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Diving the Cape Peninsula and False Bay/Brunswick
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This is a CC-by-sa 3.0 compatible article.
Any edits must be licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 in addition to the CC-by-sa 1.0 licence currently required by Wikitravel. By editing this article you acnowledge that you agree to additional licencing to CC-by-sa 3.0
The dive site Brunswick is an inshore historical wreck in the Simon's Town area on the False Bay coast of the Cape Peninsula, near Cape Town in the Western Cape province of South Africa.
Get in
Aerial view of the Brunswick and Bato dive sites. (Photo CDS&M)
Access
This site can be dived from a boat or the shore.
Shore entry: Parking on main road in front of Long low white block of flats at the bottom of Redhill road. Walk over the railway lines and down the jumble of old concrete sleepers which forms a breakwater. Depending on the tide there may be a narrow sandy beach. It is an easy entry and exit if swell is low. Climbing the breakwater requires some care, but should not be difficult for a fit person. The lower sleepers may be slippery and some will rock when walked on. Be careful.
Boat dive: Be sure not to drop the anchor on the wreck. Anchor just downwind of the wreck to prevent damage. You are allowed to dive on the site, but it is an offense to damage the wreckage or remove any atrtifact.
Position
S34°10.880’ E018°25.607’
About 120m offshore, approximately off the north end of the long white apartment block at the bottom of Redhill road.
This site is in a Marine Protected Area (2009). A permit is required.
Understand
Name
The Brunswick was an English East-Indiaman of 1 200 tons. While on a homeward-bound voyage with a cargo of cotton and sandalwood, the ship was captured by the French Admiral Linois in the Indian Ocean and brought to Simon's Town. It ran aground at Simon's Town on 19 September 1805 after losing three anchors during a south-east gale.
Depth
Maximum depth is about 6m, average about 4.5m
Topography
The wreck lies in fairly shallow water (about 5m) The bottom is fine sand. The wood structure of the wreck has become broken up over the years and a large part is buried under the sand. The wreck lies at about 45° to the shoreline. The centreline of the debris field is at about 215° True, from S34°10.859’ E018°25.625’ to S34°10.884’ E018°25.603’, It is about 58m long, 17m wide and it extends over an area of about 800 m2
Geology: Sand.
Conditions
The site can sometimes be dived in easterly winds as long as they are not too strong and the shore break is not too rough. The site is usually dived in winter, when it is frequently fairly calm as it is well sheltered from south west swell.
Facilities
None.
See
Crowned nudibranch
Marine life
The wreckage is heavily overgrown by kelp and other seaweeds, and a range of invertebrates and fish can be seen.
Planking of the Brunswick
Head of a bronze drift bolt
Row of drift bolts
Features
Historical wooden shipwreck. The wreckage is an archaeological site protected by legislation and may not be disturbed.
Photography
Wide angle lenses are most likely to produce useful results when photgraphing the wreckage. The site is shallow, so natural light is usually adequate. For close-up work a flash will restore the natural colour.
Suggested Routes
Swim straight out to the wreck on the surface, Dive and explore the wreck, then swim back to shore on compass bearing 330° magnetic.
Stay safe
Hazards
No site specific hazards known.
Skills
No special skills required. Suitable for night dives, preferably by boat from Long Beach, to avoid the climb over the breakwater.
Equipment
No special equipment recommended. Reasonably good site for photography. A light is useful to look into crevices.
Back to Diving the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
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Metro Detroit
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Metro Detroit is in Southeast Michigan.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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1305.1 - Monthly Summary of Statistics, New South Wales, Aug 1995
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
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8731.1 - Building Approvals, New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory, Jul 1998
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ABOUT THIS RELEASE
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Contains monthly data for number of dwelling units (houses, other dwellings, total) and value of residential building approved by sector; number and value of new other residential building approved by type; number and value of non-residential building jobs approved by class of building (e.g. hotels, offices, etc.) and value ranges. Seasonally adjusted and trend estimates for the number of dwelling units and value of buildings approved; quarterly value of building approved in chain volume measures. Summary information for the quarter for Sydney Statistical Division and all Statistical Local Areas. For the Australian Capital Territory, only some of the above information is included.
The frequency of this publication changed from monthly to quarterly after the February 2000 issue.
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Research
Reconstruction of potential function for Sturm-Liouville operator with Coulomb potential
Etibar S Panakhov1 and Murat Sat2*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Mathematics, Firat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
2 Department of Mathematics, Erzincan University, Erzincan, 24100, Turkey
For all author emails, please log on.
Boundary Value Problems 2013, 2013:49 doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2013-49
Published: 8 March 2013
Abstract
In this paper, we are concerned with an inverse problem for the Sturm-Liouville operator with Coulomb potential using a new kind of spectral data that is known as nodal points. We give a reconstruction of q as a limit of a sequence of functions whose nth term is dependent only on eigenvalue and its associated nodal data. It is mentioned that this method is based on the works of Law and Yang, but we have applied the method to the singular Sturm-Liouville problem.
MSC: 34L05, 45C05.
Keywords:
Coulomb potential; nodal point; reconstruction formula
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Longest Rivers
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The lengths of the 10 longest rivers in Australia were re-calculated in September 2008 by Geoscience Australia using data from the National Topographic Database. The calculations confirmed that Australia's longest single river is the River Murray at 2508 kilometres. However, if the longest tributaries of the Darling River, the Culgoa, Balonne and Condamine, are taken into account its total length increases to 2740 kilometres, making it Australia's longest waterway.
The National Topographic Database is a nationally consistent dataset containing a range of topographic features, such as relief and drainage, which has been captured and maintained at a scale of 1:250 000 for the whole of Australia. Use of the database to digitally calculate the longest rivers has resulted in more precise estimates than those available previously. River names in the database are acquired from the place names authorities in each Australian State and Territory or other authoritative sources such as the Murray-Darling Basin Authority.
The use of official names only for the latest calculations has resulted in significant differences from earlier calculations. For example, the 1545 kilometre length of the Darling River is based solely on those river sections called Darling River in the database. Separately named tributaries have not been included because they are not strictly part of the officially named Darling River. As a result, the Darling River is now apparently shorter than previously stated. However, if its major tributaries, the Culgoa, Balonne and Condamine, are included, its total length increases to 2740 kilometres.
It is important to note that the new lengths are still only approximations, because they have been measured from a cartographic representation of the rivers, rather than the actual rivers.
These are the revised top rivers in rank order:
NAME STATE LENGTH (km) approximate
River Murray New South Wales/South Australia 2508
Murrumbidgee River New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory 1485
Darling River (from the River Murray to Culgoa River) New South Wales 1545
Lachlan River New South Wales 1339
Cooper Creek Queensland/South Australia 1113
Flinders River Queensland 1004
Diamantina River Queensland/South Australia 941
Longest river by State and Territory
Although the River Murray forms much of the border separating New South Wales and Victoria, it is not Victoria's longest river because the New South Wales border is delineated by the river's southern bank rather than by the middle of the river. The only section of the river considered within Victoria is a stretch of approximately 11 kilometres where it separates Victoria and South Australia. At this point, the middle of the river forms the border.
NAME STATE/TERRITORY LENGTH (km) approximate
River Murray New South Wales 1808
Flinders River Queensland 1004
Gascoyne River Western Australia 834
River Murray South Australia 700
Goulburn River Victoria 654
Victoria Northern Territory 510
South Esk River Tasmania 245
Murrumbidgee River Australian Capital Territory 59
Longest continuous river system
The River Murray and its tributary, the Darling River, are the main rivers in the Murray-Darling River Basin. This drainage basin comprises the major part of the interior lowlands of Australia, covering more than one million square kilometres, or about 14 per cent of Australia.
The Murray-Darling catchment also contains Australia's longest continuous river system. This is established by measuring downstream from the confluence of the River Murray and the Darling River, plus the Darling itself, together with some of the Darling's tributaries to create an overall length of 3672 kilometres. With connected flow through Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia, this system drains a major portion of the interior lowlands of eastern Australia. Its total length is just over half that of the Nile River in continental Africa, which at 6695 kilometres is considered to be the world's longest river.
From its headwaters in Queensland down to the River Murray mouth near Goolwa in South Australia, the Murray-Darling system has been measured using the following rivers to establish its approximate overall length:
NAME STATE LENGTH (km)
Condamine/Balonne/Culgoa Rivers Queensland/New South Wales 1195
Darling River (between the Culgoa River and River Murray) New South Wales 1545
River Murray (downstream from the Darling River junction) New South Wales/Victoria/South Australia 828
Total length of system Queensland/New South Wales/Victoria/South Australia 3672
Sources: Geoscience Australia GEODATA TOPO-250K database.
Topic contact: education@ga.gov.au Last updated: December 21, 2012
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The best and worst Adsense Revenue in a Day
Contributor
3Jun2007,20:19 #1
Hey everyone,
We all know Adsense is an easy and probably the best answer till date for majority of the istes to monetizing it.
So, I thought I pose this question and I have kept in Web Design for the designers to respond because that would suggest what ad placement has worked for them.
What is the highest and the lowest (apart from 0.00) amount of Revenue you've made from Adsense in just a day?
I'll start it out.
$12
$0.78 (Lowest this year)
I am sure I am not violating the adsense TOS by sharing it.
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Clay
From Grand Theft Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
For other characters of the same name, see Clay Jackson, Clay Parsons or Clay Simons.
Clay is a character and drug dealer in Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars. He sells drugs out of Firefly Island, Broker, Liberty City and e-mails Huang Lee, the game's protagonist, regarding special deals when selling and buying drugs.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 387857, 15 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/387857
Research Article
Track Irregularity Time Series Analysis and Trend Forecasting
1State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
2School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
Received 27 August 2012; Revised 27 October 2012; Accepted 27 October 2012
Academic Editor: Wuhong Wang
Copyright © 2012 Jia Chaolong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Education Research International
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 609271, 9 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/609271
Research Article
A Balanced Literacy Initiative for One Suburban School District in the United States
1Literacy Education, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
2K-6 Curriculum and Assessment, Raymore-Peculiar School District, Peculiar, MO 64078, USA
Received 16 March 2012; Revised 4 June 2012; Accepted 20 June 2012
Academic Editor: Alex W. H. Chan
Copyright © 2012 Donita Shaw and Karen Hurst. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Ecology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 242154, 13 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/242154
Research Article
Larval Performance in the Context of Ecological Diversification and Speciation in Lycaeides Butterflies
1Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
2Department of Biology, Population and Conservation Biology Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
4Department of Botany, Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
Received 26 July 2011; Accepted 29 November 2011
Academic Editor: Rui Faria
Copyright © 2012 Cynthia F. Scholl et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The role of ecology in diversification has been widely investigated, though few groups have been studied in enough detail to allow comparisons of different ecological traits that potentially contribute to reproductive isolation. We investigated larval performance within a species complex of Lycaeides butterflies. Caterpillars from seven populations were reared on five host plants, asking if host-specific, adaptive larval traits exist. We found large differences in performance across plants and fewer differences among populations. The patterns of performance are complex and suggest both conserved traits (i.e., plant effects across populations) and more recent dynamics of local adaptation, in particular for L. melissa that has colonized an exotic host. We did not find a relationship between oviposition preference and larval performance, suggesting that preference did not evolve to match performance. Finally, we put larval performance within the context of several other traits that might contribute to ecologically based reproductive isolation in the Lycaeides complex. This larger context, involving multiple ecological and behavioral traits, highlights the complexity of ecological diversification and emphasizes the need for detailed studies on the strength of putative barriers to gene flow in order to fully understand the process of ecological speciation.
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Bibliography: The Catch
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Title: The Catch
Author: Kage Baker
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(3), 4655-4669; doi:10.3390/ijms14034655
Review
Long Non-Coding RNA in Cancer
Nina Hauptman and Damjan Glavač †,*
Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Pathology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia These authors contributed equally to this work.
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 1 November 2012; in revised form: 3 January 2013 / Accepted: 31 January 2013 / Published: 26 February 2013
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation by non-coding RNAs)
Download PDF Full-Text [250 KB, uploaded 26 February 2013 13:31 CET]
Abstract: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pervasively transcribed in the genome and are emerging as new players in tumorigenesis due to their various functions in transcriptional, posttranscriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation. LncRNAs are deregulated in a number of cancers, demonstrating both oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles, thus suggesting their aberrant expression may be a substantial contributor in cancer development. In this review, we will summarize their emerging role in human cancer and discuss their perspectives in diagnostics as potential biomarkers.
Keywords: long non-coding RNA; cancer; oncogenic lncRNA; tumor suppressor lncRNA
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Hauptman, N.; Glavač, D. Long Non-Coding RNA in Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 4655-4669.
AMA Style
Hauptman N, Glavač D. Long Non-Coding RNA in Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013; 14(3):4655-4669.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Hauptman, Nina; Glavač, Damjan. 2013. "Long Non-Coding RNA in Cancer." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 14, no. 3: 4655-4669.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. EISSN 1422-0067 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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840:153g:Projects
From OpenWetWare
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840:153g: Recombinant DNA Te(a)chniques
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2010 (Fall) Projects
Project 13: Detecting Estrogen in Water with Florescence "Team Detectors"
Project 12: Oscillating fluorescence in E. coli and "Team BAs"
Project 11: E. coli fluorescing based on cold temp sensor and "E cool I"
Project 10: Remediation of Phenol Resin using White Rot LiP transferred into E. Coli and "team Fun Guys"
Project 9: Tetrodotoxin Production in E. coli Using Pufferfish Flp Genes. "Team Petrificus Totalus"
2009 (Fall) Projects
Project 8: Human Factor X: The NeXt generation of clotting
Project 7: E. coli Tic Tacs
Project 6: Strawberry Shortcake: An Exploration of the FaQR Gene
2009 (Spring) Projects
Project 5: NarL promotor manipulation "g(NarL)y prom(-O)ters"
Project 4: Anti-Fungal Bacteria "MoldBusters"
Project 3: Tear Inducing Bacteria by "It's my E. coli and I'll cry if I want to"
2008 (Fall) Projects
Project 2: The sweet smell of ...E.coli?
Project 1: Our Field of Dreams by "Emblazon"
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Escherichia coli/Nomenclature & Abbreviations
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*'''[[Ecoliwiki:rha|rha]]''' = blocked rhamose metabolism
*'''[[Ecoliwiki:rha|rha]]''' = blocked rhamose metabolism
*'''[[Ecoliwiki:rnc|rnc]]''' = encodes RnaseIII (rnc-14 is a common null mutant)
*'''[[Ecoliwiki:rnc|rnc]]''' = encodes RnaseIII (rnc-14 is a common null mutant)
-
*'''[[[[Ecoliwiki:rne|rne]]''' = encodes RnaseE (rne-3071 is a common temperature sensitive mutant)
+
*'''[[Ecoliwiki:rne|rne]]''' = encodes RnaseE (rne-3071 is a common temperature sensitive mutant)
*'''[[Ecoliwiki:rpsL|rpsL]]''' = mutation in ribosomal protein S12 conveying streptomycin resistance; also called strA
*'''[[Ecoliwiki:rpsL|rpsL]]''' = mutation in ribosomal protein S12 conveying streptomycin resistance; also called strA
*'''sbcBC''' = ExoI activity abolished; usually present in recBC strains; recombination proficient, stable inverted repeats
*'''sbcBC''' = ExoI activity abolished; usually present in recBC strains; recombination proficient, stable inverted repeats
Revision as of 02:03, 8 April 2008
A listed gene name means that gene carries a loss of function mutation, a Δ preceding a gene name means the gene is deleted. If a gene is not listed, it is not known to be mutated. Prophages present in wt K-12 strains (F, λ, e14, rac) are listed only if absent. E. coli B strains are naturally lon- and dcm-.
• F- = Does not carry the F plasmid
• F+ = Carries the F plasmid. The cell is able to mate with F- through conjugation.
• F'[ ] = Carries an F plasmid that has host chromosomal genes on it from a previous recombination event. This cell can also mate with F- through conjugation. Chromosomal genes carried in the F plasmid are listed in brackets.
• rB/K+/- = The (B/K) defines the strain lineage. The +/- indicates whether the strain has or hasn't got the restriction system.
• mB/K+/- = The (B/K) defines the strain lineage. The +/- indicates whether the strain has or hasn't got the modification (methylation) system.
• hsdS = Both restriction and methylation of certain sequences is deleted from the strain. If you transform DNA from such a strain into a wild type strain, it will be degraded.
• hsdR = For efficient transformation of cloned unmethylated DNA from PCR amplifications
• INV( ) = chromosomal inversion between locations indicated
• ahpC = mutation to alkyl hydroperoxide reductase conferring disulfide reductase activity
• ara-14 = cannot metabolize arabinose
• araD = mutation in L-ribulose-phosphate 4-epimerase blocks arabinose metabolism
• cycA = mutation in alanine transporter; cannot use alanine as a carbon source
• dapD = mutation in succinyl diaminopimelate aminotransferase leads to succinate or (lysine + methionine) requirement
• Δ( ) = chromosomal deletion of genes between the listed genes (may include unlisted genes!)
• dam = adenine methylation at GATC sequences abolished; high recombination efficiency; DNA repair turned on
• dcm = cytosine methylation at second C of CCWGG sites abolished
• deoR = regulatory gene that allows constitutive expression of deoxyribose synthesis genes; permits uptake of large plasmids. See Hanahan D, US Patent 4,851,348. ***This has been called into question, as the DH10B genome sequence revealed that it is deoR+. See Durfee08, PMID 18245285.
• dnaJ = one of the chaparonins inactivated; stabilizes some mutant proteins
• dut1 = dUTPase activity abolished, leading to increased dUTP concentrations, allowing uracil instead of thymine incorporation in DNA. Stable U incorporation requires ung gene mutation as well.
• endA1 = For cleaner preparations of DNA and better results in downstream applications due to the elimination of non-specific digestion by Endonuclease I
• (e14) = excisable prophage like element containing mcrA gene; present in K-12 but missing in many other strains
• galE = mutations are associated with high competence, increased resistance to phage P1 infection, and 2-deoxygalactose resistance. galE mutations block the production of UDP-galactose, resulting in truncation of LPS glycans to the minimal, "inner core". The exceptional competence of DH10B/TOP10 is thought to be a result of a reduced interference from LPS in the binding and/or uptake of transforming DNA. galE15 is a point mutation resulting in a Ser123 -> Phe conversion near the enzyme's active site. See van Die, et al. PMID 6373734, Hanahan, et al. PMID 1943786, and EcoSal ISBN 1555811647. --Dcekiert 16:56, 23 January 2008 (CST)
• galk = mutants cannot metabolize galactose and are resistant to 2-deoxygalactose. galK16 is an IS2 insertion ~170bp downstream of the galK start codon. See EcoSal ISBN 1555811647. --Dcekiert 16:56, 23 January 2008 (CST)
• galU = mutants cannot metabolize galactose
• gor = mutation in glutathione reductase; enhances disulphide bond formation
• glnV = suppression of amber (UAG) stop codons by insertion of glutamine; required for some phage growth
• gyrA96 = mutation in DNA gyrase; conveys nalidixic acid resistance
• gyrA462 = mutation in DNA gyrase; conveys resistance to ccdB colicin gene product
• hflA150 = protease mutation stabilizing phage cII protein; high frequency of lysogenization by λ
• Δ(lac)X74 = Deletion of the entire lac operon as well as some flanking DNA.
• lacIq or lacIQ = overproduction of the lac repressor protein; -35 site in promoter upstream of lacI is mutated from GCGCAA to GTGCAA
• lacIQ1 = overproduction of the lac repressor protein; contains a 15 bp deletion to create optimal -35 site in promoter upstream of lacI
• lacY = deficient in lactose transport; deletion of lactose permease (M protein)
• lacZΔM15 = partial deletion of the lacZ gene that allows α complementation of the β-galactosidase gene; required for blue/white selection on XGal plates. Deletes the amino portion of lacZ (aa 11-41).
• leuB = requires leucine
• Δlon = deletion of the lon protease
• malA = cannot metabolize maltose
• mcrA = Mutation eliminating restriction of DNA methylated at the sequence CmCGG (possibly mCG). Carried on the e14 prophage (q.v.)
• mcrB = Mutation eliminating restriction of DNA methylated at the sequence RmC
• metB = requires methionine
• metC = requires methionine
• mrr = Mutation eliminating restriction of DNA methylated at the sequence CmAG or GmAC
• mtlA = cannot metabilize mannitol
• (Mu) = Mu prophage present. Muδ means the phage is defective.
• mutS - mutation inhibits DNA repair of mismatches in unmethylated newly synthesized strands
• [[nupG = same as deoR
• ompT = mutation in outer membrane protein protease VII, reducing proteolysis of expressed proteins
• (P1) = Cell carries a P1 prophage. Cells express the P1 restriction system.
• (P2) = Cell carries a P2 prophage. Allows selection against Red+ Gam+ λ
• (φ80) = Cell carries the lambdoid prophage φ80. A defective version of this phage carrying lacZM15 deletion (as well as wild-type lacI, lacYA, and flanking sequences) is present in some strains. The φ80 attachment site is just adjacent to tonB.
• pLysS = contains pLysS plasmid carrying chloramphenicol resistance and phage T7 lysozyme, effective at attenuating activity of T7 RNA polymerase, for better inhibition of expression under non-induced conditions. The sequence can be found here.
• proA/B = requires proline
• recA1 = For reduced occurrence of unwanted recombination in cloned DNA; cells UV sensitive, deficient in DNA repair
• recA13 = as for recA1, but inserts less stable.
• recBCD = Exonuclease V; mutation in RecB or RecC reduces general recombination by a factor of 100; impaired DNA repair; UV sensitive, easier propagation of inverted repeats
• recJ Exonuclease involved in alternate recombination
• relA = relaxed phenotype; permits RNA synthesis in absence of protein synthesis
• rha = blocked rhamose metabolism
• rnc = encodes RnaseIII (rnc-14 is a common null mutant)
• rne = encodes RnaseE (rne-3071 is a common temperature sensitive mutant)
• rpsL = mutation in ribosomal protein S12 conveying streptomycin resistance; also called strA
• sbcBC = ExoI activity abolished; usually present in recBC strains; recombination proficient, stable inverted repeats
• sr1 = cannot metabolize sorbitol
• supE = glnV
• supF = tyrT
• thi = requires thiamine
• thyA = requires thymidine
• Tn10 = transposon normally carrying Tetracycline resistance
• Tn5 = transposon normally carrying Kanamycin resistance
• tonA = Mutation in outer membrane protein conveying resistance to phage T1 and phage T5
• traD = Mutation eliminating transfer factor; prevents transfer of F plasmid
• trxB = mutation in thioredoxin reductase; enhances disulphide bond formation in the cytoplasm
• tsx = outer membrane protein mutation conveying resistance to phage T6 and colicin K
• tryT = suppression of amber (UAG) stop codons by insertion of tyrosine; needed for some phage infection such as λgt11.
• ung1 = allows uracil to exist in plasmid DNA
• xyl-5 = blocked xylose metabolism
• SmR = Streptomycin resistance
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OpenWetWare:Getting started 3
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 16:36, 11 July 2006 by Austin J. Che (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Contribute to community pages
Sharing the same wiki between multiple labs enables community pages that permit sharing of expertise. OpenWetWare has many shared areas listed under the Shared resources section on the Main Page. Everyone is encouraged to contribute to these pages!
List your lab equipment
Link your lab protocols
• Each lab has their own way of doing particular protocols. Typically a lab will have a list of lab-specific protocols. However, we are also collecting protocols from multiple labs in the shared protocols area. A good example is DNA Ligation which has a general overview of the procedure. It also provides links to the Endy, Knight, and Silver lab protocols so that people can compare different techniques. Link your lab protocol to the relevant community protocols section!
Document information about lab reagents
• Almost every lab has a set of solutions or media that they regularly need to prepare. In the materials section, various people start pages about reagents they use and include any information they use regularly: like recipes, usage notes, safety info etc.
Remember that you don't need permission from anyone to post a page. If you have a protocol or other information that you would like to share, please do so even if you are unsure if it will be of interest to the community. Many people post information on OWW for their own convenience. When they need a copy of a protocol or need to give it to someone else, OWW is an easy place to find it. However, please be respectful of more "personal" pages (like user pages and lab pages). Check out the etiquette page for more information.
Become a power user
The working definition of a power user is any OpenWetWare user who edits OpenWetWare frequently. (The exact definition of frequently is pretty subjective so use your own judgement on that one.) Generally these users believe in the utility of OpenWetWare (or sites like it) and are committed to making them better.
There are some things that you can do to help further your addiction to OpenWetWare.
Check the recent changes list often
• Often seeing the changes that people are making in real time can lead to an urge to correct errors, contribute to discussions and overall improve the quality of pages. Many people actually bookmark the Recent changes rather than the Main Page because it is more reflective of what is going on in OpenWetWare at any given time.
Join the OpenWetWare steering committee
• OpenWetWare is very much in its infancy. Everyone is still trying to figure out how to make the site as useful as possible to themselves and everyone else. So contribute your ideas and participate on the OpenWetWare:Steering committee!
Go to the Community Portal
• If you are looking to kill time and want to edit OpenWetWare, there are various pages in progress and things to do to help improve OpenWetWare. Most of these are listed and linked off the OpenWetWare:Community Portal.
Advertise OpenWetWare to your friends and colleagues
• OpenWetWare, being based on community contributions, can only benefit from having people talking about the usefulness of the site. Many of our new members hear about it through word of mouth.
• Write a testimonial to explain how you use or benefit from OpenWetWare.
Adding comments
Discussions are an integral part of OpenWetWare whether you are asking for or giving feedback, contributing to the Community Portal, or simply commenting on a user's talk page. In order to easily track and read discussions, we have standardized our commenting protocol.
To comment, type *'''~~~~''': followed by your comment to get example below.
Jennyn 16:16, 25 February 2006 (EST): Hello World.
Jennyn 12:14, 18 March 2006 (EST): Hi back!
• jamesW 11:42, 17 April 2006 (EDT):wonder if this works...
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Iran mulls lifting visa requirements with 60 countries
PanARMENIAN.Net - Iran announced Thursday, Aug 23 that it plans to work out agreements with 60 countries on the reciprocal removal of visa requirements, Fars News Agency reported.
Senior Iranian tourism officials said the issue will be a main topic of their talks with a large number of participants in the upcoming Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) summit in Tehran next week.
"Lifting visa requirements with 60 world states will be pursued seriously in the negotiations between the head of the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization and the leaders of the NAM member states," Acting Deputy Head of the CHHTO Hojjatoleslam Mohammad Javad Adabi told FNA.
He also said that the conference will be a unique opportunity for Iran to provide the ground for bolstering and boosting exports of its handicrafts and attracting a growing number of tourists.
The 16th NAM summit will be held in the Iranian capital, Tehran, from August 26 to 31.
Partner news
Top stories
Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
Partner news
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[23] But the appeal which will carry most weight is the appeal to pity, which not merely forces the judge to change his views, but even to betray his emotion by tears. Such appeals to pity will be based either on the previous or present sufferings of the accused, or on those which await him if condemned. And the force of our appeal will be doubled if we contrast the fortune which he now enjoys with that to which he will be reduced, if he fail.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
load focus Latin (Harold Edgeworth Butler, 1921)
hide References (1 total)
• Cross-references in general dictionaries to this page (1):
hideData/Identifiers
Citation URN: urn:cts:latinLit:phi1002.phi0016.perseus-eng1:2.23
Document URN: urn:cts:latinLit:phi1002.phi0016.perseus-eng1
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Lantronix Showcases Ultimate iPhone, iPad Accessory for Easy Printing at Digital Experience 2013
Printer-friendly versionPDF version
xPrintServer Office and Home Editions Make Printing from Apple iOS Devices Simple and Hassle-Free
LAS VEGAS – January 3, 2013Lantronix, Inc. (Nasdaq: LTRX), a leading global provider of smart M2M connectivity solutions, will be showcasing its xPrintServer™ family of iPad and iPhone printing solutions at Digital Experience on January 7, 2013, the evening prior to the 2013 International CES in Las Vegas. At the event, attendees will see the xPrintServer in action – enabling Apple iOS users to print directly from their mobile devices. With more than 900 editors and members of the press in attendance, Digital Experience is the nation’s largest technology media event.
With the first model launched just over one year ago, the xPrintServer device has become increasingly popular within the Apple community by providing hassle-free, wireless printing from iPad®, iPhone®, and iPod touch® mobile devices. The xPrintServer is offered in two editions, the newly-announced xPrintServer – Office Edition and the xPrintServer – Home Edition. The Office Edition is designed for office use by business and IT professionals, while the Home Edition is intended for the consumer.
“Now that the holidays are behind us, there will undoubtedly be many new iPhone and iPad owners who would like the ability to print from their devices but aren’t sure of the easiest way to go about it,” said Mark D. Tullio, Vice President of Worldwide Marketing for Lantronix. “Whether it’s business professionals who need to print documents and presentations, students who need to print their homework, or home users who would like to print items such as tickets, receipts, photos or recipes – anything that can be viewed, opened or read on an iOS device can be printed with the xPrintServer. We look forward to demonstrating the power and simplicity of the xPrintServer at Digital Experience.”
The xPrintServer: Open it. Plug it in. Print!
The xPrintServer family is an easy-to-use hardware solution that utilizes the iOS native print menu. With automatic printer discovery and no configuration, printing is hassle-free. Simply open the box, plug in power and Ethernet, and print – from any iOS device running iOS version 4.2 or later, to virtually any USB or network-connected printer, whether wired or wireless.
Additional Links:
xPrintServer micro site – http://xprintserver.lantronix.com/
xPrintServer – Office Edition launch video: http://www.lantronix.com/xprintserver-office-video/
xPrintServer – Home Edition launch video: http://www.lantronix.com/xprintserver-home-video/
Demo (installation) video: http://www.lantronix.com/xprintserver-demo-video/
How to Buy
The xPrintServer – Office Edition retails for $199.95 MSRP, while the xPrintServer – Home Edition retails for $99.95 MSRP. Both editions are also available from Lantronix.com, as well as a variety of e-tailers including Amazon, Best Buy Online, Buy.com, CDW, Ebyte.com, Insight Enterprises, MacMall, Mavtechonline.com, NeutronUSA, Newegg.com, NextDayPC.com, NextWarehouse.com, PCMall, PowerMax.com, Provantage, SemiconductorStore.com, SoftwareForLess, and more.
The xPrintServer currently supports thousands of networked printer models from leading printer families including HP, Brother, Epson, Canon, Dell, Lexmark, and Xerox. As new printer brands and printer models become available, Lantronix will post updates on www.Lantronix.com.
About Lantronix
Lantronix, Inc. (NASDAQ: LTRX) is a global leader of secure M2M (machine-to-machine) communication technologies that simplify access and communication with and between virtually any electronic device. Our smart connectivity solutions enable sharing data between devices and applications to empower businesses to make better decisions based on real-time information, and gain a competitive advantage by generating new revenue streams, improving productivity and increasing efficiency and profitability. Easy to integrate and deploy, Lantronix products remotely and securely connect electronic equipment via networks and the Internet. Founded in 1989, Lantronix serves some of the largest medical, security, industrial and building automation, transportation, retail/POS, financial, government, consumer electronics/appliances, IT/data center and pro-AV/signage entities in the world. The company’s headquarters are located in Irvine, Calif.
For more information, visit www.lantronix.com. The Lantronix blog, http://www.lantronix.com/blog, features industry discussion and updates. Follow Lantronix on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/Lantronix.
© 2012 Lantronix, Inc. Lantronix, Inc. and Lantronix are registered trademarks, and xPrintServer is a trademark of Lantronix, Inc. iPad, iPhone, iPod, iPod classic, iPod nano, and iPod touch are trademarks of Apple, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. All other trademarks and trade names are the property of their respective holders. Specifications subject to change without notice. All rights reserved.
News Source : Lantronix Showcases Ultimate iPhone, iPad Accessory for Easy Printing at Digital Experience 2013
Copy this html code to your website/blog and link to this press release.
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Daily Search Forum Recap: May 13, 2010
May 13, 2010 • 4:00 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Search Forum Recap
Here is a recap of what happened in the search forums today, through the eyes of the Search Engine Roundtable and other search forums on the web.
Search Engine Roundtable Stories:
• Can Twitter Alone Help A New Site Get Indexed?
