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03 May 2011
Pentagon Issues Satellite Surveillance Photos, Diagram of Bin Laden Compound
-click to enlarge-
And the US Military currently has hundreds of experts combing-though a reported "treasure trove" of actionable Al Qaida intelligence contained in computer files snatched in Sunday's raid on the Abottabad compound.
According to one US official: "They cleaned it out... can you imagine what's on Osama Bin Laden's hard drive?"
A brief, interesting account of the AQ courier
who unwittingly got Geronimo scalped -here-
diagram, pentagon
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02 October 2012
Teenage Lobotomies for Obama
There they go again: scrambling progs are going all-out to salvage what's left of hopenchange, now adrift in a sea of FAIL. And as the presidential race has entered the home-stretch, they're willing to try just about anything.
But if asking brides to donate their wedding gifts -or struggling families to chip-in w/ garage-sale proceeds (why not gold fillings?)- didn't creep you out quite enough, the warped Obama campaign's latest youth-themed ad will make you blow chunks.
Titled Home for the Holidays: Share Why You're Working to Re-elect President Obama, the grating 120-second spot aims to hone technique and bolster the morale of those planning to pester the living shit out of their poor parents/grandparents by laying Obammunist tripe on them while home visiting from college (+ mooching money and complaining).
To buck up the Obamayouth spirit and re-create that false sense of superiority the whole Obama spiel/cult is built upon, targeted conservative family members are portrayed as 'stubborn',
'set in their ways', or so archaic they're just now learning how to send a text message.
Some go on to say that due to their relentless and convincing political arguments (he's cool!) unenlightened
'lifelong Republican' and 'voted for Bush twice' kin are now considering voting for Barack
While it's difficult to see why any 'lifelong' GOPer would be switching to Obama after bearing witness to four years of such towering incompetence, I'd probably tell these kids whatever they want to hear, too... if that's what it took to buy me some peace and quiet til they head back to indoctrination center school.
Nary a mention in the clip of any actual issues or the president's appalling performance in office, mind you... but 'just keep trying', recalcitrant, unthinking clingers you've suffered the misfortune of sharing way-too-many chromosomes with may still eventually come round to your 'modern' and 'progressive' way of thinking.
I like how the first 20-ish guy says he initially was drawn to Dear Leader because 'he's from my generation'... uh, dude, he's -like- technically old enough to be your grandpa-
BTW, ever seen a white guy who doesn't seem fruitier-than-a-Dole-plantation in an Obama ad...? Me neither:
Related quotes regarding the kind of wholesome enthusiasm Dear Leader is generating for his presidency amongst rudderless, impressionable young Americans today:
Lenin: 'Give me just one generation of youth, and
I'll transform the whole world.'
Communist Party Education Workers Congress: We must create out of the younger generation a generation of Communists. We must turn children, who can be shaped like wax, into real, good Communists....
We must remove the children from the crude influence of their families. We must take them over and, to speak frankly, nationalize them.
Engels: 'The opponents must grant us that youth has never before flocked to our colours in such numbers, ... in the end,
one will be found among us who will prove that the sword of enthusiasm is just as good as the sword of genius.'
Teens for Obama
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The Rice Thresher (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 84, No. 19, Ed. 1 Friday, February 21, 1997
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Item Metadata
dc.contributor.editor Beard, Marty||Rao, Vivek
dc.coverage.spatial United States - Texas - Harris County - Houston
dc.coverage.temporal Into Modern Times, 1939-Present
dc.date.accessioned 2012-11-07T05:50:00Z
dc.date.available 2012-11-07T05:50:00Z
dc.date.issued 1997-02-21
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/1911/68245
dc.description sixteen pages : ill. ; page 19 x 15 in.
dc.description.abstract A weekly student newspaper from the Rice University in Houston, Texas that includes campus news and commentaries along with advertising.
dc.language eng
dc.publisher Rice University
dc.relation.ispartof This digitized newspaper is also presented online at the Portal to Texas History, at http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth246561/
dc.relation.ispartofseries This Issue appears in Vol. 84 of the Rice Thresher.
dc.rights Rights to this material belong to Rice University. This digital version is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.
dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
dc.subject.lcsh Harris County (Tex.) -- Newspapers
Houston (Tex.) -- Newspapers
Houston (Tex.) -- Periodicals
Student publications -- Texas -- Houston
College student newspapers and periodicals -- Texas -- Houston
dc.title The Rice Thresher (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 84, No. 19, Ed. 1 Friday, February 21, 1997
dc.digitization.specifications Page images were scanned by the UNT Portal to Texas History from microfilm as 8-bit grayscale at 400 dpi and saved as TIF masters, with OCR'd PDF access copies.
dc.source.collection Rice Thresher, Fondren Library, Rice University, Houston, Tex.
dc.citation.volumeNumber 84
dc.citation.issueNumber 19
dc.identifier.digital thr19970221
dc.contributor.publisher Rice University
dc.type.genre Newspaper
dc.type.dcmi Text
dc.identifier.citation (1997). "The Rice Thresher (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 84, No. 19, Ed. 1 Friday, February 21, 1997." vol. 84. no. 19,
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Alto Paraíso de Goiás
From Wikitravel
(Redirected from Alto Paraiso de Goias)
Jump to: navigation, search
Preto River Waterfall, Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park
Alto Paraíso de Goiás, often shortened to Alto Paraiso (Highland Paradise), is a city in the Brazilian state of Goias. It is the main gateway to the Chapada dos Veadeiros region.
[edit] Get in
It´s located 230 km north of Brasília, you can leave by car going to satelite city Sobradinho and turn left after Planaltina. There are lots of road signs.
[edit] Get around
The city itself is very small and easy, a Main Avenue (Avenida Ary Valadão Filho) starts on the road and cuts through the whole of it. The Bus Station is two blocks to the right of Main Avenue and all the "buy", "eat", "drink", "stay safe" and half "sleep" options are either at Main Avenue, (at most) two blocks away of it, or close to Bus Station. It´s that simple.
Couros River
There are a lot of waterfall options around Alto Paraiso (Loquinhas are the closest and coziest, Crystal River is close too, there is a hiking trail to Sertão Zen, a little harder, Couros and Macaco rivers require a 4WD vehicle), but the best ones are around Vila São Jorge (St. George Village) 36 km west, the gateway to the National Park. There are vans and little difficulty to hitchhike. The road is very scenic, half of it is paved already, but the dirt part can get a little annoying during the rainy season (October-April).
[edit][add listing] See
Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park is a must, its waterfalls are like cathedrals consecrated to Mother Nature. Vale da Lua (Moon Valley) is unbelievable. Morada do Sol (Sun´s Home) is less scenic but easier to small children. São Bento and Almécegas are closer to Alto Paraiso than to São Jorge, in private property with rooms, chalets and camping facilities, ideal for families and romantic couples. There are A LOT more waterfalls, local people will be happy to talk about them.
[edit][add listing] Do
There is a New Age quality about Alto Paraiso, lots of people come there looking for Positive Vibration and alternative stuff. As a rule of thumb, "quiet" people stay here and "party" people stay at São Jorge.
[edit][add listing] Buy
Crystal souvenirs, hippie clothing and pinga de arnica (pinga: strong liquor, arnica: spicy vegetable with medicinal properties)
Moon Valley
[edit][add listing] Eat
APG has some options, two pizzarias (Oca Lila and Pizzaria 2000, both are at Main Avenue) and some self-servers too. Oca Lila is delicious self-serve vegetarian fare with wireless internet access. São Jorge has good food as well.
[edit][add listing] Drink
Bar do Pelé and Bar do Bodinho. Both are in São Jorge, have pool tables and cold beer.
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• Pousada Alfa e Omega, R. Joaquim de Almeida, 15 - Center, (55 62) 3446 1225, [1]. Indoors pool, sauna, WiFi, colonial breakfast, rooms have TV and frigobar, suites have cable TV and DVD. from R$ 50 / night, Visa and Mastercard accepted.. edit
• Pousada Casa Rosa, R. Gumercindo Barbosa, 233 (2 blocks off Main Avenue), (55 62) 3446 1319, [2]. Big garden with trees, rooms, single and double chalets from R$ 40/night. edit
• Pousada Renascer Na Luz, R. Joaquim Costa, 234, (55 62) 3446 2113, [3]. 10 rooms, double & triple. Meditation temple and therapy facilities. Therapy groups welcome. edit
• Hotel Europa, R. 01 Qd. 107 lt 01 (across the road from the city entrance), (55 62) 3446 1558, [4]. Big structure, sober style, family oriented. edit
• Pousada Maya, R. 11, qd. 11, lt 4/5 Estância Paraíso, (55 62) 3446 2062, [5]. Built on Feng Shui principles, seven suites, ample meditation room, WiFi, fireplace, outdoors coal oven, soccer lawn, big garden. Visa accepted. edit
[edit] Get out
If you don´t enter Alto Paraiso and keep on the road going north, you´ll end at Cavalcante with another hundred waterfalls (try looking for Rei do Prata). If you go through Main Avenue all the way, you´ll end at Vila do Moinho (Mill Village), home to Anjos e Arcanjos (Angels & Archangels waterfall). Both are worth the trip and both trips have very beautiful landscapes.
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Olesk
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
Olesk (or Olesko) is a small village in the Ukrainian part of East Galicia.
[edit] Get in
[edit] Get around
[edit][add listing] See
Olesk is famous for its well preserved castle, which is the most famous one in Western Ukraine.
[edit][add listing] Do
[edit][add listing] Buy
[edit][add listing] Eat
[edit][add listing] Drink
[edit][add listing] Sleep
[edit] Contact
[edit] Get out
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1292.0 - Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), 2006 (Revision 1.0)
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 19/09/2008
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
Division C MANUFACTURING
Subdivision 18 BASIC CHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
Group 184 PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
Class 1842 Veterinary Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Product Manufacturing
This class consists of units mainly engaged in manufacturing drugs, medicines, medicinal chemicals, vaccines, serums and other pharmaceutical products for veterinary use.
Primary activities
• Veterinary drug manufacturing
• Veterinary medicinal preparation manufacturing n.e.c.
Exclusions/References
Units mainly engaged in
• manufacturing human pharmaceutical products are included in class 1841 Human Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Product Manufacturing; and
• manufacturing animal dips and sprays, blowfly specifics or other pesticides are included in Class 1832 Pesticide Manufacturing.
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
9503.0.55.001 - Tourism Region Maps and Concordance Files, Australia, 2006
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 29/06/2007
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
The ABS and other organisations publish tourism data by Tourism Regions. This product provides maps and concordance files for Tourism Regions for each state and the Northern Territory. Tourism Regions represent groups of Statistical Local Areas (SLAs). SLAs are a small spatial unit of the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC). The ASGC is updated each year. The concordance files provide Tourism Region names and their corresponding SLA names and codes. Any changes to Tourism Regions in one year are applied to products issued from the March quarter reference period in the following year.
Product will belong to Product Family 86350 under the new numbering system.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > News & Media > Media Releases by Topic > Natural Resources
Media Releases by Topic
Freshwater
Australian environmental views and practices (Media Release), Mar 2002 (cat no. 4602.0)
Australians more water conscious but less concerned about the environment (Media Release), Mar 2004 (cat no. 4602.0)
Concern over environment drops to its lowest levels: ABS (Media Release), Mar 2001 (cat no. 4602.0)
Environmental problems concern 69% of Australians (Media Release), Mar 1999 (cat no. 4602.0)
Environmental problems concern 71% of Australians (Media Release), Mar 1998 (cat no. 4602.0)
Hazardous waste out with garbage (Media Release), 1996 (cat no. 4602.0)
Media alert - ABS Environmental Report 4602.0 will be released tomorrow (Media Release), Mar 2000 (cat no. 4602.0)
More hazardous wastes ending up in household bins (Media Release), Mar 2000 (cat no. 4602.0)
New South Wales in Focus (Media Release), 2006 (cat no. 1338.1)
Potentially hazardous wastes often disposed of inappropriately (Media Release), Mar 2003 (cat no. 4602.0)
Snapshot of energy use and conservation in Australian households: ABS (Media Release), Mar 2005 (cat no. 4602.0)
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6227.0 - Education and Work, Australia, May 2003
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 05/12/2003
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MEDIA RELEASE
December 05, 2003
Embargoed: 11:30 AM (AEST)
62/2001
Australians becoming more educated
The proportion of people aged 15 to 64 years studying for a qualification increased from 16% in May 1993 to 18% in May 2003, according to results released today by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).
Of the 2,338,100 people aged 15 to 64 years studying for a qualification in May 2003, 28% were studying for a Bachelor degree. Over one-quarter (26%) of these were aged 15 to 19 years, and 46% were aged 20 to 24 years.
Management and commerce (18%) and society and culture (13%) were the most common fields of study among people studying for a qualification, apart from mixed field programmes (which predominantly include people studying for Year 12 or below).
The proportion of Australians aged 15 to 64 years with a non-school qualification(*) increased from 39% in 1993 to 49% in 2003. This increase was mainly in people whose highest non-school qualification was a Bachelor degree or higher (10% in 1993 to 18% in 2003).
The 6,414,500 people with a non-school qualification were more likely to be employed (81%) than those without a non-school qualification (61%). Employed people with a non-school qualification were more likely to work full-time (77%), than those without (63%).
In May 2003, approximately 391,700 people were enrolled in study leading to a qualification who had not been enrolled in 2002. Of this group, 57% were female. Under one-third (32%) were aged 25 to 34 years, and 23% were aged 20 to 24 years.
Further details are available in Education and Work, Australia, May 2003 (cat. no. 6227.0).
(*) Media Note: Non-school qualification refers to educational attainments other than those of pre-primary, primary or secondary education.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
3309.0.55.001 - Information Paper: Suicides, Australia, 2001
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 01/08/2003
Past Releases
First Release
• First Issue: 2001
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Research article
Sex-dimorphism in Cardiac Nutrigenomics: effect of Trans fat and/or Monosodium Glutamate consumption
Kate S Collison1*, Marya Z Zaidi1, Zakia Maqbool1, Soad M Saleh1, Angela Inglis1, Nadine J Makhoul1, Razan Bakheet1, Mohammed Shoukri2 and Futwan A Al-Mohanna1
Author Affiliations
1 Cell Biology & Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Biological & Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Saudi Arabia
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Genomics 2011, 12:555 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-555
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/12/555
Received:4 October 2010
Accepted:12 November 2011
Published:12 November 2011
© 2011 Collison et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
A paucity of information on biological sex-specific differences in cardiac gene expression in response to diet has prompted this present nutrigenomics investigation.
Sexual dimorphism exists in the physiological and transcriptional response to diet, particularly in response to high-fat feeding. Consumption of Trans-fatty acids (TFA) has been linked to substantially increased risk of heart disease, in which sexual dimorphism is apparent, with males suffering a higher disease rate. Impairment of the cardiovascular system has been noted in animals exposed to Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) during the neonatal period, and sexual dimorphism in the growth axis of MSG-treated animals has previously been noted. Processed foods may contain both TFA and MSG.
Methods
We examined physiological differences and changes in gene expression in response to TFA and/or MSG consumption compared to a control diet, in male and female C57BL/6J mice.
Results
Heart and % body weight increases were greater in TFA-fed mice, who also exhibited dyslipidemia (P < 0.05). Hearts from MSG-fed females weighed less than males (P < 0.05). 2-factor ANOVA indicated that the TFA diet induced over twice as many cardiac differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in males compared to females (P < 0.001); and 4 times as many male DEGs were downregulated including Gata4, Mef2d and Srebf2. Enrichment of functional Gene Ontology (GO) categories were related to transcription, phosphorylation and anatomic structure (P < 0.01). A number of genes were upregulated in males and downregulated in females, including pro-apoptotic histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2). Sexual dimorphism was also observed in cardiac transcription from MSG-fed animals, with both sexes upregulating approximately 100 DEGs exhibiting sex-specific differences in GO categories. A comparison of cardiac gene expression between all diet combinations together identified a subset of 111 DEGs significant only in males, 64 DEGs significant in females only, and 74 transcripts identified as differentially expressed in response to dietary manipulation in both sexes.
Conclusion
Our model identified major changes in the cardiac transcriptional profile of TFA and/or MSG-fed mice compared to controls, which was reflected by significant differences in the physiological profile within the 4 diet groups. Identification of sexual dimorphism in cardiac transcription may provide the basis for sex-specific medicine in the future.
Background
There is growing evidence that sexual dimorphism exists in the physiological response to diet and other environmental factors [1], including differences in insulin and leptin sensitivity [2,3], particularly in response to high fat diets [4]. The heart requires high levels of ATP in order to maintain contractility, and this essential energy requirement is usually met by the oxidation of fatty acids (FAs), which are the most important source of energy for the adult heart. FAs have also been shown to be involved in signal transduction and the regulation of gene transcription [5]; however excessive FA uptake may cause detrimental lipotoxicity, resulting in deregulated cardiac function [6]. Several key studies have recently shown that considerable sex-dimorphism exists in both rodents and humans [7]; and have established sex-specific pathways in cardiac transcription in response to both pressure overload [8] and dilated cardiomyopathy [9].However there is a relative scarcity of information concerning sex-specific effects of diet on cardiac gene expression.
Dietary intake of added fats and oils has increased by over 60% during the past 35 years [10], and use of hydrogenated oils and shortenings in order to prolong shelf-life has resulted in an increase in trans fatty acid (TFA) consumption, which now accounts for between 1.7 - 8% of the global dietary fat intake (0.6 - 3% of total energy intake) [11]. TFA consumption has been linked to the increased risk of obesity [11], inflammation [12], coronary heart disease (CHD) [13] and type 2 diabetes [14]. Unlike saturated fat, food nutrition labeling does not set a recommended intake limit for Trans-fat, however one meta-analysis study found that a 2% increase in energy intake from TFA was associated with a 23% increase in the incidence of CHD [15]. Concern over the deleterious effects of dietary Trans-fat has prompted several countries to regulate the industrial production [16]; and retrospective meta-analysis of observational controlled dietary trials and prospective cohort studies suggests that replacement of Trans-fat with nonhydrogenated oils would result in significant reduction of the incidence of CHD [17]. Gender differences in the prevalence of CHD are well documented [18], and many factors appear to be responsible including lipid profile [19] and genetic susceptibility [20].
Neonatal administration of high doses of the food flavor enhancer Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) has also been shown to result in obesity [21] together with stunted heart growth and hypoplasticity in rodents [22]. Furthermore, the cardiovascular system of these animals have been shown to respond deficiently to certain challenges, including an attenuated blood pressure response to the systemic injection of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, angiotensin II and other vasoactive compounds [23]. Injections of high doses of MSG (4 g/Kg body weight) cause ablation of the Arcuate Nucleus via glutamate-induced degeneration of those areas of the immature brain which are insufficiently protected by a mature blood-brain barrier, including the hypothalamic area [24]. This suggested that the hypothalamus may play an important role in the growth of the heart. It is now apparent that maternal administration of MSG can penetrate the placental barrier and distribute to the embryonic tissues of the fetus. Oral administration of MSG and 3H-labeled Glutamate (3H- Glu) as a tracer to pregnant mice resulted in marked elevations of 3H- Glu in the placenta and in fetal brain, liver and kidney [25]. MSG consumption has increased globally in recent years, with recent estimations of the current average daily intake believed to be up to 10 g/day [26]. Despite the widespread consumption of this common food flavor enhancer, which often occurs in processed and packaged foods in combination with Trans-fat, very few studies have addressed the effect of dietary Trans-fat and/or MSG consumption on cardiac gene expression. Furthermore, although sexual dimorphism at the growth hormone axis has been demonstrated in MSG-treated rodents [27], little is known about sex-specific gene expression in response to exposure to MSG.
The aim of this work was to establish the effect of dietary TFA and/or MSG on cardiac gene expression in an in vivo animal model, and to examine sex-specific differences as well as commonalities of gene expression in response to diet. The amount of oral MSG used in this study reflects current consumption levels [26,28] and is 30 - 40 times less that the level previously reported to induce neuronal damage when injected neonatally [21,23]. Since it has previously been ascertained that MSG excitotoxicity occurs only when the blood brain barrier is vulnerable, for example neonatally [24,25], and because developmental programming of cardiac gene expression may be affected by maternal nutritional balance [29], we bred our study animals from females previously established on these diets for 3 weeks prior to mating, in accordance with our previous studies [30]. Exposure to these diets occurred throughout the study, in order to mimic as closely as possible the situation that occurs in humans. The results of our microarray analysis revealed considerable sexual dimorphism in response to the dietary interventions that we tested, with males appearing to exhibit more differential gene expression compared to females.
Results
Consumption of Trans-fat and/or MSG results in sex-specific changes in physiological characteristics
Figure 1A shows our experimental design and microarray analysis. There were no significant differences in food and water intake between the 4 different diet groups or between the sexes (data not shown). Averaged daily MSG intake was 91.21 ± 4.63 and 99.04 ± 2.5 mg/Kg body weight in males and females respectively. Trans-fat (TFA) feeding resulted in elevated weight gain (6-32 weeks) and greater heart weights in both sexes (Table 1, P < 0.001), and females weighed less than males (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, male mice in the MSG and Trans-fat diet groups had significantly greater weight gain and heart : body weight ratios compared to females (P < 0.001). Analysis of significant sex-specific differences in response to diet indicated that females in the MSG and the MSG+TFA diet group had smaller hearts and lower fasting HDL-C levels compared to males. Females in the TFA diet group also had higher fasting triglyceride and HOMA-IR values compared to female control diet mice. Conversely TFA feeding elevated male T-CHOL and HDL-C levels. There was no apparent difference in the histological appearance of cardiac tissues from the four diet groups (online Additional File 1).
Figure 1. Diet effects on cardiac gene expression. A: Experimental design and statistical model. Eight samples per diet group were hybridized onto Affymetrix 1.0ST GeneChip arrays. B: 2D heatmap of 6791 sex-specific cardiac genes (P < 0.01). C: 3D heatmap of standardized expression values of DEGs with an FDR adjusted ANOVA p-value of <.01 for sex and diet.
Table 1. Body characteristics
Additional File 1. Figure S1. Histology of cardiac tissue. A: transverse section and B: longitudinal sections of hematoxin and eosin-stained cardiac tissue from mice in control, MSG, TFA and TFA+MSG diet groups. Scale is x790.
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Sexual dimorphism in cardiac gene expression
We used Affymetrix Mouse Gene 1.0 ST expression arrays to determine differences in global cardiac gene/Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) in response to diet, in both males and females. Using a False Discovery Rate with a significance level set at 0.05, we identified two subsets of genes/ESTs that were differentially expressed between males (n = 1803) and females (n = 1985) at various stringency levels (absolute fold change > 2.0 > 2.5, > 3.0, adjusted probability value <0.05, Figure 1B and Additional File 2 Table S2a and S2b). To better understand the relevance of these sex-dimorphic genes we used a program based on Gene Ontology (GO) categories of biological processes, molecular function and cellular component. Additional File 3, Table S3 lists the main functional GO categories of transcripts that were differentially expressed between the sexes with a stringency of ± 1.5-fold change in expression (P < 0.01). DEGs were further characterized as being relatively up-regulated either in males or in females. Increased transcription of male genes in the "Biological processes" category included genes involved in cellular macromolecule metabolism, anatomical structure development and blood vessel development. These genes included Notch4, interstitial matrix gene Col3a1 (type 3 collagen alpha 1), fibulin 1 (Fbln1) and integrin αV (Itgav). The predominant male-specific KEGG pathways included the regulation of actin cytoskeleton and antigen processing pathways (Additional File 3, Table S3). Conversely female-specific transcription were enriched in the categories of cellular and metabolic processes, including mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase 5b (Car5B), glutathione S-transferase 4 (Gstm4) and magnesium transporter 1 (Magt1). One KEGG-pathway for Cysteine and methionine metabolism was also upregulated.
Additional file 2. Table S2a. Differentially expressed cardiac genes in males compared to females (p ≤0.01) with a fold change of ≥ 1.5. Table S2b. Differentially expressed cardiac genes in females compared to males (p ≤0.01) with a fold change of ≥ 1.5.
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Additional file 3. Table S3. Gene ontologies & pathways enriched for differentially expressed genes comparing all males to all females.
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Chromosomal localization of differentially expressed cardiac genes
To investigate a possible non-random chromosomal distribution of the DEGs, we used the Fisher exact test to compare the frequencies of significant genes on each chromosome against the total number of genes interrogated on each chromosome. Chromosomes 8,11 and Y were enriched for male-biased genes whereas chromosomes 3,4,12 and X contained more female-biased genes (Figure 2, P < 0.05). Notably we found four genes encoded on the Y chromosome which were male-specific (Sry, Ddx3y, Eif2s3y, and Uty), and 86 female-biased X-linked genes including Ace2, dystrophin, and several transcription factors such as Tceal1, Tceal8 and Eif2s3x.
Figure 2. Chromosomal enrichment analysis shows sex-specific differences. Bar chart represents the chromosomal distribution of differentially expressed genes in the male vs. female data. Light bars represent the significant genes on each chromosome; the number of genes assayed on each chromosome is represented by the total height of each bar. Chromosomes that passed the test for enrichment by Fisher's exact test (P < 0.05) are symbolized as †, ‡, § for male vs. female, male biased and female biased gene subsets, respectively.
Trans-fat feeding induces sex-specific alterations in cardiac gene expression
In order to identify the subset of genes and ESTs with a fold difference of ± 1.5 or more within male or female comparisons for mice fed the TFA diet versus control, we used the results from a 2-way ANOVA model described in the methods section. We identified 361 DEGs (148 upregulated and 213 downregulated) that were responsive to diet in males; and approximately half as many diet-responsive DEGs in females: 133 (80 upregulated and 53 downregulated; P <0.01, Figure 3A, Additional File 4, Table S4). Specifically, the Trans-fat diet significantly downregulated the expression of many male cardiac genes involved in the regulation of biological processes, transcription and phosphorylation. Conversely females upregulated the expression of genes with functional ontologies relating to binding, nitrogen compound metabolism and ketone metabolism (Figure 3B-E, P < 0.01). Significant male DEGs downregulated by TFA consumption included key transcription modulator sterol regulatory element binding factor 2 (Srebf2, 3.5-fold, P < 0.01), transcription factors Mef2d (myocyte enhancer factor 2D, 2-fold) and Gata4 (2-fold); vasoconstrictive alpha-2b adrenergic receptor (2.8-fold); major cardiac Na+ channel Scn5a (2-fold), heat shock transcription factor 4 (Hsf4: 9.8-fold), calcium-regulating enzyme phospholipase C δ (1.7-fold), and circadian clock gene Per1 (period homolog 1: 2.6-fold). Signaling molecules calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 1α (Camkk1) and mitogen-acrivated protein kinase kinase 4 (Map2k4) expression were also halved in male TFA mice. Conversely pro-hypertrophic Hdac2 (histone deacetylase 2), which represses Mef2 activity, was upregulated in males and downregulated in females. Other genes with this pattern of sex-dimorphic expression included plastin 3 (Pls3, 2.3-fold) and tachykinin 3 (Tacr3: 2.4-fold). In both sexes, the TFA diet led to increased expression of fatty acid oxidizing 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthase (Hmgcs2) and fructose bisphosphatase 2 (Fbp2); however expression of TNF superfamily member LIGHT/Tnfsf14 was increased 7-fold in male Trans-fat hearts compared to control, whereas it was only increase 2-fold in female Trans-fat hearts. Diet-induced changes in female hearts were less significant, with only 84 DEGs significantly up-regulated, including progestin adipoQ receptor family member V (Paqr5: 2.6-fold) and RAS guanyl releasing protein 2 (Rasgrp2, 2.2-fold). Enrichment analysis of functional GO pathways within this subset revealed that females exhibited a four-fold less down-regulation of cardiac genes with classified biological function than males. We next investigated the relationship between these genes using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA). A network of 50 DEGs relating to cardiovascular disease and lipid metabolism among others was identified as being significantly affected by the TFA diet in cardiac tissue from male mice (Figure 4A), whereas a network of 25 functionally related genes involved in female lipid metabolism and cardiovascular development is shown in Figure 4B (P < 0.01).
