in vivo. By the end of last millennium, a number of tools have been developed for estimation of metabolic flux profile from any possible isotopomer distribution data. However, although well elaborated, these tools were limited to steady state analysis, and the obtained set of fluxes remained disconnected from their biochemical context. In this review we focus on a new numerical analytical approach that integrates kinetic and metabolic flux analysis. The related computational algorithm estimates the dynamic flux based on the time-dependent distribution of all possible isotopomers of metabolic pathway intermediates that are generated from a labeled substrate. The new algorithm connects specific tracer data with enzyme kinetic characteristics, thereby extending the amount of data available for analysis: it uses enzyme kinetic data to estimate the flux profile, and vice versa, for the kinetic analysis it uses in vivo tracer data to reveal the biochemical basis of the estimated metabolic fluxes.
Introduction: application of stable isotope tracer data in neuro -biology and -medicine
Metabolic networks of living cells produce the intricate redistribution of carbon skeleton atoms of substrates. If these substrates are artificially labeled by stable isotopes (such as 13C) at specific positions, the reorganization of carbon skeleton becomes measurable and its quantification provides insight to the respective metabolic reactions. Figure 1 shows an example of isotope exchange performed by one of the reaction catalyzed by transketolase (TK) in the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Interconnection of several isotope exchange reactions creates in each metabolite a variety of forms, which differ by the number and positions of 13C isotopes (13C isotopomers). A given set of metabolic fluxes produces a specific distribution of isotopomer fractions, and consequently, the isotopomer distribution indicates the underlying set of fluxes.
Figure 1. An example of isotope exchange in one of the reactions of non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway catalyzed by transketolase: xu5p + r5p <-> g3p + s7p. The catalytic cycle consists of a series of reversible elementary steps: binding of donor substrate (xu5p) and formation (k1, k-1) of a covalent enzyme-substrate complex (E*xu5p); splitting (k2, k-2) of donor substrate and formation of a covalently bound intermediate (the α-carbanion of α, β-dihydroxyethyl-ThDP, the so-called 'active glycolaldehyde') and an aldose (g3p); both are localized in the active site of the enzyme (EG*g3p). This complex dissociates (k3, k-3) into the complex of the enzyme with active glycolaldehyde (EG) and the first product, free aldose (g3p). In the second half-reaction, active glycolaldehyde interacts with the other aldose (r5p) available in the reaction mixture (k4, k-4). The new ketose (s7p) is released from the enzyme-substrate complex after passing through the same reaction steps in reverse order (k5, k-5 and k6, k-6). Large circles represent the protein molecule, while small linked circles represent the carbon skeleton of the metabolites. Two dark circles represent the part of substrate attached to the enzyme during whole catalytic cycle and to be transferred between ketoses. The gray circles are the parts released after ketose splitting. Stared circles are labeled carbon atoms. The scheme presents, as an example, formation of non-labeled g3p and double labeled s7p from xu5p labeled in first position and r5p labeled in third position.
Two techniques for isotopomer detection were used to estimate metabolic fluxes in situ: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). The different kinds of data that can be obtained from NMR measurements were classified by Mollney et al [1]. One-dimensional 1H NMR measurement can provide positional 13C enrichment, i.e. fraction of molecules with label in specific carbon position in a molecule [2,3]; multiple peaks of one dimensional 13C NMR reveal groups of isotopomers [4]. Two-dimensional 1H-13C NMR essentially allows quantification of individual isotopomer fractions [5,6]. MS provides information on the fractions of different mass isotopomers [7,8], i.e. groups of isotopomers with a fixed number of labels regardless their positions. It detects fewer isotopomers than NMR but is usually more sensitive.
Stable isotope detection is now used for the metabolic flux profile estimation in various areas of cell and tissue biology, and neuroscience is not an exception. Implementations of the in vivo NMR measurements to study brain function were described in the recent review article [9]. Notably, 13C NMR studies recently showed the significance of glutamate release and recycling between neurons and glia. The neurotransmitter pool, which previously was considered to be small and metabolically inactive, appeared to be included in glutamine-glutamate recycling, the major neuronal metabolic pathway. The activity associated with glutamate neurotransmission was found to be linearly dependent upon glucose oxidation, and this supports the molecular model of stoichiometric coupling between glutamate neurotransmission and functional glucose oxidation. Thus, the considered here models of central glucose metabolism are clearly of great interest to the field of neuroscience.
Since 13C is known to be harmless, it has been used in human subjects [10], particularly for mapping the spatial localization of metabolites using NMR spectroscopic imaging [3,11]. This method, designed for clinical use, has been applied as a diagnostic tool in pediatric and adult brain disorders [12,13]. A non-invasive 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique allowed the synthesis rate of N-acetyl-1-aspartate to be determined in patients with Canavan disease [14,15]. It is also widely used in neuroscience to study brain metabolism in animals [16,17]. Bixel et al [18] revealed an interesting application of this method by using it to define all products of leucine metabolism in cultured astroglial cells.
While most of the results described above were obtained by the qualitative comparison of NMR measurements, their quantitative analysis would offer much more profound insights into cell processes. A tool able to estimate metabolic fluxes would reveal the dynamic characteristics of cellular phenotype under specific conditions, thus complementing genomic and proteomic methods, which only reveal static characteristics of the cell. The specific tools for quantitative metabolic flux profile analysis from measured isotopomer distribution data are described next.
Current status of isotopomer distribution analysis
Very approximate estimation of metabolic fluxes could be provided by implementation even formulas derived using simplifications such as an assumption that the fluxes are unidirectional [19-22]. Such formulas were applied to the analysis of enrichment in specific carbon position or mass isotopomers. Although such analysis is easy to perform, it is incomplete, and as we have found (unpublished data), the simplifications could lead to unreliable estimates. More reliable tools that supplement data acquisition normally include the following: (i) a mathematical model, which simulates the distribution of isotopomers, (ii) algorithms used to fit respective experimental pattern and thus evaluate the matching flux profile, and (iii) statistical analysis of the best fit parameters.
Different levels of complexity could be implemented in mathematical models for the isotopomer distribution analysis. Katz and Wood [23] were the first who estimated the metabolic fluxes by solving the mass balance equations for the positional enrichment of metabolites. However, this approach was only appropriate for a small number of fluxes that, in addition, were unidirectional. Consideration of real bidirectional fluxes increased a number of unknown parameters rendering the systems of equations underdetermined. This disadvantage demanded more advanced analytical applications, which would be able to analyze more experimental data in order to unambiguously determine the parameters. Mason and Rothman [24] described the basic principles of simple model construction for the analysis of some selected positional enrichment together with executing a "classical" kinetic model that evaluated the time course of metabolite concentrations using the available kinetic information. The idea to complement kinetic models with isotopomer distribution data and, in the same time, to link isotopomer analysis with kinetic data increased the reliability and informative outcome of both approaches. However, the described method for isotopomer analysis cannot account for all the information provided by NMR experiments. For any given molecule containing n carbon atoms, it only filters a maximum of n enrichments at selected carbon positions, while the total number of all isotopomers is 2n and all of them could be important for the estimation of the metabolic flux profile. Thus a part of information contained in the NMR data is not used for the analysis. In fact, the NMR measurements, as it is mentioned in the introduction, could provide the relative concentrations of individual isotopomers or at least the sum of those that contain a specific label pattern.
The comprehensive analysis of mass isotopomer data obtained by MS also demands that all possible individual isotopomers are computed, because every mass isotopomer is the sum of several individual isotopomer concentrations and each component of the sum could be produced in the different way.
According to the total number of isotopomers, the calculation of their fractions requires solving 2n equations for the substance consisted of n carbons. In this way even for the model description of all isotopomers formation in glycolysis and PPP the algorithm must construct (it is practically impossible to write such a huge number of equations by hand) and solve several hundred equations.
Schmidt et al. [25] developed a simulation algorithm for the computation of all possible isotopomers. This algorithm of isotopomer mapping matrices, evolved from the earlier approach of atom mapping matrices [2,26], allowed to construct and solve automatically hundreds of equations that describe all isotopomers transformation according to the specific reaction mechanisms. The iterative procedure, which was used for the solution, in fact provided the evaluation of time course for the relaxation of each isotopomer fraction to steady state. This method made it possible to simulate all isotopomers distribution for the given set of metabolic fluxes, while the best fit to the experimental distribution pointed to the set compatible with the measured distribution. However, the presence of large exchange fluxes caused severe instability of numerical solution or convergence problems [27], which restricted the application of this method.
Wiechert et al [27] found an elegant way to overcome the problem of instability by reformulating isotopomer balance equations into cumomer balance equations. The term cumomer (from cumulative isotopomers) designates a sum of isotopomers with fixed positions of label (a 1-cumomer fraction is a sum of the positional enrichments). Such reformulation of the equations in terms of cumomers simplified the task and made it possible to obtain the solution in one step based on matrix calculus. The equations formulated in terms of cumomer fractions can be solved explicitly as a cascade of linear systems, evaluating the cumomer fractions one by one starting from the 0-cumomer fraction. Then the cumomer fractions can be transformed back into isotopomer fractions.
This method was well elaborated and all the history of its development from analysis of positional enrichment experiments was well documented [27-30]. A computer program based on the cumomer-balance method performs the complete isotopomer analysis and finds the flux profile by experimental isotopomer distribution fitting [27]. It is easy to work with this program; user just needs to write in symbolic form the reactions designed for analysis marking the respective re-formations of carbon skeleton. Using this input, the program automatically constructs isotopomer balances, transforms to cumomer analysis, solves the equations, and displays the results in the desired form. Creation of such a tool seemed to solve eventually the problems of isotopomer analysis.
However, there are at least three reasons to develop one more approach to isotopomer analysis. First, although the above described algorithm overcomes the problem of instability of iterative numerical solution, it is completely restricted by stationary flux analysis thus leaving without any examination the available time course of label distribution. In fact, the stability of solution could be controlled without losing the advantage of testing the time course of isotopomer accumulation, which could be more informative than steady state analysis.
Second, all the above approaches to the computation of isotopomer transformations consider fluxes as independent variables. This was noted as an advantage of the method because such an analysis did not need any assumptions regarding the biochemical basics of considered fluxes [27]. However, this could be an advantage only if the experimental pattern of label distribution is sufficient for evaluation of a unique true set of fluxes. If the amount of information is insufficient, additional data are necessary for the unambiguous evaluation of flux profile. In this case the known kinetic characteristics of analyzed enzyme reactions and results of classical kinetic modeling could provide such additional necessary information.
Third, even if the analysis reveals the fluxes taking them as independent, the fluxes remain disconnected from the detailed mechanisms of the catalysis and regulation considered in kinetics models, thus the biochemical reasons for the observed behavior remain unclear. In this case, the use of kinetic modeling could also solve this problem. Long era of classical biochemistry developed a number of kinetic models of complex systems that use known characteristics of enzyme catalysis and regulation. These parameters could be employed in metabolic flux analysis, providing the necessary additional information. An excellent example is a model of erythrocyte central metabolism [31], which includes kinetic models of all involved enzymes with known regulatory and catalytic mechanisms and kinetic constants, verified by numerous experiments.
On the other hand, the kinetic models of complex systems, analyzing the experimentally observed cellular functions as a result of operation of many regulated processes, include many parameters and therefore, like the flux analysis, also suffer from insufficiency of experimental data. Moreover, the kinetic models normally include characteristics of enzymatic reactions obtained in vitro, and such data cannot always be used for the interpretation of in vivo experiments. The use of in vivo tracer data would animate the old classical district of kinetic studies.
In this situation integration of kinetic modeling with complete isotopomer analysis would provide:
- for kinetic study of in vivo cell operation the new area of tracer data, which are necessary for understanding the organization and regulation of the processes in living cells and applicability of classical in vitro information;
- for metabolic flux analysis the additional information to restrict the number of acceptable sets of metabolic fluxes by the ones that are compatible not only with a given pattern of isotopomer distribution, but also with the data of previous biochemical studies.
The way of such integration is described next.
Algorithms for integrated kinetic and metabolic flux analysis
As MFA is a commonly accepted acronym for metabolic flux analysis based on isotopomer data, the tool proposed by Selivanov et al [32,33] designed for integrated kinetic and metabolic flux analysis is abbreviated here as IKMFA.
IKMFA was designed to possess the following characteristics:
1. To be compatible with any kinetic model of central metabolism, so that the MFA part accepts the total fluxes and metabolite concentrations predetermined by the kinetic model constituting the first part of the analytic software.
2. To use the total fluxes and metabolite concentrations, obtained from the kinetic model, for estimation of the time courses and distribution of all possible isotopomers.
3. To use fitting of the experimental time course, or/and steady state isotopomer distribution or/and global metabolite concentrations for the estimation of both fluxes and parameters of the kinetic model used.
These characteristics render IKMFA able to implement the detailed tissue-specific kinetic mechanisms of the enzyme reactions to describe the fluxes. In other words this approach builds a complete isotopomer analysis on the top of a kinetic model. Used for the analysis of isotopomer distribution data, the kinetic mechanisms, validated by all available kinetic models, could be examined for the in vivo conditions. This links the estimated metabolic fluxes with molecular and kinetic mechanisms of the metabolic pathways, i.e. with their biochemical basis. There are no limits in respect to the expressions for reaction rates, catalysis could be described according to the kinetic mechanism of any levels of complexity as it is accepted in kinetic modeling. An application of IKMFA for analysis of complex metabolic system that connects kinetic models of central metabolism with MFA has been considered elsewhere [33]. This metabolic system is schematically represented in the Figure 2.
Figure 2. Scheme of the metabolic reactions simulated in the model comprising glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, PPP, TCA cycle and anaplerotic reactions. The nodes represent metabolites, and solid lines are reactions. Reaction 1 and 0 describe glucose exchange with the medium; reaction 2 is the oxidative branch of PPC (g6p → (r5p<->r15p<->x5p)); 3–11 belong to glycolytic or gluconeogenesis pathways (PFK, aldolase, Fl, 6Pase, g3p conversion through GPDH reaction); 12 is fructose input, 13 is pyruvate decarboxylation, 14–15 are simplified representation of the TCA cycle, 16–17 are anaplerotic reactions, 18–25 are the in- and out-fluxes connecting the considered part with the rest of metabolic network, 26–34 and 35–38 are respectively transketolase and transaldolase isotope exchange fluxes described in the text. Thick edges indicate fast equilibrium between the connected nodes, catalyzed by EP and RPI, PGI, TPI.
As indicated above, the first step of analysis is the solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which describe the total concentration change as the sum of the production rate of the given metabolite minus the rates of its consumption.
In principle any ODE solver could serve in the kinetic part of the analysis. Since the software was written in programming language "C++", a compatible ODE solver was chosen. The existed source "C++" libraries, such as "Numerical recipes in C++", http://www.nr.com/ webcite or the C++ class library 'ODE++' of Milde (2003), http://www.minet.uni-jena.de/www/fakultaet/iam/ode++/ode++_e.html webcite were appropriate solvers. The metabolite concentration obtained from the ODEs solution become initial values of non-labeled isotopomers of internal metabolites in the following step of analysis. Other isotopomers are initially set to 0, except the outside metabolites, which have the initial distribution according to that added experimentally. Fluxes, also obtained from the solution of ODEs, are used in the second part to simulate the respective reactions between the isotopomers (Figure 2).
In spite of evident similarity between the first step of IKMFA and ordinary kinetic model execution, there is an essential difference between them. Kinetic models normally relate one enzyme reaction to the net flux as the difference between the forward and reverse fluxes, because only net fluxes define changes in the calculated total metabolite concentrations. In contrast, the first step of IKMFA needs to compute the forward and reverse fluxes separately and also some additional fluxes, which also serve as an input for the subsequent MFA. Definitions of such additional fluxes and a way to compute them are described next.