A short WebmasterWorld thread has one person claiming that his brand new site was indexed solely based on a link from a tweet, via Twitter. He admits he cannot say with 100% certainty that Twitter was the only link to the new site, but he is pretty sure. I see no reason why Twitter could not be a great place for Google to discover and index new content. We know Google has a deal with
• Google Germany's Father's Day Logo & Google's ASCII Art Logo
Today is Father's day in Germany and Google Germany has a special logo up for the day. The logo looks nothing like the 2009 Google Father's Day logo from last year. In Germany, Father's Day is Vatertag. Here is a picture: Forum discussion on the Father's Day logo at Google Blogoscoped Forums. A Google Web Search Help thread points out an old but cute Google Doodle that is triggered when you conduct a search for
• Can Google Grow Forever?
A WebmasterWorld thread is discussion a recent BusinessInsider piece that says: Google's share gains have flatlined. A year ago, Google had 65% of the US search market. Last month, Google had 64.4% of the US search market. This after an amazing decade in which Google gained about a point of share per month. Most Google bulls expected Google to eventually own considerably more than 65% share of the US search market. As Google's competitors collapsed,
• Google's New "Short Answers" Are Not "New"
I love it when Google blogs something and then everyone in media thinks what they are showing is a brand new feature, even if the feature has been around since 2004. That is what happened when Google wrote about Google Squared's 1st birthday and showed off how this now powers Google's "short answers" and "something different" Google features. What is new is that "short answers" now (1) powered by Google Squared and (2) shows a
• Funny Google Search Results, Possibly NSFW
I spotted a couple funny Google search results via the forums that I wanted to share with you. The first one I spotted via a Google Blogoscoped Forum thread for a image search for [david cameron side profile]. David Cameron is the new Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, by the way. A search for that returns the following image either in the first or second position: That is an image you would not expect
Other Great Search Forum Threads:
Previous story: Can Twitter Alone Help A New Site Get Indexed?
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Nautilus Institute
From SourceWatch
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is part of the Center for Media & Democracy's focus on the fallout of nuclear "spin."
Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability
"Since its founding in 1992, the Nautilus Institute has evolved into a thriving public policy think-tank and community resource. Along the way it has addressed critical security and sustainability issues such as the United States nuclear policy in Korea and the effect of the U.S.-China relationship on environmental insecurity. The Institute has built a reputation not only for innovative research and analysis of critical global problems, it also translates ideas into practical solutions, often with high impact. Now with a branch office in Melbourne, Australia at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Nautilus pursues its mission through a highly networked organization." [1]
Contents
Funding
Program Grants
In-Kind Contributions
"Non-monetary contributions have been received from a number of sources. These include:
Institute researchers have consulted to the following organizations on program-related projects
Source
Nautilus Staff
Nautilus Associates
Board of Directors
• Thomas R. Miller - Senior Partner, Law Firm of Miller & Ngo President
• Kristin Burgess - Business Manager, City of Menlo Parkt, Treasurer and Secretary
• Peter Hayes - Director and Co-founder of Nautilus Institute, Member
• Ove M. Wittstock - Berkeley Boosters Association Emeritus, Community Header, Member
Source
Contact
Web: http://www.nautilus.org
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Picture of the Day & The Weekly Round-Up
This Week…
We looked at Pin-ups and their sources
The Cliffs of Moher were surfed
Supreme released a suede bomber
Roger Gastman went pineapples
and
Anne Vyalitsyna was our Muse
Redundant
Vintage Sharp Calculator with an Abacus
[Read more]
The Barefoot Bandit: The True Tale of Colton Harris-Moore, New American Outlaw
You can read an excerpt from the upcoming book by Bob Friel over on Outside
Shoe Design.
Burberry Prorsum cork-sole lace-ups
[Read more]
The Expanding Airport
A short animated film made in 1958 for Washington International Airport written, produced, and directed by Charles and Ray Eames.
via, cartoonbrew
Os Gemeos in the Gallery
With Os Gemeos opening up a new show at Prism in Los Angeles tonight (2/25), we look back at some of their past work indoors.
Shepard Fairey Pleads Guilty in a New York court to one count of criminal contempt
He destroyed documents, manufactured evidence as well as other misconduct in his case involving his “Hope” poster of Barack Obama. He could face up to six months in federal prison.
Artist Eats: Kime Buzzelli
For this installment of “Artist Eats,” we asked Kime Buzzelli to share her favorite place to eat. Kime is a Los Angeles-based artist known for her feminine, ethereal paintings, and her distinct style.
Continue reading for her answer.
[Read more]
Lunchtime Laughter
This commercial.
New Space Monkey Prints From Dalek
Always had a fondness for these little dudes
Rammellzee: Excavations from The Battle Station
NY Times helps you understand the late, great artist
[Read more]
Your “Rights,” and Your “Wrongs”
Steve Powers and ICY Signs for Creative Time
If you would like to support Creative Time by purchasing a 2cents sign or making a donation, contact Alexandra Castillo-Kesper at alexandrack@creativetime.org
Linked Out
Every Friday Saturday, Chris Black will be using his superior internet reading abilities to provide you with a list of links to things you’re bound to find interesting.
Audio Engineer / Indie Rock Muckraker / Shellac band member Steve Albini Has a Food Blog
Skateboarding, New York, 1960s
The “Other White House”: A Roundup of Presidential Retreats
Trevor Jackson speaks with Arthur Baker about his work across the decades and his collaborations with the likes of Afrika Bambaataa, Planet Patrol, New Order, Hall and Oates and even Bruce Springsteen
How New York Pay Phones Became Guerrilla Libraries
A View Into The World Of An Avant-Garde Collector
The New Yorker’s Kelefa Sanneh on the History of Hardcore
Behind the scenes at the Jameson Distillery with Master Distiller Barry Crockett
Andy Warhol’s New York, 25 Years On
How The Oscars Were Always About Picking The Wrong Contenders
—Chris Black / @donetodeath
Morning Dose of The World’s Most Epic Sex Shop Fire
Friday’s Vault
Tom Knox in Risk It
Picture of the Day
Terry Richardson
A Love Letter For You
The official trailer for the upcoming film from Stephen Powers and Joey Garfield.
Kingston, Jamaica
Vans OTW and The Blackouts (Ako and Atiba Jefferson) got together and produced a vinyl record featuring a compilation from VP Record’s catalog. The LP is free, and available at select OTW retailers. Tracklist after the jump.
[Read more]
Up All Night
Angry Samoans, Steak Knife, Pictures of Matchstick Men, and Inside My Brain plus an interview from around March 1980 on New Wave Theater..
Page 4 of 19First...23456...10...Last Page »
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86 reputation
2
bio website angelhere.com
location California
age
visits member for 2 years, 1 month
seen Jan 23 '12 at 18:20
stats profile views 27
I am the co-founder of Angelhere.com. angelhere.com help start-up in U.S. bring Chinese angel investment, and also help them access Chinese market in the early stage to avoid copycats.
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Category:Development
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 15:26, 5 September 2007 by Ramuk (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
The Linkstation Community Forum Board index ‹ Developer's Corner
Goals
1. Move all Platforms to UBoot
2. Move to the latest kernel on all boxes
3. FreeLink for the LS Pro - FreeLink for the Linkstation Pro
4. Unified OpenLink via Buildroot or OpenEmbedded for all Platforms - Foonas
Subcategories
This category has only the following subcategory.
F
Personal tools
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Connexions
Sections
You are here: Home » Content » Conclusions and Future Work
About: Conclusions and Future Work
Module by: Aaron Hallquist. E-mail the author
View the content: Conclusions and Future Work
Metadata
Name: Conclusions and Future Work
ID: m15660
Language: English (en)
Summary: This module discusses the conclusions for our project, about our data and about SAR in general. It also discusses potential future work that could be done with our data in order to improve our image.
Keywords: Convolution Back-Projection, SAR
Document Type: -//CNX//DTD CNXML 0.5 plus MathML//EN
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 2.0
Authors: Aaron Hallquist (ahallquist@rice.edu)
Copyright Holders: Aaron Hallquist (ahallquist@rice.edu)
Maintainers: Aaron Hallquist (ahallquist@rice.edu)
Latest version: 1.1 (history)
First publication date: Dec 19, 2007 10:47 am -0600
Last revision to module: Dec 19, 2007 12:35 pm -0600
Downloads
PDF: m15660_1.1.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
EPUB: m15660_1.1.epub Electronic publication file, for viewing in handheld devices. Learn more.
XML: m15660_1.1.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Source Export ZIP: m15660_1.1.zip ZIP containing the module XML plus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.1 Dec 19, 2007 12:35 pm -0600 by Aaron Hallquist
Changes:
Blah.
How to Reuse and Attribute This Content
If you derive a copy of this content using a Connexions account and publish your version, proper attribution of the original work will be automatically done for you.
If you reuse this work elsewhere, in order to comply with the attribution requirements of the license (CC-BY 2.0), you must include
• the authors' names: Aaron Hallquist
• the title of the work: Conclusions and Future Work
• the Connexions URL where the work can be found: http://cnx.org/content/m15660/1.1/
See the citation section below for examples you can copy.
How to Cite and Attribute This Content
The following citation styles comply with the attribution requirements for the license (CC-BY 2.0) of this work:
American Chemical Society (ACS) Style Guide:
Hallquist, A. Conclusions and Future Work, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m15660/1.1/, Dec 19, 2007.
American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style:
Hallquist A. Conclusions and Future Work [Connexions Web site]. December 19, 2007. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m15660/1.1/.
American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual:
Hallquist, A. (2007, December 19). Conclusions and Future Work. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m15660/1.1/
Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography):
Hallquist, Aaron. "Conclusions and Future Work." Connexions. December 19, 2007. http://cnx.org/content/m15660/1.1/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Note):
Aaron Hallquist, "Conclusions and Future Work," Connexions, December 19, 2007, http://cnx.org/content/m15660/1.1/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Reference, in Author-Date style):
Hallquist, A. 2007. Conclusions and Future Work. Connexions, December 19, 2007. http://cnx.org/content/m15660/1.1/.
Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Manual:
Hallquist, Aaron. Conclusions and Future Work. Connexions. 19 Dec. 2007 <http://cnx.org/content/m15660/1.1/>.
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Hammer Getting Started
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 02:26, 3 June 2008 by Robotguy (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Getting Started with the Hammer_Board
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Starting out with a new microcontroller can be daunting and very overwhelming. I've experienced this feeling as I start out with embedded systems using ARM7 (NXP LPC2148) and ARM9 (Hammer, Samsung S3C2410A) microcontrollers. So here is a tutorial on how to get started with Hammer.
Hammer runs full Linux with kernel 2.6.22 or later. To start out with Hammer, All development tools are available for Linux only at this time, so it is expected that you already have experience with Linux. If you don't have experience with Linux, you will need to start learning it if you want to do serious work with embedded systems like Hammer. Get one of the LiveCDs that many Linux Distributions are offering now, such as Knoppix, Kubuntu, Ubuntu, etc
I strongly suggest getting the complete Hammer Kit.I know it is more expensive than just getting a Hammer by itself, but believe me, you will be thankful for getting the whole kit. There will not be any other parts you will need to purchase. The kit is complete, and even includes a wall power supply. You also get the Flyswatter JTAG unit, which can also be used with other ARM7/ARM9 processors wth the appropriate cable. With other processors, I have always had to piece things together to get everything I need, but this is not true with the Hammer Kit - everything you need is included and guaranteed to be compatible with the Hammer in all ways.
You will also find more information and tutorials on the official Hammer Wiki, which is a work in progress.
Hammer comes preprogrammed with Linux and kernel 2.6.22 or later, so you will be able to do some stuff right out of the box.
So, let's get started!
1) Unpack your Hammer Kit and inventory the contents to besure you have everything.
You should have the following:
* Hammer: Samsung S3C2410A ARM9 CPU board in a 40-pin DIP package.
* Hammer Carrier: prototyping board designed for use with the Hammer CPU board.
* Flyswatter: USB based JTAG programmer for the Hammer CPU board.
* 5V@1A Power Supply: 5V power supply for the Hammer Carrier board.
* USB Cable A to B: USB cable for the Flyswatter.
* RS232 Serial Cable – serial cable to connect the Hammer Carrier to a PC/terminal
* JTAG ribbon cable (14 pin - 2 x 7, length = 8 inches)
* Hammer Kit CD.
2) Connect the AC adapter to a power outlet and plug the barrel connector on the other end into the Hammer Carrier. The power light on the board should light up. If the power light doesn't light up, unplug everything very quickly!
3) Connect the included RS-232 serial cable from a serial port on your PC to the DB9 connector on the Hammer Carrier Board. The default speed is 115200 Bps, 8 bits, no parity, so make sure your PC serial port is setup properly.
4) Press CR (RETURN) on your keyboard and you should get a "Hammer login:" prompt.
If you do not see the "Hammer login: prompt, there is something wrong and some basic troubleshooting will be required.
5)There are no password protected accounts so just enter "root" and press CR to login. You should now be logged in to Hammer.
6) Enter "ls -l" (no quotes) and press CR (RETURN or ENTER) on your keyboard. You should see a directory listing.
Once you have a connection with Hammer, you can use basic Linux commands. You won't be able to do a lot with Hammer at this point because you have not configured it for what you want to do. This will be covered in later pages.
I hope this helps you get started with Hammer, and I will update this as required to clarify any points that are not clear.
Setting up Buildroot and Building a Toolchain
Now things get interesting. The software development environment we use for Hammer is called Buildroot. Here is how to go about setting Buildroot up.
1) Download the latest Buildroot archive (Buildroot-01082008.tar.gz currently) from the software section. This is the ONLY version of Buildroot officially supported by TinCanTools.
2) Find a place on your hard drive with plently of storage available. Buildroot has hard coded paths, so you can't move it around after you have built a toolchain with it. It has to stay where you put it, unless you rebuild everything.
3) Unarchive the Buildroot archive using the command tar -zxvf Buildroot-01082008.tar.gz. This archive has subdirectories so you will end up with a buildroot directory.
4) Do
cd <your new buildroot dir>
cp Hammer-config .config
make oldconfig
5) Do make menuconfig
You'll see the following:
6) Select Toolchain Options and you get the following screen:
7) There are some options you need to make sure are set on this screen.
Select the following options:
C++ cross-compiler support
Build/install c++ compiler and libstdc++
Build/install a shared libgcc
This will give you a full C/C++ toolchain with shared libraries and libstdc++.
8) Exit and save your configuration
9) Do make
to start building your toolchain. This can take awhile, depending on how fast your PC is and how much memory is in it (faster and more RAM is better).
After this is all done, if you didn't get any errors, you will have a good toolchain.
10) You must add the path to your toolchain to the front of your path. Add <Path to buildroot>/buildroot/build_arm/staging_dir/bin to the front of your PATH. This ensures the toolchain will be found when building software for Hammer.
I use a command in my ~/.bashrc something like PATH=<Path to buildroot>/buildroot/build_arm/staging_dir/bin:$PATH
This covers the basics of getting started with Hammer. Future tutorials will go into greater detail and be more advanced.
Building a Custom Kernel
The first thing you will probably want to do after you have your toolchain built is to build a custom kernel that will have just the drivers enabled you need for your application. Contrary to popular belief, it is not that difficult to build a custom kernel. There are a few settings in various places that do come into play and affect whether things work properly though.
<To Be Continued>
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1st Regiment, Minnesota Cavalry (Mounted Rangers)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States U.S. Military Minnesota Minnesota Military Minnesota in the Civil War 1st Regiment, Minnesota Cavalry (Mounted Rangers)
Contents
Brief History
The 1st Regiment, Minnesota Cavalry (Mounted Rangers) was organized at St. Cloud, St. Peters and Fort Snelling, Minnesota on October 9 to December 30, 1862. It was mustered out from October 20 to December 7, 1863 at Fort Ripley and Fort Snelling,Minnesota[1].
For more information about this regiment, see the following:
Companies in this Regiment with the Counties of Origin
Men often enlisted in a company recruited in the counties where they lived though not always. After many battles, companies might be combined because so many men were killed or wounded. However if you are unsure which company your ancestor was in, try the company recruited in his county first.
The following counties of origin are taken from the Adjutant General's Report, found on the Internet Archives web site. The rosters show the men who served in each regiment, their residences, dates of enlistment and mustering out, and other remarks. Also see the Dalby Database, a site from Minnesota, searchable by men, counties, regiments and companies.
Company A - many men from Hennepin County, Houston County, Dakota County and Rice County - Roster, page 636.
Company B - many men from Nicollet County, Blue Earth County, and Faribault County - Roster, page 640.
Company C - many men from Anoka County and other Minnesota counties - Roster, page 644.
Company D - many men from Stearns County - Roster, page 647.
Company E - many men from Nicollet County, Blue Earth County and Le Sueur County - Roster, page 651.
Company F - many men from Fillmore County and other Minnesota counties - Roster, page 655.
Company G - many men from Ramsey County, Dakota County and Houston County - Roster, page 659.
Company H - many men from Rice County, Freeborn County and Blue Earth County - Roster, page 663.
Company I - many men from Olmsted County and Fillmore County - Roster, page 667.
Company K - many men from Faribault County and Nicollet County - Roster, page 671.
Company L - many men from Brown County - Roster, page 675.
Company M - many men from Chisago County, Dodge County, and Mower County - Roster, page 678.
The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors database lists 1,611 men on its roster for this unit. Roster.
Other Sources
WEB SITES
• Rootsweb. (accessed 9 Dec 2010) "Mounted Rangers" history and a roster of the men from Wabasha County.
• ResearchOnline. (accessed 9 Dec 2010) A brief history and biblography about the 1st Regiment, Minnesota Cavalry (Mounted Rangers).
• Beginning United States Civil War Research gives steps for finding information about a Civil War soldier. It covers the major records that should be used. Additional records are described in ‘Minnesota in the Civil War’ and ‘United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865’ (see below).
• National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, is searchable by soldier's name and state. It contains basic facts about soldiers on both sides of the Civil War, a list of regiments, descriptions of significant battles, sources of the information, and suggestions for where to find additional information.
• Minnesota in the Civil War describes many Confederate and Union sources, specifically for Minnesota, and how to find them.. These include compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc.
• United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865 describes and explains United States and Confederate States records, rather than state records, and how to find them. These include veterans’ censuses, compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc.
BOOKS
• Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion Compiled and Arranged from Official Records of the Federal and Confederate Armies : [Minnesota]. (Bethesda, Maryland : University Publications of America, c1993). FHL Collection. FHL US/CAN Fiche 6084700. Other libraries with this book.
• Minnesota. Minnesota in the Civil and Indian Wars 1861-1865. (St. Paul, Minn: Electrotyped and printed for the State by the Pioneer Press Company, 1890).FHL Collection. FHL US/CAN Book 977.6 H2bc. Other libraries with this book. Click on the FHL Collection link to view this book online. It contains detailed histories and rosters of each Minnesota Military Unit.
• Narrative and rosters of the Minnesota Mounted Rangers & Cavalry, (Roseville, MN : Park Genealogical Books, [199-?]). Other libraries with this book.
• Carley, Kenneth, and Richard Moe. Minnesota in the Civil War: An Illustrated History. (Minnesota Historical Society Press, c2000). Book of battle histories, photographs, short biographies and a roster of the different regiments with their officers, beginning on page 204. Google book (Not all pages are shown). WorldCat book.
• Minnesota. Adjutant General's Office. Minnesota Adjutant General's Report of 1866. (Roseville, Minnesota : Park Genealogical Books, c1997). FHL US/CAN Book 977.6 M2ma Other libraries with this book. Arranged in alphabetical order by soldier's name. Gives soldier's name, age, birthplace, rank, regiment, company, date and place mustered in, date and place mustered out, and other information.
References
1. National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System (accessed 11 January 2011)
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 26 October 2012, at 01:22.
• This page has been accessed 1,160 times.
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DOI-10.1002-path.1711980102 - 1711980102 J Pathol 198-56A.pdf
There is a newer version of this article.Go to newer version
• DOI-10.1002-path.1711980102 - 1711980102 J Pathol ...pdf
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Cite this:
DOI-10.1002-path.1711980102 - 1711980102 J Pathol 198-56A.pdf. E Husain, M de Miguel, A Blanes, R Cerio, L Pozo-Garcia, Salvador J. Diaz-Cano. figshare.
http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.99888
Retrieved 09:27, May 18, 2013 (GMT)
Description
Introduction: Spitz tumors (ST) are poorly understood, their behavior can be unpredictable and their cell kineticis unknown.
Methods: We selected ST (42), malignant melanomas (42, 15 radial growth phase MM-RGP and 27 vertical growth phase MM- VGP), and conventional melanocytic nevi (15 junctional, 20 compound), the latter two grou s used as controls. lmmunostainingfor Ki-67, p53, p21WAF1 and p27KIP1 was scored by topographic compartments (junctional, and dermal superficial and deep to 0.76 mm), screening the whole compartment in each case. CD-31-stained slides were used to estimate microvessel density. The results were statistically compared using analysis of variance and Student t-test, and consideredsignificantif P<0.05. Results: Superficial-to-deep gradient was maintained for Ki-67 in all lesions, but significantly higher in MM. No differences in p53 immunoexpression were detected. ST revealed reverse pattern with significantly overexpressed p21WAF1 and p27KIP1 and increased microvessel density at the deep dermal compartment.
Conclusions: The kinetic profile suggests an overall regression for ST and a dissociated and ineffective deep vascular proliferation to maintain the cell growth.
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MOUNT
Unique ID: LEIC-9D0F71
Object type certainty: Possibly
Workflow status: Awaiting validation
Unknown copper alloy fitting, possibly from a set of weights? 22mm long, 20mm wide and 2mm thick. The object consists of a rectangular sectioned triangle which has integral suspension loops at each corner. It is decorated on one with rows of incised dot and rings.
Subsequent actions
Subsequent action after recording: Returned to finder
Chronology
Broad period: UNKNOWN
Date from: Circa AD 1
Dimensions and weight
Length: 22 mm
Width: 20 mm
Thickness: 2 mm
Weight: 2.11 g
Quantity: 1
Personal details
Found by: This information is restricted for your login.
Recorded by: Wendy Scott - [ view all attributed records]
Identified by: Wendy Scott - [view all attributed records]
Other reference numbers
Materials and construction
Primary material: Copper alloy [scope notes | view all attributed records]
Manufacture method: Cast [scope notes | view all attributed records]
Completeness: Incomplete [scope notes | view all attributed records]
QR barcode
The barcode on the right is a unique identifier for this record. If your phone has scanning software installed, then this can be used for sharing or you can print it off and attach it to the object.
Spatial metadata
County: Nottinghamshire
District: Newark And Sherwood
Parish: North Muskham
Spatial coordinates
4 Figure: SK7758
Four figure Latitude: 53.113635 Four figure longitude: -0.85108
1:25K map: SK7758
1:10K map: SK75NE
WOEID: 12066
Grid reference source: Centred on village (which isn't a parish)
Unmasked grid reference accurate to a 100 metre square.
Discovery metadata
Method of discovery: Metal detector [scope notes]
Adjacent Domesday Book places
Domesday data within 2 km of discovery point is surfaced via the excellent Open Domesday website.
References cited
No references cited so far.
Similar objects
Find number: ESS-6B4020
Object type: STRAP FITTING
Broadperiod: UNKNOWN
Cast copper alloy strap slide or mount of uncertain date. It is rectangular in plan with a slightly domed surface. The reverse is hollow and …
Workflow: Awaiting validation
Find number: SUSS-E94FC5
Object type: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
Broadperiod: UNKNOWN
A cast copper-alloy composite object of uncertain attribution and probable Roman-Medieval date. The object consists of two connected elements…
Workflow: Awaiting validation
Find number: KENT-DBECB0
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Broadperiod: UNKNOWN
Cast copper alloy stag's head. The hollow sub-rectangular head is 20mm long, 13mm wide at the top tapering to 10mm at the base. The base is 10…
Workflow: Awaiting validation
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Audit data
Created: Wednesday 23rd March 2011
Updated: Tuesday 31st May 2011
This page is available in: qrcode json xml geojson representations.
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Skip to main content Help Control Panel
Lost? Search this Naples Florida website...|Add our search|Login A+ A- 54.234.180.187
Hints « Recipes «
Tuscany White Bean Soup
Register with us in one easy step!
Yield: 4 servings
1/4 c Onion; chopped 2 Bay leaves; large
1/2 ts Garlic; minced 1 ts Dried basil; cri,b;ed
3 tb Olive oil; divided 1/2 ts Salt
1/2 lb Dry great nothern beans; 1/2 ts White pepper; ground
-washed 2 tb Parsley; fresh chopped
2 qt Water 2 Green onion; chopped
Saute onion and garlic in 2 tablespoons of olive oil until soft,
stirring often. Add bean, water, bay leaves, and basil. Bring
mixture to a boil, reduce to a simmmer, and cover. Continue cooking
until beans are tender, about 2 hours, adding more liquid if
necessary and stirring occasionally. Season with salt and pepper.
Cool soup, puree beans in a blender or food processor fitted with
steel blade. Return pureed soup to pot; reheat over moderate heat.
stirring often. Blend in remaining olive oil. Serve soup hot,
garnished with chopped parsley and green onions. If soup is too
thick, add water or chicken broth.
Food Exchange Per Serving: 2 1/2 STRARCH/BREAD EXCHANGES + 1 LEAN MEAT
EXCHANGE + 1 FAT EXCHANGE CAL: 293; CHO: 37g; PRO: 13g; FAT: 11g;
SOD: 256; CHOL: 0g; Low-Sodium Diets: Omit Salt.
Source: The Art of Cooking for the Diabetic by Mary Abbott Hess,
R.D.,M.S. and Katharine Middleton
Brought to you and yours via Nancy OBrion and her Meal-Master
4 1 rate
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
August 19, 2006
What's Next For Google Video?
To further increase its user base and to keep its users more on the site, Google Video will concentrate on personalization.
To feel at home, users need a profile page that contains details about themselves, their favorite videos, their comments, their personal videos and their topics of interest. Google Video will also create a personalized homepage that contains videos that match people's interests. The videos already watched, the ratings and the information gathered from web search will be helpful for creating this kind of service.
Google Video will need to improve its search, by using the labels and the comments to complement video descriptions. They also need to include an advanced search that will allow you to sort the results by rating, number of views, number of comments, number of blog embeddings and to search videos by language, quality of image or safe-for-work status. Speech-to-text conversion will bring more information about the videos and will create a search experience comparable to the current web search, but the technology needs to be improved in order to be used in the real world.
Contextual video ads will allow Google Video to deliver premium content for free, and that will include TV shows, music videos, documentaries and more. As long as the ads are not intrusive and deliver relevant information, they'll be successful.
More quality videos, easier to find videos and a more personal experience. I think this is the key for a better Google Video.
Also see:
A brief history of Google Video
Why is YouTube more popular than Google Video?
Google Video tips
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Tuesday, 19 January 2010
Breaking news: Vodkat falls foul of extended passing-off
A swiftly-issued release from Rouse Legal gave the IPKat the news that the sale of a non-vodka product as Vodkat was a form of extended passing-off. So held Mr Justice Arnold this morning in Diageo v Intercontinental Brands [2010] EWHC 17 (Ch). This 45-page extravaganza is the latest in that long line of ‘extended form’ passing off cases which began back in 1960 with the first ‘Champagne’ case, Bollinger v Costa Brava Wine Co Ltd [1960] Ch 262 and which has taken us on a tour through ‘Sherry’, ‘Scotch whisky’ and ‘advocaat’and even ‘Swiss chocolate’. According to the press release,
" ... the defendants’ product, VODKAT, [was] not a vodka, but a 22% alcohol by volume (ABV) mixture of fermented alcohol and vodka. To be a vodka a product has to be inter alia 100% distilled alcohol and at least 37.5% ABV.
According to the defendants the brand name, VODKAT, was selected to indicate that vodka was one of the product’s ingredients. The defendants conceded that the product was targeted at the core vodka market (females aged 18 to 25) and the judge found that it had been marketed under a get-up strongly reminiscent of a vodka get-up.
Diageo, the proprietors of SMIRNOFF, the UK’s leading brand of vodka, objected to VODKAT, claiming that it was being passed off as vodka. Evidence was produced of retailers and wholesalers categorising [Kat-egorising?] the product as a vodka, displaying it among the vodkas and in some cases expressly stating it to be a vodka. Evidence was also produced of journalists and others believing it to be a vodka [judging by what some journalists write, they'll believe anything, particularly after the first few glasses] and this was supported by evidence of consumers who had bought it believing it to be a vodka.
The defendants defended the case primarily on the basis that ‘Vodka’ is not a sufficiently well-defined category of product and does not have the necessary cachet to merit protection by way of a passing off action. They also contended that the claimants’ evidence of deception was not sufficiently substantial in the context of the massive sales achieved by VODKAT over the last five years.
In his judgment, the judge relates in some detail the development of the law in this area and concludes that vodka is sufficiently well-recognised as a product category to merit protection by way of this form of action. He rejected an argument put forward by the defendants that for vodka to merit protection it had to have a reputation for superiority. He found that “vodka was generally perceived by consumers to be a clear, tasteless, distilled high strength spirit” and that “an important aspect of the reputation of vodka [is that] it can alcoholically enhance any chosen mixer without
detracting from the taste of the mixer”. He concluded that “the term ‘vodka’ does have a reputation giving rise to a protectable goodwill”.
As to the evidence of deception, the judge was satisfied “that the instances of actual
confusion proved in evidence are representative of a significantly greater number that will have occurred”. The judge was also satisfied that Diageo will have suffered resultant damage in the form of both lost sales and erosion of the distinctiveness of the term ‘vodka’. In the result the judge concluded that the defendants had passed off VODKAT as vodka. The form of the final order has yet to be determined [It usually starts with the words "Last orders, please ..."].
Aspects of the judgment, which may be of interest to practitioners, are the sections dealing with the judge’s analysis of the basis of the action and his comments in relation to the trap order and survey evidence”.
The IPKat looks forward to reading the details and may return to this case if/when he finds something exciting.
More on vodka here
Vodka cocktails here
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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Custom Query (2 matches)
Filters
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Ticket Summary Keywords Status Owner Type Priority
#1576 Certain images with 1-bit-alpha channel lose their transparency bad icon;mappaint new team defect minor
#6010 MapCSS: place icon images in center of areas mapcss, mappaint new bastiK enhancement normal
Note: See TracQuery for help on using queries.
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CAUSE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPACT PRESSURE EXERTED BY SPILLING AND PLUNGING BREAKERS ON A VERTICAL WALL
Seyed Ali Azarmsa, Takashi Yasuda, Hidemi Mutsuda
Abstract
Detailed measurements of spilling and plunging wave pressures on a vertical wall are carried out to identify and compare their characteristics. Kinematical differences between the spilling and plunging breakers enable us to investigate better the generation mechanism and characteristics of the impact pressure. Further, the reliability of numerically computed breaking wave pressure is investigated through the comparisons with the experimental results. It is made clear that the impact pressure can be well expressed in terms of internal kinematics of breaking waves.
Keywords
vertical wall; plunging breaker; breaking waves; impact pressure; spilling breaker
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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login ask-a-question questions unanswered tags faq
Do you think that the Swiss Army Knife Range could be collectively classified as the Ultimate CoolTool?
asked Jul 28 '11 at 03:19
Dave46
16
I guess it's time for somebody who actually uses one to speak up. I don't know about this "ultimate" business, but I'm willing to send a little love the Swiss Army Knife's way. "Jack of all trades, master of none"? Maybe so, but for what I can get in my pocket it ain't bad. Take for instance the "Farmer" model I had in my pocket yesterday-- I opened a can and a bottle with it, opened the mail, tightened a couple of loose screws, pried some pistachios open with the can opener, made a new hole in my belt, started a couple of screw holes, and sawed some sheetrock out so I could get some conduit through. That's just what comes to mind right away. I had access to a purpose-made tool for most of that, but the Swiss Army Knife was right there with me and I knew it'd do the job plenty well enough. For cutting that sheetrock it was the best thing I could use, because of the limited space. Now with a nice lockback single blade knife, you better stick to opening the mail. I make adapters for 1/4" hex screwdriver bits that'll fit on a Swiss Army Knife's cap lifter, or even on a straight screwdriver, and with one of those, I can drive any kind of screw with my Swiss Army Knife. Leathermans and such are nice, too, but I can stick a real pair of pliers like, depending on what I'm up to, a small pair of dikes, some little slip joints or even a Channellock 426 in my pocket with a Swiss Army Knife and there you are, Bob's your uncle.