Figure 3. Trans-fat feeding induces sex-specific alterations in cardiac gene expression. A: Bar chart indicates differences in numbers of significant DEGs affected by the TFA diet in males and females, * P < 0.001 by Fisher's exact test. B-E: Sex-specific differences in functional ontology of genes deregulated by the TFA diet. Pie charts show the number of genes that were upregulated in males B; downregulated in males C; upregulated in females D; downregulated in females E. Functional categories of DEGs were obtained using GO annotations from DAVID.
Additional file 4. Table S4. Differentially expressed genes in either males or females for the comparison TFA vs Control with respect to diet and sex (P < 0.01) and fold change ≥ ± 1.5.
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Figure 4. Trans-fat alters the expression of genes associated with cardiovascular disease and development in a sex-specific manner. Functional relationship network representation of A: a subset of TFA-induced male DEGs relating to cardiovascular disease and lipid metabolism. B: subset of TFA-induced female DEGs relating to cardiovascular development and lipid metabolism (P < 0.01, stringency ≥ ± 1.5-fold change in expression).
Monosodium Glutamate consumption alters cardiac gene expression with sex-specific differences
A different pattern of gene expression was induced by MSG feeding, which again showed significant sex-specific differences in cardiac gene expression. 2-way ANOVA analysis revealed a subset of 153 male cardiac DEGs (98 upregulated and 55 downregulated) which were responsive to dietary MSG compared to control diet, and 174 female DEGs (117 upregulated and 57 downregulated). (Figure 1C and Additional File 5, Table S5, P < 0.01). Unlike Trans-fat, MSG upregulated more cardiac DEGs and down-regulated less. Genes/ESTs upregulated in males but not females in response to MSG included Ing4 (inhibitor of growth family member 4), glutathione S-transferase 4 and pancreatic lipase (Pnlip). Transcripts enriched for female-biased expression included myosin 7a (Myo7a), Pdzd3 (PDZ domain containing 3) and aldehyde dehydrogenase gene Aldh1a3. Functional analysis of Gene Ontologies of these subsets showed increased expression of male cellular and metabolic processes, whilst decreasing expression of phosphorylation-related DEGs (Additional File 6, Table S6, P < 0.01). Conversely females upregulated more genes/ESTs with developmental and anatomical function ontologies. Genes/ESTs that were upregulated in both sexes included ionotropic glutamate receptor Grik3 (2.5-fold in males and 1.7-fold in females); nebulin which regulates actin filament length (2.3-fold and 1.8-fold in males and females respectively).
Additional file 5. Table S5. Differentially expressed genes in either males or females for the comparison MSG vs Control with respect to diet and sex (P < 0.01) and fold change ≥ ± 1.5.
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Additional file 6. Table S6. Gene ontologies enriched for differentially expressed genes comparing MSG to Control diet in males and females.
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MSG alters Trans-fat induced cardiac gene expression
In order to address the question as to whether the addition of MSG to a Trans-fat diet could affect cardiac gene expression, we next identified a subset of 338 DEGs which showed significant sex-dimorphism in response to these two diets. 197 DEGs (117 upregulated and 81 downregulated) in males showed significant response to the inclusion of MSG in the Trans fat diet, and 141 (60 upregulated, 81 downregulated) in females (Figure 1C and Additional File 7 Table S7, P < 0.01). Of note in both sexes, expression of lipogenic stearoyl-coA desaturase 4 (Scd4) was upregulated in TFA+MSG diet group hearts compared to TFA alone (1.6- and 1.4-fold respectively, P < 0.01) and was accompanied by an increase in Myosin H1, magnesium transporter Slc41a1, and apoptosis-inducing BCL2-interacting killer (Bik). Downregulated DEGs included fibrulin, sclerostin and dystrophin, together with fatty acid-oxidizing enzymes phospholipase A2 (Pla2g15) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (Aldh1a3). Significant differentially expressed cardiac transcripts in TFA + MSG-fed versus TFA-fed mice were examined for enrichment of GO and KEGG classifications (Additional File 8, Table S8). In males, major functional GO categories included metabolism, biosynthesis and transcription, whereas enrichment of female DEGs upregulated by MSG feeding again fell into the categories of developmental and anatomical structural function.
Additional file 7. Table S7. Differentially expressed genes in either males or females for the comparison TFA+MSG vs TFA with respect to diet and sex (P < 0.01) and fold Change ≥ ± 1.5.
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Additional file 8. Table S8. Gene ontologies enriched for differentially expressed genes comparing TFA+MSG to TFA diet in males and females.
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Cellular positional mapping reveals sex-specific differences in diet-deregulated gene expression
A final analysis of significant diet-induced deregulation of cardiac gene expression between all diet combinations co-analyzed yielded a cohort of 97 mapable genes which were deregulated by all dietary manipulations only in males (Figure 5 and Additional File 9, Table S9), and half that number of genes which were only deregulated in females (Figure 5 and Additional File 10, Table S10). Interestingly in this male subset, expression of genes previously demonstrated to be upregulated by TFA feeding (Figure 5A) were downregulated in animals consuming the MSG-enriched diets (Figure 5B and 5C, P < 0.01). Male-specific genes in this subset included stress-related proteins Dnaja1 and Pdia4, together with phosphodiesterase 6a and histone H1e . Females displayed a slightly divergent pattern (Figure 5D-F). Additionally 74 transcripts were identified as being significantly differentially expressed in both sexes in response to all dietary manipulations. Figure 6 shows a heatmap of a selection based on functional relevance, together with a number of X-linked and Y-linked diet-induced DEGs, P < 0.01 with a stringency of ± 1.5-fold change in expression. Eighteen genes were randomly chosen for further analyzed by QRT PCR based on biological relevance. Pearson correlation coefficients between the microarray analysis and QRT PCR were calculated. Ratios of expressions between the diet comparisons calculated from the microarray data set correlated well with the ratio calculated from the real-time PCR data (Figure 7, r = 0.718, P < 0.0001). A complete list of these genes and PCR primers is given in Additional File 11, Table S11.
Figure 5. Sexual dimorphism in global changes in cardiac gene transcription in response to all dietary manipulations co-analyzed. Cellular positional mapping of genes deregulated by diet in males (A-C) and females (D-F) for either of the comparisons: control vs. TFA (A,D), control vs. MSG (B,E), or TFA vs. TFA+MSG (C,F; P < 0.01).
Additional file 9. Table S9. Intensities of genes/ESTs differentially regulated only in males with a fold change of ≥ ± 1.5 for either of the comparisons Control vs MSG, Control vs TFA, or TFA vs TFA+MSG.
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Additional file 10. Table S10. Intensities of genes/ESTs differentially regulated only in females with a fold change of ≥ ± 1.5 for either of the comparisons Control vs MSG, Control vs TFA, or TFA vs TFA+MSG.
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Figure 6. Dietary manipulation results in deregulation of a subset of genes shared by both sexes. A: Genes differentially regulated in both with a fold change of ≥ ± 1.5 for either of the comparisons control vs MSG, control vs TFA or TFA vs TFA+MSG. (P < 0.01). B: A selection of X-linked and C: Y-linked cardiac genes analyzed by microarray. Heatmap shows genes represented horizontally and diet groups represented by the vertical rows: red color signals genes with increased expression whilst blue indicated a reduction of expression, with a stringency ≥ ± 1.5-fold change.
Figure 7. Correlation of QRT-PCR and microarray data. Scatter plot shows Correlation of the ratios from the microarray and real-time PCR data set. Genes that differed significantly (P < 0.01) in their regulation between the diet groups' microarray analysis were selected and validated with the same samples by real-time PCR analysis. Ratios of expressions between the diet comparisons calculated from the microarray data set correlated well with the ratio calculated from the real-time PCR data (r = 0.718, P < 0.0001). A complete list of these genes is shown in Additional File 11.
Additional File 11. Table S11. Primers for genes selected for confirmatory QRT-PCRs.
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Discussion
Our results indicate that dietary manipulation prenatally, and over the first 8 months of life can markedly influence cardiac gene expression in a sex-specific manner. Sexual dimorphism in gene expression exists even in the healthy heart [7], and chromosome 4 has been shown to have more female-biased differential cardiac gene expression [9], whereas male-biased enrichment was found in chromosomes 3 and 14. In addition to the X and Y chromosomes which segregated as anticipated, we found female-biased chromosomal enrichment on mouse chromosomes 3, 4 and 12; and male-biased expression on chromosomes 8 and 11. Interestingly, a locus on murine chromosome 4 has been associated with markers of the Metabolic Syndrome, including body weight, insulin, leptin and triglyceride [31].
The main outcome from our study was that Trans-fat induced more than twice as many DEGs in males compared to females, and downregulated four times as many genes, including a number that have been implicated in cellular pathways leading to hypertrophy such as Gata4 and Mef2d [32]. Expression of Gata4, previously identified as being of importance in stress responsiveness [33], was halved in males in response to the TFA diet. Gata4 regulates transcription of a large number of cardiac genes via binding to the consensus 5'-WGATAR-3' sequence, and is implicated in cardiac muscle apoptosis, where under conditions of oxidative stress Gata4 downregulation is preceded by MEK/ERK-dependent phosphorylation [33]. Cardiac hypertrophy and CHD are mediated by transcription factor integration of upstream stress signals, and Mef2d-deficient mice have an attenuated hypertrophic response to cardiac stress [34]. Mef2d activity is repressed by the histone deacetylase Hdac2, which we found to be increased in male TFA mice. Histone deacetylases are also regulated by calmodulin and calmodulin kinase, and are among the negative regulators of cardiac hypertrophy which attenuates Mef2 transcriptional activity [32]. In the present study, we found a reduction of expression of Camkk1 and an increase in expression of Camk2b, suggesting that Trans-fat may deregulate both the calmodulin kinase/Mef2/Hdac pathway and the PKC/MAPK/GATA4 pathways of cardiac gene transcription.
Trans-fat feeding deregulated other stress-associated genes in males including phospholipase C δ1, the main cardiac isoform implicated in oxidative stress-induced REDOX signaling [35], and LIGHT/Tnfsf14, demonstrated to be upregulated in clinical and experimental heart failure [36]. Additionally, key circadian clock gene Per1 was decreased by more than half in the hearts of male TFA-fed mice. Downregulation of Per1 by glucose has been shown to be accompanied by changes in the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, transcription and cell cycle [37], such as sterol regulatory element binding factor (Srebf2), hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthase (Hmgcs) and stearoyl-coA desaturase (Scd), all of which were differentially regulated by Trans-fat in our study. Whilst it is known that Trans-fat consumption is linked to cardiovascular disease [13], the mechanism behind this is incompletely understood. Elaidic acid, the main TFA in partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening, incorporates into cardiac tissues [38]; and it has been suggested that TFAs are oxidized at a slower rate than cis-fatty acids [39], resulting in the accumulation of reactive oxidation intermediates [40], which could lead to oxidative stress and the activation of the Gata4, Mefd2 and Hdac-associated transcriptional pathways. Taken together, our results suggest that Trans-fat feeding results in significant impairment of transcriptional pathways relating to cellular stress, particularly in males. It has recently been shown that male C57BL/6J mice are more vulnerable than females to the impact of a high-fat diet in terms of ensuing weight gain and deleterious metabolic peturbations [41]; and it is therefore possible that the sex-differences in Trans fat -induced cardiac gene expression seen in our study may have contributed to the resultant increase in male weight gain and heart: body ratio compared to females.
The MSG diet resulted in a different pattern of sexual dimorphism in cardiac transcription, with fairly equal numbers of DEGs being up- and down-regulated. However there were a number of genes which were overexpressed in males but not in females, and vice versa. The functional categories of overexpressed genes differed too, with females showing more enrichment of genes associated with developmental processes for example, whereas male upregulated transcripts were enriched for cellular and metabolic function. Neonatal injections of MSG result in smaller hearts with less DNA synthesizing activity [22]; and hypotension has been observed in female, but not male rats treated neonatally with MSG [42]. In our study, female hearts from MSG-diet group mice weighed significantly less than male hearts, however an examination of genes deregulated in our MSG mice did not provide many clues as to the mechanism responsible for this apparent difference.
We have previously shown that MSG alters Trans fat -induced hepatic and adipose tissue gene expression with the result that several key transcripts involved in ß-oxidation of lipids were downregulated in TFA+MSG treated mice [30]; and in our present study we found that the combination of TFA+MSG decreased the expression of several fatty acid-oxidizing enzymes such as phospholipase A2 and aldehyde dehydrogenase,whilst increasing the expression of lipogenic cardiac-specific stearoyl-coA desaturase 4 (Scd4), previously shown to be regulated by leptin and dietary factors [43].
When we compared cardiac gene transcription between all dietary combinations co-analyzed, we again found that more significant DEGs were induced in males compared to females. Our analysis identified a subset of over 100 transcripts which significantly changed only in male mice in response to diet, and approximately half this number of transcripts differentially expressed in females only, and a similar number of shared DEGs were common to both sexes. This suggests that males may have a higher cardiac transcriptional response to dietary manipulation, and indeed greater transcriptional response to exercise has previously been demonstrated in males but not females [44]. Several theories have been put forward as to this disparity, the cardioprotective effect of estrogen being one possibility [45], especially in light of epidemiological data indicating a lower incidence of female CHD, at least until menopause, after which this dissimilarity declines. However, this is unlikely to account for all the sex-specific differences observed, since after correcting for lifestyle factors, the discrepancy in CHD rates was reduced [46].
By using microarrays to analyze diet-induced cardiac gene expression patterns, we have identified genes which are differentially regulated and may play important roles in the development of CHD associated with Trans-fat consumption. However there are some issues to consider when interpreting the results from the present study. For the microarray experiments, we employed a pooling design in order to reduce biological variation, and to lower the costs associated with sample size and chip availability [47]. In order to address a possible loss of sensitivity and an increase in the incidence of false positives, we employed stringent criteria for the identification of the diet-regulated DEGs. One limitation of this study is the fact that these experiments were only performed on C57Bl/6J mice of both sexes. It would be advantageous but beyond the scope of the present study, to ascertain whether similar results could be obtained using a different genetic background, or possibly a higher animal model.
Conclusion
We have found substantial evidence for sexual dimorphism in response to dietary manipulation, with males apparently showing the greater cardiac transcriptional response. In particular, we found that Trans-fat feeding in male mice resulted in deregulation of the expression of genes involved in cellular stress pathways. Excessive TFA consumption is believed to be a risk factor in human heart disease, the incidence of which appears to be higher in male patients. Our present observations may provoke further studies which could result in sex-specific medical intervention in the future.
Methods
Animals and diets
Our study animals were bred from C57BL/6J mice obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (Maine, USA). Female breeders were housed/caged and fed a standard chow diet until 6 weeks of age whereupon they were placed on one of 4 different dietary regimens for a period of 3 weeks prior to mating as described previously [30]. The four diet regimens used in this study were: [1] Standard Chow (Control diet) with ad lib drinking water. [2] Standard Chow, with ad lib drinking water containing 0.64 g/L Monosodium Glutamate (MSG diet). [3]Trans-fat diet of 20% (w/w) Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Shortening (Test Diet #5C4M containing 8.68% w/w Trans fatty acids; Test Diet Purina, USA), with ad lib drinking water (TFA diet). [4]Trans-fat Diet #5C4M together with ad lib drinking water containing 0.64 g/L Monosodium Glutamate (TFA+MSG diet). See Table 2 for diet composition. Following mating, the 4 groups of dams were maintained on their respective diets throughout the gestation and nursing period. Male and female offspring (n = 20 per diet group) used in the following experiments were weighed, weaned onto the same diets and maintained on their respective dietary regimens until they reached 32 weeks of age. Average body weight was assessed at 6 and 32 weeks of age; water intake and food consumption was assessed at 6 and again at 28-30 weeks. The breeding and care of the animals were in accordance with the protocols approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre.
Table 2. Composition of experimental diets
Measurement of fasting serum cholesterols, triglyceride, glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR levels
Serum Triglyceride (TG), T-CHOL and HDL-C concentrations were measured in overnight fasted 32-week old mice using the Reflovet Plus instrument (Roche, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Overnight fasting blood glucose was measured using the Ascensia Contour glucometer (Bayer HealthCare, IN, USA). Fasting Serum insulin was measured using the ultrasensitive mouse insulin ELISA kit from Mercodia (Uppsala, Sweden), as described previously [30]. Homeostatic Model Assessment Index (HOMA-IR) values, a measure of insulin resistance, were calculated according to the established formula: (fasting serum insulin μIU/ml) * (fasting serum glucose mM)/22.5 [48].
RNA isolation
Animals were euthanized at 32 weeks of age by xylazine/ketamine intramuscular injection, and the hearts were rapidly removed and rinsed in saline solution. After weighing, the hearts were snap-frozen for RNA extraction. Total RNA was prepared from snap-frozen cardiac tissues from 32-week-old male and female mice (n = 8 per diet group) using Qiagen RNeasy Kit (Quiagen, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions and stored at -80°C. The integrity of total RNA was measured using a 2100 Bioanalyzer instrument and an RNA 6000 Nano LabChip assay (Agilent Technologies, CA, USA). RNA concentrations were determined by absorption at 260-nm wavelength with an ND-1000 spectrometer (Nanodrop Technologies, DE, USA).
Gene expression analysis
Gene expression in these 64 samples was analyzed using 16 GeneChip (R) Mouse Gene 1.0 ST arrays representing 28,853 genes. We used 2 chips per diet group, and applied pooled RNA from four mice per chip (see Figure 1 for design of the microarray experiments). Targets were prepared and microarrays were processed as described in the Affymetrix GeneChip Whole Transcript Expression Analysis manual using commercially available Affymetrix GeneChip WT cDNA Synthesis Kit, WT cDNA Amplification Kit, and WT Terminal Labeling Kit as per manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, approximately 200 ng of total RNA was used to synthesize double-stranded DNA with random hexamers tagged with a T7 promoter sequence. The cDNA was used as a template for in vitro transcription. In the second cycle cDNA synthesis, random primers were used in reverse transcription to convert the cRNA into single-stranded DNA, which was fragmented, labeled, and hybridized to the array for 16 hours using the Fluidics 450 station. Arrays were scanned using the Affymetrix 3000 7G scanner and GeneChip Operating Software version 1.4 to produce.CEL intensity files. This software also provided summary reports by which array QA metrics were evaluated including average background, average signal, and 3'/5' expression ratios for spike-in controls, β-actin, and GAPDH. Microarray data was deposited at the MIAME compliant NCBI gene expression hybridization array data repository (GEO: http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo webcite) under accession #GSE22881.
Data analysis
Morphological and biochemical data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. For identification of differentially expressed genes (hereafter termed DEGs), microarray analysis was performed using the Partek genomic suite software version 6.3 (Partek, MO, USA) as previously described [30]. Probe set data were summarized and background adjusted using the GC-Robust Multi-Array (GCRMA) algorithm [49]. This method is used to reduce discrepancies in hybridization patterns that might result from variables in target amplification, hybridization conditions, staining or probe array lot. All data were normalized using non-linear transformation termed Quantile Normalization to improve the linearity, normality & homoscedasticity of the data, which was further filtered to remove noise and extreme expression values. A 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to detect significant differences among the diet groups and sexes. Probability values were adjusted for multiple testing using the False Discovery Rate (FDR) method [50].This method uses a controlled FDR while adjusting for testing simultaneously across multiple subgroup comparisons of sex and diet groups. Contrasts were included in the model based on the comparison of interest. All further sublists were created using genes that passed the FDR adjusted ANOVA p-value as well as fold change criteria. See Figure 1 for the design and statistical analysis of the microarray experiments. All resultant genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) meeting the criteria for differential expression were ascribed genome-wide significance using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) annotation [51]. Testing for chromosomal enrichment of the DEGs was performed using the Fisher exact test. For detection of Gene Ontology (http://www.geneontology.org webcite) categories and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG, http://www.kegg.com webcite) pathways and pathway analysis, with significant overrepresentation of transcripts in diet groups compared to control. Heat maps of the gene/ESTs expression data were also generated using Partek. Networks of biologically related genes were created using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA: http://www.ingenuity.com webcite). Sex-specific pathways identified from microarray analysis in the comparison of gene expression in Trans-fat fed mice compared to control were used to build literature-based male and female-specific pathways. In the two networks, genes or gene products are represented as colored nodes, and biological relationships between nodes are depicted as lines connecting the individual nodes. P ≤ 0.01 was considered significant, with a stringency of ± 1.5-fold difference in expression levels.
Quantitative QPCR
Confirmation of microarray results was performed by quantitative QPCR as previously described [30]. Total RNA (2 μg) was reverse transcribed using Promega Reverse Transcription system (Promega, WI, USA). Subsequently, QPCR reactions were performed in triplicate using SYBR-Green 1 master mix (Applied Biosystems) and 10 ng cDNA as template. No template and no reverse transcriptase controls were included and products were analysed by gel electrophoresis. Real time RT-PCR values for each target gene were calculated as a ratio of target gene expression level to the 18-S ribosomal expression level in the same specimen. Statistical significance was assessed using a two-tailed t test assuming unequal variance of the biological replicates. Intron-spanning gene specific primers were designed using Primer 3 software and sequences are provided in Additional File 11. DEGs that differed significantly (P < 0.01) in their regulation between the diet groups' microarray analysis were selected, based on their biological relevance, and validated with the same samples by QRT- PCR analysis. Ratios of expressions between the diet comparisons were calculated from the microarray data set and Pearson correlation analysis between the QRT-PCR and microarray data were calculated.
Abbreviations
KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome; MSG: Monosodium Glutamate; TFA: Trans Fatty Acid; DEGs: Differentially Expressed Genes, ESTs: Expressed Sequence Tags; GO:Gene Ontology;
Authors' contributions
KSC devised the study, analyzed the data, wrote the manuscript and contributed to the figures and tables. MZZ analysed the data and contributed to the figures and tables; MS gave advice over statistical analysis; ZM performed the RNA extraction and Affymetrix hybridization; SMS performed the QRT-PCR; AI and NJM bred the experimental subjects, directed animal husbandry and performed all biochemical analysis, and FAA oversaw the project, contributed to the study design and critiqued the manuscript. All authors have read and approve this manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We thank Rhea Mondreal and Rana Al-Rabiah for technical assistance. Thanks to the Comparative Medicine Department, KFSH&RC for animal husbandry. Our gratitude goes to Mr Hakim Al-Enazi for his unparalleled help in coordinating research resources. This project was funded in part by KFSH&RC project#2060 007. This research was supported by grant #08-MED490-20 from the National Comprehensive Plan for Science and Technology (NCPST), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Ogden Regional Family History CenterEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 17:18, 18 April 2011 by Debateman (Talk | contribs)
This article describes the services and resources available at a Family History Center, a branch facility of the Family History Library.
The Ogden Regional Family History Center located near the center of Ogden Utah is the second largest of the 4600 plus Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Family History Centers. Only the Salt Lake Family History Library center is larger. THE OGDEN REGIONAL FAMILY HISTORY CENTER HAS A DUAL MISSION:
(1) to assist patrons to prepare names of ancestors for temple ordinances and
(2) to help assemble information from which biographies of ancestors can be written. Church authorities stress the importance of both of these activities in blessing our lives and the lives of our posterity.
We have over 300 staff members, each of whom can help to make your visit profitable. These include computer experts, internet research specialists, others who specialize in research methods involving books, microform records, CD-ROM disks, education specialists to help you acquire skills in use of all current tools and methods for acquiring and using family history data; a knowledgeable staff to help with procedural problems on acquiring and processing names for temple work–plus many others who possess skills in using modern techniques required to prepare multimedia family history presentations.
Contents
Contact Us:
Address: 539 24th Street, Ogden, UT 84401
Phone: 801-626-1132
E-mail: UT_OGDEN@ldsmail.net
FAX: 801-626-1129
Center Contacts and Hours
Location & Map:
539 24th Street, parking and main entrances are available behind the buildings.
Open Hours: Monday, Friday and Saturday from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday from 9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m.
Holiday Schedule: Closed New Year’s Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day - 4th of July, Pioneer Day - 24th of July, Labor Day, Halloween Evening - After 5:00 p.m., Thanksgiving Day, & Christmas - Closed the 24th and 25th.
We are also closed during the ORFHC Annual Conference - (Saturday September 17, 2011) We also close for our Spring and Fall Socials. Please call our center to get up to date closures.
Class Schedule
Magnifing Your Skills Classes
Cost is only for the materials used in class.
Class Name Day Date Time Room Weeks Cost Instructor
Pioneer History Research
Mon. 18-Apr-11 10:00 AM 26 1 $0.00 Leatham
What's New in Familysearch.org
Wed. 20-Apr-11 3:00 PM 11 1 $0.00 Ensign
New Search Techniques on the Internet Sat. 23-Apr-11 3:00 PM 11 1 $0.00 Berry
Gedcom to New Familysearch Wed.
27-Apr-11 11:00 AM 13 1 $0.00 Lower
British Isles Census on the Internet Tue. 3-May-11 7:00 PM 26 1 $0.00 Moore
Family Insight - Basics Wed. 4-May-11 3:00 PM 11 1 $0.00 Ensign
Family History Library Catalog Thu. 5-May-11 1:00 PM 11 1 $0.00 Randall
Research Wiki Fri. 6-May-11 9:30 AM 28 1 $0.00 Hardison
Census Records Wed. 11-May-11 11:00 AM 13 1 $0.00 Lower
Scottish Research On the Internet Wed. 11-May-11 1:00 PM 26 1 $0.00 Lewis
Pioneer History Research Thu. 12-May-11 9:30 AM 26 1 $0.00 Leatham
FamilyHistory Library Catalog Mon. 16-May-11 9:30 AM 26 1 $0.00 Kinney
Pilot Tue. 17-May-11 1:00 PM 28 1 $0.00 Hardison
How to Write Your Family History Tue. 17-May-11 3:00 PM 12 1 $0.00 Hanson
Irish Research on the Internet Wed. 18-May-11 1:00 PM 26 1 $0.00 Lewis
Roots Web.com Wed. 18-May-11 11:00 AM 13 1 $0.00 Lower
FamilyHistory Library Catalog Tue. 24-May-11 7:00 PM 26 1 $0.00 Harrop
What's New in Familysearch.org Wed. 25-May-11 3:00 PM 11 1 $0.00 Ensign
Long Term Classes
Cost is only for the materials used in class.
