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Quotation added by Purushottam_Kumar
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
The so-called democrats capture the administrative machine without assuming responsibility for the prosperous condition of the citizens. (Srimad – Bhagavatam (1.18.45), purport). A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada ...
A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada is the founder of ISKCON (Intrernational Society For Krishna Consciousness)
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1304.6 - Tasmanian Key Indicators, Nov 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 16/12/2008
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
WAGES AND PRICES
Source
Value
% Change previous period
% Change corresponding period previous year
Sep Qtr 2008
CPI all groups: Hobart(a)
164.7
1.1
4.3
Price index of materials used in house building: Hobart(a)
171.2
2.5
5.9
House price index numbers: Hobart(b)(c)
p142.3
p0.7
p2.4
Wage Price Index, Tasmania(b)
120.6
1.4
4.0
Aug Qtr 2008
Average weekly earnings - full-time adult ordinary time - trend
$1 023.20
0.5
1.5
2005-2006
Median income - gross household income per week
$850
..
..
.. not applicable
p preliminary figure or series subject to revision
(a) Baseline: 1989-90=100.0.
(b) Baseline: 2003-04=100.0.
(c) Estimates for the two most recent quarters are experimental. See Explanatory Notes in cat. no. 6416.0 for further information.
More Detailed Source Information
Average Weekly Earnings, Australia (cat. no. 6302.0)
Consumer Price Index, Australia (cat. no. 6401.0)
House Price Indexes: Eight Capital Cities (cat. no. 6416.0)
Household Income and Income Distribution, Australia (cat. no. 6523.0)
Labour Price Index, Australia (cat. no. 6345.0)
Producer Price Indexes, Australia (cat. no. 6427.0)
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
3416.0 - Perspectives on Migrants, 2007
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 25/02/2008 First Issue
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
CONTENTS
BIRTHPLACE AND RELIGION
This article examines the relationship between the birthplace of migrants to Australia and other personal characteristics to determine whether knowledge of country of birth can act as a proxy for other characteristics. The relationship between religion and country of birth is examined as an example.
MIGRANTS' EXPERIENCES OF CRIME VICTIMISATION
This article considers such issues as:
• Are migrants overall at greater risk of violence or a break-in than people born in Australia?
• Are migrants from certain regions of birth more likely to be a victim of crime?
• Are migrants' language skills a factor in victimisation?
• Is the sex or age of migrants related to the risk of victimisation?
OVERSEAS STUDENTS
A range of sources of data on overseas students from all sectors of education in Australia are highlighted in this article. It examines:
• the number of persons from overseas who study in Australia and the countries from which they have come;
• the age and sex of overseas students;
• sectors in which overseas students are studying;
• universities that overseas students attend; and
• types of jobs in which overseas students are employed.
MIGRANTS AND ENGLISH PROFICIENCY
This article not only looks at the English proficiency of migrants to Australia and interrelated factors such as educational attainment, labour force status and household income but it also shows how the new Migrant Data Matrices (ABS cat. no. 3415.0) can be used as a research tool.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Movement of Aphis craccivora (Koch) and Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) between Plants Provides Further Evidence on Prevalence of Apterous Dispersal among Aphids
S. Noga, M. Obopile
Abstract
A greenhouse study was conducted in the Botswana College of Agricultures’ greenhouse to determine the possible movement of two aphid species Aphis craccivora) (Koch), and Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner), on cowpea and sorghum respectively. The aphid colonies of each species used were obtained from a greenhouse culture reared from progeny of single virginoparous apterous females. The plants were arranged such that one plant (the source plant) was put in the centre surrounded by four other plants (catch plants) so that the edges of the pots touched but without contact between the plants. In both experiments, each of the four groups of plants was kept on permanently moist irrigation matting in the greenhouse. The results showed that dispersal from initially colonized source plants occurred when plants appeared to be growing normally and when crowding was unlikely to be the cause. In both experiments this dispersal occurred when the population on the source plant exceeded about 10 adults and their offspring per plant. The implications of this behaviour are discussed, and it is argued that apterous dispersal may be common in aphids, allowing maximum utilization of the environment than would be likely by alate dispersal alone.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/jas.v4n12p1
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN 1916-9752 (Print) ISSN 1916-9760 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Datasets / Waterbase - Transitional, coastal and marine waters / Waterbase - TCM: Discharges
Waterbase - TCM: Discharges
The Discharges table contains data on the yearly direct discharges to transitional, coastal and marine waters, provided by national sources or Marine Conventions.
Category
European data
Records
517
Table definition
Year Year year of aggregation period (aggregated data sets), or year in which sample taken (disaggregated data sets), in format YYYY. Year should be no later than that requested in the last Eionet-Water data request. smallint(2) 0
Load Load estimated load of determinand. real(4) 0
CountryCode Country code abbreviation of EEA Member or Collaborating country. ISO 3166-alpha-2 code elements. nvarchar(2) -1
WaterBodyID Water body ID national identification code of water body (if applicable) in which station is located. Water body as required/defined by the WFD. A water body may have more than one station in it. nvarchar(20) 0
WaterBodyName Water body name name of water body in which station is located. Water body as required/defined by the WFD. A water body may have more than one station in it. nvarchar(255) 0
SeaAreaName Sea area name name of the local sea into which the river discharges or in which the TCM station is located. SeaAreaName may be the same as WaterBodyName. nvarchar(255) 0
SeaRegionName Sea region name name of regional sea of which local sea area is a part. nvarchar(255) 0
SeaConventionArea Marine convention area name of Marine Convention area of which regional sea is a part. nvarchar(20) 0
Remarks Remarks remarks, comments or explanatory notes. nvarchar(255) 0
DischargeType Discharge type I=industrial, M=municipal, T=total. nvarchar(1) 0
Determinand Determinand determinand name. nvarchar(30) 0
CASNumber CAS Number Chemical Abstract Service Number of the hazardous substance, as defined in the codelist. nvarchar(10) 0
Unit Unit unit of measurement. nvarchar(10) 0
Estimate Estimate type L=lower estimate based on treating determinand values that are less than the limits of detection as zero, U=upper estimate based on treating determinand values that are less than the limits of detection as equivalent to limit of detection value, X=unspecified. nvarchar(1) 0
Method Method of estimation OutY=calculations including outlier values, OutN=calculations excluding outlier values, FloodY=calculations accounting for flood events, FloodN=calculations not accounting for flood events, XSS=loads calculated by extrapolation from concentrations (of micropollutants) in suspended sediment, Other=other methods. nvarchar(10) 0
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Phone: +45 3336 7100
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Information for "User:Morgaine"
Jump to: navigation, search
Basic information
Display titleUser:Morgaine
Default sort keyMorgaine
Page length (in bytes)3,806
Page ID23216
Page content languageEnglish (en)
Search engine statusIndexable
Number of views801
Redirects to this page0
Subpages of this page0 (0 redirects; 0 non-redirects)
Page protection
EditAllow all users
MoveAllow all users
Edit history
Page creatorMorgaine (Talk | contribs)
Date of page creation18:22, 27 May 2012
Latest editorMorgaine (Talk | contribs)
Date of latest edit11:30, 14 July 2012
Total number of edits16
Total number of distinct authors1
Recent number of edits (within past 91 days)0
Recent number of distinct authors0
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Changes related to "Alberta Online Collections"
From FamilySearch Wiki
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September 20 2012
Why You Should Care About New Design Guidelines in the St. Anthony Falls Heritage Zone, Minneapolis, Minnesota
In Minneapolis, Minnesota, new design guidelines are being recognized to preserve the context and character of the historic heart of the city. Following an extensive public hearing period and intensive research, these guidelines express value systems surrounding such notions as streetscape, access to the Mississippi River, potential archaeological remains, views, and the historic integrity of the built environment.
The guidelines go into affect in late September 2012 following a review by the Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission. The guidelines are intended to serve stewardship goals of the St. Anthony Falls Heritage Zone, a historic industrial area key to the establishment and growth of one of the premiere cities in the greater Midwest. As the only falls on the entire Mississippi River, this area was regarded as significant to Native Americans predating western expansion. By the beginning of the 19th Century, the power of these falls was being harnessed for timber and a century later important for milling and hydroelectricity.
The character of this small area, adjacent to the present day commercial downtown, is a mix of cultural landscapes reflecting the industrial past, the natural ecology of the river’s edge, and modern-day residential and cultural centers. Maintaining the historic character of the neighborhood, while promoting the evolution of urban design principles, is the main driver for the reconsideration of the Design Guidelines, first adopted in the 1980′s.
The new design guidelines are built on a foundation of preserving authenticity and connectivity, maintaining functionality and durability, and acknowledging the innovation and simplicity of design characteristic to the area.
Framers of the plan constructed the guidelines around the concept of “designing in context“ as they encourage new development to consider the district, the subarea, and the immediate surroundings. To more fully articulate the complexity of such a rich landscape, the Heritage Zone is separated into ten “character areas” each reflecting different uses, histories, and contexts. The Guidelines provide instruction on vernacular landscapes and buildings, on the utilization of appropriate materials, and on preserving views and open spaces.
These new guidelines are intended to preserve the experiential quality of the historic context while reflecting changes and contemporary uses. How important is it for cities to maintain their identification with the past?
Credits: Images and data linked to sources.
Matthew Traucht
Matthew Traucht graduated from the University of New Mexico with a B.A. in cultural anthropology and is now pursuing his Master of Landscape Architecture at the University of Minnesota’s College of Design. Inspired by the work he was doing as an archaeologist in New Mexico where he studied prehistoric lifeways and preindustrial agricultural techniques; Matthew established an organic farm business. Eventually this led him to join the US Peace Corps where he served as a Natural Resources Volunteer in The Gambia from 2007-2009. For the last five years he has been blogging about some of his observations about the interactions between nature and culture, most recently on Desire Lines. Now, as a graduate student, Matthew is interested in sustainable communities, brownfield remediation, and historic cultural landscape preservation.
More Posts - Website - Twitter - Facebook
This entry was posted on Thursday, September 20th, 2012 at 6:31 am and is filed under Community/Economic Development, Environment, Environmental Design, History/Preservation, Infrastructure, Land Use, Landscape Architecture, Matthew Traucht, Urban Development/Real Estate, Urban Planning and Design. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
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Publication Listing
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Cover art supplied by Galactic Central
Contents (view Concise Listing)
Verification Status
Reference Status
Primary Verified by Swfritter on 2007-09-23 12:46:09
Clute/Nicholls Not Verified
Clute/Grant Not Verified
Contento1 (anth/coll) Not Verified
Locus1 Not Verified
Reginald1 Not Verified
Reginald3 Not Verified
Tuck Not Verified
Miller/Contento Not Verified
Bleiler1 (Gernsback) Not Verified
Currey Not Verified
Primary (Transient) Verified by Rkihara on 2008-06-22 15:55:32
Bleiler78 Not Verified
OCLC/Worldcat Not Verified
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Primary3 Not Verified
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Primary5 Not Verified
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Bibliography: Theatre of War
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Title: Theatre of War
Author: J. G. Ballard
Year: 1977
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: novelette
Language: English
ISFDB Record Number: 57627
Note: First appeared in an unknown 1977 issue of "Bananas".
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Punch Ball Mario Bros.
From the Super Mario Wiki
(Redirected from Punch Ball Mario Bros)
Jump to: navigation, search
The title screen of Punch Ball Mario Bros.
Punch Ball Mario Bros. is a game created by Hudson Soft for the PC-8801 in 1984. It also ran on the PC-6001mkII, NEC PC-6601, FM-7, and Sharp X1. It is very similar to Mario Bros., but with a new feature named "punch balls" that could be thrown to stun enemies as an alternative to hitting them from below, as in the original. Once stunned, the hit enemy could be hit like normal. The details of the licensing of this game aren't clear, but Punch Ball Mario Bros. is probably one of the earliest licensed Mario games. It is unknown why Hudson Soft was permitted the rights to and chose to make the game. Hudson also produced two other Mario games for the PC: Mario Bros. Special and Super Mario Bros. Special.
Like in the original, Mario and Luigi starred in the game. Common enemies from the original also appeared, such as Shellcreepers and Sidestepper. Unlike the original, the floor-level design is almost the exact opposite of the original Mario Bros. For instance, the first platform (above the floor) in the original extends from the edges, with a gap in the middle. In this game, the platform is in the middle, with gaps around the edges.
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Very High Activity
Contributors : [anonymous]
Analyzed about 20 hours ago based on code collected about 20 hours ago.
Activity on WordPress by [anonymous]
All-time Commits: 1
12-Month Commits: 0
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[17] For you know that even when he afterward desired to inherit the blessing, he was rejected, for he found no place for a change of mind though he sought it diligently with tears.
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3. This fault appears not only in the matter of buildings, but also in the shows given by magistrates, whether of gladiators in the forum or of plays on the stage. Here neither delay nor postponement is permissible, but the necessities of the case require that everything should be ready at a fixed time,—the seats for the audience, the awning drawn over them, and whatever, in accordance with the customs of the stage, is provided by machinery to please the eye of the people. These matters require careful thought and planning by a well trained intellect; for none of them can be accomplished without machinery, and without hard study skilfully applied in various ways.
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Transcript:Law and Oracle
From The Infosphere, the Futurama Wiki
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Transcript for
Law and Oracle
Written byJosh Weinstein
Transcribed bySanfazer
[Opening Credits. Caption: FOR THE SOPHISTICATED SHUT-IN]
[Scene: Videogame. The SCORE is 0050 and the DELIVERY BONUS is 0. A little boy is riding a bicycle and delivers newspapers to the houses that he passes by. Each delivery that he makes increases the SCORE by 50 points. Donkey Kong climbs out of a manhole and throws a barrel at him, but he manages to dodge it.]
Fry: [voice-over] After centuries as a delivery boy, nothin' surprises me.
[The little boy is run over by a bus. The caption GAME OVER appears on screen, followed by F.B.I. WARNING: WINNERS DON'T PLAY VIDEOGAMES.]
[Cut to: The Planet Express employee lounge. Fry is playing an arcade game called DELIVERY COMMAND.]
Zoidberg: You stink, loser.
Leela: [off camera] Hey, Fry! [Leela enters.] Pizza goin' out. Come on!
[The screen of the arcade game is now showing the arcade game's name. Fry sighs and takes the pizza from Leela.]
Fry: Alright. I'll take the red rocket.
[The screen of the arcade game changes to HIGH SCORES: BBR 65535, NIB 48565, HJF 00254.]
[Scene: New New York street, day. Fry is riding a hoverbicycle and is dressed in a red cap, a red jacket that is slightly different from his and that is all buttoned up, yellow shorts, and white socks, each with a red strike, that go all the way to his knee. He is run over by a hoverbus and grunts.]
[Scene: Outside Applied Cryogenics. The clock on the wall reads approximately 3:03.]
[Cut to: Applied Cryogenics corridor. Fry has an adhesive bandage on his face. He opens a door with a sign reading APPLIED CRYOGENICS and enters the room. It is the room where he was frozen.]
Fry: Hello? Pizza delivery for... [Fry takes a piece of paper from his pocket.] D. Frosted Wang? [Fry grunts.] Not another crank delivery! Why don't I read these things ahead of time?! [Ipji, Terry, and Lou step out of the cryo-tube shadows and burst out laughing.] One time was funny. But, every week for ten years, not as funny.
Ipji: True. Not as funny. But still somewhat funny.
[The three men burst out laughing again. Fry looks annoyed.]
[Scene: The Planet Express conference room. Professor Farnsworth, Bender, Hermes, Zoidberg, Leela, and Amy are sitting at the conference table. Fry is standing up.]
Fry: And... And then they burst out laughing a second time. [All but Fry laugh. Fry sighs.] I've been a delivery boy for a thousand years. Isn't there any room for promotion around here?
Hermes: There'll be no promotions unless somebody dies. And, even then, only if we can bring 'em back as a zombie like Scruffy.
[Hermes points to Scruffy, who is mopping the floor. His wash bucket is beside him.]
Scruffy: Life and death are a seamless continuum.
[Scruffy hums.]
Fry: Well, could I at least get some encouragement? I could use a shot in the arm. [Shots are fired from outside the building, piercing the window that is the closest to the crew. Fry falls down and screams.] I got shot in the leg!
[A bag of money is thrown through the window, completely breaking it. Roberto enters the building through the window, nervous, and grabs the bag.]
Bender: Roberto! [Roberto approaches the table.] What are you doin' here?
Roberto: What? A fella can't drop in on ol' friends and hold 'em hostage?
[Roberto positions his knife in front of Zoidberg's neck.]
Zoidberg: [calm] I'm good! And you?
Smitty: [off camera, on a speaker] Attention, criminal Robot in the building.
[Cut to: Outside the Planet Express headquarters. The building is being surrounded by NNYPD officers and hovercars.]
Smitty: [off-camera, on a speaker] Come out with your hands up.
[Cut to: The Planet Express conference room. Roberto is still threatening Zoidberg.]
Bender: Never!
Smitty: [off-camera, on a speaker] Uh, other guy.
Roberto: Listen up, piggies! I want a hovercopter. And a non-marked sandwich. And a new face with, like, a... A Hugh Grant look.
[Cut to: Outside the Planet Express headquarters. The building is still being surrounded by the NNYPD.]
Roberto: [off-camera] And, every five minutes I don't get it, someone's gonna get stabbed in the ass!
Zoidberg: [off-camera] He's bluffing. [A stabbing sound is heard.] Ouch!
[Cut to: The Planet Express conference room. Zoidberg looks terrified as Roberto threatens him.]
Zoidberg: He's not bluffing!
[The ceiling is teared open by URL and Smitty, who descend to the floor with black ropes.]
URL: You call for a chopper?
Roberto: Nah. I specifically said hovercopter.
URL: One chopper comin' up.
[URL hits Roberto in the head. Roberto screams as he falls down.]
[Cut to: Outside the Planet Express headquarters. The number of NNYPD officers and hovercars surrounding the building has diminished. Amy, Leela, Fry, Hermes, Professor Farnsworth, and Zoidberg are there. A crowd, the crew included, cheers. All hovercars but one fly away. Smitty and URL force Roberto into the one hovercar left. Amy kisses Smitty passionately. Smitty is perplexed. Zoidberg also kisses Smitty passionately. Smitty is terrified. The two crew members walk away.]
Smitty: You know, URL. [URL has entered the hovercar.] Sometimes it's almost too much for me.
URL: You mean the respect we get and the high level of job satisfaction?
[Smitty enters the car.]
Smitty: There's that, but I'm also talkin' about the non-stop promotions and the free hot ride.
[The hovercar grows a roof of light and flies away.]
Leela: I do love a man in uniform. [Fry clears his throat, laying emphasis on his delivery-boy uniform.] I mean a uniform that doesn't involve short pants.
[Fry sighs.]
Fry: I can see I have no future here. My only option is to resign with dignity. [Fry takes his shorts off and gives them to Hermes.] Here are my shorts.
[Fry walks away with his buttocks bared. Amy, Leela, and Hermes look at him in surprise as he walks into the distance.]
[Scene: Outside Police Academy. A sign reads NOT AFFILIATED WITH POLICE ACADEMY IV.]
[Cut to: Inside Police Academy. Fry stands below a sign reading RECRUITMENT.]
Fry: Hello. I'd like to enrol in Police Academy.
Policeman #1: You think you can just waltz in here with no pants and become a cop?
Fry: That's the plan.
[Fry nods.]
Policeman #1: I like you, kid. I got no pants on either.
Fry: I can see that. You're quite a bit taller than me.
[The policeman offers Fry his hand.]
Policeman #1: Welcome to Police Academy.
[Fry shakes the policeman's hand.]
[Scene: Classroom. Wearing white NNYPD shirts, Aliens, Humans, including Fry, and Robots, including Fat-bot and the spotty teen Robot, are sitting down. Fry turns to a brown Robot to his left.]
Fry: Hi! I'm Fry.
Brown Robot: I'm the Sound Effects 5000.
[The Sound Effects 5000 produces several sound effects.]
Fry: Wow! That would be impressive if you were a Human!
Sound Effects 5000: [sad] Yeah...
[The door opens.]
Policeman #2: On your feet for Chief O'Mannahan.
[All stand up.]
Chief O'Mannahan: At ease, cadets. I'll make this short and sweet 'cause I'm PMS-in' like a lumberjack. Police Academy is not for everybody. You're gonna get your boobs scuffed. But, if you got the vulva to stick it out, I'll be proud to call you ladies policemen.
[Fry salutes the Chief.]
Fry: Sir! Yes, ma'am!
[Scene: Car. Fry and the Sound Effects 5000 are in it. They start driving. Fry is smiling. The camera zooms out, revealing that the car is in a room, attached to the floor, and the buildings that they were passing by are a circling background. Fry and the Sound Effects 5000 look to a black-haired man in the room.]
Black-haired man: Yeah. That's great. [The black-haired man approaches the driver's window.] Now can you actually turn on the ignition?
Sound Effects 5000: [sad] I don't have any hands.
[The Sound Effects 5000 lifts up his arms, revealing that he has footcups for hands.]
[Montage: Outside Police Academy. Fry, another Human, and two Robots are practising shooting. Fry runs out of fire and angrily throws his gun towards an arc on a shooting doll as if it were an arrow, hitting the centre.]
[Cut to: Arena. Fry turns on a lightsaber. The camera zooms out, revealing that the black-haired man, who is standing on a podium, and a construction with a sign reading BATON RANGE are there. Fry hits three robbers like beavers, but does not hit a woman who is carrying a baby. The black-haired man nods, approving of Fry's performance. Fry hits him with the lightsaber and he screams and falls down.]
[Scene: Arena. Chief O'Mannahan is standing on a stage above which there is a sign reading TODAY: POLICE ACADEMY GRADUATION, TONIGHT: POLICE ACADEMY AWARDS. Various cadets are sitting while looking at her and a crowd is watching the event.]
Chief O'Mannahan: Well, it's that time of the month. Graduation Day. So grow up hair and put 'em together for our new officers.
[The crowd applauds. The Sound Effects 5000 and Fry are among the cadets.]
Amy: [off camera] Woohoo!
[Fry looks at the crowd, seeing Hermes, Professor Farnsworth, Zoidberg, Bender, Leela, and Amy.]
Bender: Hooray for the pigs!
Chief O'Mannahan: Graduates, you are hereby officially cops. Now movin' along. Nothin' to see here.
[The policemen cheer and throw their lightsabers in the air. It starts raining lightsabers and the policemen complain.]
Zoidberg: Hooray! Free sky sticks! [A lightsaber falls on Zoidberg's head, ridding him of his crust.] Ooh. [Zoidberg points his finger accusingly.] Police brutality!
[Scene: Outside the NNYPD. The words 18TH PRECINCT are below the façade. A TV screen on the wall shows the caption WANTED, along with the profile photographs of two people, a woman and a man, who are walking by it. A policeman exits the building.]
[Cut to: Inside the NNYPD. A bored policeman and Chief O'Mannahan, who is writing on a pad with a pen and has a cigar in her mouth, are standing up in front of a screen displaying a map, two photographs of individual locations, one of which is the NNYPD itself, and the captions INCIDENT, APB, and 10851. Chief O'Mannahan spits on the floor.]
Chief O'Mannahan: [to herself] Nice... [The camera zooms out, revealing two tables where eight policemen, including URL and Fry, are sitting.] [to the policemen] Alright. Before we head out, I'll be teaming up our new officers with their ironically matched partners. Sound Effects 5000, you'll be with Gretsky.
[The Sound Effects 5000 raises his arms, turns to Gretsky, and produces a cheering sound. Gretsky covers his ears and screams.]
Gretsky: Ow, my tinnitus!
Chief O'Mannahan: Fry, due to the unfortunate loss of Officer Smith, you'll be riding with URL.
URL: And Smitty was just a few days from retirement.
Fry: Wuh— What happened?
URL: He took a early retirement. Damn.
[Scene: Outside the Planet Express headquarters.]
[Cut to: The Planet Express conference room. Zoidberg, Hermes, Leela, Amy, and Bender are sitting at the conference table. Professor Farnsworth is standing up.]
Professor Farnsworth: Let's get down to business.
Amy: Aren't you gonna say [imitating Professor Farnsworth's voice] Good news, everyone?
Professor Farnsworth: No, I just said that for Fry's benefit. May the poor fellow feel better about his pointless job.
[Leela and Amy nod with their eyes closed.]
Hermes: As much as I miss 'im, he didn't really serve much purpose around here. [Leela and Amy open their eyes.] Though he did walk Zoidberg.
[The camera pans over to Zoidberg, who is biting on a leash and whining. Zoidberg spits out the leash.]
Professor Farnsworth: In any case, I've improved on Fry by sticking some wheels on a board so Leela and Bender can easily make the next delivery without him.
[Professor Farnsworth puts a board made of wood with wheels attached on the table and slides it in Bender's direction.]
Bender: Neat. So where are we goin'?
[Professor Farnsworth makes the table's holographic projector show a planet in grey.]
Professor Farnsworth: Pandora.
Leela: That dangerous, 3-D planet? Can't we just send our avatars?
Professor Farnsworth: No! It's cheaper just to have you die.
[Scene: New New York street. A green car is going very fast. URL uses a radar detector to measure its speed. The radar's screen reads c+15MPH. Fry looks at it.]
Fry: Whoa! Fifteen miles over the speed of light.
URL: That's a violation of the law of Lorentz invariance, baby.
Fry: Light 'em up.
[URL's head grows two police horns. Fry and URL ride their motorcycles in pursuit of the car. The car's driver spots the two policemen on his rearview mirror. The camera shows a box next to him. The car causes confusion, scaring the people on the street, and follows the road. There is a sign reading WELCOME TO CIRCUIT CITY. The car enters the City through an electric passageway, turning into a car in the style of Tron. The NNYPD motorcycles proceed through the passageway in pursuit of the car and each one becomes a light cycle. The chase continues and URL sees hobo Dandy Jim.]
URL: Look out for that particular individual.
[The wall of light created by Fry's cycle stops Dandy Jim.]
Dandy Jim: An electric wall, eh? I can't see the harm in peein' on that.
[Dandy Jim's urinating momentarily destabilises the City. Still trying to avoid capture, the car hits Fry's cycle, causing it to spin around in the air for a while. Fry manages to make a safe landing.]
URL: Whoa! Where my man learn that?
Fry: SunnyD commercial.
[Fry and URL keep pursuing the car.]
URL: Let's refract this sucker.
[Fry and URL appear in front of the driver and proceed towards him. The driver screams as his car is surrounded by an electric wall on each side, forcing him to drive towards what seems to be the centre of the City, the location of a giant, jewel-like object around which floats the caption FRESNEL CIRCLE. He tries to prevent his car from colliding with the object by driving around it. The object creates five duplicates of the car and five duplicates of the driver, each in a different colour. The six identical cars crash into the electric wall produced by the original car. The six identical drivers scream and the six cars turn into one, the original car, broken. The light in the City disappears and the driver opens his car's door, falling on the floor. Fry and URL are pointing their guns at him.]
Fry: DNA and career chip, please.
[The driver offers his hand and Fry pierces it with a gun that projects a hologram reading NNY DMV, ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER and showing the driver's profile photograph.]
URL: Erwin Schrödinger, huh? What's in the box, Schrödinger?
Erwin Schrödinger: Um... A cat, some poison, und a caesium atom.
Fry: The cat! Is it alive or dead? [Schrödinger is not given the time to reply.] Alive or dead?!
[URL pushes Schrödinger against his car's door, alarming him.]
URL: Answer him, fool.
Erwin Schrödinger: It's a superposition of both states until you open it and collapse the wave function.
[Fry enters the car.]
Fry: Says you.
[Fry opens the box and a cat jumps out of it, attacking him. Fry screams. URL takes a close look at the box.]
URL: There's also a lotta drugs in there.
[Scene: Space. The Planet Express ship is flying.]
[Cut to: The Planet Express ship bridge. A chair is labelled PHILIP J. FRY, DELIVERY BOY. The camera pans over to Bender and Leela. Bender is sitting on a chair that is identical to the Fry chair and Leela is at the wheel. There is an awkward silence.]
Leela: So... You're a Robot?
[Bender sighs and looks the other way.]
[Scene: Outside the NNYPD. The TV screen has an image of the Hyper-Chicken and the caption NEED A LAWYER?. Fry and URL escort Schrödinger inside. A policeman wielding a lightsaber and two civilians are also present.]
[Cut to: Chief O'Mannahan's office. Chief O'Mannahan is shaving above a drawing of Schrödinger.]
Chief O'Mannahan: You boys did good. Nailed a major violator of the laws of Physics.
URL: He's goin' down. [URL lifts up Schrödinger's cat.] Cat's gonna testify.
[Chief O'Mannahan lifts up the drawing of Schrödinger, revealing it to read WANTED.]
Chief O'Mannahan: Guys like this really bust my uterus. You're both getting a promotion! Ever heard of the Future Crimes Division?
Fry: Tomorrow I have.
[Scene: Anaglyph-image planet. The caption PANDORA is on screen. The Planet Express ship flies towards the planet and moves back and forth, accidentally clashing with a tree resembling the Hometree in Avatar and consequently knocking it down.]
Leela: [off camera] Oops.
[The ship lands on the log.]
[Cut to: The Planet Express ship bridge.]
Leela: I can't make out a thing!
[Bender's eyes look like 3-D glasses. His right eye is blue and his left eye is red.]
Bender: Well, I guess you should've had two eyes!
[Leela kicks the board, now sustaining a package, in Bender's direction.]
Leela: Just deliver the package and let's get outta here.
Bender: Screw that! [Bender kicks the board back to Leela.] I ain't no delivery boy! I'm the company's chef.
Leela: Oh! You're the chef, are you? [Leela stands up.] Then why don't you make us something nice to eat?
[Bender stands up as well and begins walking towards the door, muttering.]
Bender: [muttering] I'll make you something— [Bender leaves the room and the door closes. It is opened as Bender re-enters.] [angry] Here's your damn peanut butter and jelly sandwich!
[Bender throws a sandwich onto the camera. The caption PUT ON 3-D GLASSES ONE MINUTE AGO appears on screen.]
[Scene: Door. It has a sign reading FUTURE CRIMES DIVISION and another sign reading WE KNOW WHAT YOU DID NEXT SUMMER. The door opens. The room is a cylinder and its walls are filled with screens, displaying photographs showing Joey Mousepad, a female Omicronian, the Donbot, the Taco Bellevue Doctor, and Petunia. A spiral staircase, three elevator tubes, and ten desks are inside. There is no ceiling on sight. Various people are looking busy. A blond man enters and is followed by Fry and URL as he walks through as aisle leading to the door of one of the elevators.]
Blond man: Now that we can predict crimes with 99% accuracy, we can arrest most perpetrators before they even perpetrate anything.
Fry: That's ridiculous. Only horoscopes can predict the future.
Blond man: That's what we used to think. Until we invented... [The blond man opens the door, revealing it to lead to no elevator, but to another room, in the middle of which there is a Robot lying on a tub with his eyes closed.] This.
[Fry and URL approach the tub.]
Fry: Whoa!
URL: Slowed on, baby.
Blond man: The cybernetic oracle. The ultimate man-machine hybrid. Programmed with every crime ever recorded and implanted with the brain cells of History's greatest detectives. We call 'im... Pickles.
Fry: On account of it's like he's floating in a jar?
Blond man: Exactly. The oracle's visions are recorded on these coloured balls. [The blond man lifts up a box containing four balls: One green, one black, one red, and one white with pink stains.] Green is larceny. Black is fraud. Red, homicide.
Fry: What's pink pocodots?
Blond man: Clown slaughter. It happens more often than you think. [An alarm goes off and a red light flashes. Pickles' brain begins sparking. A red ball surfaces in the tub.] Clutter in the ball! [The blond man reaches the ball with a fishing net.] Red ball, homicide!
Fry: [extendedly] Woo!
[The blond man puts the ball in a machine, which produces a blue light. Now wearing metallic gloves, the blond man moves around photographs on the wall screen that are superimposed on each other. They show a window, Hattie, an old man, a raccoon in the snow, birds, and a sheet of paper reading LAST WILL & WHATCHACALLIT. He isolates the photograph showing the old man.]
Blond man: Suspect: Male, six-foot-one, distinctive mustard stain on his forehead.
[The blond man isolates the photograph showing Hattie, which now bears the play symbol in its lower left corner. He presses the symbol, starting a video.]
Hattie: [on the video] My kajigger!
Blond man: Victim: Hattie McDoogal.
[The blond man isolates the photograph showing the birds, which automatically turns into a video showing the birds tweet. He passes the photograph to Fry, who zooms in, isolating a clock reading 5:08.]
Fry: Look! The clock says 5:08. [Fry looks at his wrist.] It's 4:30 right now!
URL: Uh-oh. We only have a half hour to chill out before we head over.
[Scene: The house shown by one of the photographs revealed by the red ball. The birds are in a cage. The camera zooms out, revealing that Hattie is sitting on a couch with the old man, who kisses her hand three times.]
Old man: Oh, Hattie. When I look into your one good eye, I see a reflection of beauty.
[Hattie looks the other way, embarrassed.]
Hattie: Oh, fresh.
[URL bursts in through the door, wielding a gun. Fry is behind him.]