Definitions and algorithm for evaluation of all isotope-exchange fluxes
A classical example of a variety of fluxes is the non-oxidative PPP, the most problematic metabolic part related to numerous isotope-exchange reactions catalysed by TK and TA [34,35]. TK, thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzyme, catalyzes cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond and reversibly transfers a two-carbon fragment (glycolaldehyde) from a ketose-phosphate donor to an aldose- phosphate acceptor, forming new ketose- and aldose-phosphates. TA catalysis operates via another mechanism involving a Schiff base formed directly between the enzyme and the substrate, and, as a result, a three-carbon fragment (dihydroxyacetone) is transferred from a ketose-phosphate donor to an aldose-phosphate acceptor. However, a similar scheme could represent the steps of TA catalysis and TK catalysis is therefore considered here as representative of both enzymes. Although only two TK reactions are widely accepted to take place in PPP,
r5p + x5p <-> s7p + g3p (1)
e4p + x5p <-> f6p + g3p, (2)
this enzyme catalyzes in fact much more isotope-exchange reactions [34,35]. Using as an example the first of two above reactions (also shown in Figure 1), Figure 3 illustrates all possible isotope exchange fluxes related with this TK reaction.
Figure 3. Various isotope exchange fluxes created in the TK-catalyzed reaction: xu5p + r5p <-> g3p + s7p. Designations are the same as in Figure 1. A. Isotope exchange between xu5p and g3p in the presence of labeled g3p results in labeling of xu5p. This exchange flux could be calculated as follows. Forward flux of the last n-2 atoms of ketose-substrate to the pool of aldose-product (e.g., x5p → g3p) implies delivering the x5p atoms through the three steps (x5p + E → E*x5p → EG*g3p → EG + g3p). The intermediates E*x5p and EG*g3p contain aldose fragments originated from two sources, either x5p or g3p, and the respective fractions of isotopomers are specified by the relative values of the elementary rates. Specifically, the rate of delivery of x5p atoms into g3p is a part of the rate v3 (vi is a unitary rate corresponding to the rate constant ki); it is proportional to the content of carbon atoms originated from x5p in EG*g3p. The proportionality constant or fraction of x5p atoms in EG*g3p (Px1EGg, where the superscript x1 denotes the last carbons originated from x5p, and the subscript EGg denotes the form EG*g3p) depends on the fraction of former x5p atoms in E*x5p, that partly consists also of former g3p atoms that enter via the reactions whose rates are v-2 and v-3; thus it is expressed as a ratio of the input of the donor atoms from E*x5p (whose fraction is Px1Ex) to the total input to EGa1:
Px1EGg = (v2Px1 Ex)/(v2 + v-3). (f1)
The proportion of atoms in E*x5p that originated from x5p (px1Ex) in turn is given by the ratio of influx of this kind of atom to the total influx into the compound Ec1 at steady state:
Px1 Ex = (v1 + v-2Px1EGg)/(v1 + v-2). (f2)
Solving Eqs fl and f2 yields the expression:
Px1EGg = (v1 v2)/(v-2 v-3 + v-3 v1 + v1 v2). (f3)
The flux of former x5p atoms into g3p, vxg, where the subscript xg denotes the x5p->g3p direction, is given by
vxg = v3 Px1EGg = (v3 v1 v2)/(v-2 v-3 + v-3 v1 + v1 v2). (f4)
Equation f4 gives the rate of forward delivery of the last n-2 atoms in x5p to g3p, expressed by using the unitary rates. Since these atoms can originate only from either x5p or g3p, the fraction of atoms originating from g3p is expressed as PgEx = 1 - px1Ex. and the reverse flux of the aldose (g3p) to the ketose pool (x5p) can be described similarly to Eq. f4 as
vgx = v-1 PgEx, (f5)
B. Isotope exchange between s7p and r5p in the presence of labeled s7p results in labeling the r5p. The exchange of atoms between s7p and r5p can be described in the same way as it is done in A.
C. Isotope exchange between s7p and x5p in the presence of labeled s7p results in labeling of x5p. Forward flux (vxs) of the first two atoms of x5p to a second ketose/donor, s7p, implies delivery of the atoms through six steps (x5p → E*x5p → EG*g3p → EG → EG*r5p → E*s7p → s7p). This is a part of the rate of s7p production (v6) and it is proportional to the fraction of former x5p carbon atoms in E*s7p, namely PxfEs, where the superscript xf denotes that the first part of the molecule originates from x5p. This proportion is determined similarly to that described above, i.e. by solving the five equations for the fractions of atoms that originated from x5p in all the species (similar to the Eqns fl and f2). The reverse flux (vsx) of the first two atoms of s7p to x5p could be described in the same way.
Thus the following fluxes of the carbon skeleton parts are expressed through the same elementary steps of the catalytic mechanism:
vxg: x5p -> g3p
vgx: g3p -> x5p
vxs: x5p -> s7p
vsx: s7p -> x5p
vsr: s7p -> r5p
vrs: r5p -> s7p
The difference between forward and reverse fluxes of isotope exchange between all pairs of pools is the same and corresponds to the net flux:
vxg - vgx = vxs - vsx = vrs - vsr = vnet (f6)
It follows from (f6)
vxg - vxs = vgx - vsx, and vsr - vsx = vrs - vxs (f7)
The whole reaction related to exchange between x5p and s7p expressed by the fuxes vxs and vsx is accompanied by the exchange inside half-reactions, i.e. between x5p and g3p, and also between s7p and r5p. These exchanges in fact constitute a part of the fluxes vxg and vsr deduced above and the differences (f7) describe the "pure" exchange between ketose and the product of its splitting, which is the same in both directions. Taking into account equality of the "pure" exchanges expressed by equations (f7), the four fluxes define all of the isotope exchanges associated with the considered TK reaction:
- forward flux x5p->s7p (vxs)
- reverse flux s7p->x5p (vsx)
- pure exchange x5p<->g3p (vxg - vxs)
- pure exchange s7p<->r5p (vsr - vsx)
The above fluxes could be expressed through the elementary rates, as exemplified by Equation f4. The elementary rates, in turn, could be expressed through the elementary rate constants and substrate and product concentrations using, for instance, King and Altman algorithm (as described e.g. in [48]). Thus, all TK fluxes are considered not as independent but as interrelated through the elementary rate constants, which could be determined in independent experiments as described elsewhere [33].
The reversible steps associated with the ping-pong mechanism of TK reaction involve exchange (i) between the ketose substrate and product of its cleavage, or, in the present example, between xylulose-5-phosphate (xu5p) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (g3p) shown in Figure 3A and also between sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (s7p) and ribose-5-phosphate (r5p) shown in Figure 3B, and (ii) between two ketoses (xu5p and s7p, Figure 3C). Thus, six isotope exchange fluxes are associated with one TK reaction. As shown previously [32] all of them are essential for distribution of the label and should be taken into account for correct estimation of metabolic fluxes. These fluxes could be expressed through the rate constants of elementary steps as the legend to Figure 3 describes in details.
In fact, forward and reverse transfer of the first two carbons between the x5p and s7p are coupled with transfer of the three last carbons of x5p to g3p pool and back, and also the five last carbons of s7p to r5p pool and back. Therefore, transfer between ketose and product of its cleavage could be presented as consisted of two parts, one of which is coupled with transfer between two ketoses and some another, additional part. The legend to Figure 3 explains in details that these additional parts are equal in forward and reverse directions. Taking this into account, one should compute (in the way shown in the legend to Figure 3) four different isotope transfers related with just one TK reaction (1):
- xu5p->s7p accompanied by the transfer xu5p->g3p and r5p->s7p
- s7p->xu5p accompanied by the transfer s7p->r5p and g3p->xu5p
- additional transfer xu5p<->g3p the same in both directions
- additional transfer s7p<->r5p the same in both directions.
Presence of different substrates in the intracellular volume further complicates the situation. Figure 4 shows three reactions catalyzed by TK in vivo, which compete for the same enzyme. In this situation the number of isotope exchange fluxes related to the TK reactions increases, but all of them can be expressed through the elementary rate constants in the way similar to that indicated in the Figure 3 legend. The following isotope-exchange fluxes related to the TK reactions shown in the Figure 4 should be accounted for subsequent analysis in the way similar to that described in the legend of Figure 3 for one separated reaction:
Figure 4. Scheme of all the TK reactions accounting for competition between them. Designations are the same as in Figure 1. The reactions start with reversible binding of the free enzyme to ketose (with the elementary rate constants k1, k-1, k7, k-7, k6, k-6) and formation of the covalent enzyme-substrate complex followed by its splitting (k2, k-2, k8, k-8, k5, k-5) and formation of the covalently bound intermediate G ('active glycolaldehyde') and aldose, both localized in the active site of the enzyme. The split complex dissociates (k3, k-3, k9, k-9, k4, k-4) into the enzyme bound with active glycolaldehyde (EG) and the free molecule of aldose. Nine different isotope exchange fluxes are associated with these reactions, as explored in more detail in Figure 3.
xu5p + E → Exu5p → EGg3p EG EGrSp → Es7p → E + s7p
xu5p + E ← Exu5p ← EGg3p EG EGrSp ← ES ← E + s7p
xu5p + E → Exu5p → EGg3p EG EGe4p → Ef6p → E + f6p
xu5p + E ← Exu5p ← EGg3p EG EGe4p ← Ef6p ← E + f6p
s7p + E → Es7p → EGr5p EG EGe4p → Ef6p → E + f6p
s7p + E ← Es7p ← EGr5p EG EGe4p ← Ef6p ← E + f6p
xu5p+E↔Exu5p↔EGg3p↔EG+g3p
f6p+E↔Ef6p↔EGe4p↔EG+e4p
s7p+E↔Es7p↔EGrSp↔EG+r5p
- xu5p->s7p accompanied by the transfer xu5p->g3p and r5p->s7p;
- s7p->xu5p accompanied by the transfer s7p->r5p and g3p->xu5p;
- xu5p->f6p accompanied by the transfer xu5p->g3p and e4p->f6p;
- f6p->xu5p accompanied by the transfer f6p -> e4p and g3p -> xu5p;
- s7p->f6p accompanied by the transfer s7p->r5p and e4p->f6p;
- f6p->s7p accompanied by the transfer f6p->e4p and r5p->s7p;
- additional transfer xu5p<->g3p the same in both directions;
- additional transfer s7p<->r5p the same in both directions;
- additional transfer e4p<->f6p the same in both directions;
Expressed through the elementary rate constants such isotope exchange fluxes are evaluated for all the enzymes in the course of executing the kinetic model. The obtained values are used in the second step of analysis, namely in simulation of isotopomer distribution, which is done in the way similar to that accepted in MFA (e.g. in [27]). The respective algorithm is described next.
Reactions between isotopomers
To interpret the result of isotope redistribution in metabolites of a metabolic pathway all the possible reactions between isotopomers are simulated at this step of analysis. An algorithm of simulation of isotopomer distribution, which is present below, is in principle similar to that described elsewhere [25], though it is implemented by different means. In contrast to the earlier algorithms [25], here the total fluxes are taken from the previous step of analysis, where they are expressed as functions of total concentrations of metabolites and effectors according to the reaction mechanisms. Moreover, the program calculates the real concentrations and time courses of isotopomers and then defines fractions corresponding to the analyzed experimental data.
For isotopomer designation we use a binary notation for the 13C and 12C atoms as it is helpful in optimization of references to a specific isotopomer. Since each carbon atom of a molecule can exist in one of the two states: labeled (marked as '1') or unlabeled ('0'), each metabolite in the model can be represented by an array of 2n of possible isotopomers, where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. Each isotopomer in the model is represented as binary numbers; its digits correspond to the carbon atoms in a molecule (3 digits for trioses, 4 for erythrose, etc.). A '1' or a '0' in certain position in a string signifies that corresponding carbon atom is labeled or unlabeled. For instance, all isotopomers for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (g3p) are:
000, 001, 010, 01l, 100, 101, 110, 111
This representation of isotopomers as successive integer numbers is very convenient because the model uses it as references to the respective position in the existing array of concentrations of all isotopomers, different for each metabolite. This ordering of the isotopomers in the array allows optimization of referring the isotopomer products for any isotopomer substrate related to the considered reactions, as it is explained below. For instance, the reaction (xu5p + r5p ↔ s7p + g3p) between arbitrarily chosen isotopomers of x5p (10011) and r5p (10000) produces the following isotopomers of s7p and g3p:
10011(xu5p) + 10000(r5p) ↔ 1010000(s7p) + 011(g3p) (3)
This reaction could be easily simulated by manipulations with binary numbers, viz., the product of scission of the ketose substrate of n carbons will be a product of bitwise AND of the respective binary number with 2n-2-1, in the above example (10011 AND 111) = 011. To define the reference number of the produced new ketose, the reference number of initial ketose should be shifted n-2 positions right, and then (if m is number of carbons in the aldose substrate) m positions left. The bitwise OR operation performed for the obtained number and reference number of aldose substrate produces the resulted ketose isotopomer. In the above example, right shift of 10011 gives 10, its left shift gives 1000000 and (1000000 OR 10000) gives 1010000. These operations are fast and allow the reference number of isotopomer products to be defined for each pair of isotopomer-substrates.
Determination of the reference numbers of products for each pair of substrates is the basis of the optimization. Then the change of concentrations according to the succession of reaction is calculated. Assuming that all isotopomers have the equal affinity, the rate of reaction between pair of isotopomers is proportional to their concentrations, while the sum of reaction rates for all isotopomers gives the global metabolic flux calculated also at the previous, kinetic, step. If, for instance, Vf is the global forward flux for the TK reaction between X5P and R5P, the flux for this reaction between isotopomers i and j (V3fij) would be expressed as follows:
Vfij = Vf × [X5Pi] × [R5Pj]/([X5Ptot] × [R5Ptot]) (4)
Here, the indices i and j refer to the concentrations of the respective isotopomers and the index 'tot' refers to the total concentration of the metabolite, as calculated in the kinetic model. In this way, the first part, ODE solving, is linked to the second part that computes the label distribution: the kinetic model calculates global fluxes and concentrations and defines the values (as in the above example V3f/([X5Ptot] x [R5Ptot])), which are used to get the fluxes in reactions between isotopomers (as in Equation (4)). During the small time interval dt the TK reaction (3) considered as an example consumes the amount dt × V3fij of each of the isotopomers i and j and this value is subtracted from the concentrations of respective isotopomers.
[X5Pi]t+dt = [X5Pi]t - dt × Vfij
[R5Pj]t+dt = [R5Pj]t - dt × Vfij (5)
Here, the indices t and t + dt indicate the time of the simulated process. As usual for numerical solution of differential equations, this could be acceptable approximation if the time step dt is so small that consumption during one step is small compared to the amount of these isotopomers; practically, the value for dt is taken so that its further decrease does not affect the solution. The program adds the same amount to the concentrations of reaction products, which numbers (ra and rd) are defined from i and j as described above.
[GAPra]t+dt = [GAPra]t + dt × Vfij
[S7Prd]t+dt = [S7Prd]t + dt × Vfij (6)
The above algorithm is present in order to illustrate the main principles of TK reaction simulation between a pair of isotopomers according to the Equations 5 and 6. However this algorithm is not optimized in the best way. To simulate the reaction between n isotopomers of ketose and m isotopomers of aldose it is necessary to perform n × m cycles of such calculations. It could be optimized by the imaginary separation of the whole reaction into two steps corresponding to the aldose and ketose products formation. First scission of all ketose isotopomers could be simulated, producing respective isotopomers of aldose product according to the scheme x5p->g3p; this demands just n recalculations of x5p and g3p concentrations. Then the rest two-carbon fragment (for TK) with only 4 different possible combinations of label interacts with isotopomers of aldose substrate (C2+r5p->s7p). This demands 4 × m recalculations of r5p and s7p for one direction of the reaction. In this way the whole description of the TK reaction needs only 2×(n+4×m) recalculations of substrate-product pairs instead of n × m recalculations of four substances according to the above algorithm.