Class Name Day Date Time Room Weeks Cost Instructor
ORFHC Guest Lecturer-Photos in Fam. Sat. 16-Apr-11 10:00 AM 12 1 $0.00 Colvin
ORFHC Guest Lecturer-Photos in Sat. 16-Apr-11 11:15 AM 13 1 $0.00 Colvin
Ancestral Quest Mon. 18-Apr-11 10:00 AM 11 4 $21.00 McIntyre
Legacy to New Family Search Mon. 18-Apr-11 11:00 AM 13 2 $2.00 Lower
Ancestral Quest Tue. 19-Apr-11 10:00 AM 11 4 $21.00 McIntyre
Generations Beginning Tue. 19-Apr-11 9:00 AM 28A 4 $10.00 Hanson
Generations PAF Thu. 21-Apr-11 11:00 AM 28 4 $0.00 Jepperson
New FamilySearch Thu. 21-Apr-11 3:00 PM 26 4 $4.00 Erickson
German Research in Family History Thu. 21-Apr-11 2:00 PM 28A 8 $10.00 Sass
PAF 5.2 Intermediate/Advanced Thu. 21-Apr-11 3:00 PM 11 13 $10.00 Richins
New FamilySearch Fri. 22-Apr-11 11:00 AM 26 4 $4.00 Peterson
US Census 1790 - 1930 Mon 25-Apr-11 9:00 AM 28A 4 $10.00 Taylor
Legacy Beginners Tue. 26-Apr-11 11:00 AM 13 6 $26.00 Lower
Legacy Advanced Tue. 26-Apr-11 9:00 AM 13 6 $4.00 Lower
Hands-On Basic Computer Wed. 27-Apr-11 9:00 AM 13 4 $0.00 Summers
Ancestral Quest - Spanish Wed. 27-Apr-11 7:00 PM 26 4 $2.00 Balderas
Beginning Roots Magic Sat. 28-Apr-11 9:00 AM 13 6 $21.00 Hardison
New FamilySearch - Spanish Sat. 30-Apr-11 10:00 AM 11 4 $4.00 Balderas
New FamilySearch Mon. 2-May-11 10:00 AM 28 4 $4.00 Walker
Descendant Relatives Research Mon. 2-May-11 9:00 AM 13 7 $5.00 Lower
Generations Beginning Mon. 2-May-11 10:00 AM 27B 4 $10.00 Leatham
Organizing Your Family History Papers Tue. 3-May-11 2:00 PM 28A 4 $5.00 Hanson
Beginning Roots Magic Tue. 3-May-11 11:00 AM 26 6 $21.00 Easter
Tracing LDS Families Wed. 4-May-11 2:00 PM 28A 4 $10.00 Hanson
Beg Comp (Part 2) Files/Folders Fri. 6-May-11 9:00 AM 26 4 $0.00 Miller
British Isles Research Tue. 10-May-11 4:00 PM 26 8 $10.00 Moore
New FamilySearch Tue. 10-May-11 6:00 PM 13 4 $4.00 Felt
New FamilySearch Wed. 11-May-11 6:00 PM 20 4 $4.00 Draper
New FamilySearch Thu. 12-May-11 11:00 AM 13 4 $4.00 Draper
Introduction Training Family Hist. Wed. 13-Jul-11 6:30 PM 12 1 $0.00 Moyle
Calendar and Events
Upcoming Events and Class Schedule
1. Annual Ogden City Cemetery Tour.
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• We also have other detabase programs for information storing of your genealogical work such as PAF (Personal Ancestral File), Legacy, Roots Magic, Ancestral Quest and Family Insight to name a few. We have the deluxe paid version at our centre but they are free of charge for our patrons. Other Software that is available for patron use includes Get My Ancesters, Personal Hiostorian, AniMap Plus, Family Atlas, the Family History Resource File, and the pedigree Resource File.
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Understanding the Mechanisms of Autophagy
Permalink | View Comments (0) | Post Comment | | Posted by Reason
Autophagy is very important to long term health, and shows up again and again as a pivotal part of the way in which various genetic manipulations and lifestyle choices can improve health and extend life. Here is a good article that delves into the mechanisms of autophagy and the present limits of scientific understanding: "Cells live longer than their internal components. To keep their cytoplasm clear of excess or damaged organelles, as well as invading pathogens, or to feed themselves in time of nutrient deprivation, cells degrade these unwanted or potentially harmful structures, and produce needed food and fuel, using a process they have honed over millions of years. Known as autophagy, this catabolic process involves the selection and the sequestration of the targeted structures into unique transport vesicles called autophagosomes, which then deliver the contents to lysosomes where they are degraded by lytic enzymes. ... Experimental evidence indicates that autophagosome biogenesis is probably a very complex process on several levels, including its regulation in response to different cellular and environmental cues, and the factors governing the choice of membrane sources. Is there any therapeutic value in determining the origin of the autophagosomal membranes? We think that elucidating this process could ultimately provide new drug targets for the treatment of diseases that can be alleviated or cured by the activation of autophagy, including specific muscular dystrophies, persistent infections, and neurodegenerative disorders (ataxias, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases). Understanding the sources and processes by which the autophagosome's lipid bilayers are delivered will undoubtedly reveal critical new proteins and articulate their functions, allowing researchers to pinpoint specific parts of the pathway."
Link: http://the-scientist.com/2012/02/01/the-enigmatic-membrane/
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"Press any key for Option ROM Messages"
Light Poster
21Dec2007,07:54 #1
I didn't find a good place to submit my thread. Hope I can get some answers here. Thanks in advance!
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When I power on the workstation(xw8200), the screen always says "Press any key for Option ROM Messages". The boot-up sequnce is stuck UNTIL I press any key to let it go ahead, which is very annoying.
Is there any setting to change this behavior? I need to make the interaction as less as possible when I boot on my workstation.
Team Leader
23Dec2007,12:25 #2
try this http://translate.google.com/translat...ages%26hl%3Den
Go4Expert Member
25Feb2008,17:25 #3
perfect link
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Aging Research
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 345237, 8 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/345237
Review Article
Total Ankle Replacement for Treatment of End-Stage Osteoarthritis in Elderly Patients
Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kantonsspital Liestal, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
Received 28 February 2012; Accepted 19 April 2012
Academic Editor: Iris Reuter
Copyright © 2012 Beat Hintermann et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
End-stage osteoarthritis of the ankle is a disabling problem, particularly in elderly patients who experience an overall loss of mobility and functional impairment and who then need compensatory adaption. Ankle arthrodesis, which has been demonstrated to provide postoperative pain relief and hindfoot stability, leaves the patient with a stiff foot and gait changes. For elderly patient, these changes may be more critical than generally believed. Additionally, the long duration of healing and rehabilitation process needed for ankle arthrodesis may be problematic in the elderly. In contrast to ankle arthrodesis, total ankle replacement has significant advantages including a less strenuous postoperative rehabilitation and preservation of ankle motion which supports physiological gait. Recently, total ankle replacement has evolved as a safe surgical treatment in patients with end-stage ankle osteoarthritis with reliable mid- to long-term results. Total ankle replacement needs less immobilization than arthrodesis and does allow for early weight-bearing and should be considered as a treatment option of first choice in many elderly patients with end-stage osteoarthritis of the ankle, especially in elderly patients with lower expectations and physical demands.
1. Introduction
The ankle joint has a much lower incidence of symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) compared to other major joints of the lower extremity [1]. This, despite the facts that the articular cartilage in the ankle experiences the greatest contact force per unit area of any major joint in the body and the ankle joint is one of the most commonly injured areas in orthopaedic surgery [13]. However, degenerative OA of the ankle is a constantly growing problem: currently approximately 1% of the world’s adult population is affected by ankle OA leading to significant mental and physical disabilities [4].
Trauma is the primary cause of ankle OA [5, 6]. Valderrabano et al. reviewed 406 ankles that presented with symptomatic end-stage ankle arthritis and found 78% secondary to previous trauma [6]. Patients usually presented with a lower leg fracture in the history, but also repetitive ligamentous injuries of the hindfoot complex may lead to degenerative OA of the ankle [7]. Primary arthritis (possibly secondary to misalignment) occurred in up to 10% of all patients. The remaining 10–15% of patients developed secondary ankle OA due to the following underlying diseases: rheumatoid disease, hemochromatosis [8], haemophilia [9], gout [10], clubfoot [11], aseptic talar necrosis, and after joint infection.
Ankle arthrodesis remains an important treatment option in patients with end-stage ankle OA [12, 13]. After a successful fusion, patients consistently report both, pain relief and improved mobility [12]. However, many clinical studies describe short- and long-term problems following ankle arthrodesis including acute or chronic infection, delayed union, and decreased functional ability [12, 14]. For the majority of patients who achieve full healing of the arthrodesis, the time of convalescence can be difficult: time duration to achieve complete bone healing may range from 12 to 20 weeks. The postoperative recovery involves some form of immobilization and restricted weight-bearing activities, which can cause significant leg muscle atrophy. Even after the ankle arthrodesis is fully healed, some patients may develop profound dysfunction in the long term. Many authors make note of significant limitations with walking inclines, accommodating uneven ground, driving, and athletic activities [1416]. Formal gait studies after ankle arthrodesis show decreased cadence and stride with decreased motion of the midfoot and hindfoot complexes [1719]. Gait and function may be also significantly affected if patients develop adjacent joint OA. Coester et al. found in their long-term clinical observational study that majority of patients who underwent an ankle arthrodesis has developed degenerative changes in the ipsilateral foot but not the knee [20]. Similar findings were observed in the long-term study by Fuchs et al., showing deficits in the functional outcome, limitation in the activities of daily living, and radiological changes in the adjacent joints in patients 20 years after ankle arthrodesis [16].
Although ankle arthrodesis is a valid treatment option for end-stage ankle arthritis, its risks and sequelae cannot be ignored. Total ankle replacement (TAR) using current prosthesis designs have evolved to reliable treatment option in patients with end-stage ankle OA. Therefore, ankle fusion is no longer the “gold standard” therapy in this patient cohort [21]. Despite significant progress, concerns still persist related to the feasibility of TAR in patients with bad bone and soft tissue quality, as is often the case in elderly after previous trauma or systemic disease.
The purpose of this paper is therefore to evaluate the potential benefits of TAR in elderly patients with age over 60 years [22], in particular to its advantages with regard to ankle arthrodesis.
2. Biomechanics and Gait Analysis
The biomechanics of gait in healthy patients with nonarthritic ankles are clearly different when compared with patients with arthritic, fused, and replaced ankles [19, 21, 2325].
In choosing between fusion and TAR, benefits in favour of TAR include restoring ankle motion, improving gait biomechanics, and avoiding advanced adjacent joint degeneration more commonly seen following ankle fusion [19, 21, 2328]. Restoring or at least improving upon gait biomechanics of patients with end-stage ankle arthritis is one of the main goals of surgical treatment for this disease.
Ankle fusion and TAR patients can be expected to have slower gait velocities when compared with healthy control groups but faster speeds when compared with their preoperative arthritic ankle condition [17, 19, 23, 25]. TAR patients exhibit a fairly symmetric gait, while ankle fusion patients require significant compensatory mechanisms to obtain a steady, symmetric gait, including increased midfoot joint motion as well as increased range of motion of the ipsilateral knee [17, 19, 23, 25].
In summary, though patients with a fused ankle can be expected to have a reasonably efficient gait, TAR may offer the patient a more normal gait with less negative impact on segmental motion of the whole lower limb and stress concentration on adjacent joints.
3. Surgical Technique and Postoperative Care
Meticulous preoperative planning is the main step for success of TAR [29]. Evaluation in the outpatient clinic entails a detailed history taking, including an evaluation of previous infection, trauma, surgeries, failure or success of treatments, location of pain, social circumstances, previous and current activity level, expectations of treatment, tolerance for revision surgery and general health, especially as it relates to a history of neuropathy and/or diabetes. Also, all previous medical reports (e.g., surgery reports) and imaging studies should be completely collected.
The routine physical examination includes careful inspection of the entire foot and ankle. Hindfoot stability should be assessed manually with the patient sitting. Ankle alignment and range of motion are assessed with the patient standing. Range of motion is determined clinically with a goniometer placed along the lateral border of the leg and foot [30, 31]. Assessment of the subtalar motion and palpation of sinus tarsi may help to exclude subtalar OA. The patients gait is observed clinically and then analyzed using pedobarography in most patients [32]. All affected ankles need to be preoperatively evaluated based on weight-bearing radiographs in three planes. The Saltzman view is used for standardized assessment of varus and valgus deformity of the hindfoot [33]. Single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) can be performed for an accurate assessment and localization of degenerative changes in the adjacent joints [34, 35].
Most manufactures of ankle prostheses provide reliable instrumentation to perform the appropriate bone cuts and to prepare the resection surfaces to accommodate the prosthesis components. Most surgeons use an anterior approach for exposure of the ankle (Figure 1). Careful dissection of soft tissues and avoidance of any unnecessary soft tissue retraction are keys to success to avoid postoperative wound healing complications. Release of any soft tissue contracture is mandatory to gain joint motion, but also to balance the talus properly within the ankle mortise. Heel cord lengthening may be advised in some cases of equines contracture; its use should be very restrictive as patients will often complain about longstanding soft tissue pain along the tendon and loss of plantar flexion power.
Figure 1: Intraoperative pictures of (A) exposure of arthritic ankle, and (B) after implantation of prosthesis. 66-year-old female patient after septic arthritis.
Combined peritalar and ankle arthritis, and complex misalignment of the ankle joint complex are complex and challenging clinical entities [3640]. Combined peritalar and ankle arthritis and varus/valgus preoperative deformity can be successfully treated with TAR in selected cases but need in most instances additional procedures at the same time [39]. Attention to detail, a meticulous preoperative evaluation, and a carefully planned or staged surgery optimize the chances of a successful result [39, 41].
After surgery, the foot is protected by a splint. When the wound condition is proper, typically 2 to 4 days after surgery, the foot is placed in a short leg weight-bearing cast or a walker for 6 weeks, and a brace may be used for 4 to 6 additional weeks. Most importantly, the patient is allowed for full weight-bearing from the beginning, with only exception where additional surgeries do not allow it (e.g., correcting tibial osteotomies). After the cast is removed, the rehabilitation program was started, with gradual return to full activities as tolerated. Radiological controls are made 6 weeks, 4 months, and 12 months after surgery and then annually (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Radiologic evaluation preoperatively (A–D) and after 5 years (E–H): AP view of the ankle (A, E), Saltzman alignment view (B, F), lateral view (C, G), and AP view of the foot (D, H). Same patient as in Figure 1.
4. Results
In the orthopaedic literature, there are very few studies that compare implants head to head that are either Level I or Level II, and the superiority of an implant design over another cannot be supported by any available data from Level IV studies [42]. The experiences of several national joint registries have been published previously [4346]. No statistically significant risk factors (e.g., age, gender, type of prosthesis, underlying etiology) have been identified as influencing survivorship of prosthesis components in Norwegian Arthroplasty Register [43], Finnish Arthroplasty Register [46], and New Zealand National Joint Registry [45]. In the Swedish Ankle Arthroplasty Register, lower age at TAR surgery was associated with increased risk of revision whereas preoperative diagnosis or gender did not [44]. Prosthesis misalignment and aseptic loosening have been consistently found to be the most common cause for prosthesis revision [4346]. A recent systematic review of the literature including 13 Level IV studies with 1105 TARs showed the overall failure rate of approximately 10% at 5 years with a wide range between 0% and 32% [42].
Based on our own registry on 394 ankles (female, 199; male 195; mean age 59.7 [25.3–90.0] years) with a minimal followup of 5 years, our revision free rate at 5 years was 95.1% and 85.6% at 10 years. The revision rate was higher in posttraumatic osteoarthritis than in primary or systemic osteoarthritis. There was no difference in outcome between female and male patients. Over 60-year-old patients evidenced, fewer complications than those patients of less than 60 years old, and they had also fewer revisions.
5. Complications
Numerous reports describing several techniques for ankle arthrodesis report the fusion rate of 85% or greater, which may depend on the presence of infection, deformity, avascular necrosis, and nonunion [12, 47]. However, only in few studies, a CT scan has been used to assess the postoperative osseous healin; therefore, the reported fusion rate of up to 100% may be overestimated. Since 2008, a total of 38 patients presented in author’s outpatient clinic with persistent pain after ankle arthrodesis related to a nonunion (Figure 3), 31 patients (81.6%) were thought to have undergone successful ankle fusion by their treating orthopaedic surgeon.
Figure 3: 71-year-old male patient, 5 years after attempted fusion of the ankle (A-B). He was never pain-free. His orthopaedic surgeon led him in believe that the ankle was completely fused. One year after revision arthrodesis using a rigid anterior plate fixation, the fusion was healed and the patient was pain-free (C-D).
The incidence of nonunion in ankle arthrodesis to a certain extent depends on the surgical technique used [12, 47]. Open procedures involve greater soft-tissue stripping than limited open or arthroscopic techniques. Poor bone quality as typically is the case in elderly patients remains a challenge for achieving primary stability for both external and internal fixation. Newer techniques with rigid plate fixation have shown superior results but may be associated with a higher risk of soft tissue complications or need for hardware removal due to discomfort [13, 48, 49].
Beside nonunion, mal-union of the fused ankle is another one of the most disabling conditions. The most common mal-union is due to unphysiological plantar flexed position [31]. In addition to consecutively developed metatarsalgia, the longstanding plantar flexed mal-union may be a risk factor for development of degenerative changes in subtalar and/or talonavicular joints. Fusion in dorsiflexion, by contrast, may lead to “back-kneeing” or genu recurvatum. This, in turn, places the patient’s center of gravity in front of the weight-bearing axis causing vaulting over the improperly positioned foot. Varus or valgus malunion may also present problems but usually only if severe.
In preserving joint motion, TAR offers an excellent alternative to arthrodesis and its sequelae [5052]. The early complications after TAR include break down of wounds and superficial and deep infection [53, 54]. With current techniques and implants, the risk of primary loosening has dramatically decreased. Nevertheless, in the presence of poor bone quality, a successfully replaced ankle may be susceptible to periprothetic fracture during early remodelling phase (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Periprosthetic fracture in a 61-year-old female patient with rheumatoid arthritis after struggling on the stairs. Marked angulation into valgus (A-B) and recurvatum (C), with supination of the foot (D). Uneventful evolution after internal fixation. One year afterwards, the ankle was stable and the patient was able to walk without any pain, though the ankle was still in slight valgus (E-F). Correct situation in lateral view (G) and AP view (H) of the foot.
The main risk of failure after total ankle replacement results from not achieving a balanced ankle joint complex [55]. As a majority part of end-stage osteoarthritic ankles will present with associated problems such as misaligned hindfoot, varus or valgus tilt of talus within the mortise, instability, or soft tissue contractures, the surgeon must be familiar with addressing these associated problems to get a successful replaced ankle [39, 56]. Surgeon’s experience may thus play a superior role for success in TAR [5760].
The use of TAR in elderly patients still remains controversial in orthopaedic surgery [52]. Kofoed and Lundberg-Jensen [61] have performed a prospective study reporting 100 consecutive cases of patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis with a followup up to 15 years. In all patients, Scandinavian Total Ankle Replacement has been used. All patients were divided into two groups: younger and older than 50 years. The authors found that TAR is a safe and reliable procedure for both, younger and elderly patients with 75.0% and 80.6% survivorship at 6 years, respectively [61]. Several other studies have shown a more favourable outcome of TAR in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and elderly low-demand patients with degeneration ankle arthritis [6267]. Spirt et al. [68] have analyzed the cause and frequency of reoperation and failure after 306 primary total ankle arthroplasties using DePuy Agility prosthesis. Age at the time of the primary TAR was the only covariate that had an impact on the hazard of reoperation and failure: each one-year increase in age corresponded with a 1.9% relative decrease in the hazard of reoperation and 3.5% decrease in the hazard of failure [68].
The ideal patient for TAR continues to be debated within the orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeons [52]. However, in the most studies, the ideal candidate for TAR has been identified as reasonably mobile, middle aged or older patient, with no obesity or overweight and well aligned and stable hindfoot [52, 62, 6976].
6. Conclusions
TAR has evolved as a reliable and safe alternative to arthrodesis in the treatment of end-stage ankle osteoarthritis [50, 53, 77]. Reduction in device constraint realized by the contemporary prosthetic designs in comparison with the first generation devices and improved instrumentation has markedly contributed to this higher success. Clinical longevity of TAR is dependent upon a correct balance between the intrinsic mobility allowed by the design and the presenting pathology of the patient [55]. This is further influenced by the ability of the surgeon to appropriately balance the soft tissue constraints and correctly align the components [5760]. Despite improvement in designing appropriate surgical training, experience and technique will ultimately determine the results of total ankle arthroplasty [5760].
The elderly patient may benefit more by TAR then the alternative ankle arthrodesis. First, postoperative rehabilitation after TAR is easier than that after ankle arthrodesis, allowing for full weight-bearing from the beginning. Immobilization and protection time is usually also markedly shorter for TAR. Thus, loss of articular and muscular function may be less than that after ankle arthrodesis [7880]. Second, TAR may better restore hindfoot biomechanics, resulting in less gait adoptions and functional impairment [81]. Finally, TAR is in particular promising for elderly patients as the physical demands are, in general, lower. In summary, TAR has yielded to a valuable alternative to ankle arthrodesis and thus can be recommended in elderly patients as a very promising option to regain life quality and function.
References
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24. C. Nüesch, V. Valderrabano, C. Huber, T. V. von, and G. Pagenstert, “Gait patterns of asymmetric ankle osteoarthritis patients,” Clinical Biomechanics. In press.
25. V. Valderrabano, B. M. Nigg, V. von Tscharner, D. J. Stefanyshyn, B. Goepfert, and B. Hintermann, “Gait analysis in ankle osteoarthritis and total ankle replacement,” Clinical Biomechanics, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 894–904, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
26. V. Valderrabano, B. Hintermann, B. M. Nigg, D. Stefanyshyn, and P. Stergiou, “Kinematic changes after fusion and total replacement of the ankle—part 2: movement transfer,” Foot and Ankle International, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 888–896, 2003. View at Scopus
27. V. Valderrabano, B. Hintermann, B. M. Nigg, D. Stefanyshyn, and P. Stergiou, “Kinematic changes after fusion and total replacement of the ankle—part 1: range of motion,” Foot and Ankle International, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 881–887, 2003. View at Scopus
28. V. Valderrabano, B. Hintermann, B. M. Nigg, D. Stefanyshyn, and P. Stergiou, “Kinematic changes after fusion and total replacement of the ankle—part 3: talar movement,” Foot and Ankle International, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 897–900, 2003. View at Scopus
29. B. Hintermann and A. Barg, “The HINTEGRA total ankle arthroplasty,” in Operative Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery, S. W. Wiesel, Ed., pp. 4022–4031, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010.
30. A. Barg, H. B. Henninger, M. Knupp, and B. Hintermann, “Simultaneous bilateral total ankle replacement using a 3-component prosthesis: outcome in 26 patients followed for 2–10 years,” Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 82, no. 6, pp. 704–710, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
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34. M. Knupp, G. I. Pagenstert, A. Barg, L. Bolliger, M. E. Easley, and B. Hintermann, “SPECT-CT compared with conventional imaging modalities for the assessment of the varus and valgus malaligned hindfoot,” Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 1461–1466, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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39. M. Knupp, S. A. S. Stufkens, L. Bolliger, S. Brunner, and B. Hintermann, “Total ankle replacement and supramalleolar osteotomies for malaligned osteoarthritic ankles,” Techniques in Foot and Ankle Surgery, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 175–181, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
40. M. Knupp, L. Bolliger, A. Barg, and B. Hintermann, “Total ankle replacement for varus deformity,” Orthopade, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 964–970, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
41. M. Knupp, S. A. S. Stufkens, L. Bolliger, et al., “Classification and treatment of supramalleolar deformities,” Foot and Ankle International, vol. 32, pp. 1023–1031, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
42. N. Gougoulias, A. Khanna, and N. Maffulli, “How successful are current ankle replacements? A systematic review of the literature,” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol. 468, no. 1, pp. 199–208, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
43. B. T. S. Fevang, S. A. Lie, L. I. Havelin, J. G. Brun, A. Skredderstuen, and O. Furnes, “257 ankle arthroplasties performed in Norway between 1994 and 2005,” Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 575–583, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
44. A. Henricson, A. Skoog, and A. Carlsson, “The Swedish ankle Arthroplasty Register: an analysis of 531 arthroplasties between 1993 and 2005,” Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 569–574, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
45. A. H. Hosman, R. B. Mason, T. Hobbs, and A. G. Rothwell, “A New Zealand national joint registry review of 202 total ankle replacements followed for up to 6 years,” Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 584–591, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
46. E. T. Skyttä, H. Koivu, A. Eskelinen, M. Ikävalko, P. Paavolainen, and V. Remes, “Total ankle replacement: a population-based study of 515 cases from the Finnish Arthroplasty Register,” Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 114–118, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
47. N. A. Abidi, G. S. Gruen, and S. F. Conti, “Ankle arthrodesis: indications and techniques,” The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 200–209, 2000. View at Scopus
48. A. Mohamedean, H. G. Said, M. El-Sharkawi, W. El-Adly, and G. Z. Said, “Technique and short-term results of ankle arthrodesis using anterior plating,” International Orthopaedics, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 833–837, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
49. I. S. Tarkin, M. A. Mormino, M. P. Clare, H. Haider, A. K. Walling, and R. W. Sanders, “Anterior plate supplementation increases ankle arthrodesis construct rigidity,” Foot and Ankle International, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 219–223, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
50. D. E. Bonasia, F. Dettoni, J. E. Femino, P. Phisitkul, M. Germano, and A. Amendola, “Total ankle replacement: why, when and how?” The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal, vol. 30, pp. 119–130, 2010. View at Scopus
51. M. E. Easley, S. B. Adams Jr., W. C. Hembree, and J. K. DeOrio, “Results of total ankle arthroplasty,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Series A, vol. 93, no. 15, pp. 1455–1468, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
52. A. J. Guyer and E. G. Richardson, “Current concepts review: total ankle arthroplasty,” Foot and Ankle International, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 256–264, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
53. B. Hintermann and V. Valderrabano, “Total ankle replacement,” Foot and Ankle Clinics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 375–405, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
54. V. Valderrabano, G. I. Pagenstert, and B. Hintermann, “Total ankle replacement—three-component prosthesis,” Techniques in Foot & Ankle Surgery, vol. 2, pp. 84–90, 2005.
55. B. Hintermann, “Total ankle replacement in Switzerland,” Orthopade, vol. 40, p. 963, 2011.
56. A. Barg, T. Suter, L. Zwicky, M. Knupp, and B. Hintermann, “Medial pain syndrome in patients with total ankle replacement,” Orthopade, vol. 40, pp. 991–999, 2011.
57. K. T. Lee, Y. K. Lee, K. W. Young et al., “Perioperative complications of the MOBILITY total ankle system: comparison with the HINTEGRA total ankle system,” Journal of Orthopaedic Science, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 317–322, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
58. M. S. Myerson and K. Mroczek, “Perioperative complications of total ankle arthroplasty,” Foot and Ankle International, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 17–21, 2003. View at Scopus
59. C. L. Saltzman, A. Amendola, R. Anderson et al., “Surgeon training and complications in total ankle arthroplasty,” Foot and Ankle International, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 514–518, 2003. View at Scopus
60. B. G. Schutte and J. W. K. Louwerens, “Short-term results of our first 49 Scandanavian Total Ankle Replacements (STAR),” Foot and Ankle International, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 124–127, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
61. H. Kofoed and A. Lundberg-Jensen, “Ankle arthroplasty in patients younger and older than 50 years: a prospective series with long-term follow-up,” Foot and Ankle International, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 501–506, 1999. View at Scopus
62. M. P. Clare and R. W. Sanders, “Preoperative considerations in ankle replacement surgery,” Foot and Ankle Clinics, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 709–720, 2002. View at Scopus
63. H. E. Groth and H. F. Fitch, “Salvage procedures for complications of total ankle arthroplasty,” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, no. 224, pp. 244–250, 1987. View at Scopus
64. M. R. McGuire, R. F. Kyle, R. B. Gustilo, and R. F. Premer, “Comparative analysis of ankle arthroplasty vesus ankle arthrodesis,” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, no. 226, pp. 174–181, 1988. View at Scopus
65. M. Nagashima, H. Takahashi, S. Kakumoto, Y. Miyamoto, and S. Yoshino, “Total ankle arthroplasty for deformity of the foot in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using the TNK ankle system: clinical results of 21 cases,” Modern Rheumatology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 48–53, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
66. F. Shinomiya, M. Okada, Y. Hamada, T. Fujimura, and D. Hamada, “Indications of total ankle arthroplasty for rheumatoid arthritis: evaluation at 5 years or more after the operation,” Modern Rheumatology, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 153–159, 2003. View at Scopus
67. P. L. R. Wood, L. A. Crawford, R. Suneja, and A. Kenyon, “Total ankle replacement for rheumatoid ankle arthritis,” Foot and Ankle Clinics, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 497–508, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
68. A. A. Spirt, M. Assal, and S. T. Hansen, “Complications and failure after total ankle arthroplasty,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Series A, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 1172–1178, 2004. View at Scopus
69. A. Barg, M. Knupp, H. B. Henninger, L. Zwicky, and B. Hintermann, “Total ankle replacement using HINTEGRA—an unconstrained, three-component system: surgical technique and pitfalls,” Foot and Ankle Clinics. In press.