URL: Freeze, fool.
[Fry enters and is also wielding a gun.]
Fry: You're under arrest for future murder!
[The clock on the wall reads 5:08.]
Old man: Ja? [The old man jumps to behind the couch.] You can't arrest me for future murder after it's right-now murder!
[The old man grabs a snow globe with the raccoon in it from a nightstand and prepares to throw it at Hattie.]
Hattie: My kajigger! [The old man accidentally opens the cage with the snow globe, causing the birds to start flying around him. He drops the snow globe, screams, and is handcuffed by Fry and URL.] So he didn't really wanna marry me?
URL: Nah. See, he knew you'd left everything to your parakeets in your will.
[URL lifts up the sheet of paper reading LAST WILL & WHATCHACALLIT.]
Fry: He was gonna murder you, marry your parakeets, and then poison them with an arsenic-laced cuttlebone.
[Fry grabs a cuttlebone from the old man's jacket.]
URL: Classic move. Aw, yeah.
[Scene: NNYPD locker room. Gretsky, the black-haired man, Chief O'Mannahan, URL, and Fry are present. Chief O'Mannahan is topless, smoking a cigar, and sitting down, while the two policemen are in their uniforms and standing up. Chief O'Mannahan's bra is hanging from the door of one of the lockers.]
Chief O'Mannahan: Congratulations on your big bust.
Fry: You too.
[Chief O'Mannahan stands up.]
Chief O'Mannahan: Keep it up and you boys might just make detective. Now, if you'll excuse me, I gotta go drop a big one.
[Chief O'Mannahan enters the ladies room.]
Fry: Wow! I can't believe it. One more promotion and I'll be a real detective. Like Sherlock Holmes or Speed Buggy.
[Chief O'Mannahan exits the ladies room with the cigar in her mouth and a crying baby in her arms.]
Chief O'Mannahan: Eight pounds. I'm namin' 'er Bert!
URL: Mazel tov, Chief. That's a beautiful bathroom baby.
[Scene: Photograph room. Fry is sitting in front of the wall screen, which is displaying photographs showing Hattie, ten units of what looks like an emerald, the raccoon in the snow globe, and two of the old man who tried to kill Hattie. He presses buttons randomly and URL enters, dressed in a casual outfit.]
URL: Ain't you headin' home, Phil?
Fry: In a minute. I just wanna finish this paperless work.
URL: Don't stay up too late. We gotta lotta people to shoot tomorrow.
[URL leaves and the photographs on the wall screen disappear. The alarm goes off and the red light flashes. A green ball surfaces in the tub.]
Fry: Hello? Anyone? [Fry grunts.] There's never a cop around when you need one.
[Fry stands up, approaches the tub, and reaches the ball with a fishing net. He puts it in the machine, which produces the blue light, and the wall screen displays photographs showing a gun, a safe, a calendar, the word Maltese, a play symbol, a house, and a dog.]
Female voice: Green ball, larceny.
[Fry sits down and isolates the photograph showing the safe. The safe explodes. Fry isolates the photograph showing the dog. The dog barks angrily. Fry isolates the photograph showing the calendar. The calendar reads NEXT THURSDAY, 8. Fry isolates the photograph showing the gun. The gun fires. Fry isolates the photograph showing the play symbol and hums.]
Fry: The thief seems to be some sorta ghost. Or is he? [Fry zooms in, revealing the thief to be Bender. Fry gasps.] Bender?!
[Fry presses the play symbol. Bender laughs evilly.]
[Scene: Outside the Planet Express headquarters.]
[Cut to: The Planet Express conference room. Fry's jacket is hanging on a chair.]
Hermes: [off camera] Item seven. [The camera zooms out, revealing that Zoidberg, Professor Farnsworth, Amy, and Hermes are sitting at the conference table. Hermes is looking at a set of paper sheets.] Our corporate tax rate remained unchanged this fiscal year.
Amy: That's not funny.
Hermes: It's not supposed to be funny. It's a business meetin'.
Zoidberg: Things used to be funny around here! Noses were picked. Pants fell down. So what changed? Only Fry could say... And he's gone!
[Bender and Leela enter.]
Amy: Hey! Bender and Leela are back from Pandora. How was it?
[Bender has already sat down. Leela is leaning against the table.]
Leela: Awful. We had nothing to say to each other. [Leela sits down.] So we had to listen to Bender's Eagles album for twenty-seven hours.
Bender: Beats talkin' to you, "Witchy Woman". [Fry enters, dressed in his NNYPD uniform, looking serious. The crew cheers.] Hey, meatbag!
Hermes: Look at you!
Leela: Hubba-hubba. Your pants go almost all the way to your ankles!
[Fry approaches the table.]
Fry: Good afternoon, individuals. [to Bender] Sir, would you mind stepping outta the building?
Bender: Normally, when a cop asks me that, I spray whipped cream in his eyes and run away. But, to ditch these losers, gladly.
[Scene: Central Park. Bender and Fry are walking.]
Fry: Bender, be honest with me. Are you planning a big heist?
Bender: Usually, but not at the moment.
Fry: I only ask 'cause the oracle thinks you're gonna pull of a major theft next Thursday.
[Bender writes on a pad with a pencil.]
Bender: Next Thursday, you say? Pray, continue.
[Fry presses the NNYPD badge on his helmet and a hologram of the photograph showing the house is projected from his nose.]
Fry: Are you familiar with this particular location?
Bender: I may have a burgling familiarity with it.
[Fry presses the NNYPD badge again and a hologram of the photograph showing the word Maltese is projected.]
Fry: Does the word Maltese mean anything to you?
Bender: The Maltese Liquor?! The strongest and most valuable malt liquor ever brewed! And soon it will be mine... [Bender laughs evilly.] I'm sorry. You were sayin'?
[Fry presses the NNYPD badge one last time and the hologram disappears.]
Fry: Bender, I'm only tellin' you this so you can avoid committing the crime.
Bender: [while writing on the pad] "Avoid committing the crime". Got it.
[Fry takes the pad from Bender's hand.]
Fry: You wrote "Commit the crime"!
[Bender sprays in Fry's eyes with a bottle labelled Whipped Cream and runs away, laughing. Fry looks angry.]
[Scene: Outside the NNYPD. The TV screen has the caption THE PLACE TO CALL WHEN YOU'RE BEING MURDERED. No one is there.]
[Cut to: Photograph room. Fry is once again sitting in front of the wall screen. The wall screen is displaying the seven photographs revealed by the green ball. Fry sighs as he moves them around.]
Fry: There's gotta be some way to stop Bender. [Fry strokes his chin.] Maybe something in the oracle's prediction that I missed before due to incompetence. [Fry continues moving the photographs around. He stops at the one showing the gun.] Wait. Who's the trigger-happy jerk? [Fry rewinds and zooms out, revealing the shooter to be himself. He gasps.] That's me. I recognise the face.
[Fry continues playing the video. The video shows Fry shoot Bender. Bender screams, drops the bottle, and falls down.]
Bender: [on the video] You shot me. You miserable dingus!
[Bender makes a dying sound.]
Fry: No! No! What have I will have done?
URL: Man, that's heavy. [Fry is alarmed. The camera zooms out, revealing that URL is standing behind Fry.] Osmium heavy.
[Fry gasps.]
Fry: Are you gonna turn me in for concealing evidence?
URL: Say what? You're my partner, home-Fry. [URL puts his hand on Fry's shoulder.] Besides, I got my own secrets.
[The door is opened by Chief O'Mannahan. Chief O'Mannahan enters.]
Chief O'Mannahan: Anything big worth checkin' out?
[URL removes the green ball from the machine, making the photographs on the wall screen disappear.]
URL: Just your big, jangly booty, baby.
[Chief O'Mannahan approaches URL.]
Chief O'Mannahan: See ya tonight, toots.
[Chief O'Mannahan gropes URL and leaves.]
Fry: [confused] You... And— And the Chief?!
[URL hums.]
URL: We been gettin' it on. Right there in your chair. [URL points to the chair where Fry is sitting. Fry looks disgusted.] I'm like, "Oh, baby! Oh, baby!" And she's like, [in a deeper voice] "Yeah. Yeah. Yeah."
[Scene: Outside the NNYPD, night. The TV screen has the caption ANGRY? FRUSTRATED? APPLY TO BE A COP!. No one is there. Two street lamps are on.]
[Cut to: Photograph room. The wall screen is displaying the video showing Fry shoot Bender.]
Fry: I would never shoot Bender! Never! He taught me how to shave.
[The alarm goes off and the red light flashes. A green ball with dark-green strikes surfaces. URL reaches it with a fishing net.]
URL: Revision ball. By decidin' not to shoot Bender, you created an alternate future.
[URL throws the ball in Fry's direction and Fry catches it and puts it in the machine. The wall screen displays another video showing Fry point a gun at Bender.]
Fry: [on the video] I could never shoot you! Never! You taught me how to shave.
Fry: See?
Fry: [on the video] Just get outta here. [Fry puts the gun down and closes his eyes.] Go!
[Bender sprays in Fry's eyes with the bottle labelled Whipped Cream and runs away, laughing. Fry looks sad.]
URL: Now dig the unintended consequences.
[URL points at the wall screen. The wall screen displays a video showing the Planet Express conference room, where Professor Farnsworth and Amy are sitting at the conference table, on which there is a bottle of Maltese Liquor, and Bender, Zoidberg, Hermes, and Leela are standing up.]
Bender: [on the video] My friends, let us share this booze in a toast to our dear friend, Bender. [Everyone drinks. All but Bender start suffocating and fall down, dead. The coffins of Amy, Hermes, Professor Farnsworth, Zoidberg, and Leela close by themselves. Fry walks up to Leela's coffin and puts a flower on it. Bender is also there.] Oops.
[URL approaches the two.]
URL: [on the video] The Maltese Liquor done destroyed their brains. Fools should've known it's fatal for anyone but Robots and Billy Dee Williams.
[Fry pauses the video.]
Fry: So, if I don't shoot Bender, all my other friends will die?!
URL: Fate is a freaky mistress. Much like the Chief. Look out!
Fry: Somethin' is not right. I refuse to believe it. Rewind!
[Fry and URL both rewind.]
[Scene: The house shown by one of the photographs revealed by the green ball. Equipped with a contractor's belt and kit, Bender heads towards the door and rings the bell. He looks at the camera, revealing that he is wearing a moustache, and scratches his buttocks. The door is opened by Hedonism Bot.]
Hedonism Bot: Ooh. Are you the calloused working man I ordered?
Bender: Uh... [Bender looks the other way.] Sure.
[Cut to: Wine cellar. Followed by Hedonism Bot, who is coming down the stairs, Bender walks further into the room.]
Bender: In order to fix your leaky roof, I'll need to spend two or three hours down here in the wine cellar.
Hedonism Bot: I'll be upstairs putting batteries and things.
[Hedonism Bot leaves. Bender presses a button on the wall, turning the lights on. He drops his kit.]
Bender: Whoa! [Bender zooms in on a table sustaining the bottle of Maltese Liquor with his eyes.] The Maltese Liquor! [Bender zooms out and takes off his moustache and belt.] Forty ounces of Heaven! [The dog shown by one of the photographs appears and barks angrily. Bender grabs a slice of steak from his chest cabinet.] Here, boy. [The dog stops barking.] This is for you. [Bender knocks the dog unconscious with the slice of steak and eats it as he walks towards the table.] Ah! [Bender arrives at the table, hums, grabs a dynamite cylinder from his chest cabinet, lights the dynamite cylinder with his finger, grabs a cigar from his chest cabinet, puts the cigar in his mouth, lights the cigar with the dynamite cylinder, closes his chest door, and exhales smoke towards the bottle on the table, revealing the safe shown by one of the photographs.] Invisible safe, eh? [Bender giggles, is alarmed by the imminent explosion of the dynamite cylinder, screams, dropping the cigar, and places the dynamite cylinder on the safe. The dynamite cylinder explodes, causing the safe's door to open. Bender uncovers his ears and rubs his hands.] Aw, yeah, baby. [Bender grabs the bottle.] Two-hundred-and-ten proof.
Fry: That's all the proof I need. [The camera zooms out, revealing that Fry is pointing a gun at Bender.] Put the bottle back!
Bender: We both know I won't do that! Either you're gonna shoot me or I'm gonna spray whipped cream in your eyes and walk outta here like a big shot.
Fry: Bender, no! You don't have to do something just 'cause it's gonna happen! The future's making a chump outta you!
Bender: Oh, yeah?! [Bender puts the bottle on the table.] Well, I'm gonna make a chump outta the future! I'm not stealin' anything.
Fry: Yes! I stopped the crime without shooting you. The oracle was wrong!
Male voice: [off camera] Was I?
[The camera reveals the male voice to belong to Pickles, who is wielding a gun of his own.]
Fry: Pickles?!
Pickles: Yes. It is I, Pickles! I set the whole thing up. Everyone will think Bender's the thief, while I make off with that glorious brew.
Bender: [confused] Seriously? Why?
Pickles: So I can kill my Human brain cells. Do you have any idea what a burden it is to know everything that will ever happen?! To never be surprised. To know the punch line of every joke hours in advance.
Fry: Like watching Leno.
Pickles: And that is why I faked the prediction of this crime. Nevertheless, stay with me here. [Pickles begins walking.] Things will now happen just as I fake-predicted. [Pickles points the gun at Bender.] Bender, you're going to hand me that bottle. [Bender reaches for the bottle on the table.] Not that one! The real one. Which you switched when Fry stupidly looked away.
[Fry is looking away.]
Fry: Hey!
Bender: Aw, man. Why do you gotta be so oracle-y?
[Bender opens his chest cabinet, grabs the real bottle, and hands it to Pickles.]
Pickles: Fry... You are going to shoot Bender, killing him and shattering the fake bottle. Just as I predicted. [Pickles points the gun at Fry.] Do it! It is your destiny!
Fry: Funny thing about destiny. [Fry points his gun at Pickles.] Sometimes fate has other plans. [Fry shoots in Pickles' direction, hitting the invisible safe, which redirects the shot to Bender. Bender screams, drops the bottle, and falls down.] Oh, nuts.
Bender: You shot me! You miserable dingus!
[Bender makes a dying sound.]
Pickles: And now the part I didn't show you. [Pickles shoots Fry. Fry screams and falls down.] Everyone will think Bender killed you. [Pickles places his gun in Bender's hand.] And I walk away with a goofy juice. [Pickles walks towards a mirror, laughs evilly, opens the real bottle, and drinks the malt liquor. Pickles' brain begins sparking and Pickles makes sounds of both pain and pleasure. His brain is now significantly smaller.] Finally... Blissful ignorance! I have no idea what's going to happen next!
Fry: [off camera] Did you get that, Chief?
[Pickles screams. Fry lifts up his shirt, revealing that he is wearing a bullet-proof vest. Bender opens his chest cabinet, which contains a hanger and another bullet-proof vest. Bender takes the vest out of his chest cabinet. Pickles is stunned. The mirror stops reflecting his image, showing the figures of URL and Chief O'Mannahan.]
Chief O'Mannahan: We got it all from behind this prediction-proof glass.
[Fry handcuffs Pickles.]
Pickles: But... How could you know my prediction was fake?
Fry: I knew somethin' was wrong, but I couldn't put my finger on it. Then it hit me. [Fry presses the NNYPD badge on his helmet and a hologram of Bender sharing the malt liquor in the Planet Express conference room is projected from his nose.] You showed Bender sharing the deadly booze with our friends. [Fry presses the NNYPD badge and the hologram disappears.] Bender would never share!
Bender: The very idea!
Fry: So we set up this little charade based on an episode of Speed Buggy.
[Bender and Fry high-five.]
URL: With the added benefit of me and the Chief bein' locked in a small room.
[URL and Chief O'Mannahan share a long kiss. Hedonism Bot enters, dressed in a cosplay outfit.]
Hedonism Bot: Shall we adjourn to the dungeon?
[Scene: Outside the Planet Express headquarters, day.]
[Cut to: The Planet Express conference room. Fry is now wearing his regular clothes.]
Fry: Well, I got my shield for stopping Bender. [Fry lifts up his NNYPD badge. Zoidberg, Amy, Professor Farnsworth, Leela, Hermes, and Bender are sitting at the conference table. They all cheer.] But then I got fired for tipping off Bender.
[They all cheer again. Bender gives Fry the finger.]
Professor Farnsworth: Fry, we have no idea what you do around here, but we desperately need you back.
Fry: Ruh— Really? Um, I don't suppose there's any chance I can get a promotion...
Professor Farnsworth: Sure! What the heck! I hereby promote you to... [Professor Farnsworth stands up.] Executive delivery boy!
Fry: Executive?!
Hermes: [whispering to Leela] It's a meanin'less title, but it helps insecure people feel better about themselves.
[Executive Producers, MATT GROENING, DAVID X. COHEN appears on screen.]
Fry: I feel better about myself!
[Closing Credits.]
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Debian Lenny on LS-CHLv2
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
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* http://forum.buffalo.nas-central.org/viewtopic.php?f=39&t=13551
* http://forum.buffalo.nas-central.org/viewtopic.php?f=39&t=13551
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[[Category:LS-CHLv2]]
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[[Category:LS-CHLv2]][[Category:Debian]]
Revision as of 00:44, 12 December 2009
This guide will explain how to install Debian GNU/Linux "Lenny" on the Linkstation Live LS-CHL (=LS) using the Debian "debootstrap" procedure. The original kernel will be preserved, as well as the original bootloader (U-Boot).
Basic idea:
• create a Debian system with debootstrap
• replace the old filesystem with the new one
This guide will ask to open up the device case, reformat partitions, delete existing data, etc. All of these actions may void your warranty, destroy your data, etc. In general you can receive help from the community of from the Buffalo forums but bear in mind that every problem you may encounter is ultimately up to you to solve. You do it at your own risk.
Although this guide worked on my device (LS-CHLv2) it may also be applicable to other Buffalo or non-buffalo devices.
Note also that in the plain Lenny system:
• USB support will be missing // solved as 12.Nov.09 , see Posting of Xarks: [1]
• power led will keep flashing
• system power down will not work
I'm still working on this. Note that micro_evtd will NOT work on the LinkStation.
Contents
Preliminary steps
Don't update the firmware
If possible don't upgrade firmware to version 1.21 as you will not be able to easily get console access to the LS. Kernel
Obtain root access to the linkstation
You are supposed to start from an "open" Stock Firmware, that is stock software that you can telnet to,
Follow this guide to get telnet root console access to the LS.
Backup the LS
If you have any important data on the LS you definitely need to make a backup.
Even if you don't, you'd better take a snapshot of the vital disk partitions (first and second partition). So you will be able to easily revert to the original stock distribution. [forum post] explains how to do it.
Prepare a Debian Lenny root filesystem
Debootstrap
This is derived from original debootstrap docs.
From the linkstation console download the Debian debootstrap utility and install it with dpkg:
wget http://launchpadlibrarian.net/26071255/debootstrap_1.0.13%7Ejaunty1_all.deb
dpkg -i debootstrap_1.0.13~jaunty1_all.deb
dpkg will complain of missing dependencies. Ignore it.
mkdir debian-armel-rootfs
debootstrap --verbose --arch armel lenny debian-armel-rootfs http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian
This step WILL take time. At the end you should get the following message:
I: Base system installed successfully.
Completing the debootstrap and preparing the rootfs
Most commands will be run in the chrooted environment of the newly created Debian Lenny install. In order to enter the chroot type LANG=C chroot debian-armel-rootfs/ /bin/bash to leave type exit.
Copy kernel modules from stock kernel
Kernel modules reside in /lib/modules/<kernel version>. Here we are using the stock kernel so we must copy them from the stock initrd to the new rootfs. This must be done from within a chrooted environment in the new system - won't work with stock software.
cp /boot/initrd.buffalo debian-armel-rootfs/tmp/
LANG=C chroot debian-armel-rootfs/ /bin/bash
cd /tmp
dd if=initrd.buffalo of=initrd.gz ibs=64 skip=1
gunzip initrd.gz
mkdir INITRD
mount -t ext2 -o loop initrd INITRD
cp -R INITRD/lib/modules/2.6.22.18 /lib/modules/
umount INITRD
rmdir INITRD
rm initrd*
TODO: understand if /etc/modules.conf and/or /etc/modprobe.d/* are necessary
Adding missing devices
Still in the chrooted environment.
Mount the proc filesystem - it can be mounted a number of times - and run the command to create device nodes in /dev (TODO: investigate dynamic devices with udev?):
mount -t proc proc /proc
cd /dev
MAKEDEV generic
umount /proc
This will also take some time while all device nodes are created.
Configuring locale
Install and configure the locales. Suggestion is to install at least the en_US.UTF-8 and your native language locale (e.g. it_IT.UTF-8, de_DE.UTF-8, etc).
apt-get install locales
dpkg-reconfigure locales
Editing /etc/fstab
Edit the static filesystem table file /etc/fstab (e.g. with nano) and make it look like this (TODO: /dev/sda6):
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# file system mount point type options dump pass
/dev/sda2 / xfs defaults 0 1
/dev/sda1 /boot ext3 ro,nosuid,nodev 0 2
/dev/sda5 none swap sw 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=4,mode=620 0 0
TODO: More: #sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) #/dev/ram1 on /mnt/ram type tmpfs (rw)
Network
Edit /etc/network/interfaces to match your LAN configuration. My LS gets all information from DHCP:
# Used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8). See the interfaces(5) manpage or
# /usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples for more information.
# We always want the loopback interface.
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
# DHCP for Ethernet connection
auto eth1
iface eth1 inet dhcp
# Example static IP setup: (broadcast and gateway are optional)
# auto eth1
# iface eth1 inet static
# address 192.168.0.42
# network 192.168.0.0
# netmask 255.255.255.0
# broadcast 192.168.0.255
# gateway 192.168.0.1
Choose a hostname and write it /etc/hostname (must be created).
Edit /etc/hosts as follows:
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
Install SSHD
apt-get install openssh-server
passwd root
Edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config and make sure that the following line is present and uncommented:
PermitRootLogin yes
Prepare the rootfs archive
Clean up the installation, leave the chrooted environment and tar it up:
aptitude clean
exit
cd debian-armel-rootfs
tar zcvf ../lenny-armel-rootfs.tgz *
Now you have a complete rootfs for Debian Lenny armel.
Installation
Removing the HDD
Turn the LS off and open the LS case. Will require patience and carefulness in order not to break the plastic notches. Remove the HDD from the Linkstation. Connect it to a Linux Desktop PC e.g with a SATA-to-USB adapter.
Installing the Debian rootfs
Let's say that the LS' HDD device will be /dev/sdg and the partitions will be /dev/sdg1, /dev/sdg2 etc. Change sdg to match your environment.
The following instructions will copy the lenny-rootfs.tgz file created on the LS on the local system, will FORMAT the second HDD partition and will create the Lenny rootfs there:
sudo -i
mkdir /mnt/sdg1
mkdir /mnt/sdg2
mount /dev/sdg1 /mnt/sdg1
mount /dev/sdg2 /mnt/sdg2
cp /mnt/sdg2/root/lenny-rootfs.tgz .
umount /mnt/sdg2
mkfs.xfs -f /dev/sdg2
mount /dev/sdg2 /mnt/sdg2
cp lenny-rootfs.tgz /mnt/sdg2/
cd /mnt/sdg2/
tar zxvf lenny-rootfs.tgz
rm lenny-rootfs.tgz
Installing an empty initrd
Must make an empty initrd in LS' boot partition. Otherwise the stock initrd will start and runs scripts to check for a stock setup. Indeed an initrd is not needed in this Lenny installation as everything can be found on the root filesystem.
"empty initrd" means an initrd with no filesystem. It is not an empty file.
mkdir x ; cd x
find . | cpio --quiet -o -H newc > ../x2
cd ..
mkimage -A arm -O linux -T ramdisk -C gzip -a 0x0 -e 0x0 -d x2 initrd.buffalo
rmdir x ; rm -f x2
mv /mnt/sdg1/initrd.buffalo /mnt/sdg1/initrd.original
cp initrd.buffalo /mnt/sdg1/
Unmount all partitions:
cd /
umount /mnt/sdg*
Turn the HDD off and put it back into the LS.
Post-installation setup
Configuring timezone
dpkg-reconfigure tzdata
Useful packages
Anyone would need these:
apt-get install sudo less usbutils bzip2 mc linuxlogo psmisc
NTP
Ntpd ensures that your Linkstation clock stays in sync with global time servers.
apt-get install ntp
References
Personal tools
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Tag Archives: Connie Yowell
5 videos on connected learning from the Digital Media and Learning Research Hub [VIDEOS]
Here are four very powerful videos from the Digital Media and Learning Research Hub that are guaranteed to make you think hard about learning, teaching, and schooling. You can watch them all in less than half an hour. My quick notes from the videos are included underneath each one…
Engaged (7 minutes; Connie Yowell)
• we are fundamentally starting with the wrong questions
• we start with learning outcomes – and content defines everything – rather than “what is the experience we want kids to have?”
• our core question is around engagement; if you ask “is a kid engaged?”, you have to pay attention to and start with the kid
• we have to make room for curiosity, we don’t have enough opportunities for kids to take things apart and wonder about them
• little opportunities to fail and iterate are also opportunities to play with identity
• we need opportunities to explore who we are in the world and how the world works, particularly as teenagers
• we so decontextualize learning for kids, we’ve forgotten we have a passion for learning
• in school they could care less, but in complex games kids demand that they learn how to do something so they can move on
• as adults, we have to deeply connect content and students’ activity, otherwise learning has no meaning
Everyone (7 minutes; Mimi Ito)
• we give responsibility for learning to professionals instead of remembering it’s the fabric that frames all of our interactions with everybody
• connected learning networks force us to fundamentally rethink what we think is the problem and goal of education
• it’s about expertise that’s widely distributed; anybody can help somebody else get better at something
• if you have an educational system that always tell students what to do, you’re not building their capacity to make effective learning choices themselves
• we used to have capacity bottlenecks for learning, so you had to go to school or a library – now we don’t have that problem but we still act as if we do
• education isn’t bound to particular institutions anymore, it can happen anywhere
• how does a kid find a mentor or peer that helps them develop their interest, make their interest relevant, find a sense of purpose, etc.
• how do we use the capacity of the network to bring people together who want to learn together?
• everybody can participate in a connected learning model
• the great side benefit of interest-based, connected learning is that it fosters social connection and well-being: fulfillment, belonging, and purpose
Play (7 minutes; Katie Salen)
• play creates for people a reason for them to want to engage
• body and spirit are transformed by play
• play is a state of being, a very different state of mind, openness to ideas and other people
• not a closed, rules-bound place – the openness of the play space is extremely important
• play is one of the most fundamental human experiences
• play is a practice space, we play to get better at something, it helps us build confidence
• kids are driven to want to share with you what they’re doing, what they’re making, what they’re learning
• at school, we cordon off a time for play (recess) and then you’re not doing that anymore
• when you get older, play becomes embedded in objects (video games), you can activate play when you pick up that object
• when we’re young, play is the frame for how we experience the world
• adult life becomes about a set of responsibilities rather than a way of engaging your soul in the world
Creative (5 minutes, Nichole Pinkard)
• we’re just now getting to the place in America where we realize it needs to be different everywhere, not just in some places
• we have to completely overhaul how we think learning happens, where it happens, and what people are capable of
• technology transformations show us the world is going to be different
• they are going to have to be more nimble and more proficient with technology to communicate and to learn, or they’ll be a new form of illiterate
• we no longer live in a world where you can only write and read text and you will be successful
• we have to teach these new literacies and then let kids be creative in how they express themselves with these literacies
• schools always have been about ‘the right answer’
• now we care more about how kids find information, think about information, communicate information
The DML Research Hub also has an 8-minute summary video, Essence, which includes some of the best pieces from each video above plus some new stuff.
• there’s no longer a promised future for all kids
• how do we create environments that delight learners at all ages?
• open up the question of who contributes to learning
• how do we help kids grow up to become curious, engaged citizens?
• kids say over and over that schools are (merely) a node in their network of learning
• we have an embarrassment of (information) riches but we still have to figure out how to bring those pieces together
• learning principles need to start with the idea of connectedness
Finally, be sure to check out the core values, learning principles, and design principles of connected learning:
• Core values: equity, social connection, full participation
• Learning principles: interest-powered, peer-supported, academically oriented
• Design principles: production-centered, openly networked, shared purpose
See also the infographic below. There’s a lot here to digest. Thoughts?
Switch to our mobile site
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Summer Entertainment
Info
Search:
Many of the popular activities in Davis disappear during the summer, when the students leave and the city's population is much lower. Do not despair (too much). For you can still do any of the activities listed below:
Also See
This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis.
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| Edit | | History |
From DDO wiki
(Redirected from Ethereal Rest Shrine)
Jump to: navigation, search
An Ethereal Rest Shrine is a consumable item that summons one rest shrine at your precise location. Once placed, the rest shrine cannot be moved, but can be reused every five minutes on Solo difficulty and every 15 minutes on Normal. These shrines cannot be reused on Hard or Elite difficulty.
These shrines cannot be created or used in public areas or in raids.
It is available in the DDO Store for 695 Turbine Points.
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From DDO wiki
< Feats(Redirected from Metamagic feat)
Jump to: navigation, search
Metamagic feats are available to spellcasters and are used to increase the efficiency of spells, either by making them easier to cast, giving them longer durations or imbuing them with extra power. Wizards and Artificers may choose Metamagic feats as bonus class feats.
Prerequisite for all metamagic feats is the ability to cast spells.
[edit] Metamagic Feats
[edit] See Also
Efficient Metamagic
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Error!
Success!
How to make incremental DB update script in VS2008
0
kicks
How to make incremental DB update script in VS2008 (Unpublished)
One of the most tedious tasks in database-driven software development is to make database change scripts. In the latest release of Visual Studio there is new type of database projects that helps maintaining your database scripts significantly. From the first sight it seems that VS can generate only create scripts, which it places in /sql folder by default. Hopefully, it also can generate change script, although this feature not so easy to discover
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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Wikia
SRD:Blindsight and Blindsense
Talk0
9,500pages on
this wiki
This material is published under the OGL
Blindsight and BlindsenseEdit
Blindsight (Ex)Edit
Using nonvisual senses, such as sensitivity to vibrations, keen smell, acute hearing, or echolocation, a creature with blindsight maneuvers and fights as well as a sighted creature. Invisibility, darkness, and most kinds of concealment are irrelevant, though the creature must have line of effect to a creature or object to discern that creature or object. The ability’s range is specified in the creature’s descriptive text. The creature usually does not need to make Spot or Listen checks to notice creatures within range of its blindsight ability. Unless noted otherwise, blindsight is continuous, and the creature need do nothing to use it. Some forms of blindsight, however, must be triggered as a free action. If so, this is noted in the creature’s description. If a creature must trigger its blindsight ability, the creature gains the benefits of blindsight only during its turn.
• Blindsight never allows a creature to distinguish color or visual contrast. A creature cannot read with blindsight.
• Blindsight does not subject a creature to gaze attacks (even though darkvision does).
• Blinding attacks do not penalize creatures using blindsight.
• Deafening attacks thwart blindsight if it relies on hearing.
• Blindsight works underwater but not in a vacuum.
• Blindsight negates displacement and blur effects.
Blindsense (Ex)Edit
Blindsense is a lesser ability that lets the creature notice things it cannot see, but without the precision of blindsight, using nonvisual senses, such as acute smell or hearing. The creature usually does not need to make Spot or Listen checks to pinpoint the location of a creature within range of its blindsense ability, provided that it has line of effect to that creature. Any opponent the creature cannot see still has total concealment (50% miss chance) against the creature with blindsense, and the creature still has the normal miss chance when attacking foes that have concealment. Visibility still affects the movement of a creature with blindsense. A creature with blindsense is still denied its Dexterity bonus to Armor Class against attacks from creatures it cannot see.
Back to Main PageSystem Reference DocumentSpecial Abilities
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U-boot musb gadget support
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 18:55, 22 January 2009 by Ddompe (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
The code for musb gadget support is currently available on the omap3-dev-usb branch of the Beagle U-Boot git repository.
Contents
Current Status
• Currently the code enables the Beagleboard to be recognized as a USB ACM modem, and provides a u-boot console over it. It keeps the console over serial as well.
Known bugs
• None
Next steps
• Merge in mainstream?
• Prepare inf driver for Windows
Getting the source code
Checkout the git source for the musb gadget support from the Beagle U-Boot git repository. Get it by:
git clone git://www.sakoman.net/git/u-boot-omap3.git
cd u-boot-omap3
git checkout --track -b omap3-dev-usb origin/omap3-dev-usb
Build (assuming Code Sourcery GCC 2007q3):
make CROSS_COMPILE=arm-none-linux-gnueabi- mrproper
make CROSS_COMPILE=arm-none-linux-gnueabi- omap3_beagle_config
make CROSS_COMPILE=arm-none-linux-gnueabi-
Getting started
• Load your new u-boot.bin image into the board using any of the existing methods. If you have a beagle running already a working u-boot, you can load it by serial using the 'loady' command and minicom or 'sb' (be sure to have lszrz installed in your distro). Then erasing the u-boot in flash and reflashing the new image with the following commands:
nand unlock
nand erase 80000 160000
nand write.i 80000000 80000 160000
• Reboot your board and keep the user button pressed while applying power (see Known bugs).