Analysis of experimental data starts from execution of the kinetic model simulating time course of metabolite concentrations and fluxes, which then are used in the second step of simulation of corresponding labeled isotopomer distribution. Experimental data fitting finds the flux profile and kinetic parameters compatible with the analyzed data. This is described next.
Fitting algorithm
A combination of kinetic modeling with isotopomer distribution analysis allows combining also the respective experimental data, which can be analysed. Moreover, IKMFA expands the usual steady state isotopomer analysis to the non-steady state conditions. The following kinds of experimental data could be subjects of fitting:
- Measured rate of production of various metabolites in cell cultures under different conditions of incubation and intracellular concentration of some metabolites;
- Total metabolite concentrations;
- Distribution of labeled atoms such as 13C isotopes in metabolites (13C isotopomers), when the label was added with some of the substrates.
Optimization of a merit function in a multidimensional space of parameters is well elaborated and usually does not represent a problem [36,37]. However, in our particular case, two kinds of computational problems arise. First, if the merit function (χ2, the sum of the squares of the vertical distances of the experimental points from the calculated curve divided by the standard deviation) is defined from the numerical solution of differential equations, abrupt change of parameters demanded by the applied fitting algorithm could render the system stiff and induce failure of ODE solver. Second, if the total metabolite concentrations are not measured, the merit function does not account for them, so that the best fit sometimes corresponds to evidently unreal concentrations.
The first problem was partly solved by our approach of two-step solution, when the isotopomer analysis comes after the differential equations that describe changes in total metabolite concentrations are solved. In the first step a small number of equations for total concentrations are to be solved and at this step the solution is usually robust. A number of numerical methods for ODE solution are implemented, in particular the Bulirsch-Stoer method [37] could be recommended. If the problem of stiffness nevertheless arises it could be solved using implicit or semi-implicit methods e.g. using the Bader and Deuflhard discretization of Bulirsch-Stoer method [37]. The problem of stiffness often arises in the second step when much more equations for isotopomers have to be solved. The methods for stiff ODEs will be implemented for the solution of the huge systems for isotopomers, however, even the use of the steady state metabolite concentrations, known from overall the solution, as initial values for unlabeled isotopomers improves the robustness of the solution.
Another part of the stiffness problem in fact was solved when, to address the second problem (of unreal best-fit concentrations), we introduced the threshold for χ2 change, dependent on metabolite concentrations. According to the used Powel's algorithm for the local decrease of χ2 value, the program changed parameters one by one until the minimum was reached in each direction. To avoid long descent in almost flat valley, if a change in χ2 was lower than threshold, the program switched to another direction in the space of parameters. If some metabolite concentration has reached its critical value, the program automatically increased the threshold for χ2 change if the parameter change increased the critical concentration, but decreased the threshold to 0 if the parameter change induced also a decrease of critical concentration. These rules let to control the range of concentrations, and made the solution of ODEs more stable. After termination of descent in the space of parameters, the program make a step uphill by random change of a parameter as is supposed by Simulated Annealing algorithm, and then repeats the downhill descent. All the successful steps of parameter change are saved, so that if the program comes into the area of stiffness and the solver fails, the procedure could be started again from the last successful step after the necessary correction.
After the program finds the minimum of χ2 and completes the fitting procedure, it can determine the set of parameters most relevant to the fit using singular value decomposition of the second derivative matrix of χ2 with respect the parameters (Hessian matrix). Square roots of the diagonal elements of the inverse of Hessian matrix provide the standard deviation for the essential parameters. The present in our website instruction describes the way of using this feature of the program.
Thus, fitting algorithm accepts different kinds of data and estimates not only compatible set of metabolic fluxes but also parameters of enzyme reactions and their regulation, providing insight to the biochemical underground of the particular set of metabolic fluxes.
Prime results and perspective
The advantages of implementation of comprehensive enzyme kinetic mechanisms (e.g. as explored in the Figure 3 and shown in Figure 4) in metabolic flux analysis were examined in [33], where the two levels of profundity in flux analysis were compared. When the fluxes created in TK reaction were considered as independent variables, as was commonly accepted currently in metabolic flux analysis, they were compatible with the experimental r5p and lactate label distribution in cancer cell line HT29. However, the set of isotope-exchange fluxes obtained in this way was not unique and was found to be incompatible with the TK reaction mechanism. The implementation of dependency between all TK fluxes through the unitary rates, as was accepted in classical enzyme kinetic analysis, restricted the area of possible estimates thus making the analysis more reliable.
On the other hand, such integrated analysis brought a new area of isotopomer distribution data to the kinetic study of enzyme operation in vivo. Fitting isotopomer distribution directly accessing the kinetic constants provided insight to the enzyme kinetic mechanisms that operate in vivo. Some of the kinetic constants obtained from in vitro study were corrected based on the analysis of in vivo isotopomer distribution. The ability to accumulate the information from different sources and to check its compatibility makes this approach scalable into analytical tool which filters and orders available data, as well as evaluates metabolic fluxes compatible with maximum of available information.
The analysis of tracer data considered here focuses mainly on central metabolic pathways that, according to the recent review [9], are stoichiometrically coupled with glutamate neurotransmission. In this view a major limitation in the interpretation of tracer data is the poor definition of relationship between neuronal activity and neuroenergetic processes supported by glucose metabolism [38-40]. The term neuronal activity applies to a spectrum of energy requiring processes including action potential propagation, neurotransmitter release and uptake, vesicular recycling, and maintenance of membrane potentials [41]. All of these processes are involved in short-term neuronal information encoding and the relative distribution of energy among them remains to be determined. The contribution of the different classes of neurons in a cortical region to the overall energy consumption remains also unclear. To address these questions the flux analysis based on tracer data should be coupled with the comprehensive models of central metabolism interactions with neuronal activity; this assumes further development of IKMFA towards higher complexity of the kinetic model underlying the flux analysis. Such a model could include different cellular compartments or even consist of partial differential equations describing the diffusion of components in intracellular volume. The requirement for multi-compartment analysis of label distribution data follows, in part, from a series of experiments where even qualitative analysis of metabolite labeling pointed out to the existence of different pools of pyruvate in neurons and astrocytes [42-44]. The existence of non-mixed pools of soluble substance in cytosole currently seems surprising. Using a multi-compartment model coupled with isotopomer analysis for the analysis of such data would allow other possible hypotheses to be excluded and would provide quantitative information regarding the relationship between the pools.
Although the data on the existence of different intracellular compartments not separated by membrane structures are not widely accepted, they appear in various areas of cell biology and deserve thorough analysis. Analysis of the behavior of ATP-sensitive K+ channel, located in sarcolemma revealed large differences in ATP levels at different distance from the sarcolemma [45,46]. Similarly high diffusion limitations in the membrane vicinity were found for cAMP, as follows from the study of cAMP gated channels [47]. Understanding real cellular processes requires integrated analysis of various data relating to the real multi-compartment intracellular space with restricted diffusion limitation for metabolites. The approach described here has an ability to develop into a tool that can be used in such an integrative analysis. An understanding of regulatory mechanisms as an addition to the reliable estimations of metabolic fluxes will increase outcome of stable isotope tracer analysis, which is already in clinical use.
Abbreviations
cit, citrate; dhap, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; e4p, erythrose-4-phosphate; g6p, glucose-6-phosphate; g3p, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; f6p, fructose-6-phosphate; glu, glutamate; lac, lactate; oaa, oxaloacetate; pep, phosphoenolpyruvate; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; pyr, pyruvate; r5p, ribose-5-phosphate; s7p, sedoheptulose-7-phosphate; TA, transaldolase; TK, transketolase; xu5p, xylulose-5-phosphate; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; MS, mass spectrometry; MFA, metabolic flux analysis.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the grants: Fundation la Caixa (ONO3-70-0), the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia of Spanish Government (SAF2005-01627 and PPQ2003-06602-C04-04); NIH DK56090-Al (to W.N.P.L); Generalitat de Catalunya (ABM/acs/PIV2002-32) to (V.A.S); Generalitat de Catalunya (2004 PIV2 14) to (T.S.); The GC/MS Facility is supported by PHS grants P01-CA42710 to the UCLA Clinical Nutrition Research Unit, Stable Isotope Core and M01-RR00425 to the General Clinical Research Center. The authors also acknowledge the support of the Bioinformatic grant program of the Foundation BBVA and the Comissionat d'Universitats i Recerca de la Generalitat de Catalunya.
This article has been published as part of BMC Neuroscience Volume 7, Supplement 1, 2006: Problems and tools in the systems biology of the neuronal cell. The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcneurosci/7?issue=S1.
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Asking for Customer Feedback Can Be Scary
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From http://www.m4bmarketing.com 1012 days ago
Made Hot by: maplesummit on August 10, 2010 1:54 pm
Getting customer feedback may be scary at first but is is vital for marketing success. Without feedback it is really difficult to improve as no matter what you think you will always be a little subjective. After all it is personal as it is your business. To make this area less scary and personal,try asking yourself these two questions:
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5 Reasons NOT to Delete Negative Reviews
Posted by robertbrady under Online Marketing
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While it may seem counter-intuitive, there are quite a few reasons why business owners want to resist the urge to delete comments and reviews that are critical of them. Sometimes, negative reviews can actually help, not harm, your business. Here are a few reasons why it’s okay to let negative revie Read More
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Visual Editions, nicknamed VE, is a London-based book publisher, started in early 2009 by Anna and Britt. The idea for VE comes from our joint love of books and a (mischievous) desire to do things differently, so that everything we ...
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Case Report
Tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia in the ileal segment 34 years after augmentation ileocystoplasty: report of a first case
Henry B Armah*, Alyssa M Krasinskas and Anil V Parwani
Author Affiliations
Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
Diagnostic Pathology 2007, 2:29 doi:10.1186/1746-1596-2-29
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.diagnosticpathology.org/content/2/1/29
Received:20 July 2007
Accepted:13 August 2007
Published:13 August 2007
© 2007 Armah et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Neoplasms of the urinary bladder following augmentation ileocystoplasty are rare. We present the case of a 39-year-old male with a tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia in the ileal segment 34 years after augmentation ileocystoplasty to enlarge a post-chemoradiation-induced shrunken bladder. He presented with gross hematuria. Cystoscopy revealed a papillary tumor at the site of ileovesical anastomosis, and transurethral resection was performed. Histologic examination revealed a tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia. There are only two previous reports of tubulovillous adenoma in ileal segment after ileocystoplasty, both without high-grade dysplasia. Our observation supports the hypothesis that an ileal neobladder may undergo all the morphologic and molecular changes observed in the development of gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma. Therefore, patients who had an ileal neobladder created should be closely followed.
Background
Currently, the use of intestinal segments is the main option both for augmentation and replacement of the urinary bladder, and for diversion of urine from the normal outlet in patients following cystectomy or post-therapy shrunken bladder. These surgical procedures are separated into two main groups, namely bladder substitution or augmentation with transposed intestinal segments and ureterosigmoidostomy. Several types of orthotopic bladder substitution or augmentation have been developed, of which ileocystoplasty with the creation of an ileal neobladder is one of the most common procedures. An ileal neobladder is easily constructed and provides unchanged voiding habits with good continence and upper urinary tract preservation, with relatively low rates of complication [1]. Ureterosigmoidostomy is the surgical procedure where the ureters are diverted into the fecal stream of the sigmoid colon to allow the anal sphincter to maintain both bowel and urinary continence.
There is now a general consensus from long-term follow-up studies that ureterosigmoidostomy results in an increased absolute risk of adenocarcinoma arising from the ureterocolic anastomosis [1-5]. There is at present insufficient conclusive evidence that ileocystoplasty is responsible for an increased absolute risk of malignancy [1]. A recent Cochrane meta-analytic review found few prospective, randomized or case-control studies involving the use of intestinal segments and none of these were designed to assess the risk of secondary malignancy [6]. However, to date, there have been 10 reported cases of carcinomas developing in the ileal segment after ileocystoplasty in the English language medical literature [7-9]. There has been only 1 previous report of a tubulovillous adenoma arising in the cecal segment after cecocystoplasty, without high-grade dysplasia [10]. Finally, there have been only 2 previous reports of tubulovillous adenoma developing in the ileal segment after augmentation ileocystoplasty, both without high-grade dysplasia [11,12]. We report the first case of a tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia that developed in the ileal segment 34 years after augmentation ileocystoplasty.
Case presentation
A 39-year-old man underwent augmentation ileocystoplasty 34 years previously to enlarge his shrunken bladder following chemotherapy and radiation therapy to his bladder and prostate for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma at the age of 5. He was completely continent and was voiding normally after the augmentation ileocystoplasty. He had no family history of gastrointestinal malignancy. He presented with gross hematuria. A voiding cystogram showed a polypoid mass at the level of the ileovesical anastomosis. An intravenous pyelogram showed no evidence of a mass or obstruction in the upper urinary tract. Computerized tomography scans showed normal kidneys without obstruction. Flexible cystoscopy revealed a solitary 5 cm papillary tumor of the ileal segment in close proximity of the site of ileovesical anastomosis. Transurethral loop resection was used to completely excise the tumor to the underlying muscle. Histopathologic examination revealed a tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia (Figures 1A &1B), and the adjacent ileal mucosa showed features of colonic metaplasia (Figure 1C). Based on the patients's age of 39 (less than 50 years old), immunohistochemical staining for the major DNA mismatch-repair (MMR) proteins MLH1 and MSH2 was performed to exclude the possiblity ofan inherited form of intestinal neoplasia, hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Immunohistochemical staining for MSH2 and MLH1 revealed that the high-grade dysplastic ileal epithelial cells retained both MSH2 (Figure 1D) and MLH1 (not shown) expression, supporting anabsence of microsatellite instability (MSI) in this neoplasm. Clinically, the complete transurethral resection of the tumor was considered adequate conservative management, and he has undergone follow-up cystoscopy at 3-month intervals for the past year with no evidence of recurrence.
Figure 1. (A) Tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia (H&E, Original magnification × 40). (B) Tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia (H&E, Original magnification ×100). (C) Tubular adenoma with adjacent colonic metaplasia (H&E, Original magnification × 40). (D) Both MSH2 (shown) and MLH1 (not shown) demonstrated intact (positive) nuclear staining in the dysplastic ileal epithelium (Immunoperoxidase, Original magnification × 200).
Discussion
Neoplastic changes after ureterosigmoidostomy as urinary diversion are not uncommon, and these neoplasms are generally attributed to the mixture of the urine and fecal stream [1]. Several case series have been published on the long-term follow-up of children with congenital malformation of the lower urinary tract who underwent ureterosigmoidostomy as urinary diversion. There is now a general consensus from these studies that ureterosigmoidostomy results in an increased absolute risk of adenocarcinoma arising from the ureterocolic anastomosis [1-5]. An estimated lifetime incidence of 5% to 19% for malignant neoplasms following ureterosigmoidostomy has been reported in these case series [1-3]. Approximately half of these malignant neoplasms are adenocarcinomas, and they tend to develop at the site of anastomosis. A long latency period for the development of neoplastic change was a consistent finding, with a median of 26 years (range 5 to 50 years) [1,3].