Now if you start talking about one with scissors, or pliers, or a magnifying glass, or any of the other I-don't-know-how-many tools they can have, it can sure make a plain old pocket knife look anemic. I wouldn't want to skin an elk with one, but elk-skinning ain't on my everyday to-do list, either. I'd hate to know I had to go through the day without one handy.
link
answered Aug 05 '11 at 14:59
Dave
176
No! It's the Jack of all trades but the Master of none! A simple single blade, light weight, lock back pocket knife, 3.5 inch more or less gets it done.
link
answered Jul 28 '11 at 06:01
dlawren
16
Get a decent (they're all pretty inexpensive) 6-in-1 screw drive and keep a knife or leather man on you. You'll use the 6-in-1 90% of the time if you work on machines in a facilities kind of job. Unless you ultimate tool is a knife the screw driver and nut driver combination will always win
Excelsior
link
answered Jul 31 '11 at 13:47
pelicanhook
16
No. If you want a durable and usable multi-purpose tool get a Leatherman or SOG. For a knive my preferance is a 2 1/2" 3 blade Uncle Henery #897 UN by Schrade. It sharpens easily and holds an edge very well. I use the large blade for utility work, keep one small blade razor sharp all the time and keep the other small blade pretty sharp. Actually I guess I keep them all pretty sharp all the time. I'm not dressed without this in my pocket and have no idea how anyone gets through a day without a good pocket knife. When I travel by air one of the first things I do after landing is find a place to buy an inexpensive knife that I can give away upon my return.
link
answered Jul 29 '11 at 12:38
Keith
15
The ultimate cool tool has got to be a Leatherman. My personal favorite is the Charge TTi and the Wave. The only possibly missing item is a flashlight but it's better to have a separate one anyway.
link
answered Aug 01 '11 at 12:31
Michael Drob
1
I have been disappointed with my recent Leatherman purchases. I miss the simple functionality of the original!
I did find an interesting bladed option recently that I really like though! It is a stainless steel box cutter blade holder (the blade slides into the holder which folds shut like a pocket knife. If the blade gets dull, slide it out and reverse it for another good blade!). The blade locks open, and there is a little LED light on a swing-out arm. It is really an overpriced piece of Chinese junk! (It was included in a "rip off" periodic tool mailing club that someone I know got roped into joining, but surprisingly this thing is great!)
I have never seen anything like it in my many trips to the hardware store (closest thing is a box cutter). I like it, and carry it now instead of my pocket knife. If I ever forget, and TSA corners me, I can simply slip out the blade and throw it away, and keep the rest for another day!
link
answered Aug 04 '11 at 15:33
lduvall
16
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Asked: Jul 28 '11 at 03:19
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Saturday, February 11, 2012
Where Was Kadima MK Nahman Shai on January 18?
Take a look:-
MK Nahman Shai from Kadima with National Union MK Uri Ariel visited the Temple Mount. Shai sai that he came to a holy, sacred site, with religious, historic and cultural value to observe and learn and of course, he acted in complete fulfuillment of the proper preparations for such a visit in accordance with ritual instructions.
And can you believe this?
A committee within the Israeli municipality of Jerusalem has submitted plans for a new structure adjacent to the Al-Aqsa Mosque, the Al-Aqsa Foundation for Endowment and Heritage said Saturday. According to the foundation, the 3,700-square-meter structure will be built near [near? how near? how far?] the Mughrabi Gate at the site known as the Al-Buraq Square to Muslims and the Western Wall to Jews. It will consist of five floors, two of which will be underground. “The building will serve settlers and foreign tourists who visit the square,” the foundation said in a statement [only? no others allowed?].
The building, according to the report, will be located in the northern part of the square. It is designed to include a Jewish museum, lecture halls, exhibition halls, a library and archives center, and a center for information. The Al-Aqsa Foundation said the structure would be built on Islamic and Arab ruins [which are themselves built on Byzantine ruins which are built on Jewish remains, as archaeology has proven].
...The report comes as Israeli archeologists are continuing to excavate an ancient cave that runs under Palestinian homes in East Jerusalem, the Al-Aqsa Foundation said Tuesday. Foundation representatives visited the al-Kittan cave, also known as Zedkiah’s Cave or Solomon’s Quarries, and say archeologists are digging under the Old City in two directions to connect the cave to an ancient tunnel network [ah, another conspiracy theory, but based on Jewish legend; go here for the Antiques Authority file]. The cave, near Damascus Gate, is being extended towards the Haram al-Sharif compound...
This is what I would call the local Islamic 'nuclear bomb'.
UPDATE
That "building" is probably the Western Wall Heritage Foundation headquarters still to be approved. (Take a look at the present)
^
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IGEM:Harvard/2007/Plates
From OpenWetWare
< IGEM:Harvard | 2007
Revision as of 10:40, 13 August 2007 by KMagic246 (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Colony Count of Overnight Ligation vs. Shorter (2 hr Ligation)
Plated 6-20-07
Cell Type Volume Plated Colony Count
(Short Ligation)
Colony Count
(Overnight Ligation)
OmpA1 + random library, PCR275 µL541
OmpA1 + random library, PCR25 µL02
OmpA1 + random library, extension275 µL030
OmpA1 + random library, extension25 µL00
OmpA2 + random library, PCR275 µL01
OmpA2 + random library, PCR25 µL00
OmpA2 + random library, extension275 µL1277
OmpA2 + random library, extension25 µL01
Colony Count of Overweekend Ligation
Plated 6/25/07 The following were all done with 275 uL:
Cell Type Colony Count
(Overweekend Ligation;1uL DNA)
Colony Count
(Overweekend Ligation;6uL DNA)
OmpA1/Group1/S0127
OmpA1/Group1/S2824
OmpA1/Group2/B10119
OmpA1/Group2/S2479
Colony Count of Electroporation
Plated 7/11/07
Plate Dilution of cells 0ng DNA 25ng DNA 50ng DNA 100ng DNA 250ng DNA 500ng DNA
LB-KAN10^-2 521136197361
LB10^-3489329576267130338
MACS and FACS Cell Sort with AIDA Construct
Plated 7-20-07
Cell Type Volume Plated Colony Count
(white)
Colony Count
(red)
AIDA1 + strep, MACS5 µL50
AIDA1 + strep, MACS50 µL315
AIDA1 + strep, MACS300 µL23510
AIDA1 + his, MACS5 µL01
AIDA1 + his, MACS50 µL180
AIDA1 + his, MACS300 µL20611
Cell Type Volume Plated Colony Count
(white)
Colony Count
(red)
AIDA1 + strep, (+) fraction, FACS10 µL019
AIDA1 + strep, (-) fraction, FACS10 µL018
AIDA1 + his, (+) fraction, FACS10 µL18716
AIDA1 + his, (-) fraction, FACS10 µL012
MACS Cell Sort with AIDA Construct-All Induced
Plated 8-5-07
Cell Type Volume Plated Colony Count
(white)
Colony Count
(red)
AIDA1 + strep, (+) fraction, MACS120 µL1013
AIDA1 + strep, (+) fraction, MACS25 µL132
AIDA1 + his, (+) fraction, MACS120 µL2922
AIDA1 + his, (+) fraction, MACS25 µL54
MACS Cell Sort with AIDA Sender Constructs
Plated 8-10-07
Note - Red colonies are what we want, white is background
Cell Type Volume Plated Colony Count
(red)
Colony Count
(white)
AIDA1 + strep sender, (+) fraction, MACS75 µL32524
AIDA1 + strep sender, (+) fraction, MACS20 µL1038
AIDA1 + his sender, (+) fraction, MACS75 µL58849
AIDA1 + his sender, (+) fraction, MACS20 µL31730
Personal tools
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Most people live, whether physically, intellectually or morally, in a very restricted circle of their potential being. They make very small use of their possible consciousness, and of their soul's resources in general, much like a man who, out of his whole bodily organism, should get into a habit of using and moving only his little finger. James, William
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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How can I know what I think till I see what I say? Forster, Edward M.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Remember that credit is money. Franklin, Benjamin
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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"warc_url": "http://wikitravel.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Subcarpathia&oldid=828846"
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Subcarpathia
From Wikitravel
Europe : Central Europe : Poland : Lesser Poland : Subcarpathia
Revision as of 07:36, 8 May 2008 by NJR ZA (Talk | contribs)
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Subcarpathian Voivodship is in Poland.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1303.8 - Australian Capital Territory Business Indicators, Oct 1994
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 25/10/1994
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
A monthly summary of business related statistics for the Australian Capital Territory, with Australian comparisons. Includes CPI, building approvals, retail turnover, labour force, average weekly earnings, tourist accommodation, new motor vehicle registrations and business expectations. Also includes trend analysis, graphs and explanatory text. This publication is designed to be of assistance to business.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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The Effectiveness of Drug Rehabilitation Module on the Motivation Achievement among Male Inmates in Malaysia
Jamaludin Ahmad, Tajularipin Sulaiman, Siti Rahmah Bt. Alias
Abstract
This study on the effects of a Drug Rehabilitation Module on the motivation achievement of Rehabilitation Centre
inmates used an experimental research design. Sixty-six respondents of the centre participated and were randomly
assigned to the experimental and control groups. Each group comprised of 33 subjects. The hypotheses were tested
using t-test and Pearson correlation statistics. Result showed that there is a significant difference between the pre
and post-test measures of motivation achievement in the experimental group, thus proving the effectiveness of the
Drug Rehabilitation Module in increasing motivation achievement among Rehabilitation Centre inmates, t (32) =
-3.88, p = 0.001. Results also show that there is a significant difference in motivation achievement between the
experimental and control groups, t (32) = -3.82, p = 0.001 at ? = 0.05. However, result show that the mean score
difference was more pronounced for the experimental group (M=111.21), compared to the control group
(M=85.94). In summary, results show that the motivation achievement of rehabilitation centre inmates can be
improved using the module mentioned above. Achievement motivation is a person’s desire to achieve a goal.
Hence, more studies with better control need to be conducted to confirm the effectiveness of the above module.
The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the module on inmates in Rehabilitation Centre. The study also
emphasized motivation achievement being measured from various aspects such as goal setting, perseverance,
expectattion for success, anxiety level, risks, and attitude as important characteriscs of resilience. Hence, it is
concluded that the rahabilitation module can be used to improve the motivation achievement of Rehabilitation
Centre inmates.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Psychological Studies ISSN 1918-7211 (Print) ISSN 1918-722X (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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<D <M <Y
Y> M> D>
(4) : I read Marc Levinson's book The Box, about the history of containerized shipping, and I had an epiphany. Creative epiphanies are rare for me and when they do happen they're usually not very interesting. I was on the plane coming back from Barcelona and I thought: "Dada Chess". I wrote down "Dada Chess" in my notebook, and when I got home I wrote Dada Chess. Not that interesting. (But now over 10k games played!)
But for the better part of the decade I've been trying to come up with some fiendish plot involving shipping containers. Wednesday I was reading on the subway, when I looked up and envisioned a shipping container with the logo of an organization from my current writing project. I thought: Why would they make shipping-- and then I knew why. One of this organization's plot points makes one of my old shipping container schemes usable. It took years to create, but it fits together.
The feeling you get when everything fits together is a drug that I'm addicted to. It's why I write and read and play games. Like all drugs it's probably not good for me on balance, but unlike other drugs it produces things of value as a side effect.
(3) Dada Chess Addendum: The last time I did some Dada Chess statistics, White checkmated 7.8% of the time and Black checkmated 8.1% of the time. That was with 5787 games played and I thought it wasn't a significant difference. But now with 13308 games played, White checkmates 7.6% of the time and Black checkmates 8.4% of the time. The total percentage of checkmates is pretty much the same (15.86% then, 15.96% now).
The numbers are large and steady enough that I'm starting to wonder if there is some significant advantage in Dada Chess to not moving first. I can't think of what it could be.
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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And Now a Female-Only Longevity Mutation in Mice
Permalink | View Comments (0) | Post Comment | | Posted by Reason
Back in June, I pointed out a longevity mutation that only extends healthy life span in male mice. By way of a bookend to that discovery, here is a mutation that extends healthy life span by 20% or so in female mice only.
Researchers have identified a genetic tweak that can slow aging in mice:
Caloric restriction has long been known to extend lifespan and reduce the incidence of age-related diseases in a wide variety of organisms, from yeast and roundworms to rodents and primates. Exactly how a nutritionally complete but radically restricted diet achieves these benefits has remained unclear. But recently several studies have offered evidence that a particular signaling pathway, involving a protein called target of rapamycin (TOR), may play a pivotal role. This pathway acts as a sort of food sensor, helping to regulate the body's metabolic response to nutrient availability.
Withers and colleagues noticed that young mice with a disabled version of the protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), which is directly activated by TOR, bore strong resemblance to calorie-restricted mice: they were leaner and had greater insulin sensitivity than normal mice.
UC Development Aids Longevity Research
Armed with this knowledge and an appropriate mouse model for further testing, Withers and his team hypothesised that S6K1 could play a role in mammalian longevity. He began studying this hypotheses using UC’s S6K1 "knock-out" mouse models - those without S6K1.
The team determined that female S6K1 knock-out models were hyperactive and actually consumed more calories, but those calories were quickly used or "burned up," which naturally lowered levels of ATP (energy) within the cell. Decreased ATP levels in S6K1 knock-out mice increased levels of the protein kinase AMPK, resulting in a restriction of anabolic processes and an increase in longevity.
You might recall that manipulation of AMPK has also been shown to produce some of the same benefits as calorie restriction - many of the genes and proteins in these pathways have been worked on by research groups over the past five years or so. Back in 2004, manipulation of S6K1 itself was shown to produce changes that might be expected to enhance long-term health, centering around insulin signaling:
Here, we report that S6K1-deficient mice are protected against [some of the biochemical consequences of obesity]. However on a high fat diet, levels of glucose and free fatty acids still rise in S6K1-deficient mice, resulting in insulin receptor desensitization. Nevertheless, S6K1-deficient mice remain sensitive to insulin owing to the apparent loss of a negative feedback loop from S6K1 to insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), which blunts S307 and S636/S639 phosphorylation; sites involved in insulin resistance.
The more recent results in S6K1 knockout mice are one small part of the flurry of research into the biochemistry of calorie restriction. Scientists are racing to explore pathways and mechanisms gene by gene and protein by protein, seeking the best place to intervene using designed drugs. The goal is to capture all the benefits of calorie restriction, or even do better, whilst minimizing or eliminating unwanted side-effects. Give it another ten years and the new scientific industry of metabolic manipulation will rival that of stem cell research, I'd wager. It certainly seems set for that sort of growth, starting from calorie restriction biochemistry and working its way outward.
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Error
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Raw Image Format
From Forensics Wiki
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The RAW Image Format is used to store a disk or volume image.
Contents
File types
Some variants of the RAW Image Format split the data among multiple segment files, which is also known as split RAW.
There are various naming schemes for RAW Image Format files, some of the more common used for disk or volume images are:
• PREFIX.dd
• PREFIX.dmg
• PREFIX.img
• PREFIX.raw
• PREFIX.0 - PREFIX.#; variations: starting with either 0 or 1, consisting of multiple digits e.g. PREFIX.000
• PREFIX0 - PREFIX#; variations: starting with either 0 or 1, consisting of multiple digits e.g. PREFIX000
• PREFIXaa - PREFIXzz; variations: consisting of more letters e.g. PREFIX.aaa
• PREFIX.1of5 - PREFIX.5of5; variations: consisting of multiple segment files
• PREFIX001.asb - PREFIX###.asb
• PREFIX-f001.vmdk - PREFIX-f###.vmdk; variations: starting with 001
Note that there are also RAW Image Formats specific to the storage media, e.g. RAW optical disc image.
These often are accompanied by a table of contents file often in the CUE Sheet format, e.g.
• BIN/CUE
• ISO/CUE
Contents
The RAW Image Format is basically a bit-for-bit copy of the RAW data of either the disk or the volume, without any additions or deletions.
There is no metadata stored in RAW Image Format files. However sometimes the metadata is stored in secondary files.
The RAW Image Format was original used by dd, but is supported by most of the computer forensics applications.
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Hello All
Go4Expert Member
14Sep2011,07:44 #1
I'm Alex, new member to this forum. I'm here to share my knowledge and gain new knowledge.
Go4Expert Founder
14Sep2011,08:57 #2
Hi Alex and welcome to the forum
Go4Expert Member
14Sep2011,09:20 #3
Weclome Alex,
I hope you gain and share as much knowledge as you can, I hope to see many posts
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Depression Research and Treatment
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 949248, 12 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/949248
Review Article
Functional Outcome in Bipolar Disorder: The Big Picture
Mental Health Counseling, Department of Counseling and School Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA
Received 17 May 2011; Accepted 23 June 2011
Academic Editor: Colombo Cristina
Copyright © 2012 Boaz Levy and Emily Manove. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Previous research on functional outcome in bipolar disorder (BD) has uncovered various factors that exacerbate psychosocial disability over the course of illness, including genetics, illness severity, stress, anxiety, and cognitive impairment. This paper presents an integrated view of these findings that accounts for the precipitous decline in psychosocial functioning after illness onset. The proposed model highlights a number of reciprocal pathways among previously studied factors that trap people in a powerful cycle of ailing forces. The paper discusses implications to patient care as well as the larger social changes required for shifting the functional trajectory of people with BD from psychosocial decline to growth.
1. Introduction
Psychosocial functioning in bipolar disorder (BD) runs the full gamut of human potential. Whereas some people with BD accomplish historical landmarks in human achievement [13], others experience significant difficulties in managing tasks of daily living [4]. The remarkable functional variability in BD highlights an inherent prognostic complexity [57], which is not immediately evident in the diagnosis [8]. Many studies have illuminated various aspects of illness progression in BD [911], yet significant improvement to functional outcome may require further theoretical and clinical advancement [12].
The astounding functional differences among people with BD present one of the toughest challenges to this effort, as these emerge across the entire spectrum of human development [7, 1316]. Early emotional abnormalities and poor premorbid functioning tend to occur in BD [1719]; however, adequate psychosocial adjustment prior to the first manic episode is also common [2022]. Furthermore, after illness onset, many people with BD regain psychosocial functioning [13, 23], yet others suffer inordinate functional decline, which progresses from a state of psychosocial adjustment to a state of disability [23, 24]. The latter group is of particular interest to clinical research. Understanding the nature of the sometimes dysfunctional trajectory of BD may help to diminish it, and thereby reduce suffering and cost.
This paper examines the strongest predictors of functional outcome in BD, which have been separately summarized in multiple previous reviews. In this regard, the paper does not aim to provide a comprehensive review of studies linking each of the factors under discussion to psychosocial functioning in BD. Instead, it offers an integrated view on previously reviewed findings and discusses potential implications for prevention and patient care.
2. Direct Effects of Cognitive Dysfunction
Cognitive impairment is among the strongest predictors of psychosocial disability in BD [6, 25]. Cross-sectional studies, now summarized in several comprehensive reviews and meta-analyses, indicate that cognitive deficits often persist into periods of euthymia [2628], especially in people who suffer from marked psychosocial impairment during affective remission [29, 30]. The co-occurrence of cognitive and psychosocial impairment in the absence of mood symptoms advanced hypotheses about the ill effects of cognitive dysfunction on psychosocial adjustment in BD [31, 32]. Although practical considerations limit investigative efforts to nonexperimental evidence, this hypothesis gained considerable support from longitudinal studies that employed cognitive measures to predict long-term functional outcome in BD [13, 25, 3337]. Longitudinal predictions that account for the confounding effects of mood symptoms suggest that cognitive impairment diminishes psychosocial functioning in BD [13, 25, 34].
In a broad view, the logic behind linking cognitive impairment to psychosocial disability in BD may parallel the reasoning that has created this association in dementia. The resemblance between cognitive symptoms of BD and those of dementia often goes unnoticed, because the degree of functional limitation can differ substantially between these disorders. Whereas the large contribution of cognitive impairment to psychosocial decline is widely recognized in dementia, the effects of cognitive impairment on functional outcome in BD may be more selective and subtle. Relative to that in dementia, the cognitive impairment in BD is milder, and the disruption to psychosocial functioning is less dramatic; however, the basic notion linking cognitive impairment to psychosocial disability is similar in nature. In some respects, people with BD who suffer from significant functional disability during euthymia may experience the illness as an attenuated or subclinical form of dementia. This view is supported by evidence that cognitive impairment in BD tends to be progressive over the course of illness [3840] and correlates with psychosocial decline [41].
Cognitive impairment is milder in BD than in certain forms of dementia (e.g., Alzheimer’s type) partly because it is not characterized by a severe amnesic syndrome [42]. The core dysfunction in BD during euthymia is executive in nature [43, 44]. Some researchers have even suggested that deficits in learning and memory are probably secondary to executive impairment [45]. The absence of a severe amnesic syndrome spares basic learning capacities and psychosocial functions; however, the executive dysfunction in BD may be significant enough to quickly limit the utility of preserved functions, particularly as task complexity increases [7, 32]. In BD [46] and in geriatric populations generally [4749], disturbances in executive functioning have been tied to difficulties in accomplishing tasks of daily living. Studies also indicate that executive dysfunction in BD predicts poorer academic performance [50], worse vocational outcomes [25, 51], reduced social adjustment [52], and diminished quality of life [53, 54].
Thus, although cognitive impairment in BD is not completely incapacitating, the balance of the data suggests that it generates significant disruption to social and vocational adjustment [6, 13, 55, 56]. In other words, people with BD who suffer significant executive impairment during euthymia may not need custodial care, but they probably struggle to fit into mainstream environments, where functional expectations are typically set for the cognitively intact.
3. Direct Effects of Illness Severity
Illness severity is another strong predictor of psychosocial disability in BD [57]. Younger age of onset [58], longer duration of mood episodes [6], higher number of psychiatric hospitalizations [51], lingering residual symptoms [59, 60], psychosis [61], and substance use disorders [62, 63] all predict greater psychosocial dysfunction in BD.
The argument for a direct impact of illness severity on psychosocial functioning in BD probably provides the most intuitively appealing explanation for the correlation between these two variables. Younger age of onset disrupts psychosocial development at an earlier stage, altering the trajectory of educational, professional, and interpersonal growth [64, 65]. In addition, the break of psychiatric illness early in life likely carries deleterious effects on identity development [66]. Coupled with the stigma associated with mental illness generally and BD in particular [6671], these internal effects may hamper efforts to achieve social adjustment [69, 71]. Further challenge to these efforts comes from recurrent mood episodes and frequent hospitalizations over the course of illness, imposing inconsistency to educational and vocational pursuits and repeated disruption to interpersonal engagement [5, 66, 68, 7274]. Lingering residual symptoms between mood episodes impede efforts to reengage with psychosocial demand [25, 30, 33], and thereby make functional recovery after hospital discharge more challenging [75]. Finally, episodes of psychosis and chronic substance misuse contribute to an erratic course of development [61, 62]. The emotional and behavioral lack of control associated with substance use and psychosis diminishes the likelihood of obtaining psychosocial adjustment later in life [61, 62]. Taken together, all of these factors carry direct effects on psychosocial functioning and development in BD.
4. The Link between Cognitive Dysfunction and Illness Severity
The direct impact of cognitive impairment and illness severity on psychosocial functioning in BD may be compounded by the potential synergy between these factors. An increasing volume of studies indicate a robust association between illness severity and cognitive functioning in BD [40, 76, 77]. In particular, the number of mood episodes negatively correlates with cognitive functioning in a number of domains, including executive functioning and verbal memory [78]. In addition, cognitive dysfunction in BD is associated with the number of hospitalizations and the duration of mood episodes [77, 79]. These studies advanced the hypothesis that a more severe course of illness leads to progressive cognitive decline in BD in a process that may involve neurodegeneration [76, 80].
The neurodegenerative hypothesis holds that chronic mood instability generates physiological stress with neurotoxic effects, leading to neurological damage and cognitive decline over the course of illness [76, 80]. Within this model, Kapczinski et al. [80] applied the notion of “allostatic load” (AL) to BD. AL generally refers to the “wear and tear” of biological systems that occurs during physiological adjustment to stress, whereby this process becomes distorted and no longer efficient. In biomedicine, the concept of AL captures the biological toll of adaptation to excessive stress [81]. The higher rates of morbidity and mortality found in people with BD due to medical conditions not directly related to their psychiatric disorder, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [8284], evince the deleterious physiological effects of stress in BD [85, 86]. Evidence for possible effects of stress on the brain comes from neuroimaging studies that found morphological abnormalities in BD [87]. In a recent review, Arnone et al. [87] concluded that BD is associated with whole brain and prefrontal lobe volume reductions, along with volume increases of the lateral ventricles. There is evidence that these and related brain abnormalities in BD are associated with both cognitive [88] and psychosocial decline [89]. Taken together, these studies suggest a stress-related cognitive, neurological, and psychosocial decline in people with BD who suffer from a more severe course of illness.
From a broader perspective, the link itself—between illness severity and neurocognitive decline—may aggravate the direct effects that each of these factors have on psychosocial functioning in BD. Thus, a more severe course of illness reduces psychosocial functioning in BD and simultaneously decreases neurocognitive functioning, which then also directly lowers functional outcomes. Thus, the two factors that have the strongest direct effect on psychosocial functioning in BD may be looped together in a way that accelerates functional decline.
5. Anxiety
BD has a particularly high rate of comorbid anxiety disorders estimated at over 50% in several studies [90, 91]. Intense anxiety in BD predicts a more severe course of illness and poor prognosis [92, 93]. A number of studies found that people with BD who suffer chronic anxiety tend to have a younger age of onset, longer and more frequent mood episodes [94, 95], higher prevalence of substance use disorders [96], decreased response to lithium and anticonvulsant medication [92, 94, 97], and increased suicidal ideation and attempts [98]. Coupled with illness severity, comorbid anxiety disorders strengthen the prediction of poor functional outcome in BD, as indicated by lower GAF scores, decreased social role functioning, poorer quality of life, and minimal employment [95, 99, 100].
Anxiety, which may reflect a natural emotional reaction to the instability that inheres in severe psychiatric disorders, may also exacerbate illness severity and functional deterioration through relatively underinvestigated pathways. One such pathway may involve the potentially negative impact of anxiety on cognitive functioning [101]. High levels of anxiety can significantly compromise attentional control and decision making even in nonpsychiatric populations [102, 103]. Well-designed studies indicate that neuropsychological test scores, across 6 cognitive domains, tend to be particularly sensitive to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation and elevated levels of cortisol [103, 104]. The HPA axis in BD can be dysregulated across all clinical states, including euthymia [105, 106], and may affect cognitive functioning. Thus, HPA axis dysregulation can lead to debilitating cognitive impairment not only through the neurotoxic effects of inordinate allostatic loads, but more directly through excessive sympathetic arousal, triggered by the cognitive challenges of daily living. In short, it seems feasible to hypothesize that acute anxiety may compromise cognition in BD. Anxiety can potentially make baseline cognitive impairment circumstantially more acute and thereby further decrease functional abilities.
Another pathway in which anxiety may compromise psychosocial function in BD could be related more specifically to the encounter between cognitive impairment and demand in psychosocial contexts. This encounter may produce anxiety, especially when the person is unable to meet expectations in highly visible social circumstances. Thus, while anxiety compromises cognition, cognitive challenges in a cognitively compromised state can trigger anxiety. Even in nonpsychiatric populations, cognitive challenges significantly increase anxiety and physiological arousal [101]. Physiological anxiety in nonpsychiatric subjects increases during cognitive testing and rises even further when subjects make errors [107]. These effects are more intense in people who suffer from mental illness or substance use disorders, even during remission or abstinence [108, 109].
Since the most common behavioral reaction to anxiety is avoidance [110], people with BD who experience cognitive impairment may tend to withdraw from psychosocial demands that evoke anxiety to decrease their experiences of social failure. More broadly, the encounter between cognitive impairment and demand in daily life can create anxiety that exacerbates cognitive deficits, limits functional ability, reduces motivation, and leads to avoidance of psychosocial engagement. In schizophrenia research, several studies suggest that an avoidant coping style mediates the link between neurocognitive impairment and psychosocial functioning [111, 112]. Although there is little direct evidence that psychosocial avoidance plays a similar role in people with BD, this hypothesis remains viable, given the similarities between cognitive impairment in BD and schizophrenia [111, 113]. In summary, the interplay between anxiety and cognitive impairment may further limit functional capacities and exacerbate psychosocial decline in BD.
6. Diathesis-Stress
Various diathesis-stress [86, 114] and related models [115, 116] in BD research highlight the interactions between genetics and environmental stress as important predictors of illness onset and severity. These models broadly hold that cumulative environmental stressors trigger a person’s genetic predisposition to experience mood disturbance and affect the progression of the illness after onset [117, 118]. In a recent review, Bender and Alloy [114] examined evidence for three of these models—the kindling hypothesis of illness progression in BD [119], the behavioral approach system (BAS) dysregulation model [120], and the social rhythm disruption (SRD) model [121].
The kindling hypothesis asserts that major stressful life events (SLEs) are required to trigger initial episodes in BD, but then, subsequent episodes become progressively uncoupled from stressors, to the point that future episodes may appear to occur independent of life stress. The kindling model is supported by multiple studies that found major SLEs occurring particularly in the year before the first episode of mood disturbance [114, 115, 121] or early on in the course of illness [122]. However, Bender and Alloy [114] found that many of these studies were methodologically flawed and offer only limited support to the widely cited kindling hypothesis.
The BAS dysregulation model is based on research showing that behavior is regulated by goals and rewards (when faced with goal-related cues) and a behavioral inhibition system (BIS) that triggers avoidance when a person is faced with cues related to threat or punishment [114, 120]. There is some evidence that in persons with BD, the BAS may be hyper-sensitive such that goal-related cues may trigger hypomanic behavior, while threat-related cues may trigger depression [114, 120].
The SRD model of diathesis stress is supported by several studies finding that SLEs, in combination with genetic differences, predict manic and depressive symptom recurrence [123] and delay in functional recovery [124] over the course of illness. On the side of genetics, Hosang et al. [125] found that for the worst depressive episodes in BD, stressful life events (SLEs) were significantly moderated by BDNF genotype—Val66Met polymorphism. On the side of environmental stress, diminished perceived social support and psychosocial stress appear to be particularly predictive of mood instability in BD [123, 126128]. In this regard, there is evidence that SRD and disruption to the attainment of psychosocial goals are associated with the number of reported manic episodes [121, 129]. In addition, social rhythm irregularity predicts time to affective relapse [121], and there is some evidence that persons diagnosed with BD experience higher numbers of SLEs and greater SRD than people without psychiatric illness [130]. Taken together, these studies point to the possible development of a reciprocal loop between SRD and mood symptoms, in which SRD aggravates the genetic propensity toward mood disturbance, and mood symptoms in turn exacerbate SRD.
In sum, these findings suggest that genetics carry an important influence on illness severity in BD, that SRD is a particularly destabilizing source of stress for people with a genetic predisposition toward BD, and that people with BD experience more psychosocial stress than people without mental illness. These factors may be central to understanding functional decline in BD. SRD alone, by definition, disrupts psychosocial functioning. Its effects in BD, however, might be compounded by the association between SRD and the recurrence of genetically triggered mood instability, which imposes a powerful and direct impediment to psychosocial development.
7. The Integrated Model
Previous research illuminated many aspects of illness progression in BD, including factors that contribute to morbidity and psychosocial disability. This paper examines the effects of illness severity, cognitive impairment, anxiety, genetics, and psychosocial stress on functional outcome in BD. The interplay among these factors may be complex and involve reciprocal pathways. Figure 1 presents 13 possible interconnected pathways that potentially trap people with BD in a malignant cycle that accelerates psychosocial decline. The numbers that appear on the arrows in the figure match those of the pathways described below.
Figure 1: The malignant cycle in bipolar disorder.
Pathway 1
There is a strong genetic component in BD that influences the onset, severity, and progression of the illness.