• Attach a mini-b USB cable to the beagle. Your host should recognize an ACM CDC device (works out of the box on Linux and OS X).
• If you want to have the u-boot console over USB use the following command:
setenv usbtty=cdc_acm
saveenv
Then reboot, then:
setenv stdout usbtty,serial; setenv stdin usbtty,serial; setenv stderr usbtty,serial
Now when you plug the device into your Linux host machine you should be able to talk over serial using minicom,putty,etc over /dev/ttyACM0.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Jenny Cascante Gonzalez
Contributor profile · 13 posts · joined 2 September 2008
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Costa Rican translator primary interested in arts, culture, literature, music and writing. Most of my psyche is contained in my personal blog [es].
Email Jenny Cascante Gonzalez
Latest posts by Jenny Cascante Gonzalez
11 December 2012
Access Innovation Prize 2012 Recognizes Costa Rican Facebook App
Access.org announced the winners of the 1st Annual Access Tech Innovation Prize Awards, a new initiative that awards ideas that use information technology to promote human rights and address issues that are important to communities from across the world. Costa Rican Facebook-integrated app FueraJustoOrozco.com ("out Justo Orozco") was announced as one of the winners.
15 October 2012
Costa Rica Advances in Legislation for Wildlife Protection
Costa Rica is advancing in legislation to protect wildlife. On October 10, President Laura Chinchilla signed a decree that strengthens the controls on shark finning in Costa Rican waters. Furthermore, on October 2, the Legislative Assembly approved the first reading of a reform for the Wildlife Conservation Law, which proposes the elimination of hunting sports in the country.
6 August 2012
Video: ‘Human Rights Now!’ Campaign Launched in Costa Rica
Last Friday, August 3, the group Citizens for Human Rights launched the campaign "Human Rights Now!", in which different Costa Rican personalities call for the need for the State to guarantee the human rights of all people. The promotional video discusses issues like same sex unions and the sexual and reproductive rights of women.
5 January 2012
Central America: LibreBus Project Presents its Documentary
During May of 2011, the LibreBus collective project traveled by bus across the streets of five different Central America countries looking to share their knowledge with enthusiasts of open culture. Now, a documentary showing the different interactions that took place during the tour is available online.
20 March 2011
Costa Rica: Netizens Discuss Wikileaks Cables
Newspaper La Nación of Costa Rica is the first Central American media outlet to receive and publish diplomatic cables related to the country. The content of these cables has provoked different reactions in Costa Rican blogs and social networks; opinions are as diverse as the topics covered in the cables.
5 July 2010
Costa Rica: Congress Approves US Military Presence to Battle Drug Trafficking
Under the premise of counteracting drug trafficking, the Costa Rican government has endorsed the arrival of a North American fleet to its shores. Costa Ricans turned to blogging and social networks to express their opinions on the matter; for now, most users seem to reject the measure, but those that are in favor of it are also making sure their voice is heard.
8 April 2010
Costa Rica: Appetite-Enticing Culinary Blogs
Costa Rican bloggers, ranging from amateur chefs to people simply passionate about food, are exploring the world of cuisine by presenting international and local dishes, accompanied by recipes and photos that are enticing the appetite of their readers.
19 January 2010
Costa Rica: Blogger Awarded National Culture Award for Journalism
For the first time in Costa Rica's National Culture Awards, digital media was honored when Cristian Cambronero was honored for his journalistic work on his blog Fusil de Chispas.
9 September 2009
Costa Rica: Web 2.0 on a Sunday Morning
Costa Rican bloggers, twitter users and other internet enthusiasts enjoyed their own first Domingo En La Mañana (Sunday Morning) on August 30, 2009, where they shared knowledge and experience with one another.
17 June 2009
Costa Rica: Chairs, Posters, and Lamps on Exhibit
A curious collection of chairs, posters, and lamps called 300% Spanish Design, is currently on display at the Museum of Contemporary Art and Design in San José, Costa Rica.. The 300 pieces of Spanish artwork from some of the biggest names in Spanish art and design, such as Picasso, Gaudí, and Dalí, have caught the attention of Costa Rican bloggers, who are eager to see this traveling exhibit.
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Dan Gillmor blogs about a suit filed by a consumer group against mobile phone carriers which "lock" phones. The argument by the mobile carriers is that they subsidize part of the cost of the phone and therefore have the right to now allow customers to use the phone with other carriers. Dan makes some good arguments about why this may be a red herring. It will be interesting to see how this suit turns out.
In the mean time, a quick Google search will provide links to lots of people offering services and information about unlocking phones.
From a Japanese perspective, I'm quite envious that at least you're using open standards and have the option of unlocking phones. We can't even imagine using our current Docomo phones on any other network.
About this Archive
This page is an archive of recent entries in the Business and the Economy category.
Books is the previous category.
Computer and Network Risks is the next category.
Find recent content on the main index.
Monthly Archives
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BIO254:Gprotein
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 06:57, 27 October 2006 by BIO254 27 (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
WIKIPEDIA BIO154/254: Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology
[Course Home] Wiki Home People Materials Schedule Help
Contents
Introduction
The term G protein refers to proteins that bind the nucleotide guanine as guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP). There are two types of G proteins: heterotrimeric, or large, G proteins and small G proteins. Heterotrimeric G proteins are membrane-associated and, along with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), function primarily in cell signalling and signal transduction. Small GTP-binding proteins function in diverse cellular processes including signal transduction, cytoskeletal reorganization, and vesicle trafficking (Takai et al., 2001).
A molecular switch
G protein activity is dependent on whether it is binding GTP or GDP. This useful property has led to the appropriation of G proteins by many cellular processes to be used as "molecular switches". G proteins are generally thought to be "active" when binding GTP and "inactive" when binding GDP. The transition from the GTP-bound state to the GDP-bound state depends on the hydrolysis of GTP. This GTPase activity is either completely intrinsic to the G protein or is enhanced by another class of proteins, "GTPase activating proteins" (GAPs). The GDP to GTP transition requires the dissociation of GDP, so that GTP may again bind at the active site. Proteins that mediate this GDP dissociation are known as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs).
Heterotrimeric G proteins
Heterotrimeric G proteins are comprised of three subunits -- α, β and γ -- that exist as a complex (Gαβγ) in the GDP-bound state but dissociate (into Gα and Gβγ) upon the release of GDP and binding of GTP. Gα contains the GDP/GTP binding site and GTPase activity (Fig. 1). The C-terminus of Gα gives the G protein affinity for specific membrane-bound GPCRs (see below).
Figure 1. Image from (Milligan, 2006). Some parts have been removed for clarity. GDP is shown in purple. The α subunit C-terminus residues, shown in blue, convey GPCR specificity. The N-terminus helix, shown in red, is required for binding of Gαto the other subunits.
Discovery
The role of cAMP-dependent signal transduction was known in the 1950s and 1960s; however, the essential role of GTP was masked by the fact that cAMP preparations were contaminated by GTP (Milligan, 2006). In the 1970s a mutated cell line was found to have an intact ligand receptor and amplifier, yet this cell line did not respond to the receptors ligand (Fig. 2a), implying the existence of an intermediary and also providing a cell line on which reconstitution assays could be performed. Alfred G. Gilman purified and identified this intermediary in 1980 (Northup, 1980) by reconstituting the complete pathway by adding a purified protein, the G-protein (Fig. 2b).
The heterotrimeric G protein that Gilman isolated increased cAMP levels. In 1980 Martin Rodbell wrote a review (Rodbell, 1980) that helped direct the search for the first cAMP reducing G-protein to be discovered, in 1984. Martin Rodbell and Alfred G. Gilman were awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for the discovery of "G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells". Since the first G-proteins were identified, many others with effectors other than cAMP have been cloned, in many cases by homology. Currently 16 alpha, 5 beta, and 14 gamma subunits have been identified (Milligan, 2006).
G Protein-Coupled Receptors
Heterotrimeric G proteins associate with 7-transmembrane domain receptors called G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) at the cell membrane. There are as many as 865 GPCR-encoding genes in humans (Milligan, 2006). Specific GPCRs are recognized by specific G proteins. This recognition is mediated by a sequence at the C-terminus of the G-protein α subunit. For more information on G protein-coupled receptors, see the GPCR wikipedia entry
Mechanism
Binding to GDP increases the affinity of a G protein for its GPCR. When a G-protein-bound GPCR is activated with the appropriate ligand, the ligand/receptor complex acts as a GEF, allowing the GDP to dissociate and GTP to bind. The G protein then dissociates from the GPCR and the α separates from the β- and γ-subunits which remain bound to one another. Gβγ and Gα-GTP may then activate downstream effectors. Figure 3 is a schematic of this dissociation, specifically for the case of a G-protein with adenylate cyclase as its effector; there are G-proteins with many other different types of effectors (see below). Gα-GTP is shown activating adenylate cyclase, which produces cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), an important second messenger.
Figure 3. Image modified from Firestein, 2001.
The rate of conversion of GTP to GDP is modulated by GEFs such as those of the RGS family as illustrated in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Image from (Milligan 2006).
Families
Heterotrimeric G proteins have been divided into four families on the basis of sequence similarity: Gs, Gi, Gq, and G12/13. These four families have been shown to have different, but often overlapping, effects on the cell (Fig. 5) (Neves, 2002).
Figure 5. Image taken from Neves, 2002
Effectors
Heterotrimeric G proteins act through a large range of effectors (Table 1).
Table 1. Effectors, expression patterns of heterotrimeric G proteins. Taken from (Milligan, 2006)
The original GPCR cell signaling pathway described was a Gs protein that activates adenylate cyclase. Certain Gi pathways are characterized by the ability of Gαi to inhibit adenylate cyclase. Gβγ subunits have their own downstream effectors, which include phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Certain Gq pathways act through inositol trisphosphate (IP3), diacylglycerol (DAG), and protein kinase C (PKC). The Gα12 and Gα13 family effectors include phospholipases.
Roles in the Nervous System
Many heterotrimeric G proteins are specific to certain cell types and tissues (Table 1). Certain heterotrimeric G proteins are expressed specifically in nervous system components including olfactory neurons, CNS ganglia, neuroendocrine cells, astroglia, and retinal rod and cone cells. In the nervous system heterotrimeric G proteins are found in signaling pathways mediated by dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin, glucagon, light, olfactory signals, and other factors. They are involved in taste, vision, affect, arousal, and other functions.
Small G Proteins
In contrast to heterotrimeric G proteins, small G proteins are monomeric. Small G proteins are between 25 and 40 kD, which is indeed smaller than the heterotrimeric G proteins, the alpha subunit of which alone is 45 kD. There are over 100 small G proteins. The small G protein superfamily includes the Ras family (signal transduction), the Rho/Rac family (cytoskeleton), the Rab and Sar1/Arf families (vescicle trafficking), and the Ran family (nuclear import/export) (Takai et al., 2001). Like heterotrimeric G proteins, small G protein function involves activation by binding to GTP and release of GDP and inactivation by hydrolyis of GTP to GDP. The kinetics of these steps are such that small G proteins can and do act as biological timers. The mechanism of small G protein function is demonstrated in Figure 6 for the case of the Rho protein.
Figure 6. Image taken from Luo, 2000.
The Rho/Rac family of small GTPases
The Rho family of small G proteins, which includes Rho, Rac, and CDC42, are important regulators of actin dynamics. These proteins are of particular importance at the growth cone, where they mediate growth and collapse in response to chemoattractants and repellents. Axon guidance receptors are directly or indirectly coupled to Rho GEFs and GAPs, which regulate Rho activity. Figure 7 describes the relationship between Rho, Rac, CDC42, Rho GEF/GAPs, and actin (Huber, 2003).
Figure 7. Image taken from Huber, 2003
References
1. Takai Y, Sasaki T, Matozaki T. Small GTP-Binding Proteins. Physiol Rev. 81, 153-208 (2001).
2. Milligan G, Kostenis E. Heterotrimeric G-proteins: a short history. Br J Pharmacol. 147 Suppl 1:S46-55 (2006)
3. Northup JK, Sternweis PC, Smigel MD, Schleifer LS, Ross EM, Gilman AG. Purification of the regulatory component of adenylate cyclase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77 6516–6520 (1980).
4. Rodbell, M. The role of hormone receptors and GTP regulatory proteins in membrane transduction. Nature 284, 17–22 (1980).
5. Firestein, S. How the olfactory system makes sense of scents. Nature 413, 211-218 (2001)
6. Neves S, Ram P, Iyengar R. G protein pathways. Science 296, 1636-1639 (2002)
7. Luo L. Rho GTPases in neuronal morphogenesis Nat Rev Neurosci. 1, 173-180 (2000).
8. Huber A, Kolodkin A, Ginty D, Cloutier JF. Signaling at the growth cone: ligand-receptor complexes and the control of axon growth and guidance. Ann Rv Neurosci 26, 509-63 (2003)
External Links
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Isolation of murine splenocytes
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 00:28, 26 September 2006 by Kurt (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Overview
In order to study spleen cells (e.g. lymphocytes, granulocytes, other immune cells), it helps to make single-cell suspensions so that the cells can be manipulated ex vivo easily. This protocol suggests ways in which you can do this without a lot of equipment or expensive supplies. This protocol can also be used to make cell suspensions from other lymphoid organs, such as the thymus or lymph nodes (see Current Protocols in Immunology, #Unit 1.9).
Materials
All materials listed are for use with one mouse.
Supplies
• 15ml conical tube
• 60mm petri dish
• 5ml pipet
• 100μm cell strainer (can substitute autoclaved fine nylon mesh for Protocol B)
• 3mL sterile disposable syringe, no needle attached (Protocol A only)
• frosted-end glass slides (x 2) (Protocol B only)
• 50ml conical tube (Protocol B only)
Reagents
• DMEM-10 (about 20mL)
• 1L DMEM (with 4.5g/L glucose, L-glutamine, sodium pyruvate; from Mediatech, catalog# 10-013-CM)
• 100mL fetal bovine/calf serum
• 10mL 100x PSG (penicillin G sodium, streptomycin sulfate, L-glutamine; from Gibco, catalog# 10378-016)
• sterilize using 0.2μm filter; store at 4°
• ACK lysis buffer (1mL)
• 1L deionized H2O
• 8.29g NH4Cl
• 1g KHCO3
• 37.2mg Na2EDTA
• pH solution to 7.2-7.4; sterilize using 0.2μm filter; store at 4°
• 70% ethanol
• trypan blue solution
Equipment
• scissors
• forceps
• small plastic or glass beaker
• dissection stage (can be styrofoam shipping box lid wrapped in aluminum foil)
• P1000 pipette
• hemacytometer
• phase microscope
• centrifuge
Procedure
Protocol A
Set-Up
1. Clean dissection stage with 70% ethanol.
2. Add ethanol to the beaker and place ends of scissors and forceps into the beaker to sterilize.
3. Add 8-10mL of DMEM-10 to the petri dish.
4. Place the cell strainer into the dish with the DMEM-10.
Procedure
1. Wet fur on left side of sacrificed mouse using 70% ethanol.
2. Cut out the spleen.
1. Cut away the fur along the left side of the mouse, about half-way between the front and back legs.
2. Cut open the body cavity.
3. Remove the spleen using the forceps (the spleen is the color of a kidney bean; it is longer and flatter than the kidney).
3. Place the spleen into the cell strainer. Using the plunger end of the syringe, mash the spleen through the cell strainer into the petri dish.
4. Rinse the cell strainer with 5mL DMEM-10. Discard the strainer.
5. Transfer the suspended cells to a 15mL conical.
6. Spin cells at 800xg for 3 minutes.
7. Discard supernatant and resuspend pellet in 1mL ACK lysis buffer. Incubate at RT for 5-10 minutes. Add 9mL DMEM-10 and spin as before.
8. Discard supernatant and resuspend pellet in 3mL DMEM-10, discarding any dead cell mass.
9. Count cells (dilute 10μL cell suspension in trypan blue, and count with hemcytometer).
Protocol B
Set-Up
• same as Procedure B, except replace step 4 with:
1. Sterilize the frosted end of the glass slides by dipping in or spraying with ethanol. Take care to only touch the non-frosted ends with your gloves.
Procedure
• same as Procedure B, except replace steps 3 with:
1. Place the spleen directly into the DMEM in the petri dish.
2. Homogenize the spleen between the frosted ends of the slides.
3. Pass the homogenized spleen through the cell strainer (or nylon mesh) mounted on a 50mL conical.
4. Continue with step 4 of Procedure B.
Notes
• Keep cells on ice or at 4° if you do not plan to use them right away.
• If sterility is desired, perform all steps in a laminar flow culture hood.
References
1. Current Protocols in Immunology,
Unit 1.9
: Removal of Lymphoid Organs link (subscription required)
[online]
2. Current Protocols in Immunology, Unit 3.1: Isolation of Mouse Mononuclear Cells link (subscription required)
[online]
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defuzo's bookmarks
"The only limits to the possibilities in your life tomorrow are the buts you use today."
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LIRC v0.6.3 Released
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A new version of the Linux Infrared Remote Control (LIRC) software package is out.. This is a handy add-on for Linux-based robots that allows remote control of the computer through most standard infrared remote control units. The LIRC web site contains articles on building home-brew IR transmitters and receivers as well.
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Difference between revisions of "Bursa"
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(Tombs)
m (Tombs)
Line 94: Line 94:
*'''Gazi Osman Türbesi''' is the tomb of the first Ottoman sultan located in the Tophane district
*'''Gazi Osman Türbesi''' is the tomb of the first Ottoman sultan located in the Tophane district
*'''Orhan Gazi Türbesi''' is the tomb of the second Ottoman sultan, the son of Osman. It's located immediately next to his father's tomb in the Tophane district.
*'''Orhan Gazi Türbesi''' is the tomb of the second Ottoman sultan, the son of Osman. It's located immediately next to his father's tomb in the Tophane district.
*The '''Muradiye Complex''' surrounding the Muradiye Mosque is a small necropolis filled with tombs of illustrious Ottoman figures such as '''Murat I'''; '''Prince Mustafa''', son of Suleiman the Great; '''Gülbahar Hanım''', midwife of Mehmet the Conqueror and various wives of sultans.
+
*The '''Muradiye Complex''' surrounding the Muradiye Mosque is a small necropolis filled with tombs of illustrious Ottoman figures such as '''Murat II'''; '''Prince Mustafa''', son of Suleiman the Great; '''Gülbahar Hanım''', midwife of Mehmet the Conqueror and various wives of sultans.
====Historical Trees ====
====Historical Trees ====
Revision as of 10:15, 29 January 2012
Green Tomb at a winter night
Bursa is a city in the Asian part of Marmara Region, Turkey.
Contents
Understand
Bursa lies in the northwestern part of Turkey near the Sea of Marmara, about 20 km inland.
Bursa was the first major city the Ottomans, who started as a small emirate in the countryside just east of Bursa, had taken control of. As such, it served as the first capital city of the Ottoman Empire, from 1326, when it was captured from the Byzantines, to 1365, when the capital was moved to Edirne in European Turkey, as sultans started to turn their attention to Europe. Most of the historic sights of the city date back to this early period of the Ottomans.
Today, with a population of more than 2,500,000, Bursa is the fourth largest city in Turkey after Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir. It is famous for its peach, chestnut, and silk, although lately, heavy industry located in the outskirts of the city has surpassed these traditional industries.
Furthermore, Uludağ—one of the highest mountains in the Turkey—lies very close to Bursa and is the main winter sports center of Turkey.
Get in
By plane
An airport serving domestic and a couple of international flights can be found in Bursa (Yenişehir Airport, IATA: YEI, ICAO: LTBR). However, in order to get to Bursa from most countries by plane, you will have to take a transit flight via one of Turkey's international airports. Istanbul's Atatürk and Sabiha Gökçen are the nearest major international airports, and with a ferry connection, form the most common way of getting to the city.
There are several international and domestic flights to Bursa.
International
• Munich Franz Josef Strauss Airport — Operated by Lufthansa [1] ( After April 2012 )
• Skopje "Alexander the Great" Airport — Operated by Borajet [2]
Domestic
Operated by Anadolu Jet [3] and Borajet [4]
Operated by Borajet [5]
By train
There is no railway in and around Bursa.
However, when coming from Ankara, you can take the high-speed train (YHT) to Eskişehir, which is located about the mid-way, and then transfer to the bus heading for Bursa there, which is provided by Turkish State Railways and departs right in front of the station. This combined trip takes around 4 hours (as opposed to 5 and a half hours by bus only), and there are seven fast train departures daily from Ankara.
By car
Highways that are fairly wide and in good condition connect the city to north (D575/E881, from İzmit, Yalova, and Istanbul, the shortest route from last of which involves taking a ferry to Yalova), west (D200/E90 from Balıkesir with a connection to D565 from Izmir in the southwest), and east (D200/E90 from Eskişehir and Ankara, with a connection to D650 from Antalya in the south).
By bus
Buses from Istanbul take about 3 hours and cost about 10 euros.
There are bus services from all major cities to Bursa such as Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir and Antalya. Prices vary from 10 to 50 Euros based on the distance. All intercity buses will leave you at the very modern Terminal Bus Station about 10kms outside the city on the Istanbul motorway. Take the very frequent turquoise coloured buses marked 'HEYKEL' which will let you off right in the centre of Bursa opposite Ulucamii or the Great Mosque (or alternatively you can take the yellow bus 38 from the terminal into downtown - to return to the bus terminal get on the same bus going in the same direction, as #38 goes in a loop between downtown and the bus terminal - 2 TL to buy a ticket, available at many kiosks on the street).
By boat
This is the fastest option from Istanbul:
Take the Yenikapı-Bursa ferry from Istanbul Yenikapı terminal (in the European part of Istanbul near Sultanahmet) to Güzelyalı (80 minutes - 20 Lira).
Güzelyalı is about 20km from Bursa so buses meet the ferry to take passengers to Organize Sanayi metro station (30mins - 3 Lira) in the outer suburbs of the city.
Take the metro to downtown Bursa - get off at Şehre Küstü station for the old section of the city close to the market area (30mins - 2 Lira). The whole journey from Istanbul to the centre of Bursa will take about 2.5 to 3 hours.
It's also possible to transit through Yalova fast ferry jetty, about an hour bus ride (which costs 9 TL pp) north of Bursa.
All of the ferries are operated by İDO [6]. Tickets can be booked online.
Get around
The city has a metro line connecting downtown with suburbs in the northwest. There is also an extensive bus and dolmuş network. The dolmuşes in Bursa are more likely to be a normal looking white car with a sign on the roof rather than the yellow minibuses that are common in Istanbul.
The Bursa Metro is called Bursaray - for information in Turkish: Bursaray and a map
See
Mosques
• Ulucami, (in downtown), [7]. The "great mosque" of Bursa. Built in early Ottoman period, in 1399, it resembles more of earlier Seljuq buildings of inland Anatolia than the typical Ottoman mosques such as Blue Mosque of Istanbul built later. Ulucamii is perhaps most reknown for the striking calligraphic panels that adorn its walls and columns as well as the fountain within the mosque whose trickling sounds contribute to its serene atmosphere.
• Orhan Camii ve Külliyesi (Orhan Mosque)
• Yeşil Camii(Green Mosque)This mosque is in the Yesil or 'green' district of Bursa just left over the bridge. It contains a wonderful Turbe or tomb completely covered by tiles inside and out. The mosque opposite is very unusual in that it has a fountain inside the prayer area - with lots of legends attached to it. It is also built in a cruciform shape. No one knows why. Beside it are tea gardens with spectacular views over the Bursa valley and Uludag mountain.
• Emir Sultan Camii
• Muradiye Camii
• Hüdavendigar Camii
• Yıldırım Camii
• Koca Sinan Paşa
• İshak Paşa Külliyeleri
• Celal Bayar Müzesi
Tombs
• Yeşil Türbe(Green Tomb) is the tomb of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I (1412-1420) and is the iconic monument of the city.
• Emir Sultan Türbesi
• Gazi Timurtaş Paşa Türbesi
• Gazi Osman Türbesi is the tomb of the first Ottoman sultan located in the Tophane district
• Orhan Gazi Türbesi is the tomb of the second Ottoman sultan, the son of Osman. It's located immediately next to his father's tomb in the Tophane district.
• The Muradiye Complex surrounding the Muradiye Mosque is a small necropolis filled with tombs of illustrious Ottoman figures such as Murat II; Prince Mustafa, son of Suleiman the Great; Gülbahar Hanım, midwife of Mehmet the Conqueror and various wives of sultans.
Historical Trees
• İnkaya — a huge centuries-old (well, approximately 600 years, to be precisely) plane (Platanus orientalis) tree with an open-air café sheltered by its deep shadow, on the foothills of (and just off the road to) Uludağ.
Historical Buildings
• Darüzziyafe. A poorhouse during the Ottoman period, this building now serves as a family restaurant (with no alcohol service).It is a stunningly restored building in the Muradiye district of Bursa. The garden has wonderful views of Bursa. The cuisine is pure Ottoman and difficult to find in a modern Turkish city.[8]
• Sarı Konak In Tophane.
• Balıbey Han
• Koza Han
• Irgandı Köprüsü (Bridge)in Setbasi.Its an old version of shopping malls.There are small shops on bridge.
Old villages
• Cumalıkızık A village founded more than 700 years old. There are 265 centuries-old half timbered houses in the village and approximately 190 of them are still occupied.
Do
• Yeni Kaplica (Termal Hotel and Baths), Kukurtlu Mh. Cekirge Cadd (Immediately down from the Celik Palais Hotel), 0224 2366968, [9]. An experience not to be missed while visiting Bursa for anyone interested in a relaxing thermal bath. The mineral water boils up from below the extensive baths built in 1555 and flows into a large central pool from a lion's head fixed into the wall. The baths are anything but touristy but the staff are used to tourists. Not a word of Turkish is necessary! The building remains unchanged since it was built by the Vizer 'Kara Mustafa' or 'Black Mustafa'. It is a large multi roomed building with a wonderful sense of space and proportion. it is modeled on the Roman Baths rather than a hamam as pools - or non-flowing water were never permitted under Islam. This is the exception. A good rubdown (kese) and a massage are essential. Afterwards just go for a nap in one of the beds provided wrapped in towels. Bliss. 12 tl.
Turkish Baths
Since Bursa lies on a geologically-active area, the place is rich in mineral waters and accordingly is famous for its traditional baths.
• Keçeli Hamamı. For women. More than 600 years old and renewed.
• Umurbey Hamamı
• Yeşil Hamamı
• Beyaz Saray Hamamı. For men. In Altıparmak.
• Kervan Saray Hamamı For Women and For Men ,in CEKIRGE district.The Hamam has a nice pool.Its so clean and hygienic.
Learn
Work
Buy
• Silk - one of the major industries of Bursa in the past, this is still one of the major draws of Bursa.
• Koza Han (Silk Bazaar), (in downtown, very near Ulucami), [10]. M-Sa 8AM-8PM. Silk bazaar dating back to 1491. Think of a very historical mall devoted only to silk.
Eat
Try the İskender kebap, a dish originated from Bursa. İskender consists of roasted, sliced lamb spread atop diced bread pieces, topped with tomato sauce, served with yoghurt. A similar dish, meatballs instead of sliced lamb only, would be Pideli Köfte which is definitely cheaper and perhaps more delicious. Go to Kayhan Carsisi, very close to Heykel, for best options. Candied Chestnut is the best choice for dessert but sadly you cannot get it from a restaurant.
• İskender, Ünlü Cadde (near Heykel), [11]. Restaurant is named after the dish since the owners are descendants of the person who "invented" the dish.
• Pidecioğlu, Bozkurt Caddesi (just off Altiparmak Caddesi, near the Bursaspor stadium). Another good İskender kebab restaurant.
• Çiçek Izgara, Belediye Caddesi 15, Heykel. A meat ball restaurant referred to by many Turkish novelists.
• Hacı Dayı is a kebab restaurant in the Tophane district with tasty dishes and large portion sizes for a decent price. Look for it right behind the tombs of Osman and Orhan.
Budget
Mid-range
Splurge
Drink
The cafe at the gardens of Kozahan might be the most authentic place in the city to have a Turkish coffee—which might be what Queen Elizabeth II was thinking, who visited there in 2008.
Sleep
Budget
• Açelya Hotel, İnönü Caddesi 73 (city center; from the main bus terminal take bus 38, get off a few stops after the Grand Mosque), +90 224 223-01-66 (, fax: +90 224 221-42-75). Clean and small hotel in the city center. Homely atmosphere. You can walk to Bazaar and historical places from the Hotel easily.
• Cesmeli Hotel, Gümüşçeken Cad. 6, +90 224 224 15 11 - 12. right in the heart of Bursa in Heykel this hotel is unusual in that it is owned by two sisters and all the employees are women. The Hotel gets it's name "with drinking fountain" from the fountain in the wall of the hotel - much appreciated by locals in the summer. € 25/person with breakfast included.
Mid-range
• Safran Otel, Ortapazar Cadessi, Arka Sok, 4 (just inside Sultanat Kapi (old city wall gates)), 224-7216 (). Very nice small hotel in a recently renovated old house close to the centre of town. Staff are very friendly and helpful. Rooms on the ground floor tend to be a little noisy. Note that Googlemaps has this hotel listed twice with one incorrect location. The correct location is just inside the city gate closest to the covered markets. 140TL double with breakfast.
The best budget hotel you can stay is "Hotel Gonluferah", around EUR 70 per night, but having rooms with great views of the city as the hotel is located on the way to the Uludag mountain.
Contact
The telephone code of the city is (+90) 224.
Stay safe
Bursa is a safe city. But of course you should always be cautious if you're wandering alone in late night.
Cope
Get out
Other sites and places near the city include
• Uludag National Park (Uludağ Milli Parkı) — just south of city, a wintersports resort and hiking destination
• Çekirge
• Oylat (Turkish Baths)
• Gemlik Kaplıcaları(Turkish Baths)
• Kumla(Beach)
• Kurşunlu Plajları(Beach)
• Prusa Kenti Surları(City Wall)
• Miletopolis (Karacabey)
• Mirlea (Mudanya)
• Kirmastı (Mustafa Kemal Paşa)
• Atranos (Orhaneli)
• Neopolis (Yenişehir) Koimesis, Hagios Kiliseleri (Churches)
• Nikaia Nekropolü,
• Yıldırım Bedesteni (Yildirim Bazaar)
• Bursa Arkeoloji Müzesi (Bursa Archelogy Museum)
• Bursa Atatürk Müzesi (Bursa Atatürk Museum)
• Bursa Türk İslam Eserleri Müzesi (Bursa Turk Islamic Works Museum)
• Mudanya Mütareke Müzesi (Mudanya Armistice Museum)
• Armutlu — sea-side town with some hot springs to north
• Iznik (Nicaea/Nikaia) — historical town to east featuring old city walls, lakefront promenade, and the church in which first and seventh ecumenical councils of early Christianity were convened
Routes through Bursa
ÇanakkaleBandirma W E EskişehirAnkara
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5625.0 - Private New Capital Expenditure and Expected Expenditure, Australia, Sep 2004
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 25/11/2004
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Publications
5625.0 - Private New Capital Expenditure and Expected Expenditure, Australia
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1332.0.55.002 - Statistical Language!, 2008
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/06/2008 First Issue
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Contents >> Mode >> What does the mode tell you?
WHAT DOES THE MODE TELL YOU?
The mode gives us the observation most likely to occur.
Previous PageNext Page
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1304.6 - Tasmanian Key Indicators, Oct 2010
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 16/11/2010
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POPULATION
Source
Tas. value
Aust. value
Mar Qtr 2010
Estimated resident population (no.)
p507 084
p22 271 864
Net interstate migration (no.)
p371
..
Net overseas migration (no.)
p709
p61 780
Population change since previous year
p0.9%
p1.8%
At 30 Jun 2009
Proportion of population aged 0-14 years
p19.4%
p19.1%
Proportion of population aged 15-64 years
p65.3%
p67.5%
Proportion of population aged 65 and over
p15.3%
p13.3%
Proportion of population aged 85 years and over
p1.9%
p1.7%
Median age of population (years)
p39.6
p36.9
2008-09
Fertility rate (children per female)
p2.2
p2.0
2008
Life expectancy at birth - males (years)
77.7
79.2
Life expectancy at birth - females (years)
82.3
83.7
At 8 Aug 2006 (Census night)
Proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population(a)
3.5%
2.3%
At 30 Jun 2006
Proportion of population born overseas(a)
11.5%
24.6%
p preliminary figure or series subject to revision
.. not applicable
(a) Based on place of usual residence.
More Detailed Source Information
2006 Census QuickStats: Tasmania
Australian Demographic Statistics (ABS cat. no. 3101.0)
Deaths, Australia (ABS cat. no. 3302.0)
For further information about Census QuickStats see: http://www.abs.gov.au/census.
Migration, Australia (ABS cat. no. 3412.0)
Population by Age and Sex, Australian States and Territories (ABS cat. no. 3201.0)
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5220.0 - Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2006-07
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 16/11/2007
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GLOSSARY
Agricultural factor income
The total factor income arising from production in agriculture and services to agriculture. It is equal to the estimated gross value of production (after the inventory valuation adjustment) less estimated production costs other than compensation of employees and consumption of fixed capital for all enterprises engaged in agriculture and services to agriculture. It includes agricultural output produced by the household sector for its own consumption.