Neoplasms developing after ileocystoplasty are indeed rare; only 10 cases of carcinomas developing after ileocystoplasty have been reported in the English language medical literature [7-9]. However, their characteristics are similar to those developing after ureterosigmoidostomy. Of the 10 cases of carcinomas developing after ileocystoplasty, 8 were adenocarcinoma. In 8 of these 10 cases, the tumor developed at the ileovesical junction, and in the native bladder of the remaining 2 cases. The latent period from the original surgery to the development of cancer ranges from 4 to 32 years [7-9]. The peri-anastomotic location of the tumor in the case herein presented is in keeping with the above reported location of most tumors arising after ileocystoplasty. Though the evidence for an increased absolute risk of malignancy after ileocystoplasty is inconclusive from meta-analytic review [6], our finding of tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia and previous reports of adenocarcinomas in the ileal neobladder [7-9] suggests that the development of gastrointestinal malignancy after ileocystoplasty is a constant, low, but still distinct, risk, even in the absence of mixture of the urine and fecal stream. Since an estimated 153,270 new cases of large bowel cancers occurred compared to an estimated 6,170 new cases of small bowel cancers in the year 2006 (an approximately 25-fold difference in incidence) [13], small intestinal urinary derivations are considered to be at low risk of malignancy. Therefore, small bowel segments are being used increasingly in lower urinary tract reconstruction.
Two main hypotheses have been proposed for the increased risk of neoplastic changes following ureterosigmoidostomy and ileocystoplasty [1,14,15]. The first hypothesis, carcinogenic N-nitrosamine hypothesis, states that the excessive production of N-nitrosamines of known high carcinogenicity by the action of bacteria on urinary nitrate activated malignant change [1,14]. N-nitrosamines are produced when urinary nitrates are reduced to nitrites by bacteria, especially by Escherichia coli. Nitrites and urinary amines react to form N-nitrosamines. Experimental studies using animal models have reported both supportive [14,16] and contradictory [17,18] evidence for this hypothesis. It is generally believed that malignant change occurring in association with urinary reconstruction using intestinal segments is a result of urinary stagnation and bacteriuria, chronic inflammation and carcinogenic substances, such as N-nitrosamine.
Ureterosigmoidostomy patients have consistently showed substantially higher levels of N-nitrosamine in their faeces or urine compared to control subjects, and was associated with chronic inflammatory changes and altered mucin secretion at the anastomotic site [5]. However, the administration of vitamin C (an inhibitor of N-nitrosamine formation) in a subsequent small preliminary clinical study resulted in only a modest, statistically insignificant, decline in the N-nitrosamine content of rectal slurry [19]. Ileocystoplasty patients showed villous atrophy with chronic inflammation and had high concentration of N-nitrosamine in urine samples compared to control subjects [20]. The levels of N-nitrosamines in the urine of patients after augmentation ileocystoplasty have recently been reported to be greatest among those with continued urinary infection, those with sterile pyuria, those using intermittent catheterization, and those not taking prophylactic antibiotics [21]. The levels of N-nitrosamines within urine from ileal neobladder are intermediate between those found in normal controls and patients with ureterosigmoidostomy [21,22]. Additionally, a significantly higher prevalence of bacteriuria (47%) has been reported in patients after augmentation ileocystoplasty compared to controls [20].
The second hypothesis, inflammatory response hypothesis, states that the inflammatory response stimulated by the anastomosis of differing mucosa lead to nuclear instability, perhaps through the generation of reactive oxygen species [1,14]. However, direct supportive experimental and clinical evidence for this hypothesis are lacking [1,14,15]. One of the most intriguing facts of the previously reported cases of adenocarcinoma or tubular adenomas [7-9] and of the present case of tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia following ileocystoplasty is that almost all tumors developed at the anastomotic site and not elsewhere in the intestinal segment. Interestingly, the same situation occurs in patients following ureterosigmoidostomy where most adenocarcinomas developed at the site of the anastomosis [1,3]. Additionally, though spontaneous ileal malignancies are very rare, ileal malignancies have been more frequently reported at the site of surgical anastomosis such as ileo-ileostomy [23]. The inflammatory response hypothesis has been suggested as accounting for the increased susceptibility of development of tumors at the line of anastomosis between the intestinal segment and native bladder, but the supporting evidence is inconclusive and the exact mechanism is not well understood [1,14,15]. We hypothesize that the highest levels of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines are present closest to the anastomosis (on account of stasis or reduced motility at that site postoperatively) coupled with the inflammatory response stimulated by the anastomosis of differing mucosa lead to nuclear instability and the initiation of the metaplasia-adenoma-carcinoma sequence. However, additional long-term clinicohistological and animal studies are required to confirm our hypotheis.
Clinical studies examining the cellular origin of tumors found at the line of anastomosis between the intestinal segment and native bladder have reported contradictory findings [24,25]. Though, one study suggested the origin of the adenocarcinoma from metaplastic bladder mucosa [24], another study suggested that the neoplastic changes were consistent with an intestinal origin on the basis of histochemical staining [25]. In a follow-up prospective study of 24 patients with orthotopic ileal neobladder who underwent regular endoscopic biopsy for 5 years after surgery, progressive changes to the ileal mucosa were seen, with thinning, increased goblet cells, and villous atrophy, but no dysplasia and no malignancy [26]. Three similar studies of patients with orthotopic ileal neobladder (4-year follow-up study of 30 patients [27], 7-year follow-up study of 90 patients [28,29], and 10-year follow-up study of 20 patients [30]) found similar progressive changes to the ileal mucosa, but with no atrophy, no dysplasia and no malignancy. Additionally, histochemical staining revealed the increased presence of mucin (sulfomucins and sialomucins) immediately postoperatively which gradually reduced with extended follow-up [26-30]. These 5 recent follow-up studies suggested that the ileal mucosal changes were adaptive rather than premalignant [26-30].
Therefore, evidence in support of either of the two hypotheses of pathogenesis for malignancies following ureterosigmoidostomy and ileocystoplasty is incomplete and conflicting [1,14-22,26-30]. Recent animal studies do not suggest a significant role for nitrosamines as the carcinogenic agent [14,16-18], whilst histological studies have not shown clear evidence of premalignant mucosal change subsequent to inflammation of the anastomotic site [26-30]. Although nitrosamine excretion and bacterial load is increased in ileocystoplasty patients [20-22], this does not seem to lead to features of premalignant mucosal change during medium-term follow-up. Transposed intestinal segments exposed to urine undergo a well-characterized series of adaptive changes toward a more transitional phenotype over a period of 4–10 years [26-30]. Early inflammatory changes associated with surgery and seen in more acute animal models soon disappear without any evidence of the continued secretion of abnormal sialomucins [26-30]. These progressive changes result in a relatively thin intestinal epithelium with villous atrophy but without dysplastic or neoplastic features, although the extent of sampling of clinical material is necessarily limited for ethical reasons [1,6,28]. However, our finding of tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia adjacent to adaptive colonic metaplasia 34 years after ileocystoplasty and the previous report of adenocarcinoma 20 years after ileocystoplasty [7] suggest that the adaptive changes may progress to premalignant and malignant changes. Therefore, the adaptive colonic changes observed up to 10 years in the 5 studies above [26-30] may progress to premalignant and malignant changes in the ileal mucosa as late complications after ileocystoplasty. As with all malignancies, the pathway for carcinogenesis following ureterosigmoidostomy and ileocystoplasty is likely to be complex and multifactorial, and requires additional long-term histological studies to suggest further experimental approaches.
Immunohistochemical, the high-grade dysplastic ileal epithelial cells in the case herein presented expressed both DNA MMR proteins MSH2 and MLH1. The presence of protein expression of these 2 major human DNA MMR proteins indicates the absence of pathogenic mutations in these MMR genes and the absence of microsatellite instability (MSI) at this stage in this neoplastic process. Therefore, MSI was not contributory to the pathogenesis of the high-grade dysplastic adenomatous changes in the case herein presented, but does not exclude the possibility that MSI may contribute to the subsequent progression to invasive adenocarcinoma. Indeed, a recent report documented increased microsatellite levels in urine from a patient who developed an invasive adenocarcinoma within an augmented bladder after cystoplasty [31]. Loss of heterozygosity was identified in both urine and tumor samples from this patient using PCR-based microsatellite analysis, suggesting that urinary microsatellite analysis may be useful as a monitoring tool to detect neoplastic change in patients after augmentation cystoplasty [31].
It is well established that malignant transformation in colonic carcinoma involves the transition from metaplasia, through benign adenoma (without high-grade dysplasia), adenoma with high-grade dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and finally invasive adenocarcinoma. Tubular adenoma (with or without high-grade dysplasia) is a precursor of gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma, and requires complete surgical excision when encountered in small bowel segments used for urinary tract reconstruction [1]. Tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia in an ileal segment used for lower urinary tract reconstruction has not been previously reported to our knowledge. There have been only two previous reports of tubulovillous adenomas in ileal segment after ileocystoplasty, both without high-grade dysplasia [11,12]. There has been only 1 previous report of a tubulovillous adenoma arising in the cecal segment after cecocystoplasty, without high-grade dysplasia [10]. The case herein reported of tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia supports the hypothesis that an ileal neobladder may undergo all the morphologic and molecular changes observed in the development of gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma. The previous reports of adenocarcinomas [7-9] and adenomas [11,12], and our finding of a tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia in the ileal neobladder support the metaplasia-adenoma-carcinoma sequence as the pathway for carcinogenesis following ileocystoplasty. Therefore, we recommend that patients with transposed intestinal neobladders need to be screened for the development of adenomatous polyps and subsequent carcinomas.
Conclusion
Patients undergoing augmentation ileocystoplasty are at increased risk of glandular malignancy in the ileal segment. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of the potential of malignant transformation developing in the neobladder when cystoplasty with any kind of intestinal segments are performed. Hence, emphasizing the importance of careful lifelong follow-up, including cystoscopy and urine cytology, of all patients who undergo urinary tract reconstruction with small bowel segments.
Competing interests
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
HBA participated in the histopathological evaluation, performed the literature review, acquired photomicrographs and drafted the manuscript. AMK and AVP conceived and designed the study, gave the final histopathological diagnosis and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Consent was received from the patient before publication.
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Scand J Urol Nephrol 2003, 37(3):202-204. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
27. Gatti R, Ferretti S, Bucci G, Simonazzi M, Cortellini P, Orlandini G: Histological adaptation of orthotopic ileal neobladder mucosa: 4-year follow-up of 30 patients.
Eur Urol 1999, 36(6):588-594. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
28. Aragona F, De Caro R, Parenti A, Artibani W, Bassi P, Munari PF, Pagano F: Structural and ultrastructural changes in ileal neobladder mucosa: a 7-year follow-up.
Br J Urol 1998, 81(1):55-61. PubMed Abstract
29. Parenti A, Aragona F, Bortuzzo G, De Caro R, Pagano F: Abnormal patterns of mucin secretion in ileal neobladder mucosa: evidence of preneoplastic lesion?
Eur Urol 1999, 35(2):98-101. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
30. Deane AM, Woodhouse CR, Parkinson MC: Histological changes in ileal conduits.
J Urol 1984, 132(6):1108-1111. PubMed Abstract
31. Docimo SG, Chow NH, Steiner G, Silver RI, Rodriguez R, Kinsman S, Sidransky D, Schoenberg M: Detection of adenocarcinoma by urinary microsatellite analysis after augmentation cystoplasty.
Urology 1999, 54(3):561. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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You are here: Home / About EEA / Governance / Scientific Committee
EEA Scientific Committee
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The scientific committee assists the EEA management board and the Executive Director in providing scientific advice and delivering professional opinion on any scientific matter in the areas of work undertaken by the Agency.
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The scientific committee has three major tasks:
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The committee is composed of independent scientists from the EEA member-countries, covering a variety of environmental fields relevant for the Agency's areas of activity. The chairperson and vice-chairperson of the committee are elected from amongst its members.
The total number of members in the scientific committee shall not exceed 20 experts. The members are identified through an open selection process and appointed for a four-years term, renewable once.
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Recovery Is Possible
From Forensics Wiki
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Recovery Is Possible
Maintainer: Kent Robotti
OS: Linux
Genre: Live CD
License: GPL, others
Website: http://www.tux.org/pub/people/kent-robotti/looplinux/rip/
Recovery Is Possible (RIP) Linux rescue system is a Live CD with a number of recovery applications such as TestDisk, PhotoRec, etc.
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Competitor Using Black Hat SEO...?
Ambitious contributor
26Apr2009,10:32 #1
I inspected the source code of competitor and discovered a commented line like this:
<!-- KEYWORDS & PHRASES -->
Also, further down the page I discovered tons of links with keyword stuffing that were using a foreground colour almost identical to the background colour.
What should I be doing?
Go4Expert Founder
26Apr2009,10:36 #2
Report it to Google and if you do not do that also then also they would not get bigger with these techniques in Google
Go4Expert Member
27Apr2009,11:44 #3
This kinda of strategy is for short time. Google will eventually see this and penalize your competitor.
Ambitious contributor
12Aug2009,08:25 #4
Google, somehow will know about it and they will give penalties on this sites/blogs or even worse they might be banned..
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User talk:MagnumForce
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Welcome MagnumForce
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Hi David, welcome to Grand Theft Wiki! I hope you like the place and decide to stay.
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-- gboyers talk 23:07, 3 November 2011 (GMT)
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Nanomaterials
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 160931, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/160931
Research Article
Electrical and Thermal Characterization of Electrospun PVP Nanocomposite Fibers
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS 67260-0133, USA
2Basic Engineering Science Department, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
3Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
Received 30 October 2012; Revised 30 January 2013; Accepted 6 February 2013
Academic Editor: Theodorian Borca-Tasciuc
Copyright © 2013 Waseem S. Khan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solutions incorporated with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were electrospun at various weight percentages, and then the electrical resistance and some thermal properties of these nanocomposite fibers were determined using a high-accuracy electrical resistance measurement device. During the electrospinning process, system and process parameters, such as concentrations, applied voltage, tip-to-collector distance, and pump speeds, were optimized to receive the consistent nanocomposite fibers. When polymers are used in many industrial applications, they require high electrical and thermal conductivities. Most polymers exhibit low electrical conductivity values; however, in the presence of conductive inclusions, the electrical resistance of the MWCNT fibers was reduced from 50 MΩ to below 5 MΩ, which may be attributed to the higher electrical conductivities of these nanoscale inclusions and fewer voids under the applied loads. This study may open up new possibilities in the field for developing electrically conductive novel nanomaterials and devices for various scientific and technological applications.
1. Introduction
1.1. General Background
Electrospinning is a versatile method to produce ultrafine polymeric fibers. It has attracted enormous attention due to the numerous options for fabricating ultrafine fibers [1]. When the diameters of polymer are reduced to the nanoscale, some exotic characteristics appear, such as high surface area-to-volume ratios, mechanical flexibility, and superior mechanical properties, compared to their bulk-size counterparts [2]. During electrospinning, a high voltage and consequently high electrostatic field are applied to a polymer solution at the end of a capillary tube. The electrostatic field introduces charges in the solution when the mutual repulsions between charges reach a threshold value, and a fluid jet forms a conical droplet at the tip of a capillary tube, resulting in the formation of a Taylor cone [3, 4]. The jet travels in a straight path, called the jet’s length, experiences bending instabilities to form spiral motions, and finally is collected on a screen, which is either grounded or connected to a DC supply of opposite polarity. Figure 1 shows a general schematic view of the electrospinning process.
Figure 1: Schematic view of an electrospinning process.