70. L. A. DiDomenico, J. R. Treadwell, and L. Z. Cain, “Total ankle arthroplasty in the rheumatoid patient,” Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 295–311, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
71. V. Gibson and D. Prieskorn, “The valgus ankle,” Foot and Ankle Clinics, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 15–27, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
72. N. E. Gougoulias, A. Khanna, and N. Maffulli, “History and evolution in total ankle arthroplasty,” British Medical Bulletin, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 111–151, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
73. J. M. Murnaghan, D. S. Warnock, and S. A. Henderson, “Total ankle replacement. Early experiences with STAR prosthesis,” Ulster Medical Journal, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 9–13, 2005. View at Scopus
74. J. S. Park and K. J. Mroczek, “Total ankle arthroplasty,” Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 27–35, 2011. View at Scopus
75. C. L. Saltzman, “Perspective on total ankle replacement,” Foot and Ankle Clinics, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 761–775, 2000. View at Scopus
76. P. L. R. Wood, T. M. Clough, and R. Smith, “The present state of ankle arthroplasty,” Foot and Ankle Surgery, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 115–119, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
77. B. Hintermann, Endoprothetik des Sprunggelenks: Historischer Überblick, Aktuelle Therapiekonzepte und Entwicklungen, Springer, Wien, Austria, 2005.
78. V. Valderrabano, B. Hintermann, V. Von Tscharner, B. Göpfert, W. Dick, and B. Nigg, “Muscle biomechanics in total ankle replacement,” Orthopade, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 513–520, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
79. V. Valderrabano, B. M. Nigg, V. Von Tscharner, C. B. Frank, and B. Hintermann, “Total ankle replacement in ankle osteoarthritis: an analysis of muscle rehabilitation,” Foot and Ankle International, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 281–291, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
80. V. Valderrabano, V. von Tscharner, B. M. Nigg, B. Goepfert, C. B. Frank, and B. Hintermann, “Lower leg muscle atrophy in ankle osteoarthritis and its rehabilitation after implantation of a total ankle arthroplasty,” Fuss und Sprunggelenk, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 33–43, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
81. A. Barg and B. Hintermann, “Implantate und biomechanik des oberen sprunggelenks,” in AE-Manual der Endoprothetik: Sprunggelenk und Fuss, W. Neumann, Ed., pp. 29–45, Springer, London, UK, 2012.
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Paper-Cone Goomba
From the Super Mario Wiki
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Paper Mario: Sticker Star Enemy
Paper-Cone Goomba
Max HP 7
Attack 3
Defense 0
Location(s) Warm Fuzzy Plains, Bouquet Gardens, Water's Edge Way
Moves Lunge (3)
“Last time we weren't prepared, and you beat us like flat, little piñatas. But this time won't be so easy! Taste our paper power, punk!”
Paper-Cone Goomba, Paper Mario: Sticker Star
Paper-Cone Goombas (known as Paper Cone Goombas in the PAL version) are a new species of Goomba that appears in Paper Mario: Sticker Star. In the overworld, they look like ordinary Goombas, but in battle they will take on their true form. Using sticker power, these Goombas can fold themselves into a conical shape, giving them a sharp corner that acts like a spike. Jumping on a Paper-Cone Goomba will damage Mario (the Iron Jump sticker must be used for the jump to be successful), and must instead rely on other stickers. The main attack of these Goombas is lunging at Mario like a paper airplane.
A trio of Paper-Cone Goombas attempt to stop Mario from getting the first Comet Piece in Warm Fuzzy Plains.
[edit] Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
French Goomba Pointu Sharp Goomba
German Kegel-Gumba Cone Goomba
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Harvard:Biophysics 101/2007/04/19
From OpenWetWare
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• Same drill as last week. Post what you plan to do on your personal page, and link to it below with 1-line summary.
• Remember to organize your links so we can easily review your progress in class.
smd 23:39, 18 April 2007 (EDT)
Plans
• Chris Write SNP sequence parser and integrate QC code. Propose ideas for OMIM DOA hits.
• Zach Finish CDC prevalence / consolidate CDS mutation code from earlier / (tasks people need help on? email me and I can help out)
• Tiff Learn how to & parse HTML and XML to extract info from MedStory searches
• Cynthia Think about how to deal with non OMIM hits, as in the context of what was discussed in class on Thursday
• Resmi Finish code to parse out keywords from Pubmed and think about how we can process non-OMIM hits. See Here For Progress
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OpenWetWare:Steering committee/Meeting - June 2006
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Time/Location
• Time : 12-1pm EST, 6/15/06
• Room : 32-262 (Stata center)
To Conference Call:
Audiobridge Phone No.: 617-452-5190
To participate in the meeting, call the above number at 12pm EST. You should be connected in to the conference call. Apologies that this requires you to call in, but this is how the audiobridge system works at MIT.
Agenda
Notes
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Cash Flow Depot Chooses Panama for This Year’s Convention Venue
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Cash Flow Depot, a leading real estate investor training website, will be holding a convention on May 3 to 5 in Panama. The 2013 Cash Flow Depot Convention offers both fun and learning for participants.
Dallas, Texas, USA, March 5, 2013 - (PressReleasePoint) - With the slogan saying, “It only happens once a year”, the 2013 Cash Flow Depot Convention will be held in Panama from May 3 to 5. The event is entitled Stealth Investing and offers both classroom sessions and recreational activities for participants. Classes start in the afternoons so the mornings are free for leisure and excursions.
“This year’s convention offers both work and play for the attendees”, says Cash Flow Depot general manager, Jackie Lange. “It would be a shame to go to Panama, stay at an incredible resort near the ocean, and then spend the whole day sitting in a classroom. Classes will therefore start after lunch and last until about 6 PM. That frees up the morning for a variety of excursions arranged by us. Before classes start, participants can go hiking in a rain forest, see Mayan treasures, go fishing or simply relax at the beach”, Jackie adds.
When asked how this year’s convention is different from the previous ones, Jackie has this to say. “The 2013 Cash Flow Depot Convention is all about teaching the new techniques and strategies needed to accomplish goals this year. Surprisingly, many of the new strategies are what worked best in the 50’s, 60’s and 70’s. These under the radar techniques are what participants will learn to stay ahead of competition”, says Jackie.
Speakers for the convention will include Prentiss Yates, Dyches Boddiford, David Tilney, and Jackie Lange. Stealth investing and stealth marketing techniques and strategies are the main topics of the event. According to Jackie, stealth investing is quicker, easier and cheaper to implement than any other investment strategy. The goal of Cash Flow Depot is for its participants to learn how to build wealth and cash flow continuously.
The convention fee is $495 per person, $900 for two people and $1200 for 3 participants. The fee includes 3 days of Stealth Investing and marketing strategies plus transportation to each of the excursions arranged by Cash Flow Depot. This list of things to do in Panama includes hiking in the rain forest, see waterfalls, visit the beautiful town of El Valle, go to the El Cano Museum, and do zip lining among others.
Cash Flow Depot has also made arrangements with the Bijao Resort in Panama. Jackie was able to get wholesale rates for the participants of the convention that includes food, adult beverages, live nightly entertainment and full use of the facilities at the resort. This resort was the same venue for last year’s convention. “Everyone loved it and begged me to have this year’s event there again”, says Jackie.
The 2013 Cash Flow Depot Convention is on May 3 to 5 at the Bijao Resort in tropical Panama. Cash Flow Depot members, real estate investors and interested parties may go to www.CashFlowDepot.com or call Jackie Lange at 1-888-282-1881 for more information.
About Cash Flow Depot
Cash Flow Depot has been training real estate investors for many years and is considered as one of the industry’s leading real estate investor training websites. The company teaches tried and tested strategies used by reputable names in real estate such as Jackie Lange, Jack Miller, David Tilney, and Lonnie Scruggs among others. In addition to online training, Cash Flow Depot conducts a yearly convention that is open to both its members and real estate investors alike. The 2013 Cash Flow Depot Convention is entitled Stealth Investing and will be held in Panama from May 3 to 5.
Press Contact:
Jackie Lange
CREWorld Media LLC
908 Audelia Suite 200-221
Richardson, TX 75081-5150
18882821881
http://www.cashflowdepot.com/store/events/convention.aspx
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Greater omentum
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Greater omentum
Vertical disposition of the peritoneum. Main cavity, red; omental bursa, blue. (Greater omentum labeled at left.)
Diagrams to illustrate two stages in the development of the digestive tube and its mesentery. The arrow indicates the entrance to the bursa omentalis.
Latin omentum majus
Gray's subject #246 1157
Precursor Dorsal mesentery
MeSH Omentum
The greater omentum (great omentum; gastrocolic omentum; epiploon) is a large fold of peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach, and extends from the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall after associating with the transverse colon.
Structure
The greater omentum is the largest peritoneal fold. It consists of a double sheet of peritoneum, folded on itself so that it is made up of four layers.
The two layers which descend from the stomach and commencement of the duodenum pass in front of the small intestines, sometimes as low down as the pelvis; they then turn upon themselves, and ascend again as far as the transverse colon, where they separate and enclose that part of the intestine.
These individual layers may be easily demonstrated in the young subject, but in the adult they are more or less inseparably blended.
The left border of the greater omentum is continuous with the gastrolienal ligament; its right border extends as far as the commencement of the duodenum.
The greater omentum is usually thin, presents a cribriform appearance, and always contains some adipose tissue, which in obese people accumulates in considerable quantity.
Between its two anterior layers, a short distance from the greater curvature of the stomach, is the anastomosis between the right and left gastroepiploic vessels.
Subdivisions
The greater omentum is often defined to encompass a variety of structures, and can thus be subdivided into the following:
Development
The greater omentum develops from the dorsal mesentery that connects the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall. During stomach development, the stomach undergoes its first 90° rotation along the axis of the embryo, so that posterior structures are moved to the left and structures anterior to the stomach are shifted to the right. As a result, the dorsal mesentery folds over on itself, forming a pouch with its blind end on the left side of the embryo. A second approximately 90° rotation of the stomach, this time in the frontal plane, moves structures inferior if they were originally to the left of the stomach, and superior if they were originally to the stomach's right. Consequently, the blind-ended sac (also called the lesser sac) formed by the dorsal mesentery is brought inferiorly, where it assumes its final position as the greater omentum. It grows to the point that it covers the majority of the small and large intestine.
Additional images
See also
External links
de:Omentum majus
it:Grande omento
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1216.0.15.001 - Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) - Electronic Structures, 01 Jul 2006
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 14/07/2006
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
DESCRIPTION
The Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) is a hierarchical classification system of geographical areas and consists of a number of interrelated structures. It provides a common framework of statistical geography and enables the production of statistics which are comparable.
The ASGC 2006 has a date of effect of 1 July 2006.
The product 1216.0.15.001 ASGC 2006 Electronic Structures contains four comma delimited files showing the levels and hierarchy of those ASGC structures current for the edition: the Local Government Area Structure, the Main Structure, the Statistical District Structure and the Statistical Region Structure. The Urban Centres/Localities by State/Territory ASGC 2006 file will not be available until September 2007.
Any inquiries regarding the Classification can be made by contacting the Assistant Director, Geographical Classification, on telephone (02) 6252 5888, facsimile (02) 6252 8666, email geography@abs.gov.au or by writing to Locked Bag 10, Belconnen, ACT 2616.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1307.4 - South Australian Economic Indicators, Mar 1994
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 02/03/1994
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• About this Release
Provides an up-to-date overview of what has been happening in the South Australian economy and contrasts the State's performance with that of the Australian economy.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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votes
4answers
264 views
Approach copyright holders to licence IP for my game
I built an electronic version of a popular board game. I got some good responses on avoiding legal issues, but I went ahead and built it anyway, keeping it private for obvious reasons. Everyone who ...
3
votes
2answers
159 views
How do you get a copyright on your web pages?
If I were to release a web app what is the procedure to procuring a copyright on it?
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Support Us
AfricanSpending – Monitoring the Money in Africa
March 18, 2013 in Featured, Open Spending
The Open Knowledge Foundation, in partnership with the Open Institute in Kenya and the African Media Initiative have submitted a proposal to the Knight News Challenge on Open Government: AfricanSpending – Monitoring the Money. We want to build a platform (leveraging OpenSpending) for journalists and civil society to track public money and mineral wealth across Africa to combat cronyism and corruption.
You can read the full proposal on the Knight News Challenge Website and if you like it – please applaud it! From tomorrow, you will also be able to provide feedback on the proposals.
Read more on the proposal below!
Summary
We’ll build a community-driven platform with data resources (leveraging OpenSpending) for journalists and civil society to track public money and mineral wealth, plus related contracts and services, across Africa to combat cronyism and corruption.
In a nutshell
AfricanSpending from Open Knowledge Foundation on Vimeo.
Tracking and monitoring government finances – including those related to mineral wealth – are a major issue across Africa and much of the rest of the Global South. Journalists, civil society organizations and citizens, could and should play a large role in holding Governments to account by following the money.
Unfortunately, African journalists and citizen groups seldom have the fiscal insight or technical skill to “map the money”. As a result, media coverage and public debate is shallow, reactive, and often fails to hold government to account or tell citizens how government action impacts their personal and local lives.
This project is about dramatically improving this situation.
We propose three key aspects of the project work:
1. The Technology Platform
We’ll customize and extend the functionality and ease-of-use on the www.OpenSpending.org platform, to better track Government money and contracts across Africa. Being able to cover government activity related to the extractive industries and mineral wealth is key. Improving the way that OpenSpending analyses contracts, so that agreements and money flows can be linked, will therefore be a central focus.
We’ll also work to improve the ability to link money to people and organizations, enhancing and developing the existing work linking OpenSpending and OpenCorporates, as well as our existing work to link newsroom platforms such as Document Cloud and Poderopedia.
Third, we’ll work to improve the relevance and accessibility of the resulting data that will allow citizens to compare the ‘real world’ value of expenditure or contracts, across regions or cities, or between planned and actual expenditure (we can take inspiration here from work like GM’s Carbon Footprint toolkit.
By building on the existing OpenSpending platform, and its world-wide user-group, we’ll be able to leverage existing technology and ensure our work benefits not just Africa or this project, but a global community.
2. Getting The Data
Whilst the platform will make it much easier for journalists and others to access and understand financial information, it will be of little value if it contains little or no data! A second element of our work will therefore be dedicated effort to obtain and process key Government financial information from as many countries as possible. We’ve already done substantial work here (Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, etc), and run regular DataLiberation Scraperthons and dBootcamp workshops through the 13 African HacksHackers.com chapters that form part of our network.
We also have working relationships with groups with relevant knowledge and skills elsewhere (e.g. Nigeria BudgIT and Revenue Watch on extractives, etc) and are assisting the 14-member African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting (ANCIR) with their investigation into the African extractives industry.
3. Education, Community Building & Engagement
A platform and data have no value if they are not used. The final, essential, part of our work will be developing the awareness and capacity in key communities of journalists, CSOs and civic coders. To do this we will:
• Build on what’s there: we are already the lead organizer for the HacksHackers community in Africa (2,000 plus members in 13 chapters) and the Code for Africa initiative, that coordinates the largest open data and open government initiatives in Africa through partnerships with the African Media Initiative, World Bank, and Google. We also have good connections with other CSOs working on finance, transparency and extractives across the continent
• Offer immersive training in the form of ‘Spending Bootcamps’. Hit and run training has little impact. Our bootcamps, modelled on our existing and successful dBootcamps, will therefore be structured as an investigative process that runs over three months each and helps participants build multi-disciplinary teams (of journalists, technologists, and CSO experts), find data (through DataLiberation Scraperthons), and then build projects (at the dBootcamps) that can be deployed in the real world — all while learning to use new tools.
• Manage a [lightweight] fellowship programme: in environments with severe skills and resource challenges, you need champions who can serve as catalysts and ‘enablers’ to help kickstart mass uptake of new tools or resources. We will therefore run a fellowship programme for 12 annual Spending Fellows, who will initially spend three months each with the core OpenSpending team for intense hands-on training and mentorship, whereafter they will return to be embedded into thought-leader media and civil society organisations. Their focus will be to produce compelling journalism and meaningful civic engagement initiatives from spending data. Going beyond geek tools, we will stress pragmatic ways to demystify budgets and to give “actionable information” that ordinary citizens understand and care about.
Who Are Our Target Audiences?
We’ll serve four audiences: journalists who want to use the site to improve the way they report on government activity, civil society organisations who want the tools and information to run “evidence-based” campaigns, civic hackers who want to use our data or resources to build thier own tools to improve government and empower citizens, and, finally, ordinary citizens who want easy access to “actionable” and customisable versions of their country’s spending information.
We’ll reach the journalists through the growing network of Hacks/Hackers chapters across Africa. There are currently 13 of 20 planned chapters, with roughly 2,000 active members, who meet at least once monthly for skills exchanges and collaborative projects. We’ll reach newsrooms, civic hackers and civil society organisations through the Code for Africa initiative, which uses country-based initiatives such as www.Code4Kenya.org to embed data wranglers into media and NGOs with support from an external civic tech lab to help improve the use of digital tools and data resources.
We’ll also bring together our existing networks topic specific experts in the NGO world, such as the local partners of the International Budget Partnership, with journalists and media organisations to help bring topic-specific expertise together with storytelling ability and develop ongoing relationships to help the data flow between organisations.
Who Are the Partners?
AfricanSpending is a consortium of strategic partners, all with proven records for delivering on data and civic engagement initiatives, including:
The African Media Initiative (AMI), which is an industry umbrella association of 600+ of Africa’s largest media companies. AMI currently runs a series of digital innovation programmes, investing almost $2 million annually into supporting digital and data initiatives in newsrooms on the continent. AMI also spearheads the Code for Africa initiative, building active citizenry and open data that goes beyond just open government. AMI will drive the media engagement component of AfricanSpending.
The Open Institute (OI), a Kenya-based think/do tank that specialises in implementing open data and open government initiatives. OI is currently the lead implementing agency on Code4Africa on behalf of the World Bank and AMI, as well as for AMI’s dBootcamp data workshops, and on aspects of its www.AfricanNewsChallenge.org programme. OI will be the lead implementer on AfricanSpending.
The Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF), the originator of OpenSpending and an international leader on open data tools with extensive experience in building dynamic communities and public engagement around public data. OKF will supply the technical platforms for AfricanSpending, and will host the African fellows at its hubs in London & Berlin.
The AfricanSpending Fellowship Programme
Fellows will be selected through a competitive public process, and will be expected to return to their media and/or civil society organizations as both ambassadors and peer-mentors. Fellows will be trained to upload and manage data on the AfricanSpending platform, as well as how to build new engagement tools and visualizations based on local needs.
What Have We Already Built?
The technology base for this project (OpenSpending) is mature and has been extensively used. In addition Open Knowledge Foundation, Open Insitutite & AMI / Code4Africa have already done African-specific work including work in Cameroon and the prototype “AfricaSpending” using national budget data collected for Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. Open Institute meanwhile manages an instance of CKAN as an umbrella public data portal for Africa, on behalf of AMI. The data portal, which is used for dBootcamp and other AMI skills programmes, is currently the largest open data source in Africa.
All our code is open source, so will be easy for others in the broader Code4Africa ecosystem to reuse components in different environments, or to integrate our platform with others, such as the Freedom of Information (FOI) request tracking portals already being funded by AMI.
Support the project
You can read the full proposal on the Knight News Challenge Website and if you like it – please applaud it! From tomorrow, you will also be able to provide feedback on the proposals.
Photo credits: David Keats, le Korrigan on Flickr
Get Updates
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Facade Design Pattern
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Facade Design Pattern (Unpublished)
The facade pattern is a design pattern that is used to simplify access to functionality in complex or poorly designed subsystems. The facade class provides a simple, single-class interface that hides the implementation details of the underlying code.
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Drop Kicked By:
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Microsoft AJAX Features & Implementation Samples
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Microsoft AJAX Features &amp; Implementation Samples (Unpublished)
There are many options within the Microsoft stack of products for AJAX type functionality. The following article covers the primary mechanisms that utilize the Microsoft out of the box Ajax functionality. Ajax must be one of the technologies used in all current web applications. The primary benefit is the improved user experience by providing quick, responsive feedback.
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Information for "Category:Multimedia"
Jump to: navigation, search
Basic information
Display titleCategory:Multimedia
Default sort keyMultimedia
Page length (in bytes)18
Page ID2763
Page content languageEnglish (en)
Search engine statusIndexable
Number of views4,494
Redirects to this page0
Category information
Number of pages9
Number of subcategories0
Number of files0
Page protection
EditAllow all users
MoveAllow all users
Edit history
Page creatorGlenn (Talk | contribs)
Date of page creation19:17, 10 February 2008
Latest editorGlenn (Talk | contribs)
Date of latest edit20:31, 10 February 2008
Total number of edits2
Total number of distinct authors1
Recent number of edits (within past 91 days)0
Recent number of distinct authors0
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Georgetown, Cecil County, MarylandEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 19:26, 26 August 2010 by Janedwards (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
United States > Maryland > Cecil County > Georgetown
Contents
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HURRICANE WAVE STATISTICS FOR THE GULF OF MEXICO
Basil W. Wilson
Abstract
This paper contains the results of a statistical hindcast study of the heights and periods of significant waves generated by hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico in the period 1900 to 1949. Results are presented in a series of polar plots of frequencies of occurrence of waves of given height and period at deep-water (100 fathoms depth) stations at different bearings offshore from five coastal stations (Brownsville, Tex., Gilchrist, Tex., Burrwood, Miss., Apalachicola, Fla., Tampa, Fla.).
Analysis was conducted by selecting a sample of 9 hurricanes and hindcasting by graphical moving fetch techniques, wave heights, periods and arrival times along eleven approach-directions to the five coastal stations for one storm, and from two to three approach directions for the remaining eight storms. Maximum heights and periods were correlated with hurricane characteristics (pressure, radius of maximum winds, forward velocity and direction). From the correlation the sample was increased by an additional 23 hurricanes whose characteristics were known. Heights and periods plotted against frequencies of occurrence gave mainly normal probability distribution Finally taking account of the total number of tropical storms occurring in the Gulf of Mexico in 50 years and the incidences of waves from various direction at the five stations, the chances of occurrence of full hurricane waves were evaluated.
Keywords
Gulf of Mexico; wave frequency of occurrence; hindcasting
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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[maemo-users] I think I fryed my n770
From: Jeff Treague blacknight45alive at yahoo.com
Date: Mon Jul 21 16:56:56 EEST 2008
I udated my sons 770 and then mine.
but mine all red had the os update.
now I just have a wite sceen.
I think it is just the sceen.
Is it junk now?
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18 September 2007
DNA = Don't Need it All
A group of eminent lawyers and scientists is calling for anyone not convicted of a crime to have their details wiped from the DNA database.
The Nuffield Council on Bioethics said it is "unjustified" to keep people on the National DNA Database when they have not been convicted of any offence.
Some four million DNA samples are on the police's database.
Good to see some sensible thinking in this area; pity the government won't take a blind bit of notice.
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Being taken for granted can be a compliment. It means you've become a comfortable, trusted element in another person's life. Brothers, Dr. Joyce
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The most delightful pleasures cloy without variety. Syrus, Publilius
This quote is about variety · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Syrus, Publilius ...
Publilius (less correctly Publius) Syrus, a Latin writer of mimes, flourished in the 1st century BC. He was a native of Syria and was brought as a slave to Italy, but by his wit and talent he won the favour of his master, who freed and educated him.
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Posts from the ‘Scifoo’ Category
Science Foo Camp 2009 by Nature Video
I attended this year’s Science Foo Camp in San Francisco and it was a one-in-a-lifetime experience. Of course, I covered the event in several posts. Now Nature Video published a video featuring the organizers and key participants.
Scifoo: Pictures and Comments
I’ve already written several posts about Scifoo but it’s time to sum things up. What is Scifoo?
Sci Foo is an annual, interdisciplinary, invitation-only scientific ‘unconference’ organized by Nature Publishing Group, Google and O’Reilly Media.
Sci Foo ‘09 will be held on July 10th-12th, 2009 at the Googleplex in Mountain View, California.
Please take a look at the posts I’ve published about the sessions I attended and the things I saw:
Here are a few pictures as well:
Shuttles that took us to Googleplex.
LinkedIn HQ wasn't too far.
The SciFoo Camp inside Googleplex.
We had to write 5 tags about ourselves and 3 people we would invite next year.
Larry Page, Google co-founder, at the opening ceremony.
Timo Hannay (Nature.com) and Tim O'Reilly (O'Reilly Media) at the opening ceremony.
It wasn't easy to get a room for your session.
I'm sorry for the last image, but I had to include it. New things to read every day in the toilet.
So it was a one-in-a-lifetime experience and I met incredible people. I hope I will keep in touch with many of them online.
Whole-Genome Sequencing: Any Useful Data?
I met George Church at this year’s Scifoo event in San Francisco and we talked about how useful the data is that was obtained from whole genome sequencing methods. There are almost 50 people in the world right now whose genomes were sequenced like that but the number of useful genomes is very low (e.g. who made it public) . That’s one reason why the ClinSeq project is really promosing.
ClinSeq is a pilot project to investigate the use of whole-genome sequencing as a tool for clinical research. By piloting the acquisition of large amounts of DNA sequence data from individual human subjects, we are fostering the development of hypothesis-generating approaches for performing research in genomic medicine, including the exploration of issues related to the genetic architecture of disease, implementation of genomic technology, informed consent, disclosure of genetic information, and archiving, analyzing, and displaying sequence data.
In the initial phase of ClinSeq, we are enrolling roughly 1,000 participants; the evaluation of each includes obtaining a detailed family and medical history as well as a clinical evaluation. The participants are being consented broadly for research on many traits and for whole-genome sequencing. Initially, Sanger-based sequencing of 300-400 genes thought to be relevant to atherosclerosis is being performed, with the resulting data analyzed for rare, high-penetrance variants associated with specific clinical traits.
He also mentioned the 1000$ genome project and the unofficial estimation is that now it’s possible to sequence a person’s genome for under 5000$ and the 1000$ aim can become a reality at the end of this year.
Scifoo: A visit to the Navigenics HQ
Last weekend, I attended the fantastic Scifoo unconference at the Googleplex (see the Flickr images of Duncan Hull), but one day before the event, I was invited to visit the HQ of Navigenics, one of the most famous direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies. As I just started PhD in the field of personalized genetics and had my genome analyzed by them, I felt like a kid in a candy shop and asked them many questions.
So on Friday, I took the Caltrain and went to Redwood City. Then Julie Lyons drove me to Navigenics HQ.