Agricultural income
The income accruing from agricultural production during the year. It is equal to gross agricultural product at factor cost less consumption of fixed capital, compensation of employees, and net rent and interest payments.
Agricultural production costs
Includes all costs (other than compensation of employees and consumption of fixed capital) incurred in current production but excludes net rent and interest payable which are treated as appropriations out of operating surplus. In general, marketing costs are as shown in the statistical publication Value of Agriculture, Australia (cat. no. 7113.0) and represent the difference between the value at the farm (or other place of production) and wholesale markets. Other costs include taxes on production and imports, fertilisers, fuel, costs associated with inter-farm transfers of livestock and fodder, maintenance and other miscellaneous items.
Balancing Item
Calculated as the residual of the sum of the components of GSP(E) less state final demand less international trade in exports of goods and services, plus international trade in imports of goods and services. The balancing item implicitly comprises changes in inventories, total net interstate trade and a balancing item discrepancy).
Balancing item discrepancy
At the state level the national statistical discrepancy (I) is allocated across the states and territories to ensure consistency between the sum of the states and Australia. In addition, the balancing item for each state implicitly contains the statistical discrepancy (E) for that state - calculated as GSP using the income approach less GSP using the expenditure approach.
Basic prices
The amount receivable by the producer from the purchaser for a unit of a good or service produced as output, minus any tax payable plus any subsidy receivable, on that unit as a consequence of its production or sale; it excludes any transport charges invoiced separately by the producer.
Chain volume measure
Annually-reweighted chain Laspeyres volume price indexes referenced to the current price values in a chosen reference year (i.e. the year when the quarterly chain volume measures sum to the current price annual values). Chain Laspeyres volume measures are compiled by linking together (compounding) movements in volumes, calculated using the average prices of the previous financial year, and applying the compounded movements to the current price estimates of the reference year.
Generally, chain volume measures are not additive. In other words, component chain volume measures do not sum to a total in the way original current price components do. In order to minimize the impact of this property, the ABS uses the latest base year as the reference year. By adopting this approach, additivity exists for the period following the reference year and non-additivity is relatively small for the years immediately preceding. A change in reference year changes levels but not growth rates, although some revision to recent growth rates can be expected because of the introduction of a more recent base year (and revisions to the current price estimates underlying the chain volume measures).
Compensation of employees
The total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an enterprise to an employee in return for work done by the employee during the accounting period. It is further classified into two sub-components: wages and salaries; and employers' social contributions. Compensation of employees is not payable in respect of unpaid work undertaken voluntarily, including the work done by members of a household within an unincorporated enterprise owned by the same household. Compensation of employees excludes any taxes payable by the employer on the wage and salary bill (e.g. payroll tax). See also Employers' social contributions; Wages and salaries.
Consumption of fixed capital
The reduction in the value of fixed assets used in production during the accounting period resulting from physical deterioration, normal obsolescence or normal accidental damage. Unforeseen obsolescence, major catastrophes and the depletion of natural resources are not taken into account.
Current prices
Estimates are valued at the prices of the period to which the observation relates. For example, estimates for 2003-04 are valued using 2003-04 prices. This contrasts to chain volume measures where the prices used in valuation refer to the prices of a previous period.
Current transfers
Transactions, other than those classified as capital transfers, in which one institutional unit provides a good, service or cash to another unit without receiving from the latter anything of economic value in return.
Current transfers to non-profit institutions
Transfers for non-capital purposes to private non-profit institutions serving households such as hospitals, independent schools, and religious and charitable organisations.
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
Includes taxes on the incomes of households or the profits of corporations and taxes on wealth that are payable regularly every tax assessment period (as distinct from capital taxes that are levied infrequently).
Economically significant prices
Prices which have significant influence on both the amounts producers are willing to supply and the amounts purchasers wish to buy.
Employers' social contributions
Payments by employers which are intended to secure for their employees the entitlement to social benefits should certain events occur, or certain circumstances exist, that may adversely affect their employees' income or welfare - namely work-related accidents and retirement.
Exports of goods and services
The value of goods exported and amounts receivable from non-residents for the provision of services by residents.
Final consumption expenditure - general government
Net expenditure on goods and services by public authorities, other than those classified as public corporations, which does not result in the creation of fixed assets or inventories or in the acquisition of land and existing buildings or second-hand assets. It comprises expenditure on compensation of employees (other than those charged to capital works, etc.), goods and services (other than fixed assets and inventories) and consumption of fixed capital. Expenditure on repair and maintenance of roads is included. Fees, etc., charged by general government bodies for goods sold and services rendered are offset against purchases. Net expenditure overseas by general government bodies and purchases from public corporations are included. Expenditure on defence assets that are used in a fashion similar to civilian assets is classified as gross fixed capital formation; expenditure on weapons of destruction and weapon delivery systems is classified as final consumption expenditure.
Final consumption expenditure - households
Net expenditure on goods and services by persons and expenditure of a current nature by private non-profit institutions serving households. This item excludes expenditures by unincorporated businesses and expenditures on assets by non-profit institutions (included in gross fixed capital formation). Also excluded is expenditure on maintenance of dwellings (treated as intermediate expenses of private enterprises), but personal expenditure on motor vehicles and other durable goods and the imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings are included. The value of 'backyard' production (including food produced and consumed on farms) is included in household final consumption expenditure and the payment of wages and salaries in kind (e.g. food and lodging supplied free to employees) is counted in both household income and household final consumption expenditure.
Gross disposable income - households
Gross household income less income tax payable, other current taxes on income, wealth etc., consumer debt interest, interest payable by unincorporated enterprises, net non-life insurance premiums and other current transfers payable by households.
Gross domestic product (GDP)
The total market value of goods and services produced in Australia within a given period after deducting the cost of goods and services used up in the process of production but before deducting allowances for the consumption of fixed capital. Thus gross domestic product, as defined here, is 'at market prices'. It is equivalent to gross national expenditure plus exports of goods and services less imports of goods and services.
Gross fixed capital formation - general government
Expenditure on new fixed assets plus net expenditure on second-hand fixed assets whether for additions or replacements (other than weapons of destruction and weapon delivery systems). Expenditure on new roadworks (or upgrading existing roads) is included but expenditure on road repair and maintenance is classified as government final consumption expenditure.
Gross fixed capital formation - private
Expenditure on fixed assets broken down into dwellings, non-dwelling construction, machinery and equipment, livestock, intangible fixed assets and ownership transfer costs. The machinery and equipment category includes plant, machinery, equipment, vehicles, etc. Expenditure on repair and maintenance of fixed assets is excluded, being chargeable to the production account. Additions to fixed assets are regarded as capital formation. Also included is compensation of employees and other costs paid by private enterprise in connection with own-account capital formation. Expenditure on dwellings, non-dwelling construction, and machinery and equipment is measured as expenditure on new and second-hand assets, less sales of existing assets. Ownership transfer costs comprise stamp duty, real estate agents' fees and sales commissions, conveyancing fees and miscellaneous government charges.
Gross fixed capital formation - public corporations
Expenditure on new fixed assets plus net expenditure on second-hand fixed assets and including both additions and replacements. Also included is compensation of employees paid by public corporations in connection with capital works undertaken on own account.
Gross income - households
The total income, whether in cash or kind, receivable by persons normally resident in Australia. It includes both income in return for productive activity (such as compensation of employees, the gross mixed income of unincorporated enterprises, gross operating surplus on dwellings owned by persons, and property income receivable, etc.) as well as transfers receivable (such as social assistance benefits and non-life insurance claims).
Gross mixed income of unincorporated enterprises
The surplus or deficit accruing from production by unincorporated enterprises. It includes elements of both compensation of employees (returns on labour inputs) and operating surplus (returns on capital inputs).
Gross operating surplus
The operating surplus accruing to all enterprises, except unincorporated enterprises, from their operations in Australia. It is the excess of gross output over the sum of intermediate consumption, compensation of employees, and taxes less subsidies on production and imports. It is calculated before deduction of consumption of fixed capital, dividends, interest, royalties and land rent, and direct taxes payable, but after deducting the inventory valuation adjustment. Gross operating surplus is also calculated for general government, and it equals general government's consumption of fixed capital.
Gross state product (GSP)
GSP is defined equivalently to gross domestic product (GDP) but refers to production within a state or territory rather than to the nation as a whole. See gross domestic product.
GSP(I)
GSP using the income approach. Estimated in current prices only by summing factor incomes (i.e. compensation of employees, gross operating surplus and gross mixed income) and taxes less subsidies on production and imports.
GSP(E)
GSP using the expenditure approach. Estimated in current prices. Not all of the expenditure components are available at the state level so the difference between the sum of the available components (State Final Demand and International trade in goods and services) and GSP(I) is reflected as a balancing item. See also Balancing item.
GSP(I/E)
GSP using a combination of the income and expenditure approaches. Estimated in volume terms only by deflating the current price estimate of GSP(I) using the GSP(E) deflator.
GSP(P)
GSP using the production approach. Estimated in volume terms only by using different indicators (mostly output indicators) for each industry to compile state by industry GVA volume estimates and adding the volume of taxes less subsidies on products.
GSP(A)
The simple average of the available GSP measures. That is, in volume terms the average of GSP(P) and GSP(I/E) and in current price terms by reflating GSP(A) using the GSP(E) deflator.
GSP(E) deflator
The GSP(E) deflator is derived by aggregating the deflators for State Final Demand, international trade in goods and services, interstate trade and changes in inventories. The deflators for the first two components are based on available price indexes. The deflators for the latter two components are constructed via an economic model and by allocating national deflators respectively.
GSP per capita
The ratio of the chain volume estimates of GSP to an estimate of the resident Australian population. Population estimates use data published in the quarterly publication Australian Demographic Statistics (cat. no. 3101.0) and ABS projections.
Gross Value Added (GVA)
GVA is the value of output at basic prices minus the value of intermediate consumption at purchasers' prices. The term is used to describe gross product by industry. Basic prices valuation of output removes the distortion caused by variations in the incidence of commodity taxes and subsidies across the output of individual industries.
State GVA in current prices is not directly compiled so the Australia GVA by industry is allocated to the states using factor income shares.
GVA can also be compiled in volume terms. For most industries an output indicator approach is used to create the volume measures of GVA by industry for each of the states.
Implicit price deflator
Obtained by dividing a current price value by its real counterpart (the chain volume measure). When calculated from the major national accounting aggregates, such as gross domestic product, implicit price deflators relate to a broader range of goods and services in the economy than that represented by any of the individual price indexes that are published by the ABS. Whereas the chain price indexes are chain Laspeyres indexes, the annual implicit price deflators are chain Paasche price indexes, i.e. each year-to-year movement is calculated using the current price value shares of the second of the two years to weight together the elemental price indexes.
Imports of goods and services
The value of goods imported and amounts payable to non-residents for the provision of services to residents.
Intangible fixed assets
Includes such assets as computer software, entertainment, literary or artistic originals, and mineral exploration intended to be used for more than a year.
Intermediate consumption
Consists of the value of the goods and services used as inputs by a process of production, excluding compensation of employees and the consumption of fixed capital.
Inventories
Consist of stocks of outputs that are held at the end of a period by the units that produced them prior to their being further processed, sold, delivered to other units or used in other ways and stocks of products acquired from other units that are intended to be used for intermediate consumption or for resale without further processing.
Livestock
Livestock assets are classified as either fixed assets or inventories. Those livestock which are used in production of other products (e.g. breeding stock, animals for entertainment, sheep for wool and dairy cattle) are fixed assets. Inventories cover all other livestock types and includes those animals raised for meat or other one-off products (e.g. leather).
Machinery and equipment
Consists of transport equipment, computing equipment and other machinery and equipment other than that acquired by households for final consumption.
Market output
Output that is sold at prices that are economically significant or otherwise disposed of on the market, or intended for sale or disposal on the market.
Net saving plus consumption of fixed capital - households
Is equal to gross household disposable income less household final consumption expenditure and can also be referred to as the gross saving of households. Household saving is estimated as the balancing item in the households income account. It includes saving through life insurance and superannuation funds (including net earnings on these funds), increased equity in unfunded superannuation schemes and the increase in farm assets with marketing boards. Household net saving, i.e. gross saving less consumption of fixed capital, cannot be calculated at a state level as consumption of fixed capital is only calculated at the Australia level.
Net Expenditure Interstate
Household final consumption expenditure (HFCE) is measured on a resident basis and as such includes the expenditure of residents who travel interstate. The data sources used to compile HFCE (such as Retail Trade) do not account for the residency of the consumer and hence an adjustment to the source data is required. This adjustment item is called Net expenditure interstate (NEI) and is calculated by adding in amounts for the expenditure of residents of a state who travel interstate and deducting the expenditure of residents from other states within that state. NEI nets to zero at the Australia level.
Non-market output
Goods and services produced by any institutional unit that are supplied free or at prices that are not economically significant.
Other subsidies on production
Consists of all subsidies, except subsidies on products, which resident enterprises may receive as a consequence of engaging in production. Other subsidies on production include: subsidies related to the payroll or workforce numbers, including subsidies payable on the total wage or salary bill, on numbers employed, or on the employment of particular types of persons, e.g. persons with disabilities or persons who have been unemployed for a long period. The subsidies may also be intended to cover some or all of the costs of training schemes organised or financed by enterprises. Subsidies aimed at reducing pollution are also included. See also Subsidies on products.
Other taxes on production
Consists of all taxes that enterprises incur as a result of engaging in production, except taxes on products. Other taxes on production include: taxes related to the payroll or workforce numbers excluding compulsory social security contributions paid by employers and any taxes paid by the employees themselves out of their wages or salaries; recurrent taxes on land, buildings or other structures; some business and professional licences where no service is provided by the Government in return; taxes on the use of fixed assets or other activities; stamp duties; taxes on pollution; and taxes on international transactions. See also Current taxes on income, wealth, etc., Taxes on production and imports and Taxes on products.
Output
Consists of those goods and services that are produced within an establishment that become available for use outside that establishment, plus any goods and services produced for own final use.
Price deflation
Dividing a price index into a current price value.
Primary incomes
Consist of incomes that accrue to institutional units as a consequence of their involvement in processes of production or their ownership of assets that may be needed for the purposes of production.
Property income
Is the income receivable by the owner of a financial asset or a tangible non-produced asset in return for providing funds, or putting a tangible non-produced asset at the disposal of another institutional unit.
Purchasers' price
The amount paid by the purchaser, excluding any deductible tax, in order to take delivery of a unit of a good or service at the time and place required by the purchaser. The purchaser's price of a good includes any transport charges paid separately by the purchaser to take delivery at the required time and place.
Quantity revaluation
For an individual commodity, the estimate of quantity in each period is multiplied by the price (or average unit value) in some base year. This method can be applied if the commodity is defined narrowly enough to ensure that it is homogenous in content and free from quality change over time (since a change in quality is defined as a change in quantum).
Real gross domestic income
A measure of the real purchasing power of income generated by domestic production. It is calculated by adjusting the chain volume measure of GDP for changes in the terms of trade.
Real gross state income
A measure of the real purchasing power of income generated by production within a state or territory. It is calculated by adjusting the chain volume measure of GSP for changes in the terms of trade.
Secondary income
Consists of receipt and payment of current transfers.
Social assistance benefits in cash to residents
Includes current transfers to persons from general government in return for which no services are rendered or goods supplied. Principal components include: scholarships; maternity, sickness and unemployment benefits; family allowances; and widows', age, invalid and repatriation pensions.
State final demand
The aggregate obtained by summing government final consumption expenditure, household final consumption expenditure, private gross fixed capital formation and the gross fixed capital formation of public corporations and general government. It is conceptually equivalent to the Australia level aggregate domestic final demand.
Statistical discrepancy (I), (E) and (P)
Calculated as the difference between the individual aggregate income, expenditure and production measures of GSP and the headline GSP measure (i.e. GSP(A)).
Subsidies on products
Subsidies payable per unit of a good or service. The subsidy may be a specific amount of money per unit of quantity of a good or service, or it may be calculated ad valorem as a specified percentage of the price per unit. A subsidy may also be calculated as the difference between a specified target price and the market price actually paid by a purchaser. A subsidy on a product usually becomes payable when the product is produced, sold or imported, but it may also become payable in other circumstances, such as when a product is exported, leased, transferred, delivered or used for own consumption or own capital formation.
Taxes less subsidies on production and imports
Defined as 'taxes on products' plus 'other taxes on production' less 'subsidies on products' less 'other subsidies on production'.
Taxes on production and imports
Consists of 'taxes on products' and 'other taxes on production'. These taxes do not include any taxes on the profits or other income received by an enterprise. They are payable irrespective of the profitability of the production process. They may be payable on the land, fixed assets or labour employed in the production process, or on certain activities or transactions. See also Current taxes on income and wealth, Other taxes on production and Taxes on products.
Taxes on products
Taxes payable per unit of some good or service. The tax may be a specific amount of money per unit of quantity of a good or service (quantity being measured either in terms of discrete units or continuous physical variables such as volume, weight, strength, distance, time, etc.), or it may be calculated ad valorem as a specified percentage of the price per unit or value of the goods or services transacted. A tax on a product usually becomes payable when the product is produced, sold or imported, but it may also become payable in other circumstances, such as when a good is exported, leased, transferred, delivered, or used for own consumption or own capital formation.
Terms of trade
Calculated by dividing the export implicit price deflator by the import implicit price deflator and multiplying by 100.
Total factor income
That part of the cost of producing the gross domestic product which consists of gross payments to factors of production (labour and capital). It represents the value added by these factors in the process of production and is equivalent to gross domestic product less taxes plus subsidies on production and imports.
Wages and salaries
Consists of amounts payable in cash including the value of any social contributions, income taxes, fringe benefits tax, etc., payable by the employee even if they are actually withheld by the employer for administrative convenience or other reasons and paid directly to social insurance schemes, tax authorities, etc., on behalf of the employee. Wages and salaries may be paid as remuneration in kind instead of, or in addition to, remuneration in cash. Separation, termination and redundancy payments are also included in wages and salaries. Wages and salaries are also measured as far as possible on an accrual rather than a strict cash basis. See also Employers' social contributions; Compensation of employees.
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Research article
Evaluation of reporting timeliness of public health surveillance systems for infectious diseases
Ruth A Jajosky1* and Samuel L Groseclose2,3
Author Affiliations
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemiology Program Office, Division of Public Health Surveillance and Informatics, Surveillance Systems Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, 30333, USA
2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, & TB Prevention, Division of STD Prevention, Statistics and Data Management Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, 30333, USA
3 At the time this study was conducted this co-author was Chief of the Surveillance Systems Branch
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Public Health 2004, 4:29 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-4-29
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/4/29
Received:13 February 2004
Accepted:26 July 2004
Published:26 July 2004
© 2004 Jajosky and Groseclose; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Timeliness is a key performance measure of public health surveillance systems. Timeliness can vary by disease, intended use of the data, and public health system level. Studies were reviewed to describe methods used to evaluate timeliness and the reporting timeliness of National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) data was evaluated to determine if this system could support timely notification and state response to multistate outbreaks.
Methods
Published papers that quantitatively measured timeliness of infectious disease surveillance systems operating in the U.S. were reviewed. Median reporting timeliness lags were computed for selected nationally notifiable infectious diseases based on a state-assigned week number and various date types. The percentage of cases reported within the estimated incubation periods for each disease was also computed.
Results
Few studies have published quantitative measures of reporting timeliness; these studies do not evaluate timeliness in a standard manner. When timeliness of NNDSS data was evaluated, the median national reporting delay, based on date of disease onset, ranged from 12 days for meningococcal disease to 40 days for pertussis. Diseases with the longer incubation periods tended to have a higher percentage of cases reported within its incubation period. For acute hepatitis A virus infection, which had the longest incubation period of the diseases studied, more than 60% of cases were reported within one incubation period for each date type reported. For cryptosporidiosis, Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection, meningococcal disease, salmonellosis, and shigellosis, less than 40% of cases were reported within one incubation period for each reported date type.
Conclusion
Published evaluations of infectious disease surveillance reporting timeliness are few in number and are not comparable. A more standardized approach for evaluating and describing surveillance system timeliness should be considered; a recommended methodology is presented. Our analysis of NNDSS reporting timeliness indicated that among the conditions evaluated (except for acute hepatitis A infection), the long reporting lag and the variability across states limits the usefulness of NNDSS data and aberration detection analysis of those data for identification of and timely response to multistate outbreaks. Further evaluation of the factors that contribute to NNDSS reporting timeliness is warranted.
Background
Public health surveillance is defined as the "ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know"[1]. Reasons for conducting public health surveillance can include the need to assess the health status of a population, establish public health priorities, and reduce the burden of disease in a population by appropriately targeting effective disease prevention and control activities [2].
Timeliness is a key surveillance system metric and should be periodically evaluated [3,4] because it can reflect the time delay between any number of response steps in the public health surveillance process. Surveillance system timeliness depends on a number of factors and its assessment should include a consideration of how the data will be used and the nature of the condition under surveillance (e.g., for infectious diseases, this includes the communicability of the disease) [3]. If the data are to be used to implement immediate disease control and prevention activities for infectious diseases that are acute, severe, and highly transmissible, timeliness is critical. Timeliness requirements for a surveillance system might vary by different levels of public health system (e.g., local, state, or national), on the basis of the intended uses of the surveillance data at that level (Table 1). For example, timely data are needed within a state for identifying cases or clusters of disease that will prompt an immediate public health response. Timely national surveillance data aggregated from a number of jurisdictions may be used for identifying multistate outbreaks or disease clusters and enable the federal public health system to assist the states in performing and coordinating their prevention and control activities. In reportable disease surveillance systems, health care providers and diagnostic laboratories usually report information regarding persons with notifiable conditions to the local public health system. Then, reporting proceeds in a hierarchical fashion to the state and then to the national level. Health care provider and public health system actions at each successive level of the reporting hierarchy contribute to reporting timeliness delays at the national level.
Table 1. Potential uses of infectious disease surveillance data, by level of the public health system
State and national surveillance processes
Before data can be used for public health action, health-related data must be collected by the public health system, analyzed, and disseminated to those responsible for taking action (Figure 1). Within a state (Steps 1–7), the public health system can use surveillance data for a number of purposes, including outbreak detection and intervention planning and implementation (Table 1). The number and sequence of actions a state conducts before reporting data to the national public health system might vary by state, depending on state policies and protocols (Figure 1). For example, for nationally notifiable infectious disease reporting, CDC recommends that states report as soon as they first receive information about a suspect, probable, or confirmed case. However, some states only report confirmed cases, which usually requires laboratory confirmation, and decreases reporting timeliness at the national level.
Figure 1. Sequence of actions needed to gather and use health-related information for public health purposes
Each week, states and the U.S. territories report case information on persons suspected of having or diagnosed with a nationally notifiable infectious disease to the Nationally Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [5]. A nationally notifiable disease is one for which "regular, frequent, and timely information regarding individual cases is considered necessary for prevention and control of the disease" [6]. At the national level, NNDSS data are used for monitoring trends, program planning, evaluation, policy development, research, and monitoring the effectiveness of prevention and control activities. Although NNDSS reporting timeliness for these long-range goals and objectives is not critical, the threat of terrorism prompted consideration of whether NNDSS could be enhanced in the future to support public health response for either naturally occurring diseases or terrorism preparedness and response efforts. Therefore, the timeliness of NNDSS data was evaluated to determine if NNDSS could support timely notification and state response to multistate outbreaks. To provide a context for the evaluation of NNDSS timeliness, published studies reporting timeliness measures for infectious disease surveillance systems in the United States were reviewed.
Methods
Literature review
Infectious disease surveillance evaluation studies reporting timeliness measures that were published between January 1970 and March 2003 in biomedical and public health literature were reviewed. English-language papers were identified by using the Medline database (U.S. National Library of Medicine). The search strategy used various combinations of the following key words "timeliness," "reporting delay," "time delay," "lag time," "disease surveillance," "disease outbreaks," "communicable diseases," and "infectious diseases." Reference lists of the studies identified through the Medline search and studies citing CDC's surveillance evaluation guidelines were also reviewed [3,7]
Reports were included if they evaluated a public health surveillance system operating in the United States and provided a quantitative estimate of disease-specific timeliness (e.g., interval in days). Studies without quantitative timeliness estimates or that reported a quantitative estimate for a group of infectious diseases (versus a disease-specific estimate) were excluded. In addition, studies describing the timeliness of syndromic surveillance systems were excluded.
Information abstracted for the review included the disease(s) under surveillance, the geographic area and time period studied, the purpose of the surveillance evaluation, the surveillance time interval measured, the surveillance processes or actions (steps in Figure 1) covered within the measured time interval, the timeliness measure, and the study's assessment of whether surveillance data timeliness met the surveillance goals.
NNDSS timeliness
Information available for assessing NNDSS reporting timeliness includes the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report [MMWR] week number the state assigns to each case and one of the following earliest known dates associated with the incidence of this disease (earliest known date) from the following list of hierarchical date types: onset date, diagnosis date, date of laboratory result, or date of first report to the community health system. National reporting delay was calculated as the difference in days between the midpoint of the MMWR week and the earliest known date reported in association with the case. This time interval reflects various state-specific surveillance intervals in the surveillance process that occur between the occurrence of a health event and the reporting of that health event to NNDSS, but at a minimum it includes Intervals 1–4 (Figure 1). National median reporting timeliness was calculated overall for the years 1999–2001, for each disease in our study, by date type and state, and across all states. Median reporting delay was calculated using Proc means in SAS version 8 software for Windows (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina).
To assess whether analysis of NNDSS data could support the timely identification of multistate outbreaks at the national level, the percentage of NNDSS cases reports reported within one to two incubation periods for each of the diseases was determined. Incubation periods were used as a surrogate measure for period of communicability which is critical to consider when implementing effective, disease-specific prevention and control measures. For this analysis, estimated incubation periods were used for the seven nationally notifiable infectious diseases selected for this study: 7 days for cryptosporidiosis, 4 days for Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli), 30 days for acute hepatitis A virus infection, 4 days for meningococcal disease, 20 days for pertussis, 1.5 days for salmonellosis, and 3 days for shigellosis [8]. These diseases were selected because they were confirmed on the basis of laboratory criteria; they have the potential to occur in epidemics; they were designated nationally notifiable five years or more before the study period began; and the magnitude of reported disease incidence supported this analysis.
Only finalized case-specific data reported from U.S. states and two autonomous reporting entities (New York City and Washington D.C., referred to as states, hereafter) that designated the reported condition as notifiable (reportable by law or regulation) and that met NNDSS publication criteria [9] were included in the analysis. Data were analyzed for MMWR years 1999, 2000, and 2001.
Results
Literature review
Eight papers were identified that met the inclusion criteria for this study (Table 2 - see 1) [10-17]. Seven of the eight papers met the inclusion criteria resulting from the literature review; an additional paper was identified from the review of reference lists of studies identified through the Medline search and studies citing CDC's evaluation guidelines [3,7]. Three of the eight papers in this study assessed national reporting timeliness; the remaining five papers focused on local or state reporting timeliness. The studies of national reporting timeliness focused on the following diseases: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [17]; Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae infections [16]; and shigellosis, salmonellosis, hepatitis A, and bacterial meningitis [11]. The studies of local or state reporting timeliness analyzed data for AIDS [14,15], tuberculosis [13], influenza-like illness [10], and meningococcal disease [12]. In seven of the eight papers, timeliness was calculated as the median reporting delay between the date of disease occurrence (e.g., disease onset date, diagnosis date, or laboratory result date) and the date the public health system was notified or as the proportion of cases reported to the public health system in a specific time interval. In one study [10], epidemic curves were compared for two influenza surveillance systems and timeliness was assessed as the time interval between the epidemic peaks noted in each system. In addition, two studies described the factors associated with delayed reporting [13,15].
Seven of the eight studies addressed whether the calculated timeliness measure met the needs of the surveillance process being evaluated [10,12-17]. Measured timeliness was compared with recommended reporting timeliness in two papers – a national recommendation for local tuberculosis reporting timeliness [13] and a state mandate for reporting meningococcal disease cases to local public health [12]. The adequacy of the timeliness measure for the surveillance purpose was also assessed in other ways: 1) by comparing the timeliness of the same surveillance interval in an AIDS surveillance system before and after a major revision in the AIDS surveillance case definition [17], 2) by comparing the timeliness of the same surveillance interval across an active and a passive AIDS surveillance system [14], 3) by comparing outbreak detection abilities of an existing sentinel health care provider-based surveillance system for influenza-like illness with a new school-based system monitoring illness absenteeism [10], 4) by assessing whether reporting timeliness for Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae was adequate to initiate a rapid public health response [16], and 5) by comparing the timeliness of reporting by whether the case-patient's initial AIDS-defining condition was included in the 1997 or 1993 AIDS surveillance case definition [15].
The reporting timeliness of AIDS and bacterial meningitis (including meningococcal disease) surveillance systems were more frequently assessed than those for other infectious diseases. The AIDS reporting timeliness studies indicate that local and national AIDS reporting timeliness meets the goals of the AIDS surveillance systems monitoring trends, targeting prevention programs, estimating needs for medical and social services, and allocating resources [14,15,17]. Timeliness of AIDS surveillance improved after the revision of the AIDS surveillance case definition in 1993 [14,15,17]. Evaluation of Tennessee's Neisseria meningitidis infection surveillance system for 1989–1992 indicated that the lengthy reporting interval limited the usefulness of the system for supporting rapid response for control and prevention [16]. In contrast, a 1991 evaluation of New York State's meningococcal surveillance system indicated that the majority of cases (66%) were being reported within the recommended time frame (i.e., within one day of the diagnosis to ensure chemoprophylaxis for exposed persons) and therefore, supported prevention and control efforts [12]. In addition, on the basis of nationally notifiable infectious disease data from 1987, bacterial meningitis had the shortest reporting timeliness (median 20 days) of the other infectious diseases studied [11].
The definition of reference dates used in the timeliness evaluations varied. The initial date associated with the case varied among date of disease onset, date of diagnosis, and date of positive culture result. The ending date for the timeliness studies evaluated was the date the case report was received by the public health system, whether at the local, state, or national level. This time period corresponds to the sum of Intervals 1 and 2 or Interval 2 alone for local or state timeliness studies (Figure 1). For national evaluations of timeliness, the time period assessed was the sum of Intervals 1, 2, 3, and 4 or only Intervals 2, 3, and 4 (with or without inclusion of Intervals 5, 6, 7, and 8, dependent upon state protocol).
NNDSS timeliness
For MMWR years 1999–2001, a total of 9,276 cases of cryptosporidiosis, 12,332 cases of E. coli O157:H7 infection, 41,058 cases of hepatitis A virus acute infection, 7,090 cases of meningococcal disease, 22,735 cases of pertussis, 120,688 cases of salmonellosis, and 60,693 cases of shigellosis and were reported to NNDSS. Of those, 7,079 (76.3%) cryptosporidiosis case reports, 9,674 (78.4%) case reports of E. coli O157:H7 infection, 32,953 (80.3%) case reports of acute hepatitis A virus infection, 5,580 (78.7%) case reports of meningococcal disease, 19,904 (87.5%) case reports of pertussis, 84,746 (70.2%) case reports of salmonellosis, and 41,643 (68.6%) case reports of shigellosis were eligible for analysis. A total of 72,293 (26.4%) case reports were excluded for one or more of the following reasons: reported as a summary or aggregate record in which individual cases may have different event dates (20,194 cases), unknown or missing date types (20,019 cases), date type coded to MMWR report date (11,851 cases), and calculated reporting lag had a value of zero (indicating the event date and midpoint of the MMWR week matched) or had a negative value (indicating the event date was later than the mid-point of the MMWR week [67,557 cases]).
Timeliness of reporting varied by disease and date type (Table 3). For cases reported with a disease onset date, the median reporting delay across all reporting states varied from 12 days for meningococcal disease to 40 days for pertussis. For cases reported with a laboratory result date, median reporting delay varied from 10 days for both meningococcal disease and shigellosis to 19 days for pertussis. There was also substantial variation in state-specific median reporting delays for each disease (Table 3). For example, for meningococcal disease cases reported with a laboratory result date, state-specific median reporting delay varied from a median of 2 days in one state to 117 days in another.
Table 3. Timeliness of reporting of selected nationally notifiable infectious diseases, by date type, NNDSS, 1999–2001
For the same date type, NNDSS diseases with longest incubation periods tended to have a higher percentage of cases reported within one or two incubation periods than NNDSS diseases with shorter incubation periods (Table 3). For example, for acute hepatitis A virus infection, which had the longest incubation period of all the study diseases, more than 60% of cases were reported within one incubation period, for each date type reported. For all other diseases except pertussis, less than 40% of cases were reported within one incubation period for each reported date type. For pertussis, the percentage of cases reported within one incubation period varied from 24% for reports with disease onset date to 53% for case reports with laboratory result dates. In addition, state-specific percentage of cases reported within one or two incubation periods varied for a given disease and date type (data not shown).