Parameters such as load, temperature, and inclusion have a direct relationship to the electrical and thermal resistances of the modified fibers. When the load is applied on a film of the fibers, individual fibers and molecules of polymer move closer together where the heat conduction becomes easier, and electrical resistance is reduced drastically due to the lower separation distances, higher number of charge carrier/holes (free mobile particles carrying electrical charges), and polarizability. The increase in mobility of the charge carriers with temperature is governed by the following Arrhenius dependent equation [5, 6]: where is the mobility at temperature (°K), is the activation energy, is Boltzmann’s constant, and is a temperature-independent constant. The basic expression for the electrical conductivity, , is [7] where is the density of the charge carriers, and and are the corresponding charges and mobility of the charge carriers, respectively. The factors that mainly influence the electrical resistance of nanocomposite fibers under load and temperature are related to the hysteresis effects, charge carrier concentration, polarizability, and porosity/void. When multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are added into polymers, the charge carrier concentration increases, as does the conduction rate. At higher temperatures, the mobility of the charge carriers increases and, likewise, the conduction. Increasing the wt% of MWCNTs increases the dipole moments in the polymer, which in turn enhances the polarizability of the materials and thereby conduction. Porosity is the amount of voids or empty spaces presented in a material. This is an important physical property that affects almost all physical properties of the material. The dynamic lag between input and output is commonly referred to as hysteresis, or rate-dependent hysteresis. This effect is generally observed during the unloading of a material after applying tensile stresses. This phenomenon is common in ductile materials, such as rubber and plastic. The percolation behavior of an electrical conduction in nanotubes-polymer composites in a bulk and thin film has been extensively studied for many years [8]. The high aspect ratio of CNTs is beneficial in making percolation network at lower loading of the inclusions.
There are some other studies on the nanotubes-based polymeric electrospun nanocomposite fibers for various purposes [913]. A detailed study of the electrical and thermal properties of electrospun fibers was presented in our study. Thermal analysis is an important analytical technique for understanding the structural/property relationship of a polymeric material, and it is also a helpful method to determine the thermal stability of the materials [9]. Differential scanning calorimetry is a technique to characterize the thermal stability of a polymer. DCS determines the heat flow rate associated with thermal changes that can be measured as a function of temperature and time. DSC technique can also be used to study the melting behavior and phase transition of the materials. The objective of this work was to study the electrical transport properties and thermal stability of nanotubes-based polymeric fibers. The study of variation of the temperature dependent electrical conduction of nanocomposite fibers can provide an insight into the mechanism of charge and heath transport [8].
The nanophase/nanoize materials that serve as fillers in the polymeric matrices are the clusters of atoms or molecules having size dependent properties, which are different from their bulk counterparts [10]. Polymer nanocomposites are of great importance due to their novel properties resulting from the excellent combination of parents constituents into a single phase [11]. Polymer nanocomposites have been finding extensive applications owing to their easy processing, low manufacturing cost, and unique physicochemical properties [12]. Electrospinning is a rapid, easy and low cost process for many industrial applications [13].
1.2. Polymer Nanocomposites
Polymer-carbon nanotube (CNT) composites have recently attracted a considerable amount of scientific interest because of their structural characteristics, such as high aspect ratio, surface area, and electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, all of which are positive signs for the fabrication of ultralightweight and robust composites [14]. The biggest challenge in fabricating such composites is the uniform dispersion of CNTs in a polymer matrix, since van der Waals forces between individual nanotubes cause agglomeration, which reduces the expected properties of nanocomposites [14]. A good dispersion technique is essential for allowing the formation of an interconnecting filler network of CNTs at a lower concentration without changing the electrical resistivity. CNTs can provide electrical conduction at lower concentrations in the nanocomposite structure. This property is required in commercial applications to dissipate electrostatic charge and thermal heat [14]. In the present study, in order for CNTs to retain their properties, CNTs were physically dispersed in a polymer matrix instead of grafting.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with a molecular weight of 130,000 g/mole was purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich company. Multiwall carbon nanotubes with a diameter of nm and a length of microns were purchased from the Fisher Scientific company. Different wt% (0, 1, 2, and 4) of MWCNTs was mechanically dispersed in ethanol, and PVP polymer in granular form was added to the dispersion prior to the 30-minute sonication. The dispersion was constantly stirred at 60°C for 12 hours before the electrospinning process. Special care was taken to disperse the MWCNTs uniformly; otherwise, the electrospinning process and/or nanocomposite fiber morphology would deteriorate.
2.2. Methods
The prepared dispersion was transferred to a 10 mL plastic syringe connected to a capillary needle with an inside diameter of 0.3 mm. A platinum electrode inside the syringe was attached to a high DC voltage supply. In this study, the applied voltage (18–20 kV), the syringe pump speed (1–3 mL/hr), and the distance between capillary tube and grounded counter electrode (15–25 cm) were tested to optimize the electrospinning parameters. The grounded counter electrode was a flat aluminum foil placed at a distance of 15–25 cm from the capillary tube. Electrospun fibers were then collected on a grounded screen and dried in an oven at 60°C for 6 to 8 hours to remove all residual solvents. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) (JEOL Model JSM-6460LV) was used to identify the morphology and surface characteristics of the nanocomposite fibers. Figure 2 shows the selected SEM images of the PVP electrospun nanocomposite fibers. A commercial differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (model Q1000) was used to measure the glass transition temperature , heat flow, and heat flow derivative of the specimens. Dry nitrogen gas was purged through the DSC cell during the experiments, each of which had 10 mg of samples in an aluminum hermetic pan. During the tests, samples were heated from 0°C to 300°C at the rate of 20°C/min.
Figure 2: SEM images of PVP nanocomposite fibers incorporated with the following wt% MWCNTs: (a) 0, (b) 0.5, (c) 1, and (d) 2. Electrospinning experiments conducted at 85 : 15 PVP and ethanol ratio, 25 kV DC voltage, 20 cm separation distance, and 2 mL/hr pump speed.
A homemade electrical resistance device was built, tested on the known thin films, and then used for the electrical characterizations of the electrospun nanocomposite fibers [4]. A thin film of the fibers was positioned between two cylinders (2.5 cm in diameter) of a hydraulic press on which two probes of a highly sensitive multimeter were placed to record the electrical resistance values of the samples. A thin coating of a conductive paste was applied on cylinders in order to avoid contact resistance. The applied loads were varied from 0 to 9 tons (0–1440 kg/cm2) during the resistance measurements. Each sample was externally loaded 3–5 times and the resistance changes recorded.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Loads versus Electrical Resistance of PVP Fibers
In each test, the same nanocomposite fiber films were externally loaded five times during the measurements. Figure 3 shows the load versus electrical resistance values of the PVP nanocomposite fibers at various percentages of MWCNTs. As expected, resistance decreases with the applied load for all tested samples. This behavior may be explained using the following equation [15]: where , , and are resistivity, thickness, and cross-sectional area of the sample, respectively. When the load is increased on nanocomposite fibers, two major changes in thickness and porosity can be observed on the samples. The thickness of the sample decreases under the load, and the contact area between the fibers and electrode increases, which in turn reduces the overall electrical resistance. At 0 wt% of MWCNTs (Figure 3(a)), the resistance increases in each trial when the load is removed, which may be attributed to the hysteresis and porosity changes, whereas at 1 and 2 wt% MWCNTs (Figures 3(b) and 3(c)), the porosity of the fiber film is likely to be reduced because of the conductive nanoscale inclusions. Resistance increases only in the first trial after unloading, and in subsequent trials, the resistance curves overlapped due to the higher wt% of MWCNTs, which is expected to reduce the porosity and electrical resistance of nanocomposite fibers significantly.
Figure 3: Load versus electrical resistance curves of PVP nanocomposite fibers obtained at following wt% MWCNTs: (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 2, and (d) 4.
At a higher loading of MWCNTs, the resistance curves (Figure 3(d)) overlap each other, which may be due to the fact that at high loading, polarizability and charge carrier concentrations of the nanocomposite fibers are also increased. Adding MWCNTs into the polymeric fibers increases both the electrical and thermal conductivities of the fibers [4]. At higher MWCNTs, there is no shift between successive trials, since MWCNTs make a nanocomposite conductive enough to reduce the electrical resistance. At lower MWCNT contents, possibly the proper percolating network structure was not established, and therefore, the resistivity remained high [16]. However, when the wt.% of MWCNTs reached at 4%, a continuous nanotube network was established to significantly drop the electrical resistance. For example, the resistance of pure PVP fiber was 50 M Ω, which was reduced to 30 M Ω at 4 wt.% of MWCNTs without any loading. Once the network of MWCNTs is established, a pathway is created to support the electron transportation process among carbon nanotubes [17]. Zhu et al. [17] established a relationship between the aspect ratio (L/r), where L and r are the length and radius of an individual nanofiber and percolation threshold (Pc). The aspect ratio of MWCNTs used in this study is 100. The percolation threshold was established at 4 wt% of MWCNTs, indicating a high aspect ratio of the nanocomposite fibers.
3.2. Temperature versus Electrical Resistance of PVP Fibers
Figure 4 shows the effects of temperatures on the electrical resistance of nanocomposite fibers at a constant loading. A K-Type thermocouple was attached on the top surface of the fiber for recording temperature readings, while two probes of a multimeter were attached on either side of the film of the fibers to record electrical resistance. The whole assembly was enclosed in glass fiber insulation in order to avoid thermal losses. As shown in Figure 4, increasing the sample temperature drastically reduced the electrical resistance. The relation between temperature and resistivity may be governed by the following Arrhenius dependent equation [6, 7, 14, 15, 18]: where is the resistivity at temperature , is the conduction activation energy, is the Boltzmann’s constant, and is the temperature-independent constant. As the temperature increases, the molecules undergo a phase change (e.g., rubbery and partly solid) and likely slide over each other to facilitate the electrical conductions. This drastically decreases the overall electrical resistances of the fibers (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Temperature versus electrical resistance curves of PVP nanocomposite fibers obtained at 0, 1, 2, and 4 wt% MWCNTs.
There is a close correlation among the conductivity, aspect ratio, concentration, and dispersion of CNTs filler materials, all of which influence the particle-particle and particle-matrix interactions [19]. The existence of conductivity can be attributed to the formation of conductive pathways, when the wt% of MWCNTs exceeds a critical proportion, called the percolation threshold. At a low percentage of MWCNTs, the distance between particles (MWCNTs) is large, resulting in a lower conductivity. The percolation threshold exists at higher nanoscale inclusions, and in the absence of a conductive pathway, the polymeric materials are mostly called insulators [16, 19, 20]. At a high percentage of MWCNTs, the MWCNTs tend to agglomerate due to the lack of the dispersion and interfacial interactions, and subsequently impede the formation of conductive pathways [19]. Therefore, a good dispersion is necessary to establish the conductive pathway in the nanocomposite fibers.
Phonon conduction by a percolated network of MWCNTs leads to an increase in thermal and electrical conductivity by several order of magnitudes when the required filler content is reached to establish percolation threshold [20]. The percolation threshold decreases with increasing aspect ratio of filler material present in the polymer matrix [21]. CNTs provide electrical conduction when incorporated into the polymer matrix. Test results showed that a small concentration of CNTs would be needed to obtain relatively high electrical conductions, which is useful in a wide range of industrial applications [22]. Electron transport in composites usually involves thermally activated transport through the network of charge carriers between nearest-neighbor particles at close proximity forming an overlap of electron wave function of each particle [21]. The formation of a MWCNT conduction pathway allows the electrons to travel through the composite structure of the fibers. The MWCNTs consist of concentric multiwalled tubes with one end capped; therefore, only the outer layer contributes to the electron transfer that gives the nanocomposites their electrical properties [23].
Since the mechanism of heating the polymer above room temperature is thermally induced, the resistance versus temperature behavior may be understood by the activation energy values of the nanocomposite fibers. Figure 5 shows the plot of the and 1000/T at 0, 1, 2, and 4 wt% of MWNTs. This plot shows a linear behavior and can be divided into three distinct zones, indicated by green, blue, and red lines. The second zone shows the exponential function, which clearly indicates that the thermal process follows the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy of the electrospun PVP/MWCNT composite is influenced by the reinforcement effect of nanotubes, increased cross-linking density, and restricted mobility of the polymer and nanotube interactions.
Figure 5: versus 1000/T curves of PVP nanocomposite fibers obtained at various wt% MWCNT inclusions: (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 2, and (d) 4 wt%.
Figure 6 is the versus 1/T plot for 0, 2, and 4 wt% of MWCNTs in PVP polymer. This plot shows a linear relationship between the and 1/T, indicating a good fit for the Arrhenius equation. From Figure 6, the activation energy values were calculated as 48.37 KJ/mole (0.50 eV), 62.88 KJ/mole (0.65 eV), and 76.96 KJ/mole (0.79 eV) for 0, 2, and 4 wt% of MWCNTs in PVP nanocomposite fibers, respectively. Results also indicate that the mobility of the PVP chain in an amorphous region was restricted by the presence of the nanotubes [2428]. That may be the possible reason for why activation energies were increased as the wt% of high-modulus MWCNTs increased. When the polymer is strained, it must overcome the energy barrier in order to allow the polymer chains to move around and rotate the chain bonds. Thus, this energy barrier may be the activation energy of the polymeric system [29].
Figure 6: versus 1/T curves of PVP nanocomposite fibers obtained at 0 wt%, 2, wt%, and 4 wt% MWCNT inclusions.
Figure 7 shows the heat flow and heat flow derivativevalues. The derivative of the heat flow shows a phase transition, which is a second order and takes place in the temperature range of 37°C to 60°C. In the presence of MWCNTs, the heat flow decreases as the wt% of MWCNTs increases because of the inclusion properties (Figure 7). The thermal conductivity of MWCNTs used in this study is 1600 w/m°K, which is 3 to 4 times higher than most common metals. The addition of MWCNTs makes the conduction process easier, owing to the increased polarizability values of the nanocomposite fibers.
Figure 7: Heat flow and heat flow derivative of nanocomposite fibers incorporated with 0 wt%, 1 wt%, and 4 wt% MWCNTs.
3.3. DSC Analysis of PVP Nanocomposite Fibers
Figure 8 shows the DSC analysis of the PVP nanocomposite fibers as a function of MWCNT concentrations. PVP is mostly an amorphous polymer that can undergo a transition phase when heated or cooled at a specific temperature, known as the glass transition temperature , where the polymer is in partly a rubbery and partly a glassy phase. It is related to the segment movement/vibration of the polymer chains. is a main function of molecular architecture, monomer units, presence of impurities, nanoscale inclusions, crystallinity, molecular weight, and the rate of temperature changes [2427]. This transition temperature has been extensively studied for many polymers since it is one of the most fundamental features of polymers. In general, the nanoscale inclusions directly affect the of the polymeric nanocomposites, and the interaction of the polymer chains with the surface of the inclusion can significantly alter the chain kinetics of the region that is surrounded by the nanoscale inclusions.
Figure 8: DCS analysis of PVP nanocomposite fibers associated with (a) 0 wt% and (b) 4 wt% of MWCNTs.
A recent study has shown that nanoscale inclusions in polymers had no significant effects on the glass transition temperature of polymers and polymeric nanocomposites. However, no coherent conclusion has been drawn about the effect of nanoscale inclusions on the . Strong interactions and possible covalent bonding between nanotubes and polymer matrix most likely result in an increase in [24]. Our study also showed that there was no significant effect on the (from 46.4°C to 44.4°C at 4 wt%) of PVP fibers incorporated with MWCNT inclusions (Figure 8). This may be attributed to the lack of strong covalent bonds between the MWCNTs and the polymer matrix. The only considerable change we found was the heat of the fusion. For example, the heat of the fusion decreased from 298.4 J/g to 276.3 J/g when the inclusion concentration increased from 0 to 4 wt%.
4. Conclusions
In the present study, the effects of external loads and temperatures on the resistance of electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone nanocomposite fibers were investigated in detail. Those factors that influence the resistance are mainly porosity, charge carrier concentration, and polarizability of inclusions in the polymer matrix. The addition of multiwall carbon nanotubes most likely increased the charge carrier concentration and polarizability and reduced the porosity of the electrospun fiber films under the load. In the load versus temperature experiment, the electrical resistance decreases because the polymer molecules undergo a transition phase in the temperature range of 37°C to 60°C. This transition phase was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry studies. No significant effect was observed on the glass transition temperature property of the PVP nanocomposite fibers in the presence of MWCNTs, which may suggest that no significant covalent bonds existed between the MWCNTs and the polymer matrix.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the Wichita State University for the financial and technical support of this work.