Pathway 2
The symptoms of BD have a direct impact on psychosocial functioning. Recurrent mood disturbance, lingering residual symptoms between episodes, hospitalizations, comorbid substance use disorders, and psychosis disrupt the consistency of psychosocial engagement required for functional development.
Pathway 3
Recurrent episodes of mood disturbance result in chronic physiological stress related to the hyperarousal of the autonomic nervous system and HPA axis.
Pathway 4
The physiological effects of stress are neurotoxic and lead to cognitive decline over time.
Pathway 5
Cognitive impairment in general, and executive dysfunction in particular, hampers the ability to meet psychosocial demand.
Pathway 6
The difficulty in meeting psychosocial demand creates disruption to social rhythm and increases environmental stress.
Pathway 7
Environmental stress in general, and psychosocial stress in particular, aggravates the phenotypic expression of mood disturbance, leading to a more severe course of illness.
Pathway 8
The consequent intensification in symptoms and their recurrence exacerbate the disruption to social rhythm and environmental stress.
Pathway 9
Psychosocial stress contributes to chronic hyperarousal of the autonomic nervous system and HPA axis.
Pathway 10
Repeated experiences of psychosocial failure intensify anxiety related to psychosocial demand.
Pathway 11
Anxiety has acute effects on cognitive functioning during psychosocial challenges. Superimposed on cognitive impairment, anxiety further compromises attentional control and executive functions.
Pathway 12
The specific encounter between cognitive impairment and challenges in a psychosocial context worsens anxiety.
Pathway 13
The anxiety associated with functional challenges leads to avoidance of psychosocial demand and marginal psychosocial engagement.
8. Implications for Care
The model presented in Figure 1 approaches BD from a holistic perspective. Well-embedded in diathesis-stress notions, the model traces the roots of pathology and psychosocial dysfunction in BD primarily to the interaction between the person and the environment. The model places particular importance on the psychosocial environment, as opposed to other sources of stress that can aggravate the illness. Central to this notion is the goodness of fit between the person and the psychosocial environment. Chronic dissonance in this relationship may lead to a more severe course of illness and a malignant decline in functioning. Within any given individual, genetic predisposition toward BD remains constant; therefore, improvement may occur as a function of changes in the psychosocial environment. This conclusion may deserve particular attention when failure to thrive continues despite substantial therapeutic and pharmacological efforts to overcome the effects of the illness. In many such cases, psychosocial avoidance may lead to disability even in the absence of acute symptoms. In other cases, the misfit between the person and the psychosocial environment may override the effects of medication, so the person remains disabled by the recurrence of symptoms.
In the current social and economic climate, goodness of fit between the person and psychosocial environment receives far less attention than pharmacological interventions. In BD, the beneficial effects of medications are powerful for many people, but they still offer limited remedy for the illness. Psychosocial disability in BD often lingers despite medication, possibly in part because medications typically do not alleviate cognitive impairment [131, 132] and may, in fact, aggravate it [133, 134]. Although medication can improve psychosocial functioning in BD in general by ameliorating affective symptoms [135], pharmacological interventions alone may not have sufficient power to overcome the destabilizing effects of psychosocial demands that exceed the person’s functional capacities [7].
People with BD who strive to flourish against a current of psychosocial demand that is too stressful for their genetic level of stress tolerance may ultimately experience exhaustion, intense anxiety, and decompensation [7, 136]. Hospitalization may help to temporarily alleviate this experience. In this process, the chemical effects of pharmacology often reduce mood symptoms within the custodial environment of inpatient care. However, discharging the person into the same unworkable situation may result in recurrent decompensation and a sizable increase in the number and dose of prescribed medications over time.
To remain stable under these circumstances, many people with BD may choose to disengage from the natural pursuit of psychosocial development and seek the protective benefits of disability. Initially, this may bring some relief; however, trading psychiatric symptoms for psychosocial disability may become problematic over time. The stagnancy and social marginalization that may be created by disability can be detrimental to a person’s identity and self-esteem [66, 137139]. As time passes, the developmental gaps from the person’s cohort widen, and the consequent changes to the person’s identity and belief system diminish the probability of reversing the trend from psychosocial decline to growth [140].
Aside from medication, psychosocial interventions and support groups are also vital to improving functional outcome in BD. Support groups and psychotherapy offer a context in which people can experience acceptance, appreciation and meaningful interpersonal connections. Some interventions such as interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) may also enhance psychosocial competence in BD [141].
At the same time, these efforts may not be powerful enough to override a misfit between genetic vulnerability to stress and psychosocial demand. If people are unable to maintain consistent social and professional growth that is commensurate with their potential outside therapeutic settings, their lives remain limited by psychiatric illness and functional disability.
To overcome this problem, clinicians working with BD may need to develop expertise in helping people identify psychosocial contexts that facilitate growth. Learning to conduct, or at least interpret, cognitive assessments with ecologically valid interpretations would likely be fundamental to this process [142]. Clinicians who understand the interplay between a given profile of cognitive deficits and particular environments may be able to guide people toward settings that increase the likelihood of psychosocial success. Clinicians may also be able to provide persons with BD ongoing guidance with respect to goal-related expectations, pace of progress, and workload [143, 144].
Moving from assessment to implementing recommendations regarding psychosocial adjustment for persons with BD will require clinicians to pay particular attention to the anxiety related to psychosocial demand. The fear of repeated psychosocial failure can lead to the avoidance of functional challenges and to feelings of helplessness and hopelessness. Helping people with cognitive impairment and mood instability overcome the impediments these factors create may require a great deal of expertise and potentially even more highly specialized programs—for instance, an intervention may combine elements of IPSRT with vocational counseling tailored to BD [145], cognitive remediation [146], and other interpersonal therapy. Traditional practices of vocational counseling alone may not suffice.
The delivery of psychosocial interventions aimed at improving social and occupational outcomes needs to be particularly sensitive to cognitive impairment and residual symptoms. As previously noted, longitudinal studies show that two key predictors of future social and occupational functioning in BD are subsyndromal depressive symptoms and cognitive deficits, particularly in executive functioning [25, 31, 147]. Cognitive impairment and residual depressive symptoms in BD have also been found to correlate with each other, independent of other outcomes [148]. Manic and depressive residual symptoms that are present during early remission from a mood episode also predict relapse [149], while cognitive dysfunction impedes the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions designed to improve functioning [145, 150] and reduces treatment adherence [151].
Given the impact of both residual symptoms and cognitive impairment on functioning, and the correlation between them, a thorough assessment of each should be included as part of the standard of care in BD. With respect to cognitive functioning, patient reports may not provide a sufficient indication of cognitive status, as these show weak correlations with objective assessments [152]. To adequately identify cognitive dysfunction in BD, assessment using a standard neuropsychological battery may need to become routine, as cognitive deficits in BD typically do not present when evaluated with the minimental status exam (MMSE) [55] commonly used by clinicians.
In the future, identified cognitive deficits may be addressed to some degree with direct interventions including compensatory [146] and restorative cognitive remediation programs [153] both manualized [154] and computerized [155]. Meta-analyses have found small-to-medium effect sizes for improving cognition using restorative cognitive remediation programs in several psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia [153] and substance use disorders [155]. In BD, findings so far are limited to a small, uncontrolled study involving a compensatory cognitive skills training program [146]. This study found that traditional CBT aimed at reducing residual depressive symptoms, combined with sessions teaching compensatory cognitive skills, resulted in significant improvement in occupational outcomes for eighteen people with BD. Several clinical trials aimed at determining the efficiency and occupational outcomes of restorative cognitive remediation and pharmacological interventions in BD are ongoing [156, 157] and await conclusion.
Even when not directly targeted, cognitive deficits in BD may require that psychosocial interventions such as psychoeducation be delivered in a highly structured manner that accommodates cognitive disability [145, 158, 159]. Multiple findings indicate that psychoeducational interventions aimed at relapse prevention are effective and may improve functioning in BD, highlighting the need for these interventions to be accessible to the cognitively impaired [159]. Finally, psychoeducation regarding cognitive impairment itself may help persons with BD learn supportive techniques and strategies to compensate for such deficits in occupational settings [146].
After clients take action to re-engage in occupational pursuits, counselors may need to help them persevere in the face of the natural frustrations that accompany efforts to obtain psychosocial accomplishments on an alternative schedule. Counselors may also need to assess and monitor the person’s stress effectively. Taking significant steps toward psychosocial development in BD is desirable but can increase stress, and thus lead to relapse. Clinicians will likely be challenged to help clients manage the stress without abandoning their quest for psychosocial growth or resigning themselves to a state of disability.
Given all of these challenges, progress toward psychosocial growth in BD may well be inconsistent. In many cases, a successful outcome of counseling would be to keep the growth from being eliminated completely in the face of recurring symptoms. Ultimately, a positive trend in psychosocial growth may be more important than measuring any one sizable change in outcome. Mild but valued movement toward growth with manageable stress may prove to be an effective mood stabilizer. Conversely, the absence of psychosocial growth may lead to a malignant decline in functioning.
Finally, further advances in functional outcomes for persons with BD will probably require changes in the social climate. At present, few mainstream environments accommodate the special needs of people with BD. Moreover, stigma and discrimination against people with mental illness in the workplace remain major obstacles for psychosocial growth in BD [66, 68, 137, 160, 161]. Consequently, in most settings, the intensity of functional demands and inhospitable atmosphere may be too stressful to negotiate with sufficient long-term consistency. In the absence of ongoing support, the chronic mismatch between the functional limitations of persons with BD and the environmental demands they face greatly impedes their psychosocial adjustment and development. Developing effective support for psychiatric disability in mainstream settings may, therefore, improve clinical and functional outcomes. More broadly, mainstream support and an inclusive shift in social climate may be essential for curbing the downward psychosocial spiral that so many people with BD experience after illness onset.
In conclusion, the factors that contribute to psychosocial impairment in BD may be looped together in intricate ways, creating an effect that traps people in a course of functional decline. Altering this downward trajectory may require both searching for and actively creating psychosocial environments that are hospitable to the specific needs of people who suffer from BD. In basic conception, psychosocial disability is environmentally dependent and not a constant. For this reason, in addition to medications and conventional forms of therapy, a strategic approach that enhances the goodness of fit between persons with BD and their psychosocial environment may change their possible functional outcomes. Most importantly, improving this fit may shift the lifelong path of persons with BD from malignant psychosocial decline to growth.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Chemical Engineering
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 654321, 13 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/654321
Research Article
The Effects of Mixing, Reaction Rates, and Stoichiometry on Yield for Mixing Sensitive Reactions—Part II: Design Protocols
1Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 9107-116 Street, 7th Floor ECERF, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V4, Canada
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 4-9 Mechanical Engineering Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G8, Canada
Received 29 April 2012; Revised 24 July 2012; Accepted 2 August 2012
Academic Editor: Shunsuke Hashimoto
Copyright © 2012 Syed Imran A. Shah et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Electrochemistry
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 194183, 6 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/194183
Research Article
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen Peroxide Based on the Shuttlelike Nano-CuO-Modified Electrode
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
Received 12 August 2011; Revised 20 October 2011; Accepted 20 October 2011
Academic Editor: Suna Timur
Copyright © 2012 Geng Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
CuO nanocrystals were prepared with hydrothermal synthesis method. The morphology of the nano-CuO was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The prepared shuttlelike CuO nanocrystals were modified to glass carbon electrode (GCE) to form nano-CuO/GCE modified electrode. The obtained modified electrode showed an excellent electrocatalytic property towards hydrogen peroxide in 0.01 M NaOH containing 0.09 M KCl electrolyte. Under the optimal experiment conditions, the electrocatalytic response current of this sensor was proportional to the H2O2 concentration in the range of 0.02 μM~250 μM with a detection limit down to 7 nM (signal/noise = 3). The sensitivity was calculated to be 227 μA/mM. The H2O2 sensor exhibited low detection limit, fast response time, and good reproducibility and could be applied to determine hydrogen peroxide.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 638064, 8 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/638064
Clinical Study
Fundus Autofluorescence and Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
Received 15 May 2012; Revised 9 September 2012; Accepted 16 September 2012
Academic Editor: Eduardo Buchele Rodrigues
Copyright © 2012 Tetsuju Sekiryu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Mediators of Inflammation
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 586895, 10 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/586895
Research Article
Lung-Derived Mediators Induce Cytokine Production in Downstream Organs via an NF-κB-Dependent Mechanism
1Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
2Department of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
Received 29 May 2012; Revised 3 January 2013; Accepted 20 February 2013
Academic Editor: Celeste C. Finnerty
Copyright © 2013 E. K. Patterson et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
In the setting of acute lung injury, levels of circulating inflammatory mediators have been correlated with adverse outcomes. Previous studies have demonstrated that injured, mechanically ventilated lungs represent the origin of the host inflammatory response; however, mechanisms which perpetuate systemic inflammation remain uncharacterized. We hypothesized that lung-derived mediators generated by mechanical ventilation (MV) are amplified by peripheral organs in a “feed forward” mechanism of systemic inflammation. Herein, lung-derived mediators were collected from 129X1/SVJ mice after 2 hours of MV while connected to the isolated perfused mouse lung model setup. Exposure of liver endothelial cells to lung-derived mediators resulted in a significant increase in G-CSF, IL-6, CXCL-1, CXCL-2, and MCP-1 production compared to noncirculated control perfusate media (). Furthermore, inhibition of the NF-κB pathway significantly mitigated this response. Changes in gene transcription were confirmed using qPCR for IL-6, CXCL-1, and CXCL-2. Additionally, liver tissue obtained from mice subjected to 2 hours of in vivo MV demonstrated significant increases in hepatic gene transcription of IL-6, CXCL-1, and CXCL-2 compared to nonventilated controls. Collectively, this data demonstrates that lung-derived mediators, generated in the setting of MV, are amplified by downstream organs in a feed forward mechanism of systemic inflammation.
1. Introduction
Acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represent a spectrum of diseases characterized by the rapid onset of pulmonary infiltrates and progressive hypoxemia in the absence of significant left ventricular dysfunction [1]. Within the early phases of ALI, the role of mechanical ventilation and its influence on patient outcomes has been an area of specific interest [2]. It is now widely acknowledged that the use of excessive tidal volumes in patients with underlying ALI can further perpetuate lung dysfunction [3] while limiting injury through the use of lower tidal volumes has been the only therapeutic maneuver shown to improve survival [4]. Furthermore, the proinflammatory response associated with the mechanical stress of ventilation, known as biotrauma [5], represents one of the key mechanisms by which mechanical ventilation may be critical in determining patient outcomes.
Prior studies have demonstrated that the injured lung serves as the primary origin of proinflammatory mediators which may decompartmentalize into the systemic circulation [68]. Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that these lung-derived mediators are capable of eliciting the expression of surface adhesion molecules in liver endothelial cells both directly and in a tidal volume-dependent fashion [9, 10]. From a clinical perspective, it has been demonstrated that patients ventilated with low-tidal volumes had a reduction in plasma proinflammatory mediator levels compared to those patients ventilated by conventional strategies and, notably these levels correlated with a reduction in multiple organ failure [11]. Although such evidence implicates the lung as the primary source of mediators leading to systemic inflammation, the specific mechanisms that serve to perpetuate and propagate the ensuing proinflammatory signaling cascade remain uncharacterized.
For example, it remains unknown, whether the marked rise in plasma cytokines can be attributed entirely from a “spillover” phenomenon of a mechanically ventilated, injured lung to the systemic circulation or whether a primary inflammatory signal generated by the lung may be secondarily amplified by downstream peripheral organs. Therefore, characterization of the discrete signaling processes which drive persistent increases in systemic inflammatory mediators and the localization of their specific cellular origins may be critical in the development of effective therapeutic agents aimed at mitigating the inflammatory response resulting from mechanical ventilation.
One of the intracellular signaling pathways most widely recognized for its importance in inflammation is the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. It has been well established that many receptors activate the NF-κB pathway, the most extensively studied of which are the interleukin (IL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and toll-like receptor families [12]. The “canonical” activation of the NF-κB pathway involves phosphorylation of p65 (RelA), and its translocation to the nucleus [13] leading to a number of proinflammatory responses including the upregulation of adhesion molecules (on both endothelial cells and leukocytes) and transcriptional regulation of a wide array of cytokines and chemokines [12]. Although activation of the NF-κB pathway may be involved in the resolution of inflammation, particularly through its “alternative” pathway, we describe studies involving the acute phase of inflammation wherein the proinflammatory actions of NF-κB activation predominate [12].
In the current study, it was hypothesized that inflammatory mediators generated by the lung in response to mechanical ventilation are secondarily amplified by downstream organs in a “feed forward” mechanism of systemic inflammation. Herein, we demonstrate that lung-derived mediators are definitively upregulated by liver tissues in both in vitro and in vivo models of mechanical ventilation-induced inflammation. Further studies examining specific intracellular pathways responsible for mediator amplification demonstrate that activation of the inflammation relevant NF-κB signaling pathway in liver endothelial cells is in part responsible for these observations.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
In order to obtain inflammatory mediators generated and released specifically from the lung into the systemic circulation, the isolated perfused mouse lung (IPML) model was employed. Lungs were mechanically ventilated using the ex vivo IMPL setup and lung perfusate was obtained after a completion of the ventilation protocol. Subsequently, mouse liver endothelial cells were exposed to lung perfusate to determine whether subsequent increases in inflammatory mediators were observed and the signaling processes that may be involved such as the inflammation-associated NF-κB pathway. Furthermore the physiological relevance of these ex vivo and in vitro studies was validated using an in vivo model of mechanical ventilation to observe similar findings in intact whole liver tissues.
2.2. Animals
Male mice were used for experiments (Charles River, Saint-Constant, Canada). All procedures were approved by the Animal Use Subcommittee at the University of Western Ontario in agreement with the guidelines of the Canadian Council of Animal Care. All animals were acclimatized a minimum of 72 hours prior to use in the experiments and had free access to water and standard chow, Lab Diet Rodent Diet 5001 (PMI Nutrition International, St Louis, MO).
2.3. Ventilation-Induced Inflammation and the Isolated Perfused Mouse Lung (IPML) Model
A model of ventilation-induced inflammation was employed as previously described to obtain lung-derived mediators [8, 10]. Using this technique, male 129X1/SVJ mice weighing between 25 and 30 grams were sacrificed and placed on the IPML and mechanically ventilated. Briefly, the pulmonary artery was initially isolated, cannulated, and secured using 4-0 silk. A second cannula was then inserted into the left ventricle and single pass of perfusate (RPMI 1640 lacking phenol red, +2% low endotoxin grade bovine serum albumin; Sigma, St Louis, MO) was utilized to clear the lung of the remaining blood. Subsequently, a continuous reperfusion of the pulmonary circulation was performed using approximately 10 mL of perfusate. This perfusate was used to replace the blood within the pulmonary vascular compartment, while bovine serum albumin was included to maintain the integrity of the pulmonary vessels. Animals were mechanically ventilated with room air for a period of 2 h with a tidal volume () of 12.5 mL/kg, respiratory rate of 30 breaths/min, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 3 cm H2O while using 5% CO2 to maintain the pH of the bicarbonate-buffered RPMI. At the completion of the ventilation protocol, lung perfusate was collected and immediately stored at . Lung perfusate was pooled and the levels of inflammatory cytokines in lung perfusate were determined using a Millipore Milliplex kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Millipore, Billerica, MA) for ten inflammation relevant analytes using a multiplex assay. Samples were analyzed using the Luminex xMAP detection system on the Luminex100 (Linco Research, St Charles, MO) as per manufacturer’s instructions. New non-circulated perfusate media (control perfusate) were used as a blank control in the ELISA as well as a baseline or negative control in subsequent in vitro cell culture experiments.
2.4. Mouse Liver Endothelial Cell Culture
Mouse liver endothelial cells (MLEC) were a kind gift from Dr. Steven Alexander (Louisiana State Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA). MLEC were cultured in (minimal essential media) MEM D-Valine (PromoCell, Heidelberg, Germany) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM L-glutamine (Invitrogen, Burlington, ON), MEM nonessential amino acids (Invitrogen), MEM vitamin mix (Invitrogen), and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Invitrogen). Cells were passaged twice per week.
2.5. Multiplex Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
MLECs were seeded in a 24-well plate ( cells per well) 2 days prior to the experiment. The confluent MLEC monolayers were challenged for 8 h in a cell culture incubator with 0.25 mL of: (a) control uncirculated perfusate, (b) uncirculated perfusate containing cytomix using equal concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β and interferon (IF)-γ (10 ng/mL), (which has been used to simulate inflammatory conditions in cell culture [14]), or (c) lung perfusate. These conditioned media were then frozen at for later analysis. The obtained conditioned media were analyzed with the Millipore Milliplex kit and Luminex xMAP detection system as described above.
2.6. Determination of NF-κB Activity in MLEC
MLEC were plated two days prior to experimentation in 6-well (western blot) or 24-well (ELISA) plates at or cells per well, respectively. Control perfusate or lung perfusate was subsequently applied to MLEC cultures for 30 minutes. Following stimulation, cells were washed three times with cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and lysed in a buffer containing 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 50 mM Tris pH 7.5 plus 1 : 100 Protease Inhibitor cocktail (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Cell lysates were subsequently boiled and subjected to western blot analysis using an anti-phospho-p65 antibody (Cell Signaling, Beverley, MA, USA) and anti-GAPDH (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA) as previously described [15]. For the detection of phospho-p65 by ELISA, cells were lysed and processed according to the manufacturers instructions using the Pathscan phospho-p65(Ser536) ELISA kit (Cell Signaling). ELISA results were normalized to the total protein content per well as determined by the micro bicinchoninic acid (BCA) technique (Thermo Scientific, Nepean, ON).
2.7. Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)
1.5 × 105 MLECs were placed on 35 mm dishes 2 days prior to exposure to 0.8 mL of the indicated perfusates (with or without NF-κB inhibitors) for 4 hours at . Total RNA was extracted from the cells using the RNeasy Plus Mini Kit (Qiagen, Toronto, ON, Canada). 1 μg of total RNA was reverse-transcribed using Superscript III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer’s protocol. qPCR was performed as described previously [10] with the exception that the Cq values were determined by linear regression in CFX Manager v2.1 (Biorad, Mississauga, ON). Cq data was exported into qbasePLUS (Biogazelle, Zwijnaarde, Belgium) for quantification of expression and statistical analysis. The gene-specific PCR efficiencies were determined using the “qpcR” package v1.36 in “R” v2.15.0 (http://www.r-project.org/) [16]. The data were fitted to a 5-parameter logistic curve using the smoothing option to determine reaction efficiencies using the Cy0 method. The control perfusate samples were used as the calibrator in each reaction for cultured cells, unventilated control livers were arbitrarily set to 1 for graphing after analysis. The target gene expression was normalized to the β-actin, GAPDH, and 18S RNA in all samples. Primer sequences were obtained from RTPrimerDB [17]: β-actin ID: 168, IL-6: 3269, TNF-α: 3747, CXCL-2: 1068, or CXCL-1 [18], GAPDH: Fwd 5′-CAACGACCCCTTCATTGACCTC-3′ and Rev 5′-CCAATGTGTCCGTCGTGGAT-3′, 18s (a kind gift from Dr. Aaron Cox, Western University, London, ON, Canada): Fwd 5′-ACGATGCCGACTGGCGATGC-3′ and Rev 5′-CCCACTCCTGGTGGTGCCCT-3′.
2.8. NF-κB Inhibitors
For experiments involving NF-κB pathway inhibition, cells were preincubated with 15 μM IMD-0354 (Tocris Bioscience, Minneapolis, MN) or 20 μM caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) (Tocris) for 20 minutes, prior to exposure with lung perfusate that also contained the same concentration of the indicated inhibitor. A short preincubation period was used to ensure the NF-κB pathway would not be activated immediately upon exposure to the inflammatory mediators in the perfusate.
2.9. In Vivo Model of Ventilation-Induced Inflammation
C57BL/6 mice weighing between 20 and 30 grams were initially anesthetized with ketamine (100 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg) and subsequently the left jugular vein and left carotid artery were exposed and cannulated with PE10 tubing which was secured in place with 5-0 silk. The arterial line was used to collect arterial blood samples (60 µL each time) for blood gas measurements (ABL 700, Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark), monitor hemodynamics, and deliver fluids (sterile 0.9% NaCl and 100 IU heparin/L) using an infusion pump at a rate of 0.5 mL/100 g/h. The venous line was used to deliver additional ketamine/xylazine anesthetic as needed and to deliver additional fluid (0.5 mL/100 g/h) continuously. Ketamine/xylazine was administered through the venous line to maintain a consistent level of anesthesia and avoid additional unnecessary animal handling. The trachea was exposed and a 14-gauge endotracheal tube was secured with 3-0 surgical silk. Animals were subsequently connected to the Harvard Mini-Vent volume-cycled mechanical ventilator (Harvard Instruments, Saint-Laurent, Canada) with the following parameters: mL/kg, PEEP = 3 cm H2O, respiratory rate = 150 breaths/min (bpm), and FiO2 = 1.0. After 15 minutes of ventilation, animals were assessed for initial inclusion criteria, which consisted of a ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fractional percentage of inspired oxygen (PaO2 : FiO2) of >400 mmHg.
Every fifteen minutes, for the subsequent 240 minutes measurements were taken of peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and recorded while temperature was constantly measured with a rectal probe attached to an Omega Engineering, HH-25TC thermocouple. After 4 h of ventilation, the animals were euthanized with an intravenous overdose of sodium pentobarbital (110 mg/kg). Liver samples were subsequently excised and snap frozen for later RNA extraction using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) as per the manufacturer’s protocol. qPCR was performed on extracted RNA samples as described above.
2.10. Statistical Analysis
Groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (cell culture samples) or Student’s -test (livers) using GraphPad Prism v4.03 (GraphPad Software Inc, La Jolla, CA), except qPCR statistics were performed using qbasePLUS’s internal statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA (cell culture samples) or Student’s -test (livers). Results were considered significant when .
3. Results
3.1. Generating Lung-Derived Inflammatory Mediators
In order to elicit ventilation-induced lung inflammation in mice and obtain lung-specific mediators in a perfused solution, we ventilated euthanized mice on the IPML apparatus. Analysis of the inflammatory cytokine concentrations in lung-derived perfusate collected at the completion of the mechanical ventilation protocol is shown in Table 1. The concentrations of lung-specific mediators from ventilated mice were comparable to previous observations made by our group using this protocol [10].
Table 1: Cytokine concentration in lung perfusate samples collected from animals sustaining ventilator-induced inflammation at the completion of 2 hours of mechanical ventilation using the isolated perfused mouse lung model. New uncirculated perfusate was used as the blank control for the ELISA. Values represent mean ± SEM.
3.2. Mouse Liver Endothelial Cell Response to Lung-Derived Mediators
MLECs were exposed to control uncirculated perfusate, lung perfusate, or uncirculated perfusate plus cytomix for 8 h. MLECs exposed to lung perfusate expressed significantly greater concentrations of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), IL-6, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL-1), CXCL-2, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) measured within the conditioned media compared to MLECs exposed to control perfusate and compared to concentrations in the perfusate before incubation on MLECs. The increases in cytokine concentrations is shown in Figure 1. Four of the analytes included in the assay demonstrated no significant change in concentrations after 8 h of incubation with lung perfusate (IF-γ, IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α) as compared to the baseline concentrations, while eotaxin decreased significantly from baseline (data not shown). Incubation of MLEC with cytomix (10 ng/mL) demonstrated significant increases in MCP-1, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), TNF-α, IL-1β, and eotaxin, while the remaining analytes demonstrated no significant change from control.
Figure 1: Absolute increase in selected cytokine concentrations in MLEC media. G-CSF, IL-6, CXCL-1, CXCL-2, and MCP-1 concentrations from MLECs exposed to control uncirculated perfusate (open bar), lung perfusate (solid bar), and cytomix (checkered bar). (* concentration after 8 h incubation on MLEC versus concentration before incubation on MLEC (0 h), + versus control perfusate after both were incubated on MLEC cultures for 8 h, ±SEM). Where open bars are not apparent (G-CSF, IL-6, CXCL-1, CXCL-2), the increase is too small to print.
3.3. Lung-Derived Mediator Effects on NF-κB Activation and Gene Expression in MLEC
Based on the observation that incubation with lung perfusate elicited the production of further inflammatory mediators, we investigated the role of the inflammation-relevant NF-κB signaling pathway in this process. Incubation of MLEC with lung perfusate resulted in a significant increase in NF-κB-subunit p65 phosphorylation compared to cells incubated with control perfusate media (Figure 2). Figures 2(a) and 2(b) depict a representative western blot and quantification of phospho-p65 from MLEC stimulated with either lung perfusate or TNF-α as a positive control. Similarly, in independent experiments, activation of NF-κB was also confirmed employing an ELISA approach to detect phospho-p65 (Ser536) (Figure 2(c)) with cytomix used as a positive control. p65 phosphorylation, detected by ELISA, was significantly increased in lung perfusate and cytomix exposed cells compared to control perfusate alone.
Figure 2: Activation of NF-κB in MLEC exposed to control uncirculated perfusate, lung perfusate, and TNF-α/cytomix. (a) Representative western blot and (b) densitometry of P-p65 relative to GAPDH expression. (c) Activation of NF-κB employing phospho-p65 (Ser536) ELISA. (* versus control, ±SEM).
Based on the above observations, two structurally different NF-κB inhibitors, IMD-0354 (IMD) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), were employed. These compounds have previously been determined to interfere with NF-κB activation at two different points along the NF-κB signaling cascade [19, 20]. Initial experiments were performed to determine the effective and minimally cytotoxic concentrations of both inhibitors. The obtained results indicated that IMD and CAPE were effective in suppressing NF-κB activation at 15 and 20 μM, respectively (data not shown). Treating MLEC with either IMD or CAPE significantly mitigated the production of proinflammatory mediators released by MLEC after incubation with lung perfusate as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: NF-κB inhibitor effect on cytokine concentrations in MLEC-exposed media. G-CSF, IL-6, CXCL-1, CXCL-2, and MCP-1 after 8 h exposure to lung perfusate and treatment with CAPE or IMD. * versus lung perfusate, ±SEM.
To confirm that these changes occurred at the level of gene transcription, selected mediators were chosen for qPCR analysis in MLECs exposed to lung perfusate (Figure 4). Gene transcription of IL-6, CXCL-1 and CXCL-2 were significantly reduced by treating MLEC with either IMD or CAPE prior to exposure to lung perfusate, whereas neither inhibitor had a significant effect on the gene expression of TNF-α, although there was a trend of reduced TNF-α expression.
Figure 4: Quantitative PCR of TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL-1, and CXCL-2 expressed in MLEC in response to lung perfusate alone or treatment with CAPE or IMD during lung perfusate exposure. * versus Lung perfusate, ±SEM.
3.4. Hepatic Inflammatory Cytokine Expression In Vivo
Physiological parameters for animals undergoing 2 hours of mechanical ventilation are shown in Figure 5. Over the course of mechanical ventilation, there was a decrease in PaO2 at both 120 and 240 minutes of mechanical ventilation compared to the baseline PaO2; however, this decrease was not statistically significant. In contrast, the PIP, also shown in Figure 5, increased over the course of ventilation and was significantly increased at 60 minutes and thereafter compared to the baseline (time 0) PIP. Additionally, blood pressure and partial pressure of CO2 did not vary significantly from the baseline (data not shown). The lack of a significant change in the majority of these parameters suggested that a significant degree of lung dysfunction was not elicited by this ventilation protocol. Figure 6 depicts the qPCR analysis of selected inflammatory mediators expressed in mouse livers. qPCR demonstrated a significant increase in CXCL-1, CXCL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α gene transcription in livers of mechanically ventilated animals compared to non-ventilated controls, a phenomenon consistent with our observations made in vitro.
Figure 5: Physiological parameters during in vivo ventilation. Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) (solid line, left axis) was determined every 15 minutes; arterial partial pressure of oxygen over fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) (dashed line, right axis) was determined at time 0, 120, and 240 minutes of in vivo mechanical ventilation. *< 0.05 versus time 0, ±SEM.
Figure 6: Quantitative PCR for TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL-1, and CXCL-2 in liver tissues extracted from nonventilated (nonvent) and in vivo mechanically ventilated (ventilated) mice. Values represent fold-increase over expression in nonventilated mice. * versus non-ventilated mice ±SEM.