Here is the official sign of the company.
For some reason, I thought the HQ would be different from an ordinary office, but I realized that’s the only way they can co-ordinate almost 50 people. Genetic counselors, medical doctors, PR people, scientists and the employees reponsible for the online presence of Navigenics. See the Twitter account.
And believe me, being a medical advisor at such a company must be a dream job.
It was a great experience for me to see how such a company operates and I was pleased to see how they treat bloggers and their Twitter followers. More about the topic this week on Scienceroll…
Science Foo Camp 2009
In the past few days, I’ve been covering the International Congress of Gerontology in Paris, but tomorrow I will fly to San Francisco to attend the Scifoo event which is one of the most unique events in each year’s calendar.
Sci Foo is an annual, interdisciplinary, invitation-only scientific ‘unconference’ organized by Nature Publishing Group, Google and O’Reilly Media.
Sci Foo ’09 will be held on July 10th-12th, 2009 at the Googleplex in Mountain View, California.
I plan to participate in 3 sessions.
1) Compu-doc: Doctors and web 2.0 (I have plenty of material about it)
2) Virtual Worlds: I will present a newly developed totally free virtual world created for quick meetings and conferences.
3) I would like to discuss the results of my Medicine 2.0 credit course.
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Jurassic Bark
From The Infosphere, the Futurama Wiki
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Season 4 episode
Broadcast season 5 episode
Jurassic Bark
No.61
Production number4ACV07
Broadcast numberS05E02
Written byEric Kaplan
Directed bySwinton O. Scott III
Title captionNot affiliated with Futurama Brass Knuckle Co.
First air date17 November, 2002
Title referenceThe famous dinosaur resurrection film Jurassic Park
Opening cartoon"Hiss and Make Up" in Merry Melodies
Nomination(s)Emmy Awards
Outstanding Animated Program, 2003
Additional
Commentary
(Transcript)
Transcript
Writers commentary
(Transcript)
Pictures
Season 4
1. Kif Gets Knocked Up a Notch
2. Leela's Homeworld
3. Love and Rocket
4. Less than Hero
5. A Taste of Freedom
6. Bender Should Not Be Allowed on Television
7. Jurassic Bark
8. Crimes of the Hot
9. Teenage Mutant Leela's Hurdles
10. The Why of Fry
11. Where No Fan Has Gone Before
12. The Sting
13. Bend Her
14. Obsoletely Fabulous
15. The Farnsworth Parabox
16. Three Hundred Big Boys
17. Spanish Fry
18. The Devil's Hands Are Idle Playthings
← Season 3Season 5 →
"Jurassic Bark" is the sixty-first episode of Futurama, the seventh of the fourth production season and the second of the fifth broadcast season. It aired 17 November, 2002 on FOX. Bender grows jealous when Fry attempts to clone his beloved fossilized dog.
Contents
[edit] The Story
[edit] Act I: "That's like digging up Lassie and putting her on display in the Louvre!"
Bender and Fry are practicing some magic tricks, which involves a newspaper. From this paper Fry learns that an intact 20th century pizzeria has been unearthed under New New York, and the two of them go visit the exhibition in the museum that shows the findings. It sports a complete pizzeria reconstruction, and Fry realizes it is actually Panucci's Pizza, the place he used to work at before he was frozen. He tells the Tour Guide he recognizes all the stuff. Among the exhibits are the fossilized remains of a dog that Fry recognizes to be his own. He first met him in August 1997 when he was making a delivery to a prank address (Seymour Asses), and fed a piece of the surplus pizza to the dog that in turn started to follow him around and recognize him as master. The dog aquired the name of the prank address, Seymour Asses or Seymour for short. Fry tries to take the remains of Seymour with him, but is caught and thrown out of the museum. Fry is organizing some protesters to put up public pressure so he can have his dog back. He keeps dancing in front of the museum for three days in ghastly weather, until the museum asks him some questions about the dog and then agrees to return it to him. The Professor finds out that Seymour was fast-fossilized, preserving the cellular structure and making it possible to clone him. Fry can't wait to get his best friend back, which leaves Bender sad and worried.
[edit] Act II: "Know ye now what feels like to be Dog God!"
The Professor needs a while to reset the Clone-O-Mat from human mode to dog mode. When the cloning is complete, Seymour will be resurrected with all his memories as he was at the time of his death. In a flashback to 31 December 1999, we see that Seymour did not want to let Fry go on the fateful delivery trip to Applied Cryogenics, but Fry consoled him and told him that he would not be gone for long and that Seymour should await his return in front of Panucci's Pizza. Meanwhile, Fry starts his preparations for the awaited return of his pet - he buys dog toys, a collar and dog food, much to the dismay of Bender who feels he is not getting enough attention from Fry. He is trying to talk Fry out of resurrecting his dog and at the same time seems to pick up some dog characteristics himself. In another flashback, this time to 1 January 2000, we learn that Seymour tried to lead Fry's family to him, but Fry's father would not leave his home because of his fear of Y2K. Meanwhile, Amy and Leela are practicing hand to hand fighting in rather revealing outfits, during which Amy is getting her cute butt kicked bigtime. Bender introduces a kind of dog of his own, Robo-Puppy, which does not have the desired effect of making Fry jealous. Just then, the Professor announces that the Clone-O-Mat is ready. The process takes up a lot of energy which is to be provided by molten lava in the sub-basement of the Planet Express Building, where indeed a lava pit is boiling. Right in the middle of the cloning process, Bender enters and tries to persuade Fry to go to the talent show with him that they have been practicing magic tricks for, but Fry tells him to leave him alone. Bender gets mad at this and hurls Seymour's remains into the lava pit, thinking that Fry will now be his friend again.
[edit] Act III: "Professor! Lava! Hot!"
Fry is of course mad at Bender, but the Professor tells him that the dog may survive the lava because the fossil was made of dolomite, an immensely tough and heat-resistant rock. Fry is about to dive into the lava pit, because he figures Seymour would have come after him too - and indeed, in a further flashback to 1 January 2000, we see Seymour looking for Fry everywhere and eventually locating his frozen body at Applied Cryogenics. Back in 3004, Fry is fielded by Amy and Leela before he reaches the pit, and breaks down crying. Bender then realizes that Fry really loved this dog and did not just toy with his emotions. He decides to dive into the lava pit himself, calculating he has a chance of survival because he is 40% dolomite. In yet another flashback to 2000, we see the Fry family enter Applied Cryogenics where the Cryogenicist tells them their dog is there madly scrabbling at Fry's cryogenic tube. They drag Seymour away to find their son without realizing Fry is in that tube. Again in 3004, when Bender takes a long time to reappear, Leela is getting ready to dive after him into the lava, as Bender reappears through the floor of the sub-basement, glowing red-hot and with Seymour's remains in his arms. The cloning process is restarted and Fry learns that Seymour was fifteen years old when he died, meaning that he lived on for twelve years after he was frozen. Fry then refuses to continue the cloning, thinking that Seymour had forgotten him. In the closing shot, we see - in one final flashback - Seymour sitting outside Panucci's Pizza for years and years, always waiting for his master's return as he was told, while around him the world changes and he grows old until he lies down and closes his eyes.
[edit] Additional Info
[edit] Trivia
• As Fry is doing his people's native dance (The Hustle), Leela is watching his display critically, armed with a book called "Dances of the Ancient Bronx".
• When Fry points out that Seymour could fetch, Bender fetches as well - an Easter Island stone figure (moai). When Fry points out Seymour could dig up bones, Bender presents the remains of Charlemagne in his chest cabinet.
• The paleontologist who discovers Seymour is named "Dr. Ben Beeler," presumably a reference to producer and prolific writer Ken Keeler.
• The last part of the episode, where Seymour is waiting outside on the sidewalk, was originally set to the theme of 2001: A Space Odyssey, but it was exchanged with the song "I Will Wait for You" from The Umbrellas of Cherbourg as sung by Connie Francis, which writer Eric Kaplan's parents played and sang on the piano while he was a child.
• It is possible to see Nibbler's eyestalk poking out of the trash can for a brief moment before Fry is frozen. This was explained in the tenth episode of the fourth season, "The Why of Fry".
• This episode was nominated in 2003 for an Emmy in Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour).
• The episode's emotionally powerful ending recalls three real life dogs who became famous for their enduring faithfulness after their masters' death: Scotland's Greyfriars Bobby, Japan's Hachiko, and America's Shep. The ending is one of the more emotional and poignant scenes in the Futurama series, which differs from its usual comedic style.
• The producers received hate mail for this episode because of the extremely sad ending.
• We see Scruffy lowering the Clone-O-Mat to the basement by means of a simple rope.
• The lava pit bears a warning sign: WARNING Contents of Earth May be hot.
• Right under Applied Cryogenics motto (You can solve all your problems by freezing them!) is a frozen woman, bearing an angry expression and a rolling pin, presumably the manager's wife or mother-in-law.
• Fry finds out that Seymour lived twelve more years after he disappeared. If you count the seasonal cuts in the final montage, there are exactly twelve segments before Seymour dies.
• This episode is named #8 on IGN's list of the Top 25 Futurama Episodes.
• This episode was named #2 on TV.com's list of Top 10 Futurama Episodes.
• In an ironic twist, in "Bender's Big Score" it is shown that when Fry becomes depressed and is going to be assassinated by Bender, he goes back to the day he was frozen and stays in the past for 12 more years with Seymour.
• Seymour's eventual fate at the end of the episode appears to have been retconned in "Bender's Big Score". Since the time duplicate Fry stays in the 21st Century and lives at least the first 10 years of the 2000s with Seymour and the rest of his family before going on the boat to look for Leela, it would appear as though Seymour was simply waiting for Fry to get back from the voyage, rather than waiting all 12 years for him to return from the Cryogenics lab. This then raises the question of whether or not the ending of "Jurassic Bark" can still be seen as part of the show's continuity. It is possible that he merely fell asleep and Fry came and woke him up before Bender came and attempted to kill him.
• However, this would explain why Seymour's fossilized remains were standing, when Seymour is shown to be laying down at the end of the episode.
• The halftime score of the 2000 Rose Bowl Game that Fry's mother is watching is shown to be Wisconsin 9, Stanford 3 in the 2nd quarter. In actuality the score was reversed but Wisconsin went on to win 17-9, which in itself was referenced by Fry's mother in the episode "Luck of the Fryrish".
• Dolomite is an actual mineral with its melting point ranging from about 2,570 to 4,660 ºC. Molten lava is a liquid between about 700 and 1,200 ºC.
• Originally, the episode was going to have Fry's mother be fossilized and Fry trying to bring her back to life, only to stop at the last minute. The writers realized that was more depressing than the dog idea (and out of character with Fry's mother, who, like his father, neglected him and favored his brother over him), so it was canned.
[edit] Quotes
Speaker: I hope in time you will realize what an idiot you've been.
Fry: I wouldn't count on it!
Bender: [eyeing fossilized Seymour] Blech, that's the least appetizing calzone I've ever seen.
Crowd: What do you want?
Fry: Fry's dog!
Crowd: When do you want it?
Fry: Fry's dog!
Bender: [referring to Robo-Puppy] I was out walking him. Yes, you can walk him. Of course, after he goes, you have to refill the canisters.
Professor Farnsworth: [After Leela nearly rips off her skimpy wrestling outfit to dive in and save Bender.] Professor! Lava! Hot!!
[edit] Continuity
• "Space Pilot 3000" (1ACV01)
• There are several clips from this episode. And few sections including Seymour between scenes we saw previously.
• The title of the exhibition at the museum is "Treasures of the Stupid Ages - Loot from the recent Pizzeria excavation". In this episode, Fry's time is referred to as "the Stupid Ages" by Leela.
• "Less than Hero" (4ACV04)
• The tour guide appears to be the same person who was eaten by an elephant.
• "The Why of Fry" (4ACV10)
• A second shadow appears when Fry's falls into the tube in the flashback, compared to only one in 1ACV01 and none in 2ACV16. The reason for the addition is explained in this episode.
• "The Sting" (4ACV12)
• Seymour's fossilized remains appear again at Fry's funeral.
• Bender's Big Score
• Seymour's fossilised remains appear once again in the Planet Express lounge.
• How Seymour got fossilised is explained.
• We see the hungover cryogenisist the night before when he is drunk.
• "A Clockwork Origin" (6ACV09)
• Hermes finds another fossilised dog, but throws it away as he suspects it's "another one of Fry's old dogs".
[edit] Allusions
• Star Trek
• Fry makes the Vulcan signal and says live long and prosper to Seymour when they first meet.
• Shaft
• Farnsworth mentions that Dolomite is the "Tough black mineral that won't cop out when there's heat all about", much like Shaft's description in the film's theme song - "... The Cat that won't cop out when there's danger all about".
• The Simpsons
• During Seymour's searching montage, he passes a mini-golf course that has the sign: "Because someone inconsiderate created an unsanitary condition, the windmill green is closed until further notice," referencing the numerous times Homer and Marge have defiled it.
• Dolemite
• The dolomite scenes mainly reference the blaxploitation flick Dolemite.
• Scooby Doo
• The scene where Leela attempts to lure Bender out with a "Bender Snack" is a parody of the Scooby Doo cast attempting to lure out the frightened title character in a similar manner.
[edit] Goofs
"Archaeologists" spelled incorrectly.
• The shorts on Amy's tights disappear in some shots.
• The rope on the handle of the Clone-O-Mat changes to a chain the second time Farnsworth pulls it.
• The characters stand right next to the magma (Amy and Leela even sit on the rim) without getting hurt; in reality, even approaching within a few yards would burn them severely.
• During the final cloning scene prior to the last flashback of Seymour waiting for Fry, both Amy and Leela revert to their usual clothing instead of the wrestling outfits they were wearing earlier.
• The score of the Rose Bowl was reversed in the game, Stanford was leading 9-3 at halftime in the actual game.
• Fry's assumption of how long Seymour lived after Fry was frozen seems based on an assumption that Seymour was 0 when Fry met him, however, this is never firmly established.
• However, the montage at the end of the episode seems to confirm this.
• When Bender enters the lounge with Robo-Puppy, he is holding him on a leash, yet after he says the line "Of course, after he goes you have to refill the canisters.", the leash completely vanishes.
• Archaeologists is spelled "Archeologists" in the headline of the New New York Post.
• The lava reflected Fry's image like water, in reality lava does not reflect.
[edit] Characters
(In alphabetic order)
[edit] Episode Credits
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Revision history of "Emmanuel Belo"
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Mexico City/Centro
From Wikitravel
Federal District : Mexico City : Tlatelolco
(Redirected from Mexico City/Tlatelolco)
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The Cathedral
The old city center or Centro Historico of Mexico City, centered around the Plaza de la Constitucion, is an area clearly different from the rest of the city. Its colonial and European architecture and narrow cobblestone streets set it apart from the rest of Mexico City. It has an enormous amount of stores, street vendors, and especially crowds. Without a doubt, this area is one of the most popular areas in Mexico City.
[edit] Understand
The Centro Historico, the original foundation of Mexico City, was built on the ruins of Tenochtitlan, the Aztec empire capital established around 1325 and destroyed by the Spanish in 1521. It contains a large amount of old buildings that date back to the 16th century. Due to its importance, it was included in UNESCO's list of world heritage places in 1987.
[edit] Get in
Bike Day
Every Sunday Ave. Reforma is closed to motor vehicles due to "bike" day (confined streets for bicycle use only). It is strongly advised to avoid driving that brings you close to Ave.Reforma. If you are staying at any of the hotels in this area and have a flight scheduled on Sunday, it is advised to allow enough time to get out of the area if you're using a taxi. An alternative to get in and out of the area is the Metro (Subway).
Other areas of the city are also experiencing closings for bicycle use only.
Government web page that advises on routes that will be closed to vehicular traffic: [1]
[edit] By metro
This is probably the best way to reach the Centro Historico, however, all the stations in the area are consistently crowded, so be prepared and alert for pickpocketers.
There are various Metro lines that connect the Centro Historico with the rest of the city.
• Line 1 (pink) Pino Suarez, Isabel La Catolica and Salto del Agua Stations.
• Line 2 (blue) Zocalo (your best choice for direct access), Allende, Bellas Artes, Hidalgo and Revolucion stations.
• Line 3 (green) Hidalgo and Juarez stations.
[edit] By Turibus
Turibus
The hop-in hop-off double-decker bus makes a stop just north of the Zocalo in Monte de Piedad street in the west side of the cathedral. The one-day pass costs $140 ($160 for English version of the excursion - do not forget to ask for your headphone!).
[edit] By public bus
The RTP bus network rides along Eje Central Avenue. You may also ride a Microbus.
[edit] By trolley bus
The Trolley Bus rides along Eje Central Avenue. Ask the driver to drop you off at Madero street.
[edit] By car
This is the least recommended way to get around Centro Historico since the streets are always jammed with hundreds of cars especially during weekdays.
If you dare to enter the area by car, you can do so through Reforma and turning right at Avenida Juarez which later becomes Francisco I Madero Street, or if you're coming from the south, you can reach through Calzada de Tlalpan which later becomes 20 de Noviembre Avenue.
There are several parking lots in the area (valet service) that charge $14 an hour.
[edit] Get around
[edit] On foot
Madero Street, recently turned into an only-pedestrian street
The best way to get around the Centro Historico is definitely by foot. All tourist attractions are within walking distance.
[edit] By tourist trolley
Tranvia
This trolley (in spanish Tranvia Turístico) departs from Juarez Avenue 66, between the Alameda and the Palacio de Bellas Artes. Ride lasts 45 minutes around many interesting spots in the area. Operating hours Monday thru Sunday 10AM to 5PM.
[edit] By pedicab
There are a few pedicabs that can carry you within the Centro Historico.
[edit][add listing] See
Palacio de Bellas Artes
[edit] Landmarks
• Plaza de la Constitución (El Zócalo). Measuring 240m long on either side, the Zócalo is one of the largest squares in the world. It is flanked by the Metropolitan Cathedral and Sagrario to the north, and the National Palace to the east, as well as a number of other historic buildings. A huge Mexican flag occupies the center, which is ceremoniously lowered and re-raised each day at 6PM. A wide variety of events may be hosted here, including concerts, demonstrations or other more typical social gatherings. On New Year's Day, practitioners of Mexico's indigenous religions gather to bless believers for the coming year; Mexican independence is celebrated in the plaza on September 15 and 16. (19°25′58″N,99°08′00″W) edit
Old City Hall with Independence Celebration decoration
• Metropolitan Cathedral, (north side of the Zócalo). The largest cathedral in the American continent. Designed by Claudio de Arcinieaga, construction started in 1573 and lasted for more than 300 years. Be sure to check out the side chapels where parishioners leave offerings for the various saints. For a bird's-eye view of the plaza, you can take a 40-minute tour (Spanish language only) of the upper levels and bell towers of the cathedral ($12). Free admission. edit
• Sagrario Metropolitano. A side chapel next to the Cathedral completed in 1769.
Palacio Nacional
• National Palace (Palacio Nacional), (east side of the Zócalo). The palace in its current form began construction in 1693 and served as the Palace of the Viceroy of New Spain until the Mexican War of Independence, when it became the executive seat of the President (though today it is no longer his official residence). The walls inside the palace contain murals by Diego Rivera depicting the history of Mexico from the pre-Columbian age to the Mexican Revolution. You can also visit the Recinto Legislativo, a replica of the first Mexican Congress, and tour the home of Benito Juárez. Tours in English are free; ask for one at the information desk. Free admission with ID. edit
• Templo Mayor, (north-east corner of the Zócalo). Tu-Su 9AM-5PM. The site of the main Aztec temple of Tenochtitlan, it was destroyed by Spanish conquistadors in 1521, who then promptly erected the Cathedral roughly over it--but not quite. Centuries later, nearly completely forgotten, its actual location was discovered by accident in 1978 when electrical workers found a piece of a large stone disc depicting the goddess Coyolxauhqui. This sets off a few furious years of archaeological digging, resulting in a rather surprising (and extremely significant) discovery that nested underneath the original Aztec temple was six distinct smaller, older temples. You can see each layer walking through the dig site, and after that is the Museo del Templo Mayor, a four-story museum showcasing the many artifacts found on the site. $48, free for children under 12 and students with valid ID. edit
Banco de Mexico building
• Nacional Monte de Piedad, Monte de Piedad and Cinco de Mayo. Monday-Friday 8:30AM-6PM; Saturday 8:30AM-3:30PM, Sundays closed. This building, which was completed in 1758, was built on the grounds of the house of Aztec emperor Moctezuma and later the residence of the Spanish conqueror Hernan Cortes. The building was acquired in 1838 by the Nacional Monte de Piedad, a pawn shop established in 1775 that still operates today.
• Plaza Manuel Gamio, Seminario between Moneda and Guatemala streets. Features an open-air diorama of the old Tenochtitlan.
Palacio Postal (indoors)
• Latinoamericana Tower, Eje Central Avenue and Francisco I Madero Street, [2]. Working hours Monday thru Sunday 9AM to 10PM. Construction started in 1948 and was completed in 1956. This was Mexico's first skyscraper, boasting 44 floors and 182 meters. There is an observatory in the 42nd floor, entrance is $60.
• Palacio de Bellas Artes, Juarez Avenue and Eje Central, [3]. Designed by Italian architect Adamo Boari. Its construction started in 1905, however due to the Revolution War, it was not completed until 1934.
• Plaza Manuel Tolsa, Tacuba 8. In this beautiful square you can find the Palacio de Mineria,National Art Museum and the statue of Spanish king Charles IV also known as "El Caballito" (the little horse).
• Palacio de Mineria, Tacuba 5. Formerly the Mining College, this building dated from 1792 features an old library and a chapel. It serves as venue for the yearly Mexico City Book Fair.
• Templo de San Francisco, Francisco I Madero 7. This church was started in the 16th century and completed in the 19th century. This temple was built in the grounds of the Zoo of Aztec Emperor Moctezuma.
• Templo de Felipe de Jesus, Francisco I Madero 9. Built in 1897 in the grounds of the former Vasque Church of Aranzazu.
• Palacio de Iturbide, Francisco I Madero 17. One of the oldest buildings in town, built in the late 16th century, it was first home to the local nobility and later the residence of Mexican Emperor Agustin de Iturbide. The building is owned today by the Cultural Trust of Banco Nacional de Mexico, the Mexican branch of Citibank.
• Banco de Mexico building, Cinco de Mayo and Eje Central Avenue. Office of the Mexican Central Bank built in 1925.
• Palacio Postal, Eje Central Avenue and Tacuba, [4]. Open Monday-Friday 8AM to 10PM, Saturday-Sunday 8AM to 4PM. One of the most beautiful buildings in the country and considered a National Heritage Building. Built in 1906, this European style building houses the main post office. Most of the materials used to build it were brought from Italy.
• Casa de los Azulejos, Francisco I Madero 4. This department store and restaurant is housed in the former residency of the Counts of the Valley of Orizaba. In the late 19th century it became the Sanborns store, founded by the Sanborn brothers, American immigrants in Mexico City.
• Plaza de Santo Domingo, located between the streets of Republica de Cuba, Brasil and Belisario Dominguez. The second largest square in Centro Historico after the Zocalo. It is surrounded by various important buildings such as the Palacio de la Inquisición, Santo Domingo convent and the old Customs House.
• Suprema Corte de Justicia, Pino Suarez and Corregidora streets. This building was completed in 1945 and was designed by architect Antonio Muñoz Garcia.
• Plaza de la Fundación, Pino Suarez and Venustiano Carranza streets. This place is allegedly where the Aztecs found the eagle eating a snake on top of a cactus (nopal), the divine sign of the gods to settle down and establish the city of Tenochtitlan. It features a sculpture by Juan Olaguibel made in 1970.
• Santa Teresa church, Licenciado Verdad 6. Originally built in 1678 and refurbished in 1845.
• Antiguo Palacio de la Inquisición, Republica de Brasil 33. Built between 1732 and 1737. It was the head office of the Holy Inquisition, the religious authority famous for torturing heretic people. Today houses the Museum of Mexican Medicine.
• China Town in Dolores street. Recently re-conditioned, this street became a pedestrian-only street full of Chinese restaurants and stores.
• Gran Hotel de la Ciudad de Mexico, Plaza de la Constitucion (Zocalo). Also known as "Centro Mercantil", this building built in 1899 was once a luxurious shopping center. It was converted into a hotel in 1966. The lobby of this place was featured in the film "Frida".
• Plaza de las Tres Culturas, Lázaro Cárdenas Eje (between cross streets Av. Ricardo Flores Magón and Manuel González Eje; from the Metro, exit from Garibaldi station (line 8) and walk north on Lázaro Cárdenas, or from Tlatelolco station (line 3) and walk east on Manuel González). So called because in one city square you can see three different time periods of Mexico City's development mixed together: the pre-hispanic Aztec temple grounds of Tlatelolco, the 16th-century Spanish Church of Santiago, and a modern 20th-century skyscraper, now home of the University Cultural Center Tlatelolco (CCUT) for UNAM. The temple, like Tenochtitlan's Templo Mayor, was built in several layers and is now the site of continuing archaeological exploration; it occupies the largest amount of area, on the north and west side of the plaza. The entrance is on Lázaro Cárdenas; admission is free and there are English speaking tours each day at 1PM. If you're not around for the tour, you can guide yourself along the path (complete with English plaques) that takes you through the ruins, which deposits you in front of the Church of Santiago, on the east side of the plaza. The colonial church, built by Spaniards immediately after destroying the temple in their conquest of Aztec lands, was constructed using stones "borrowed" from the temple itself. Despite its weathered appearance, the interior is well-maintained and should still hold regular Mass, although doors may not always be open to the public. To the south, you'll see the modern-day tower and its adjacent buildings, which were built originally for the Secretary of External Relations (SRE), now headquartered across the street (though they still have offices in the church's adjoining cloister). Currently, UNAM runs the building as a conference hall and cultural center, and has a few exhibits open to the public: Memorial 68 (see Museums, below) and the Blaisten Collection, showcasing modern art. edit
Museo Nacional de Arte)
[edit] Museums
Mexico City prides itself in having the largest number of museums in the world, and most of these museums are located in Centro Historico. Highly recommended are the Museo Nacional de Arte, Museo del Templo Mayor and Museo Franz Mayer. Remember most museums are closed on Mondays.