References
1. A. Stoiljkovic, M. Ishaque, U. Justus et al., “Preparation of water-stable submicron fibers from aqueous latex dispersion of water-insoluble polymers by electrospinning,” Polymer, vol. 48, no. 14, pp. 3974–3981, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
2. Z. M. Huang, Y. Z. Zhang, M. Kotaki, and S. Ramakrishna, “A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites,” Composites Science and Technology, vol. 63, no. 15, pp. 2223–2253, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
3. P. R. Kumar, N. Khan, S. Vivekanandhan, N. Satyanarayana, A. K. Mohanty, and M. Misra, “Nanofibers: effective generation by electrospinning and their applications,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–25, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
4. W. S. Khan, Fabrication and characterization of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyacrylonitrile electrospun nanocomposite fibers [Ph.D. thesis], Wichita State University, Wichita, Kan, USA, 2010.
5. P. P. llich, Selected Problems in Physical Chemistry-Strategies and Interpretations, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2010.
6. A. K. Galwey and M. E. Brown, “Application of the arrhenius equation to solid state kinetics: can this be justified?” Thermochimica Acta, vol. 386, no. 1, pp. 91–98, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
7. J. J. O'Dwyer, The Theory of Electrical Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 1973.
8. B. Sundaray, Preparation and characterization of electrospun fibers of carbon nanotube- polymer Nanocomposite [Ph.D. thesis], Department of Physic, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India, 2006.
9. X. Zhang, Y. Li, G. Lv, Y. Zuo, and Y. Mu, “Thermal and crystallization studies of nano-hydroxyapatite reinforced polyamide 66 biocomposites,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 91, no. 5, pp. 1202–1207, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
10. X. Chen, S. Wei, C. Gunesoglu et al., “Electrospun magnetic fibrillar polystyrene nanocomposites reinforced with nickel nanoparticles,” Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, vol. 211, no. 16, pp. 1775–1783, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
11. J. Zhu, S. Wei, R. Patil et al., “Ionic liquid assisted electrospinning of quantum dots/elastomer composite nanofibers,” Polymer, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 1954–1962, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
12. D. Zhang, A. B. Karki, D. Rutman et al., “Electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanocomposite fibers reinforced with Fe3O4 nanoparticles: fabrication and property analysis,” Polymer, vol. 50, no. 17, pp. 4189–4198, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
13. J. Zhu, S. Wei, D. Rutman, N. Haldolaarachchige, D. P. Young, and Z. Guo, “Magnetic polyacrylonitrile-Fe FeO nanocomposite fibers-electrospinning, stabilization and carbonization,” Polymer, vol. 52, no. 13, pp. 2947–2955, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
14. L. Bokobza, “Multiwall carbon nanotubes-filled natural rubber: electrical and Mechanical properties,” Express Polymer Letters, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 213–223, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
15. W. S. Khan, R. Asmatulu, and M. B. Yildirim, “Acoustical properties of electrospun fibers for aircraft interior noise reduction,” Journal of Aerospace Engineering, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 376–382, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
16. A. Szentes, C. S. Varga, G. Horvath et al., “Electrical resistivity and thermal properties of compatibilized multi-walled crabon nanotube/Polypropylene composites,” EXpress Polymer Letters, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 494–502, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
17. J. Zhu, S. Wei, J. Ryu, and Z. Guo, “Strain sensing elastomer/carbon nanofibers ‘Metacomposites’,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 115, no. 27, pp. 13215–13222, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
18. N. F. Mott and E. A. Davis, Electronic Process on Non-Crystalline Mateials, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 1979.
19. L. Wang, L. Zhang, and M. Tian, “Improved polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/graphite nanocomposites by solution compounding and spray drying,” Polymers for Advanced Technologies, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 652–659, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
20. F. H. Gojny, M. H. G. Wichmann, B. Fiedler et al., “Evaluation and identification of electrical and thermal conduction mechanisms in carbon nanotube/epoxy composites,” Polymer, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 2036–2045, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
21. B. Sundaray, V. J. Babu, V. Subramanian, and S. T. Natarajan, “Preparation and characterization of electrospun fibers of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) single walled carbon notube composites,” Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 39–45, 2008.
22. L. Bokobza, “Multiwall carbon nanotube-filled natural rubber: electrical and Mechanical Properties,” Express Polymer Letters, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 213–223, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
23. N. Norkhairunnisa, A. Azizan, M. Mariatti, H. Ismail, and L. C. Sim, “Thermal stability and electrical behavior of polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes and carbon black fillers,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 903–910, 2011.
24. B. Qiao, X. Ding, X. Hou, and S. Wu, “Study on the electrospun CNTs/polyacrylonitrile based nanofiber composites,” Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. 2011, Article ID 839462, 7 pages, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
25. P. Gupta, R. Asmatulu, R. Claus, and G. Wilkes, “Superparamagnetic flexible substrates based on submicron electrospun Estane fibers containing MnZnFe-Ni nanoparticles,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 100, no. 6, pp. 4935–4942, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
26. W. S. Khan, R. Asmatulu, Y. H. Lin, Y. Y. Chen, and J. Ho, “Electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone-based nanocomposite fibers containing (Ni0.6Zn0.4)Fe2O4,” Journal of Nanotechnology, vol. 2012, Article ID 138438, 5 pages, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
27. R. Asmatulu, B. Zhang, and N. Nuraje, “A ferrofluid guided system for the rapid separation of the non-magnetic particles in a microfluidic device,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 6383–6387, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
28. M. Naebe, T. Lin, M. P. Staiger, L. Dai, and X. Wang, “Electrospun single-walled carbon nanotube/polyvinyl alcohol composite nanofibers: structure-property relationships,” Nanotechnology, vol. 19, no. 30, Article ID 305702, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
29. W. Edward and W. D, Morphological and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes/polymer composites via melt compounding [M.S. thesis], North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, 2005.
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BISC209/S11: Lab10
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 10:03, 4 April 2011 by Janet McDonough (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
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Wellesley College-BISC 209 Microbiology -Spring 2011
Contents
LAB 10: Lab Practical
Today you will have a lab practical exam designed to assess your mastery of basic tools, techniques, and theoretical information on which the field of microbiology is based.
Conference With Your Lab Instructor
This week or early next week, schedule a time for your team to have a 30 minute conference with your instructor to clear up any questionable aspects of your data analysis and to get any questions answered as you prepare for your presentation. Please come in your poster presentation groups of 3 or 4 students to your lab instructor's office. Have a draft of all of the figures your plan to show in your poster and have a written summary of your discussion points and conclusions. There will be time for you to ask questions but, primarily, think of this conference as articulating a preview of your poster.
Assignment
Prepare for your group "virtual" poster presentation. In LAB 11, teams of 3-4 students will prepare and present a powerpoint slide in the style of a poster that would be presented informally and talked about at a scientific research conference. You and your partners will not print the poster and stand by it at a conference but, instead, you will show it to the class "virtually" on a projection screen and use it in a 20-30 minute group oral presentation that is worth 25 points, based on the assessment of the class and your instructor of the poster and the presentation's quality. However, you will also be assessing the quality and level of participation of your peers for a potential loss of no more than 10 individual points from the 25 point total. This individual grade is determined by the consensus of your group members on each member's contribution. The contribution grade includes the data collection, data analysis, and the preparation of the poster and presentation. Grading rubrics will be provided. You will also be provided with links and handouts of helpful information about making a poster. There is a folder in SAKAI: RESOURCES: Virtual Poster Presentation with useful information including examples of effective posters to look at from the following web site: | http://www.ncsu.edu/project/posters/examples/. The Resources section of the wiki contains a tip sheet prepared by the PLTC oral presentation peer-tutors about how to give an effective oral presentation. We will not do these presentations in the lab but in a room TBA. Please make sure that you email your powerpoint to yourself in First Class as an attachment before lab time so we can access it on the computer in the presentation room. Email a copy to your instructor, too.
Discard and clean up any remaining tests and cultures. Note that there are 5 bonus points awarded for perfect clean-up. Your instructor will explain the "rules" for obtaining these bonus points.
Links to Labs
Lab 1
Lab 2
Lab 3
Lab 4
Lab 5
Lab 6
Lab 7
Lab 8
Lab 9
Lab 10
Lab11
Lab 12
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Place:Wallington, Hampshire, England
Watchers
NameWallington
TypeVillage
Located inHampshire, England
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Wallington is a village in Hampshire, part of the borough of Fareham. It is situated between Portsmouth and Southampton near where the River Wallington enters Portsmouth Harbour.
The name Wallington probably means 'settlement of the Welsh' (or Britons) – Weala-tun / Walintone (Old English) and not 'walled town' as might be inferred.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Wallington, Hampshire. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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New Zealand (NZ) My Account
Garador Garage Doors
30C Allens Road, East Tamaki, South Auckland
New Zealand
Phone: 09 274 2220
http://www.garador.co.nz
Opening Hours: Mon-Fri 0800-1630
Nearest Zenbu Listings
Sponsored Links
About Zenbu
Zenbu is a collaboratively edited directory of businesses, places or things. You can help build Zenbu, edit this entry, report an error or email it to a friend.
Login required: Edit, Export, Add branch / neighbour / new
Zenbu ID 1105984, 249 views since 06/07/2007
Last updated 21/02/2012 by BDDoors
References
Map View | Street View
Map Loading...
Directions: From here - To here
Exactly here Near here; needs pinpointing Around here; mobile or no public location
Mapped with Address precision
Latitude, Longitude = -36.943098, 174.888963
About Zenbu Forum Blog Twitter Facebook
Zenbu content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
5245.0 - Discussion Paper: Introduction of Revised International Statistical Standards In ABS, 1994
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 13/12/1994
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
The paper discusses the 1993<I>System of National Accounts<D> and the <I> Balance of Payments Manual (5th Edition) <D> and the effects that implementing these bew international statistical standards would have on Australia's national accounts, balance of payments and related statistics. The paper also discusses ABS plans to implement the new standards over the next 3 to 4 years and foreshadows discussions with users to assess implementation priorities and timetables.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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1. Skip to navigation
2. Skip to content
3. Skip to sidebar
Source link: http://archive.mises.org/17510/joyeux-anniversaire-frederic/
Joyeux Anniversaire Frédéric!
July 1, 2011 by
Today (or some say yesterday or the day before) is the 209th birthday of Frederic Bastiat, one of the great champions of freedom and inspiration to countless economists, academics, and advocates of liberty. He was a 19th century French political economist who wrote brilliant, and concise works on law, commerce, and liberty.
Economic Harmonies
The Law
Economic Sophisms
And, we should not forget his spiritual heir, who he declared on his deathbed, Gustave de Molinari.
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Mac
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 09:13, 4 February 2007 by Andre (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This article Based on work by andre. Originally by andre.
Contents
Macintosh related configuration
netatalk
A recent version of netatalk primarily enables long file names on Linkstation Mac shares. There's more to it of course, check out http://www.afp548.com/ and http://netatalk.sourceforge.net/.
Debian stable binaries, configuration samples
Debian Sarge ships with the outdated netatalk 2.0.2, which wouldn't be too problematic if it wasn't missing a feature, uams_dhx, a secure authentification mechanism (which is still missing in Testing, by the way). Here's how to get and set up an improved Debian package.
apt-get install cracklib-runtime libpam-cracklib netatalk
/etc/init.d/netatalk stop
wget http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/netatalk_2.0.3-4_powerpc.deb
dpkg -i netatalk_2.0.3-4_powerpc.deb
You might see unresolved depencies and recommendations, apt-get install each of them, until dpkg -i is satisfied.
Here's a sample /etc/default/netatalk, for AFP-only connections (which is what most people want), and moderate load on the system:
AFPD_MAX_CLIENTS=10
ATALK_NAME=`/bin/hostname`
ATALK_MAC_CHARSET='MAC_ROMAN'
ATALK_UNIX_CHARSET='LOCALE'
AFPD_UAMLIST="-U uams_dhx.so"
AFPD_GUEST=nobody
ATALKD_RUN=no
PAPD_RUN=no
CNID_METAD_RUN=yes
AFPD_RUN=yes
TIMELORD_RUN=no
A2BOOT_RUN=no
ATALK_BGROUND=yes
export ATALK_MAC_CHARSET
export ATALK_UNIX_CHARSET
The only uncommented line in /etc/netatalk/afpd.conf reads:
- -transall -uamlist uams_dhx.so -nosavepassword -noddp
A typical share in /etc/netatalk/AppleVolumes.default looks like this (there's an explanation in this file):
/mnt/shared "shared" allow:user1,user2,user3 rwlist:user1,user2,user3
user1, user2, and user3 must exist on your system, use "adduser user1" etc. if they don't exist yet. Don't forget to adjust the permissions on the shared directory and files, so they can be accessed by the users you defined.
When all this is done, run
/etc/init.d/netatalk start
It will take a minute or two until everything is started up.
To connect to /mnt/shared/ on server LS from your Mac, go to "Finder | Go | Connect To Server | afp://LS". Note everything is case sensitive! user1 is not User1!
Compilation
Please refer to http://forum.linkstationwiki.net/index.php?action=vthread&forum=7&topic=1152, also check out the given configuration samples.
mDNSresponder (Bonjour, ZeroConf, Rendezvous, ...)
Browse your LinkStation services from the Mac.
Although http://www.porchdogsoft.com/products/howl/ is no longer available, Linkstation PPC binaries still are (source available on request; or from http://www.porchdogsoft.com/download/howl-1.0.0.tar.gz).
wget http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/howl_1.0.0-binaries-ppc.tar.gz
tar -C / -xvzf howl_1.0.0-binaries-ppc.tar.gz
Then edit /etc/howl/mDNSresponder to your needs. Note, if you also run mt-daapd (see below), keep the hash (#) character preceding the daap line.
When done,
/etc/init.d/howl start
Serving iTunes contents with mt-daapd (also for Windows)
For information on Apple iTunes, visit http://www.apple.com/itunes/.
You could share your iTunes contents by moving your iTunes library to an AFP network share (cf. netatalk). Or you could set up a streaming server like Firefly Media Server (formerly mt-daapd), as described below. Your Linkstation share will show up in iTunes (Mac or Windows) as another library.
Binaries
PPC (LS1, HG, HS, Kuro, KuroHG) download
wget http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/libid3tag_0.15.1b-binaries-ppc.tar.gz
wget http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/mtdaapd_0.2.4-binaries-ppc.tar.gz
wget http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/libgdbm3_1.8.3-2-binaries-ppc.tar.gz
MIPSEL (LS2) download
wget http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/libid3tag_0.15.1b-binaries-mipsel.tar.gz
wget http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/mtdaapd_0.2.4-binaries-mipsel.tar.gz
Installation
tar -C / -xvzf libid3tag_0.15.1b-binaries-*.tar.gz
tar -C / -xvzf mtdaapd_0.2.4-binaries-*.tar.gz
tar -C / -xvzf libgdbm3_1.8.3-2-binaries-*.tar.gz
mv /etc/mt-daapd.SAMPLE /etc/mt-daapd
Then edit /etc/mt-daapd/*. When done,
/etc/init.d/mt-daapd start
and point your browser to http://linkstation:3689
(Only) if you spot errors regarding shared libraries, run
echo "/usr/local/lib" >> /etc/ld.so.conf
ldconfig
once.
If ldconfig is not present on your system, run
cd /usr/lib
for i in /usr/local/lib/libid3tag.* ; do ln -s $i ; done
for i in /usr/local/lib/libgdbm*3* ; do ln -s $i ; done
Start the mt-daapd as described afterwards:
/etc/init.d/mt-daapd start
Compilation
• libid3tag
wget http://umn.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/mad/libid3tag-0.15.1b.tar.gz
tar -xvzf libid3tag-0.15.1b.tar.gz
cd libid3tag-0.15.1b
./configure --prefix=/usr/local --sysconfdir=/etc
make install
(Only) if you spot errors regarding shared libraries later, run
echo "/usr/local/lib" >> /etc/ld.so.conf
ldconfig
once.