Comparison of NNDSS timeliness and literature review results
The 1999–2001 NNDSS meningococcal disease median reporting interval between date of disease onset and date of report to CDC in this study was 8 days shorter than a previous study reported [11] using 1987 notifiable disease data for bacterial meningitis (median 20 days); and, the meningococcal disease median reporting delay was 9 days shorter in this study than in a previous study [16] using Tennessee's data for the years 1989–1992 for Neisseria meningitidis infection (median 21 days). In addition, the median reporting delay between disease onset and the date of report to CDC was shorter in this study than in a previous study (which used 1987 notifiable disease data) by 10 days for hepatitis A, 5 days for salmonellosis, and 8 days for shigellosis [11].
Discussion
Few published studies evaluating surveillance systems presented timeliness measures. When timeliness was evaluated, standard methods were not used. Information collected by public health surveillance systems should support the quantitative assessment of timeliness by various steps in the pubic health surveillance process. Public health programs should periodically assess timeliness of specific steps in the surveillance system process to ensure that the objectives of the surveillance system are being met. A more structured approach to describing timeliness studies should be considered.
Published papers describing local or state surveillance system reporting timeliness generally do not explicitly describe the surveillance system processes contributing to the timeliness measure, such as processing and analyzing the data or implementing a public health action before data are reported from a state to CDC. To facilitate future comparisons of reporting timeliness across jurisdictions, studies should include an explicit description of the public health surveillance reporting process and the surveillance process interval being measured. Additionally, surveillance information systems must support the collection of appropriate reference dates to allow the assessment of the timeliness of specific surveillance processes.
A more structured approach to describing timeliness studies could include a description of the following characteristics: 1) the level of the public health system being assessed (e.g., local, state, or national), 2) the purpose of the surveillance evaluation, 3) goals of the surveillance system, 4) the surveillance interval being measured and a description of the reference dates that define the upper and lower boundaries of the surveillance interval, 5) the surveillance steps (processes or activities) that contribute to the surveillance interval being measured, 6) whether the measured timeliness met the needs of the surveillance step being evaluated, and 7) whether the timeliness met the goals of the surveillance system. No single timeliness measure will achieve the purpose of all evaluations or meet all the goals of the surveillance system. In addition, if the goal of the surveillance evaluation is to identify ways to improve timeliness, the analysis should identify factors associated with delayed reporting, such as the role of specific case ascertainment sources.
The 1999–2001 national notifiable diseases data were timely enough to support the following surveillance objectives: monitoring trends over time, informing allocation of public health resources, monitoring the effectiveness of disease control, identifying high risk populations, and testing hypotheses. If NNDSS data are to be used to support timely identification of and response to multistate outbreaks at the national level, the timeliness of reporting needs to be enhanced for all diseases, but especially for diseases with the shortest incubation periods (e.g., cryptosporidiosis, E. coli O157:H7, meningococcal disease, salmonellosis, and shigellosis). Until reporting timeliness is enhanced, the application of aberration detection analytic methods to NNDSS data to aid in the identification of changes in disease reporting that may indicate a multistate outbreak in time to alert states for the purposes of disease control and prevention may be of limited use. Future work to improve reporting timeliness will need to address the substantial variation across states. As states enhance their reporting mechanisms with the use of automated electronic laboratory reporting systems [18], there may be less variation in state-specific reporting timeliness, but this should be assessed.
NNDSS timeliness improved compared to timeliness of notifiable infectious diseases measured in previous reports [11,16]. However, the methods or variables used in these analyses were different. A few factors may have contributed to improvements in timeliness seen in this study. Since 1992, states have been routinely transmitting electronic case-specific records intended to improve reporting procedures and protocols. In addition, the use of automated electronic laboratory reporting to enhance infectious disease case reporting may have contributed to increased timeliness.
Our study findings are subject to several limitations. The variables available for assessing NNDSS reporting timeliness are based on the MMWR week numbers that are assigned by states and the earliest known date reported in association with the case. While these variables might provide an estimate of national reporting timeliness, NNDSS data do not include a fixed date defining when a case report was initially transmitted to CDC or received at CDC, which would provide a more precise measure of national reporting timeliness. NNDSS data management protocols should be modified to permit direct calculation of national reporting timeliness. If the ability to support outbreak detection at the national level using NNDSS data is generally viewed as an important and sustainable enhancement for the NNDSS, states and CDC programs should facilitate reporting that more closely approximates real-time and define reporting protocols and data requirements to ensure that reporting timeliness can be improved and accurately monitored. The current NNDSS practice of weekly reporting and data processing limits reporting timeliness to CDC. Lastly, 72,293 (26.4%) cases were excluded from our analysis because the information contained in the database would not permit calculation of timeliness and this exclusion may have resulted in our study results either falsely overestimating or underestimating the magnitude of NNDSS reporting lags.
The reporting timeliness variations across states may result from different reporting protocols in the states (e.g., centralized versus distributed reporting within the state's public health system) or from variations in how states assign MMWR week numbers. Other factors that might have contributed to reporting delay in our study included: the patient's recognition of symptoms; the patient's acquisition of medical care; the use of confirmatory laboratory testing; reporting by the health care provider or the laboratory to the local, county, or state public health authority; the volume of cases identified in the state; case follow-up investigations to verify the case report or to collect additional case information; periods of decreased surveillance system activity due to variable staffing levels; computer system down-time for maintenance, upgrades, or new application development; and data processing routines, such as data validation or error checking. Following a structured approach to evaluation of timeliness by specifying the surveillance objectives and the process(es) being measured may allow better definition of the factors that contribute to reporting delay. It was beyond the scope of this study to assess how these factors contribute to NNDSS reporting timeliness.
In addition to reporting timeliness, other surveillance system attributes are important to assess (e.g., completeness of reporting). Completeness of notifiable infectious diseases reporting in the United States varies from 9% to 99% [7]. Six of the eight papers reviewed for this study assessed completeness of reporting [12-17]. One paper [14] noted that although the timeliness of the AIDS passive and active surveillance systems were comparable, the completeness of the active AIDS reporting system far exceeded the reporting completeness for the passive system. This highlights the importance of evaluating completeness and timeliness and other surveillance system attributes concurrently, before contemplating any changes to a surveillance system based on the assessment of a single attribute.
To improve public health surveillance infrastructure and performance in the United States, CDC and local and state health agencies are integrating a number of public health surveillance systems monitoring infectious diseases in the United States, including the NNDSS, into the National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS) [19,20]. NEDSS outlines a standards-based approach to disease surveillance and intends to connect public health surveillance to the clinical information systems infrastructure. As a result, NEDSS promises to improve the accuracy, completeness, and timeliness of disease reporting to state and local health departments and CDC.
Conclusions
To facilitate comparisons of surveillance system timeliness studies across jurisdictions or health conditions, a more standardized approach to describing timeliness studies is warranted. Public health surveillance systems should ensure that timeliness can be measured for specific surveillance system processes and in the context of the goals of surveillance. In addition, when timeliness is being measured, it is important to be explicit about how it is being measured. Our analysis of NNDSS reporting timeliness suggests that current acute hepatitis A infection reporting timeliness may be sufficient to support a timely public health response in the event of a multistate outbreak. However, for the other conditions evaluated, the long reporting lag and the variability across states limits the usefulness of NNDSS data and aberration detection analysis of those data for identification of and response to multistate outbreaks. The NNDSS timeliness data presented in this paper represents a baseline against which timeliness can be measured in the future. Further study is needed to identify the major sources of reporting delay and to assess how NNDSS reporting timeliness may be improved for the timely detection of cases and disease clusters.
Competing interests
None declared.
Author's contributions
Both authors contributed equally to project conception and write-up of the manuscript. RAJ was responsible for data analysis. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Additional File 1. Published reports quantitatively measuring timeliness of reporting infectious disease surveillance data. Table summarizes the findings of the review of published literature about quantitative measurements of infectious disease surveillance system timeliness
Format: DOC Size: 37KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Word Viewer
Acknowledgements
We wish to acknowledge the health departments from the 50 U.S. States, New York City, and Washington DC that collect nationally notifiable infectious disease data from various case ascertainment sources and voluntarily report these data to CDC.
References
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Epidemiol Rev 1988, 10:164-190. PubMed Abstract
2. Thacker SB: Historical development. In In Principles and Practice of Public Health Surveillance. Edited by Teutsch SM, Churchill RE. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc; 2000:1-16.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems: Recommendations from the Guidelines Working Group.
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7. Doyle TJ, Glynn MK, Groseclose SL: Completeness of notifiable infectious disease reporting in the United States: An analytical literature review.
Am J Epidemiol 2002, 155:866-874. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
8. James Chin (Ed): Control of Communicable Diseases Manual 17th edition. Washington DC: American Public Health Association; 2000.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Nationally notifiable infectious diseases event (disease or condition) code list with print criteria. [http://www.cdc.gov/epo/dphsi/phs/infdis.htm] webcite
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Am J Public Health 1991, 81:1313-1315. PubMed Abstract
12. Ackman DM, Birkhead G, Flynn M: Assessment of surveillance for meningococcal disease in New York State, 1991.
Am J Epidemiol 1996, 144:78-82. PubMed Abstract
13. Curtis AB, McCray E, McKenna M, Onorato IM: Completeness and timeliness of tuberculosis case reporting: A multistate study.
Am J Prev Med 2001, 20:108-112. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
14. Hsu L, Schwarcz S, Katz M: Comparison of simultaneous active and passive AIDS case reporting in San Francisco [Letters To The Editor].
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000, 23:204. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
15. Schwarcz SK, Hsu LC, Parisi MK, Katz MH: The impact of the 1993 AIDS case definition on the completeness and timeliness of AIDS surveillance.
AIDS 1999, 13:1109-1114. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
16. Standaert SM, Lefkowitz LB, Horan JM, Hutcheson RH, Shaffner W: The reporting of communicable diseases: A controlled study of Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae infections.
Clin Infect Dis 1995, 20:30-36. PubMed Abstract
17. Klevens RM, Fleming PL, Li J, Gaines CG, Gallagher K, Schwarcz S, Karon JM, Ward JW: The completeness, validity, and timeliness of AIDS surveillance data.
Annals of Epidemiol 2001, 11:443-449. Publisher Full Text
18. Effler P, Ching-Lee M, Bogard A, Ieong MC, Nekomoto T, Jernigan D: Statewide system of electronic notifiable disease reporting from clinical laboratories: Comparing automated reporting with conventional methods [erratum appears in JAMA 2000 Jun 14;283(22):2937].
JAMA 1999, 282:1845-1850. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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20. National Electronic Disease Surveillance Systems Working Group: National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS): A standards-based approach to connecting public health and clinical medicine.
Journal of Public Health Manag Pract 2001, 7:43-50.
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/4/29/prepub
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Roy's Postcards: 1984/07/31
Inscription:
The outside decor of the Anaheim Convention center looked considerably different from this today - decorated with all sorts of colorful 1984 Olympics banners and kiosks. Jesus Marroquin and I attended the Olympic Greco-Roman Wrestling Preliminary bouts this evening from 6 to 8:30. There was quite a lot of excitement especially for the USA Competitors. This was my first Olympic event ever to witness.
Leonard's comments:
Roy Rogers?
See also: olympics la
This document (source) is part of Crummy, the webspace of Leonard Richardson (contact information). It was last modified on Wednesday, May 15 2013, 13:00:10 Nowhere Standard Time and last built on Saturday, May 18 2013, 09:00:02 Nowhere Standard Time.
Crummy is © 1996-2013 Leonard Richardson. Unless otherwise noted, all text licensed under a Creative Commons License.
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Bibliography: Psycho Busters: The Novel Book One
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Title: Psycho Busters: The Novel Book One
Author: Yuya Aoki
Year: 2008
Type: NOVEL
Series: Psycho Busters
Series Number: 1
ISFDB Record Number: 1279702
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Nano Express
Surface Localization of Buried III–V Semiconductor Nanostructures
P Alonso-González*, L González, D Fuster, J Martín-Sánchez and Yolanda González
Author affiliations
Instituto de Microelectrónica de Madrid (IMM-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton, 8 Tres Cantos, Madrid, 28760, Spain
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
Nanoscale Research Letters 2009, 4:873-877 doi:10.1007/s11671-009-9329-3
Published: 9 May 2009
Abstract
In this work, we study the top surface localization of InAs quantum dots once capped by a GaAs layer grown by molecular beam epitaxy. At the used growth conditions, the underneath nanostructures are revealed at the top surface as mounding features that match their density with independence of the cap layer thickness explored (from 25 to 100 nm). The correspondence between these mounds and the buried nanostructures is confirmed by posterior selective strain-driven formation of new nanostructures on top of them, when the distance between the buried and the superficial nanostructures is short enough (d = 25 nm).
Keywords:
Droplet epitaxy; III–V Semiconductor nanostructures; MBE
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Hovannisian’s election headquarters says Feb 24 rally peaceful
PanARMENIAN.Net - Former presidential candidate, Heritage party leader Raffi Hovannisian’s election headquarters issued a statement on Feb 24 urgent rally in Liberty Square.
As the party’s spokesman Hovsep Khurshudyan told a PanARMENIAN.Net reporter, Yerevan municipality and police are informed of the urgent rally, citing Mr Hovannisian’s visit to provinces and assessment of the current situation as the goals of the rally.
According to Heritage leader’s campaign headquarters, the rally bears a peaceful character and will be held in line with Armenian Constitution and law on freedom of assembly. The headquarters also voiced hope that police will support the peaceful conduction of the rally.
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Dwelling on the hike in gas prices, Iskandaryan said the change also affected other countries importing Russian gas.
Armen Martirosyan noted that the price rise will further deteriorate the situation in the country, fostering emigration.
In this connection, Foreign Minister Edward Nalbandian left for Strasbourg to attend CoE foreign ministers meeting.
Orinats Yerkir party held a political council meeting on May 15, chaired by party leader Artur Baghdasaryan.
Partner news
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Getting Harder to Rank Well In Google?
Jul 8, 2004 • 8:40 am | (0) by | Filed Under Google Search Engine Optimization
Well, at least one person feels that it is getting harder to rank well in Google. A discussion over at WebmasterWorld discusses just that. Is it more competition or have things simply changed. If your not happy with your rankings and want to vent, in a polite manner, just the discussion.
Previous story: Yahoo!'s Stock Falls as Profits Double
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Is Textbook Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Really Dead?
Apr 25, 2006 • 7:11 am | (0) by | Filed Under SEO - Search Engine Optimization
A recent article by Mike Grehan named Does Textbook SEO Really Work Anymore? sprung some interesting discussion at Cre8asite Forums. The article explains that basic optimization simply won't do it anymore. You need to look at "end-user behavior" on your site to increase site traffic and usage. This requires more "creative thinking and promotional efforts" to increase your site's true popularity. It has been the popular topic in most forums recently, traffic versus links.
I have always been a believe that the core of SEO will always remain the same. You need certain structural components of your Web site to be a certain way, to ensure your pages are fully indexed by a search engine and to ensure the search engine properly understands the unique value of each individual page on your Web site. But to gain rankings these days, you do need to think as more of a marketer than as a SEO, in terms of generating site buzz. Now many SEOs are good at generating buzz for a site, either naturally or artificially - so an SEO's job is now inclusive of marketing...
Ammon Johns, in the thread, says "I fully agree with Mike's actual point - that SEO today is not so much a code thing as a marketing thing." I love how Bill Slawski puts it;
I'm not sure that text book SEO is dead. Maybe instead, it's just one chapter in the book.
The thread has some really outstanding comments, in response to Mike's request for feedback on his article.
Forum discussion at Cre8asite Forums. Worth a read, in my opinion.
Previous story: The Click Fraud Index Under Scrutiny
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Google Blocking Word "Google" In WebmasterWorld's Sitelinks?
Aug 10, 2009 • 8:39 am | (2) by | Filed Under Google Search Engine Optimization
A WebmasterWorld thread pointed out a very interesting observation in Google. A search for WebmasterWorld in Google shows Sitelinks for the site. But one of those Sitelinks seem to be cut off, the one with the "Google" in front of it.
The "Search News" Sitelink, is actually the "Google Search News" forum at WebmasterWorld. Why is Google shortening the link, and removing "Google" from it, when this forum is specifically about Google related search news, not search news in general.
It is a space issue or is it more related to the name "Google" being displayed in Sitelinks? I think it is more about shortening. If you look at the Sitelinks for a search on search engine roundtable forums or search engine watch forums, you will clearly see "Google" used in the Sitelinks. So I doubt there should be any conspiracy theory here.
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: Bing Classifies Cloaking Detection as "Single Word Query" Issue
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
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Federal coal leasing
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The federal government controls about a third of U.S. coal reserves, administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior through the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Federal coal is concentrated mainly west of the Mississippi. Most of the coal leased in the key Powder River Basin is federally owned.
The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920, as amended, and the Mineral Leasing Act for Acquired Lands of 1947, as amended, give the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) responsibility for coal leasing on about 570 million acres of BLM, national forest and other Federal lands, as well as private lands where the mineral rights have been retained by the Federal Government. The BLM is charged with assuing that the development of coal resources is done in an environmentally sound manner and is in the best interests of the Nation.[1]
Regulations that govern the BLM's coal leasing program are in Title 43, Groups 3000 and 3400 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). The CFR is also available on-line from the Government Printing Office (www.access.gpo.gov).[1]
Contents
Public Lands Coal Mine Leasing
Public lands are available for coal leasing after they have been evaluated through the BLM's multiple-use planning process. In areas where development of coal resources may conflict with the protection and management of other resources or public land uses, the BLM may identify mitigating measures which may appear on leases as either stipulations to uses or restrictions on operations.[1]
Limitations on Non-US Company Leasing
Any adult citizen of the United States may obtain and hold Federal coal leases. Minors may not acquire leases, but a lease may issued to a legal guardian or trustee on behalf of a minor. Associations of citizens and corporations organized under the laws of the United States or of any State also qualify.[1]
Aliens may hold interests in leases only by stock ownership in U.S. corporations holding leases and only if the laws of their country do not deny similar privileges to citizens of the United States. However, they may not hold a lease interest through units in a publicly traded partnership.[1]
Types of Coal Leases
The Federal Coal Leasing Amendments Act of 1976 (FCLAA), which amended Section 2 of the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920, requires that all public lands available for coal leasing be leased competitively. There are two notable exceptions to this requirement: (1) preference right lease applications where a lease may be issued on a noncompetitive basis to owners of pre-FCLAA prospecting permits; and (2) modifications of existing leases where contiguous lands of less than 160 acres are added non-competitively to an existing lease.[1]
Competitive Leasing Process
There are two distinct procedures for competitive coal leasing: (1) regional leasing where the BLM selects tracts within a region for competitive sale; and (2) leasing by application where the public nominates a particular tract of coal.[1]
Regional coal leasing requires the BLM to select potential coal leasing tracts based on multiple land use planning, expected coal demand and potential environmental and economic impacts. This process requires close consultation with local governments and citizens through a Federal/State advisory board known as a Regional Coal Team. However, because demand for new coal leasing has dropped in recent years, all current leasing is done by application.[1]
Leasing by application begins with BLM review of an application to lease a coal tract to ensure that it conforms to existing land-use plans and contains sufficient geologic data to determine the "fair market value" of the coal. Upon review of the application and consideration of public comments, the BLM will reject, modify or continue to process the application.[1]
Once the BLM accepts an application, the agency begins either an Environmental Analysis (EA) or Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). When a draft version of the EA or EIS has been prepared, the BLM seeks public comment on the proposed lease sale. At the same time, the BLM will also consult with other appropriate State, Federal and Indian government agencies.[1]
Preparations for the lease sale start with the BLM formulating an estimate of the "fair market value" of the coal. This number is kept secret and is used to evaluate the bids received during the sale.[1]
Sealed bids are accepted prior to the date of the sale and are publicly announced during the sale. The winning bid will be the highest one meeting or exceeding the coal tract's fair market value.[1]
Lease bonus bids
Lease bonus bids are monies paid over and above any royalties due on coal. The successful bidding company must pay one-fifth of the bonus at the time of sale and then a fifth every year for the next four years. This money is divided equally between the state and the federal government. Between 2003 and 2009, the state of Wyoming received $1.095 billion in bonus bid monies.[2]
Lease Terms and Conditions
Before the BLM issues a coal lease, the lessee must furnish a bond in an amount determined by the agency to ensure compliance with all lease terms and conditions. At a minimum, a bond is required that will cover any remaining balance of the bonus bid, as well as one year of advance rental and one-quarter year of advance royalties if the lease is in production. In addition, the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 requires sufficient bonding to cover anticipated reclamation costs. This bond is submitted to the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation Enforcement or the State regulatory office.[1]
Rental and Royalty Rates
The annual rental rate for coal leases is $3 per acre (or fraction thereof).[1]
The royalty for surface-mined coal has been established by law at 12% of the gross value of the coal produced. For coal mined by underground methods, the BLM requires an 8% royalty. In both cases, royalty receipts are shared equally with the State in which the lease is located.[1]
Transfer or Sale of a Lease
The BLM may assign a lease in whole or in part to another entity that is qualified to hold a Federal coal lease. The rights of the entity receiving the lease, however, will not be recognized by the BLM until the assignment is approved and the original lessee remains responsible for all obligations of the lease until the approval occurs.[1]
Under certain circumstances, an exchange of coal leases may be allowed for the purposes of compensation, or when it is in the public interest.[1]
Termination of a Lease
A Federal coal lease has an initial term of 20 years, but it may be terminated in as few as 10 years if the coal resources are not diligently developed. In addition, if the lessee fails to comply with the provisions of the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920, as amended, or fails to comply with any applicable regulations, lease terms or stipulations, the BLM may take legal steps to terminate the lease.[1]
Federal share of overall U.S. coal reserves
The U.S. government of by far the largest owner of coal in the United States.
Table 4: Major Holders of U.S. Coal Reserves (Billion short tons). Note: Figure for U.S. Government is based on a National Mining Association calculation based on federal ownership of about one-third of the United States' coal reserves of 264 billion short tons.[3]
Holder Estimate Reserves
1. U.S. Government 88.000
2. Great Northern Properties Limited Partnership 20.000
3. Peabody Energy 8.200
4. CONSOL Energy 4.422
5. Arch Coal 2.900
6. North American Coal 2.400
7. Massey Energy 2.300
8. Natural Resource Partners LP 2.300
9. Pocahontas Land Corp. (Norfolk Southern) 1.730
10. Murray Energy 1.685
11. Foundation Coal 1.585
12. Rio Tinto 1.400
13. Luminant (formerly TXU and Alcoa) 1.300
14. Patriot Coal Corp. (formerly Peabody mines) 1.263
15. International Coal Group 0.965
16. Westmoreland Coal 0.946
17. Penn Virginia Resource Partners, LP 0.818
18. Alliance Resource Partners 0.713
19. Magnum Coal Company 0.650
20. Alpha Natural Resources 0.618
Federal ownership in the Powder River Basin
As shown in the map below of the Gillette field, the core production area of the Powder River Basin, the Federal government is the primary owner of coal in most western states.[4]
Obama administration and coal leasing on public lands
U.S. federal coal leases have fallen since 2008. The number of tons the government leased from 2008-2011 averaged 272 million. By contrast, the Bush administration leased an average of 515 million tons annually between 2002 and 2008. However, federal royalties are continuing to rise, reaching $701 million in fiscal 2011. Overall, U.S. coal production totaled 1.17 billion short tons in 2008, but declined to 1.074 billion tons in 2009 and reached 1.084 billion in 2010. 2011 totals are expected to be roughly 1.08 billion tons.[5]
Coal mining to expand on Wyoming and Montana public lands
On March 22, 2011 Secretary of Interior Ken Salazar stated that his office was opening up four tracts of land in Wyoming's section of the Powder River Basin for coal development. The leases are expected to bring in between $13.4 billion and $21.3 billion in leasing bids and royalties to the federal government and the state of Wyoming, stated Salazar. Wyoming will receive 48% of those revenues, with the rest going to the federal government.
The four tracts of land in northeast Wyoming are expected to yield about 758 million tons of coal.[6] A day after Salazar announced the deal to open public lands to mining operations, Marion Loomis, executive director of the Wyoming Mining Association, stated that Salazar's office had overestimated the amount of money the leases would bring in by "a factor of 10". The real amount of money the mines would likely produce will be closer to $2 billion.[7]
On April 20, 2011 the BLM it would sell leases for more than 61 million tons of coal in central Montana. The leases on 2,680 acres near the Signal Peak Mine, will be auctioned in a competitive sale the summer of 2011. The sale would open an additional 72 million tons of private and state coal reserves to potential mining operations.[8]
According to the report, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in 1990 “decertified” the Powder River Basin as a “coal production region,” allowing BLM to avoid following standard leasing procedures by limiting environmental review to the impact of individual leases, not the cumulative effect of all mining in the region. The designation also enables coal companies - rather than the federal government - to design lease boundaries, which can preclude competition. The report found that in the last 20 years, only three lease sales out of 21 had more than one bidder. The decertification also thwarts the BLM from doing a regional analysis of global warming impacts in the region from coal mining, and has blocked the agency from limiting coal leasing or otherwise adopting measures to address global warming.[9]
As of November 2009, the BLM was pushing to offer 12 new coal leases in the Powder River Basin that would collectively mine up to 5.8 billion tons of coal—as much coal as has been mined from the region in the last 20 years.[9]
The report recommends that BLM should refrain from issuing its 12 proposed coal leases, "recertify” the Powder River Basin a “coal production region” to restore competitiveness, prepare a regional environmental analysis that addresses the global warming impacts of coal mining in the Powder River Basin, and address the impacts of any new coal leases by requiring coal companies to pay a carbon fee for new leases that would be used to create a Global Warming Impact Fund.[9]
In June 2012 Peabody Energy picked up 721 million tons of coal for about $1.10 a ton under a lease program operated by the BLM.[10]
Decertification of Powder River Basin as a coal-producing region
A 2009 WildEarth Guardians report "Undermining the Climate" found that coal mining in the Powder River Basin of northeastern Wyoming and southeastern Montana is the largest contributor to global warming in the United States, a distinction made worse by a federal coal leasing program that has diminished competition and undermined regulatory efforts to address global warming.[9]
Planned lawsuit against BLM over leases and greenhouse gas emissions
On July 12, 2010, WildEarth Guardians, Defenders of Wildlife, and Sierra Club said they plan to file a lawsuit in federal court alleging that the Department of Interior and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) are not properly evaluating the impact of greenhouse gases created by the sale of the rights to massive tracts of coal in northeast Wyoming. The groups had previously raised similar issues in a petition and subsequent lawsuit against Interior in a Denver federal court, as well as a recently withdrawn appeal at the Interior Board of Land Appeals of a coal lease known as West Antelope II.[11]
The suit, to be filed in the US District Court for the District of Columbia, alleges that federal agencies failed to consider air quality impacts, as outlined under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, and did not adequately address impacts of greenhouse gases or consider alternatives. The suit will also challenge the agency's 20-year-old decertification of the basin as a coal production region, which allows companies to nominate and bid on what are essentially customized tracts of coal. The groups say the current process, known as leasing by application, allows companies to skirt what should be a more comprehensive environmental review. The groups hope the suit has the potential to change the federal government's environmental review process for the billions of tons of coal it sells in the Powder River Basin, slowing the acquisition of reserves by the four largest US coal companies. The region annually produces over 400 million short tons of coal -- some 40% of the coal produced in the US.[11]
The leasing issue has already drawn the attention of major PRB producers such as Peabody Energy, Arch Coal, Cloud Peak Energy, and Alpha Natural Resources, who have met with state officials to discuss various concerns about future reserve acquisitions. In the same week as the planned lawsuit was announced, coal industry representatives are scheduled to meet in Washington with the congressional offices of western- and coal-producing states. Industry officials say the lawsuits and appeals for new coal leases have forced them to lengthen the amount of time they allow for acquiring reserves, a point Wyoming Governor Dave Freudenthal has raised with top officials at Interior in letters and face-to-face meetings over the past year.[11]
BLM and contested federal coal leases
On July 30, 2010, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) announced that one of 11 federal coal leases pending approval south of Gillette, WY, can be sold, despite strong opposition from environmental groups, who have yet to have their concerns about global warming impacts addressed.[12] The Jim Bridger Mine in southwestern Wyoming is expanding its operations to approximately another 2,000 acres. The expansion includes new lease holdings on private land bordering the mine 35 miles northeast of Rock Springs. The mine, which provides coal to the adjacent Jim Bridger Steam Plant, is already the largest in Sweetwater County. The plant provides electricity to customers of Salt Lake City-based PacifiCorp and Idaho Power in Wyoming and five other Western states.[13]
The BLM will announce its decision on three more leases in separate upcoming decisions. The 11 leases total an estimated 4.5 billion tons of coal distributed between seven mines in the Powder River Basin and would guarantee the life of those mines for the next 20 to 30 years. This first lease, applied for in 2004, is for the Belle Ayr Mine. It covers 1,671 acres and the BLM estimates it contains about 221.7 million tons of mineable coal. The lease is estimated to provide enough reserves for Belle Ayr mine through the year 2030. Wyoming BLM state director Don Simpson wrote in his record of decision that it "is in the public interest" to offer the lease so the reserves are available to meet the EIA's projected national coal demand that is expected to exist until at least 2035. According to the BLM decision document, if Powder River Basin coal is not mined, it would most likely be replaced by coal from other domestic and international coal producers that would be "more costly, worse for the environment, and mined in places where coal mine reclamation may not be as successful."[12]
The BLM also released its report on July 30, 2010, of what it thinks the environmental and economic impact will be of mining six of the leases next to Black Thunder Mine and North Antelope Rochelle Mine, the largest coal mining operation in the U.S. Those six leases include an estimated 2.5 billion tons of coal. The BLM will take comments on the report until Aug. 30.[12]
Members of US Congress call for Department to issue coal leases
On September 22, 2010, 36 members of the US Congress from coal mining states wrote a letter urging Interior Secretary Ken Salazar to "defend the agency's coal-leasing program" against lawsuits filed recently by environmental groups. The lawsuits ask the Department to begin considering air quality and climate change impacts when determining federal coal leasing. The lawmakers played the usual economic card, stating the 5.8 billion short tons in pending federal coal sales is vital "to the economy and energy security of this nation." The letter was also signed by the committee Chairman Nick Rahall, a West Virginia Democrat. In all, 20 House Republicans and eight Democrats signed the letter. Eight Republican senators also signed on.[14]
BLM denies petition to re-certify PRB as coal producing region
In Feb. 2011, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management denied the 2009 petition by WildEarth Guardians and the Sierra Club asking the BLM to change the federal leasing policy so that the BLM alone would decide which coal reserves to sell. Since 1990, the government has allowed the coal industry to nominate deposits to mine in the Powder River Basin in Wyoming and Montana. The groups said that having the federal government follow formal leasing procedures, including consideration of environmental and economic impacts and competitive bidding, would help create more competition for the leases while improving oversight of coal's contribution to climate change.[15] BLM Director Bob Abbey said the existing process provides an "optimum" public return, and that limiting coal mining in one area would not affect worldwide coal use or climate change.[16]
Even with lower leasing fees, price of PRB coal going up
Since October 2009, the price for a one-month contract for Wyoming's Powder River Basin coal, which supplies about 45 percent of all US consumption, has risen 67 percent to $13.80 a ton, according to coal broker Evolution Markets. Since 2000, demand for coal has been growing 5 percent annually, according to a study by Tudor, Pickering, Holt & Co. Securities, a Houston-based investment bank, helping drive coal prices up.[17]
Coal leases and exports
According to a Reuters article in December 2012, coal companies are valuing federal coal at lower domestic prices rather than higher international prices so they “can dodge the larger royalty payout when mining federal land,” even though much of the coal was slated for export to Asia and Europe. In response, Senators Ron Wyden (D-OR) and Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) called on Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar to investigate, saying they were concerned that coal companies are not paying high enough royalties on coal mined on public lands: "If any violations of the law have occurred, companies should be required to cure any gap in royalty payments and, if misconduct has occurred, civil penalties should be levied,” according to Wyden and Murkowsi’s letter.[18]
Five coal export terminals have been proposed in Oregon and Washington; much of the exports are expected to come from federal coal lands.[18]
Public lands coal mining in Utah to expand
On October 10, 2011 Utah state's Division of Oil, Gas and Mining approved a preliminary permit for the Coal Hollow Mine, located on private land just 10 miles south of Bryce Canyon National Park. The mine would be the state's first strip coal mine. Alton Coal Development hopes to mine 2 million tons of coal per year for three years. The company must secure a $6 million reclamation bond before receiving final approval of its mining permit.[19] According to an internal memo obtained by the Associated Press, the permitting decision may have been fast-tracked by Governor Herbert after a meeting during which Alton complained that the process was taking too long.[20]
In November 2011, a coalition of environmental groups filed a petition to block the mine, arguing that the project would damage the region's air, water, wildlife and cultural resources. The groups include The Utah chapter of the Sierra Club, Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance, the Natural Resources Defense Council and the National Parks Conservation Association.[19] The Division of Oil, Gas and Mining is expected to begin hearings on the petition in December.[20]
BLM considers expanding Coal Hallow Mine
In November of 2011 it was announced that Bureau of Land Management reported it was considering a proposal to greatly expand the Coal Hallow Mine operation to more than 3,500 acres from a 635 acre mine. The the agency released a Draft Environmental Impact Statement laying out the proposal, which quickly drew reaction from environmental and conservation groups that formed an online petition opposing the project.[21][22]
Citizen action
200 million ton coal lease in Wyoming overturned
In late March, 2011 the WildEarth Guardians helped to overturn a U.S. Forest Service decision authorizing more than 222 million tons of coal mining in Wyoming's Powder River Basin.