• Museo Nacional de Arte, Tacuba 8, [5]. Tu-Su 10AM-5:30PM. Housed in the former Palace of Telecommunications, this beautiful Porfirian-style building was built in 1904 by architect Silvio Contri. The museum presents a permanent collection of early Mexican paintings as well as other temporary exhibits. $30, free on Sundays. edit
• Museo Franz Mayer, [6]. Housed in a 18th century building, houses the largest and finest collection of decorative arts in Mexico. The collection, including objects from Mexico, Europe and Asia ranging from the 16th to the 19th century was a donation of German-Mexican philantropist Franz Mayer. edit
• Museo del Templo Mayor, Seminario 8. Presents some archaeological findings of the ancient Aztec city of Tenochtitlan. edit
• Museo Postal, Eje Central and Tacuba. Housed in the Postal Palace, features old postal stationery and mail boxes. edit
• Museo Nacional de las Culturas, Moneda 13. Tu-Sa 9:30AM-6PM. Housed in the former Mint building built in 1734. The museum is dedicated to anthropology of the world. edit
• Museo Jose Luis Cuevas, Academia 23. Tu-Su 10AM-6PM. Housed in the former convent of Santa Ines built in 1600. The museum's collection features works by Mexican artist Jose Luis Cuevas and also presents some works from Picasso and Rembrandt. edit
• Museo Nacional de San Carlos, Academia 22. Housed in a building dated 1785 originally conceived as the former Royal Academy of Beaux Arts. It is administered by the National University and features permanent and temporary painting collections. edit
• Museo Mural Diego Rivera, Puente de Alvarado 50. Permanent and temporary exhibits. Features paintings by Diego Rivera. edit
• Centro Cultural de España, Guatemala 18. This is the official cultural center from the Spanish Embassy and features temporary exhibits. edit
• Museo de San Ildefonso, Justo Sierra 16. Managed by the National University, this museum features great permanent and temporary exhibits. edit
La Ideal Bakery
• Museo del Estanquillo. One of the newest museums in the city. edit
• Museo de la Ciudad de Mexico, Pino Suarez 30. Presenting history of the city. edit
• Museo de la Caricatura, Donceles 99. Depicting the history of Mexican cartoons (political and amusing cartoons). edit
• Museo de la Luz, El Carmen 31 corner with San Ildefonso. Managed by the National University, this museum is mostly for students on everything to do with light (photography, electricity, vision, etc). edit
• Museo de la Medicina Mexicana, Republica de Brasil 33. Housed in the Inquisition Palace, this museum managed by the Medicine Faculty of the National University, shows the history of health care in Mexico since the 19th century. Features a great replica of an old pharmacy. edit
• Museo de la Indumentaria Mexicana, Izazaga and 5 de Febrero. Collection of traditional Mexican clothing. edit
Palacio de Hierro Department Store
• Museo de la Charreria, Izazaga 89 (near Isabel La Catrolica). This museum features everything about the Mexican Cowboy, known as Charro. edit
• Beer Museum, Bolivar Street 18. M-Sa 1PM-8PM. Sponsored by Grupo Modelo, brewer of Corona Beer. edit
• Museo del Calzado (Shoe Museum), Bolivar 27, 1st Floor. Private collection of old shoes from the 18th, 19th and 20th century. The museum belongs to the shoe store "El Borcegui", established in 1865 and still selling shoes today. edit
• Museo Nacional de la Estampa, Hidalgo 39. Features a collection of old engravings and other graphic arts. edit
Sanborns (Casa Boker)
• Memorial 68, Av. Ricardo Flores Magón 1, Col. Nonoalco-Tlatelolco (cross street Lázaro Cárdenas Eje; from the Metro, exit from Garibaldi station (line 8) and walk north on Lázaro Cárdenas, or from Tlatelolco station (line 3) and walk east on Manuel González), [7]. 10AM-6PM daily. Located inside UNAM's University Cultural Center Tlatelolco (CCUT) at the Plaza de las Tres Culturas (see Landmarks, above), Memorial 68 is a well-put together museum chronicling the events surrounding the police massacre of student protesters at Tlatelolco in 1968, around the time of the Summer Olympics, which were hosted in Mexico City that year. It's definitely worth a look, but all explanatory text and video interviews are in Spanish only, so brush up your vocabulary or bring a translator. $10. edit
Liverpool Department Store
[edit] Other interesting adjacent neighborhoods
• Colonia San Rafael
Colonia San Rafael is just 1 km west of the historic city center. It was established in the late 19th century as one of the first formal neighborhoods outside of the city center and initially catered to the wealthy of the Porfirio Díaz era. These early residents built large mansions, many with French influence, and many still remain. This neighbourhood has now a large number of movie theatres and Museums (El eco[8], El Chopo[9], El Museo Nacional San Carlos[10]) and galleries Yautepec[11], La 77[12] @ El patio 77 B&B[13], Hilario Galguera[[14]].
• Colonia Santa Maria la Ribera is a colonia located in the Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City, just 2 km west of the historic center. This area was designated as a "Barrio Mágico" by the city in 2011 and it was created in the late 19th century. The colonia reached its height between 1910 and 1930. In the 1930s, the middle class moved in and a new era of construction began. Today, the colonia is a mix of old mansions and homes (with over 1,000 categorized has having architectural or historic value), small shops and businesses, tenements and abandoned buildings. The colonia has one major park Alameda and museums (Museo de Antropologia, Museo de Geologia de la UNAM as well as reopened Chopo museum[15] housed in a cathedral like building,it is undergoing a dramatic modernist makeover by Enrique Norten, the star architect who lives in Mexico City and New York. La2casas[http://www.2casas.com
[edit][add listing] Do
[edit][add listing] Buy
Until the 1950's, the Centro Historico was the main shopping district of the City. Many of the prestigious department stores of the country such as Liverpool and El Palacio de Hierro opened their first stores here. Today, the area is still one of the busiest shopping areas of the city. The area has several streets dedicated to a particular kind of shopping, something inherited from the Spanish. Shopping in the Centro Historico is a real back-in-time experience as many of the spaces where the stores are located are truly historical.
[edit] Specialized streets
• Republica del Salvador Street— The first half of the street (from Eje Central Avenue to Isabel La Catolica Avenue) specializes in all sorts of electronics. From spare and parts (speakers, wiring, transistors) to complete home theater systems, audio mixers and lighting for dance clubs. The other half of the street (from Isabel la Catolica to specializes in stationery and paper.
• Eje Central Avenue— You will notice that this street is full of street vendors. Be careful, the area is extremely crowded making it a paradise for pickpockets. Between the streets of República del Salvador and República de Uruguay, there is a shopping center known as Plaza de Computación. It's an enormous indoor market of little stalls hawking computer parts and electronics.
• Articulo 123 street— Specializes in appliances, from spare and parts to industrial vacuums and blenders.
• Victoria street— Specializes in lighting, from wiring and electric outlets to chandeliers and lamps.
• Donceles street— Specializes in photography.
• Republica de Cuba— Specializes in printing (books, posters, thesis). In this street there are a few libraries selling very old books (18th and 19th centuries).
[edit] Department stores
• El Palacio de Hierro, 5 de Febrero and Venustiano Carranza streets. This department store was established in 1891. The name of this store, (The Iron Palace) was named like that after it was the first iron and steel building in the city.
• Liverpool (originally named as El Puerto de Liverpoool). This department store is housed in an Art-Deco building that was built in the late 1920's.
• Sanborns (Casa de los Azulejos), Francisco I Madero 4, [16]. Department store and restaurant. A must-see for any visitor to Mexico City. Revolutionist Emiliano Zapata had breakfast here during his entrance to Mexico City in September 1916. This was the first store of the Mexican chain which was sold to Walgreens in 1946 and to Grupo Carso in 1985. There are more than 100 Sanborns stores in the country today.
• Sanborns (Casa Boker), 16 de Septiembre and Isabel la Catolica streets. This department store is housed in a building completed in 1900 named "Casa Boker" after a warehouse store with that name that still occupies part of the building.
• El Nuevo Mundo, 5 de Febrero street. Still contains old fashioned practices such as old-style shopping processes. When decide to buying something, the salesman will prepare a small receipt, then you take it to the cashier to pay.
• C&A, 5 de Febrero and Venuestiano Carranza streets. Netherlands based department store fashion retailer.
[edit] Arts & crafts
• Mercado de Artesanias de San Juan Letran
• Centro de Artesanias La Ciudadela
[edit] Bakeries
• La Ideal, Republica de Uruguay 36. Established in 1927. This is a good place for traditional bread, pastries and desserts. Ask for "Danes de Chocolate" the place's delicacy.
[edit] La Lagunilla and Tepito
Near Centro Historico, around 5 km, lie two huge street markets: La Lagunilla and Tepito.
• La Lagunilla, Prolongacion Paseo de la Reforma and Francisco Bocanegra, just past Eje 1 Norte. Sundays 10AM to 4PM. This street market features antiques and other new goods such as clothing, crafts, food, jewelry and toys. It is considered safe to stroll in this street market, but try to remain in the streets near Francisco Bocanegra and Comonfor, because beyond that the market eventually blends into Tepito where is a lot less safe.
WARNING Be careful. Tepito is a very dangerous place. If your curiosity gets the better of you so that you absolutely wanty to go anyway, at least dress down, go with someone else, and arrive early in the day when it is less crowded. If you speak no Spanish, you should definitely stay away. The area is known to be home of drug lords and black market dealers.
[edit][add listing] Eat
Cafe La Opera
• Cafe de Tacuba, Tacuba 28. Housed in a former convent, this institution serves up tasty Mexican dishes all day for reasonable prices. It is very popular so arrive early. Menu is in English and Spanish. edit
• Cafe La Opera, Cinco de Mayo 10. This restaurant has been serving Mexican food since the early 1900's and retains the same furniture since then. When you get there, look up to the ceiling, as you will see the famous gun shot accidentally fired by Pancho Villa. edit
• Cafe el Popular, Cinco de Mayo 52. A quintessential breakfast joint offering a range of tasty egg dishes for well under US$4 and surrealistically low chrome ceilings. edit
• Dulceria de Celaya, Cinco de Mayo 39. This confectionery shop sells old fashioned sweets. It was established in 1874 and still has its original cabinets from that age. edit
• Ostioneria Las Palmas, (in Centro). Fantastic ceviche, superior huachinango al ajillo; everything very fresh, very tasty and very inexpensive. edit
• La Terraza, Ave. Madero 73. Restaurant on the roof of the Hotel Majestic overlooking the Zocalo. Stunning panoramic views of the city. edit
• El Huequito, Bolivar avenue and Republica del Salvador. This taco joint is good if you wanna try Tacos al pastor, as featured in Anthony Bourdain's Mexico show. edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
Centro Historico is the best place to partake in traditional cantina fare, including drinks where light meals and appetizers, called botanas, are served alongside for free. There are catinas everywhere in the neighborhood, all with interesting historical significance, live music, and interesting business types from the area. They are typically a male hangout, but women are accepted and safe, just be prepared to get some special attention if you show up.
• Tenampa, Plaza Garibaldi, Eje Central (In the corner of the Garibaldi square), M-Su 12PM-3AM. The original and most famous Mexican cantina, traditional home to the bohemians and mariachis of the 40s and 50s. Huge selection of tequila and mezcal, light Mexican food, and mariachi bands.
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• El patio 77, García Icazbalceta, 77, Col. San Rafael (3 blocks from metro station SAN COSME, line #2 blue), +52 55 55928452/ +5215554550332, [17]. El patio 77 is the first Eco-friendly B&B in Mexico City. This only 8 rooms' eco-friendly B&B is a huge french style mansion from the 19th Century located in the heart of the big City" From US$70-105. edit
• Casa de los Amigos, Ignacio Mariscal 132, Col. Tabacalera (one block south of Metro station Revolución, line #2 blue), +52 55 5705 0521, +52 55 5705 0646 (, fax: +52 55 5705 0771), [18]. Established in the 1950's by the Quaker community in Mexico City, the Casa continues to be actively involved in local activities with a stated mission of promoting peace and international understanding. They run an affordable guest house (with either private rooms or dorm beds) with a two-night minimum, and is popular with international students or volunteers on extended stays, though there are still many who are "just tourists." $100 for dorm bed, $250 for private room (shared bath), $350 for private room/bath. edit
• Hostel Mundo Joven Catedral, República de Guatemala #4, Centro Histórico (north side of Catedral main square, metro Zócalo, line #2 blue), +52 55 5518 1726/01 800 823 2410 (), [19]. checkin: 2PM; checkout: 11AM. A clean and safe hotel in a perfect location. Some rooms have partial views of the rear of the cathedral, but these are noisy due to the church bells. While rooms are quite simple, everything looks and feels fresh. Discount with a Hosteling International card. Dorm from $182, private from $312. edit
• La Reja Hospedería, Abasolo 103, + 52 (01 951) 5 14 59 39, [20]. It offers six rooms, a restaurant and a florist shop around a patio in which one can enjoy a small token of the regional flora, the cacaloshuitl tree, flowerpots with colorful flowers that contrast with the green of cactusplants of the region and the green stone that is characteristic for the constructions in the Historical Center. Rate start at $850. edit
• Hotel Principal, Bolívar 29, Centro Histórico Mexico City 06000, 55 5521 1333 (). Clean, friendly, and well run hotel with a range of rooms. Most overlook a quiet inner courtyard. Doubles from a little over US$20. edit
• Hotel Majestic, Av Madero 73, Centro Histórico Mexico City 06000, 55 5521 8600 (), [21]. The location is great, the rooms are clean and comfortable but the service is vaudevillian. The restaurant on the top floor has a superb view of the Cathedral and Presidential Palace but the food isn't worthy of the ambience. US$120 (double). edit
• Hostel Moneda, Moneda 8, Centro Histórico Mexico City 06020 (One block away from the Zocalo.), 55 800 221 72 65. checkin: 13:00; checkout: 12:00. Cheap and lively hostel with a good bar on the top floor, free buffet breakfast and dinner and free internet access. It's a good place for backpackers looking to party and it has a small book exchange. Rooms are basic but clean with bathrooms accessible from the dorms. Staff is helpful and speak English. from $160 (6 bed dorm for more than 4 nights). edit
• Hotel Tuxpan, Republica de Colombia, near the intersection with Republica de Brasil. A very good deal that is only a few blocks to the Zocalo. Clean with cable TV, nice restrooms, and mirrors on the ceiling. $110 a night. edit
• Hotel Virreyes, Izazaga 8, Centro Histórico Mexico City 06080, 55 5521 4180 (). A former luxury hotel turned funky backpacker hostel, the Virreyes has spacious rooms, albeit with simple thrift furniture and a lobby that turns into a cinema, music spot and a place to hang. Former Virreyes occupants include Hollywood stars Rock Hudson and Piper Laurie and Mexican prizefighter Kid Azteca. edit
• Hotel de Cortes, Av. Hidalgo 85, Col. Guerrero, Mexico City, 06000, 55/5518-2182; 800/908-1200 in U.S. This charming and atmospheric inn has lodged travellers since its beginnings as a hostel for Augustinian missionaries. The former friars' quarters are comfortable, and continuing renovations and polishing are pleasing to those seeking a unique experience. edit
• Hotel Juarez, 1A Cjon De Cinco de Mayo No. 17. Just east of the intersection of 5 de Mayo and Isabel la Catolica, a well located, well taken care of budget hotel. As of March 09, singles $200 and doubles $270. Large rooms, TV, phone (free local calls) and private bathroom, very central location. Rooms may not all have windows. edit
[edit] Stay safe
Overall, walking in the Centro Historico is safe. The best recommendation is to avoid those streets with an excessive amount of street vendors. Use your common sense.
[edit] Contact
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1504.0 - Methodological News, Jun 2003
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 08/03/2004
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MEASURING GOVERNMENT SERVICE OUTPUT
For the past several years, the ABS has been developing new estimates of the output of government services. In the past, the Australian national accounts measured such outputs in terms of the inputs used (labour, capital and intermediate goods and services). This procedure does not take account of productivity improvement.
New output measures have already been developed for three major classes of services - health, education and justice (police, courts and prisons). Some of these new measures have been incorporated in the national accounts; others are being evaluated. These three services account for around four-fifths of output for the general government sector. The remaining one-fifth includes such services as defence, revenue collection, social security administration and policy advising.
The most recent project in this program has developed experimental output measures for revenue collection and social security administration. The work has been made possible by the efforts of various government agencies during recent years to enhance the management information on the resources they use and on the services they produce. In particular, there is now an agreed classification scheme for such services and a systematic assembly of statistics regarding service volumes and costs.
The time series of such statistics is still quite short, so, as we have done for some of other industries, we shall monitor the movements in our experimental output series for some years, with a view to eventually incorporating them in the national accounts. Once they are incorporated, we shall have new output measures for around 90% of the general government sector. As yet there are no plans to develop output measures for the remaining services, such as defence or policy advising.
For more information, please contact Shiji Zhao on (02) 6252 6053.
E-mail : shiji.zhao@abs.gov.au
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5363.0 - Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia, 1995-96
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 13/06/1997
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Annual; ISSN:1324-2601; Provides detailed tables on balance of payments current and capital account and international investment position (including foreign debt) for the latest six years. It also contains comprehensive information on Australia's international trade in services and related royalties transactions. Selected estimates are classified by instrument, sector, country, country group, industry, currency and maturity. It also includes longer term historical series, economic ratios, international comparisons, analytical comments and graphs of principal aggregates.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
8555.0 - Sound Recording Studios, Australia, 1996-97
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 08/09/1998
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MAIN FINDINGS
• There were 190 businesses in the sound recording studios industry at the end of June 1997. Sole proprietorship's and partnerships accounted for 25 (13%) of the businesses while there were 138 (73%) businesses operating as incorporated companies.
• Businesses in the industry generated $43.6m in income in 1996-97, of which $20.9m was income from hire of the studios and $19.4m was income from the provision of other sound recording services, such as audio mastering services, audio post-production services, location recording services, advertising production and message on hold services.
• Total expenses of businesses in the industry was $38.5m in 1996-97. The major expense item was labour costs, which accounted for $12.5m (33% of total expenses). Other significant expense items included $3.5m for payments to freelance
personnel, $3.6m for rent, leasing and hiring expenses and $3.5m for depreciation and amortisation. Other operating expenses were $9.6m and included items such as motor vehicle expenses, advertising expenses, telephone expenses and staff training expenses.
• Employment in the industry totalled 499 persons at 30 June 1997. Of these, 462 (93%) were employees, with the remaining 7% being working proprietors and partners. Almost two-thirds (65%) of persons employed in sound recording studio businesses were male. Of the males, 70% were employed full-time, whereas only 57% of females were employed full-time. Overall, 66% of people employed in the industry worked full-time.
• In 1996-97, the sound recording studios industry generated an operating profit before tax of $5.1m, which represented an operating profit margin of 11.7%. The operating profit before tax per person employed for 1996-97 was $10,200.
• There were 23 sound recording studio businesses which had an income of $500,000 or more in 1996-97. These businesses comprised 12% of all businesses in the industry, but accounted for 34% of the industry's employment, and slightly over half (55%) of its income.
• About one-half (51%) of the sound recording studio businesses were located in New South Wales. A further 28% were located in Victoria and 11% in Queensland. In terms of the level of activity, New South Wales and Victoria generated similar amounts of income. The income of businesses in New South Wales totalled $17.5m, while those in Victoria had income of $16.5m.
• At the end of June 1997, assets of sound recording studio businesses totalled $36.8m while liabilities totalled $24.4m. Thus, the net worth of the sound recording studio industry was $12.4m.
ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION
This publication presents results in respect of 1996-97 from a census of employing businesses mainly engaged in the sound recording studios industry. The ABS previously conducted a survey of sound recording studios in respect of 1995-96. However, direct comparisons of results are not possible. The 1995-96 survey excluded freelance recording personnel, location sound recordists and mobile studios which were included in the 1996-97 survey. Also, the 1995-96 survey included sound recording studio businesses mainly engaged in composing advertising and jingles, and in operating audio/multimedia schools, which were excluded from the 1996-97 survey. Unlike the 1996-97 survey, the 1995-96 survey included non-employing businesses.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 1991
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 01/01/1991
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PRESERVATION OF ROCK IMAGERY
This article has been contributed by Dr Graeme K. Ward, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies.
INTRODUCTION
Aboriginal Australia has a long history of artistic endeavour, pictures on rock, found throughout the continent, date from many millennia ago and continue into the present to be an integral and significant part of Aboriginal culture. In recent years, increasing numbers of tourists have sought to visit the extensive areas of rock imagery made accessible in Kakadu National Park and elsewhere; agencies with statutory responsibility for site management and Aboriginal communities both are expressing fear for the integrity of these sites. There is a need for conservation and management of such sites, both to preserve the fragile fabric of the imagery and its substrate from environment forces and to protect the places from visitors.
Australian Aboriginal Rock Pictures
Rock pictures are widespread throughout Australia, being found from the far north - with notable concentrations in the Kimberley, Victoria River, Arnhem Land and Cape York Peninsula - through the Pilbara, Flinders Ranges, and Sydney Sandstone, to the Grampians in western Victoria and the ice-age caves of south-western Tasmania. Some consider the rock imagery of parts of Australia more than equal to that of Europe and elsewhere in terms of its extent, concentration and artistic significance. It appears (dating is ever subject to revision) as old if not older than that of Europe. Engraved walls excavated from beneath archaeological deposits in the Cape York area have been dated to more than 13,000 years ago (Rosenreid et al. 1981). Pigments used in pictographs made on sandstone shelters in the far north of Australia have yielded a date of about twenty thousand years ago (Loy et al
. 1990). 'Rock varnish' in petroglyphs in South Australia has been dated to greater than thirty thousand years ago (Nobbs and Dorn 1988). Red and yellow ochres, perhaps used in rock painting, have been recovered from contexts dated to 60,000 ago (Roberts et al. 1990).
It is useful to distinguish between rock engravings (petroglyphs), and paintings and drawings (pictographs). Petroglyphs are made by removing rock from the substrata - by pecking, hammering or abrading - leaving a negative impression (Figure 1). Pictographs are made by adding pigments to a rock surface; drawings are made onto walls using dry pigments, and paintings are made using wet pigments (Figures 2-8). Both are made by using brushes, fingers and palms or stencilling techniques.
The motifs represented in Australian rock pictures are very varied - appropriately enough given the tens of thousands of sites and range of environments in which they exist (McCarthy 1967). In what has been described as some of the stylistically earliest engravings found at Koonalda Cave in South Australia, simple, probably non- representational motifs predominate. Single or multiple parallel meandering lines appear to have been made by running fingers across the soft limestone and single shallow scratches made by incising with a sharp stone (Wright 1971). Elsewhere, petroglyphs form geometric figures; distinctive representations of bird and animal tracks; various fauna; items of cultural material (including tools, weapons and ritual objects); mythical figures such as the Rainbow-Serpent and even human faces. These might be singular motifs or groups forming scenes of hunting parties or dancers.
Pictographs embrace a similar range of subject matter but probably tend more to be representational than geometric motifs, with the addition in many areas of hand stencils and impressions, and a considerable array of anthropomorphic figures. Extensive and elaborate friezes of paintings with a variety of subject matter and much superimposition of motifs have been recorded throughout Australia. Pictographs also include items reflecting contact with other communities - Macassans in the north, large sailing ships and pearlers and luggers in various coastal areas, men on horseback and with cattle, dogs and guns in areas further inland. Several distinctive styles of rock painting have been defined, especially in the north, with the Bradshaw and Wandjina (in the Kimberleys), Mimi (stick figure) and X-ray (in Arnhem Land) being well-known.
It is not surprising that such a wealth of artistic endeavour has received considerable attention from researchers and tourists. Among the former, McCarthy (1967) has provided a useful overview. Many systematic and regional studies have been made and several of the more recent and accessible are included in the reading list. Examples of tourist interest can be seen in almost any travel brochure dealing with Australia's north. A recent survey of overseas visitors to Australia by the Australia Council, through the Bureau of Tourism Research, reported that: half of the overseas visitors were interested in seeing and learning about Aboriginal art, thirty per cent purchase an Aboriginal art or related item, and one-fifth went to a museum or gallery especially to see Aboriginal art. While questions specifically concerning rock pictures were not included, these data tend to support observations of increasing interest in visitation to Australian sites. Records made at Kakadu National Park show that, in 1987, at least 150,000 people (including nearly 86 per cent of all private visitors to the Park ) visited one or more of the painted galleries at Ubirr, Nourlangie and elsewhere.
The need for protection
Concerted tourism uncontrolled tends to destroy the focus of its interest. That expanding type, 'heritage tourism', one interest of which is rock pictures, has the potential to damage irretrievably many sites, and there is increasing recognition of the need to develop and implement measures to protect the resource base. Heritage tourism has other negative facets.
Firstly, some Aboriginal communities do not want large numbers, or any, visitors to places which are culturally important to them: others want a share of the heritage tourism cake, and the problem for the communities becomes one of balancing various facets of its interests, including conserving the sites themselves.
Secondly, there is a tendency to treat petroglyphs and pictographs as 'gallery art' comparable with the Western notion of 'fine art'. There is Aboriginal, and ethnographic, objection to this veneration of 'rock art' as 'art as object', valued for its antiquity and authenticity, a perception which tends to remove the imagery from its cultural context. This is particularly objectionable when that context currently is of significance to the originating community or its cultural descendants. A preferable view is that of 'art as process' in which the context within which the imagery is produced and used is more significant than the object itself, and one of the problems of conservation of rock imagery is maintaining in modern circumstances this perception of its context. Related to this is the controversy over 'retouch' or 'repainting' of imagery, a practice which is well-attested as commonplace in traditional Aboriginal cultures but opposed by some who stress the static, 'heritage' value of 'rock art'.
Thirdly, and most obviously, there is the. continuing threat to the physical fabric of petroglyphs and pictographs. This derives from a wide range of sources, from surface and sub-surface water, frost, mineral salts, soil cover and vegetation, airborne dust, microflora, native and feral animals. vandals and other visitors (Figures 1-4). At some sites, the physical deterioration of the imagery since it was originally executed or last repainted, is plainly recorded in reports and photographs. The deterioration of images might be a direct function of the materials used. Engravings are easily made into the soft surfaces of the sandstone of the Sydney - Hawkesbury region and of southern Queensland; equally readily, these rocks deteriorate when exposed to weathering forces or are walked upon or brushed against; the vulnerability of such surfaces also encourages graffitists. The materials used to create the vibrant painted images found throughout Australia - oxides of iron and manganese, charcoal and clay - were mixed with water, and perhaps, fats, blood and other materials into a paste or solution to be blown from the mouth, applied by finger or brush of twig or feather, are not necessarily the mixtures most resilient (although some might combine chemically with the surface to which they have been applied) to exposure and changeable weather conditions, or brushing against by sweeping branches, cattle flanks or curious fingers. After prolonged weathering many pigments remain only as chemical ' stains'.
The need to develop conservation measures for petroglyphs and pictographs became increasingly apparent in Australia during the last few decades. As part of a federally-funded national program beginning in 1973 and administered by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies (AIAS), a conservator was employed at the Western Australian Museum to develop and implement conservation strategies, this work by John Clarke also provided the basis of conservation projects elsewhere in Australia and prompted increasing awareness of the extent of the threat to rock imagery. During the mid and late 1970s meetings in Hobart, Perth and Sydney identified various problems and discussed possible solutions. Specialist studies of problems of the conservation and management of painting sites in Kakadu National Park were published (Gillespie 1981) emphasising the magnitude of the conservation problem throughout Australia. Another meeting, held at Kakadu National Park in 1983 involving many Aboriginal people, considered problems of visitor access and control at Aboriginal sites (Sullivan 1984). An initiative of the four Australian Academies prompted two studies: Professor Fay Gale and her students investigated the behaviour of tourists at painted sites in Kakadu National Park (Gale and Jacobs 1987); Dr Andree Rosenfeld synthesised existing knowledge of the causes of deterioration and means of preservation of petroglyphs and pictographs (Rosenfeld 1985). These reports served as points of departure in two of the major areas being developed, that of physical conservation and that of visitor management.
THE AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF ABORIGINAL STUDIES' ROCK ART PROGRAM
A reviewer had recommended that AIAS undertake a study of rock art conservation and this proposal was supported by the then Minister for Aboriginal Affairs, the Hon. Clyde Holding. The Minister asked AlAS to administer a program for the 'protection of Aboriginal rock art' (Ward and Sullivan 1989). Funds for this purpose were provided from the Commonwealth Government's 1987 Budget and in subsequent years. The level of interest in, and need for, the program was reflected in the number of applications and level of funding sought. In the initial year, thirty applications for funding were received totalling nearly half a million dollars, despite the fact that only $150,000 was available; comparable levels were sought in subsequent years (Ward 1989).
The Institute took a broad view of the term 'protection' and allocated funding to applications in four categories: survey and recording, including inventory and evaluation; physical protection measures and visitor' control studies; research into physical conservation techniques; and public awareness/training programs. Examples of projects are considered below.