If ldconfig is not present on your system, run
cd /usr/lib
for i in /usr/local/lib/libid3tag.* ; do ln -s $i ; done
• libgdbm3
wget http://ftp.debian.org/debian/pool/main/g/gdbm/gdbm_1.8.3.orig.tar.gz
tar -xvzf gdbm_1.8.3.orig.tar.gz
cd gdbm-1.8.3
./configure --prefix=/usr/local --sysconfdir=/etc
make install
If ldconfig is not present on your system, run
cd /usr/lib
for i in /usr/local/lib/libgdbm*3* ; do ln -s $i ; done
• mt-daapd
wget http://umn.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/mt-daapd/mt-daapd-0.2.4.tar.gz
tar -xvzf mt-daapd-0.2.4.tar.gz
cd mt-daapd-0.2.4
./configure --prefix=/usr/local --enable-browse --enable-query --enable-mdns --with-id3tag=/usr/local --sysconfdir=/etc
make install
mkdir /etc/mt-daapd
cp contrib/mt-daapd.* /etc/mt-daapd/
There is also good information in the Mt-daapd wiki: Quickstart LinkStation: Installing mt-daapd on a Buffalo LinkStation
rsync on Tiger
An improved version of rsync can be found at http://www.onthenet.com.au/~q/rsync/.
NFS with Tiger
Either add "insecure" to your share definitions in /etc/exports; or add the "-P" on Mac OS X in the client role.
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Analysis of the International Competitiveness of Chinese Medicine Industry Based on the Diamond Model
Ying Liu, Yizhou Zhang, Cong Xu
Abstract
The Chinese medicine industry always holds the balance in the Chinese medicine market of China. At present, the medicine industry has gradually formed the special industry system and group. By Porter’s “Diamond Model” theory, the international competitive advantages and disadvantages of Chinese medicine industry are analyzed in this article, and corresponding suggestions about the industry development are provided.
Full Text: PDF
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International Business Research ISSN 1913-9004 (Print), ISSN 1913-9012 (Online)
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Assessing Barriers to Expansion of Farm-to-Chef Sales: A Case Study from Upstate New York
Todd M. Schmit, Stephen E. Hadcock
Abstract
Columbia County Bounty is a local organization made up of farmer and culinary business members, with a mission that includes promoting connections between local agricultural producers and culinary businesses. A case study was conducted to address questions raised by CCB related to expanding farm-to-chef marketing in their area. Common barriers for restaurants included larger time commitments, inconvenience, and consistency in product volumes and quality; however, satisfaction with local wholesale distributors may create new opportunities for farmers to work collaboratively with them in including more local products in their distribution. A closer inspection of channel performance by farms in the study will drive changes in future channel strategies and utilization of farm-to-chef marketing, as farms are already benefiting from strong direct marketing channels and restaurants procuring local products from these channels.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/jfr.v1n1p117
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Journal of Food Research ISSN 1927-0887(Print) ISSN 1927-0895(Online)
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"url": "familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Trivia_Tidbits,_Coos_County,_Oregon",
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Coos County, Oregon Trivia TidbitsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States Oregon Coos County Trivia Tidbits
References
Oregon Geographic Names FHLC
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• This page was last modified on 19 February 2011, at 19:09.
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Wise County, VirginiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 16:35, 1 May 2012 by Murphynw (Talk | contribs)
Wise County, Virginia
Map
Location in the state of Virginia
Location of Virginia in the U.S.
Facts
Founded 1856
County Seat Wise
Courthouse
United States Virginia Wise County
Southwest Virginia county.
Contents
County Courthouse
Wise County Courthouse
206 East Main Street
P.O. Box 1248
Room 245
Wise, VA 24293
276-328-6111
Beginning Dates for Wise County, Virginia Government Records
Birth Marriage Death Census Land Probate
1857 1856 1857 1860 1856 1856
History
Gov. Henry A. Wise (1806-1876)
The county is named after Virginia Governor Henry A. Wise (1806-1876), who was in office at the time of Wise County's organization. He later served as a Confederate States Army General during the Civil War.[1]
Parent County
1856--Wise County was created 16 February 1856 from Lee, Russell, and Scott Counties.
County seat: Wise [2]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
• Lost census: 1890
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Biographies
• Sutherland, Elihu Jasper. Some Sandy Basin Characters. Clintwood, Va.: Hettie Sutherland, 1962. 1985 reprint available at FHL.
Cemeteries
• Adams, James Taylor (1892-1954). Wise County Historical Inventory: Family Burying Grounds. St. Louis, Mo.: R.R. Seibel and D.A. Griffith, 1971. Available at FHL.
• Ben Bolling Cemetery, Flat Gap, Wise Co., VA
• Kilgore, Paul. Butcher's Fork, American Legion, Skeen's Ridge and Back Valley Cemeteries of Wise County, Virginia. [West Virginia]: Wise County Historical Society (Va.), [1997?]. Available at FHL
• Kilgore, Paul. Powell Valley Memorial Gardens: Located in Beautiful Powell Valley, Wise County, VA. Wise, Va.: Wise County Historical Society (Va.), 2003. Available at FHL.
Census
For tips on accessing Wise County, Virginia census records online, see: Virginia Census.
Historical populations
Census Pop.
18604,508
18704,7856.1%
18807,77262.4%
18909,34520.2%
190019,653110.3%
191034,16273.8%
192046,50036.1%
193051,16710.0%
194052,4582.5%
195056,3367.4%
196043,579−22.6%
197035,947−17.5%
198043,86322.0%
199039,573−9.8%
200040,1231.4%
1860 Agriculture Census
• Weaver, Jeffrey C. The 1860 Agriculture Census of Wise County, Virginia. Clintwood, Va.: Mullins Printing, 1992. Available at FHL.
1890 Union Veterans
Church
Court
Chancery Court
• Indexes (1855-1925) and images (1855-1912) to Wise County, Virginia Chancery Records are available online through Virginia Memory: Chancery Records Index. These records, often concerned with inheritance disputes, contain a wealth of genealogical information.
Genealogy
More than 25 genealogies have been published about Wise County families. To view a list, visit Wise County, Virginia Genealogy.
Land
Local Histories
• Johnson, Charles A. A Narrative History of Wise County, Virginia. Norton, Va.: Norton Press, 1938. Reprint edition, The Overmountain Press, 1988. FHL Collection; digital version at Ancestry ($); and World Vital Records ($). Google Books page.
• Wise County: Her Industries, Resources and Prominent Men. Norton, Va.: n.p., 1920. FHL Collection; digital version at Ancestry ($).
Maps
Military
War of 1812
• List of Pensioners on the Roll, January 1, 1883; Giving the Name of Each Pensioner, the Cause for Why Pensioned, the Post-Office Address, the Rate of Pension Per Month, and the Date of Original Allowance... Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1883. FHL Collection 973 M2Lp v. 5; digital versions at Google Books and Internet Archive. [See Vol. 5, Virginia, Wise County, p. 107. Identifies War of 1812 veterans living in this county in 1883.]
Civil War
Naturalization
Virginia Naturalization Petitions, 1906-1929
Newspapers
Private Papers
Virginia, Historical Society Papers, 1607-2007
Probate
Research Guides
• "A Guide to the Counties of Virginia: Wise County," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep. 1980):204-206. Available at New England Ancestors ($).
Taxation
How can Virginia tax lists help me?
Vital Records
Indexes to Wise County, Virginia births, marriages, and deaths are available online. These collections are incomplete, but are easy to search. Courtesy: FamilySearch - free.
Birth
• Wise Co., Va., Births, 1867-1871, MSS., James Taylor Adams Collection, Box 68. St. Louis, Mo.: R.R. Seibel and D.A. Griffith, 1971. Microfilmed reproduction: FHL Collection
Death
• Kilgore, Paul and Fred Harry King Funeral Home. Death Records, Fred H. King Funeral Home, 1927-1935. Wise, Va.: Wise County Historical Society (Va.), [1999?]. FHL Collection
• Robertson, Rhonda. The Wise County, Virginia Death Register 1856-1894. [Wise, Virginia]: Wise County Historical Society (VA), [200-?]. FHL Collection
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Websites
Genealogy courses: Learn how to research from an expert in Fun Five Minute Genealogy Videos.
References
1. "Henry A. Wise," in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wise, accessed 13 January 2012.
2. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
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Correspondence
Orthologs and paralogs - we need to get it right
Roy A Jensen
Author Affiliations
Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA. BioScience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
Genome Biology 2001, 2:interactions1002-interactions1002.3 doi:10.1186/gb-2001-2-8-interactions1002
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://genomebiology.com/2001/2/8/interactions/1002
Published:3 August 2001
© 2001 BioMed Central Ltd
Abstract
A response to Homologuephobia, by Gregory A Petsko, Genome Biology 2001 2:comment1002.1-1002.2, to An apology for orthologs - or brave new memes by Eugene V Koonin, Genome Biology 2001, 2:comment1005.1-1005.2, and to Can sequence determine function? by John A Gerlt and Patricia C Babbitt, Genome Biology 2000, 1:reviews0005.1-0005.10.
Text
Eugene Koonin is absolutely right in his Genome Biology article 'An apology for orthologs - or brave new memes' [1] in defending the importance of the terms 'ortholog' and 'paralog' for making significant evolutionary inferences about the relationships between genes. Nevertheless, Gregory Petsko's suggestion in his comment 'Homologuephobia' [2] that the use of ortholog and paralog "adds nothing to the subject" is painfully understandable because of the current rampant misuse of these terms. I believe that Koonin's comment may even add to the confusion. The current widespread confusion about the meaning of these terms has not gone unnoticed, and Walter Fitch, who first used these essential terms [3], was recently asked to address the issue [4]. I cannot hope to improve upon his essay, but maybe this letter can help to push toward a much-needed awareness of what should not really be that complicated.
Fitch [4] showed, in a most illuminating and powerful diagram, four events of evolutionary divergence, two being events of speciation and two being events of gene duplication, yielding six contemporary genes in the three organisms, A, B and C (Figure 1a). Determination of orthology or paralogy in a vertical line of descent is a simple matter of tracking any pair of genes back to where they join, either at an inverted 'Y' (in which case they are orthologs) or at a horizontal line (in which case they are paralogs). Thus, Al has three orthologs in species C, but only C1 is an ortholog of B1. On the other hand, B2 has two orthologs in species C (C2 and C3), whereas B2 and C1 are paralogs. The three genes in species C are paralogous to each other. Notably, every relationship between genes is one of paralogy or orthology, but a given gene in one species may have more than one ortholog in another species (none being any more 'correct' than another), and paralogs are not necessarily restricted to the same species.
Figure 1. (a) Simplified diagram of homology subtypes (showing orthologs and paralogs, but not xenologs); adapted from [4]. Speciation events produce the species A, B and C. The genes A1, B1, B2, C1, C2, and C3 have descended from the ancestral gene following evolutionary events of speciation and gene duplication. (b,c) Evolutionary descent of an ancestral gene to paralogs and orthologs following gene duplication in species 0, and then speciation to yield species 1 and 2. Diagram (b) shows the resulting relationship between paralogs and orthologs as illustrated by Koonin in his comment [1]. Diagram (c) is my version of Koonin's diagram using a Fitch diagram for visualization. Note that the two evolutionary events depicted are a subset of the four shown in (a) (gene duplication 1 and speciation 2), and that the use of capital letters for genes and numbers for species is the opposite of that used in (a).
In his comment, Koonin [1], posing the simpler hypothetical situation shown in Figure 1b, stated that A1 and B2 are not formally paralogs because they reside in different genomes (see Figure 1b). But, as asserted above, paralogs will often reside in different genomes, and I have illustrated the relationship of orthology and paralogy for the scenario presented in Figure 1b by redrawing it (Figure 1c) with the type of diagram suggested by Fitch and exemplified in Figure 1a. The impression that paralogs should always be in the same genome may have arisen because, at the time during evolution when paralogs originate by gene duplication, they will indeed be in the same genome. Multiple homologs in the same genome will always be paralogous, but this does not mean that paralogs will always be restricted to the same genome as evolution progresses. An examination of the evolution of the paralog relationships shown in Figure 1a should help clarify this issue.
In the evolutionary scenario shown in Figure 1b, Koonin considered the situation in which genes B1 and A2 have been lost during evolution and Al and B2 are all that remain of this gene family; he asked how we can then "adequately describe the relationships between them". They are simply paralogs. The loss of B1 and A2 does not change the paralogous relationship of Al and B2. The gene relationships given in Figure 1b,c exemplify the fact that a valid gene tree is not necessarily the same as the species tree. On the one hand, the tree relationship between A1 and A2 or B1 and B2 will be the same as the species tree. On the other hand, the tree relationship between Al and B2 or A2 and B1 will not be the same as the species tree because divergence via gene duplication preceded speciation. The question was raised by Koonin [1] as to whether a new term such as 'metalog' might be coined to describe evolutionary situations in which genes corresponding to a certain function in different species are paralogs (for example, A1 and B2), rather than orthologs (for example, A1 and A2). This would seem ill advised because we are dealing with a particular relationship between paralogs, yet the term implies equal status of 'metalogy' with the subtypes of homology - orthology, paralogy, and xenology (the relationship of any two homologs whose history, since their common ancestor, involves horizontal transfer of at least one of them). If any new terminology is coined, it perhaps could define different classes of paralogs.
Yet another misuse of the terms 'ortholog' and 'paralog' is quite common in the literature as seen, for example, in a review in Genome Biology by Gerlt and Babbitt [5]. Here, orthologs are defined as homologs in different species that catalyze the same reaction, and paralogs are defined as homologs in the same species that do not catalyze the same reaction. Although plenty of examples exist for which this evolutionary scenario has indeed played out, it is quite possible for orthologs to acquire different catalytic (or regulatory) properties and for paralogs to retain the same function. Orthology and paralogy differ in that one proceeds from speciation and the other from gene duplication, but either evolutionary course of divergence has the same potential for acquisition of new properties. Biochemists may find it useful to classify isofunctional homologs and heterofunctional homologs and to find acceptable words to distinguish between these, but to distort the meaning of the classic terms ortholog and paralog risks causing chaos in the evolutionary context.
John Gerlt and Patricia Babbitt respond
We agree with Jensen that communication between genomic and evolutionary biologists can be frustrated by the imprecise use of terms that were coined in the simpler, more abstract period of 'pre-genomic' biology. In part, this problem is associated with the realization that the functional distinctions associated with divergence of sequence are far more complex than could have been imagined when the terms 'ortholog' and 'paralog' were originally proposed by Fitch [3,4].
We have used 'ortholog' and 'paralog' to describe relationships between gene products, at least in part, because we prefer to adapt the definitions of existing words to a new intellectual environment rather than to invent new words. But, as we are reminded by Jensen, the terms originated within the evolutionary biology community and strictly refer to sequence divergence associated with either speciation or gene duplication, respectively, and do not have either implicit or explicit functional implications.
Setting function aside, correct usage of 'ortholog' and 'paralog' requires knowledge of the details of the evolutionary pathways that produced the divergence of biological functions that we and others are attempting to describe in the context of both sequence and three-dimensional structure. Jensen states that "determination of orthology or paralogy is a simple matter of tracking any pair of genes back to where they join" (speciation or gene duplication). But we believe that insufficient information is available to accurately determine the timing of many of the speciation and gene duplication events that gave rise to the contemporary slate of genomes. In particular, analysis of the interesting structure-function relationships among highly divergent proteins must usually proceed without benefit of this information. So, whether two contemporary proteins are orthologs or paralogs cannot be determined with certainty.