In March 2011 the Rocky Mountain Regional Office of the Forest Service “reversed in whole” a decision that consented to the leasing of more than 222 million tons of coal to be mined. The U.S. Bureau of Land Management issues coal leases, however if leases include National Forests or Grasslands, they cannot lease them without getting permissions from the Forest Service first.
In this case, the Forest Service consented to the issuance of the South Hilight coal lease, which would have facilitated the expansion of the Black Thunder Mine in Wyoming. The lease included portions of the Thunder Basin National Grassland in northeastern Wyoming. When burned, WildEarth Guardians contended, "the coal would release more than 400,000,000 tons of carbon dioxide—equal to the annual emissions from 87 coal-fired power plants."[23]
Legislative Issues
Reports
Lost government revenues from coal leases
A 2012 report by Tom Sanzillo of the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis concluded that, since 1982, the Fair Market Value (FMV) lease process administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) provided a $28.9 billion subsidy to coal producers and utilities in lost royalties and bonuses. The bids by coal companies for leases did not match the estimated market value of the reserves, which the report attributes to the increasing privatization of the federal leasing system and lack of government oversight. In total, nine billion tons of coal were mined, with 12 billion more tons slated to be mined between 2011 and 2035.
Resources
References
1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 "The Federal Coal Leasing Program," US Bureau of Land Management
2. "Concise Guide to Wyoming Coal, 2010," Wyoming Mining Association, accessed October 16, 2010
3. 2007 Coal Producers Survey, National Mining Association, 2008
4. James Luppens et al, Assessment of Coal Geology, Resources, and Reserves in the Gillette Coalfield, Powder River Basin, Wyoming, US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1202, 2008, Figure 63
5. "Coal extraction poses climate challenge for Obama administration" Juliet Eilperin, Washington Post, December 25, 2011.
6. "Coal mining to expand on public lands in Wyoming" Jim Spellman, CNN.com, March 22, 2011.
7. "Salazar appears to have vastly overstated coal money in Wyoming" Jeremy Fugleberg, Star Tribune, March 24, 2011.
8. "61M tons of coal near Roundup to be leased by BLM" Associated Press, April 20, 2011.
9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Jeremy Nichols, "Undermining the Climate" WildEarth Guardians report, November 23, 2009.
10. "Coal is Cheaper Than Dirt -- It's a Joke, But It's On Taxpayers" NRDC, June 28, 2012.
11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 Peter Gartrell, "Environmental groups to sue US BLM, Interior over coal leases" Platts, accessed July 2010.
12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 Steve McNamanen, "BLM: 1 of 11 federal coal leases can be sold" Gillette News, July 31, 2010.
13. "Feds approve expansion of Wyoming coal mine" Bloomberg, August 2, 2010.
14. "US lawmakers urge Salazar to fight challenges to Wyoming coal leases" Platts, Sep. 22, 2010.
15. Christine Shearer, "Tapping "Our" Resources: Declining Returns on Fossil Fuel Leases" truthout, Feb. 4, 2011.
16. "BLM denies request to change coal leasing process" Charleston Gazette, Feb. 7, 2011.
17. Mark Jaffe, "Rising coal costs will be felt in electric bills" The Denver Post, Oct. 26, 2010.
18. 18.0 18.1 Jessica Goad, "Bipartisan Pair Of Senators Calls For Investigation Into U.S. Taxpayer Losses From Coal Exports," Climate Progress, Jan. 4, 2013.
19. 19.0 19.1 Mark Havnes, "Environmental groups move to stop strip mine," Salt Lake Tribune, November 20, 2009.
20. 20.0 20.1 "Memo: Utah regulators sped up mine permit decision," Associated Press, November 19, 2009.
21. "BLM Considering Proposal To Expand Coal Mine Near Bryce Canyon National Park" Kurt Repanshek, Natural Parks Traveler, November 14, 2011.
22. "Dirty Coal Should Stay in the Ground" Dirty Coal Should Stay in the Ground, Sharon Buccino, NRDC, November 3, 2011.
23. "WildEarth Guardians Scores Victories for Clean Energy" WildEarth Guardians, Press Release, April 7, 2011.
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If you can provide examples of premature scenarios that would be great!
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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/2922/why-programmers-should-learn-economics/
Why Programmers Should Learn Economics
January 5, 2005 by
Joel On Software writes about why Computer Science college students should learn microeconomics:
Why should CS majors learn econ? Because a programmer who understands the fundamentals of business is going to be a more valuable programmer, to a business, than a programmer who doesn’t. That’s all there is to it. I can’t tell you how many times I’ve been frustrated by programmers with crazy ideas that make sense in code but don’t make sense in capitalism. If you understand this stuff, you’re a more valuable programmer, and you’ll get rewarded for it, for reasons which you’ll also learn in micro.
I would only add that there are a number of other professions that could benefit from knowing what are “crazy ideas that… don’t make sense in capitalism” like historians, sociologists, pastors, politicians, political scientists, …
His take on micro versus (mainstream) macro is dead on:
…econ is one of those fields that starts off with a bang, with many useful theories and facts that make sense, can be proven in the field, etc., and then it’s all downhill from there. The useful bang at the beginning is microeconomics, which is the foundation for literally every theory in business that matters. After that things start to deteriorate: you get into Macroeconomics (feel free to skip this if you want) with its interesting theories about things like the relationship of interest rates to unemployment which, er, seem to be disproven more often than they are proven, and after that it just gets worse and worse and a lot of econ majors switch out to Physics, which gets them better Wall Street jobs, anyway. But make sure you take Microeconomics, because you have to know about supply and demand, you have to know about competitive advantage, and you have to understand NPVs and discounting and marginal utility before you’ll have any idea why business works the way it does.
See more from Joel along these lines. Also scroll down to see his take on why programming students should “Stop worrying about all the jobs going to India.”
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Basics of WCF Security (Unpublished)
In last edition of Basics of WCF Security series, we discussed ProtectionLevel Security Setting in WCF. Today’s WCF corner is a continuation on the same topic. As usual, this article assumes that you have a fair understanding of basics of WCF and you have at least written or seen a simple WCF application in action.
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Wikia
Changes: SRD:Deflect Arrows
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(Changes references from (Endhaven) to (Endhaven Supplmenet))
m (1 revision: SRD import)
Latest revision as of 23:14, August 11, 2009
This material is published under the OGL
Deflect Arrows [General]Edit
PrerequisitesEdit
Dex 13, Improved Unarmed Strike.
BenefitEdit
You must have at least one hand free (holding nothing) to use this feat. Once per round when you would normally be hit with a ranged weapon, you may deflect it so that you take no damage from it. You must be aware of the attack and not flatfooted.
Attempting to deflect a ranged weapon doesn’t count as an action. Unusually massive ranged weapons and ranged attacks generated by spell effects can’t be deflected.
SpecialEdit
A monk may select Deflect Arrows as a bonus feat at 2nd level, even if she does not meet the prerequisites.
A fighter may select Deflect Arrows as one of his fighter bonus feats.
Back to Main PageSystem Reference DocumentFeats
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(Packages: drop gnupg section as we now have gnupg 1.4)
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* [http://patchwork.ozlabs.org/project/buildroot/list/ Project patchwork]
* [http://patchwork.ozlabs.org/project/buildroot/list/ Project patchwork]
* [[Buildroot:DeveloperDaysELCE2012 | Buildroot Developers Days]], 3-4 November 2012, Barcelona Spain, before ELCE.
* [[Buildroot:DeveloperDaysELCE2012 | Buildroot Developers Days]], 3-4 November 2012, Barcelona Spain, before ELCE.
+
+
==List of forks==
+
+
* [https://github.com/nezticle/RaspberryPi-BuildRoot]. A Rasberry-Pi related fork.
==Todo list==
==Todo list==
Revision as of 09:27, 5 February 2013
Buildroot is a nice, simple, and efficient embedded Linux build system.
Contents
Important links
List of forks
• [1]. A Rasberry-Pi related fork.
Todo list
This is a list of improvements that we would like to see in buildroot. Feel free to add suggestions here. If you're working on one of these items, put your name and the date behind it, to avoid duplicate work.
Packages
• Create a package for qt5 (separate from qt4)
• Create a package for python3 (probably separate from the current python package)
Documentation
• Document how to contribute (patches to list instead of bugzilla, SOB, formatting rules, acked-by and tested-by, how often to repost, what to expect, CC's, ...) basic guide
• Document how a package patch should be formatted (Comment, SOB, file naming rules, ...) + send upstream + CC sendpatches
• In documentation, explain how to report a bug
• Manual (re)organization (content and organization suggestions for the manual)
Build/release infrastructure
• Peter sets up a planet on whatever server and links to it from buildroot website
• Peter adds a script to the website to generate on-line documentation from asciidoc
Core Buildroot infrastructure
• Clean up infrastructure for applying patches: modify apply-patches script to support new naming scheme, migrate existing patches, remove architecture-specific patch support
• Add rsync to target-finalize, document this as the preferred method of customizing the target rootfs
• It would be nice to add a br-configure script in host/usr/bin for autotools-based packages. Run ...BUILDROOTSDK/usr/bin/br-configure --enable-foo --disable-bar, and the br-configure script would call the ./configure script in the current directory passing all the right options (--host, and all environment variables CC, LD, AS, AR and such).
• Make the HOST-directory a relocatable SDK:
• Make sure that all binaries and libraries built for the host are built with a rpath pointing to host/usr/lib. Normally, this should already be the case, but it's worth checking.
• Change the rpath value to $ORIGIN/../lib instead of the current absolute path $(O)/host/usr/lib.
• Modify the compiler wrapper program of external toolchains so that instead of using a fixed location for the compiler tools, it deduces their location in a relative manner from its current location.
• Modify/patch pkg-config so that instead of having a fixed location for the PKG_CONFIG_PATH and PKG_CONFIG_SYSROOT_DIR, those are deduced from the location of the pkg-config binary. This will allow a pkg-config binary that has been moved to still operate properly, without having to set any environment variable.
• Write a shell script, installed in host/usr/bin, which would mungle the libtool .la files, the qmake.conf file and the CMake toolchain file to set the correct path. This script reads a file (can be host/usr/share/buildroot/location) which contains the original location of the SDK. This allows the script to do the right modifications on all the libtool, qmake.conf and cmake files. Once this is done, the script changes the host/usr/share/buildroot/location file so that it contains the new location.
• Modify the external toolchain wrapper so that it bails out and warns the user if the directory it is executed in doesn't match the location of host/usr/share/buildroot/location. We haven't discussed how this could work with internal and crosstool-NG toolchains, though.
TODO items under discussion
Here are some nice-to-have's for which it is not entirely clear if and how they could be implemented:
• Out-of-tree builds, which allows the package source to be shared between different output directories and between host and target compiles.
• It would be nice if you could run a buildroot command that prepares a local copy of a package's source, and allows you to generate patches for it later. This could use git or quilt to keep track of the patches.
• It would be nice if there was a make target to reinstall everything to the target (i.e. remove all the target-installed stamps, remove the root stamp, maybe remove the target too). However, what is missing is the copying of the toolchain support files (libc.so etc.). It's not obvious that this can be done in a reliable way.
• It would be nice if there was some common infrastructure to combine the images into one final flash or SD card or whatever image. However, it is probably difficult to find the commonality of all the different use cases. And we don't even see all these use cases.
• SoC-specific architectures: it would be nice if the user could select e.g. OMAP3 instead of Cortex-A8. It's a bit unclear what granularity would be needed here (OMAP? OMAP3? OMAP3530?). Also, it seems to be too much maintenance work to support all that, and the list of SoCs or SoC families could grow very long.
• The uninstall targets are pretty useless because they don't really work. Should we remove support for uninstall?
• It would be nice to have support for neon, vfp, thumb2, ... Tricky for external compilers, because we must know if it matches the options we want to give it.
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3rd Regiment, Tennessee Infantry (Clack's) (Confederate)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States U.S. Military Tennessee Tennessee Military Tennessee in the Civil War 3rd Regiment, Tennessee Infantry (Clack's)
Contents
Brief History
Also known as the 3rd (Brown's) Tennessee Volunteer Infantry Regiment.
Records filed as 3rd (Clack's) Tennessee Infantry Regiment.
Organized May 16, 1861 at Lynnville, Giles County; mustered into Confederate service at Camp Trousdale, August 7, 1861; reorganized September 26, 1862; merged into 4th Consolidated Tennessee Infantry Regiment April 9, 1865; paroled at Greensboro, North Carolina, May 1, 1865. [1] This regiment was completed its organization at Lynnville, Giles County, Tennessee, in May, 1861. [2]
Companies in this Regiment with the Counties of Origin
Men often enlisted in a company recruited in the counties where they lived though not always. After many battles, companies might be combined because so many men were killed or wounded. However if you are unsure which company your ancestor was in, try the company recruited in his county first.
The information for the companies listed is from 3rd Tennessee Infantry, Giles County, submitted by Bob Wamble, (accessed 18 Nov 2011).
The Goodspeed Histories, Vol 6, has the following information which is a little different from the above.
3rd Tennessee Regiment of Infantry
Company A: Captain John C. Brown - many men from Giles County
Company B: Captain Thomas M. Gordon - many men from Giles County
Company D: Captain William Peaton - many men from Giles County
Company G: Captain Calvin H. Walker - many men from Giles County
Company K: Captain F. C. Barber - many men from Giles County
Reorganized September 26, 1862 as follows:
Company A:(Formerly Company K) Captain F. C. Barger
Company B (Captain Robert A. Mitchell
Company G (Formerly Company A) Captain David Rhea
Company H (Formerly Company G) Captain James J. Walker
Company I (Formerly Company D) Captain D. G. Alexander
The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors database lists 2,561 men on its roster for this unit. Roster.
Other Sources
• Beginning United States Civil War Research gives steps for finding information about a Civil War soldier or sailor. It covers the major records that should be used. Additional records are described in 'Tennessee in the Civil War' and 'United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865' (see below).
• National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, is searchable by soldier's name and state. It contains basic facts about soldiers on both sides of the Civil War, a list of regiments, descriptions of significant battles, sources of the information, and suggestions for where to find additional information.
• Tennessee in the Civil War describes many Confederate and Union sources, specifically for Tennessee, and how to find them.. These include compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc.
• United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865 describes and explains United States and Confederate States records, rather than state records, and how to find them. These include veterans’ censuses, compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc.
• Lindsley, John B. The Military Annals of Tennessee: Confederate, First Series; Embracing a Review of Military Operations, with Regimental Histories and Memorial Rolls, Compiled from Original and Official Sources. 1886. Reprint. Spartanburg, South Carolina: Reprint Co., 1974. (Family History Library book 976.8 M2L.) Digital versions at Ancestry ($); Internet Archive. Brief history and memorial rolls for the 3rd Regiment of the Tennessee Confederate Infantry starts on page 175.
• 3rd Tennessee Infantry, (accessed 26 Sep 2011). Brief history, including reorganization. List of companies and officers.
References
1. Tennesseans in the Civil War, 3rd (Brown's) Tennessee Volunteer Infantry Regiment, (accessed 18 Nov 2011).
2. National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, (accessed 6 December 2010).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 4 January 2013, at 02:56.
• This page has been accessed 620 times.
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This article is part of the supplement: EGASP '05: ENCODE Genome Annotation Assessment Project
Research
Automatic annotation of eukaryotic genes, pseudogenes and promoters
Victor Solovyev1*, Peter Kosarev2, Igor Seledsov2 and Denis Vorobyev2
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Science, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
2 Softberry Inc., Radio Circle, Mount Kisco, NY10549, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
Genome Biology 2006, 7(Suppl 1):S10 doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-s1-s10
Published: 7 August 2006
Abstract
Background
The ENCODE gene prediction workshop (EGASP) has been organized to evaluate how well state-of-the-art automatic gene finding methods are able to reproduce the manual and experimental gene annotation of the human genome. We have used Softberry gene finding software to predict genes, pseudogenes and promoters in 44 selected ENCODE sequences representing approximately 1% (30 Mb) of the human genome. Predictions of gene finding programs were evaluated in terms of their ability to reproduce the ENCODE-HAVANA annotation.
Results
The Fgenesh++ gene prediction pipeline can identify 91% of coding nucleotides with a specificity of 90%. Our automatic pseudogene finder (PSF program) found 90% of the manually annotated pseudogenes and some new ones. The Fprom promoter prediction program identifies 80% of TATA promoters sequences with one false positive prediction per 2,000 base-pairs (bp) and 50% of TATA-less promoters with one false positive prediction per 650 bp. It can be used to identify transcription start sites upstream of annotated coding parts of genes found by gene prediction software.
Conclusion
We review our software and underlying methods for identifying these three important structural and functional genome components and discuss the accuracy of predictions, recent advances and open problems in annotating genomic sequences. We have demonstrated that our methods can be effectively used for initial automatic annotation of the eukaryotic genome.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
24 July 2012
Daily archive · 10 posts
Stories from 24 July 2012
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The Bahamas: Comments on the Colorado Shooting
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Gender Verification Policy Introduced at London 2012 Olympics
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On Colombia's Independence Day, bloggers and Twitter users expressed all sorts of opinions on the Internet. While some commemorated the day by showing their pride for being Colombian, others commented on the situation regarding the indigenous people of Cauca, the presence of multinational corporations, and other current topics.
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March, 2009
Adding Insult to Injury – Homeowners Told to Walk Away From Loan Modifications
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User:Karlena L. Brown/Notebook/PVOH Research/2012/10/26
From OpenWetWare
< User:Karlena L. Brown | Notebook | PVOH Research | 2012 | 10
Revision as of 14:53, 30 November 2012 by Karlena L. Brown (Talk | contribs)
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PVOH Research Main project page
Previous entry Next entry
OBJECTIVES
• Make porphyrin solutions with varied SO42- salts
• Take UV-Vis of varied porphyrin solutions with diluted varied SO42- salts
Porphyrin Salt Selection and Preparations 2
SO42- salts used:Fe2(SO4)3, Al3(SO4)3, FeSO4, & Na2SO4
Preparing 10mM Stock Solutions For Each Salt :
1. Obtain four clean 100mL volumetric flasks with stoppers
2. Measure out calculated amounts of each salt to establish 10mM concentration
3. Add varied salt amounts to each volumetric flask (one salt per flask)
4. Fill each volumetric flask ½ full with HPLC grade H2O
5. Swirl each flask thoroughly for ~ 5 minutes to begin the dissolving process
6. Finish adding HPLC grade H2O to each volumetric flask to line
(Ensure that the volumetric calibration line is not surpassed or solution must be remade.)
10mM Salt Solution Calculations
• 10mM Fe2(SO4)3 Solution
MW Fe2(SO4)3: 278.91 g/mol
10mM Fe2(SO4)3 × (100mL H2O / 1000mL H2O) × (278.91g Fe2(SO4)3 / 1 mol Fe2(SO4)3) = 0.2789g Fe2(SO4)3
• 10mM Al3(SO4)3 Solution
MW Al3(SO4)3: 356.37 g/mol
10mM Al3(SO4)3 × (100mL H2O / 1000mL H2O) × (656.37g Al3(SO4)3 / 1 mol Al3(SO4)3) = 0.6564g Al3(SO4)3
• 10mM FeSO4 Solution
MW FeSO4: 278.01 g/mol
10mM FeSO4 × (50mL H2O / 1000mL H2O) × (278.01g FeSO4 / 1 mol FeSO4) = 0.1390g FeSO4
• 10mM Na2SO4 Solution
MW Na2SO4: 142.04 g/mol
10mM Na2SO4 × (100mL H2O / 1000mL H2O) × (142.04g Na2SO4 / 1 mol Na2SO4) = 0.1420g Na2SO4
SO42- Salts Selected Salt Mass Needed (g) Actual Salt Mass (g) HPLC Grade H2O Added (mL) Total Concentration(mM)
Fe2(SO4)30.28790.310010010
Al3(SO4)30.65640.655610010
FeSO40.13900.139410010
Na2SO40.14200.146410010
UV-Vis Spectrum of Porphyrin with Salts 2
Notes
• The Al3(SO4)3 10mM solution was very opaque and cloudy with some precipitate slightly falling out of solution. Before using the Al3(SO4)3 solution, it had to be swirled to ensure that all precipitate was in solution.
• Also for the FeSO4 10mM salt solution, it was prepared in a 50mL volumetric flask instead of a 100mL volumetric flask.
• Also for the 10mM salt solutions of Fe2(SO4)3 and Na2SO4, these solutions were actually prepared through the process of dilution in conical test tubes. 1mL of the 100mM salt solution for each substance was taken and diluted with 9mL of HPLC grade H2O to produce the 10mM salt solution of each substance.
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User:Torsten Waldminghaus
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'''Lost and found protocols:'''
'''Lost and found protocols:'''
Revision as of 10:49, 19 February 2009
Me after not brushing my teeth for 4 weeks
Hi, my name is Torsten Waldminghaus, and I'm currently Postdoc at the Norwegian Radium Hospital in Oslo (Norway) in Skarstad lab. I was let to OpenWetWare by google, searching for certain protocols. I just started my Postdoc time and I'm going to set up a bunch of methods that have not been done in my new lab. So I benefit a lot from people sharing their protocols on the internet and thought it might be a good idea to also let the world participate on my wisdom and experince. That's why I'm here. If you still want to you can email me through OpenWetWare. Below I'll describe a bit more about myself and the stuff I'm interested in.
Contents
CV
• 2008: Bought T-shirt of the Univerity of Oxford
• Since 2007: Postdoc at the Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo (Norway) in the lab of Kirsten Skarstad
• 2004-2007: PhD at the Ruhr-University Bochum (Germany) PhD-thesis: ‘RNA-thermometers in bacteria’ in the lab of Franz Narberhaus
• 2002-2004: Studies in bioinformatics at the University of applied science Berlin (Germany) Master-thesis: ‘In silico analysis and selection of RNA secondary structures’ at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology under supervision of Volker Patzel
• 1999-2002: Studies in biology at the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald (Germany) Diploma-thesis: ‘Investigations on the expression of clpX in Bacillus subtilis’ at the Division for Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology in the lab of Michael Hecker
• 1996-1999: Basic studies in biology at the University of Potsdam (Germany)
Grants and Awards
• 2008-2010: Two year postdoc grant of the German Research Council (DFG)
• 2008: Ruth Massenberg Prize of Ruhr-University Bochum (Germany) for outstanding PhD thesis
• 2008: Travel grant of FEMS
• 2006: Travel grant of Ruth und Gert Massenberg Stiftung
Research interests
In general I like bacteria and complex systems.
A bit more detailed I enjoy working on:
• Regulation of replication in bacteria
• RNA dependent or other gene regulation
• Searching funny patterns on chromosomes or in proteins
Publications
1. Waldminghaus T, Kortmann J, Gesing S, and Narberhaus F. . pmid:18713019. PubMed HubMed [Waldminghaus-2008]
2. Waldminghaus T, Gaubig LC, and Narberhaus F. . pmid:17647020. PubMed HubMed [Waldminghaus-2007-MGG]
3. Waldminghaus T, Heidrich N, Brantl S, and Narberhaus F. . pmid:17630972. PubMed HubMed [Waldminghaus-2007-MolMicro]
4. Narberhaus F, Waldminghaus T, and Chowdhury S. . pmid:16438677. PubMed HubMed [Narberhaus-2006]
5. Waldminghaus T, Fippinger A, Alfsmann J, and Narberhaus F. . pmid:16336122. PubMed HubMed [Waldminghaus-2005]
6. Gerth U, Kirstein J, Mostertz J, Waldminghaus T, Miethke M, Kock H, and Hecker M. . pmid:14679237. PubMed HubMed [Gerth-2004]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Links to follow
Personal Links
OWW
Users from Germany
Lost and found protocols:
Personal tools
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The nobility of a human being is strictly independent of that of his convictions. Rostand, Jean
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Jean Rostand (October 30, 1894 - September 3, 1977), French biologist and philosopher.
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Read as you taste fruit or savor wine, or enjoy friendship, love or life. Jackson, Holbrook
This quote is about books - reading · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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George Holbrook Jackson (1874 - 1948) was a British journalist, writer and publisher. He was recognised as one of the leading bibliophiles of his time.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
2901.0 - Census Dictionary, 1996
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 03/07/1996
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X
Y
Year of Arrival in Australia (YARP)
This variable records the year of arrival in Australia for people born overseas who intend staying in Australia for at least one year. In 1996, data are collected in categories ranging from 'Before 1981' to '1996'. When cross-classified with other census data, these data are useful for analysing how the characteristics of migrants change with length of time in Australia. A question on year of first arrival of overseas born people has been included in every Australian census. In censuses prior to 1991, this information was stored in terms of period of residence.
A new response category 'Will be here less than one year' is introduced in 1996 to reflect the new standard which specifies that this variable is only applicable for people who intend to stay in Australia for at least one year. Thus, some people who were born overseas are recorded as being Not Applicable to Year of Arrival.
A check is made to ensure that a person's stated age is compatible with period of residence.
This variable is coded Not Applicable if the person's birthplace is reported as Australia.
Year of Birth
See Age (AGEP).
Year of Qualification
See Qualification.
Z
Zone
See Journey to Work, Origin Zone, Work Destination Zone (DZNP).
You have reached the end of publication 2901.0
Previous Page
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4517.0 - Prisoners in Australia, 2006
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 14/12/2006
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ABBREVIATIONS
The following symbols and abbreviations are used in this publication:
ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics
ACT Australian Capital Territory
ANCO Australian National Classification of Offences
ASOC Australian Standard Offence Classification
Aust. Australia
EDR Effective Date of Release
EED earliest eligibility date
ERP estimated resident population
MSC most serious charge
MSO most serious offence
NPP non-parole period
NSW New South Wales
NT Northern Territory
Qld Queensland
SA South Australia
Tas. Tasmania
Vic. Victoria
WA Western Australia
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6203.0 - The Labour Force, Australia, Jan 1990
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 16/02/1990
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• About this Release
Presents detailed results of the monthly Labour Force Survey including tables showing the civilian population aged 15 and over by sex, labour force status, age (single years for persons aged 15-24 years), marital status, States and Territories, capital cities, attendance at school or tertiary education institution, country of birth, year of arrival in Australia, industry, occupation, hours worked, average hours worked, full-time/part-time workers, participation rates, whether looking for full-time or part-time work (unemployed), duration of unemployment, changes in labour force status using matched records, relationship in household, families. Most issues contain an article on a special labour force topic.
Previously: The Labour Force
This publication has been scanned from the paper version using character recognition software. This provides a full-text searching capability once downloaded.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Determinants of Corporate Cash Holdings: Evidence from Canada
Amarjit Gill, Charul Shah
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of corporate cash holdings in Canada. This study also seeks to extend the findings of Afza and Adnan (2007). A sample of 166 Canadian firms listed on Toronto Stock Exchange for a period of 3 years (from 2008-2010) was selected. This study applied co-relational and non-experimental research design. The results show that market-to-book ratio, cash flow, net working capital, leverage, firm size, board size, and the CEO (chief executive officer) duality significantly affect the corporate cash holdings in Canada. This study contributes to the literature on the factors that determine the corporate cash holdings. The findings may be useful for the financial managers, investors, and financial management consultants.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ijef.v4n1p70
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Economics and Finance ISSN 1916-971X (Print) ISSN 1916-9728 (Online)
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< todo
Congratulations >
More Complaints About Buildings And Food: I have a feeling I'll be losing a lot of weight over the next two years, since braces make eating (and cleaning up after eating) such a big hassle that unless you're really hungry it's a lot easier just to not eat. Dan says "You could do what flies do and throw up on your food to sort of pre-digest it." Of course, I need to lose weight anyway, so why not raise the barriers to entry--into my mouth, that is!
In other news, Pakistan is apparently now CNNistan.
Filed under:
[Main] [Edit]
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< The Sparrow
Next >
: Wrote about HTTP caching today. The draft of the book is now basically done, except for Sam's chapter and the contributed section on Django. Caching was difficult to write about because it's a huge topic that I don't really want to cover in detail. I ended up giving just a couple recipes a server can use to say "cache" or "don't cache".
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Talk:BeagleBoard Trainer
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 16:45, 31 March 2011 by Prpplague (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
Please leave comments and feedback on rev2 of the trainer board here:
• I would really like a second microSD card slot. RESPONSE not possible using the standard mmc control signals, and still have gpio expansion
• I would like to see the level shifted ttyS1 brought out to pads. Or perhaps jumpers to disconnect the ATMEGA328 allowing for other use. RESPONSE: done
• 16MHz crystal for the ATMEGA328 (or socket crystal allowing for substitution). RESPONSE: main concern is that the 16MHz operations cant be done at 3.3V so we opted to fix this at a max of 8MHz
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advanced search
Category: Government Resources > Environmental Education > Environmental Studies
Waste Management in Indian Country
EPA's Office of Solid Waste has unveiled its new Municipal Solid Waste Management in Indian Country Web site. Tribal representatives and others interested in making municipal solid waste management decisions will find this resource rich in information. Readers can download funding guides, technical documents, educational materials, and more. They can learn about regulations, new developments, and other tribes' successful programs.
Ratings/Review of this resource:
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Arlington , VA 22201
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Contact Person: Marty Marchaterre
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Rate This Article
Average: 4/5
Longsnout butterflyfish
Species:
Longsnout butterflyfish
Longsnout butterflyfish. Photo by Laurent Charpin. reefguide.org
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: C Michael Hogan
The longsnout butterflyfish (Prognathodes aculeatus) is a member of the butterflyfish family (Family Chaetodontidae) that lives on coral reefs in the Western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.
Longsnout butterflyfish. Source: Environmental Protection Agency
Scientific Classification
Kingdom: Animalia (Animals)
Phylum:--- Chordata
Class:------ Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes)
Order:-------- Perciformes
Family:-------- Chaetodontidae (Butterflyfishes)
Genus:----------Prognathodes
Species:--------- Prognathodes aculeatus (Poey, 1860)
Physical Description
Longsnout butterflyfish range from five to ten centimeters in length. Their thin, oval bodies are white on their lower half, yellow on their upper half, and black on their dorsal fin. They derive their name from their long pointed mouths.
Distribution
They are found in the Western Atlantic from southern Florida to the Gulf of Mexico and the western Caribbean Sea, and as far south as Venezuela.
Habitat
They live on coral reefs at depths ranging from one to 90 meters
Feeding Behavior
Longfin butterflyfish are generalist carnivores that feed on tubeworms, hydroids, and small crustaceans. They can use their long snouts to feed on the tube feet of urchins or the tentacles of tubeworms such as Christmas tree worms.
Behavior
This species generally lives alone, but can sometimes occur in pairs. They will retreat to the protection of the reef if they sense the presence of a predator.
Reproduction
Most reproduction occurs during the cooler winter months. They generally breed as monogamous pairs and they will spawn several evenings per week during the peak breeding season. Spawning occurs in the water column where fertilization occurs. After the eggs hatch, the larvae enter the pelagic stage until the larvae settle.
Associations
Unlike other butterflyfishes in the Caribbean, longsnout butterflyfish do not act as cleaners.
Conservation Status
The longsnout butterflyfish is not considered to be a species at risk.
References and Further Reading
• Encyclopedia of Life. 2011. Prognathodes aculeatus (Poey, 1860)
• P.Humann and N.Deloach. Butterflyfish. FishID
• P.Humann and N. Deloach (Editors), 1994. Reef Fish Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. New World Publications, Inc. Jacksonville, FL. ISBN: 1878348078
• N.Deloach. 1999. Reef Fish Behavior, Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. New World Publications, Inc. Jacksonville, FL. ISBN: 1878348280
Citation
Mark McGinley (Lead Author);C Michael Hogan (Topic Editor) "Longsnout butterflyfish". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth October 23, 2009; Last revised Date November 30, 2011; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Longsnout_butterflyfish?topic=49540>
The Author
Mark McGinley is an Associate Professor in the Honors College and Department of Biological Sciences at Texas Tech University. He has conducted research in the evolutionary, behavioral, and community ecology of animals and plants. Dr. McGinley’s recent scholarly interests focus on educating the general public about scientific (particularly environmental) issues. He is currently working closely with students in an interdisciplinary degree program, Natural History and Humanities, which combine ... (Full Bio)
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Changes related to "Wales Periodicals"
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FamilySearch Wiki:Contributors MeetingEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 20:44, 10 September 2012 by Averyld (Talk | contribs)
Welcome to the Wiki Contributors Meeting
Join the discussion, ask questions, and share
The Wiki currently has 73,271 articles in English
Purpose and Time
Come forge solutions with other community contributors. We discuss content, best practices, community, and strategy. This is a conference call meeting every Thursday from 1:00-2:00 PM (mountain time). Community members are welcome to suggest topics for the agenda by posting in the Contributor's Corner Forum thread or by adding to the weekly agenda discussion pages.