A conservation manual for use by site managers
The Institute has supported formal training of site conservators at the then Canberra College of Advanced Education, and several graduates of the successful CCAE/Getty Conservation Institute course are now working in various fields within Australia. At the same time. there clearly was a need for a manual which described various simple but useful techniques that site managers could apply to endangered imagery or sites as a whole. With funding from the Rock Art Protection Program (RAPP), David Lambert, a geologically-trained conservator working with the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service at Gosford, took six months leave to prepare and write the manual. He visited sites throughout Australia to extend his experience of conservation problems peculiar to different regions and to discuss the particular concerns of site managers in each State and Territory. The understanding that he gained of problems faced by conservators and his direct experience in working with a wide variety of painting and engraving sites is evident in his report to the Institute which, avoiding duplication of Rosenfeld's discussions, concentrates on methods of treating particular problems in the field. He deals with, in turn: methods of minimising frost and water damage; of treating salt decay, including the use of a 'sacrificial render'; the safe removal of soil cover and vegetation affecting surfaces; the removal and control of microflora (algae, lichen, fungi and bacteria); and the treatment of damage by animals, insects. birds, macropods, domestic stock and feral animals, including the removal of wasp's and bird's mudnests and the repair of any damage. There is an extensive section on the management of sites to reduce the impact of visitors with reference to case studies on the use of walkways at Mootwingee (Western NSW), Carnarvon Gorge (south-central Queensland), Ubirr (Kakadu National Park) and Bulgandry (near Gosford, NSW). This is followed by practical advice on the removal of graffiti (and reducing its incidence), and the highlighting of engravings for public display. The last chapter deals with specialised techniques for the conservation of paintings (including the identification of pigments and the use of consolidants) and the reduction
of weathering of engravings. One of the appendices deals with simple analytical techniques which will not be available to fieldworkers although knowledge of it and other more complex procedures dealt with by Lambert will help the site manager know when to involve a trained conservator.
The last appendix contains the Australian International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) Charter ('The Burra Charter') which Lambert suggests serves as the guide for conservation action at any site. The volume contains a useful index. It was published in 1989 by the AlAS in its report series (Lambert 1989).
Physical protection of visited sites
Much of the support provided by the program has gone to State and Territory heritage protection agencies and to land managers to assist with the physical protection of petroglyph and pictograph sites which are the subject of visitation by tourists.
The Western Australian Museum has received funding from the Rock Art Protection Program for a project designed in consultation with the Ngarla and Coastal Njamal Aboriginal Corporation and which involved the members in the construction of fencing and other protective measures of an important site at Port Headland. The Northern Australian Museum of Arts and Science successfully sought funding on behalf of Aboriginal traditional owners for major fencing projects in the top end of the Northern Territory (Figure 5). The Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory received funds for projects designed to record sites in newly established national parks, and to establish, in consultation with the Aboriginal custodians in each area, which places might be visited and thus needed management with walkways and other visitor facilities. The South Australian Aboriginal Heritage Branch used funding from the program to build visitor control facilities at Akaroo in Wilpena Pound. The Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service has developed protection projects at sites such as Nara Inlet on Hook Island, Kenniff Cave in the South-Central Highlands, and at Balancing Rock in Donna National Park near Chillagoe; the Quinkan Reserve Trust has received funding for site conservation measures designed to prevent visitor-induced dust from coating the painted rockface at the popular site of Split Rock near Laura. The New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service obtained funds for several projects not only designed to provide physical protection of sites but also to enhance visitor appreciation of the rock pictures at them by using the results of research to develop informative signage and brochures (Figure 6). The Victoria Archaeological Survey used program funds to remove graffiti from sites in the Grampians National Park which also has been the focus of research into the effect of substrate salts upon painted walls: as well, the RAPP is funding research there which seeks to develop methods to remove salts deposited over paintings. The Tasmanian Department of Parks, Wildlife and Heritage used RAPP funds to implement the extensive protection measures necessary to preserve the famous Mount Cameron West engraving site.
The situation at Nara Inlet was unusual in that the site is relatively inaccessible by land but is well-known due to its location in the most popular recreational boat anchorage in the Whitsunday Islands. The project aimed to limit damage to the paintings there by controlling access to the site by placement of a boardwalk and, by providing informative signs, enhancing appreciation of the cultural context of those paintings. The Royal Australian Corps of Transport assisted with the difficult business of getting material to the shelter.
The same conditions in a shelter which provide for the preservation of paintings often contribute a permanently dry floor deposit; if the substrate is suitably fine-grained, there will be a fine dust layer at the foot of the painted surface and this is readily disturbed by animals and tourists. Moreover, dust might become bonded to the rock surface in the presence of airborne salts, and largely obscure the pictographs (Figure 3). A visitor boardwalk has been built at the Split Rock site near Laura on the Cape York Peninsula. Additionally, extensive mulching and suitable native plants were added to the immediate environs of the shelter to prevent fine dust from being disturbed from the dry floor deposit and settling on the painted surface (Figure 7). Comparison of recent photographs of the site with those made several years ago demonstrate the extent to which the imagery has been dulled by dust. The consultant engaged to oversee the protection works at Split Rock had been trained in rock art conservation at the Canberra College of Advanced Education (now the University of Canberra); he had sampled the dust layer for analysis and identification so as to advise upon the possibility of its removal. Not all airborne materials can be removed from painted surfaces without damaging the imagery.
The case for conservation at Split Rock was of particular importance; the site is well-known to travellers along the Cape York Peninsula Development Road and is seen by thousands of visitors each year. Some basic protective measures were in place but these were inadequate and did not deal with the problem of dust. The Laura area contains thousands of pictograph sites with extensive and spectacular imagery but Split Rock is the only one readily accessible from the road and perhaps the only example to be seen by most visiting the area. Its dust-affected and worsening condition presented an unfortunate example to the visitor giving a poor impression of some of the best pictographs in the world. Unfortunately this impression has been easily gained by less sympathetic visitors to Aboriginal Australia in general.
Silica skins: their potential for protection and dating
Researchers recording pictographs have noticed a clear or slightly milky film covering images or pans of images at many sites, especially those in the north of Australia. This film was identified as being composed of silica; it was observed to be deposited by ground water from siliceous rocks. It was considered to be detrimental to the imagery, particularly when it was thick enough to be opaque or became discoloured, and silicone drip-lines were installed to direct water flow away from paintings. However some argued that this phenomenon had the potential to preserve paintings by sealing them and thus protecting them from various sources of damage.
The program provided a grant to a geochemically - trained conservator, Alan Watchman, who conducted a series of studies while a Visiting Fellow at the Australian National University. Watchman reported (1989, 1990) that silica skins:
• were formed by complex interactions among rainwater and groundwater, rock substrata, micro-organisms and climate;
• formed on different rock types in various climates; and
• were physically and chemically complex and might contain several minerals and organic materials in dynamic relationships.
Pigment applied to a rock face could be incorporated into the silica skin by microbiological activity and thus be strongly bonded to the underlying rock and preserved. He recommended that silica skins should be encouraged rather than prevented from forming on painted surfaces, as they assisted in maintaining the rock surface. Diversion of water from painted surfaces may adversely affect their natural preservation. The replication of naturally produced silica skins was not possible because of the complexity of the bio-geological processes involved at the rock surface. There was going to be no 'spray-can' solution to the problem of the preservation of rock paintings!
Watchman found that the micro-organisms encapsulated within the silica skins could provide organic matter which, when converted to carbon dioxide, could be used to date the formation of that layer by analysis of radiocarbon using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). Moreover, the potential exists for dating silica skin layers by other cosmogenic methods, and study of some stable isotopes could help characterise the environment and climate at the time when paintings were sealed by the silica skins. Thus, the possibilities had been enhanced for understanding much more about the context of the painters and their paintings.
Related work conducted at the Australian National University and techniques developed in Arizona have provided further opportunities to view the prehistoric painters and engravers of Australia. From a series of studies at the Australian National University of ancient residues on stone tools came a successful attempt to identify the organic materials used to bind the ochres and other pigments used in pictographs. Human blood was used for this purpose in both the south-west of Tasmania and in the Daly River area of the Northern Territory. Extracts of blood protein were used to estimate, using AMS analysis of carbon these provided, the ten and twenty millennia dates for these respective pictograph sites (Loy et al. 1990).
Dating the organic component of an added pigment or a sealing siliceous film is all very well but what about the possibility of dating the negative impressions on rock which are engravings? A new technique called 'cation-ratio analysis', developed to date rock screes in the deserts of Arizona, have been applied to rock engravings in the Olary region of South Australia (Nobbs and Dorn 1988). Cation-ratio dating depends upon the micro-chemistry of rock varnish. a thin coating of minerals that develops upon rock surfaces particularly in arid regions. The ratio of potassium plus calcium ions to chemically stable titanium ions in the varnish has been shown to change over time. The correlation of this cation-ratio with AMS radiocarbon ages has allowed rock varnish to be used as a dating tool. Application of the technique in the Olary region has produced estimates of dates of between 1,400 and 31,700 years ago for a variety of motifs.
Apart from its own intrinsic interest, the application of such techniques is central to the conservation of rock pictures in that many studies of deterioration occurring at rock faces require such fundamental information in order to provide for complete understanding of those physical processes. The dating of sites was an essential part of this: were these engravings or paintings the results of the last few hundred years or were they several thousand years old? How long had there been for the interplay of forces which had led to the preservation or partial destruction of the pictures? The technological revolution during the 1980s in the dating of paintings and engravings had provided the methods to obtain a good idea of the scale of time involved, and this is fundamental to the development of sound strategies for the protection of sites. Moreover, it is clear that the considerable antiquity of a place or a set of cultural attributes such as rock imagery increases the status of that place or attribute in the eyes of the public and that this appreciation is more likely to enhance the conservation of rock pictures.
ABORIGINAL STUDIES
This talk of high technology in the service of rock pictures should not take us too far from another fundamental reality of their preservation, the interest of the Aboriginal Peoples whose cultural ancestors were responsible for its production and continued preservation in the past and who continue today to produce and maintain rock images. Aboriginal communities wish to control access to and use of places containing rock pictures, especially where sites are of ritual significance. In many places this control has been formalised, as at Kakadu National Park (Figure 8). Two recent studies emphasise the importance of recognition of Aboriginal interests.
Maintenance of culture, and the national heritage
It is well documented that diverse motifs in various parts of Australia have been repainted many times. A Western Australia study reported sixteen layers of paint at one site; Watchman found layers of pigment separated by layers of silica. Repainting was done to maintain the cultural integrity of sites. At the AURA Congress in Darwin in September 1988, David Mowaljarlai, a traditional man from the Mowanjum Community of Derby in Western Australia, presented a paper which stressed the importance and significance of a range of sites in terms of Aboriginal cosmology, and his community members' strongly felt commitment to the land from which they came and which sustains them. This statement subsequently was published in the British journal
Antiquity (Mowaljarlai et al. 1989; also Mowaljarlai and Peck 1988). Mowaljarlai went on to outline the course of a project to repaint sites in the Kimberley area as part of a plan to revive and maintain traditional values even in the context of a rapidly changing social environment. The project had been opposed by non-Aboriginal landholders and persons concerned to protect the integrity of 'rock art' as 'national heritage'. A study conducted by the Department of Aboriginal Sites of the Western Australian Museum which has statutory responsibility under the Western Australian Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972-1980 for such sites, concluded that there was little substance to the complaints being made and that no action was warranted under the Act. Similar opposing positions were taken in discussions at the conference.
Such incidents highlight the fact that sites with rock imagery can have multiple values and that those values may be very different to different community groups. This poses problems for cultural heritage managers and conservators who then are faced with the problem of which conservation alternative to emphasise. Some guidance is provided by the Burra Charter which stresses that the significance or value of a site dictates conservation practice. In the case of the Kimberley repainting, the Western Australian Museum assessment determined that the primary significance of the sites resided in their importance to the Aboriginal community as part of a long tradition.
There is an interesting conflict between two sorts of preservation here. The national heritage argument sees the value of the paintings being destroyed or at least significantly lessened as 'art' as a result of their repainting; that the paintings would continue to fade or otherwise deteriorate over time does not seem to be a major concern. The Aboriginal heritage argument stresses the value of the place - only incidentally the paintings - in terms of the process of maintaining cultural links with the country; that the 'presence' of the paintings and their longevity is enhanced at the same time appears only incidental.
Managing the dreaming
The second example of Aboriginal interest in the protection of rock imagery is also a final example of a project funded by the RAPP, one which has implications for a program of action to preserve Australian rock paintings and engravings. A project carried out by Darell Lewis and Deborah Rose in the Victoria River area of the Northern Territory considered in detail the significance to the local community of sites which they had recorded there.
They distinguished two main categories of imagery, the first identified by Aboriginal people as originating with them is concerned mainly with sorcery, while the second comprises images not recognised as being made by humans to represent Dreaming Beings but rather, it is said, such images are made by Dreaming Beings and are Dreaming Beings; they are the "... shape of the Dreaming, the living presence, in past, present and future time of the origins of the cosmos" (Lewis and Rose 1988:50); the cultural meaning of the paintings depends upon a knowledge which is beyond the depictions themselves. The researchers set these ideas in the context of the Aboriginal concept of 'country', the relationships between people and country, and those among people themselves, all of which relate to the processes of maintaining Aboriginal cultural integrity. This is especially so in relation to non-Aborigines and the non-Aboriginal pressures impacting upon the country and its people, one aspect of which is the protection from outsiders of access to sacred knowledge.
All of this is related directly by the researchers to the preservation of the paintings. Referring to the emphasis in the Burra Charter on conservation as "... all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance" (1979/1988:1.4) the researchers argue that physical intention by non-Aborigines could seriously undermine the Aboriginal cultural significance of a place. Their solution - derived from discussions with the Aboriginal community - emphasises the concerns of the traditional custodians recognising their community status and traditional responsibility. Lewis and Rose detail a series of steps designed to give local Aboriginal communities direct and practical responsibility for the protection and maintenance of their own sites; certainly they recommend (1988:70) that "... no physical intervention ... be undertaken with respect to 'art' in the area except at the express and voluntary request of the Aboriginal custodians".
Such is the practice today of responsible conservators and site managers; the RAPP requires Aboriginal interests to be assessed and used as a guide in the drawing up of the proposal for conservation funding and the implementation of protective works. The results have been manifest in a variety of ways, from emphasis upon priority being given to surveys of sites and assessment of their cultural significance in areas of Aboriginal concern with actual or proposed land use, to the improvement of signage with relevant cultural text at visitation sites. The continued demand for funding for a variety of such projects indicates that the interest in and concern for the preservation of rock pictures in Australia is growing as the imagery becomes better known and is increasingly the focus of visitation both by Australians and overseas tourists. The challenge is to ensure that protective measures are relevant to the interests of all the community.
FURTHER READING
Books and Articles
AUSTRALIAN ICOMOS, The Australian I.C.O.M.O.S. Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance (The Burra Charter). International Council on Monuments and Sites, Canberra (Reprinted in Lambert 1989), 1979-88
CHALOUPKA, G. From Palaeoart to Casual Painting. The chronological sequence of the Arnhem Land Plateau rock art. Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences, Darwin (Monograph 1 ), 1984
EDWARDS, R. Australian Aboriginal Art: The art of the Alligator Rivers Region, Northern Territory. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 1979
GALE, F. and JACOBS, T. Tourists and the National Estate. Procedures to protect Australia's Heritage. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra (Special Australian Heritage Publication 6). 1987
GILLESPIE, D. (Compiler). The Rock Art Sites of Kakadu National Park - some preliminary research findings for their conservation and management. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra (Special Publication 10), 1981
GODDEN, E. Rock Paintings of Aboriginal Australia. Reed, Frenchs Forest, 1982
GUNN, R.G. Aboriginal Rock Art in the Grampians. Ministry for Conservation, Melbourne (Records of the Victoria Archaeological Survey 16), 1982
LAMBERT, D. Conserving Australian Rock Art: A manual for site managers. Edited by Graeme K. Ward. Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, 1989
LEWIS, D. The Rock Paintings of Arnhem .Land, Australia. Social, ecological and material culture change in the Post-Glacial Period. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford (BAR International Series 415), 1988
LEWIS, D. and ROSE, D.B. The Shape of the Dreaming: Report on the cultural significance of Victoria River rock art. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 1988
LOY, T.H., JONES, R.M., NELSON, D.E., MEEHAN, B., VOGEL, J., SOUTHON, J. and COSGROVE, R. Accelerator radiocarbon dating of human blood proteins in pigments from later Pleistocene an sites in Australia. Antiquity 64:110-116, 1990
McCARTHY, F.D. Australian Aboriginal Rock Art. Australian Museum, Sydney, 1967
MOWALJARLAI, D., VINNICOMBE, P., WARD, G.K., and CHIPPINDALE, C. Repainting of images on rock in Australia and the maintenance of Aboriginal culture. Antiquity 62:690-696, 1988
MOWALJARLAI, D. and PECK, C. Ngaminyin cultural continuity: a project to teach the young people the culture, including repainting of Wandjina rock an sites. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1987/2:71-78, 1987
NOBBS, M.F. and DORN, R.I. Age determinations for rock varnish formation within petroglyphs: cationratio dating of 24 motifs from the Olary region, South Australia. Rock Art Research 5:108-146, 1988
ROBERTS. R.G., JONES, R.M. and SMITH, M.A. Thermoluminescence dating of a 50,000 year old human occupation site in northern Australia. Nature 345(6271):153-156, 1990
ROSENFELD, A. Rock Art Conservation in Australia. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra (Special Australian Heritage Publication 2) (second edition 1988), 1985
ROSENFELD, A., HORTON, D. and WINTER, J. Early Man in North Queensland. The Australian National University, Canberra (Terra Australis 6), 1981
STANBURY, P. and CLEGG, J. with CAMPBELL, D. Field Guide to Engravings with special reference to those around Sydney. Sydney University Press, Sydney, 1990
SULLIVAN, H. (Editor). Visitors to Aboriginal Sites: Access, Control and Management. Proceedings of the 1983 Kakadu Workshop. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra, 1984
WALSH, G.L. Australia's Greatest Rock Art. E.J. Brill/Robert Brown and Associates, Bathurst, 1988
WARD, G.K. and SULLIVAN, S. The Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies' Rock An Protection Program. Rock Art Research 6:54--62, 1989
WARD, G.K. The Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies' Rock Art Protection Program: a discussion of the first two years' projects. Rock Art Research 6:126-138.
WATCHMAN, A. New clocks on old rocks. Dating dreamtime art. Australian Natural History 23:242-247, 1989
WATCHMAN, A. What are Silica Skins and how are they important in rock art conservation? Australian Aboriginal Studies 1990/1:21-29, 1990
WRIGHT, R.V.S. (Editor). Archaeology of the Gallus Site, Koonalda Cave. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 1971
Films
The Land of the Lightning Brothers. Director: David Roberts. Film Australia
Curse of the Wandjinao. Producer: Stuart Goodman. 60 Minutes
Images of Man. Director: David Roberts. Film Australia
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1271.0 - Information Paper: Australian Standard Classification of Education (ASCED), 2000
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 15/12/2000
First Release
• First Issue: 2000
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
7218.0 - Livestock and Meat, Australia, Jul 2001
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 09/04/2001
Past Releases
First Release
• First Issue: Jul 1998
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Research article
Rumen microbial and fermentation characteristics are affected differently by bacterial probiotic supplementation during induced lactic and subacute acidosis in sheep
Abderzak Lettat1,2,4, Pierre Nozière1, Mathieu Silberberg1, Diego P Morgavi1, Claudette Berger3 and Cécile Martin1*
Author Affiliations
1 INRA, UR1213 Herbivores, Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand/Theix, F-63122 Saint Genès, Champanelle, France
2 Danisco France SAS, Zone d'Activités de Buxières, BP 10, F-86220, Dangé-Saint-Romain, France
3 Danisco France SAS, 20 rue Brunel, F-75017 Paris, France
4 Present address: Dairy and Swine R&D Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Microbiology 2012, 12:142 doi:10.1186/1471-2180-12-142
Published: 19 July 2012
Abstract
Background
Ruminal disbiosis induced by feeding is the cause of ruminal acidosis, a digestive disorder prevalent in high-producing ruminants. Because probiotic microorganisms can modulate the gastrointestinal microbiota, propionibacteria- and lactobacilli-based probiotics were tested for their effectiveness in preventing different forms of acidosis.
Results
Lactic acidosis, butyric and propionic subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) were induced by feed chalenges in three groups of four wethers intraruminally dosed with wheat, corn or beet pulp. In each group, wethers were either not supplemented (C) or supplemented with Propionibacterium P63 alone (P) or combined with L. plantarum (Lp + P) or L. rhamnosus (Lr + P). Compared with C, all the probiotics stimulated lactobacilli proliferation, which reached up to 25% of total bacteria during wheat-induced lactic acidosis. This induced a large increase in lactate concentration, which decreased ruminal pH. During the corn-induced butyric SARA, Lp + P decreased Prevotella spp. proportion with a concomitant decrease in microbial amylase activity and total volatile fatty acids concentration, and an increase in xylanase activity and pH. Relative to the beet pulp-induced propionic SARA, P and Lr + P improved ruminal pH without affecting the microbial or fermentation characteristics. Regardless of acidosis type, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that probiotic supplementations modified the bacterial community structure.
Conclusion
This work showed that the effectiveness of the bacterial probiotics tested depended on the acidosis type. Although these probiotics were ineffective in lactic acidosis because of a deeply disturbed rumen microbiota, some of the probiotics tested may be useful to minimize the occurrence of butyric and propionic SARA in sheep. However, their modes of action need to be further investigated.
Keywords:
Acidosis; DGGE; Microbiota; Probiotics; qPCR; Rumen; SARA
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Instead of AdBlock, enjoy ad-free CAN by becoming a member. Everybody wins!
Well-Formed Eigenfactor [Flash]
Well-Formed Eigenfactor is an interactive visualizations based on the Eigenfactorâ„¢ Metrics and hierarchical clustering to explore emerging patterns in citation networks. It’s a cooperation project between the Eigenfactor Project (data analysis) and Moritz Stefaner known for his work  in the information aesthetics and interactive visualization fields.
The Eigenfactor™ score of a journal is an estimate of the percentage of time that library users spend with that journal. The Eigenfactor algorithm corresponds to a simple model of research in which readers follow chains of citations as they move from journal to journal. Imagine that a researcher goes to the library and selects a journal article at random. After reading the article, the researcher selects at random one of the citations from the article. She then proceeds to the journal that was cited, reads a random article there, and selects a citation to direct her to her next journal volume. The researcher does this ad infinitum.
Included in the project are four visualizations:
Citation Patterns
This visualization gives an overview of the whole citation network. The colors represent the four main groups of journals, which are further subdivided into fields in the outer ring. The segments of the inner ring represent the individual journals, scaled by Eigenfactorâ„¢ Score.
Change Over Time
Inspired by Sankey diagrams and stacked bar charts, this diagram displays changes in Eigenfactorâ„¢ Score and clustering over time. The columns corresponds to the years 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003 and 2005.
Clustering
This visualization displays a hierarchical clustering of journals in the form of a treemap. The size of a journal marker corresponds to its Eigenfactorâ„¢ Score.
Map
This map visualization puts journals, which frequently cite each other, closer together. You can drag the white magnification lens around to enlarge a part of the map for closer inspection.
You can find more information on the project, explore and a more detailed description of each of the visualizations on the project’s website here.
Platform: Flash
Version: N/A
Developer/Designer:Â Moritz Stefaner
Visit Project
Posted on: 18/03/2009
Posted in: Flash
Post tags:
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Midtown Association
From Cvillepedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is a stub. You can help cvillepedia by expanding it.
The Midtown Association is an organization of businesses along Charlottesville's West Main Street that was formed in 2009 to promote commerce along the corridor.
One of the group's specific requests is that the owner of a parking lot next to the AMTRAK station pave the surface, claiming that dust from the gravel is a hindrance to business[1]. The group is calling for a charette to plot the future of the corridor.
Leadership
Midtown Street Fair
The association closed West Main between 4th Street W and 7th Street W for five hours on September 11, 2010 as an attempt to draw attention to Midtown as a destination, and not just a thoroughfare between the Corner district and the Downtown Mall[2]. The Midtown Street Festival has become an annual event since.[citation needed]
References
1. "Urban blight: Group seeks fix for Main Street, Amtrak lot | The Hook News Blog." The HooK - Charlottesville's weekly newspaper, news magazine. Web. 03 Nov. 2009. <http://www.readthehook.com/blog/index.php/2009/11/02/urban-blight-group-seeks-fix-for-main-street-amtrak-lot/>
2. Dixit, Rachana. "Street Fair Aims to Better Link West Main, City | Daily Progress." Home | Daily Progress. 9 Sept. 2010. Web. 10 Sept. 2010. <http://www2.dailyprogress.com/news/2010/sep/10/street-fair-aims-better-link-west-main-city-ar-498201/>.
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Error
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2 revisions of this difference (13524 and 13610) were not found.
This is usually caused by following an outdated diff link to a page that has been deleted. Details can be found in the deletion log.
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AusGeo News June 2012 Issue No. 106
Welcome to AusGeo News 106
Australia is preparing to host the country's largest ever international geoscience event when the 34th International Geological Congress (IGC) is held at the Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre between 5 and 10 August. The Congress will feature international expertise in environmental impacts, energy sources, mineral exploration and climate change. The importance of the minerals and petroleum industries to Australia will be strongly reflected in the Scientific Program and exhibits at the GeoExpo to be held during the Congress.
Geoscience Australia is heavily involved in the IGC having contributed to the planning and organisation of the meeting and will have staff involved in the science program and field trips. This issue includes details of the Congress and a new book on Australia's geology–Shaping a Nation: A Geology of Australia–which has been co-published by Geoscience Australia and the Australian National University E Press.
Details of the 2012 release of Offshore Acreage for petroleum exploration, which includes 27 exploration areas covering approximately 200 000 square kilometres in nine offshore basins, are included in this issue. The areas are located in Commonwealth waters off the coast of the Northern Territory, Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. The usual strong representation of release areas on the North West Shelf is well balanced with nine areas along Australia's southern margin in the Bight, Otway, Sorell and Gippsland basins.
The economy and the livelihood of the people of Timor-Leste, are heavily dependent on groundwater resources that are sensitive to climate change. This issue reports on a project, involving Geoscience Australia in close partnership with Timor-Leste Government agencies, which is building a groundwater knowledge base and monitoring capacity in Timor-Leste. The project has delivered a series of reports, national maps, guidelines and monitoring tools, as well as training, which will provide a fundamental knowledge base and practical tools to assess climate change impacts on groundwater.
Australia hosts the largest uranium reserves in the world, boasting 23 per cent of the global total, and is currently the third ranked uranium producer behind Kazakhstan and Canada. To encourage exploration for uranium, Geoscience Australia researchers undertook dating of selected uranium deposits. Our article outlines the results from the Kintyre deposit in Western Australia and the Oasis deposit in Queensland.
This issue also includes a brief report on the Australian Gas Resource Assessment 2012 which was prepared in conjunction with the Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics. This assessment builds on the Australian Energy Resource Assessment (see AusGeo News 98) released in March 2010 and documents the significant changes which underpin the increasing role for gas in the Australian and world energy mix.
As always we welcome your feedback and encourage you to use the email address at the end of each article.
Dr Chris Pigram
CEO Geoscience Australia
Unless otherwise noted, all Geoscience Australia material on this website is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence.