Genomic biology needs to get beyond semantic issues. It needs to focus on defining those sequence-structure-function relationships that are necessary for understanding both the structural origins of biological function and the molecular bases for the divergence of biological function. So, those of us who study the relationships among sequence, structure, and function should discontinue the use of 'ortholog' and 'paralog', unless we want to focus on the speciation and gene duplication events that produced functional diversity in homologs.
But, unlike Petsko [2], we believe that genomic biologists need to describe, compare, and contrast sequence-structure-function relationships not only for a complete group of homologs but also for subsets of homologs that share particular attributes. Based on our experiences, genomic biologists need words to describe 'homologs encoded by different genomes' and 'homologs that have different functions'.
To accomplish these needs, we suggest the following adjectives to describe homologs: 'Isofunctional' homologs exhibit the same function(s); 'heterofunctional' homologs exhibit different functions; 'isospecic' homologs are found in the same species; and 'heterospecic' homologs are in different species.
Let us take an example from our review in Genome Biology [5]. The Escherichia coli genome encodes eight homologs of enoyl-CoA hydratase; the Bacillus subtilis genome encodes seven homologs. The 1,4-dihydroxynaphthoyl-CoA synthases in E. coli and B. subtilis are heterospecic, isofunctional homologs; and the 1,4-dihydroxynaphthoyl-CoA synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase in E. coli are isospecic, heterofunctional homologs; whereas the methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase in E. coli and the 1,4-dihydroxynaphthoyl-CoA synthase in B. subtilis are heterospecic, heterofunctional homologs. Neither genome encodes isospecic, isofunctional homologs of enoyl-CoA hydratase. Although the enoyl-CoA hydratase domains of FadB and YcfX in E. coli both catalyze the enoyl-CoA hydratase reaction in fatty-acid oxidation, the reaction catalyzed by the former occurs under aerobic conditions whereas the reaction catalyzed by the latter occurs under anaerobic conditions.
Hopefully, with these words for clarifying the specific and functional relationships of homologs, genomic biologists can focus on deciphering the information contained in genomes and communicating that information to all segments of the biology community.
John A Gerlt1 and Patricia C Babbitt2,
1Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL61801, USA. 2Departments of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
Corrsespondence: John A Gerlt. E-mail: j.gerlt@uiuc.edu
References
1. Koonin EV: An apology for orthologs - or brave new memes.
Genome Biol 2001, 2:comment1005.1-1005.2. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
2. Petsko GA: Homologuephobia.
Genome Biol 2001, 2:comment1002.1-1002.2. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
3. Fitch WM: Distinguishing homologous from analogous proteins.
Syst Zool 1970, 19:99-113. PubMed Abstract | PubMed Central Full Text
4. Fitch WM: Homology a personal view on some of the problems.
Trends Genet 2000, 16:227-31. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
5. Gerlt JA, Babbitt PC: Can sequence determine function?
Genome Biol 2000, 1:reviews0005.1-0005.10. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Friday, 21 May 2004
LATEST EUROPEAN TRADE MARK REPORTS
The June issue of the European Trade Mark Reports has now been published, somewhat ahead of schedule. This issue contains a curious collection of decisions relating to infringement, validity and the elusive concept of the likelihood of confusion. Two cases are available in English for the first time. They are:
*House of Prince A/S v Lidl Stiftung & Co KG, in which the Court of Appeal of The Hague (The Netherlands) rejected cigarette maker PRINCE OF BLENDS' claim that the competing GOLDPRINCE brand infringed its Benelux registration, remitting to the District Court the nullification claim lodged by the owners of GOLDPRINCE against PRINCE OF BLENDS;
*Ta'am Teva (1988) Tivoli Ltd v Ambrosia Supaherb Ltd and others, where the Jerualem Supreme Court had to rule on the similarity of two marks which had some aural similarity but where one was written in Hebrew letters, the other in English ones.
This issue also features (among other cases) the ECJ Advocate General's Opinion in Case 404/02 Nichols, on the registrability of common surnames and Mr Justice Patten's judgment in Intel v Sihra, a UK decision on the protection (perhaps the overprotection) of a well-known mark.
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Modify
Opened 4 years ago
Closed 3 years ago
Last modified 3 years ago
#3520 closed enhancement (fixed)
Do not remove selection when using undo
Reported by: Pekka Lampila <pekka.lampila@…> Owned by: team
Priority: minor Component: Core
Version: Keywords: undo selection
Cc:
Description
Selection should not be removed when using undo.
One example where this would be nice is drawing a way with multiple nodes. If you misplace a node and press undo to remove it the selection is lost.
Attachments (0)
Change History (11)
comment:1 Changed 3 years ago by bastiK
comment:2 Changed 3 years ago by bastiK
comment:3 Changed 3 years ago by stoecker
comment:4 Changed 3 years ago by bastiK
comment:5 Changed 3 years ago by stoecker
• Resolution set to fixed
• Status changed from new to closed
comment:6 Changed 3 years ago by stoecker
comment:7 Changed 3 years ago by bastiK
• Resolution fixed deleted
• Status changed from closed to reopened
comment:8 Changed 3 years ago by bastiK
comment:9 Changed 3 years ago by stoecker
• Resolution set to fixed
• Status changed from reopened to closed
comment:10 Changed 3 years ago by bastiK
comment:11 Changed 3 years ago by bastiK
Modify Ticket
Change Properties
<Author field>
Action
as closed .
as The resolution will be set. Next status will be 'closed'.
The resolution will be deleted. Next status will be 'reopened'.
Author
E-mail address and user name can be saved in the Preferences.
Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets.
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3:24 PM Uk:Releases created by anonymous
2:59 PM Uk:WikiStart edited by anonymous
(diff)
1:51 PM Ticket #5596 ([PATCH] history does not show selected objects right away) created by skyper
Hi I select an object and open the history-dialog. Nothing is shown. It …
1:42 PM Ticket #5595 (remotecontrol: does not work with relations) created by skyper
Hi I tried to download a relation with the remote-plugin, but I only get a …
12:07 PM StartupPageSource edited by jekader
russian (diff)
9:35 AM Ticket #5594 (Exception while restoring autosaved data) created by Zverikk
I don't know why this happened and how to reproduce the problem. A couple …[…]
Oct 28, 2010:
9:13 PM Ticket #5593 (nodes lacks version tag) created by arnotixe
A fresh osm file created from scratch and not uploaded to OSM has no …
5:24 PM Changeset in josm [3644] by bastiK
i18n update
5:20 PM Ticket #5592 (user unfriendly multipolygon editing) created by bilbo
If there is multipolygon with tags on its outer way (like the square …
4:54 PM Ticket #5590 ([patch] Allow Join node to way with multiple nodes) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [3643/josm]: […]
4:54 PM Changeset in josm [3643] by bastiK
applied #5590 (patch by bilbo) - Allow Join node to way with multiple …
4:40 PM Ticket #5561 (wrong node selected after "unglue way") closed by bastiK
fixed: In [3642/josm]: […]
4:40 PM Changeset in josm [3642] by bastiK
fixed #5561 (patch by cmuelle8) - wrong node selected after "unglue way"
4:19 PM Ticket #5380 (multipolygon plugin sets shortcut to "m") reopened by bastiK
This is because multipoly-convert plugin has the same shortcut and JOSM's …
4:03 PM Ticket #5591 (Importvec plugin overwrites "Open" button in toolbar) created by claudius.h@…
How to reproduce: - Load "importvec" plugin - Check first icon …
3:15 PM Uk:Help/Action/Download created by anonymous
3:06 PM Uk:InstallNotes edited by anonymous
(diff)
2:44 PM Uk:Introduction edited by anonymous
(diff)
10:46 AM StartupPageSource edited by anonymous
(diff)
12:07 AM Ticket #5569 (multipolygon tool not up to date) closed by bilbo
fixed: The multipolygon plugin can now create multipolygon with outer and inner …
Oct 27, 2010:
11:57 PM Ticket #5121 (Plugin allows only closed way in MP) closed by bilbo
fixed: Few revisions ago the plugin was fixed - it is now possible to have outer …
11:54 PM Ticket #5380 (multipolygon plugin sets shortcut to "m") closed by bilbo
worksforme: Try setting the keys in preferences. If you find impossible to set the …
10:40 PM Ticket #5590 ([patch] Allow Join node to way with multiple nodes) created by bilbo
If you press "J" to join node to nearest way(s), it work only with single …
8:39 PM StartupPageSource edited by imapi
(diff)
6:26 PM Ticket #5589 (color name missing in color preferences dialog) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [3641/josm]: […]
6:26 PM Changeset in josm [3641] by stoecker
fix #5589 - wrong color style display
6:22 PM StartupPageSource edited by stoecker
(diff)
5:06 PM Ticket #5589 (color name missing in color preferences dialog) created by adjuva@…
In data/elemstyles.xml there are two different color names ('service' and …
Oct 26, 2010:
7:58 PM Ticket #5588 ([Patch] Add exit_to tag to motorway_junction preset) created by MikeN
Add support for exit_to tag which is in the Wiki entry: …
6:36 PM StartupPageSource edited by anonymous
(diff)
2:46 PM Uk:InstallNotes edited by anonymous
(diff)
2:06 PM Uk:InstallNotes edited by anonymous
(diff)
1:34 PM Uk:WikiStart edited by anonymous
(diff)
1:29 PM Uk:WikiStart edited by anonymous
(diff)
11:21 AM StartupPageSource edited by dieterdreist
(diff)
11:17 AM StartupPageSource edited by dieterdreist
added link in italian to directly confirm new license (diff)
10:42 AM Ticket #5587 (edit/remove substring in a number of selected nodes) created by emmanuel.sambale@…
sample use case: * We have a lot of " Province of X" in a places nodes * I …
8:46 AM StartupPageSource edited by stoecker
Fix last change. (diff)
Oct 25, 2010:
11:52 PM StartupPageSource edited by framm
added direct link to license agreement page for german and english; … (diff)
Oct 24, 2010:
3:07 PM Ticket #5579 (allow paste tags in the relation editor) closed by jttt
fixed: In [3640/josm]: […]
3:07 PM Changeset in josm [3640] by jttt
Fix #5579 allow paste tags in the relation editor
1:51 PM Ticket #5586 (Support *.kmz-files) created by anonymous
kmz-files are quiet simple ZIP-files containing JPGs and Coordinates in an …
12:14 PM Ticket #5585 (Impossible to reinstall missing plugins) created by heiccq
After partial deinstallation of some JOSM plugins during ubuntu upgrade, …
12:08 PM Changeset in josm [3639] by bastiK
i18n update
12:03 PM Ticket #5457 ([patch] make it easier to select ways and nodes, if there are multiple ...) closed by bastiK
fixed
11:02 AM Ticket #5584 (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException in junctionchecking plugin) created by jttt
What steps will reproduce the problem? 1. Download …
10:51 AM Ticket #5583 (NoSuchMethodError exception in junctionchecking plugin) created by jttt
How to reproduce: click on any node generated by junctionchecking plugin …
10:43 AM Ticket #5582 (junctionchecking plugin creates log with hardcoded name) created by jttt
When JOSM is started with junctionchecking plugin enabled, following …
10:36 AM Ticket #5562 (error when using "search template" (F3) with Preset for Steps) closed by jttt
fixed: In [3638/josm]: […]
10:36 AM Changeset in josm [3638] by jttt
Fix #5562 error when using "search template" (F3) with Preset for Steps
10:25 AM Changeset in josm [3637] by jttt
Fix name clash compilation problem (compilation worked with JDK 6, but …
10:25 AM Changeset in josm [3636] by bastiK
see #5577 (patch by extropy) - Move some methods and make them public …
9:34 AM Ticket #5551 ([PATCH] Added LKS-92 projection for Latvia) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [3635/josm]: […]
9:34 AM Changeset in josm [3635] by bastiK
applied #5551 (patch by extropy) - Added LKS-92 projection for Latvia
9:09 AM Ticket #5581 (error when splitting a way on a node) closed by anonymous
duplicate
9:05 AM Ticket #5560 ([PATCH] Extrude does not word with multiple adjacent buildings) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [3634/josm]: […]
9:05 AM Changeset in josm [3634] by bastiK
applied #5560 (patch by extropy) - Extrude does not work with multiple …
8:59 AM Changeset in josm [3633] by bastiK
add projected coordinates for inspect primitive dialogue
8:43 AM Changeset in josm [3632] by bastiK
remove 'displayfilter' preference - filter is normal dialog now
1:56 AM Ticket #5574 ([patch] validator: endpoint near border of amenity area) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [o23792].
1:00 AM Changeset in josm [3631] by bastiK
see #5560 (patch by extropy) - Extrude does not work with multiple …
12:39 AM Ticket #5552 ([PATCH] Delete performance improvement) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [3630/josm]: […]
12:39 AM Changeset in josm [3630] by bastiK
applied #5552 (patch by extropy) - Delete performance improvement
12:22 AM Ticket #5581 (error when splitting a way on a node) created by marc@…
What steps will reproduce the problem? 1. split a way whith 'p' key 2. …
Oct 23, 2010:
11:51 PM Ticket #5580 (Distance reported by measurement plugin is different from status line) created by holgerosm@…
I can draw a line in JOSM and the length of that line in meters is …
11:45 PM Plugins edited by OliverW
Removed ElevationProfile (managed by SVN now) (diff)
11:35 PM Plugins edited by OliverW
Removed ColumbusCSV (managed by SVN now) (diff)
10:54 PM Ticket #5579 (allow paste tags in the relation editor) created by dieterdreist
basically could be the same function that is used to paste tags to another …
9:25 PM Ticket #5571 (Exception was raised when attempting to split a way) closed by jttt
fixed: In [3629/josm]: […]
9:25 PM Changeset in josm [3629] by jttt
Fix #5571 Exception was raised when attempting to split a way
8:58 PM Ticket #5557 (Error when adding a node in a way whith mouse pointer) closed by jttt
duplicate
8:56 PM Ticket #5578 (Exception when splitting way) closed by jttt
duplicate
3:57 PM Changeset in josm [3628] by ulfl
new icons: cave_entrance from r.michael, adit from me
12:06 PM StartupPageSource edited by jezevec
(diff)
12:05 PM StartupPageSource edited by jezevec
czech translate (diff)
2:11 AM Ticket #5578 (Exception when splitting way) created by anonymous
Repository Root: http://josm.openstreetmap.de/svn Build-Date: 2010-10-18 …
Oct 22, 2010:
3:55 PM Ticket #5575 ([patch] Adds a more usefull error message if UnknownHostException occurs ...) closed by hampelratte <henrik.niehaus@…>
fixed: Ist im SVN. Plugin hab ich allerdings noch nicht neu gebaut.
3:03 PM Ticket #5577 ([PATCH] Add nodes on intersections action) created by Upliner
There was the Intersect_way plugin that allowed to add nodes on …
10:23 AM Ticket #5576 (Rename of WMS links) created by DJTerentjev@…
When I am trying to rename bookmark for WMS layer (settings window), it is …
2:20 AM Changeset in josm [3627] by ulfl
minor tweak
12:59 AM Changeset in josm [3626] by ulfl
shop=convenience icon from svg-png-symbols set
12:07 AM Ticket #5575 ([patch] Adds a more usefull error message if UnknownHostException occurs ...) created by BitSchupser
To reproduce the problem: 1. Disconnect from the Internet 2. Start JSOM …
Note: See TracTimeline for information about the timeline view.
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[maemo-community] Election and candidates
From: Felipe Crochik felipe at crochik.com
Date: Mon Apr 23 03:08:41 EEST 2012
I feel that I blinked my eyes and a long time has passed - I lost track of
what is going on with the election. I have to confess that I am a little
rusty and couldn't find myself (if it is available)....
Wouldn't be a good idea to have a page under Maemo Community Council with
the date of the election and list of candidates?
If we don't have already it also would be great if we could have the
candidates declarations/comments/answers all in one place like we have had
in previous elections.
Felipe
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