Archives
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Upcoming Meetings
Click meeting agenda below for a meeting date. Please add what you would like to discuss and see what is planned. You can join the meeting from there.
Or join now:
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3. Enter your phone number. MeetingPlace will connect you by phone and computer. It's amazing and easy.
Past Meetings
To review the recording of a previous meeting, click MeetingPlace Select Find a Meeting (ID 7770), enter the date (or date range -- such as Jan 1, 2011), and click Search. Scroll down and select the meeting.
Purpose of the meeting
<div>
• To forge solutions with other community contributors.
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First half of meeting:
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Second half of meeting: Rotation of topics
1. Moderators and adopters: Learn from one another. What are you doing? Obstacles and getting the help to move beyond them. Collaborating.
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Energy - Publications
See all Geoscience Australia Publications
Title Authors Published Released ↓
Interpretation of Seismic Data, Capel and Faust Basins, Australia's Remote Offshore Eastern Frontier Colwell, J.B.Hashimoto, T.Rollet, N.Higgins, K.L.Bernardel, G.McGiveron, S. 2010 01/Apr/2011
Petrel Sub-basin Study 1995-1996 : 2-D Gravity Modelling Wilcox, J.B. 1996 25/Mar/2011
Petrel Sub-basin Study 1995-1996 : Organic Geochemistry of Oils and Source Rocks Edwards, D.S.Summons, R.E. 1996 25/Mar/2011
Petrel Sub-basin Study 1995-1996 : Geohistory Modelling Kennard, J.M. 1996 25/Mar/2011
Continental Shelf Definition in the Lord Howe Rise and Norfolk Ridge Regions : Law of the Sea Survey 177, Part 1 - Preliminary Results Ramsay, D.C. 1998 25/Mar/2011
Gas Shale Potential of the Amadeus and Georgina Basins, Australia: Preliminary Insights Tiem, V.T.A.Horsfeild, B.di Primo, R. 2011 21/Mar/2011
Australia's Identified Mineral Resources 2010 McKay, A.D.Carson, L.Huleatt, M.B.Miezitis, Y.Porritt, K.R.Sait, R.Kay, P.Whitaker, A.Towner, R.Sexton, M. 2010 04/Mar/2011
Small Angle Neutron Scattering Signature of Oil Generation in Artificially and Naturally Matured Hydrocarbon Source Rocks Radlinski, A.P.Boreham, C.J.Lindner, P.Randl, O.G.Hinde, A.L.Hope, J.M. 2000 04/Mar/2011
Characterisation and Correlation of Active Hydrocarbon Seepage using Geophysical Data Sets: an Example from the Tropical, Carbonate Shelf, the Yampi Shelf, Northwest Australia Rollet, N.Logan, G.Kennard, J.O'Brien, P.Jones, A. 2005 04/Mar/2011
Australian Mineral Exploration - A Review of Exploration for the Year 2010 Huleatt, M.B. 2011 23/Feb/2011
Proceedings of the 2010 Australian Geothermal Energy Conference Gurgenci, H.Weber, R.D. 2010 21/Feb/2011
Oil and Gas Resources of Australia 2004 Barrett, A.G. 2006 11/Feb/2011
Oil and Gas Resources of Australia 2005 Geoscience Australia 2008 11/Feb/2011
Oil and Gas Resources of Australia 2006 Geoscience Australia 2009 11/Feb/2011
Oil and Gas Resources of Australia 2008 Geoscience Australia 2009 11/Feb/2011
Oil and Gas Resources of Australia, 2007 Geoscience Australia 2008 11/Feb/2011
Potential for magmatic-related uranium mineral systems in Australia Schofield, A. 2010 07/Feb/2011
Preliminary Evaluation of the Petroleum Potential of Australia's Central Eastern Margin Stephenson, A.E.Burch, G.J. 2005 31/Jan/2011
Kaufana No 1 Bore, Papua Of Papuan Apinaipi Petroleum Co Ltd Bureau of Mineral Resources 1960 24/Jan/2011
Woomera No 1 Bore, South Australia Of Clarence River Basin Oil Exploration Co NL Bureau of Mineral Resources 1960 24/Jan/2011
first prev ... 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ... next last
(491 products total)
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Latest News from Down To Earth
Of the 234 pesticides registered by the Central Insecticides Board and Registered Committee 59 do not have set MRLs, shows this CSE study on the state of pesticide regulations in India from a food safety perspective in the light of recommendations made by the Joint Parliamentary Committee.
California’s Proposition 37 would add labels to all foods made from genetically modified crops.
Government Policies and Action Plans
These regulations may be called the Food Safety and Standards (Food Products Standards and Food Additives) (Amendment) Regulations, 2012. They shall come into force on the date of their final publication in the Official Gazette.
A Bill further to amend the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006. This Act may be called the Food Safety and Standards (Amendment) Act, 2012.
Health Effects
The detailed monographs in this volume summarize the technical, analytical, dietary exposure and toxicological data on a number of contaminants in food: acrylamide, arsenic, deoxydivalenol, furan, mercury and perchlorate.
Genetically engineered (GE, also called genetically modified, GM) Bt eggplant (also called talong, brinjal or aubergine) has been engineered to be resistant to injury caused by the eggplant fruit and shoot borer.
Regulations
Food Safety and Standards (Contaminants, toxins & residues) Amendment Regulations, 2012 dated 29-11-2012 relating to Level of Antibiotics in Honey.
Food Safety & Standards Authority of India has developed Categorization of food products & Food Codes for all the products as covered under Chapter 2 of Food Safety & Standards (Food Products Standards and Food Additives) Regulations, 2011 including some proprietary items.
Reports and Documents
Read this new report on National Survey on Milk Adulteration 2011 conducted by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India to ascertain the quality of milk and identify different type of adulteration in the liquid milk throughout the country.
In this legal assessment of the Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI),bill 2011 Greenpeace analyses various inadequacies within the bill that threatens the safety of our food, health and biodiversity.
Enviornment Education
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Bibliography: Forgiveness Day
You are not logged in. If you create a free account and sign in, you will be able to customize what is displayed.
Title: Forgiveness Day
Author: Ursula K. Le Guin
Year: 1994
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: novella
Series: Yeowe and Werel
Series Number: 2
ISFDB Record Number: 40645
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Awards:
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Energies 2010, 3(6), 1176-1193; doi:10.3390/en3061176
Review
New Laser Fusion and Its Gain by Intense Laser
Institute for Laser Technology, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 5 April 2010 / Accepted: 28 April 2010 / Published: 8 June 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nuclear Fusion)
Download PDF Full-Text [601 KB, uploaded 8 June 2010 08:26 CEST]
Abstract: The feasibility of a new approach of laser fusion in plasma without implosion has been proposed and is discussed using an intense laser. The cross section of the nuclear reaction is increased by enhancing the penetrability of nuclei through the Coulomb barrier. In this approach, an intense laser field of more than 100 PW was required to distort the Coulomb barrier to obtain enough penetrability. An energy gain even with Deuterium-Deuterium (D-D) reaction can be obtained using this scheme in Deuterium plasma. A reactor with neutron and direct conversion of charged particle beam individually is proposed. Charged particles from D-D reaction are guided to the end of the reactor and are directly converted by a MHD scheme into electric energy. The energy recovery rate is high and requires a small amount of laser energy, which may make the energy cost cheaper than that of a fission reactor.
Keywords: laser fusion; nuclear reaction; nucleon; nuclear potential
Article Statistics
Click here to load and display the download statistics.
Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Imasaki, K.; Li, D. New Laser Fusion and Its Gain by Intense Laser. Energies 2010, 3, 1176-1193.
AMA Style
Imasaki K, Li D. New Laser Fusion and Its Gain by Intense Laser. Energies. 2010; 3(6):1176-1193.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Imasaki, Kazuo; Li, Dazhi. 2010. "New Laser Fusion and Its Gain by Intense Laser." Energies 3, no. 6: 1176-1193.
Energies EISSN 1996-1073 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Very Low Activity
Contributors : millenium187
Analyzed 8 days ago based on code collected 8 days ago.
Recent Kudos...
... for MCU 8051 IDE given by:
Miroslav Hradílek
Project Commits
Ohloh did not measure any commits by this contributor.
Project Languages
Ohloh did not measure any lines of code written by this contributor.
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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BISC110/F11:Schedule
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
Current revision (14:40, 23 August 2011) (view source)
(BISC110/112 Assignments/ Weekly Lab Planner)
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Answer the questions found at:<BR>[[Media:Taster_DTC_questions110.doc]] <BR>to use as a template for your answers.'''
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Current revision
Wellesley College
BISC110/112- Introduction to Cell Biology- Fall 2011
Contents
BISC110/112 Fall 2011 Lab Calendar
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
August 29
August 30
Lab 1
Classes Start
August 31
Lab 1
September 1
Lab 1
September 2
Lab 1
September 5
Labor Day
NO CLASSES
September 6
Lab 2
September 7
Monday Schedule
Lab 1
September 8
Lab 2
September 9
Lab 2
September 12
Lab 2
September 13
Lab 3
September 14
Lab 2
September 15
NO LAB
September 16
Lab 3
September 19
Lab 3
September 20
Lab 4
September 21
Lab 3
September 22
Lab 3
September 23
Lab 4
September 26
Lab 4
September 27
Lab 5
September 28
Lab 4
September 29
Lab 4
September 30
Lab 5
October 3
Lab 5
October 4
Lab 6
October 5
Lab 5
October 6
Lab 5
October 7
NO LAB
October 10
FALL BREAK
No Classes
October 11
FALL BREAK
No Classes
October 12
Lab 6
October 13
Lab 6
October 14
Lab 6
October 17
Lab 6
October 18
Lab 7
October 19
Lab 7
October 20
Lab 7
October 21
Lab 7
October 24
Lab 7
October 25
Lab 8
October 26
Lab 8
October 27
Lab 8
October 28
Lab 8
October 31
Lab 8
November 1
Tanner Conference
No Classes
November 2
Lab 9
November 3
Lab 9
November 4
Lab 9
November 7
Lab 9
November 8
Lab 9
November 9
Lab 10
November 10
Lab 10
November 11
Lab 10
November 14
Lab 10
November 15
Lab 10
November 16
Lab 11
November 17
Lab 11
November 18
Lab 11
November 21
NO LAB
Photosynthesis paper due
November 22
NO LAB
Photosynthesis paper due
November 23
Thanksgiving Break
No Classes
November 24
Thanksgiving Break
No Classes
November 25
Thanksgiving Break
No Classes
November 28
Lab 11
November 29
Lab 11
November 30
Lab 12
December 1
Lab 12
December 2
Lab 12
December 5
Lab 12
December 6
Lab 12
December 7
Last Day of Classes
NO LAB
December 8 December 9
Schedule of Experiments
Section Lab # Activities
1 1-5 Boot Camp: Metric Measurement;
Using Basic Lab Equipment;
Making Solutions and Dilutions;
Microscopy; Scientific Investigation;
Designing & Executing Experiments;
Data Analysis & Display;
Statistical parameters; Scientific Writing
2 6-8 Genetics: DNA extraction, Visualization by agarose gel electrophoresis;
Genotype/phenotype via Taster SNP data collection and analysis;
Scientific Writing & Effective figure design
3 8-10 Photosynthesis: Spectrophotometry: Beer-Lambert Law, Linear regression analysis;
Hill Reaction: Self-designed investigation of factors
affecting photosystems
4 11 Gene Regulation/Enzymology: Invertase enzyme assay
Lab Practical 12 Hands-on skills assessment:
BISC110/112 Assignments/ Weekly Lab Planner
Series Lab # LAB DATES LAB DESCRIPTION Assignment/Notes
1 1 Aug.30 to
Sept. 7
Practice metric conversions;
Practice pipetting;
Making Solutions; Microscopy;
Examination of Tetrahymena pyriformis
Homework: Familiarize yourself with the wiki, particularly the information in the BISC110/F11:Resources section of the Lab wiki;
Lab 1 Practice Problems downloadable here Media:Lab_1_Practice_Problems110.doc;
Read about the process of endocytosis in your textbook;
familiarize yourself with phagocytosis in Tetrahymena
from the following reference articles:
*Gronlien HK, Berg T, Lovlie AM. In the polymorphic ciliate Tetrahymena vorax,
the non-selective phagocytosis seen in microstomes
changes to a highly selective process in macrostomes.
(2002), Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 2089-2097;
*McLaughlin NB and Buhse HE, Jr., Localization by indirect immunofluorescence of tetrin, actin,
and centrin to the oral apparatus and buccal cavity of the macrostomal form of Tetrahymena vorax., (2004), J Eukaryot. Microbiol., 51(2), 253-257.
1 2 Sept. 6 to
Sept. 14
Tetrahymena Behavior: Phagocytosis; Observations; Data Analysis;
Accuracy vs. Precision; Statistical Parameters;
Data Presentation; Effective Figure Design and Legends
using the Gronlien article as a model.
Homework: Study dilution making for Lab 3;
Generate two figures with legends from your Tetrahymena experiment:
one or more microphotographs of Tetrahymena and a graph or table of data.
1 3 Sept. 13 to
Sept. 19
Making Dilutions; Determination of toxicity of Heavy Metals on Tetrahymena;
Design your own experiment exploring
inhibitors and Tetrahymena phagocytosis
Homework: There are animated tutorials on dilution
available at the following link:
Dilution Help Tutorials;
Finalize your experimental design for Lab 4; have it approved by your lab instructor;
Write a results section of a scientific report
on your findings in the Tetrahymena toxicity experiment
including a narrative portion and integrated figure(s) with legend(s);
Solve the dilution problems found at
Media: Lab_3_110_Dilution_Problems.doc and hand them in
by the beginning of Lab 4.
1 4 Sept. 20 to
Sept. 29
Student Designed Experiments:
Potential Inhibitors of Vacuole Formation;
Homework: 5 minute oral presentation in PowerPoint™ of your data,
including at least one figure with legend, of your Lab 4 experimental results.
Read assigned journal article for science writing discussion
* Gronlien, H.K., Berg, T., Lovlie, A.M. (2002).
In the polymorphic ciliate Tetrahymena vorax, the non-selective phagocytosis seen in microstomes changes
to a highly selective process in macrostomes, J. Exp. Biol. 205, 2089-2097
1 5 Sept.27 to
Oct. 6
Scientific Writing Workshop with Journal Article Discussion Homework: Tetrahymena Partial Scientific Research Report: DUE AT THE BEGINNING OF LAB 6
Title Page, Results, Discussion and References sections.
Guidelines at: Resources;
Science Writing peer-tutor appointment scheduling at:
Wellesley College Writing Program Resources.
Have Lab notebooks ready to be turned in for inspection after Lab 6.
Read Lab 6 (first lab in Series 2, Genetics)
Prepare a flow chart in your lab notebook of all Lab 6 experimental procedures.
2 6 Oct. 12 to
Oct. 17
Genetics: Taster SNP 1-Test PTC Taster Phenotype;
Isolate and digest DNA; PCR;
Homework: Read the following background information on
restriction enzymes
and on gel electrophoresis
Read the following background information on ethical issues in genetic testing:
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing,
Two Sides of the Coin
by Farkas and Holland, J Mol Diagn. 2009 Jul;11(4):263-5. Epub 2009 Jun 18.
PUBLIC HEALTH:
A Case Study of Personalized Medicine
by S. H. Katsanis, G. Javitt, and K. Hudson,
published in Science, 4 April 2008 320: 53-54 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1156604](in Policy Forum)
AMA DTC testing policy recommendations
Draw the expected migration locations of the Fnu4H1 digested PCR product
obtained from a homozygous taster (left lane), a homozygous nontaster (center lane)
and a heterozygote (right lane) on a diagram of an agarose gel;
Answer the questions found at:
Media:Taster_DTC_questions110.doc
to use as a template for your answers.
2 7 Oct. 18 to
Oct. 24
Genetics: Taster SNP 2: Prepare and perform agarose gel electrophoresis;
Determine PTC Taster Genotype; Scientific Writing:
Introduction & Discussion
Homework:
Prepare draft figures/tables from the preliminary course data
for the taster investigation paper and an skeleton outline
of your introduction & discussion sections.
(Refer to the handout on How to Prepare a Skeleton Outline in Sakai.)
2 & 3 8 Oct. 25 to
Oct. 31
Data Analysis of Taster investigation; Science Writing Workshop:
Effective Figure Design, Introduction, Discussion; Photosynthesis 1:
Chlorophyll pigment investigation, Spectroscopy,
The Beer-Lambert Law and Creating a Standard Curve
Homework: Write a scientific research report (all sections except M&M)on your PTC Taster SNP study.
For help, see the Resources section of this wiki.
In your lab notebook, prepare a flow chart for the Hill Reaction (Lab 9);
Review the mechanisms of electron transport and proton flow in photosynthesis (use your textbook).
3 9 Nov. 2 to
Nov. 8
Photosynthesis 2: Hill Reaction Homework: Finalize your self-designed experiment
testing a variable affecting the Hill Reaction;
Write a Materials and Methods style version of the Hill Reaction
experiment that you did this week in Lab 9
3 10 Nov. 9 to
Nov. 15
Photosynthesis 3: Investigation of variables affecting the Hill Reaction Homework: Plot your A580 data (y-axis) versus time in seconds (x-axis)
for the different treatments (with the treatments on the same graph).
See(Appendix E).
Determine regression equations for the linear part of each data plots
to get slope (m) values (slopes represent the rates of electron transport).
Calculate the rates (change over time of the linear portion of your graphs)
and plot those values against your variable (x-axis);
A full paper on your experiment, in the form of a scientific research report,
is due at beginning of Lab 11 (or on day indicated in Lab Calendar).
Discuss your results in terms of how the factor that you chose to investigate
affects the electron transport rate in photosynthesis.
Compare your results to other investigations published in the primary literature.
Refer to the " Guidelines for science writing" information
found in the Resources section of the wiki.
4 11 Nov. 16 to
Nov. 29
Enzymology
Answer the following questions (5 points)
and hand them in to your instructor before you leave lab.
Download a Word document form of these questions here:Media: Lab_11_Questions_110_112.doc
Homework: Prepare for a Lab Practical Skills Assessment in lab 12.
Make sure Lab Notebook is ready to turn in for grading at the beginning of LAB 12
Skills Assessment 12 Nov. 30 to
Dec. 6
Lab Practical;
Turn in Lab Notebook
End of lab
Lab Graded Assignments
Lab Assigned Lab Due Assignment
description
Point Value
(Total 200)
1 2 Practice Problems 5
2 3 Fig. Design 5
3 4 Dilution Problems (5);
Fig.& Results (10)
15
4 5 Oral presentation: Results, original figure & legend;
Journal article discussion
10
5 6 Lab notebook check (ungraded);
Partial Scientific Paper(25)
25
6 7 SNP Taster Questions 5
7 8 Draft figures/tables & outline of Taster paper 5
8 9 Taster Scientific Paper (all but M&M) 35
9 10 M&M (5pt);
Finalize Self-Design
Experiment Hill Rxn.(ungraded)
5
10 11 (or on day indicated in calendar) Full Scientific Paper: Factor Affecting Rate of Photosynthesis 35
11 11 (In Lab) Concept Questions Enzymology/Gene Reg. 5
12 12 Lab Notebook Check (10)
Lab Practical:Hands-on skills assessment (35)
45
Other - Discretionary Points
Preparation & Participation
5
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User:ClarkeS
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Projects)
(Potential research topics)
Line 17: Line 17:
==Potential research topics==
==Potential research topics==
+
*Engineering microbial stress tolerance
+
*Relating stress tolerance to genome loci
+
*Resequencing evolved microbes
*Scaling of engineered biology
*Scaling of engineered biology
-
*Replicating biological machines
+
*Design and use of replicating biological machines
*Technologies/vocabularies to make biological engineering easier
*Technologies/vocabularies to make biological engineering easier
*Biomimicry, bioscaffolds for material processing
*Biomimicry, bioscaffolds for material processing
Revision as of 09:46, 21 June 2006
Contents
Bio
Sean Clarke
saclarke at MIT
directory info
I am a first-year Biological Engineering (BE, MIT Course XX) graduate student. I have passed my qualifying exam and joined the Alm lab. I worked in the Endy Lab in the summer of 2005. This summer I am formulating a thesis project directed at engineering stress tolerance.
I'm the first-year class representative to the BE graduate student board, so I am open to suggestions about improving the first-year experience.
My background is in mechanical engineering and design, but not of things quite as small as BioBricks.
Potential research topics
• Engineering microbial stress tolerance
• Relating stress tolerance to genome loci
• Resequencing evolved microbes
• Scaling of engineered biology
• Design and use of replicating biological machines
• Technologies/vocabularies to make biological engineering easier
• Biomimicry, bioscaffolds for material processing
• Recycling/"cradle to cradle" design of biological systems
• Usability of biological design software or methods
• Biomineralization
Classes
Past Projects
• My first project at MIT was the Orthogonal cloning of clpXP from E. coli into yeast. So far I've been more successful at learning molecular biology and techniques by making mistakes than at cloning into yeast. This work is continuing in someone else's more capable hands.
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[358]
James H. Johnston, living.
Dennis Johnston, captured at Williamsburg, and died since the war.
Addison Johnston, captured at Williamsburg, and died since the war.
Henry D. Justice, died in 1862.
James Kenney, killed at Gettysburg.
Isaac Karnes, died since the war.
First Lieutenant B. G. McNutt, died at home since the war.
John W. McNutt, living.
N. H. McClaugherty, living.
Albert McClaugherty, died 1861, of measles.
William Mahood, dead.
F. W. Mahood, died since the war.
R. D. Motley, living.
F. M. Mullins, killed at Drewry's Bluff.
James H. Mills, wounded at Williamsburg and died two years ago at home.
Tobias Manning, killed at Williamsburg.
James Monroe, died in 1861.
Isaac A. Oney, captured at Williamsburg; now dead.
William Odaniel, living; wounded at Williamsburg.
Thaddeus Peters, wounded at Williamsburg; since died.
B. Wallace Peck, killed at Gettysburg.
George W. Parker, wounded at Seven Pines; died at home since the war.
Stephen Prillaman, wounded at Williamsburg; now dead. James A. Perkins, supposed to be dead. Jesse Parson, killed at Gettysburg. Captain Robert A. Richardson, died at home since the war. Manley Reese, killed on train in 1863. William M. Reynolds, living.
R. F. Rowland, wounded at Williamsburg in 1862 and Gettysburg in 1863; living.
Heriales Scott, wounded at second battle of Manassas and Gettysburg; living.
G. L. Saunders, wounded at Williamsburg; living.
M. B. Saunders, died at home.
Allen Smith, captured at Williamsburg and never returned.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
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Wolfram Alpha : The Real Thing
May 4, 2009 • 9:01 am | (5) by | Filed Under Other Search Engines
I cannot tell you how many emails I get from PR companies telling me that the next Google is here. Wolfram Alpha, a "fact engine" might be the closest search engine to meet that criteria and in my opinion, Wolfram Alpha does not compete with Google, but it will be a must use search engine.
Wolfram Alpha is a "fact engine" as Danny describes at Search Engine Land. Actually, before reading on here, you should first read Danny's review and then come back here.
I watched the full demo, live, last week and I was honestly blown away. It doesn't replace Google but it does fill a much desired need in the search business. Wolfram can answer your questions with hard cold facts. It is more than a Butler answering questions, it is a whole group of Harvard professors answering your questions with incredible detail and clarity.
Here is a quick demo of the screen shots of Wolfram Alpha:
Wolfram comes in and gives searchers something they have been missing. You can search for very specific things in the realm of science, math, geography, demographics, and so on and get not just the answer, but detailed information from real sources. There is really nothing like this out there at this scale.
A WebmasterWorld thread has some interesting comments from SEOs and webmasters on what Wolfram may have to offer:
Tedster: "I look forward to what this approach may offer. Wolfram brings fundamental genius on the level of Einstein and Hawking, rather than intelligence at the level of Page and Brin."
JS Harris: "Wolfram seems to be a different beast, not only is all the knowledge there but it's being analyzed and compared in some ingenious ways."
But most people in the thread are skeptical for good reason. But we need to think that a search engine does not have to compete with Google to be the next Google. It can fill a new need that has been unfilled in the past. I think Wolfram Alpha will fill that need.
I personally cannot wait to be able to test the new engine out sometime this month. It is currently not live, but they promised to make it live sometime in May.
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: Live Search's HTTP Headers Malformed
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Place:Hughes, South Dakota, United States
Watchers
NameHughes
Alt namesHughessource: Getty Vocabulary Program
TypeCounty
Coordinates44.417°N 100°W
Located inSouth Dakota, United States (1873 - )
See alsoBuffalo, South Dakota, United StatesParent county (source: Source:Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990)
Contained Places
Inhabited place
Alto
Blunt
Canning
De Grey
Gray Goose
Harrold
Oahe
Pierre ( 1500 - )
Rousseau
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Hughes County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,022. Its county seat is Pierre.
Hughes County is part of the Pierre, South Dakota, Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Timeline
Date Event Source
1873 County formed Source:Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources
1880 First census Source:Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990
1880 No significant boundary changes after this year Source:Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990
Population History
source: Source:Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990
Census Year Population
1880 268
1890 5,044
1900 3,684
1910 6,271
1920 5,711
1930 7,009
1940 6,624
1950 8,111
1960 12,725
1970 11,632
1980 14,220
1990 14,817
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Hughes County, South Dakota. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Place:Schönbrunn, Baden, Germany
Watchers
NameSchönbrunn
Alt namesSchönbrunn
TypeTown
Located inBaden, Germany
Also located inRhein-Neckar-Kreis, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Schönbrunn is a municipality in the Rhein-Neckar district, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Distance from Heidelberg is 30 km east.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Schönbrunn (Baden). The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Biotechnology
Jump to: navigation, search
The structure of insulin
WikiDoc Resources for
Biotechnology
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Books on Biotechnology
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List of terms related to Biotechnology
Overview
Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity has come up with one of many definitions of biotechnology:[1]
"Biotechnology has contributed towards the exploitation of biological organisms or biological processes through modern techniques, which could be profitably used in medicine, agriculture, animal husbandry and environmental cloning."
Biotechnology is a popular term for the generic technology of the 21st century. Although it has been utilized for centuries in traditional production processes, modern biotechnology is only 50 years old and in the last decades it has been witnessing tremendous developments. Bioengineering is the science upon which all Biotechnological applications are based. With the development of new approaches and modern techniques, traditional biotechnology industries are also acquiring new horizons enabling them to improve the quality of their products and increase the productivity of their systems.
Before the 1970s, the term, biotechnology, was primarily used in the food processing and agriculture industries. Since the 1970s, it began to be used by the Western scientific establishment to refer to laboratory-based techniques being developed in biological research, such as recombinant DNA or tissue culture-based processes. In fact, the term should be used in a much broader sense to describe the whole range of methods, both ancient and modern, used to manipulate organic to reach the demands of human. So the term can be defined as, "The application of indigenous and/or scientific knowledge to the management of (parts of) microorganisms, or of cells and tissues of higher organisms, so that these supply goods and services of use to human beings.[2]
There has been a great deal of talk—and money—poured into biotechnology with the hope that miracle drugs will appear. While there do seem to be a small number of efficacious drugs, in general the biotech revolution has not happened in the pharmaceutical sector. However, recent progress with monoclonal antibody based drugs, such as Genentech's Avastin suggest that biotech may finally have found a role in pharmaceutical sales.
Biotechnology combines disciplines like genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology and cell biology, which are in turn linked to practical disciplines like chemical engineering, information technology, and robotics.
History
The most practical use of biotechnology, which is still present today, is the cultivation of plants to produce food suitable to humans. Agriculture has been theorized to have become the dominant way of producing food since the Neolithic Revolution. The processes and methods of agriculture have been refined by other mechanical and biological sciences since its inception. Through early biotechnology farmers were able to select the best suited and highest-yield crops to produce enough food to support a growing population. Other uses of biotechnology were required as crops and fields became increasingly large and difficult to maintain. Specific organisms and organism byproducts were used to fertilize, restore nitrogen, and control pests. Throughout the use of agriculture farmers have inadvertently altered the genetics of their crops through introducing them to new environments, breeding them with other plantsone of the first forms of biotechnology. Cultures such as those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Iran developed the process of brewing beer. It is still done by the same basic method of using malted grains (containing enzymes) to convert starch from grains into sugar and then adding specific yeasts to produce beer. In this process the carbohydrates in the grains were broken down into alcohols such as ethanol. Later other cultures produced the process of Lactic acid fermentation which allowed the fermentation and preservation of other forms of food. Fermentation was also used in this time period to produce leavened bread. Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until Louis Pasteur’s work in 1857, it is still the first use of biotechnology to convert a food source into another form.
Combinations of plants and other organisms were used as medications in many early civilizations. Since as early as 200 BC, people began to use disabled or minute amounts of infectious agents to immunize themselves against infections. These and similar processes have been refined in modern medicine and have lead to many developments such as antibiotics, vaccines, and other methods of fighting sickness.
In the early twentieth century scientists gained a greater understanding of microbiological and explored ways of manufacturing specific products. In 1917, Chaim Weizmann first used a pure microbiological culture in an industrial process, that of manufacturing corn starch using Clostridium acetobutylicum to produce acetone, which the United Kingdom desperately needed to manufacture explosives during World War I.[3]
The field of modern biotechnology is thought to have largely began on June 16, 1980, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that a genetically-modified microorganism could be patented in the case of Diamond v. Chakrabarty.[4] Indian-born Ananda Chakrabarty, working for General Electric, had developed a bacterium (derived from the Pseudomonas genus) capable of breaking down crude oil, which he proposed to use in treating oil spills. A university in Florida is now studying ways to prevent tooth decay. They altered the bacteria in the tooth called Streptococcus mutans by stripping it down so it could not produce lactic acid.
Applications
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care, crop production and agriculture, non food uses of crops (e.g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil, biofuels), and environmental uses. For example, one application of biotechnology is the directed use of organisms for the manufacture of organic products (examples include beer and milk products). Another example is using naturally present bacteria by the mining industry in bioleaching. Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, clean up sites contaminated by industrial activities (bioremediation), and also to produce biological weapons.
Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genomic manipulation.
White biotechnology also known as grey biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals (examples using oxidoreducatses are given in Feng Xu (2005) “Applications of oxidoreductases: Recent progress” Ind. Biotechnol. 1, 38-50 [1]). White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods.
Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environmental conditions or in the presence (or absence) of certain agricultural chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide, thereby eliminating the need for external application of pesticides. An example of this would be Bt corn. Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate.
The term blue biotechnology has also been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.
The investments and economic output of all of these types of applied biotechnologies form what has been described as the bioeconomy.
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization and analysis of biological data possible. The field may also be referred to as computational biology, and can be defined as, "conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules and then applying informatics techniques to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules, on a large scale."[5] Bioinformatics plays a key role in various areas, such as functional genomics, structural genomics, and proteomics, and forms a key component in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector.
Medicine
In medicine, modern biotechnology finds promising applications in such areas as
Pharmacogenomics
Main article: Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how the genetic inheritance of an individual affects his/her body’s response to drugs. It is a coined word derived from the words “pharmacology” and “genomics”. It is therefore the study of the relationship between pharmaceuticals and genetics. The vision of pharmacogenomics is to be able to design and produce drugs that are adapted to each person’s genetic makeup.[6]
Pharmacogenomics results in the following benefits:[7]
1. Development of tailor-made medicines. Using pharmacogenomics, pharmaceutical companies can create drugs based on the proteins, enzymes and RNA molecules that are associated with specific genes and diseases. These tailor-made drugs promise not only to maximize therapeutic effects but also to decrease damage to nearby healthy cells.
2. More accurate methods of determining appropriate drug dosages. Knowing a patient’s genetics will enable doctors to determine how well his/ her body can process and metabolize a medicine. This will maximize the value of the medicine and decrease the likelihood of overdose.
3. Improvements in the drug discovery and approval process. The discovery of potential therapies will be made easier using genome targets. Genes have been associated with numerous diseases and disorders. With modern biotechnology, these genes can be used as targets for the development of effective new therapies, which could significantly shorten the drug discovery process.
4. Better vaccines. Safer vaccines can be designed and produced by organisms transformed by means of genetic engineering. These vaccines will elicit the immune response without the attendant risks of infection. They will be inexpensive, stable, easy to store, and capable of being engineered to carry several strains of pathogen at once.
Pharmaceutical products
Traditional pharmaceutical drugs are relatively simple molecules that have been found primarily through trial and error to treat the symptoms of a disease or illness. Biopharmaceuticals are large biological molecules known as proteins and these target the underlying mechanisms and pathways of a malady; it is a relatively young industry. They can deal with targets in humans that are not accessible with traditional medicines. A patient typically is dosed with a small molecule via a tablet while a large molecule is typically injected.
Small molecules are manufactured by chemistry but large molecules are created by living cells: for example, bacteria cells, yeast cell, and animal cells.