4. Discussion
The results of the current study present a novel finding of an NF-κB-dependent mechanism of proinflammatory cytokine amplification by liver endothelial cells secondary to mechanical ventilation. Previous studies have consistently demonstrated that the NF-κB signaling cascade represents a key regulatory process controlling the transcription of many proinflammatory mediators as it is estimated that over 400 activators of this inflammatory pathway [21] have been identified including physical stress [22], oxidant stress [23], and proinflammatory cytokines [24]. Thus, while it may not be unexpected that lung perfusate obtained from ventilated mice that is rich in multiple proinflammatory cytokines is capable of activating the NF-κB pathway in liver endothelial cells, we highlight unique aspects which we believe are relevant in the context of systemic inflammation subsequent to the initiation of mechanical ventilation.
Firstly, through the use of the IMPL model, we show that specific mediators originating from a lung generated in response to mechanical ventilation are capable of inducing NF-κB signaling in endothelial cells of a peripheral organ. The IMPL model allows the pulmonary circulation to be isolated from the systemic circulation, thereby facilitating the collection of mediators generated directly by the lung as a result of mechanical (ventilation) stress. Although other aspects of the IPML model may have contributed to the inflammatory mediators in perfusate, such as surgery and lack of blood, current literature suggests that the vast majority of these mediators are induced by the cell stretch due to ventilation [2527]. From a clinical standpoint, although the absolute rises in serum cytokines have been directly correlated with outcomes in the setting of ARDS [11], the specific origin of these mediators has been incompletely characterized. Therefore, based on the results of this study we speculate that although the injured lung serves as the primary origin of the systemic inflammatory response, the signal is promptly propagated by peripheral organs in a maladaptive “feed-forward” mechanism of systemic inflammation. Figure 7 depicts an illustration of this pathway.
Figure 7: Proposed inflammatory pathway diagram. Inflammation initiated in the lung releases inflammatory mediators (light grey arrow, right side) which then translocate to peripheral organs (e.g., liver). These organs amplify the inflammatory signal, through an NF-κB-dependent pathway, leading to further release of inflammatory mediators, which then travel back to the lung, and/or other peripheral organs (dark grey arrow) where the signal is further propagated in a feed-forward mechanism of acute inflammation.
Secondly, while this lung-derived perfusate contains elevated levels of multiple inflammatory mediators, equivalent or greater concentrations of cytomix (TNF-α, IL-1β, IF-γ) failed to elicit an equal magnitude of responses. These findings would suggest that the effects observed in our model may be an aggregate effect of multiple mediators present in lung perfusate samples which are generated specifically through the effects of mechanical ventilation. Furthermore, the downstream increase in inflammatory mediators originating from liver cells was not simply a global, nonspecific effect. Rather, although liver endothelial cells are capable of producing a wide spectrum on inflammatory mediators [28], the rise in mediators appeared to be restricted to a significant increase in 5 out of 10 analytes measured including G-CSF, IL-6, CXCL-1, CXCL-2, and MCP-1. Notably, TNF-α was not significantly elevated in the cell culture model, although TNF-α gene transcription was significantly up-regulated in lung perfusate treated cells. This may be related to the known properties of the TNF-α gene which is rapidly transcribed upon stimulation, but has subsequent translation tightly controlled [29]. Although some mediators were not significantly increased upon exposure to the MLEC cultures (IF-γ, IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α), this is not to suggest these mediators are not important or do not contribute to inflammation. These findings not only underscore the complexity of the systemic inflammatory response secondary to mechanical ventilation, but also may explain why previous therapeutic interventions targeting isolated cytokines have not resulted in improvement in patient outcomes [30].
Using the in vivo model of ventilation-induced inflammation highlights several interesting observations. Although the use of mechanical ventilation is obligatory in the setting of ALI and ARDS to maintain host survival, the in vivo model adopted in the current study employed the use of mechanical ventilation alone to study its downstream effects on systemic inflammation. Despite the absence of marked changes in host physiology (oxygenation), significant proinflammatory changes were noted in liver tissues suggesting that systemic manifestations of mechanical ventilation may not only occur in the absence of physiological lung dysfunction but that pre-existing lung injury may not be an obligatory requirement for potentially deleterious systemic manifestations.
Clinical studies in patients with ARDS have consistently demonstrated that stepwise increases in inflammatory cytokines in patients with ARDS have been correlated with greater adverse outcomes [31, 32]. For example, Ranieri et al. showed that patients exposed to protective modalities of MV had lower pulmonary and systemic inflammation compared to patients on conventional ventilation strategies [33]. Furthermore, other studies have also demonstrated that patients ventilated with lower tidal volumes had a lower plasma level of IL-6, as well as soluble TNF-α and IL-1 receptor antagonists compared to those ventilated with conventional strategies, thereby providing evidence that mechanical ventilation independently leads to systemic inflammation [11]. The current study adds to the growing body of evidence that injudicious use of mechanical ventilation can contribute adversely toward a maladaptive systemic inflammatory response by peripheral organs, and furthermore, may provide insight into potential mechanism by which therapeutic approaches, such as low tidal volume mechanical ventilation, have been successful in improving patient outcomes.
Our data would suggest that the adoption of either a primary or complementary strategy of mitigating peripheral organ responses early in the course of ARDS through the blockade of maladaptive pathways such as NF-κB signaling in peripheral organs may be an effective approach to consider. Alternately, strategies aimed at minimizing the translocation of lung-derived mediators into the systemic circulation may represent a more “proximal” upstream approach; however, the specific mechanisms responsible for the release of these mediators remains as yet undetermined.
Although we describe a potential mechanism whereby inflammatory signals originating the in the lung are subsequently amplified by cells of a downstream organ, we recognize that our model does have inherent limitations. Firstly, we chose to utilize liver endothelial cells as the cell type of interest due to the immediate proximity and exposure of this cell layer to lung-derived mediators which may circulate in vivo. Therefore, our findings are limited to this specific cell type and we have not accounted for the contribution of other tissue specific cells within the liver such as hepatocytes or Kuppfer cells, for example. The contribution of other cell types from liver and other organs may account for why we did not observe significant increases in several mediators previously shown to be important in patient outcomes (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α). Nonetheless, the use of whole liver tissues employed in the in vivo model of mechanical ventilation indicates that increases in IL-6, for example, may be expressed throughout the liver and not restricted to any one cell type. Secondly, our investigation focused primarily on proinflammatory effect, the contribution of anti-inflammatory mediators in this process may also be important to evaluate in future studies. Thirdly, it remains unknown whether similar links exist between the lung and other downstream organs such as the kidneys, heart or brain and whether an amplification of inflammatory mediators from theses other systemic organs contribute to a greater or lesser extent toward systemic inflammation. Whether the NF-κB signaling cascade represents a common pathway of proinflammatory signaling within each organ or whether other organ specific proinflammatory signaling pathways exists remains to be characterized. Future studies to determine the generalizability of our findings beyond a single downstream organ are therefore warranted.
In the current study, we demonstrate that inflammatory mediators generated by the lung in response to mechanical ventilation decompartmentalize to the systemic circulation in a murine model of ventilator-induced inflammation. Subsequently, we show that the levels of these inflammatory mediators are significantly amplified upon exposure to liver endothelial cells thereby resulting in a maladaptive upregulation of the systemic inflammatory response. The results of in vitro experiments illustrating this phenomenon are further confirmed in an in vivo model of ventilation induced inflammation whereby a significant increase in transcriptional activity in these mediators is observed in the liver. Ultimately, we show that the propagation of the systemic inflammatory response by the liver occurs through an NF-κB-dependent mechanism and that inhibition of this signaling pathway can, in part, mitigate these responses. The significance of these findings will require further studies to determine whether blockade of the NF-κB pathway in peripheral organ tissues would provide a rational means of therapeutic intervention.
Authors’ Contribution
E. K. Patterson conceived experiments, performed experiments, and wrote the paper; L. J. Yao performed experiments; N. Ramic performed experiments; J. F. Lewis conceived experiments and reviewed the paper; G. Cepinskas conceived experiments and reviewed the paper; L. McCaig conceived experiments and performed experiments; R. A. W. Veldhuizen conceived experiments and reviewed the paper; C. M. Yamashita conceived experiments, performed experiments, and wrote the paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Ms. Shannon Seney for her technical assistance with the multiplex assays and data collection. Granting support for these studies was provided by the Parker B. Francis Foundation (CMY), the Program of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Western University (CMY/ RAWV), The Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario NA6914 (GC) The Ontario Thoracic Society (CMY), and Canadian Institutes of Health Research (RAWV).
References
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22. H. Zhao, T. Hiroi, B. S. Hansen, and J. J. Rade, “Cyclic stretch induces cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in vascular endothelial cells via activation of nuclear factor kappa-β,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 389, no. 4, pp. 599–601, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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26. P. E. Parsons, M. D. Eisner, B. T. Thompson et al., “Lower tidal volume ventilation and plasma cytokine markers of inflammation in patients with acute lung injury,” Critical Care Medicine, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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33. V. M. Ranieri, P. M. Suter, C. Tortorella et al., “Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial,” JAMA, vol. 282, no. 1, pp. 54–61, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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Bibliography: The Scholar's Tale
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Title: The Scholar's Tale
Author: Reggie Oliver
Year: 2011
Type: NOVEL
Series: The Dracula Papers
Series Number: 1
ISFDB Record Number: 1209037
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: vampires (1), horror (1), Dracula (1), historical fantasy (1), gothic (1) Add Tags
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bowser Pinball
From the Super Mario Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the minigame from Mario Super Sluggers. For information about the Party Board in Mario Party DS, see here.
Solo Bowser Pinball
Multiplayer Bowser Pinball
Bowser Pinball is a minigame from the game Mario Super Sluggers. It is held on the Bowser Castle stadium.
The player has to keep a Spiked Ball inside an area designed to be a pinball table. Points are earned by hitting coins, walls, and even Bob-ombs. There is also a set of slots in front of the Bowser statues. The results that the slots reveal determine the bonus received. Lastly, there is a pit at the center that open up occasionally.
Contents
[edit] Controls
• Wii Remote: Swing the Wii Remote to make the character swing the bat.
• Wii Remote + Nunchuk: Same as Wii Remote.
• Wii Remote (on its side): Press the 2 button to swing the bat.
[edit] Points Required to Clear
The player has one minute to score more points than the required goal for each difficulty level.
• Easy: 1,000
• Normal: 1,500
• Hard: 2,000
[edit] Special Mode
If the player clears all three difficulty levels, they can then play Special Mode, where the player has to get the best possible score with only two spiked balls. The mode also has a Bob-omb meter that double, triple, or quadruple the points that the player receives when filled up.
[edit] Multiplayer
When more than one player is playing, players take turns batting the spiked ball around. While one player is batting, the other players have to repel the spiked ball before they get hit. All players start with 1,000 points, and anyone hit by the spiked ball loses some points. Players that hit the spiked ball earn points. Each player gets to bat the spiked ball for up to 30 seconds, and there are two rounds for each player. After two rounds, the player with the most points wins.
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Moderate Activity
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Settings : Code Locations
Analyzed 7 days ago based on code collected 7 days ago.
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git://anongit.freedesktop.org/fontconfig master Git Ohloh update completed 7 days ago. All files included.
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Moghe:People
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
Current revision (12:56, 7 September 2012) (view source)
(Post-Docs)
Line 5: Line 5:
[[Image:Moghe_Group_Dec_2009.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Moghe Lab members in December 2009]]
[[Image:Moghe_Group_Dec_2009.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Moghe Lab members in December 2009]]
====Post-Docs====
====Post-Docs====
-
*Craig Griffith
+
*Latrisha Petersen
-
**Ph.D., Biomedical Engineering, U California, Irvine (2008-10)
+
*Adam W. York
*Adam W. York
**Ph.D., Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Southern Mississipi (2010-2012)
**Ph.D., Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Southern Mississipi (2010-2012)
Current revision
Current Lab Members
Moghe Lab members in December 2009
Post-Docs
• Latrisha Petersen
• Adam W. York
• Ph.D., Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Southern Mississipi (2010-2012)
Grad Students
• Sebastian Vega
• BS, Carnegie Mellon University; PhD in Chemical & Biochemical Engineering; expected Fall 2013. Thesis Proposal Expected Spring 2011.
• Kubra Kamisoglu
• BS, Middleeast Technical University, Turkey; PhD in Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, expected Fall 2012. Thesis Proposal Expected Fall 2010.
• Daniel Lewis
• BS, Columbia University; PhD in Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, expected Fall 2012. Thesis Proposal Expected Fall 2010.
• Aaron Carlson
• BS, Duke University; PhD in Biomedical Engineering, expected Spring 2012. Thesis Proposal Expected Fall 2010.
• Dominik Naczynski
• BS, Cornell University; PhD in Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, expected Fall 2011. Thesis: Designing Multifunctional Albumin Nanoshells for Tissue Targeted Imaging and Cancer Therapeutic Delivery.
• Jocie Cherry
• BS, St. Louis U.; PhD in Biomedical Engineering, expected Oct 2011. Thesis: Biofunctionalized Polymer Substrates for Neural Stem Cell Adhesion, Differentiation, and Motility.
• Er Liu
• BS, Wuhan Tech. U.; PhD in Biomedical Engineering, expected Oct 2010. Thesis: High Content Nuclear Imaging for Profiling Cell-Biomaterial Interactions.
Undergrads
Kyle Zablocki, Tony Kulesa, Ryan Hard, Satvik Gadamsetty, Parth Patel, Muhammad Mustafa
Former Lab Members
Post-Docs
• Tamar Andelman (Ph.D., Materials Science and Engineering, Columbia University) (2007-9) (Jointly supervised with Professor Richard Riman), currently at Princeton University
• Maria Pia Rossi (Ph.D., Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University) (2006-8) currently at L'Oreal, Inc.
• Hak-Joon Sung (Ph.D., Bioengineering, Emory University and Georgia Tech) (2006-2008), Research Assistant Professor (Jointly supervised with Professor Joachim Kohn) -- currently, Assistant Professor, Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering
• Robert Dubin (Ph.D., Cell Biology, City University of New York) (2004–2006) (Jointly supervised with Professor Joachim Kohn)
• Patrick Johnson (Ph.D, Chemical Columbia University) (2004-6) -- currently, tenure-track Assistant Professor, U. Wyoming
• Marian Pereira (Ph.D, University of Rochester) (2003-5) — currently, Staff Scientist, Celgene Corporation, NJ
• Evangelos Tziampazis (Graduate Student, Georgia Institute of Tech.) (97-99) — currently, a research faculty at the University of Michigan Medical School.
• Rene S. Schloss (Ph.D, Harvard University) (1997-2002)
Grad Students
• Vanesa Figueroa-Tanon (BS, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; MS in Cell & Developmental Biology, Conferred 2009) Placement: Pioneer (DuPont), Puerto Rico.
• Jing Xu (MS, Peking University Medical College; MS in Cell & Developmental Biology, Conferred Oct 2010) Thesis: Albumin-derived nanoparticles: Biointerfaces for enhanced adhesion, spatial guidance and growth factor stimulation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Placement: Staff Scientist, Dendreon, Inc., NJ.
• Matthew D. Treiser (BS, Columbia U.; PhD in Biomedical Engineering, 2009) Thesis: Profiling of Cell-Material Interactions via High Content Single Cell Imaging and Bioinformatics. Placement: Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, UMDNJ.
• Nicole Plourde (BS, U. Massachusetts; PhD 2010) Thesis: Design and Analysis of Anionic Macromolecules for Receptor-Mediated Interactions and Effect on Atherogenesis. Placement: Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Minnesota.
• Jinzhong Wang (BS, Peking U.; PhD 2009) Thesis: Controlled Functionalization of Amphiphilic Nanoparticles (Jointly supervised with Professor Kathryn Uhrich). Placement: Sanofi-Aventis, Inc.
• Nicole Iverson (BS, U. Minnesota; PhD in Biomedical Engineering, 2009) Thesis: Synthetic Nanoparticles for Inhibition of Intracellular Lipoprotein Uptake: Biological Mechanisms and Consequences. Placement: NIH Biotechnology Fellow, MIT
• Rebecca (Hughey) Moore (BS, U. Rochester; PhD in Biomedical Engineering, 2008) Thesis: Molecular and Microscale Engineering for Liver Specification of Stem Cells. Placement: Postdoctoral Fellow, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, NY; Currently at Celgene Corporation, NJ.
• Ram I. Sharma (BS, Rutgers, PhD in Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, received Oct 2006) Thesis: Biodynamic Nanoscale Substrates for Cell Motility; Placement: ETH Zurich; University of Zurich
• Anouska Dasgupta (BS, Massey U., New Zealand; PhD in Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Oct 2005) Thesis: Hepatic and Embryonic Stem Cell Engineering through the Cell-Cell Adhesion Molecule, E-Cadherin. Placement: Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation, NJ
• Evangelia Chnari (BS, U. Athens; PhD in Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Oct 2005) Thesis: Studies of Lipoprotein-Retentive and Cell-Interactive Nanoscale Substrates. Placement: Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation, NJ
• Thomas A. Brieva (BS, Rutgers; PhD in Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Oct 2003) Thesis: Hepatocellular Engineering Via Micropresentation of E-cadherin Placement: Research Scientist, Celgene Corporation, NJ
• Eric J. Semler (BS, Rutgers; MS received August 2000; PhD in Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Jan 2004) Thesis: Mechanochemical Control of Morphogenesis and Function of Cultured Hepatocytes. Placement: Cell Biologics, Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation, NJ
• Jane S. Tjia (BS, MIT; PhD in Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Oct 2000) Thesis: Analysis of Phagokinetically Coupled Epidermal Cell Migration at Ligand-Polymer Interfaces. Placement: Harvard Medical School (Postdoc); Currently: Intercytex, Inc., MA, Research Scientist
• Colette S. Ranucci (BS, Rutgers; PhD in Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Jan 2000) Thesis: Substrate topography driven hepatocellular morphogenesis and function. Employment: Merck and Company, Inc., PA. Senior Research Biochemical Engineer.
• Charlie Chang (BS, Rutgers; PhD in Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Jan 2000) Thesis: Analysis and Control of Leukocyte Motility on Prosthetic Vascular Biomaterials.Placement: Postdoctoral Fellow, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; MBA Program, Cornell University; Northwest Mutual, Milwaukee, WI.
BS/MS Candidates
• Nayyereh Rajaei (BS, Rutgers U.; MS 2007) Placement: Celgene Corporation, NJ
• Hiral Patel (BS, Rutgers U.; MS 2008) Placement: Integra Life Sciences, NJ
• Devang Patel (BS, Rutgers U.; MS 2009)
• Vani Mathur (BS, Rutgers U.; MS 2010)
Undergrads
Hiral Patel, Oluwatosin Onibokun, Vipul Baxi, Jason Trager, Stacey Mont (RISE/ISURF), Vani Mathur, Ekta Patel, Simon Gordonov, Laura Asmuth, Brandon Harrell, Nikita Patel, Tommy Gentzel, Parth Patel, Dewang Patel, Sanese White (Delaware State U., MARC-RISE-ISURF Fellow); Rafael Walker-Santiago (U. Puerto Rico-RioPiedras, RISE-ISURF Fellow), Aleksey Demtchouk, Jessica Nikitczuk, Eileen Dawson, Rebecca Penkala, Zubia Naji,Perry Lancin, Haythem Latif, Anna Lebedenskaya, Kristen Jenoriki, Pete Amos, Vikram Munikoti, Keyur Patel, Hamed Lari, Bita Yektashenas, Vannesa Pazmino, Annie Dang, Arthur Lee, Mahlet Mesfin (U. Michigan- RISE student),Patrick Hossler, Maria Garcia, Molly Cohen, Pallavi Patankar, Howard Salis, Tamara Mahr, Steve Guzikowski, Niraj Kadakia, Jason Cassaday, Christine Lee, Kathleen Dewald, Mitul Patel, Nisha Batra, Ki-won Choi, Arthur Cutillo, James Dorsey, Ancy Joseph, Maria Garcia, Paul Lenkowski, Scott Lieberman, Malay Patel, Daniel Reynolds, Damian Rivera, Bharvi Shah, Monica Tardos, Joseph Vitolo.
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KONIE CUPS INTERNATIONAL to Exhibit at National Restaurant Association Show 2013
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Konie Cups will be exhibiting at the National Restaurant Association Show 2013 at booth 5630. The National Restaurant Association (NRA) will bring together over 1,800 suppliers for a 4-day show
Chicago, Illinois, United States, March 13, 2013 - (PressReleasePoint)
May 18-21 the National Restaurant Association will bring together over 1,800 suppliers for a 4-day show featuring the latest trends and products for the food service and restaurant industry. Among those making an exhibitor appearance is Konie Cups International.
Located at booth 5630, Konie Cups International will be featuring their line of conical cups. With several products popularly used for condiments, food sampling, dressing and much more, Konie’s paper cone cups are an ideal solution. With single serving sizes from 1.5 to 12 ounces and designs such as funnel cups or straight edge cone cups, Konie Cups compared to other serving options are a more sanitary choice that reduce germ transmission, prevents spills and offer consumption control.
Visit www.koniecups.com to view different products.
Konie cups controls every aspect of the manufacturing process from conception to completion to ensure high performance and unmatched quality. They are a cost-effective solution for single use servings, using eco-friendly materials that center around lowering hygiene risks.
Watch a video of the multiple innovative uses for Konie Cups at www.koniecups.com/products/uses
About Konie Cups International
Serving customers since 1949, Konie Cups International is a leading manufacturer of single-use disposable paper cone cups and paper funnel cups. Konie Cups are ideal for use in the food service and restaurant industry but are also widely used in the janitorial, industrial, garage and healthcare marketplace. With an endless amount of potential uses, Konie Cups are an inexpensive way to meet your disposable cup needs.
Press Contact:
Carmen Sigman
9001 N.W. 105th Way
Miami, Florida 33178
(786) 337.7967
http://www.koniecups.com
***************@*o**e**p*.com
Email partially hidden to block spam. Please use the contact form here.
Contact Carmen Sigman
Email the contact person for this press release. Do not send spam or irrelevant message.
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Copy this html code to your website/blog and link to this press release.
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RSS Feeds and Pod Casting
Jun 22, 2005 • 1:27 pm | (3) by | Filed Under WebmasterWorld 2005 New Orleans
This session is moderated by Anne Kennedy.
Amanda Watlington, Ph.D. APR
She started off saying she wants to talk more about podcasting, saying podcasting is not just a fad. She showed slides of figures to prove it is not a fad. Feedster is managing about 6,000 podcasts (podcasts with more then 5 subscribers are included in this study). She explains that podcasting is not just radio. A Detroit band named The Transfer is using it. Sunspot is an other band that is using it to promote. Product promotion is an other use of podcasting, Henkel used it to promote its duck tape. Audio books, EarthCore launched on March 24, with weekly episodes, after 5 weeks over 1,400 RSS feed subscribers. Audio Obit, blog of death is written for obituaries. E-learning is using it as well, some schools provide lectures for download. Social networking is into podcasting as well, "SparkCasting". Audio Guides, PodGuides.net - for travelers. Business applications are using it (competitive intelligence, analyst briefings, corporate breaking news).
Where is the money in podcasting? Money in content, ads, production, publishing, hosting, promotion, searching, catching, and listening.
Success is about imagination and implementation. She shows examples of sites using it...She explains how its important to give multiple avenues to locate the podcasts on the topics you offer (through podcast landing pages, linked through related articles and side navigation - hope I got that right).
Recommendations: - Focus on Findalibilty - Use a separate RSS feed - Include keyword rich wrappers - Submit to podcast directories - Provide solid content
She just released a new book named Business Blogs.
Daron Babin, CEO NewGen Broadcasting He is going to talk to us about podcasting from the radio perspective. He said it has been a learning process of what we need, on demand. Podcasting he explains is not new, its been around for a while. Archives of MP3s have been around since 1997. Being able to form and hand them off in an organized fashion is the new part. For WebmasterRadio.FM it was first about broadcasting and then they got feedback that the listeners wanted to listen to it when it is convenient to them. They put 1 to 1.5 hour shows into one podcast, because that is what his listeners want. But for many, short podcasts are best. As soon as he added podcasting they made mistakes. They had to quantify the listeners to the advertisers. On average I have X podcasts getting listened to X times. FeedBurner he said is great at managing those feeds and provides great stats. He said it is very worth the fees. He said podcasting is in such great demand, that it "blew his socks off". A particular program had an average reach during the live broadcast, then they launched the podcast and that show is getting pounded really hard. Bandwidth consumption jumped a 160X before podcasting. Pitfalls; (1) track your feeds, (2) be prepared for bandwidth issues. Podcast.net, podcast pickle, podcasting news, pod feed. You need to set up pinging, to ping all podcasting directories, so the directories know about it. Keep files at 128 bit rate, its average right now.
Daron then ends with the basic principles of SEOing podcast feeds (titles, anchor text, descriptions). Use good audio gear. Excellent job, no notes, no presentation.
Jeremy Zawodny, Technical Yahoo! Yahoo! Inc. RSS Feeds and Search
Why RSS? Traffic - RSS is the ultimate opt in. - Readers fetch content frequently - Syndicate summaries and send clicks back to your site - Add to My Yahoo! button increases subscriber base - More and more starting to subscribe
Why RSS? Ranking - Bloggers love RSS feeds - There are a lot of active bloggers - They link to sites they like - they do this every day - quality links help ranking - Theres a lot of automatic linking going on.
Online Aggregators - Bloglines - My Yahoo
RSS Search - Technorati - Feedster - Bloglines - PubSub
My comments: FYI - RSS search is very useful, but I have seen spamming of these engines grown daily, making it almost unusable.
Feed Finders and Directories - My Yahoo - Syndic8 - Hundreds of others
My Yahoo Content Directory - Cute directory,
Web Search Results - Yahoo highlights sites that have RSS results
RSS Soon to be Baked In - Built in Browsers - Built in the Mail Clients
Pings & the FeedMesh - RSS Pinging makes the Web active - Updates coming in real time - RSS based search vs. web search
What Can You Do Today - Good Content - Provide Feeds and Ping - Add Them to Directories - Use The Add to My Yahoo Button - Read the Publishers Guide to RSS - Use the RSS auto-discovery link
Yahoo!'s Role - One Top Shipping Feeds -- Aggregation -- Publishing -- Pings -- Discovery -- Search
Garrett Rooney, Software Engineer Bloglines
He shows off bloglines, IMO, one of the best blog readers available.
Audience Benefits - Consumers: Provides manageable access to new dynamic content, Web based, free. - Publishers: solutions for building, sustaining and measuring audience, percents distributed of denial of service attacks from desktop readers - Advertisers: new web ad venue, rick historical targeting info
Consumer Adoption - 27% of people in US who are online read blogs, 12% post comments and 7% create - 5% use RSS aggregators - Evenly divided male/female - 70% of blog creators/readers are online for 5+ years
Bloglines Evolution - Focus is on increasing the adoption of the service by mainstream consumers - Free, personalized news in any language - Where does it go from here? -- World Class Blog search -- Multimedia content -- Functional RSS feeds for more than just news -- Richer blogging tools -- More sharing and social networking features
Previous story: Contextual Advertising Program Issues
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Google Ad Referrer Changes In August
Jun 29, 2012 • 8:18 am | (1) by | Filed Under Google AdWords
Google announced they are making changes to the ad click referrer to help speed up the click and make it more consistent from property to property that ads run on.
Google said the change won't impact Google Analytics tracking but if you do your own tracking, then you should be aware of the change. Starting in July, they will be testing the new referrer string but in August it will switch over 100% to this new referrer.
Up to now, referrers for clicks on ads for the term "flowers", for example, would be one of the following:
• http://www.google.com/search?...&q=flowers&...
• http://www.google.com/aclk?...&q=flowers&...
Google is now adding a third possible referrer:
• http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?...&q=flowers&...&ohost=www.google.com&...
The query is still as the GET parameter 'q' and the originating host for the click is there as the GET parameter 'ohost'.
Google said:
We're making this change because we're trying to improve the experience of clicking on an ad for our users. For historical reasons, Google currently uses two redirects on two different domains for many of the ads on our site. We are streamlining our infrastructure to remove one of these redirects, which brings users to ad landing pages faster, leading to a better user experience for our users and a better return on ad clicks for our advertisers.
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: Owner Responses On Google Maps Broken Again
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
What's the best way to market startup project management/facilities consulting company for homeowners, churches and businesses?
share|improve this question
2 Answers
Either call customers directly, or pay a meeting booking company to do this for you.
share|improve this answer
With most things that you target smaller businesses/organizations you have three ways to reach them.
• Google AdWords
• Cold calling
• Community access, meeting your buyers in person
AdWords is effective for people who know they want something. Sometimes these are qualified buyers and you can turn them right into actual buyers with minimal effort. However, you'll also get a lot of people who are just looking for someone and need to research before they are even really in a buying cycle.
Cold calling is a lot of hard work. It means someone spending the whole day on the phone reaching out to organizations. Churches might be a good target to do cold calling because they have offices and they might be more interested in listening to what you have to say just to be polite! :) You can also outsource cold calling buy providing a script and they turn around and send you a list of semi-qualified leads.
Lastly, getting involved with these organizations through community type events. This is making relationships and learning how to make them pay off. It's also a lot of work but you'll find you can meet people who are interesting and it's a lot more fun than cold calling. For small businesses, locally you can reach out to the chamber of commerce or any startup/small business associations/groups in your area. If you have a vertical selected you can also go to conferences and trade shows in that vertical.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
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Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
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Beef up your second instance of thttpd with redirects and Server Side Includes
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 09:32, 14 August 2006 by 84.44.130.157 (Talk)
Jump to: navigation, search
This article Based on work by andre. Originally by andre.
Contents
Server Side Includes (SSI) and Redirection with thttpd
• SSI is code executed by the server before a page is delivered. For example, you could automatically include a footer into an HTML document, or display its path and modification date.
• Redirection means you request one document and are served another.
• thttpd is the web server that comes with the Linkstation; the example configuration will assume you're using the second instance thttpd2, as described in Articles/GeneralThttpd. You might also find Articles/GeneralThttpdSSL useful for your web server.
Requirements
Thttpd comes with two auxiliary programs, "redirect" and "ssi", which we'll use to serve ".shtml" pages (as SSI enabled pages are usually called).
This example configuration for an LS1 will serve web content with from /mnt/share/www. On the LS2, you will probably use /mnt/hda/share/www instead.
• On Debian, the programs "redirect" and "ssi" reside in /usr/lib/cgi-bin/ if "thttpd-util" is installed.
• On OpenLink, you will need to locate these programs yourself for the time being.
The relevant parts of /etc/thttpd2.conf read:
port=81
nochroot # cgi!
user=nobody # cgi!
dir=/mnt/share/www # this is our server root
cgipat=/cgi-bin/*.cgi
charset=utf-8
Change your configuration accordingly, and run
mkdir /mnt/share/www # this is our server root
mkdir /mnt/share/www/cgi-bin
mkdir /mnt/share/www/ssi
cp /usr/lib/cgi-bin/redirect /mnt/www/cgi-bin/redirect.cgi # on Debian
cp /usr/lib/cgi-bin/ssi /mnt/www/cgi-bin/ssi.cgi # on Debian
touch /mnt/share/www/cgi-bin/.redirects
/etc/init.d/thttpd2 restart
Redirection
You can't redirect index.html with thttpd; but you can redirect "dirname/".
Having said that, we want to redirect users to the linkstationwiki.net if they click on the file "community.html" on our website; linking to this file is possible.
cd /mnt/share/www # this is our server root
mv community.html /tmp/ # make sure there's no offending file
ln -s cgi-bin/redirect.cgi community.html
echo '/community.html http://linkstationwiki.net' >> cgi-bin/.redirects
See "man redirect" for more information (good luck, it was the reason why I wrote this document)
Server Side Includes
We want to display the modification date of "mod.txt" in the directory "docs" on our web server automatically. Of course this also works for HTML documents, this is just an example.
http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/documentation/ makes heavy use of the technique described here.
cd /mnt/share/www # this is our server root
mkdir docs
cd docs
echo '<!--#echo var="LAST_MODIFIED" -->' > mod.txt # create new!! file
mv mod.txt ../ssi/mod.shtml
ln -s ../cgi-bin/redirect.cgi mod.txt
echo '/docs/mod.txt /cgi-bin/ssi.cgi/ssi/mod.shtml' >> ../cgi-bin/.redirects
See "man ssi" for details and more variables, how to include files, and more about SSIs.
Hint: use "virtual" instead of "file" if you want to include files.
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Debian Wheezy on LS-CHLv1
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Created page with "Starting with Debian 7.0, "Wheezy", Debian supports the LinkStation Live3/LS-CHLv1 out of the box and can be installed using debian-installer. == Pre-installation setup == I h…")
Line 31: Line 31:
=== Fan temperature control ===
=== Fan temperature control ===
-
It be enabled using the script on [[:Category:LS-CHL#GPL Kernel| LS-CHL main page]].
+
It can be enabled using the script on [[:Category:LS-CHL#GPL Kernel| LS-CHL main page]].
=== Power switch ===
=== Power switch ===
Revision as of 17:43, 26 February 2013
Starting with Debian 7.0, "Wheezy", Debian supports the LinkStation Live3/LS-CHLv1 out of the box and can be installed using debian-installer.
Contents
Pre-installation setup
I have done a clean install using a new HDD. You will need to open your box, instructions can be bound here and here
Installation
Once you have installed your new HDD, you have to download the debian-installer: initrd.buffalo and uImage.buffalo
In order to execute the installer follow the instructions to Revive_your_arm9_box_from_scratch. However, before you run the TFTP server, overwrite the uImage.buffalo and initrd.buffalo files in the TFTP server folder, with the ones you downloaded. To boot your Linkstation through TFTP follow these instructions:
1. Wait for 6 red flashing lights indicating E06 error code.
2. Press function button for 2 seconds which changes back to flashing blue lights. At this point the TFTP boot recovery program finds the LS.
Once the installer is loaded into the LS, you have to use an SSH client to connect to it (you can guess the IP address, or look at your router’s list of DHCP clients). Login as installer (password: install) and follow the normal instructions for installing Debian.
Installation will fail at stage Making Your System Bootable due to bug #693839. Don't worry, you can force the execution of this stage:
• Go into shell.
• Chroot into target:
# chroot /target /bin/bash
• Install mkimage:
# apt-get install uboot-mkimage u-boot-tools
• Restart Making Your System Bootable task.
Once it finishes, you will have a fully functional debian installed on your LS-CHLv1. Congratulations!
Post-installation setup
Everything works out of the box except the power switch and the fan temperature control.
Fan temperature control
It can be enabled using the script on LS-CHL main page.
Power switch
I've used triggerhappy to enable the power switch:
apt-get install triggerhappy
To configure it for shutdown your system:
• Edit file /etc/default/triggerhappy and set DAEMON_OPTS="--user root"
• Edit file /lib/udev/rules.d/60-triggerhappy.rules and comment the first ACTION. In my system, letting this action uncommented turned into a hangup during boot process.
• Create a file specifying an action for when power switch is moved to off position.
echo "SW_LID 0 halt" > /etc/triggerhappy/triggers.d/gpio_keys.conf
• Restart triggerhappy
/etc/init.d/triggerhappy restart
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Donation Drive 2007
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 14:52, 17 June 2007 by Mindbender (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
The 2007 Linkstation Wiki Donation Drive
Why?
The Linkstation Wiki continues to have performance issues despite being moved to a new dedicated host. The senior community members were recently approached by senior nslu2 community members with a proposal for indefinite dedicated hosting at OSUOSL who host servers for various large open source projects including kernel.org.
The deal is that in exchange for the rackspace (unlimited bandwidth etc) and a donation that we pay for the server (specced by nslu2) which will be hosted for an indefinite period of time at OSUOSL.
The machine will cost $3949.00/€2950.65 and will be shared via REN instances (opensource virtual machines) by LinkstationWiki.net including sister communitities if arranged ( i.e. kurobox.com, terastation.org) and by http://nslu2-linux.org.
Hosting at OSUOSL along side nslu2-linux.org means stable, reliable, and fast hosting for at least 2 to 3 years. Furthermore, though the administrative team would have full access to the server, we would be greatly assisted by a trusted community, nslu2, with our maintenace of hardware, software, etc.
We therefore are asking the community for donations to help assist us in purchasing this server (remember, we are talking years of hosting).
The server specifications
Specification of the Server
CPU 2 x Opteron 2212
RAM 8 GB
RAID CONTROLLER 3Ware 4 port SATA RAID controller w/256M cache
HDDs 4 x 500 GB hot swappable SATA disks
NETWORK Dual GBit NIC
SUPPORT 3 year 24/7 help desk with 4 hour same day on site support
MISC Rail kit
Progress
You can monitor our progress with reaching this goal by looking at the donationspage and here:
PRICE OF SERVER: 2950.65 €
CURRENT DONATIONS BALANCE: 314.27 €
STILL NEEDED: 2636.38 €
Our target date for obtaining the server is August 15, 2007, however that date is not steadfast. We do have other 'short-term' options available if we really need be, but we believe that our great community will ensure that is not necessary.
Regards,
Mindbender and the Admin Team
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phytools (0.2-50)
1 user
Phylogenetic Tools for comparative biology (and other things).
http://www.phytools.org
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/phytools
phytools provides various functions for phylogenetic analysis, mostly relevant to comparative biology.
Maintainer: Liam J. Revell
Author(s): Liam J. Revell
License: GPL (>= 2)
Uses: ape, calibrate, mnormt, msm, numDeriv, phangorn, rgl, animation
Enhances: extrafont
Reverse depends: geomorph, OUwie
Reverse suggests: phangorn
Released 27 days ago.
13 previous versions
Ratings
Overall:
(0 votes)
Documentation:
(0 votes)
Log in to vote.
Reviews
No one has written a review of phytools yet. Want to be the first? Write one now.
Related packages: ape, geiger, ouch, laser, picante, phangorn, apTreeshape, PHYLOGR, phylobase, paleoTS, PhySim, pegas, ade4, maticce, paleoTSalt, adephylo, MCMCglmm, phybase, phyclust, phyloclim(20 best matches, based on common tags.)
Search for phytools on google, google scholar, r-help, r-devel.
Visit phytools on R Graphical Manual.
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User talk:Tufty
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 22:13, 28 January 2012 by Bredman (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This is the talk page for Tufty
Hi, Thanks for the message. I'll try and take a look and see if there is anything I can do to help out. Quick question which comes to me me straight away, who are elinux.org? Do you know what the rational was with having the RasPi wiki as part of theirs and not it's own entity? I'm just feeling at the moment that RasPi is going to be a bigger subject than Linux, if that makes sense? --AdRiley 20:28, 27 January 2012 (UTC)
• Thanks for coming over. elinux.org are an existing wiki documenting the usage of Linux on embedded systems, and according to the Raspberry Pi Foundation this generously agreed to host the RPi wiki. I imagine it would be possible to export it at a later date, and I'm sure there are plenty of people out there who would volunteer server space. Tufty 20:34, 27 January 2012 (UTC)
I have no idea how to send you a PM on this wiki. Apologies for putting text in the wrong place, but this wiki is all over the place. My knuckles have been rapped, and I have moved to the correct page. bredman.
Lucky you were watching when I started to edit. Keep up the guard.
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Texas, Eastland County Records (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
This article describes a collection of historical records available at FamilySearch.org.
Contents
Record Description
This collection includes the following types of court records:
• Naturalization certificates
• Petitions
• Declarations of intent
• Civil proceedings
• Indexes to Civil proceedings
The early volumes are handwritten in book format. Later records are handwritten or typed on blank pages or preprinted forms.
Counties generally begin recording court proceedings as soon as the court is organized.
This collection covers the years 1868 to 1949.
Court records are made as a permanent record of the court proceedings. Naturalization is the process of granting citizenship privileges and responsibilities to foreign-born residents. The counties recorded naturalization procedures in the court records as legal proof of citizenship.
Information that was current at the time of the court was usually reliable. However, there was always a chance for misinformation. Errors may have occurred because of the informant’s lack of knowledge or because of transcription errors.
For a list of records by category and dates currently published in this collection, select the Browse link from the collection landing page.
Citation for This Collection
The following citation refers to the original source of the information published in FamilySearch.org Historical Record collections. Sources include the author, custodian, publisher and archive for the original records.
"Texas, Eastland County Records, 1868-1949." Images. FamilySearch. http://FamilySearch.org : accessed 2013. Citing District Court, Eastland.
Suggested citation format for a record in this collection.
Record Content
The civil and criminal proceedings generally include the following information:
• Names of interested parties
• Names of jurors
• Names of witnesses
• Proceeding dates
• Name and title of presiding officer
The Declaration of Intent and Naturalization Petitions usually included the following:
• Name
• Arrival date
• Birth date
• Birthplace
• Age
• Race
• Last foreign residence
• Current residence
• Arrival place
• Names of witnesses
• Signature of judge or court official
Naturalization proceedings after 1906 usually included the following additional details:
• Marital status
• Name of spouse
• Maiden name of wife
• Birth date of spouse
• Residence of spouse
• Date of Declaration of Intent or Naturalization
How to Use the Record
To begin your search you will need to know the following:
• The full name of your ancestor
• The approximate court or naturalization date
• The ancestor’s residence
To search the collection you will need to follow this series of links:
⇒Select the "Browse" link in the initial search page
⇒Select the "Record Category" category
⇒Select the "Record Type, Volume, and Year Range" category which takes you to the images.
Look at the images one by one comparing the information with what you already know about your ancestors to determine which one is your ancestor. You may need to compare the information about more than one person to make this determination.
When using this collection be aware of the following:
• Many case numbers are overlapped and out of order.
• Civil cases were heard in multiple courts and the case numbers were duplicated between courts. So although case numbers may be the same, the cases don’t have the same information and they are for different individuals.
If you are looking for a naturalization record and you do not know this information, check the 1900 census and then calculate the possible year of naturalization based on the date of immigration. The 1920 census may tell you the exact year of immigration or naturalization.
If you are looking for civil proceedings, check the index first.
Compare the information in the records to what you already know about your ancestors to determine if this is the correct person. You may need to compare the information of more than one person to make this determination.
When you have located your ancestor’s record, carefully evaluate each piece of information given. These pieces of information may give you new biographical details that can lead you to other records about your ancestors. Add this new information to your records of each family.
For example:
• Use the age listed to determine an approximate birth date. This date along with the place of birth can help you find a birth record. Birth records often list biographical and marital details about the parents and close relatives other than the immediate family.
• Birth places can tell you former residences and can help to establish a migration pattern for the family.
• Residences and ages can help you locate census records, church records, and land records.
Use naturalization records to:
• Learn an immigrant’s place of origin
• Confirm their date of arrival
• Learn foreign and “Americanized” names
• Find records in his or her country of origin such as emigrations, port records, or ship’s manifests
You may also find these tips helpful:
• Look for the Declaration of Intent soon after the immigrant arrived, and then look for the Naturalization Petition five years later, when the residency requirement would have been met. Look for naturalization records in federal courts and then in state, county, or city courts.
• An individual may have filed the first and final papers in different courts and sometimes in a different state if the person moved. Immigrants who were younger than 18 when they arrived did not need to file a Declaration of Intent as part of the process.
• If your ancestor had a common name, be sure to look at all the entries for a name before you decide which is correct.
• Continue to search the naturalization records to identify siblings, parents, and other relatives in the same or other generations who may have naturalized in the same area or nearby.
• The witnesses named on the court records may have been older relatives of the person in the naturalization process. Search for their naturalizations.
• You may want to obtain the naturalization records of every person who shares your ancestor’s surname if they lived in the same county or nearby. You may not know how or if they are related, but the information could lead you to more information about your own ancestors.
If you do not find the name you are looking for, try the following:
• Check for variant spellings. Realize that the indexes may contain inaccuracies, such as altered spellings and misinterpretations.
• You may also need to search the records year by year.
• Search the indexes of nearby counties.
Related Websites
Related Wiki Articles
Contributions to This Article
We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. Guidelines are available to help you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide. If you would like to get more involved join the WikiProject FamilySearch Records.
Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections
When you copy information from a record, you should list where you found the information. This will help you or others to find the record again. It is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records.
A suggested format for keeping track of records that you have searched is found in the wiki article Help:How to Cite FamilySearch Collections.
Citation Example for a Record Found in This Collection
"Texas, Eastland County Records, 1868-1949." digital images FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org: accessed 25 April 2012), District Court records > Civil case records, 1893-1895, no. 700-715 > Image 35 of 391, W. H. Ward vs Linnie Ward; from the Eastland County, Texas District Court, Eastland, TX . FHL digital images, 20,650 pages, Family History Library Salt Lake City, Utah.citing County Records: District Court Records, Family History Library Salt Lake City, Utah.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 12 April 2013, at 16:13.
• This page has been accessed 1,336 times.
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Clay County, West VirginiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 21:14, 24 May 2012 by Jaburgess (Talk | contribs)
Clay County, West Virginia
Map
Location in the state of West Virginia
Location of West Virginia in the U.S.
Facts
Founded 1858
County Seat Clay
Courthouse
United States West Virginia Clay County
Contents
County Courthouse
Clay County Courthouse
207 Main Street
Clay, WV 25043
304-354-3661
County Clerk has Birth Death Marriage records from 1858[1]
History
The county is named after U.S. Speaker of the House Henry Clay (1777-1852).[2]
Clay County History
Clay County, West Virginia enotes
Parent County
1858--Clay County was created 29 March 1858 from Braxton and Nicholas Counties.
County seat: Clay [3]
Boundary Changes
See an interactive map of Clay County boundary changes.
Record Loss
Places / Localities
Populated Places
Clay County Town Histories
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Cemeteries
Clay County Tombstone Transcription Project
Find A Grave Clay County, West Virginia
Clay County Cemetery Listings
Funeral Homes in Clay County, West Virginia
Census
For tips on accessing Clay County, West Virginia census records online, see: West Virginia Census.
Church
Clay County Churches
Court
Land
Local Histories
Maps
[[Map of 1850 Virginia and West Virginia| ]]
Clay County, West Virginia Map
Clay Country TrailsRus
Clay County, West Virginia
Military
West Virginia, Civil War Service Records of Union Soldiers, 1861-1865
World War I Clay County
Clay County Soldiers Killed in Action
Naturalization
West Virginia, Naturalization Records, 1814-1991
Newspapers
Probate
Clay county, West Virginia Will Books 1865 - 1968
West Virginia Will Books
Taxation
Vital Records
West Virginia Vital Records - Birth - Death - Marriages
Clay County, West Virginia Marriages
Societies and Libraries
Clay County, West Virginia Historical Society
Clay County Public Library
Family History Centers
Web Sites
Genealogy courses: Learn how to research from an expert in Fun Five Minute Genealogy Videos.
References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Clay County, West Virginia. Page 743 At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. "Henry Clay," Wikipedia.
3. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Colombia/U.S.: “We Need to Talk About Coke”
This post also available in:
Español · Colombia, EUA: "Tenemos que hablar de cocaína"
Português · Colômbia/EUA: "Precisamos Conversar Sobre Coca"
Nederlands · Colombia/V.S.: "We moeten over coke praten"
Français · Colombie, Etats-Unis : "Il faut parler de la cocaïne"
Italiano · Colombia-USA: le ragioni del traffico della cocaina
Ελληνικά · Κολομβία/ΗΠΑ: "Πρέπει να μιλήσουμε περί κόκας"
Colombia based American blogger Natalie Southwick writes about cocaine supply chain and asks her countrymen to think about how Americans may be perpetuating the cycle of violence and exploitation by feeding the demand for cocaine. “At the least, think before you inhale”.
Colombia may be one of the world’s biggest producers of cocaine, but the U.S. is by far the biggest consumer. It’s no accident that in the last few years, northern Mexico has turned into a roiling nightmare of narcotraficantes and horrific cartel-sanctioned violence — someone has to protect that coke and make sure it’s getting safely to the noses of rich kids in American cities.
World regions
Countries
Languages
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Monday, 8 November 2010
Monday miscellany
The closing date for the IPKat's Anagrams competition, for which the prize was complimentary admission to next week's "Copying Without Infringing" conference on Wednesday 17 November, was 31 October. The Kat was roaming far from home on that date but most of the competition entries were safely tucked away on his desktop at home, where he couldn't access them. He's back in harness now and can bring you news of the winner. The challenge was to find a decent anagram of the phrase "fair dealing for the purposes of private study", which appears in the UK's Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This was actually very difficult, as many of the entrants pointed out. Some felt obliged to resort to Americanisms (permitted), the dramatic use of punctuation (tolerated), textese (forbidden) and made-up words (yes, all words are made up, but some are more made up than others ...) in order to make sense or at least use up surplus letters. Anyway, these best entrants were as follows:
Sometimes composing anagrams
requires superhuman powers
Eddie Cameron
Le droit d'auteur - gave fine profits for SS Happy
Felis catus cat-ches the latest scandal on film
Graham Titley
Staff lippy! Denies furtive repro, goads author
author flaps, furtive repro defy deposit gains
Ross Allan
Pirate’s” virtuous, sporty, offhanded pilferage
IP out of step” purrs dashingly feared favorite
IP Profiteer: “hot stuff ravenously disparaged”
Ben Clossick Thomson (Arnold & Porter)
List of Harry Potter parodies: Envisage duff up.
I avail a defender of property rights. Fuss. Pout.
Andrew Clemson (Cleveland)
A fat feline’s rights payout deprives dour Prof.
Mary Smillie (Bird & Bird)
If IP students prepare for study - go have or fail !
and the winner is ... Jim Pearson (Abel & Imray)
Hay! It is a purported defense to vulgar rip-offs
"Music's all very well", said
Kitty, "but you can't beat
whipped cream ..."
If you're not Lucky Jim you can still attend the conference: full programme details are available here. And if you fancy another competition, there's still more than a week to go till the 17 November deadline for the "Food of Love" competition. This is tied to the "Music and Intellectual Property" conference which takes place on Wednesday 8 December (you can see the full programme here). The competition, for which the prize is complimentary admission to the conference, goes like this: Shakespeare's play Twelfth Night opens with Duke Orsino saying
"If music be the food of love, play on,
Give me excess of it".
Your task is to complete the following sentence: "If music be the food of love, then copyright is ..." Entry details can be found here. Judging by the large number of high quality entries so far, this is a lot easier than creating anagrams.
This weblog has a number of readers from Slovakia, but the Kat doesn't know which bits of intellectual property they are most interested in. He does have a reader who writes:
We would like to get a little more of a feel for trade mark enforcement and protection in Slovakia. In particular, how common is trade mark infringement litigation (as opposed to oppositions) and who the firms are that have acted in recent leading cases (if indeed there have been any)? Does anyone know how we might collect this information?
If anyone has any useful information, can he or she please post it below as a comment or, if it is too sensitive, please email it to the IPKat who will pass it on.
Around the blogs. The 1709 Blog, which focuses on all sorts of copyright issues, has just reached the 700 mark for email subscribers. Afro-IP, which as its name suggests covers intellectual property issues up and down the vast continent of Africa, now has a searchable database of exactly 900 blogposts. The PatLit patent litigation and dispute resolution blog continues to look for prospective contributors -- whether regular or occasional -- who have good experience of the subject, plenty to say and a decent level of literacy. So too does IP Finance. If you're interested, email Jeremy here and give him details of your credentials as a prospective blogger.
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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Dec 112010
In one of my article i made a roundup of 3 tools to organize your time: Getting things Gnome, Tasque and Basket note pads.
These are 3 good programs that can help you in task management, and i was surprised when in the comments someone told he’s using a tool from the command line to accomplish this: Task warrior.
And so i tested it.
Taskwarrior is an ambitious project to supercharge task with an interactive interface, GTD features, color themes, data synch, dependencies, custom reports, charts, and Lua plugins.
Installation
In ubuntu 10.10 there is a package ready, so just write:
aptitude install task
There are packages also for Fedora and Debian, for more info check Task warrior donwload page
Tutorial
Another great thing that i’ve found on task warrior are their tutorial, on the web site. There is 30-second Tutorial and a real tutorial that show all the functions of this program.
In this article i’ll try to give you an overview of what the program look like and what you can do with it.
Task
The base element of the whole program is a task, to add one in the terminal just type task add . For instance if you want to write an article. It’ll be like:
$ task add Write an Article
Created task 1
To see the list of tasks you can use the command task list or task ls, and all the tasks will be showed:
ID Project Pri Due Active Age Description
1 7 mins Write an Article
2 4 mins Update Wordpress plugins
3 3 mins Read Email
Delete a task, in case you accidentally entered a task you can delete it with the command task delete < numero del task >
Add an expiry date of the task, to set dates by which a task must be completed using tasks due: For example:
task due:1/1/2011 2
And to see all the characteristics of the task use task long
$ task long
ID Project Pri Added Started Due Recur Countdown Age Tags Description
2 12/10/2010 1/1/2011 -3 wks 17 mins Update Wordpress plugins
1 12/10/2010 20 mins Write an Article
3 12/10/2010 16 mins Read Email
3 tasks
It’s also possible to give priority to a task, the 3 priority are Low Medium and High and to set them use task priority:< level of the priority > < task id >
Example:
$ task priority:H 3
Modified 1 task
$ task long
ID Project Pri Added Started Due Recur Countdown Age Tags Description
2 12/10/2010 1/1/2011 -2 wks 25 mins Update Wordpress plugins
3 H 12/10/2010 24 mins Read Email
1 12/10/2010 28 mins Write an Article
Depending on the priority tasks are shown with different colors.
Project
A project is nothing but a set of tasks, to group them just use task project:< name of the project>
For example
$ task 1-2 project:WebSite
Modified 2 tasks
$ task long
ID Project Pri Added Started Due Recur Countdown Age Tags Description
2 WebSite 12/10/2010 1/1/2011 -2 wks 32 mins Update Wordpress plugins
3 H 12/10/2010 31 mins Read Email
1 WebSite L 12/10/2010 35 mins Write an Article
These are the base of task warriors, other things you can do are
• Tag task with one or more words
• Modify a Task
• Add little notes to a Task
• Set Task recurrence
• Set dependencies between tasks
• Export tasks as Vcalendar o csv
• Show a calendar with your tasks
I like and use Getting thing Gnome, but i must say that this little program it’s a real gem for the hardcore lover of the CLI, i really suggest it for all the one that use the terminal a lot.
And at last a video tutorial, there are not many special effects but it is very clear:
And this is teh second video of the tutorial where you can find the fancy things (as Paul wrote)
Popular Posts:
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Tuesday, January 29, 2013
Yesh Atid and the Two-State Solution
From here:
American pollster Mark Mellman, who was hired by Lapid, points out that more than two-thirds of Israelis still support a two-state solution, but two-thirds also agree that “the peace process with the Palestinians is at a standstill for reasons that have nothing to do with Israel and there is no chance of progress in the foreseeable future.”
My view, succinctly.
^
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Streptomyces:Protocols/Spore Prep
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Protocols - Spore Prep
Home Research Research Groups Publications Resources Meetings Links Contact
Spore Prep - Inoculating & Harvesting
Description
A spore prep is a method of preserving a sporulating strain of Streptomyces. The stock is stored in 20% sterile glycerol at -20°C. It will last for many years if it is prepared in a sterile environment and afterwards, treated carefully.
Approx. Duration:
Inoculation preparation ~30 minutes
Plating ~10 minutes
Growth ~5 days
Harvest preparation ~10 minutes
Harvesting ~15 minutes
Glycerol creation ~20 minutes
Whole protocol ~5 days 1 hour 35 minutes
Uses
The stock of a strain can be used for many further experiments such as: new stocks; phenotypic analysis; conjugations; spore titre, etc.
Prerequisites
You should have an idea whether or not you strain sporulates. If it does not, then you may only be able to create a cell suspension glycerol of colony forming units (CFUs). If the strain contains a non-integrative plasmid then antibiotic selection is needed to prevent loss of the plasmid. Other additives may also be needed if the strain is auxotrophic.
Safety
General laboratory & molecular microbiology safety rules apply.
Requirements
A single colony of the Streptomyces strain or some other spore stock, SFM, Petri dishes, ice, sterile 20% glycerol, sdH2O, sterile cotton wool pieces, sterile cotton buds, sterile toothpicks, micro-centrifuge tube(s) (MCT), 2mL screw cap tube(s), 50mL falcon tube(s), sterile 10mL syringe, filtered tips, forceps (tweezers), laminar flow hood, vortexer, 30°C incubator, microwave, falcon centrifuge.
Preparation
Ensure the equipment and sterile reagents are available. Prepare the laminar flow hood by wiping with 70% ethanol and/or sterilising by UV irradiation. Set an incubator to 30°C.
Method
All parts are to be performed under sterile conditions, i.e. in a laminar flow hood. All equipment and reagents should be sterile. Once the spores have been harvested they need to be kept on ice, especially if another strain is harvested at the same time.
Inoculation Preparation (Sterile!):
1. Pour 2 plates of SFM (Soya Flour Mannitol) media, ~30ml per plate, adding any necessary antibiotics / supplements.
2. Dry for approximately 20 minutes.
3. Pick a single colony using a toothpick, or take 5μl of a previous spore stock; re-suspend / dilute in 200μl sterile dH2O, vortex the MCT well.
4. Pipette 100μl of the spore suspension onto each plate.
5. Take a sterile cotton bud and prime by dipping in sdH2O.
6. Use the primed cotton bud to streak the spore suspension for confluent growth. For best results, use the pattern shown in Figure 1.
7. Incubate for ~4-5 days at 30°C.
Harvesting (Sterile!):
1. Setup the filter by placing a 10mL syringe into a 50mL Falcon and remove the plunger. Using sterile forceps push a piece of cotton wool into the syringe, see Figure 2.
2. Add ~5ml sdH2O to the confluent plate.
3. With a sterile cotton bud, gently rub the spores off the surface of both plates.
4. Remove all the liquid from the plates and pipette into the syringe using a filtered tip.
5. Expel the suspension into the falcon tube by replacing the syringes’ plunger.
6. Spin the falcon @ ~5000g for 5 minutes.
7. Re-suspend the pellet in minimum volume necessary of sterile 20% glycerol (~500μl dependent on the pellet size).
8. Transfer the spore stock to a 2mL screw cap tube and store at -20°C.
Notes
Slightly thicker plates are needed when inoculating Streptomyces as they take longer to grow than other general laboratory bacteria, ~4-5 days. This is partially due to it having a more complex life cycle (spore → vegetative hyphae → aerial hyphae → spores) and its preferred incubation temperature is 28-30°C. If the stock is being made from a single colony, ensure it is well mixed and carefully streaked. Smoothly poured plates without bubbles and confluent growth will aid the harvesting process. Whilst harvesting, be careful not to dig into the agar. Use light pressure to begin, gradually increasing; removing the spores without breaking the surface. Agar pieces mean less spores will be collected and pipetting is difficult. When done properly the majority of the surface of the agar should be visible. To rub the spores from the edges of the plate, use a circular motion. The cotton wool in the syringe helps to filter out any agar pieces and longer hyphal fragments. Filtered tips are needed to help prevent cross-contamination, as an aerosol of spores can enter the pipette chamber. Centrifuging at a lower-than-normal speed (~5000g) will keep the spores intact ready for further experimentation; it may also help to prevent hyphae from pelleting.
Spore stocks are a precious material. Not only do they take time to prepare, but if the strain has been modified from the wild type a lot of effort has been put into achieving this. Spore stocks should be kept at least -20°C and when needed, thawed on ice; helping to prevent germination. Always use the stocks in a sterile environment, i.e. in a laminar flow hood or by using good technique, under a Bunsen flame. Decontamination of a spore stock is a laborious and unnecessary process.
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User:Helena M. Olivieri
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==Journal Assignment==
==Journal Assignment==
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[[Helena Olivieri Week 2]]
+
[[Helena Olivieri Week 1]]
<!-- This section will be updated each week. -->
<!-- This section will be updated each week. -->
Revision as of 04:20, 25 January 2013
Contents
Contact Info
Helena M. Olivieri (an artistic interpretation)
Education
Further Information
• Courses Taken:
1. Principles of Ecology
2. Physiology
3. Microbiology
• Career interests: Medicine with an emphasis on Bio-ethics
• Favorite aspect of Biology and Math: I enjoy the sciences because there seems to be an infinite amount of knowledge one can learn about their surroundings
• Research interest: Microbiology, specifically bacteria resistance and bacteriophage
• Research Presentation
Journal Assignment
Helena Olivieri Week 1
Helena Olivieri Journal Assignment
Useful links
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Quotation added by staff
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I have never taken any exercise except sleeping and resting. Twain, Mark
Excerpt from The Entire Project Gutenberg Works of Mark Twain · This quote is about exercise · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was a famous and popular American humorist, novelist, writer and lecturer.
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I teach that all men are mad. Horace
This quote is about insanity · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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Charles Horace Mayo (July 19, 1865 May 26, 1939) was an American medical practitioner and a co-founder of the Mayo Clinic.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Most people are willing to pay more to be amused than to be educated. Savage, Robert C.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Music is spiritual. The music business is not. Morrison, Van
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Take God for your spouse and friend and walk with him continually, and you will not sin and will learn to love, and the things you must do will work out prosperously for you. John of the Cross, St.
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Assault/Walkthrough
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Namco's 1988 multi-directional shooter arcade game Assault (which is the last title from that company to be licensed to Atari Games for US manufacture and distribution) is divided into eleven different stages, based in four areas: Progress Planetary Circumstances (Stage 1), Memorial Land Forever (Stage 2), Crops Grow in River Side (Stages 3-5 and 10), and And Reconstruct Our Ruined Home (Stages 6-9 and 11). When you insert a coin into the cabinet, that text of "PUSH 1P BUTTON" will appear on the screen (as shown in that image above); however, if you insert a second coin into the cabinet, the text "PUSH 1P OR 2P BUTTON" will appear on the screen, even though the game does not have a 2-player mode. If you are using MAME to play the game, pressing "2" on that start screen (even though it functions) will have exactly the same effect as pressing "1" (that is, it will start a 1-player game, because this is what it is) - and if you can enable game cheats, a simpler controlling system will also be available (which has the tank move using the arrow keys).
At the start of each stage, all enemies are dormant, and will only become active when your tank approaches them; however, once you have been raised into the air after driving onto a Jump Zone, every enemy in view will instantly become active. You should therefore be careful when doing this on a stage with lots of enemies, as they will time their shots to hit your tank while it is dropping back down to the ground - and on all later stages, the game can also suffer severe slowdowns. To compensate for this, enemies that are far enough away from your tank will disappear from that stage; this distance is a little further than your nuclear missiles can reach when you have been raised into the air by a Jump Zone. This rule also applies to the craters that the enemy tanks leave behind when killed, which will slow yours down if it tries to cross over them (much like they had done to Namco's own Grobda back in 1984).
At the end of each stage, you will receive 50 bonus points for every second of time you have remaining (the timer will only be displayed at the top of the screen when you have less than 100 seconds, or 1:40, remaining); if you can time it correctly, you can end a stage with exactly 0 seconds left. Because this game has a bug which does not recognize that 0 seconds is worth 0 points, it wraps the timer around to its maximum point value - and this trick can earn you as much as 18000 points on the later stages if you manage to pull it off. However, if you time it all incorrectly, it will immediately cost you a life.
Also, if the arcade operator has set that "ROUND SELECT" setting in the game's options menu to "ON", you'll have the option of starting the game from Stage 1 as usual ("GRAND ASSAULT GAME") or starting it from Stage 6 ("HALF ASSAULT GAME") after you have pressed the Start Button; however, starting the game from Stage 6 means that you won't be able to see the ending sequence after you have cleared that eleventh stage, and the game will immediately go into high-score mode once the screen has faded out. Therefore, the only way to see the ending sequence is to start from the beginning.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6412.0 - Price Indexes of Articles Produced by Manufacturing Industry, Australia, Jun 1996
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 12/08/1996
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• About this Release
Monthly; ISSN:1031-0029; The All Manufacturing Industry Index measures price movements of articles produced by manufacturers for sale or transfer outside the Manufacturing Division of ASIC. Separate indexes are also published for each Manufacturing Subdivision. These indexes measure price movements for articles sold to establishments in other Manufacturing Subdivisions of ASIC or outside the Manufacturing Division. Index numbers are published for 'All Manufacturing Industry' and each Manufacturing Subdivision.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Research article
Quality of outpatient clinical notes: a stakeholder definition derived through qualitative research
Janice L Hanson1,2*, Mark B Stephens3, Louis N Pangaro4 and Ronald W Gimbel5
Author Affiliations
1 Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics & Family Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Ave., B-158, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
3 Department of Family Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA
4 Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA
5 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Health Services Research 2012, 12:407 doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-407
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/12/407
Received:12 March 2012
Accepted:30 October 2012
Published:19 November 2012
© 2012 Hanson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
There are no empirically-grounded criteria or tools to define or benchmark the quality of outpatient clinical documentation. Outpatient clinical notes document care, communicate treatment plans and support patient safety, medical education, medico-legal investigations and reimbursement. Accurately describing and assessing quality of clinical documentation is a necessary improvement in an increasingly team-based healthcare delivery system. In this paper we describe the quality of outpatient clinical notes from the perspective of multiple stakeholders.