Modern biotechnology is often associated with the use of genetically altered microorganisms such as E. coli or yeast for the production of substances like insulin or antibiotics. It can also refer to transgenic animals or transgenic plants, such as Bt corn. Genetically altered mammalian cells, such as Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, are also widely used to manufacture pharmaceuticals. Another promising new biotechnology application is the development of plant-made pharmaceuticals.
Biotechnology is also commonly associated with landmark breakthroughs in new medical therapies to treat diabetes, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cancers, arthritis, haemophilia, bone fractures, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular as well as molecular diagnostic devices than can be used to define the patient population. Herceptin, is the first drug approved for use with a matching diagnostic test and is used to treat breast cancer in women whose cancer cells express the protein HER2.
Modern biotechnology can be used to manufacture existing drugs more easily and cheaply. The first genetically engineered products were medicines designed to combat human diseases. To cite one example, in 1978 Genentech joined a gene for insulin and a plasmid vector and put the resulting gene into a bacterium called Escherichia coli. Insulin, widely used for the treatment of diabetes, was previously extracted from sheep and pigs. It was very expensive and often elicited unwanted allergic responses. The resulting genetically engineered bacterium enabled the production of vast quantities of human insulin at low cost.[8]
Since then modern biotechnology has made it possible to produce more easily and cheaply human growth hormone, clotting factors for hemophiliacs, fertility drugs, erythropoietin and other drugs.[9] Most drugs today are based on about 500 molecular targets. Genomic knowledge of the genes involved in diseases, disease pathways, and drug-response sites are expected to lead to the discovery of thousands more new targets.[10]
Genetic testing
Genetic testing involves the direct examination of the DNA molecule itself. A scientist scans a patient’s DNA sample for mutated sequences.
There are two major types of gene tests. In the first type, a researcher may design short pieces of DNA (“probes”) whose sequences are complementary to the mutated sequences. These probes will seek their complement among the base pairs of an individual’s genome. If the mutated sequence is present in the patient’s genome, the probe will bind to it and flag the mutation. In the second type, a researcher may conduct the gene test by comparing the sequence of DNA bases in a patient’s gene to a normal version of the gene.
Genetic testing can be used to:
• Diagnose a disease.
• Confirm a diagnosis.
• Provide prognostic information about the course of a disease.
• Confirm the existence of a disease in individuals.
With varying degrees of accuracy, predict the risk of future disease in healthy individuals or their progeny.
Genetic testing is now used for:
• Determining sex
• Carrier screening, or the identification of unaffected individuals who carry one copy of a gene for a disease that requires two copies for the disease to manifest
• Prenatal diagnostic screening
• Newborn screening
• Presymptomatic testing for predicting adult-onset disorders
• Presymptomatic testing for estimating the risk of developing adult-onset cancers
• Confirmational diagnosis of symptomatic individuals
• Forensic/identity testing
Some genetic tests are already available, although most of them are used in developed countries. The tests currently available can detect mutations associated with rare genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington’s disease. Recently, tests have been developed to detect mutation for a handful of more complex conditions such as breast, ovarian, and colon cancers. However, gene tests may not detect every mutation associated with a particular condition because many are as yet undiscovered, and the ones they do detect may present different risks to different people and populations.[11]
Gene therapy
Main article: Gene therapy
Gene therapy may be used for treating, or even curing, genetic and acquired diseases like cancer and AIDS by using normal genes to supplement or replace defective genes or to bolster a normal function such as immunity. It can be used to target somatic (i.e., body) or germ (i.e., egg and sperm) cells. In somatic gene therapy, the genome of the recipient is changed, but this change is not passed along to the next generation. In contrast, in germline gene therapy, the egg and sperm cells of the parents are changed for the purpose of passing on the changes to their offspring.
There are basically two ways of implementing a gene therapy treatment:
1. Ex vivo, which means “outside the body” – Cells from the patient’s blood or bone marrow are removed and grown in the laboratory. They are then exposed to a virus carrying the desired gene. The virus enters the cells, and the desired gene becomes part of the DNA of the cells. The cells are allowed to grow in the laboratory before being returned to the patient by injection into a vein.
2. In vivo, which means “inside the body” – No cells are removed from the patient’s body. Instead, vectors are used to deliver the desired gene to cells in the patient’s body.
Currently, the use of gene therapy is limited. Somatic gene therapy is primarily at the experimental stage. Germline therapy is the subject of much discussion but it is not being actively investigated in larger animals and human beings.
As of June 2001, more than 500 clinical gene-therapy trials involving about 3,500 patients have been identified worldwide. Around 78% of these are in the United States, with Europe having 18%. These trials focus on various types of cancer, although other multigenic diseases are being studied as well. Recently, two children born with severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (“SCID”) were reported to have been cured after being given genetically engineered cells.
Gene therapy faces many obstacles before it can become a practical approach for treating disease.[12] At least four of these obstacles are as follows:
1. Gene delivery tools. Genes are inserted into the body using gene carriers called vectors. The most common vectors now are viruses, which have evolved a way of encapsulating and delivering their genes to human cells in a pathogenic manner. Scientists manipulate the genome of the virus by removing the disease-causing genes and inserting the therapeutic genes. However, while viruses are effective, they can introduce problems like toxicity, immune and inflammatory responses, and gene control and targeting issues.
2. Limited knowledge of the functions of genes. Scientists currently know the functions of only a few genes. Hence, gene therapy can address only some genes that cause a particular disease. Worse, it is not known exactly whether genes have more than one function, which creates uncertainty as to whether replacing such genes is indeed desirable.
3. Multigene disorders and effect of environment. Most genetic disorders involve more than one gene. Moreover, most diseases involve the interaction of several genes and the environment. For example, many people with cancer not only inherit the disease gene for the disorder, but may have also failed to inherit specific tumor suppressor genes. Diet, exercise, smoking and other environmental factors may have also contributed to their disease.
4. High costs. Since gene therapy is relatively new and at an experimental stage, it is an expensive treatment to undertake. This explains why current studies are focused on illnesses commonly found in developed countries, where more people can afford to pay for treatment. It may take decades before developing countries can take advantage of this technology.
Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project is an initiative of the U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”) that aims to generate a high-quality reference sequence for the entire human genome and identify all the human genes.
The DOE and its predecessor agencies were assigned by the U.S. Congress to develop new energy resources and technologies and to pursue a deeper understanding of potential health and environmental risks posed by their production and use. In 1986, the DOE announced its Human Genome Initiative. Shortly thereafter, the DOE and National Institutes of Health developed a plan for a joint Human Genome Project (“HGP”), which officially began in 1990.
The HGP was originally planned to last 15 years. However, rapid technological advances and worldwide participation accelerated the completion date to 2005. Already it has enabled gene hunters to pinpoint genes associated with more than 30 disorders.[13]
Cloning
Human cloning is one of the techniques of modern biotechnology. It involves the removal of the nucleus from one cell and its placement in an unfertilized egg cell whose nucleus has either been deactivated or removed.
There are two types of cloning:
1. Reproductive cloning. After a few divisions, the egg cell is placed into a uterus where it is allowed to develop into a fetus that is genetically identical to the donor of the original nucleus.
2. Therapeutic cloning.[14] The egg is placed into a Petri dish where it develops into embryonic stem cells, which have shown potentials for treating several ailments.[15]
The major differences between these two types are shown in Table 1.
In February 1997, cloning became the focus of media attention when Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute announced the successful cloning of a sheep, named Dolly, from the mammary glands of an adult female. The cloning of Dolly made it apparent to many that the techniques used to produce her could someday be used to clone human beings.[16] This stirred a lot of controversy because of its ethical implications.
Concerns regarding the use of modern biotechnology techniques in medicine
Several issues have been raised regarding the use of modern biotechnology in the medical sector. Many of these issues are similar to those facing any new technology that is viewed as powerful and far-reaching. Some of these issues are:[17]
1. Absence of cure. There is still a lack of effective treatment or preventive measures for many diseases and conditions now being diagnosed or predicted using gene tests. Thus, revealing information about risk of a future disease that has no existing cure presents an ethical dilemma for medical practitioners.
2. Ownership and control of genetic information. Who will own and control genetic information, or information about genes, gene products, or inherited characteristics derived from an individual or a group of people like indigenous communities? At the macro level, there is a possibility of a genetic divide, with developing countries that do not have access to medical applications of biotechnology being deprived of benefits accruing from products derived from genes obtained from their own people. Moreover, genetic information can pose a risk for minority population groups as it can lead to group stigmatization.
At the individual level, the absence of privacy and anti-discrimination legal protections in most countries can lead to discrimination in employment or insurance or other misuse of personal genetic information. This raises questions such as whether genetic privacy is different from medical privacy.[18]
3. Reproductive issues. These include the use of genetic information in reproductive decision-making and the possibility of genetically altering reproductive cells that may be passed on to future generations. For example, germline therapy forever changes the genetic make-up of an individual’s descendants. Thus, any error in technology or judgment may have far-reaching consequences. Ethical issues like designer babies and human cloning have also given rise to controversies between and among scientists and bioethicists, especially in the light of past abuses with eugenics.[19]
4. Clinical issues. These center on the capabilities and limitations of doctors and other health-service providers, people identified with genetic conditions, and the general public in dealing with genetic information. For instance, how should the public be prepared to make informed choices based on the results of genetic tests? How will genetic tests be evaluated and regulated for accuracy, reliability, and usefulness?
5. Effects on social institutions. Genetic tests reveal information about individuals and their families. Thus, test results can affect the dynamics within social institutions, particularly the family.
6. Conceptual and philosophical implications regarding human responsibility, free will vis-à-vis genetic determinism, and the concepts of health and disease. Do genes influence human behavior? If so, does genetic testing mean controlling human behavior? What is considered acceptable diversity? What is normal and what is a disability or disorder, and who decides these matters? Are disabilities diseases that need to be cured or prevented? Where should the line between medical treatment and enhancement be drawn; moreover, what considerations make that delineation important and how do such considerations bear on public policy and personal choice? Who will have access to gene therapy?
Agriculture
There are many applications of biotechnology in agriculture.
One is improved yield from crops. Using the techniques of modern biotechnology, one or two genes may be transferred to a highly developed crop variety to impart a new character that would increase its yield (30). However, while increases in crop yield are the most obvious applications of modern biotechnology in agriculture, it is also the most difficult one. Current genetic engineering techniques work best for effects that are controlled by a single gene. Many of the genetic characteristics associated with yield (e.g., enhanced growth) are controlled by a large number of genes, each of which has a minimal effect on the overall yield (31). There is, therefore, much scientific work to be done in this area.
Another is the reduced vulnerability of crops to environmental stresses. Crops containing genes that will enable them to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses may be developed. For example, drought and excessively salty soil are two important limiting factors in crop productivity. Biotechnologists are studying plants that can cope with these extreme conditions in the hope of finding the genes that enable them to do so and eventually transferring these genes to the more desirable crops. One of the latest developments is the identification of a plant gene, At-DBF2, from thale cress, a tiny weed that is often used for plant research because it is very easy to grow and its genetic code is well mapped out. When this gene was inserted into tomato and tobacco cells, the cells were able to withstand environmental stresses like salt, drought, cold and heat, far more than ordinary cells. If these preliminary results prove successful in larger trials, then At-DBF2 genes can help in engineering crops that can better withstand harsh environments (32).
Researchers have also created transgenic rice plants that are resistant to rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV). In Africa, this virus destroys majority of the rice crops and makes the surviving plants more susceptible to fungal infections (33).
Increased nutritional qualities of food crops. Proteins in foods may be modified to increase their nutritional qualities. Proteins in legumes and cereals may be transformed to provide the amino acids needed by human beings for a balanced diet (34). A good example is the work of Professors Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer on the so-called Goldenrice™(discussed below).
Improved taste, texture or appearance of food. Modern biotechnology can be used to slow down the process of spoilage so that fruit can ripen longer on the plant and then be transported to the consumer with a still reasonable shelf life. This improves the taste, texture and appearance of the fruit. More importantly, it could expand the market for farmers in developing countries due to the reduction in spoilage.
The first genetically modified food product was a tomato which was transformed to delay its ripening (35). Researchers in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Vietnam are currently working on delayed-ripening papaya in collaboration with the University of Nottingham and Zeneca (36).
Reduced dependence on fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemicals. Most of the current commercial applications of modern biotechnology in agriculture are on reducing the dependence of farmers on agrochemicals. For example, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil bacterium that produces a protein with insecticidal qualities. Traditionally, a fermentation process has been used to produce an insecticidal spray from these bacteria. In this form, the Bt toxin occurs as an inactive protoxin, which requires digestion by an insect to be effective. There are several Bt toxins and each one is specific to certain target insects. Crop plants have now been engineered to contain and express the genes for Bt toxin, which they produce in its active form. When a susceptible insect ingests the transgenic crop cultivar expressing the Bt protein, it stops feeding and soon thereafter dies as a result of the Bt toxin binding to its gut wall. Bt corn is now commercially available in a number of countries to control corn borer (a lepidopteran insect), which is otherwise controlled by spraying (a more difficult process).
Crops have also been genetically engineered to acquire tolerance to broad-spectrum herbicide. The lack of cost-effective herbicides with broad-spectrum activity and no crop injury was a consistent limitation in crop weed management. Multiple applications of numerous herbicides were routinely used to control a wide range of weed species detrimental to agronomic crops. Weed management tended to rely on preemergence — that is, herbicide applications were sprayed in response to expected weed infestations rather than in response to actual weeds present. Mechanical cultivation and hand weeding were often necessary to control weeds not controlled by herbicide applications. The introduction of herbicide tolerant crops has the potential of reducing the number of herbicide active ingredients used for weed management, reducing the number of herbicide applications made during a season, and increasing yield due to improved weed management and less crop injury. Transgenic crops that express tolerance to glyphosphate, glufosinate and bromoxynil have been developed. These herbicides can now be sprayed on transgenic crops without inflicting damage on the crops while killing nearby weeds (37).
From 1996 to 2001, herbicide tolerance was the most dominant trait introduced to commercially available transgenic crops, followed by insect resistance. In 2001, herbicide tolerance deployed in soybean, corn and cotton accounted for 77% of the 626,000 square kilometres planted to transgenic crops; Bt crops accounted for 15%; and "stacked genes" for herbicide tolerance and insect resistance used in both cotton and corn accounted for 8% (38).
Production of novel substances in crop plants. Modern biotechnology is increasingly being applied for novel uses other than food. For example, oilseed is at present used mainly for margarine and other food oils, but it can be modified to produce fatty acids for detergents, substitute fuels and petrochemicals (39). Banana trees and tomato plants have also been genetically engineered to produce vaccines in their fruit. If future clinical trials prove successful, the advantages of edible vaccines would be enormous, especially for developing countries. The transgenic plants may be grown locally and cheaply. Homegrown vaccines would also avoid logistical and economic problems posed by having to transport traditional preparations over long distances and keeping them cold while in transit. And since they are edible, they will not need syringes, which are not only an additional expense in the traditional vaccine preparations but also a source of infections if contaminated (40).
There is another, darker side, many people say, to the agricultural biotechnology issue however. It includes increased herbicide usage and resultant herbicide resistance, "super weeds," residues on and in food crops, genetic contamination of non-GM crops which hurt organic and conventional farmers, damage to wildlife from glyphosate, mass suicides in India, corruption, rampant monopolism etc. For more see [2][3].crop
Biological engineering
Main article: Bioengineering
Biotechnological engineering or biological engineering is a branch of engineering that focuses on biotechnologies and biological science. It includes different disciplines such as biochemical engineering, biomedical engineering, bio-process engineering, biosystem engineering and so on. Because of the novelty of the field, the definition of a bioengineer is still undefined. However, in general it is an integrated approach of fundamental biological sciences and traditional engineering principles.
Bioengineers are often employed to scale up bio processes from the laboratory scale to the manufacturing scale. Moreover, as with most engineers, they often deal with management, economic and legal issues. Since patents and regulation (e.g. FDA regulation in the U.S.) are very important issues for biotech enterprises, bioengineers are often required to have knowledge related to these issues.
The increasing number of biotech enterprises is likely to create a need for bioengineers in the years to come. Many universities throughout the world are now providing programs in bioengineering and biotechnology (as independent programs or specialty programs within more established engineering fields).
Bioremediation and Biodegradation
Biotechnology is being used to engineer and adapt organisms especially microorganisms in an effort to find sustainable ways to clean up contaminated environments. The elimination of a wide range of pollutants and wastes from the environment is an absolute requirement to promote a sustainable development of our society with low environmental impact. Biological processes play a major role in the removal of contaminants and biotechnology is taking advantage of the astonishing catabolic versatility of microorganisms to degrade/convert such compounds. New methodological breakthroughs in sequencing, genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics and imaging are producing vast amounts of information. In the field of Environmental Microbiology, genome-based global studies open a new era providing unprecedented in silico views of metabolic and regulatory networks, as well as clues to the evolution of degradation pathways and to the molecular adaptation strategies to changing environmental conditions. Functional genomic and metagenomic approaches are increasing our understanding of the relative importance of different pathways and regulatory networks to carbon flux in particular environments and for particular compounds and they will certainly accelerate the development of bioremediation technologies and biotransformation processes.[20]
Marine environments are especially vulnerable since oil spills of coastal regions and the open sea are poorly containable and mitigation is difficult. In addition to pollution through human activities, millions of tons of petroleum enter the marine environment every year from natural seepages. Despite its toxicity, a considerable fraction of petroleum oil entering marine systems is eliminated by the hydrocarbon-degrading activities of microbial communities, in particular by a remarkable recently discovered group of specialists, the so-called hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB).[21]
Notable researchers and individuals
• Canada : Michael D Tyers, Frederick Banting, Lap-Chee Tsui, Tak Wah Mak, Lorne Babiuk
• Europe : Paul D Kemp, Paul Nurse, Jacques Monod, Francis Crick
• Finland : Leena Palotie
• Iceland : Kari Stefansson
• India : Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw (Biocon)
• Ireland : Timothy O'Brien, Dermot P Kelleher, Pearse Lyons
• Mexico : Francisco Bolívar Zapata
• United States: Kate Jacques, David Botstein, Craig Venter, Sydney Brenner, Eric Lander, Leroy Hood, Robert Langer, Henry I. Miller, Roger Beachy, William Rutter,George Rathmann, Herbert Boyer, Michael West, Thomas Okarma, James D. Watson
See also
References
1. "The Convention on Biological Diversity (Article 2. Use of Terms)." United Nations. 1992. Retrieved on September 20, 2006.
2. Bunders, J.; Haverkort, W.; Hiemstra, W. "Biotechnology: Building on Farmer's Knowledge." 1996, Macmillan Education, Ltd. ISBN 0333670825
3. Springham, D.; Springham, G.; Moses, V.; Cape, R.E. "Biotechnology: The Science and the Business." Published 1999, Taylor & Francis. p. 1. ISBN 9057024071
4. "Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980). No. 79-139." United States Supreme Court. June 16, 1980. Retrieved on May 4, 2007.
5. Gerstein, M. "Bioinformatics Introduction." Yale University. Retrieved on May 8, 2007.
6. U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, supra note 6.
7. Ibid.
8. W. Bains, Genetic Engineering For Almost Everybody: What Does It Do? What Will It Do? (London: Penguin Books, 1987), 99.
9. U.S. Department of State International Information Programs, “Frequently Asked Questions About Biotechnology”, USIS Online; available from http://usinfo.state.gov/ei/economic_issues/biotechnology/biotech_faq.html, accessed 13 Sept 2007. [hereafter “USIS”]. Cf. C. Feldbaum, “Some History Should Be Repeated”, 295 Science, 8 February 2002, 975.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid
12. Ibid
13. U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, supra note 6
14. A number of scientists have called for the use the term “nuclear transplantation,” instead of “therapeutic cloning,” to help reduce public confusion. The term “cloning” has become synonymous with “somatic cell nuclear transfer,” a procedure that can be used for a variety of purposes, only one of which involves an intention to create a clone of an organism. They believe that the term “cloning” is best associated with the ultimate outcome or objective of the research and not the mechanism or technique used to achieve that objective. They argue that the goal of creating a nearly identical genetic copy of a human being is consistent with the term “human reproductive cloning,” but the goal of creating stem cells for regenerative medicine is not consistent with the term “therapeutic cloning.” The objective of the latter is to make tissue that is genetically compatible with that of the recipient, not to create a copy of the potential tissue recipient. Hence, “therapeutic cloning” is conceptually inaccurate. B. Vogelstein, B. Alberts, and K. Shine, “Please Don’t Call It Cloning!”, Science (15 February 2002), 1237
15. D. Cameron, “Stop the Cloning”, Technology Review, 23 May 2002’. Also available from http://www.techreview.com. [hereafter “Cameron”]
16. M.C. Nussbaum and C.R. Sunstein, Clones And Clones: Facts And Fantasies About Human Cloning (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1998), 11. However, there is wide disagreement within scientific circles whether human cloning can be successfully carried out. For instance, Dr. Rudolf Jaenisch of Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research believes that reproductive cloning shortcuts basic biological processes, thus making normal offspring impossible to produce. In normal fertilization, the egg and sperm go through a long process of maturation. Cloning shortcuts this process by trying to reprogram the nucleus of one whole genome in minutes or hours. This results in gross physical malformations to subtle neurological disturbances. Cameron, supra note 30
17. Ibid
18. The National Action Plan on Breast Cancer and U.S. National Institutes of Health-Department of Energy Working Group on the Ethical, Legal and Social Implications (ELSI) have issued several recommendations to prevent workplace and insurance discrimination. The highlights of these recommendations, which may be taken into account in developing legislation to prevent genetic discrimination, may be found at http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/ elsi/legislat.html.
19. Eugenics is the study of methods of improving genetic qualities through selective breeding
20. Diaz E (editor). (2008). Microbial Biodegradation: Genomics and Molecular Biology, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-17-2.
21. Martins VAP et al (2008). "Genomic Insights into Oil Biodegradation in Marine Systems", Microbial Biodegradation: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-17-2.
Further reading
External links
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Estrogen-related receptor gamma
Jump to: navigation, search
Estrogen-related receptor gamma
PDB rendering based on 1kv6.
Available structures: 1kv6, 1lo1, 1s9p, 1s9q, 1tfc, 1vjb, 2ewp, 2gp7, 2gpo, 2gpp, 2gpu, 2gpv
Identifiers
Symbol(s) ESRRG; DKFZp781L1617; ERR3; FLJ16023; KIAA0832; NR3B3
External IDs OMIM: 602969 MGI1347056 Homologene55581
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 2104 26381
Ensembl ENSG00000196482 ENSMUSG00000026610
Uniprot P62508 Q3US92
Refseq NM_001438 (mRNA)
NP_001429 (protein)
NM_011935 (mRNA)
NP_036065 (protein)
Location Chr 1: 214.74 - 215.38 Mb Chr 1: 189.7 - 189.92 Mb
Pubmed search [1] [2]
Estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERR-gamma), also known as NR3B3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group B, member 3), is a nuclear receptor which is encoded by the gene ESRRG (EStrogen Related Receptor Gamma).[1]
This protein is a member of nuclear hormone receptor family of steroid hormone receptors. No physiological activating ligand is known for this orphan receptor, but 4-hydroxytamoxifen and diethylstilbestrol act as inverse agonists and deactivate ESRRG.
References
Further reading
• Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (1997). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery.". Genome Res. 6 (9): 791-806. PMID 8889548.
• Eudy JD, Yao S, Weston MD, et al. (1998). "Isolation of a gene encoding a novel member of the nuclear receptor superfamily from the critical region of Usher syndrome type IIa at 1q41.". Genomics 50 (3): 382-4. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5345. PMID 9676434.
• Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Suyama M, et al. (1999). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XII. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro.". DNA Res. 5 (6): 355-64. PMID 10048485.
• Chen F, Zhang Q, McDonald T, et al. (1999). "Identification of two hERR2-related novel nuclear receptors utilizing bioinformatics and inverse PCR.". Gene 228 (1-2): 101-9. PMID 10072763.
• Hong H, Yang L, Stallcup MR (1999). "Hormone-independent transcriptional activation and coactivator binding by novel orphan nuclear receptor ERR3.". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (32): 22618-26. PMID 10428842.
• Heard DJ, Norby PL, Holloway J, Vissing H (2000). "Human ERRgamma, a third member of the estrogen receptor-related receptor (ERR) subfamily of orphan nuclear receptors: tissue-specific isoforms are expressed during development and in the adult.". Mol. Endocrinol. 14 (3): 382-92. PMID 10707956.
• Greschik H, Wurtz JM, Sanglier S, et al. (2002). "Structural and functional evidence for ligand-independent transcriptional activation by the estrogen-related receptor 3.". Mol. Cell 9 (2): 303-13. PMID 11864604.
• Wistow G, Bernstein SL, Wyatt MK, et al. (2002). "Expressed sequence tag analysis of human RPE/choroid for the NEIBank Project: over 6000 non-redundant transcripts, novel genes and splice variants.". Mol. Vis. 8: 205-20. PMID 12107410.
• Hentschke M, Süsens U, Borgmeyer U (2002). "Domains of ERRgamma that mediate homodimerization and interaction with factors stimulating DNA binding.". Eur. J. Biochem. 269 (16): 4086-97. PMID 12180985.
• Hentschke M, Süsens U, Borgmeyer U (2003). "PGC-1 and PERC, coactivators of the estrogen receptor-related receptor gamma.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 299 (5): 872-9. PMID 12470660.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899-903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932.
• Hentschke M, Schulze C, Süsens U, Borgmeyer U (2003). "Characterization of calmodulin binding to the orphan nuclear receptor Errgamma.". Biol. Chem. 384 (3): 473-82. PMID 12715898.
• Hentschke M, Borgmeyer U (2004). "Identification of PNRC2 and TLE1 as activation function-1 cofactors of the orphan nuclear receptor ERRgamma.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 312 (4): 975-82. PMID 14651967.
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40-5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121-7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMID 15489334.
• Cheung CP, Yu S, Wong KB, et al. (2005). "Expression and functional study of estrogen receptor-related receptors in human prostatic cells and tissues.". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90 (3): 1830-44. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1421. PMID 15598686.
• Liu D, Zhang Z, Teng CT (2005). "Estrogen-related receptor-gamma and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha regulate estrogen-related receptor-alpha gene expression via a conserved multi-hormone response element.". J. Mol. Endocrinol. 34 (2): 473-87. doi:10.1677/jme.1.01586. PMID 15821111.
• Gao M, Sun P, Wang J, et al. (2006). "Expression of estrogen receptor-related receptor isoforms and clinical significance in endometrial adenocarcinoma.". Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer 16 (2): 827-33. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00527.x. PMID 16681769.
• Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, et al. (2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.". Nature 441 (7091): 315-21. doi:10.1038/nature04727. PMID 16710414.
• Wang L, Zuercher WJ, Consler TG, et al. (2007). "X-ray crystal structures of the estrogen-related receptor-gamma ligand binding domain in three functional states reveal the molecular basis of small molecule regulation.". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (49): 37773-81. doi:10.1074/jbc.M608410200. PMID 16990259.
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ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5206.0 - Quarterly Estimates of National Income and Expenditure, Australia, Mar 1984
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8501.0 - Retail Trade, Australia, Jul 1995
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 30/08/1995
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• About this Release
Monthly; ISSN:1032-3651; Contains monthly estimates of turnover for retail and selected service establishments. Original, seasonally adjusted and trend estimates are included for Australia in current price terms. The original and trend estimates are disaggregated by State and by industry. Constant price data are published quarterly classified by State or industry.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Scientific Analysis of the Commonness in Human Civilization
Yue Yang
Abstract
Contrary with the opinion and idea that the civilization difference induces the civilization conflicts, the commonness of civilization is more important in fact. In the various past researches about the civilization comparison, most scholars emphasized to review and look the differences among different civilizations, and deduced that the differences induced the conflicts. However, the differences among various civilizations are only one aspect of the fact, and on the other hand, the commonness exists among different civilizations. From many aspects such as common system, common earth, common goals, common opportunities, common threats, common benefits and common deficiencies, we scientifically analyzed the commonness among the human civilizations.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Politics and Law ISSN 1913-9047 (Print) ISSN 1913-9055 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Connexions
Sections
You are here: Home » Content » Challenges Facing the Elderly
About: Challenges Facing the Elderly
Module by: OpenStax College. E-mail the author
View the content: Challenges Facing the Elderly
Metadata
Name: Challenges Facing the Elderly
ID: m42880
Language: English (en)
Summary:
• Understand the historical and current trends of poverty among elderly populations
• Recognize ageist thinking and ageist attitudes in individuals and in institutions
• Learn about elderly individuals’ risks of being mistreated and abused
Subject: Social Sciences
Keywords: Ageism, Elder abuse, Gerontocracy, Senescence
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 3.0
Authors: OpenStax College (info@openstaxcollege.org)
Copyright Holders: Rice University (daniel@openstaxcollege.org)
Maintainers: OpenStax College (info@openstaxcollege.org), Sociology Cap (dcwill@rice.edu)
Latest version: 1.2 (history)
First publication date: Jan 27, 2012 4:40 pm -0600
Last revision to module: May 18, 2012 2:20 pm -0500
Downloads
PDF: m42880_1.2.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
EPUB: m42880_1.2.epub Electronic publication file, for viewing in handheld devices. Learn more.
XML: m42880_1.2.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Source Export ZIP: m42880_1.2.zip ZIP containing the module XML plus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.2 May 18, 2012 2:20 pm -0500 by Sociology Cap
Changes:
initial content publication
Version: 1.1 Jan 30, 2012 1:18 pm -0600 by OSC Physics Maintainer
Changes:
Created module
How to Reuse and Attribute This Content
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See the citation section below for examples you can copy.
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OpenStax College. Challenges Facing the Elderly, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m42880/1.2/, May 18, 2012.
American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style:
OpenStax College. Challenges Facing the Elderly [Connexions Web site]. May 18, 2012. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m42880/1.2/.
American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual:
OpenStax College. (2012, May 18). Challenges Facing the Elderly. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m42880/1.2/
Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography):
OpenStax College. "Challenges Facing the Elderly." Connexions. May 18, 2012. http://cnx.org/content/m42880/1.2/.
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Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Manual:
OpenStax College. Challenges Facing the Elderly. Connexions. 18 May 2012 <http://cnx.org/content/m42880/1.2/>.
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South Carolina Online Genealogy RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 23:56, 13 November 2012 by Lsgc (Talk | contribs)
United States South Carolina Digital Collections
South Carolina Statewide Online Databases
This is collection of links to South Carolina statewide databases.
Many of these links will be repeated on county pages.
Vital Records
Births
Marriages
Deaths
Cemetery Records
Land
Military Records
Revolutionary War
Civil War
War with Spain
World War I
World War II
Naturalization
Newspapers
Probate Records
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Research news
DNA/DNA microarrays
Jonathan B Weitzman
Genome Biology 2001, 2:spotlight-20010813-03 doi:10.1186/gb-spotlight-20010813-03
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at:
Published:13 August 2001
© 2001 BioMed Central Ltd
Research news
Microbial comparative genomics provides insights into gene function, bacterial speciation and evolutionary relationships. In the August 14 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Murray et al. describe an approach to explore genome diversity and relatedness in the absence of complete sequence information (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98:9853-9858). They used sequence information from the Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 to construct DNA microarrays containing over 100 full-length open reading frames (ORFs). They then hybridized the arrays with genomic DNA from nine other Shewanella species to investigate differences. They observed a good correlation between hybridization values and the percentage sequence similarity for known genes. Hierarchical clustering revealed the relationships between bacterial profiles and indicated the phylogenetic distances. Most genes in operons had higher levels of relatedness, suggesting that such an approach could identify horizontally acquired genes. Microbial genomic hybridizations should provide insights into bacterial diversity and speciation, leading to a better understanding of the basis for genotypic and phenotypic differences.
References
1. [http://www.pnas.org] webcite
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2. Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns
PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
3. Selfish operons: horizontal transfer may drive the evolution of gene clusters.
PubMed Abstract
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Managing Editor’s Corner: Celebrating Four Years and Planning for the Next
Yesha Y. Sivan
Abstract
With this issue JVWR celebrates its fourth year. During these years, we have matured to be the prime source of research in our emerging domain. Earlier this month (Dec. 2011), we celebrated, for the first time, by hosting a JVWR workshop at the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS 2011 Shanghai, China.
This issue takes an historical perspective. In many ways, this issue is a direct decedent of Volume 2, Number 3 - Technology, Economy and Standards in Virtual Worlds. The latter has drawn a vision, this one reports on the outcomes. On this note of moving from vision to reality, I wanted to wish us all happy new 2012.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
The full website for the Journal of Virtual Worlds Research can be found at: http://jvwresearch.org
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
The gospel to me is simply irresistible. Pascal, Blaise
This quote is about gospel · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Pascal, Blaise ...
Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623August 19, 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. Pascal was a child prodigy, who was educated by his father. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences, where he made important contributions to the construction of mechanical calculators and the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by expanding the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote powerfully in defense of the scientific method.
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Thread Tools Search this Thread
Posts: 30 | Thanked: 1 time | Joined on Aug 2007
#1
Is this possible?
Thanks,
bitrate
Posts: 2 | Thanked: 0 times | Joined on Aug 2007
#2
Do bookmarks work in Minimo? I have it installed but cant figure out how to get a list of bookmarked pages.
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