Methods
Using purposeful sampling for maximum diversity, we conducted focus groups and individual interviews with clinicians, nursing and ancillary staff, patients, and healthcare administrators at six federal health care facilities between 2009 and 2011. All sessions were audio-recorded, transcribed and qualitatively analyzed using open, axial and selective coding.
Results
The 163 participants included 61 clinicians, 52 nurse/ancillary staff, 31 patients and 19 administrative staff. Three organizing themes emerged: 1) characteristics of quality in clinical notes, 2) desired elements within the clinical notes and 3) system supports to improve the quality of clinical notes. We identified 11 codes to describe characteristics of clinical notes, 20 codes to describe desired elements in quality clinical notes and 11 codes to describe clinical system elements that support quality when writing clinical notes. While there was substantial overlap between the aspects of quality described by the four stakeholder groups, only clinicians and administrators identified ease of translation into billing codes as an important characteristic of a quality note. Only patients rated prioritization of their medical problems as an aspect of quality. Nurses included care and education delivered to the patient, information added by the patient, interdisciplinary information, and infection alerts as important content.
Conclusions
Perspectives of these four stakeholder groups provide a comprehensive description of quality in outpatient clinical documentation. The resulting description of characteristics and content necessary for quality notes provides a research-based foundation for assessing the quality of clinical documentation in outpatient health care settings.
Keywords:
Clinical documentation; Outpatient notes; Physician notes; Quality; Patient perspectives; Medical records; Health care records; Electronic health record
Background
Quality of outpatient clinical encounter notes relates to patient safety [1,2], medical education [3-5], medico-legal issues [6,7], and justification of reimbursement [6-9]. The clinical note is the primary tool used to document care, communicate plans [10,11], and provide guidance for follow-up treatment and care. Gaps in the quality of clinical documentation could, therefore, adversely affect patient care and health care outcomes. Despite the importance of documentation to clinical care, there is no agreement in the literature on a comprehensive definition of the quality of documentation within a clinical note. When identifying elements associated with quality of clinical documentation, authors commonly cite attributes such as legibility, correctness, completeness, readability, appropriateness and accuracy [12-18]. Others have focused on the importance of the structure and content of the note. As early as 1969, Dr. Lawrence Weed recommended a structured outpatient clinical note and a problem-oriented medical record [19]. Weed suggested standard elements for organizing clinical documentation, including data from symptoms, physical examination and laboratory studies, a medication list, a problem list, an assessment, and a plan of care. The resulting “subjective, objective, assessment, plan” (SOAP) format has been widely used for clinical documentation for the past 40 years [20]. While it reflected and replaced the previously common but not universal format of history, physical, lab, and plan, neither provided a description of quality beyond the implicit assertion that organization is a primary requirement of quality.
Presently, many health systems and physician practices are introducing electronic health records (EHR). This may represent a unique opportunity to improve the quality of clinical documentation. One study retrospectively comparing notes of physicians using an EHR with traditional paper records demonstrates that EHRs are superior to traditional paper charts for documenting complete patient problem and medication lists, identifying relevant patient factors when making a decision, and documenting appropriate clinical decisions [17]. A separate cross-sectional review of the content and quality of a sample of records chosen from general practitioners showed that EHR documentation was more understandable (89.2% v. 69.6%), more legible (100% v. 64.3%), more likely to have at least one diagnosis recorded (48.2 % v. 33.2%), more likely to document that anticipatory advice was given (23.75 v. 10.7%), more likely to document specialty referral (77.4% v. 59.5%), and more likely to specify drug dose (86.6% v. 66.2%) compared to documentation on paper records [13]. A cross-sectional qualitative study describing perceived impact of computerized physician documentation on faculty and resident physicians showed that the EHR improved accessibility, legibility, comprehensiveness, and organization of clinical notes [3]. This study also noted, however, that the EHR also increased redundancy of information, contributed to lengthier notes, had a poor display of information, and increased “clutter” within the medical record. In summary, it is not entirely clear whether EHR use increases or decreases overall record quality. Further complicating the discussion is the fact that operational definitions of quality have yet to be consistently validated.
Stetson et al. have developed and initially validated two versions of an instrument that evaluates the quality of inpatient clinical documentation [21,22]. In their exploratory factor analysis, they identified four distinct factors relating to quality of documentation. Factor I, notes are well-formed, clear, uncluttered, organized, structured, non-redundant, and synthesized; Factor II, notes are comprehensible, legible, coherent, useful, correct, comprehensible, and consistent; Factor III, notes are up-to-date, complete, accurate, thorough, current, relevant; and Factor IV, notes are brief, concise, succinct, and focused. The items were generated by a small group of clinicians performing inpatient (hospital-based) work and did not explicitly include opinions of other stakeholders who routinely use clinical notes, such as patients, nurses, ancillary staff or administrators. In addition, it is not clear that quality in the context of documentation for inpatient care (where patients are typically sicker and have many more individuals involved in their day-to-day care processes) translates well to the outpatient environment. While analogous, documentation and its purposes in the inpatient and outpatient environments are different and one cannot assume that aspects of quality would be the same in both environments. Furthermore, there are varied and perhaps conflicting uses for clinical documents. Notes that are deemed of high quality for billing, legal, or care coordination purposes may, for example, be deemed of low quality for communication between physicians. This argues for a comprehensive description of quality in clinical notes based on perspectives from varied stakeholder groups.
Currently, there are no standardized criteria or tools to define or benchmark quality of documentation of outpatient clinical care. Similarly, there are no research-based definitions or descriptions of quality in outpatient clinical notes. No prior studies systematically incorporate into a definition of quality the perspectives of multiple individuals who write and use outpatient clinical notes. Additionally, many outpatient practices are migrating to a delivery system based on the patient-centered medical home. This team-based approach to outpatient care requires that more individuals will be accessing patient records and documenting care accordingly. With this background in mind, we sought to develop a comprehensive definition of quality in outpatient clinical notes, incorporating perspectives from a diverse group of stakeholders—the authors of notes (clinicians), direct users of notes (nursing and support staff, administrators) and patients themselves. Each of these important stakeholder groups has specific expectations for the clinical encounter note and contributes to the description of quality. The purpose of this study is to describe in detail important elements of quality in outpatient clinical notes, incorporating the perspectives of clinicians, nurses, ancillary staff, administrators, and patients.
Methods
We used qualitative research methods to engage participants from six health care facilities and multiple stakeholder groups.
Research setting
We conducted our study within the Military Health System (MHS). The MHS is a large capitated health system, comparable to several of the large managed care health systems in operation within the United States (e.g., Kaiser Permanente®, Partners™ Healthcare). The MHS cares for more than 9 million beneficiaries, provides approximately 34 million visits annually [23] and is representative of American society with regard to patient demographics, common diagnoses, and medical procedures [24]. The health system includes both direct care delivery and a defined benefit (i.e., TRICARE). The billing and reimbursement process associated with MHS health care delivery is consistent with civilian-managed health systems. Like civilian systems, the MHS follows Medicare regulation and reimbursement procedures (e.g., benefit eligibility, clinical documentation, clinician sign-off on notes). All outpatient clinical visits are documented in a clinical note and coded for evaluation and management codes (E&M), healthcare common procedure coding system (HCPCS) / current procedural terminology codes (CPT) to include modifiers, and International Classification of Disease codes (ICD-9-CM). Formal follow-up billing occurs when a patient has other health insurance (e.g., retirees with civilian employment-funded insurance), when the episode of care relates to an accident or occupational injury (e.g., automobile accident), or when the patient is enrolled in Medicare. Billing for Medicare patients is applied against an established Medicare-Eligible Retiree Health Care Fund which in fiscal year 2011 was approximately $11.1 billion [25]. The MHS also leverages performance-based incentives (similar to civilian pay-for-performance programs) that provide financial incentives for achieving workload output and quality of care targets. The MHS uses a common EHR and employs clinicians and support staff who are government or contract employees.
Following Institutional Review Board and secondary-level regulatory approval for conducting the study at the six facilities, focus groups and interviews were held at two tertiary medical centers, two community hospitals and two ambulatory clinics in the eastern United States. All research participants were volunteers, at least 21 years of age, and provided written informed consent prior to participating.
Participants, inclusion criteria and sampling strategy
We used purposeful sampling to achieve maximum diversity [26]. We continued sampling until we achieved saturation in the codes and themes identified during data analysis. We recruited research participants from four groups, which represented clinicians, nursing/ancillary staff, administrators and patients. See Table 1 for a list of the occupational titles of participants. Other sampling dimensions included gender and race/ethnicity. Each of the four groups was intentionally selected to provide different viewpoints.
Table 1. Descriptive characteristics of research participants
Clinician group
Participants in the clinician group were licensed physicians or physicians-in-training (intern, resident, fellow), nurse practitioners, physician assistants, dentists, optometrists and psychologists. Each of these individuals was responsible as an individual author of outpatient clinical encounter notes. All were actively credentialed in clinical practice and using AHLTA (Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technology Application; the MHS EHR) to document clinical care. Most clinicians were from primary care environments, in particular, internal medicine and family medicine.
Nursing/ ancillary care group
Participants in this group were nurses, medical technologists, physical therapists, social workers, pharmacists, case managers, medical assistants, dental assistants, or military medical technicians. These individuals commonly read clinical encounter notes as part of their professional duties, using the information in the notes to provide or coordinate patient care. All had completed EHR training and were familiar with the use of AHLTA.
Administrators
Participants in this group were actively employed in an administrative capacity at one of the study sites. Administrators routinely reviewed patient clinical encounter notes as part of their official administrative duties. Related occupational positions included billing staff and supervisors, medical records technicians and their supervisors, quality improvement staff, patient safety managers, group practice managers, and patient administration staff members.
Patients/caregivers
Participants in the patient and patient caregiver group were actively receiving care at one of the study sites. All had attended at least one outpatient clinical visit during the past 12 months as either a patient or an individual responsible for assisting with patient care in the home.
Qualitative research methods
We used the grounded theory approach to advise our study design, data collection and analysis. This approach derives theory from data which have been systematically gathered and repeatedly analyzed [27,28].
Data were collected through focus groups and interviews at the six clinical sites. Most focus groups were small (7 to 11 participants) and facilitated by two investigators who de-briefed after each focus group to discuss emerging themes, focus group process and needed adaptations in the focus group guide. Focus groups and interviews followed the semi-structured guide in Appendix 1 and a modified interview guide for patients and caregivers (Appendix 2). All sessions were audiotaped with two recorders and transcribed by contracted transcription professionals. Transcriptions were created in .txt files using Microsoft® Word and linked to HyperResearchTM[29] for organization of data during qualitative analysis.
Qualitative data analysis
We applied open, axial and selective coding techniques to the focus groups and interview transcripts for analysis [28]. Two investigators (JH and RG) developed an initial set of codes (open coding), applied them to 6 transcripts, identified and resolved all coding disagreements, and revised the codes. A third investigator (MS) then reviewed the coding of all 6 transcripts and recommended revisions to the names and definitions of the codes. After grouping the codes in three organizing themes (axial coding), all four investigators discussed and refined the coding scheme to explain the entire dataset. All transcripts were coded, with at least 2 investigators reviewing each transcript; all disagreements were discussed and resolved. During all coding and reviewing of coding, all investigators added memos to the transcripts. The theme describing characteristics of quality in a note was identified as the main organizing theme for the dataset (selective coding). We ensured that the data reached saturation (i.e., no new themes were emerging) for each of the four groups of participants (clinicians, nurses/ancillary staff, administrators, and patients) before we stopped collecting data. The transcripts were coded as one complete dataset with one integrated set of codes and themes. After we completed coding, we examined which stakeholder groups’ transcripts contained which codes and themes, in the data as organized in the HyperResearch™ software.
Results
A total of 163 research participants representing the four targeted groups (clinicians, nurse/ancillary, patients, and administrators) participated in focus group sessions or interviews between May 2009 and October 2011 (Table 1). These included 61 clinicians in 9 focus groups, 52 nurses and ancillary care providers in 6 focus groups, 19 administrators in 5 focus groups and 31 patients and caregivers in 1 focus group plus interviews with individuals or couples. The distribution across groups with respect to gender was relatively equal, with the exception of the nurse/ancillary and administrator groups, who had more females (75% and 68.4% respectively). The age distribution across groups was balanced (mean age between 41.6 years and 41.8 years), with exception of the patient group, which was slightly older (mean age 51 years, although young adult patients were represented in this group). Participants self-identified as African-American, Asian or Pacific Islander, Hispanic and Caucasian.
We identified three major organizing themes relating to quality of outpatient clinical documentation; each theme includes specified sub-themes (Table 2). The first organizing theme identifies characteristics associated with quality within a clinical note. With the exception of three characteristics (ease of translation into codes, prioritized and relevance), all four stakeholder groups discussed each of the characteristics in this theme (Table 3). According to participants, a clinical note of high quality is concise, has sufficient information, and explains the clinician’s thought process and the plan of care. A quality note is also clear and understandable to patients, subsequent providers and others who might read the note. The note should contain information that is relevant, current, accurate and prioritized for action. A note of high quality is readable with appropriate font, legible handwriting, correct spelling, few or no abbreviations, and understandable syntax. The note should be organized and tell a continuous story about the patient.
Table 2. Themes and codes
Table 3. Sources of data contributing to “characteristics of quality in a clinical note”
The concept of “continuity of story” was noted repeatedly in all four stakeholder groups. Comments coded “continuity of story” encompassed telling a coherent story about the patient from one visit to the next, as well as facilitating the linkage of one encounter note to related information and encounters. A continuous story facilitates follow-up, synthesizes patient information and coordinates information from different sources. Stakeholder emphasis in the characteristics theme varied. For example, clinicians, nurses and administrators discussed “current and accurate” primarily in relation to whether the information in the note was updated for the patient’s current situation and was factually correct. Patients, in contrast, discussed “accuracy” in terms of whether the clinician included “honest” information and incorporated the information that the patient told the clinician. The final code in the organizing theme of characteristics, “ease of translation into codes,” was emphasized by administrators and mentioned by clinicians, but not mentioned by nurses or patients.
The second organizing theme is content, which details the elements that the four stakeholder groups expect in a quality clinical note. Within this theme, there was more variation in the codes among the four groups. Different groups emphasized aspects of the note that particularly facilitated their individual roles (Table 4). Although terminology sometimes differed, all four groups agreed that a quality note included the following elements: patient complaints; history of the patient’s current illness; a list of the patient’s problems; the past medical history; a medication list; social and family history (patients emphasized this more than the other groups and included their emotional reactions to diagnoses and health conditions); assessment; plan of care; information needed to understand and implement follow-up care. Clinicians and nurses included adverse drug reactions and allergies; clinicians and administrators included a review of systems; clinicians, nurses and administrators included author information and patient identifiers. Nurses stressed that a quality note should include documentation of care and education delivered to the patient, information that patients add to their own notes, interdisciplinary information from the various health care providers involved in the patient’s care, and infection alerts when a patient’s care required attention to infection control. Patients emphasized the importance of including the patient’s priorities and a description of the patient’s prognosis regarding what they could expect in the future, including the effects and side-effects of treatment.
Table 4. Sources of data contributing to “content elements of the note”
The third organizing theme discusses healthcare system contributions to the quality of clinical notes. Collectively, the four groups addressed the medical records system, education and training, and the clinical care environment. Clinicians and nurses discussed systems issues in the most detail. According to the stakeholders, the records system supported quality notes through reliability and accessibility, interoperability (between different aspects of the care system), data input structures, opportunity to correct errors and data output structures. Other system issues relating to quality documentation included adequate time to spend with patients and write notes, adequate ancillary support, and efficient workstations for clinicians, staff and/or patients to contribute to their notes. Patients and administrators commented on the appearance of copied notes, patients noted how time and relationship with clinicians affected the note, and administrators noted the importance of education for clinicians, particularly in terms of learning how to efficiently use EHR systems and include information needed for coding (Table 5).
Table 5. Sources of data contributing tosystem supports for quality documentation”
Discussion
We asked clinicians, nurses/ancillary staff, administrators and patients/caregivers to describe quality in clinical documentation. Three organizing themes emerged: 1) characteristics of quality in clinical note—11 key characteristics were described; 2) content elements of clinical notes—20 key elements were described; 3) system support factors for writing quality clinical notes—11 key factors were described.
The organizing theme regarding the characteristics of a note provides a collective description of quality on which the four stakeholder groups substantially agreed. The theme delineating desirable content elements within a note provides a list that could be used to measure a note’s comprehensiveness. While the four groups agreed on many important content elements (patient complaints, symptoms, problems, history, medications, assessment and plan of care), they included or emphasized some elements very differently. Nurses and patients emphasized the importance of detailed, clear, practical information about needed follow-up care, as well as information provided by the patient, such as patient entries in the note or other documentation about patient priorities and patients’ explanations of their problems. Nurses also emphasized the importance of interdisciplinary contributions to a note, to assist with continuity of story. Administrators emphasized the importance of easy translation of information in the notes to codes for medical billing purposes. The third organizing theme we identified relates to system factors that facilitate or inhibit quality clinical documentation. Issues such as data entry, clinical workflow, system interoperability, access, reliability and data output all impact the end-product in terms of quality documentation.
The inclusion of patients in our study calls to mind the work of Delbanco and colleagues in the OpenNotes project [30,31]. Most of the patients and caregivers in our study had not seen outpatient notes about their care, which is the reason we created a modified interview guide to elicit their perspectives. They were, nevertheless, able to explain what information they wanted to have in a note about them, such as their priorities for their care, and how a note could help them coordinate their own care or explain their healthcare needs to other family members. Perhaps as patients have opportunities to read their notes, as in the OpenNotes project, more conversations will emerge about what quality means to those about whom the notes are written.
The grounded theory that emerges is that our stakeholder groups agree on most characteristics of quality in a note. A high-quality outpatient clinical note is concise, explanatory, clear, relevant, prioritized, readable, organized, current and accurate. A quality note contains sufficient information for the reader to understand its rationale and tells a coherent and continuous story. Since individuals define quality in terms of content, as it relates to their role when using the note, it follows that quality content as defined by clinicians differs from that as defined by nurses, administrators and patients. Therefore, we plan to devise a quality rating instrument that encompasses multiple perspectives.
The research participants from the clinician and nurse stakeholder groups also noted that the health care records system impacts quality documentation according to reliability, accessibility, interoperability and the structure of data input and output, and that the clinical system also makes the production of quality notes more or less likely. System issues related to time, staffing, the support of clinician/patient relationships, convenient workstations, patient data entry, and education/training may also influence quality in clinical documentation. When we began this study, we tried to focus the discussion on quality of notes apart from reference to whether the record system was paper-based or electronic. The clinical participants, however, spoke from the context of their work and commented extensively about the influence of the electronic record system on the quality of notes they wrote and read. In accordance with qualitative research methods, we added 2 questions about this to the focus group guide as the study progressed (Appendix 1) and we reported themes about influence of the EHR on quality as they emerged from the analysis. Nevertheless, there are definite limitations to the insight that this study can add to the complex question of how factors related to EHR use may affect the quality of clinical documentation. This question warrants study in future research.
Our results add additional characteristics and elements of quality in clinical documentation to the existing literature. For example, the traditional structural elements in a SOAP note appear on our list of content elements as well. The clinicians in our study likely acquired this standard terminology during their medical education. Our characteristics also confirm those noted by Stetson et al. that describe quality documentation in the inpatient setting. The themes in the current study, however, describe additional aspects of quality documentation that arise in the outpatient setting, such as integration of insights and care across disciplines and incorporation of patients’ priorities in ongoing treatment plans and care. These may, of course, also be important in the inpatient setting; and they might also be identified by our study design when applied to clinical documentation for inpatients. A key additional finding from our stakeholders is that quality notes are also “explanatory” and provide “continuity of story”. “Continuity of story” relates to “narrative expressivity” as identified by Rosenbloom and colleagues in their work with clinicians [6,32]. In our study the concept arose across stakeholder groups and included connecting different aspects of the patient’s story and care, which seems to go beyond the “narrative expressivity” and “flexibility” described in Rosenbloom’s work. This continuity of story highlights that a single patient encounter occurs in a clinical context, often as one of a series of encounters. Often different disciplines and multiple healthcare professionals are involved with varying degrees as part of a patients’ longitudinal story. A single clinical note represents one clinical encounter, a ‘chapter’ in an evolving health care story in the life of the patient. The best notes, according to our groups, make clear the connections between different chapters and thereby enrich the patient’s story.
Our results also provide insight about the information that various stakeholders seek when defining quality in clinical documentation. Administrators, patients and nurses seek different information to fulfill their roles or implement the care recommendations they receive. The clinical note, therefore, contains interdisciplinary practical context that cannot be ignored in a comprehensive definition or evaluation of quality. It may be that the published literature to date has emphasized clinicians’ needs, with less focus on how the clinical note affects other healthcare providers and patients.
Our data were collected within a single healthcare system, which may be a limitation of the study. While the system is large and the sample diverse, and we believe that the literature shows the system to be comparable to other large managed care organizations [23,24], future research should replicate our study in other systems. Another limitation applies particularly to the insights put forth about how systems issues may affect the quality of clinical documentation. Since the focus of the study is quality of notes, not the systems within which notes are written, the scope of our findings for this theme is likely limited. A more thorough treatment of the impact of systems on note quality would require a focused study on this question in settings that use a variety of documentation systems.
Our research-based definition of quality in clinical documentation describes quality in a clinical note from the perspectives of those who most commonly use the note for clinical, nursing or administrative purposes and the patients who are the subject of the note. The inclusion of the voice of those who use these notes, and the patients about whom these notes are written, represents a novel contribution to the understanding of “quality” in this context. We suggest that comprehensive study of quality of clinical documentation should incorporate the perspectives of these various stakeholder groups, and that achieving quality outpatient clinical documentation requires addressing the needs described by those who use clinical notes to plan, implement and pursue care, as well as by those who write the notes and use them to document what happens in the clinical encounter.
Conclusions
Perspectives of four stakeholder groups were necessary to provide a comprehensive description of quality in outpatient clinical documentation. The resulting description of characteristics and content necessary for quality documentation provides a research-based foundation for assessing and improving clinical documentation in outpatient health care settings.
Appendix 1 Focus Group and Interview Topic Guide
Study on Quality in Notes
Materials available for review
Preliminary themes from other focus groups and interviews in this study, if available
Draft list of dimensions of quality of a medical note, after preliminary analysis of initial focus groups and interviews
Topics for discussion (identified from the literature and discussion among investigators)
Comprehensiveness of notes; essential items to include
Accuracy/concordance with care/relevance (diagnosis, treatment, follow-up)
Intelligibility/comprehensibility/understandability/clarity
Effect on patient care
Effect on patient/clinician encounter
Quality of narratives
Speed and ease of use/timeliness
Support for medical decision-making
Organization
General, open-ended questions
(Tailor wording of the questions for each focus group or interview participant.)
What makes a quality note? OR What constitutes “goodness” or “badness” in a clinical note?
What diminishes the quality of a note?
What do you consider essential content for a clinical note?
How does format (written system, electronic system, templates, pick-lists) help improve the quality of notes?
How does format (written system, electronic system, templates, pick-lists) hurt the quality of notes?
What training about writing notes might improve quality?
What tips have you discovered that help make the quality of notes better?
Additional questions…
…will be developed based on experience in early focus groups and interviews of the study.
…will be asked during focus groups to clarify and explore comments offered by study participants. These are the “probing questions” of focus group methodology.
Appendix 2 Patient/Family Member Interview Topic Guide
Study on Quality in Notes
Materials available for review
Preliminary themes from other focus groups and interviews in this study
Draft list of dimensions of quality of a medical note, after preliminary analysis of initial focus groups and interviews
Topics for discussion (identified from the literature and discussion among investigators)
Comprehensiveness of notes; essential items to include
Accuracy/concordance with care/relevance (diagnosis, treatment, follow-up)
Intelligibility/comprehensibility/understandability/clarity
Effect on patient care
Effect on patient/clinician encounter
Quality of narratives
Speed and ease of use/timeliness
Support for medical decision-making
Organization
Note: Additional questions, “probing questions,” may be asked to clarify what the interview participant means and to explore new topics that the participant raises during the interview.
Open-ended interview questions:
1. Have you seen notes that your doctor or another health care provider has written about you?
2. If yes:
a. What do you find helpful about these notes?
b. What makes these notes good?
c. What makes these notes helpful for you?
d. What makes these notes useful for other health care providers?
e. What makes these notes less helpful or less useful to you or to anyone else?
3. If no:
a. What do you think your doctors and your other health care providers write about you and your health?
b. What do you think would make these notes helpful or useful?
c. What do you think would make these notes unhelpful or not as useful as they could be?
4. Can you think of anything that would make the notes that your health care providers write about you more useful to you?
Comments on tentative themes from other groups:
Have a copy of the tentative themes for interviews and focus groups, folded in half.
1. Show the participant the “content” themes and say, “The health care providers that we have talked to have told us that they look for these things in a note about a patient.”
a. What do you think about this list of things that might be written in your medical record?
b. Which of these things do you think might be most important to have in a health care provider’s note about you?
c. Is there anything on this list that you wish would NOT be written about you?
d. Is there anything else that you want your health care providers to write about?
2. Show the participant the “characteristics” themes and say, “The health care providers that we have talked to have told us that they want a note about a patient to have these characteristics.”
a. Which of these things do you think would be most important for a note that a health care provider writes about you?
b. Are there any other characteristics that you can think of that would make the notes that your health care providers write about you excellent notes?
Abbreviations
EHR: Electronic health record; MHS: Military health system; AHLTA: Armed forces health longitudinal technology application.
Competing interests
The views expressed in this paper reflect those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, the United States Department of Defense or the United States federal government. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
Study concept and design: JLH, MBS, LNP, RWG. Data collection: JLH, MBS, LNP, RWG. Qualitative analysis and interpretation of data: JLH, MBS, LNP, RWG. First draft of manuscript: RWG, JLH. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and interpretation: JLH, MBS, LNP. Administrative, technical and material support: RWG. Review and approval of the manuscript: JLH, MBS, LNP, RWG. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ information
Dr. Hanson brings expertise in qualitative research design and methods, medical education and communication. Dr. Stephens is an experienced family physician and medical educator with additional expertise in use of electronic medical records. Dr. Pangaro is an experienced internist, geriatrician and endocrinologist with additional expertise in medical education and evaluation. Dr. Gimbel brings expertise in quality improvement and biomedical informatics.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Galen Barbour, MD, Erin Bohen, MD, Lanna Forrest, PhD, Patrice Waters-Worley, MBA and Jeffrey Yarvis, PhD for their assistance in conceptualizing and planning elements of the study. The authors thank Paul Bornemann, MD, Molly Grasso, Joshua Hodge, MD, Lori Krayer, MSN, CFNP, Patrick Monahan, MD, Laura Sessums, MD, JD, and Bradford Smith, MD for assistance in coordinating site logistics and recruitment of participants.
Funding
This research was supported by the United States Army Medical Research & Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland (W81XWH-08-2-0056).
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/12/407/prepub
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Short Report
Comparison of memory impairments among two groups of patients with diabetes with different disease durations
Mohamad A Heidari Gorji1, Heshmatollah Ghahremanlu2, Mohsen Haghshenas3, Mohammad R Sadeghi4* and Ali M Heidari Gorji1
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Nursing, Mazandaran Medical Science University, Sari, Iran
2 Department of Psychology, Mashhad, Iran
3 Department of Pediatric, Babol Medical Science University, Babol, Iran
4 Department of Psychology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Research Notes 2012, 5:353 doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-353
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/5/353
Received:11 December 2011
Accepted:2 May 2012
Published:16 July 2012
© 2012 Heidari Gorji et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Modest cognitive impairment has been reported in adults with diabetes. Therefore, we aimed to compare memory impairments among two groups of patients with diabetes with different disease durations.
This study included 120 patients treated at the diabetes clinic at Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ardebil, Iran, over 14 months (2009–2010). The patients were divided into two groups according to their disease duration as >5 years or <1 year (recently diagnosed). The two groups were approximately matched in terms of age and education. Memory impairments were examined using the Wechsler Memory Scale. Data are presented descriptively, and were compared between groups using multivariate analysis of variance.
Finding
Overall, there were no significant differences in total scores or individual subscales between the two groups. However, 59% of all patients had below-average scores on the Wechsler memory questionnaire.
Conclusion
Both groups reported below-average scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale that were independent of disease duration. The present study agreed with the results of other studies showing impaired memory among patients with diabetes. The current findings require further investigation in longitudinal studies.
Background
Insulin is a key cellular signaling molecule. Patients with diabetes are unable to produce or efficiently utilize insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia [1]. Some studies have explored the relationship between insulin and cognitive disease among patients with diabetes [2,3]. It seems that hyperglycemia may affect cognition and lead to memory defects in daily life in patients with diabetic [4]. Experimental studies have also revealed that insulin can influences memory function in animals [5-7]. The hippocampus is established as the main site of memory formation and learning, and studies have determined the levels of insulin in the hippocampus. Diabetes may result in decreased insulin levels in the hippocampus because of impaired insulin transportation to the hippocampus [8], and may therefore affect memory. The overall changes in glucose levels are related to memory functions [9-11]. Although some studies found no difference between a control and a diabetic group in terms of cognitive function [12], earlier studies have yielded inconsistent results. Furthermore, some chronic diseases, independent of the type of disease, may affect cognitive function. However, in previous studies, the effect disease duration was either overlooked or the findings were contradictory [12,13]. Therefore, in this study, we divided patients with diabetes into two groups according to disease duration to examine the impact of disease duration on memory impairment.
Methods
Patients
The present study was a cross-sectional comparative study of patients with diabetes treated over 14 months (2009–2010) at the diabetes clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ardebil, Iran. This study approved by the research committee at Ardebil Azad Islamic University. The patients were selected by an objective-oriented method based on their disease duration. Based on literature patients with diabetes type 2 considered as a sample. Patients were screened based on the following inclusion criteria: presence of type 2 diabetes, aged 18–60 years, and undergoing usual medical treatment at our diabetes clinic. Patients with co-morbidities, other chronic disease or psychiatric problems were excluded. Overall, 120 patients consented to participate in the study (86 females and 34 males). Of these, 60 patients had diabetes for >5 years and 60 were newly diagnosed, with diabetes duration of <1 year. The two groups were closely matched in terms of age and education.
Outcomes
Demographic characteristics were evaluated by questionnaire, which covered age, sex, disease duration, education and regular medications. Memory was evaluated by the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), a well-established, validated questionnaire. We used the WMS translated by Nasri& Bageri using the WMS, each type of memory is evaluated using two stimuli (auditory and visual) and two types of tasks (recall and recognition). The questionnaire was applied with a 30-minute interval between stages. We also included the Digits test. Eight subtests were estimated Information & Orientation; Spatial Span; Mental Control; Visual Memory; Digit Span; Letter Number; and Word Association. The final memory score was determined as the total of all subscales [10]. Total score of 100 is considered the cutoff value in validity tests for ‘normal’ memory function [14].
Analysis
SPSS software version 14 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used for all analyses. Frequencies and multivariate analysis of variance were used to determine the percentages of below- and above-average scores, and to compare the two groups for each memory questionnaire subscale.
Findings
We hypothesized that there would be significant differences between the two groups in terms of memory function derived from the WMS subscales. However, as shown in Table 1, there were no significant differences in any subscale or total score between the two groups (P > 0.005). Therefore, the null hypothesis was accepted.
Table 1. Demonstrate multi variable variance analysis in two different groups on memory subscales
There was 45% smoking and no drug abusing in our sample. Among 120 selected subjects 34 cases were male and 86 were female. Mean age was 41/46 _ + 10.16.% and age range were between 30–45. 11% of patients were working and 14.2% were retired and 46.7% of patients was home maker and rest non- working. All participants were literate among them 40.8% had elementary education level and rest higher. Among participants 52% of memory scores lower than normal and 27% were medico rite, only 19% of patient were higher than appropriate.
Discussion
The present study was conducted to compare the memory function of two groups of patients with diabetes according to disease duration. We found a marked relationship between diabetes and memory, as just over half of the patients (52%) had below-average scores on the WMS. These results were consistent with those reported by Rogers [15] and Sani et al [16], who described that diabetes and altered insulin signaling may affect memory function. In another study [8], glucose fluctuations were shown to disrupt memory formation in rats. However, the results are not consistent with those reported by Amine et al. [17]. However, this difference may be due to the inclusion of adolescents with type 1 diabetes in the study by Amine et al. [17]. Nevertheless, insulin and glucose are necessary to maintain normal brain function; thus, the disruption of insulin action is likely to cause weaknesses in daily memory function. Our current results showed no difference in memory between two groups according to duration of diabetes. However, in a study by Grodstein et al [18], increases in disease duration were found to decrease memory function, although their findings may reflect the age of participants, as that study included older adults. It is already well established that memory is greatly affected by age. Thus, we should interpret our findings in relation to other related studies, particularly those Sani et al [16] and Agostina et al [19], who found that diabetes in any stage of life may negatively affect memory function. In fact, studies have clearly demonstrated that decreases in insulin levels may substantially impair memory function, independent of disease duration [20-22].
Conclusion
The results of our study and earlier studies [2,4,9,10] have demonstrated a strong relationship between memory problems and diabetes. Thus, patients must be aware and attempt to control their diabetes by following their physician’s advice to prevent diabetes-associated memory impairments.
Competing interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
Each author has participated actively and sufficiently in this study. MHG and MRS conceived the idea and design of the study, interpretation of data, and data collection and drafted the manuscript. HG and MH conceived the idea and supervised all work processes and gave advices and revise. MH and AHG made substantial contribution to writing, editing and review of literature. Each author revised critically the manuscript and provided final approval of the version to be published and believes that the manuscript represents honest work.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the chairperson of psychology department of Ardebil Azad University, Iran, for his scientific helps and advices.
References
1. Soleiman Panah SA: Introduce to diabetes and blood glucose control methods. Ardebil: Sharvan press; 1996:10-11.
2. Augustins MA, Geert JB, Edward HF, Kappelle J, Roy PC: The effects of type 1 diabetes on cognitive performance.
Diabetes Care 2005, 28(3):1800-1807.
3. Sridhar GR: Psychiatric co-morbidity & diabetes.
Indian J Med Res 2007, 125:311-320. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
4. Sommerfield AJ, Deary IJ, Vincent MA, Frier BM: Short-term, delayed, and working memory are impaired during hypoglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes Care 2003, 26:390-396. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
5. Das P, Scaborough WT, Movrton D: Electrophisiological and behavioral phenotype of insulin receptor defective mice.
J Psychol Behavior 2005, 82:287-296.
6. Vaffayi AA, Rashidi p: Glucocorticoid receptors have different effects on consolidation and memories of memory space on Morris maze model. First national conference of metabolism and glands in Isfahan, Abstract book; 2007.
7. Shafiyi MR, Allayi HA, Rayeisi P: Study effects of insulin on rat brain electric function. First national conference of metabolism and glands in Isfahan, Abstract book; 2007.
8. Ewan C, Williamson A, Crimmon RJ, Sherwin RS: Cognitive and neural hippocampal effects of long-term moderate recurrent hypoglycemia.
Diab 2006, 55:1080-1095. Publisher Full Text
9. Randall J, Carol E, Winocur G, Wolever T: Cognitive performance is associated with glucose regulation in healthy elderly persons and can be enhanced with glucose and dietary carbohydrates.
Am J Clin Nutr 2001, l72(3):825-836.
10. Cosway R, Strachan MWJ, Dougall A, Frier BM, Deary IJ: Cognitive function and information processing in Type 2 diabetes.
Diabet Med 2001, 18:803-810. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
11. Arvanitakis Z, Wilson R, Li Y, Aggarwal NT, David AB: Diabetes and function in different cognitive systems in older individuals without dementia.
Diabetes Care 2006, 29:560-565. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
12. Gareth S: An Assessment of Cognitive Impairment in Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Project for School of Psychology; 2008.
available in http://dbspin.com/content/academic/Thesis.pdf webcite
13. Prescott JH, Richardson JTE, Christopher , Gillespie R: Cognitive function in diabetes mellitus: the effects of duration of illness and glycaemic control.
Br J Clin Psychol 2011, 29(2):167-175.
14. Oranghi M: Standardization of Wechsler memory scale on Shiraz. Psychiatry Institute: Master Dissertation in clinical psychology; 2000.
15. Rarger MA, Watson GS, frey WH, Baker LD, cholerton B, keeling ML: Effects of intranasal insulin on cognitive in memory impaired older adults: modulation by APOE genotype.
Neurobiol Aging 2006, 27:451-458. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
16. Manschot SM, Brands AMA, van der Grond J, Kessels RPC: Brain magnetic imaging correlates of impaired cognition in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes 2006, 55:1106-1113. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
17. Amine M, Sartippur M, Haghigi S, Attari A:
Comparison of learning in children and adolescences with diabetes type one by control group: First national conference of metabolism and glands in Isfahan. Abstract book. 2007.
18. Grodstein F, Chen J, Wilson RS, Manson JE: Type 2 Diabetes and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Elderly Women.
Diabetes Care 2001, 24:1060-1065.
by the American Diabetes Association. Inc
PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
19. Brands AMA, Kessels RPC, Henselmans J, Johanna W, van der Beek boter , Jaap Kappelle L, et al.: Cognitive performance, psychological well-being,and brain magnetic resonance imaging in older patients with type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes 2006, 55:1800-1806. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
20. Auer RN, Wieloch T, Olsson Y, Siesjo BK: The distribution of hypoglycemic brain damage.
Acta Neuropathol 1984, 64:177-191. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
21. Cosettechoeiri L, Kimberley H, Durkin J, Simard CJ, Renaud J-M, Claud M: Longitudinal evaluation of memory performance and peripheral neuropathy in the Ins Akita mice.
Behavioral Brain Research 2005, 157:31-38. Publisher Full Text
22. Carol E, Randall J, Hebblethwaite S, Jenkins DJA: Memory impairments associated with postprandial hyperglycemia and glycemic control.
Diabetes Care 2004, 27:634-635.
by the American Diabetes Association
Publisher Full Text
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< Previous
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: Behold Marvin Minsky's page! With all the third-person biography you can stomach, and fun articles besides.
We all know the legend of the great mathematician who [was] warned that his proof would lead to a paradox if he took one more step. He replied "Ah, but I shall not take that step."
[Main] [Edit]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
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Tech Journalists Begin Work on Incompatible Linux Kernel
"If Linux Won't Fork, We'll Make It Fork", Vow Top Pundits
by Leonard Richardson
Published on segfault.org 11/24/2000
A team of journalists has set out to make Linux incompatible with itself. Rebuffed throughout the ages by countless failed predictions of kernel forks, these mavericks have decided to take the code into their own hands. Called "Windix" for maximum brand confusion, the pundit-approved kernel will be subtly but definitively incompatible with the current Linux kernel.
"It's time to stop talking about whether Linux will fork and what will happen if it does," said one ZDNet reporter. "It's time for action. And Windix is that. Thing."
"We're sick of eating crow," said an anonymous industry veteran. "I've been predicting a Linux fork for the past six years, and my editor is starting to get suspicious whenever I turn in another what-if fragmentation scenario. I think he's starting to suspect that I'm using a Perl script to write them."
The Windix kernel will feature an incompatible ext3-like filesystem, "extended ELF" binary support, and a broken TCP/IP implementation which will allow Windix systems to communicate only with each other. Some of the source code for the new kernel will be made publically avaliable, some will be made avaliable under NDA, and some will remain proprietary, under the freakish interpretation of the GPL under which the trade press operates.
Since all existing programs will have to be recompiled to work under Windix, a binary distribution sharing the Windix name is planned, avaliable only for the PowerMac. A text-only, shell-script-driven install will be the only installation option, allowing journalists to dust off their "Installation Nightmare Story" Perl scripts. Neither GNOME, KDE, or X will be included in the distribution, since "Linux has no GUI, dammit."
If the Windix project succeeds, members of the trade press also plan a wholesale combination of StarOffice and Mozilla, a BeOS-Linux hybrid, and other boneheaded moves that the general coding public selfishly refuses to undertake for the benefit of the pundits.
The success of the project seems in doubt, however, as serious obstacles loom ahead. Major resellers like VA Linux and Penguin Computing have already pledged to completely ignore the Windix kernel. The possibility also exists that the Windix project itself could fork into mutually compatible kernels, each competing for mindshare and greater standards compliance. If this happens, the ultimate failure could occur—the folding of Windix code into the mainline Linux kernel.
The Windix project, however, feels confident that this will never happen. "This code is going to be so bad that no one will want to use it, much less incoporate it into the Linux kernel," said one industry analyst turned software analyst. "We will be vindicated."
A spokesman for the FreeBSD project was quoted as jumping up and down and saying "Hey, look at us! The BSD tree forks all the time! How about some press coverage, bucko!"
This document (source) is part of Crummy, the webspace of Leonard Richardson (contact information). It was last modified on Wednesday, January 24 2007, 04:55:56 Nowhere Standard Time and last built on Saturday, May 18 2013, 09:00:04 Nowhere Standard Time.
Crummy is © 1996-2013 Leonard Richardson. Unless otherwise noted, all text licensed under a Creative Commons License.
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Category:BeagleBoard
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Contains all BeagleBoard articles. See also related categories listed below.
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The following 105 pages are in this category, out of 105 total.
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Papua New GuineaEdit This Page
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Revision as of 19:06, 7 January 2009 by DiltsGD (Talk | contribs)
Huli Wigman from the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea.
Pacific Island Guide > Papua New Guinea
General Information
Papua New Guinea occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea, just north of Australia, and many outlying islands. The Indonesian province of West Papua (Irian Jaya) is to the west. To the north and east are the islands of Manus, New Britain, New Ireland, and Bougainville, all part of Papua New Guinea.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Advances in Preventive Medicine
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 617942, 7 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/617942
Research Article
Consumer Satisfaction and Efficacy of the Hangover Cure After-Effect©
1Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
2Deenox SAS, 86 rue de Paris, 91400 Orsay, France
Received 28 March 2012; Revised 2 June 2012; Accepted 5 June 2012
Academic Editor: Katrin S. Kohl
Copyright © 2012 J. C. Verster and O. Berthélemy. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
A consumer satisfaction study was conducted to examine the effectiveness on hangover of After-Effect©, a new food supplement dedicated to improve well-being after an occasion of alcohol consumption. persons were invited to participate in a home-based open label study to test the effectiveness of After-Effect©. On a night when they intended to consume alcohol, three pills were taken before alcohol consumption and two pills afterwards, before going to bed. The following day, participants completed a survey on the amount of alcohol consumed, hangover symptom severity, and satisfaction of the product. participants completed the study. 88% of participants reported After-Effect© to be effective in reducing alcohol hangover. After-Effect© significantly improved overall hangover severity, and all individual hangover symptoms, except for palpitations. In addition, a significant reduction () in the severity score on concentration problems was reported when using After-Effect©. No gender differences were observed, and there was no relationship with the number of alcoholic drinks that were consumed. Consumers were satisfied with the product. In conclusion, consumer satisfaction and hangover severity scores suggest that After-Effect© may be effective in reducing alcohol hangover. However, controlled, double-blind clinical trials should confirm these findings.
1. Introduction
Alcohol hangovers are the most commonly reported negative consequence of heavy drinking. About 80% of drinkers acknowledge having experienced a hangover at least once during the past year [1], a finding that is corroborated by clinical trials indicating that around 20% of drinkers are resistant to hangover [2]. Alcohol hangovers are characterized by a feeling of general misery, and several symptoms such as headache, thirst, sleepiness, and concentration problems are commonly reported [3].
The aftereffects of alcohol consumption experienced during hangover are often qualified as unpleasant and disabling. For example, subjects report missing classes, work, or other obligations due to hangovers, but also feelings of regret and mood changes may be the result of excessive alcohol consumption [3]. Hence, there is a clear need for a treatment or cure that prevents or reduces hangovers. On the Internet, many cures are marketed, but a systematic literature search revealed that the efficacy of the vast majority of them has not been scientifically investigated [4, 5]. Up to now, most potential hangover cures have shown no effectiveness, whereas other cures reduced only some of the core symptoms of alcohol hangover. For example, tolfenamic acid reduced severity scores of headache and nausea but had no effect on being tired [6]. Also, Opuntia ficus indica significantly reduced nausea, lack of appetite, and dry mouth but did not reduce complaints of headache, weakness, and dizziness [7].
The main reason for the absence of an effective hangover cure is that limited research has been devoted to elucidate the pathology of alcohol hangover [8]. The research that has been conducted shows that alcohol hangover is not simply the equivalent of dehydration, but that other mechanisms, such as activation of the immune system, may play a role in the genesis of alcohol hangover [810]. The partial improvement observed for tolfenamic acid (which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis) and Opuntia ficus indica (which is thought to reduce the inflammatory response to stressful stimuli) supports a potential role of the immune system in the development of alcohol hangover symptoms. However, much more research is needed to understand the pathology of alcohol hangover and develop an effective treatment [3].
Ethical concerns have been expressed concerning alcohol hangover research. For example, it has been argued that development of effective treatments for hangovers will result in increased alcohol consumption, due to the diminished negative consequences. There is, however, no scientific proof to support this assumption. Moreover, research showed that people generally do not adjust their drinking behavior after having experienced hangovers [11].
For ages alcohol has been consumed by mankind, and the presence of hangovers was already reported more than 3000 years ago in ancient India. The Suśruta Samhitā, one of the oldest Āyurvedic medicinal writings, refers to “paramada” when discussing alcohol hangover and reports on common hangover symptoms such as pain in the head and joints, loss of taste, and thirst [12]. Alcohol hangovers have been reported ever since throughout history, and as long as alcohol consumption is allowed, it is unrealistic to assume that any behavioral intervention will prevent hangovers from happening. Statistics from a French website on alcohol hangovers (http://gueuledebois.info/) confirm the need for information about hangovers and how to treat them. Figure 1 gives an overview of the daily number of visits of the website during a 3 months period.
Figure 1: Number of visits on a French website for alcohol hangover (http://gueuledebois.info/). Data are shown from October 1st 2011 to January 2nd 2012. Each peak corresponds to a Sunday. Note the large peak at New Years day. The peak at November 1st corresponds to the day after Halloween (31 October). Data were obtained via Google Analytics.
Each peak in the number of page views in Figure 1 corresponds to a Sunday. This is not surprising, given that the weekends, and especially Saturday evenings, are the most likely occasions of heavy drinking, which may result in a hangover the following day.
Although most people consume alcohol in moderation and do not regularly experience a hangover, the socioeconomic consequences of having a hangover are high [13]. That is, absenteeism and presenteeism are common consequences of having a hangover, and reduced productivity and increased risk of injury when operating dangerous machinery may be the result [1416]. Also, while driving or flying when having a hangover, people put not only themselves at risk but also those who are surrounding them [17]. Hence, there are a number of arguments that plea for development of an effective cure that reduces or prevents alcohol hangover effects.
After-Effect© is an example of such a newly developed hangover cure (see Figure 2). The product is currently sold in pharmacies by Deenox in France, and like many hangover cures it can also be ordered online. Instructions for using After-Effect© are to take three capsules before alcohol consumption and 2 capsules after drinking, before going to bed. The ingredients of After-Effect© comprise borage oil (gamma linolenic acid), fish oil (omega-3), vitamins B1, B6, and C, magnesium, Silybum marianum (silymarin), and Opuntia ficus indica. The rationale for the manufacturer to include these ingredients in After-Effect© was based on the current available literature on hangover cures and their effectiveness in reducing hangover symptoms and on their potential mechanisms of action. Regarding Opuntia ficus indica, it should be noted that After-Effect© contains a polar extract, which is different from the apolar extract used by Wiese et al. [7]. It is therefore unknown whether After-Effect© will have similar beneficial effects on hangover such as described by Wiese et al. (i.e., reduced scores on nausea, dry mouth, and lack of appetite). Table 1 summarizes the ingredients, suggested mechanism of action, and the corresponding hangover symptoms that showed to benefit from their use [1829].
Table 1: Rationale for the ingredients included in After-Effect©.
Figure 2: After-Effect©: package and capsules. Three capsules should be taken before alcohol consumption and two additional capsules before going to bed.
Table 1 reveals that there is scientific support showing that the individual ingredients of After-Effect© can reduce several common hangover symptoms. However, their combined effect (i.e., the After-Effect© formula) has not been scientifically investigated. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to (1) examine the effectiveness of After-Effect© and (2) to evaluate consumer satisfaction of this hangover aid. The design of the study followed a naturalistic approach [30, 31], which is quite common for consumer satisfaction studies [32]. Participants consumed alcohol at a place, quantity, and time of their own preference without interference of the researchers. On that occasion, they also used After-Effect© and completed a questionnaire the following day.
2. Methods
A total of 113 persons were contacted by telephone to participate in the study. Participants were selected randomly among consumers that were registered in the panel of the consumer testing laboratory TechniSens. If they agreed to participate after the telephone contact, they received After-Effect©, instructions for use and the survey by regular mail. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The study took place on 1–15 September, 2010. Subjects were instructed to use After-Effect© in an evening when they expected to consume a sufficient quantity of alcohol to leave them feeling unpleasant the following day. In that evening, participants were instructed to take 3 capsules of After-Effect© before drinking and 2 capsules at bedtime. They were instructed to swallow the capsules with a glass of water and not to chew them. A survey was completed the day after the drinking session, as soon as they presumed their blood alcohol level had returned to zero. The completed surveys were returned by email to TechniSens.
In addition to demographics and information on the amount of alcohol consumed, the survey included questions about the specific hangover symptoms experienced. Hangover symptoms and their severity were scored using the acute hangover scale (AHS) [33]. Eight hangover symptoms (thirst, being tired, headache, dizziness, loss of appetite, stomachache, nausea, and heart racing) and total hangover severity were scored on a scale ranging from 0 (absent) to extreme (10). The mean of these nine scores is the overall hangover severity score. Similar to the items of the AHS, “concentration problems” was added as extra item since it is commonly experienced [34] and provides useful information on the potential impact of alcohol hangover on next-day performance. The items were scored after using After-Effect©. Participants acted as their own control. The scores obtained with After-Effect© were thus compared to individual expected scores if After-Effect© had not been taken with the same consumption of alcohol.
Finally, several consumer satisfaction questions were asked concerning the packaging of After-Effect©, the instructions for usage of the product, its perceived effectiveness and adverse events, and whether they would recommend the product to family and friends.
2.1. Statistical Analysis
Subjects that vomited in the evening when using After-Effect© were excluded from the statistical analyses. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 19.0. Mean (SD) scores on the hangover items and the overall AHS score were computed. Symptom severity when using After-Effect© and a regular hangover night was compared using paired sample t-tests. Scores of those who reported After-Effect© to be effective or ineffective were compared using the same test. Percentages of endorsed items (% agreed versus % disagreed, or % effective versus % ineffective) were compared using a binominal test for proportions. Results were significant if .
3. Results
A total of 113 subjects participated in the study. Ten were excluded from the statistical analyses because they reported vomiting in the evening when they consumed alcohol and used After-Effect©. 103 subjects (21% men and 79% women) completed the study. Half of them were 25–30 years old, 25% were 31–35 years old, and 25% were 36–40 years old. In the evening out, 44% consumed 4–6 alcoholic consumptions, 46% consumed 7–9 alcoholic consumptions, and 10% more than 10 alcoholic drinks. Hangover symptom severity, with and without using After-Effect©, is summarized in Table 2.
Table 2: Hangover symptom scores when treated with After-Effect©, and expected scores if After-Effect© had not been used .
It is evident from Table 2 that After-Effect© significantly improved both overall hangover severity and individual hangover symptoms. In addition, a significant reduction () in the severity score on concentration problems was reported when using After-Effect© (see Figure 3). No gender differences were observed, and there was no relationship with the number of alcoholic drinks that were consumed (see Figure 4).
Figure 3: Severity of concentration problems with and without using After-Effect©.
Figure 4: Overall hangover severity and total alcohol consumption.
The vast majority of consumers agreed (56%) or strongly agreed (32%) that After-Effect© reduced the uncomfortable feeling usually experienced the day after consuming alcohol. A minority of 12% was not satisfied with the product’s effectiveness. Of them, six persons (6%) reported that the product did not work in a free comment area of the questionnaire. Table 3 summarizes the consumer satisfaction on how well After-Effect© counteracts individual hangover symptoms.
Table 3: Reported consumer satisfaction on the efficacy of After-Effect© to reduce hangover symptoms.
Binominal tests (% agreed versus % disagreed) confirm that for each hangover symptom, except increased heart rate, After-Effect© significantly more often produced a favorable effect than an unfavorable effect.
In those who reported that After-Effect© was not effective, the overall hangover severity score and all scores of individual items except heart racing were significantly higher compared to scores of consumers who reported that After-Effect© was effective (see Table 3). Although no effectiveness was reported by these subjects, After-Effect© did significantly () reduce their scores on being tired, headache, stomach ache, nausea, and the overall AHS hangover score ().
In 96% of subjects, the use of After-Effect© caused no adverse effects. Nausea (2%) and bloating (1%) were reported as adverse effects of using After-Effect©, and one person (1%) stated the capsules to be too large to swallow.
On average, consumers were satisfied with the size of the package (mean score: 7.75 out of 10), the design of the package (mean score 7.69 out of 10), and the way it opens (mean score: 7.76 out of 10). About half of the subjects (52%) preferred the product to be taken as intended (3 capsules before drinking and 2 thereafter), whereas 48% preferred to take all 5 capsules before the evening out. The vast majority (84%) of participants acknowledged that they would recommend After-Effect© to family or friends.
4. Discussion
The results from this open-label study suggest that After-Effect© is likely to reduce the presence and severity of alcohol hangover symptoms. Consumer satisfaction scores confirm these findings. The significant reduction in concentration problems after using After-Effect© is promising, because this may have a positive impact on cognitive and psychomotor impairment that is generally seen during alcohol hangover.
In contrast to other hangover cures that have been investigated, After-Effect© shows to be effective in significantly reducing both overall hangover severity and scores on individual hangover symptoms. This underscores the rationale used in the development of After-Effect© in combining those ingredients that have shown effectiveness in previous hangover studies. It can be speculated that the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of the ingredients are responsible for the reduction in hangover symptom severity. However, from this consumer survey it cannot be established whether the immune system plays a vital role in the pathology of alcohol hangover symptoms and if the proposed mechanism of action of After-Effect© is indeed responsible for the reported effectiveness of this hangover treatment.
There are a number of limitations of this study that should be addressed. A major limitation of the current study is that no placebo hangover treatment was included. With the current study design it therefore remains unsure if the reduction in hangover (symptom) severity can be ascribed to After-Effect©. Participants knew beforehand they were going to use After-Effect©. The hangover symptom scores obtained in that evening were then compared with retrospectively assessed scores for an evening with similar alcohol consumption, but without using any hangover treatment. This study design may have biased the outcome of the study because participants may have certain expectancies about the efficacy of After-Effect© in reducing hangover symptoms. Therefore, it can equally be true that the reported improvements are in fact a placebo effect and not due to any efficacy of After-Effect©. The likelihood of this possibility is however small, given the large and consistent improvement that was reported on almost all hangover symptoms. Nevertheless, future research should be double-blind and include a drinking session with placebo After-Effect©. This will allow a more objective comparison with a drinking session on which no hangover cure is used than the comparison that was made in the current study, that is, a comparison with expected feelings if After-Effect© had not been used. It would have also been interesting to test participants after a placebo alcohol session with and without administering After-Effect© because hangover symptoms may in fact be “general” symptoms that are always experienced by participants, also without consuming alcohol. In addition, this would enable a more valid examination to determine if After-Effect© itself causes any adverse effects than how this was assessed in the current study. Future research should address these issues.
The fact that this was a naturalistic study is sometimes also considered as a limitation. However, there are both advantages and disadvantages of using a naturalistic design instead of a controlled study [3]. Controlled clinical trials enable researchers to standardize various factors that may influence the presence and severity of alcohol hangover symptoms such as beverage type, drinking speed, sleep time, activities (e.g., dancing), smoking, and food consumption. Yet, if one aims to mimic a real-life drinking situation, the naturalistic approach seems best. Despite the fact that many issues are uncontrolled in naturalistic studies, consumer satisfaction ratings have shown to be more reliable when obtained in a real-life setting [32], that is, drinking alcohol in a bar and sleeping and having a hangover at home. In fact, research showed that consumer satisfaction of food products and beverages when rated in controlled laboratory settings generally underestimates product acceptance when compared to real-life testing [32, 3538].
Although the results from this open-label study are promising, future studies in a controlled laboratory setting should confirm these findings, evaluating After-Effect© in double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. In addition to examining the efficacy of After-Effect©, these studies preferably assess blood, saliva, and urine parameters to examine the possible mechanism of action of this new hangover cure. Examining also other potential hangover treatments in these clinical trials, preferably if they have other proposed mechanisms of action to reduce hangover severity, will further help researchers to elucidate the pathology of alcohol hangover. Also, it is important to incorporate cognitive and psychometric tests to determine if After-Effect© is effective in reducing hangover-related performance on skills and abilities that are essential in daily activities such as driving a car or on-the-job performance. Finally, it can be determined if it is essential to take After-Effect© before and after a drinking session. If it turns out that After-Effect© is equally effective when taken only after alcohol consumption this should have great advantages. With the current formula of After-Effect©, consumers have to determine beforehand if they will engage in a drinking session that may produce hangover symptoms, while in real life heavy drinking is not always a planned activity. A French online survey among 4000 people revealed that almost half of those who acknowledge using anti-hangover products (48.8% of ) prefer using the product after drinking alcohol, that is, before going to bed or the following day during hangover (Deenox, data on file). Only 22.3% prefer using the antihangover product before or during alcohol consumption. Therefore, future clinical trials should examine the effectiveness of After-Effect© when taken after alcohol consumption only.
Also of interest would be to conduct dose-ranging studies. Currently, five capsules of After-Effect© have to be taken. Since this was based on scientific literature on the effectiveness of individual ingredients it can be imagined that a reduction of the number of capsules to be taken (and thus the overall dosage of the ingredients) may sort the same effectiveness. In terms of potential adverse effects, but also with regard to user friendliness, it would be an advantage if less than 5 capsules would be sufficient to reduce hangover severity.
Taken together, the results from this first study on the effectiveness of After-Effect© are promising and suggest that After-Effect© may effectively reduce hangover symptom severity. This should, however, be verified and confirmed by placebo-controlled clinical trials.
Acknowledgments
This study was conducted and funded by Deenox, the manufacturer of After-Effect©. O. Berthélemy is the president and founder of Deenox. J. C. Verster has received research support from Takeda and Red Bull GmbH, and acted as consultant for Takeda, Sanofi-Aventis, Transcept, Sepracor, Red Bull GmbH, Deenox, Trimbos Institute, and CBD.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
VLSI Design
Volume 13 (2001), Issue 1-4, Pages 459-463
doi:10.1155/2001/28105
Simulation of 0.35 μm/0.25 μm CMOS Technology Doping Profiles
IMEC-Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, Kapeldreef 75, Heverlee B-3001, Belgium
Copyright © 2001 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
A careful calibration of a continuum process simulator is normally required to achieve a good agreement between simulated results and experimental dopant profiles. However, the validity of such a calibration procedure is often limited to a particular technology. By taking into account a number of physics-based models and experimental results available in literature, the predicting capability of the process simulation has been conveniently improved. In particular, this paper shows how concentration-depth profiles from two different CMOS technologies have been successfully reproduced with a unique set of fitting parameters.
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We are sitting on a plastic time bomb,” the Supreme Court said on Wednesday after the Central Pollution Control
Odisha government said on Tuesday that it has engaged five private agencies for disposal of e-waste and created awareness on the danger of such pollution.
Uncovered vehicles transporting solid waste are a common sight in Kochi even as norms for collecting and disposing waste are continuously being flouted in many parts of the city.
Despite Corporation authorities giving an assurance in December last year that 40 fully automated pickup vehicles for collecting waste would ply in the city by March, the waste management system still remains the same.
THE Bombay High Court asked the Maharashtra government Monday to formulate an action plan for tackling the problem of illegal garbage dumping in state. The court also asked the government to submit an action plan on identifying and acquiring land for the same by Wednesday.
A division bench of justices A M Khanwilkar and A P Bhangale was hearing a set of petitions seeking action against illegal dumping in various areas of the state.
One of the major problems being faced by cities and towns relate to management of municipal solid waste (MSW). Waste quantities are increasing and municipal authorities are not able to upgrade or scale up the facilities required for proper management of such wastes. In many cities and towns, garbage is littered on roads and foot-paths.
A waste audit and a ground water quality check has begun in Fuvahmulah Island yesterday.
Even as Thrikkakara attracts more people on account of its rising profile as the Information Technology hub, the municipal authorities are grappling with rising solid waste generation it entails.
However, the municipal authorities are talking in different voices when it comes to waste management, which was visible during the recent Budget.
In the introductory remarks to the Budget, municipal chairman P.I. Mohammadali expressed hope of getting a solid waste treatment plant off the block during the 2013-14 fiscal itself.
A solution to the vexed problem of solid waste management in the city seems distant as the government continues to be in the dark on the technology to be adopted at the proposed new plant in Brahmapuram.
Efforts to initiate a waste-to-energy plant based on incineration method have backfired after the three companies that submitted the final bids informed that only 14 units of power could be generated from one tonne of waste.
The government would, on April 1, finalise an agreement with the Korean International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) to develop the country’s solid waste management system, a senior minister said last
The UK increased the share of municipal waste recycling from 12% to 39% between 2001 and 2010, according to a new report.
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Publication Listing
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Bibliography: The Reach of Children
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Title: The Reach of Children
Author: Tim Lebbon
Year: 2008
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: novella
ISFDB Record Number: 1289995
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Current Tags: bfs fantasy award for best novella finalist (1) Add Tags
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High Activity
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cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
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Activity Not Available
Contributors : Joeri Samson
Analyzed 4 months ago based on code collected 4 months ago.
Activity on ruote by Joeri Samson
All-time Commits: 1
12-Month Commits: 0
30-Day Commits: 0
Overall Kudo Rank:
First Commit: 11-Jul-2011
Last Commit: 11-Jul-2011
Names in SCM: Joeri Samson
Commit history:
Recent Kudos...
... for ruote given by:
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Project Commits
Approximately one year of commit activity shown
Project Languages
Language Aggregate Coding Time Total Commits Total Lines Changed Comment Ratio
Ruby 1m 1 4 -
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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v0
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2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
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2013-05-18T09:39:20.000Z
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xnp3py4otze2k632zjhrl26soy2aebyv
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:75161",
"uncompressed_offset": 650945332,
"url": "www.ohloh.net/p/systemprocess/enlistments",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:36:10.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:e9936972-9769-4f39-808c-7e69c159ef60>",
"warc_url": "http://www.ohloh.net/p/systemprocess/enlistments"
}
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cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
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Settings : Code Locations
Analyzed 6 days ago based on code collected 6 days ago.
Showing page 1 of 1
Repository URL SCM Type Update Status Ignored Files
svn://svn.pureenergy.cc/systemProcess/trunk Subversion Ohloh update completed 6 days ago. All files included.
About Code Locations
• Ohloh's statistics are derived from analysis of the project's source code history as maintained by the project's repository. Accordingly, it is crucial that this information be maintained accurately.
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Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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v0
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