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Bibliography: Odyssey
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Title: Odyssey
Authors: William Shatner and Garfield Reeves-Stevens and Judith Reeves-Stevens
Year: 1998
Type: OMNIBUS
Storylen: /1,2,3
Series: Odyssey
ISFDB Record Number: 136567
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Very Low Activity
Estimated Cost
Analyzed 13 days ago based on code collected 13 days ago.
Project Cost Calculator
$ .00
721,152 lines
195 person-years
$ 10,699,139 *
*Using the Basic COCOMO Model
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Ohloh scans all files at any given code location to calculate the cost estimate.
Ohloh lets you exclude files and direc-tories from this calculation on the Code Locations page. You can get a more realistic estimate by excluding:
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About Cost Estimates
• Software cost estimation is tricky business even when all the variables are known -- knowlegdge which we certainly don't have.
• We calculate the estimated cost of the project using the Basic COCOMO model.
• For those familiar with the details, we are using coeffcients a=2.4 and b=1.05.
• Please note that COCOMO was created to model large institutional projects, which often don't compare well with distributed open-source projects.
• COCOMO is meant to include the design, specification drafting, reviewing and management overhead that goes along with producing quality software.
• This model seems to be most accurate with mature, large projects. Young projects with little activity are typically overvalued.
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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IGEM:IMPERIAL/2006/Protocols/bradford assay
From OpenWetWare
< IGEM:IMPERIAL | 2006 | Protocols
Revision as of 09:17, 28 October 2006 by Jonny (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
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Bradford Assay
1) 1 in 5 dilution of Bradford assay solution
• 4ml in 16ml of dH2O
• Small stock in the fridge, main stock in the cold cabinet)
• (light sensitive)
2) Use 1mg/ml BSA as a standard protein
• Dilute different amount of BSA (0.1-1μg)
3) Place 200μL of diluted protein into the well of 96 well plate.
4) Make different dilution of your sample protein and then measure absorbance at 595nm, then calculate concentration using BSA standard curve.
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David Nalbandian: France has a strong squad
PanARMENIAN.Net - Argentina-based David Nalbandian commented on the upcoming Davis Cup match against France.
“The match vs France will be tough. France has a strong squad with excellent players. They beat us last time in France; now the match will be held in Argentina. However, it doesn’t mean it will be easier at home,”
Argentina scored a 5:0 win against Germany in Davis Cup 1st round against Germany, gotennis.ru reported.
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Armenian grandmaster Levon Aronian is currently 3rd with 4 points, Bulgaria’s Veselin Topalov is 7th with 3 points.
European Individual Chess Championship ended in Polish town of Legnica, with 24 chess players winning World Cup qualifications.
Gor Minasyan won silver medal, Andranik Karapetyan and Izabella Yalyan both won bronze at Junior World Championships in Lima.
The chief coach noted that the Greco-Roman wrestlers will participate in Mariupol-hosted tournament in June.
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[23] However, the son by the handmaid was born according to the flesh, but the son by the free woman was born through promise.
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Real-World Winning Tactics for Content Creation
Nov 12, 2008 • 3:00 pm | (3) by | Filed Under WebmasterWorld PubCon 2008 Las Vegas
This panel of content creation gurus will look at how to keep the creativity flowing while managing the content process.
Moderator: Derrick Wheeler
Speakers:
Rupali Shah, Organic Search Manager, GroupM
Robin Liss, Founder and President, Camcorderinfo.com
Ted Ulle, Partner, The MEWS Group
Ted Ulle, aka Tedster takes the floor. Tedster is an industry veteran since 1994, a WebmasterWorld administrator, and great guy to know.
What happens if you know that you are going to publish a lot of content? Don't build a "Frankensite". The main point is that business process or workflow must support your SEO. It must always be there.
Must be training for SEO in your content team. Must locate and educate everyone in the workflow. Can be a big pain, particularly in big enterprises. Pulls people from lots of channels, sometimes there's no communication. You need to locate and educate them. Should have analytics dedicated to each person in the workflow. Lets people know they are doing a good job. Makes a big difference to people. Hold regular team meetings to keep the team coordinated.
War story #1: Management must buy in. Major silicon valley firm. Had IT department, web designers, writers, and analytics people. Half of the team was reassigned, and the entire training went down the drain. Without exec level buy in, you have a big problem. The final product must support the business goal. It's always #1. Its at the top of the chain.
Marketing strategy: If you know your strategy, can rough out content on a conceptual level. If starting a new web site - need to look at CMS, server, back-end, analytics - folded in early. Start with the market strategy, then do keyword research. Next task is the IA, and menus. Most important part of the content. First shot at your site. Without this nailed down, your content will not get found well. At this point, after IA is set, you can pull in graphic designers and build your templates. Many companies do this right away. Happening less now. After you got your templates, you got your content. Point of the story is to take the business goal and make it penetrate the process. The most important thing to do is document each process. If team changes, can review the document. Need to document each decision.
War story #2: Beware of chasing trophy keywords. Niche market - "homeopathy software". Product was aimed at doctors. But the search term is the word a layman would use. B2C not B2B. This market had only one vendor. Tried to be the #2. Gained the number one and number two rankings. Launched lots of content. Sales went down. Got the trophy, and almost went under. Happy ending: web showed them what was wrong. Not just on the web but off the web. Marketed completely different. Content became easier to develop. Traffic became golden. Broke into the market, and became the leader. They don't rank anymore for their trophy term, and it doesn't matter.
Information Architecture: Before you make your menu decision - you need to find the right buckets to hold your content. This discipline is so intense, comes from library science. Often ignored, but so important. Recommends O'reilly's IA for the WWW. Not technical but incredible insightful.
Final web edit: Content interacts with layout. CSS is web typesetting. You can kill good content with bad layout and visa versa. Study print typography. You have centuries of learning about this subject. Study it. Read "Elements of Typographic Style" by Robert Bringherst.
Simple and Seamless goal: For the end user, for the search engines, and for maintenance. Websites are incredibly complex. Need to eat the complication all the time and digest it.
Showing off: Someone shows off on the team. Bad for business goals, good for them. Often the graphics designer, could be the programmers touting AJAX. Or could be your IT folks writing content. They write content on SERPs, error messages, write auto responders which are a big part of the user experience.
Code geeks should never write content! Ever! Yahoo! directory - if you make a mistake with a credit card, you get the message "Invalid Payment Instrument Data".
Despite all planning, things will go wrong. Data queries re too slow. Content breaks the template.
When time to fix, though shalt not kludge! Better late than lousy. Expect to make trade-offs. Keep all priorities straight. How? Go back to your document! Refresh yourself with the business goals. Don't build a "Frankensite".
Robin Liss, of Reviewed.com is up next. Robin is one of the foremost industry experts on producing top quality content, and is a brilliant businesswoman. She started her company when she was 13 years old. Her network of review sites generates well over 1 million unique visitors a month.
"Producing high value content - a guide to creating content for non-spammers."
Just like a car maker, you manufacture a product - the written word. What can we learn from car manufacturers to create efficient processes?
Mr. Ford's assembly line rocks! Shows a slide with a basic pipeline of how content is produced at Reviewed.com. Look at every step, and refine each process. Steps come together to create a content pipeline. Who takes responsibility for what steps? How much time is needed? What steps are needed or not needed depending on the content? What can you outsource? What can you bring in house? This pipeline can scale across 10, 20, or even 100 people.
Create a first draft. Supplement with photos, video, etc. That goes into an edit. Could be you, or an editor. Next is production - "HTMLization". Copy editing, SEO editing, and final edit. Then take it live. Market it, and push it out to blogs. Go back and adjust and fix if necessary.
The most basic content pipeline is a blog. Blogs are efficient because there is a lot of front line content production. A newspaper or magazine might have 10-20% of payroll producing original words. Blogs have limited editing. Almost everyone involved in a blog is creating editorial products. It's highly efficient and productive. Modified pipeline for blog is simpler. Lacks the editing and oversight.
Examples of modified pipeline. You might have an editor and a writer. Sometimes it might be more efficient to add a third person to the process. A more complicated pipeline might have 6 people. An editor-in-chief, an editor, the writer, a photographer, a product tester, and a copy editor. It might be more efficient, but not cheap. Bigger payroll. Lots of quality control in this example. Reviewed.com syndicates to the Washington Post, so quality is mandatory. Her staff is producing an equivalent of a novel a month in text, and high quality text.
Tools: Good tools save money. WSIWYG tools (FCK Editor) save production time and money. Dreamweaver. MT. Own your CMS. Investing money in your CMS will reduce editorial costs in the long term.
Workflow management tools. Google Calendar, lots of spreadsheets.
Specialization = economic efficiency. Find the right writer for the right task. Is this short form content or long form? Journalistic vs. opinionated? Edgy vs. straight? Switching takes time. When doing large projects, different parts of the article might go to different people.
Find an online copy editor, and pay per word. Find a basic HTML guru to "HTMLize" your stuff. Everyone needs an editor, even the best writers. Everything should be edited. Hard to spot your own errors. Mandatory. Allows your writers to improve content. Making one person do everything is inefficient.
Destroy bottlenecks! If you want to get scientific, measure and quantify your workflow. Make a consistent pattern. Heavy focus on patterns at Reviewed.com. One review per week, for example. Even flow. Make sure that you find your inefficiencies. Error free content = creditability. Whether its grammar, or information. Measure everything! Measure your editors. Measure word count, time, deadlines. Measure number of articles that are producing. Measure articles' traffic. Increase efficiency makes better content at less of a cost.
Final tips: Hire contributors, but make sure you own the rights in the contract. Don't want to get into a plagiarism argument. Don't want to get into that mess. Protect yourself in contracts. Be specific.
You get what you pay for. Be original. Google likes content. Writing good reviews ranks well. Contribute to the world's information. Blogs are good way to get into original content creation. And focus on quality!
Rupali Shah is next, and talks about mobile content.
With the advent of iPhones and Blackberries have to think about how to present your company on these devices. Will cover stats about mobile usage, mobile SEO, tops for creating mobile content, good and bad examples.
Stats show that in January, 08 by M:Metrics majority of iPhone and smartphone users are reading news via the browser, accessing web search. The iPhone actually ran out of inventory a few months back. There is high demand for these products. More efficient for many tasks. 7 million + iPhone users. Potential viewers of your website!
Technology is no longer a barrier. Research has shown that people are having an OK experience visiting the web with smart phones. UK users showed a poor experience, but US users were satisfied, according to her slide.
Have you looked at your website on an iPhone or iPhone emulator? Does it look OK? Is the load speed good?
Mobile SEO. Use valid XHTML code. W3C compliance. www.w3.org/mobile. Keywords, meta data, linking and site maps.
Accessibility: Make it uncluttered. Less is more. Make the page sizes small. Look at user agent, and serve tailored content. Have a simple design, rich in text. Use mobile style sheets. Minimize images. Use DIV tags, not tables. Optimize your images with ALT tags.
Look at a check list of all the different screen widths. Shows a slide with the most common sizes. Pay attention to image formats GIFs and JPEGs. Character encoding. Maximum total page weight - 20kb. Limit your colors to 256. Limit your scripting - many devices cannot understand heavy scripting. Avoid lots of scrolling - keep pages short. Use a good navigation structure.
Other tips: Use Google Mobile Sitemaps. Feed the content to the engine. Yahoo has a similar product. Google Webmaster Tools shows what keywords mobile users are finding you.
Coverage provided by Avi A. Wilensky of Promediacorp, a Manhattan based online marketing agency.
Previous story: Brand Reputation Monitoring & Management: Background & Tactics
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Person:Eleanor Writer (1)
Watchers
Browse
Eleanor Writer
Facts and Events
Name Eleanor Writer
Gender Female
Birth? New York, United States
She married John McKeeby.[1]
References
1. Ruttenber, Edward Manning, and Lewis H Clark. History of Orange County, New York: with illustrations and biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men. (Philadelphia: Everts & Peck, 1881), 506.
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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/10883/why-health-insurance/
Why Health Insurance?
October 21, 2009 by
What people need is health care. Yet on both (or every) side of the current health care debate the discussion centers on how people will obtain insurance, not how people will obtain health care. Why is it assumed by everyone that a third-party payer should be the primary way that people pay for health care? And that the obligation of the third party to pay should be secured not by the consumer but by a fourth party (their employer or government)? Even Dr. Robert Murphy on Mises.org devotes most of his space to analyzing the problems with insurance in his discussion of the current system.
For almost every other good or service in our lives, people pay cash out of current income, obtain credit, or save up cash reserves. Insurance plays a role in only a minority of our purchases. Off hand I can think of residential property destruction, car theft, and accidental death or permanent disability as the other common forms of insurance for consumers/property owners.
Even more troubling to me is that the meaning of the word insurance has become corrupted in public discourse. What most people mean when they talk about obtaining health insurance is “How can I find a third party who will provide me with unlimited consumption of health care at no or minimal cost to me?” The current health care debate seems to be about the search for a system where everyone can obtain unlimited care at no cost to anyone.
I believe that employer-provided plans are responsible for the illusion of no cost to the insured. Most employed workers do not understand that they pay for employer costs incurred on their behalf through reduced wages. The tax system is partially responsible for this — by making the employer’s but not the employee’s premium payment tax deductible — but that is not the whole story. The lack of economic reasoning by the general public is also partly to blame. Few realize that the opportunity cost to the employer of providing the plan is less money available to pay wages.
But even if employers were not paying for insurance, why does everyone assume that a third-party payer is the best model? Let’s go back to the definition of insurance and then address this question.
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium, and can be thought of as a guaranteed and known small loss to prevent a large, possibly devastating loss.
Insurable risks share certain characteristics, among them, a small risk of loss, the magnitude of a loss would be too great for the insured to afford, and when the risk is spread over a large number of similar cases, the premium for each insured is affordable. For market conditions to make insurance a sensible model, a risk must meet all of these characteristics.
Let’s segment health care consumption into various categories:
• predictable care: annual physicals, tests you get every year, getting your teeth cleaned, care for a chronic but manageable condition, e.g. a medication or regular chiropractor visits, or a planned event such as giving birth
• unpredictable non-serious care: minor injury, tooth cavity, a cut
• unpredictable but serious health emergencies: getting hit by a car, a life-threatening illness
The first two of these categories are clearly not insurable because the risk of an event is close to 100%. The third category is the best suited for the insurance model, but even then, only if the cost of obtaining care for an accident or illness is necessarily too great for an individual to afford and the likelihood of such an occurrence is small enough that the risk can be spread over a large population of insured.
I frequently hear people ask, “how can someone with an illness obtain insurance?” If you think about this for a moment, the question doesn’t make any sense. It would not make sense for an insurer to insure someone who already had incurred the insured risk. What the sick person needs is care, not (necessarily) insurance.
it is not clear a priori that the cost of care would be too great for the ill person to afford. Current prices for care are quite high, but the prices of health care as they are now have a lot to do with the four-party system. This has resulted in a system where prices are high in part because we have insurance, yet we must have insurance because prices are so high.
Prices would be a lot different under a cash-paying system, for several reasons: people would become price-sensitive in their consumption decisions; costs in the provision of care would not be generated by monitoring costs created by a third party payer; and providers would have to compete on the basis of price. See this discussion of health care in India for a case study.
In making the calculation of whether they could afford care without insurance, people ignore how much purchasing power they are already giving up in terms of lower wages due to employer-provided plans. If your employer is providing a family plan that costs several hundred dollars per month, this is costing you thousands of dollars annually in lower wages. Having your employer purchase a policy on your behalf also creates the well-known inconvenience of lack of portability of plans when you change jobs. I have not seen anyone address the cost in lost wages of people not changing jobs due to health care portability. I know that this is an issue because I have heard many people talk about the insurance as a factor employment decisions. I wonder how many people do not change to an (otherwise) better job due to the portability issue.
I won’t begin to discuss the problems created by supply restrictions.
We should not limit the discussion to insurance reforms: we should be talking about what is the best system for everyone to obtain care at the lowest price. Insurance may be one means of securing this, but the word “insurance” should not become synonymous with care itself. Focusing all of the discussion on the best model for insurance leaves out the more fruitful discussion that would result if we began to compare alternative payment models, including a cash payment system.
It is my view that the four party system is an artifact of the regulatory regime, not a successful market model for payment. In a deregulated market, most care would not be paid for by insurance companies; it would provided in return for cash payments directly from the consumer to the provider. Insurance, were it used, would only make sense with very high deductibles and low premiums in order to segregate routine care from infrequent but high cost risks.
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Download references
This article is part of the supplement: 25th European Workshop for Rheumatology Research
FcγR-mediated uptake and processing of antigen–immunoglobulin complexes by professional antigen-presenting cells
JMH de Jong, DH Schuurhuis, A Ioan-Facsinay, EIH van der Voort, TJW Huizinga, F Ossendorp, JS Verbeek and REM Toes
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2005, 7(Suppl 1):P141 doi:10.1186/ar1662
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Human Health Vulnerability to Climate Variability: The Cases of Cholera and Meningistis in Some Urban Areas of the Far North Region of Cameroon
Sunday Shende Kometa, Mathias Ashu Tambe Ebot, Humphrey Ndi Ngala, Amawa Sani Gur
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases and their incidence in the northern Cameroon particularly the Far North Region have been recurrent and are on the increase. This paper assesses the impact of climate variability on the health of the population of the Far North Region of Cameroon which is characterised by a tropical semi-arid climate in the vicinity of the Lake Chad. Secondary data sources (Epidemiologic, climatic, ecologic, socio-economic data), questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions provided relevant data. The paper examines the relationship between the outbreak of diseases and variations in some climatic elements. It highlights the relationship that exists between the direct effects of climate variations and the development of vector-borne diseases and their effect on human health. The results reveal a strong positive correlation between changes in the climatic elements and the incidence of vector-borne diseases particularly cholera and meningitis. The study makes proposals on ways of militating against the impact of vector-borne diseases on human development in the region.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/jgg.v5n1p116
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Geography and Geology ISSN 1916-9779 (Print) ISSN 1916-9787 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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Tuesday, September 14, 2010
Monarch on Buddleia
I can tell that the year is moving towards fall when the butterflies I see around home are mostly Sachems and Monarchs. This Monarch was nectaring on Buddleia, or butterfly bush, along with a crowd of other Monarchs and an occasional Sachem or Cabbage White.
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Jeff Richter Video on Asynchronous Programming and his Power Threading
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kicks
Jeff Richter Video on Asynchronous Programming and his Power Threading (Unpublished)
I recently had the chance to sit down with Jeff Richter and discuss his Power Threading Library. This library provides a simple technique for handling asynchronous development. By making clever use of C# Iterators, Jeff is able to make asynchronous code looks as though it is synchronous code the executes in a linear fashion. This greatly simplifies the asynchronous programming model, making it easy for you to complete tasks that were formerly considered difficult.
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Difference between revisions of "CR48"
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
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* 1 Power jack (right side)
* 1 Power jack (right side)
* 1 VGA (left side)
* 1 VGA (left side)
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=Common Problems=
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[[Static in audio after update]]
+
[[Timezone wont change]]
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[[Google searches crash]]
Revision as of 18:25, 19 January 2011
Contents
Project Summary
The Cr-48 is the test notebook Google designed for the Pilot program. It's the first of its kind.
It's ready when you are, booting in about 10 seconds and resuming from sleep instantly. There’s built-in Wi-Fi and 3G, so you can stay connected everywhere, and a webcam for video chat. The vibrant 12-inch LCD display, full-size keyboard and oversized touchpad let you enjoy the web comfortably. And at just 3.8 pounds with over eight hours of active usage and a week of standby time, it’s easy to take along for the ride.
What did we leave out? Spinning disks, caps-lock key, function keys, and lap burns.
The Cr-48 is available exclusively to participants in the Pilot program.
The pilot program is available at: [1]
Hardware
• Processor: Intel Atom Processor N455 1.66GHz 512K Cache
• Chipset: Intel CG82NM10 PCH
• Motherboard: Tripod Motherboard MARIO – 6050A240910 – MB – A03
• Ram: Hynix 2GB DDR3 1Rx8 PC3 – 10600S Ram
• Read Only Memory: ITE IT8500E Flash ROM
• SSD Drive: SanDisk sdsa4dh-016G 16GB SATA SSD
• Wireless Wan: Qualcomm Gobi2000 PCI Express Mini Card
• 3g Adapter: AzureWave 802.11 a/b/g/n PCI-E Half MiniCard
• Bluetooth: Atheros AR5BBU12 Bluetooth V2.1 EDR
• GPS
• Integrated Webcam:
• Screen
• Display: 12.1 inches
• Screen Resolution: 1,280X800 pixels
• Keyboard: 74 keys
• Pointing device: Track-pad (Multi-touch)
Ports
• 1 USB (right side)
• 1 SD (right side)
• 1 3.5mm headphone jack (right side)
• 1 Power jack (right side)
• 1 VGA (left side)
Common Problems
Static in audio after update Timezone wont change Google searches crash
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Netherlands Genlias Vital RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Contents
Overview
Genlias is the premier site for Dutch records. The information from this site was taken directly from the Netherlands Civil Register. Some church records are also included. This site contains almost 10.5 million records with over 44 million names. The index is not complete; records are continuously being added. Most notably missing are records from Amsterdam, 's-Gravenhage (The Hague)(Genlias does have marriage records for The Hague from 1811-1842), Rotterdam, Leiden, Delft, etc.
If you want to see what is currently included in Genlias, go to the web-site http://www.genlias.nl/ and click on "What is in Genlias". Scroll down till you find "Current database status" and click on the orange(!) link. Then choose the province and then the town you are looking for. If the town is not there, no records are as yet available. If there are records, it will tell you which time period and what type of records are covered.
There are also records included from some of the Dutch colonies.
Another incredible site is: http://geneaknowhow.net/digi/bronnen.html
Records for Amsterdam baptisms before 1811 can be found at: https://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/archieven/archiefbank/indexen/doopregisters/zoek/index.nl.html
Some records for The Hague can be found at: http://www.denhaag.nl/smartsite.html?id=37609
The web-site for Rotterdam is: http://www.gemeentearchief.rotterdam.nl
Leiden's web-site is found here: http://www.leidenarchief.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=8
And Delft: http://www.archief.delft.nl/
http://www.worldvitalrecords.com/netherlands-vital-records.htm
Content
This Genlias site includes:
• Births (1811 to 1903)
• Marriages (1811 to 1923)
• Deaths (1811 to 1953)
• Death duties - statements of succession
According to the Genlias site:
A record of birth provides you with the following information:
• The name of the child
• The names of the parents
• The exact date of birth
• In most cases, the parents' address
A record of marriage provides you with the following information:
• The names and ages of the bride and groom
• In most cases, the names of the bride's and the groom's parents
• In most cases, the places of birth of the bride and groom
• Whether the bride is a widow or the groom a widower
• In most cases the profession of groom and/or bride
A record of death provides you with the following information:
• The name of the deceased
• The exact date of death
• In most cases, the name of the deceased's parents
• In most cases, the age of the deceased
• In some cases, the deceased's place of birth
• In some cases, the name of the deceased's spouse
• In most cases, the address of the deceased
Using the Site
The site initially comes up in Dutch. If you want to see it in English, click English at the top of the home page.
Cost
Most web-sites in the Netherlands are free
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 30 March 2009, at 21:53.
• This page has been accessed 4,618 times.
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Changes related to "Beaufort District, South Carolina"
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Monday, 18 February 2008
Second BAYERISCHES BIER case for ECJ
The IPKat has just learned that last week the German Supreme Court referred a question to the ECJ relating to the conflict between the geographical indication (GI) BAYERISCHES BIER ("Bavarian beer"), which was protected in 2001 (the application initially was filed in 1994) on the basis of the then current Regulation 2081/92 and the international trade mark registration for BAVARIA HOLLAND BEER, designating Germany, with a priority date of 1995 and covering "beer".
The claimant, the Bayerische Brauerbund e.V. (Bavarian Brewery Association) requests that the IR proprietor agrees to cancellation of the IR's German designation on the basis that it infringes the GI. The parties disagree over the question whether the Regulation on the basis of which protection was granted to "Bayerisches Beer" is valid. The question of validity of this Regulation is already subject of proceedings before the European Court of Justice, having been referred by an Italian Court which is also hearing proceedings between the two parties.
The German Supreme Court has now referred further questions relating to the relationship between trade marks and a GI which was granted in the course of "simplified" proceedings. The questions relate in particular to the GI's priority date and whether the application date is relevant if -- as is the case in simplified proceedings -- only the GI's registration is published, not its application.
A second question relates to the regulation according to which "Bayerisches Beer" was registered and whether it is invalid. If so, the Court asks whether the claimant can claim protection on the basis of national law [Beschluss vom 14. Februar 2008 – I ZR 69/04 – BAVARIA. Source : German Supreme Court press notice No. 30/2008] (information supplied by the IPKat's friend Kathrin Vowinckel).
The IPKat assumes that the ECJ will consolidate this reference with the earlier Italian one. Merpel adds, these Bavarians beers probably make a pleasant change from all that Budweiser ...
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
[libreoffice-website] Trying to reach the maintainer of an extension in the extension repository
I tried to contact the maintainer "Johan" (username "jetten") of the
extension "Finnish spell checker and hyphenator (Voikko)" using the
contact form on extensions.libreoffice.org. This ended up with an internal
error (code 1339968312.220.495498269323).
Could someone please help me reach the maintainer? I'm the upstream author
of this particular extension and would like to have a new version uploaded
there. Additionally some information about the extension is outdated or
even incorrect, including the extension license. I could help him by
providing new texts or even taking over the maintenance if he is busy with
other things.
Harri
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DARPA GC Technical Papers Released
Posted 14 May 2004 at 16:05 UTC by steve
Tim Holt emailed yesterday saying, Final team technical papers on DARPA Grand Challenge 2004 posted today. Bet there's some good reading in there! There are 25 DARPA Grand Challenge team technical papers, all in PDF format. These papers contain photos, diagrams, and detailed technical specifications for each of the Grand Challenge robots. Have fun.
So i was suprised..., posted 17 May 2004 at 01:18 UTC by tim.holt » (Journeyer)
...to find various errors in papers. I mean if I was going to submit a proposal with a shot at $1 mil I wouldn't repeatedly refer to the "Coarse" my vehicle was going to follow :^)
See more of the latest robot news!
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(Roughly) Daily
Posts Tagged ‘The Scottish Play
Pride of ownership…
While the earliest known marks of ownership of books or documents date from the reign of Amenophis III in Egypt (1391-1353), bookplates (also known by their usual inscription, “ex libris”) date from the post-Gutenberg period when books were (still) things of value, but were widely-enough available to be circulated. In their modern form, they evolved from simple inscriptions in books which were common in Europe in the Middle Ages, when various other forms of “librarianship” became widespread (e.g., the use of class-marks, call-numbers, or shelf-marks). The earliest known examples of printed bookplates are German, and date from the 15th century.
By the 19th century, books had become more common and bookplates– while still attesting to ownership and thus establishing provenance– had begun to become ways for owners to underscore their personalities, or in the case of celebrities, their images.
Author Simon Rose, writing in the ever-illuminating Dark Roasted Blend, surveys the now-nearly-lost art of the bookplate. His piece is filled with wonderful examples, e.g.:
Enjoy many, many more at “The Extraordinary World of Ex Libris Art
As we open to our inside front covers, we might recall that it was on this date in 1936 that then-21-year-old Orson Welles took his curtain call at the fifth-and-final performance of MacBeth in Bridgeport. Connecticut. The Federal Theater Project production was Welles directing debut, and that start of his collaboration with producer John Houseman. In a foreshadowing of the creative risk taking that would characterize Welles’ career, he cast MacBeth with African-American performers in all the roles; the setting shifted from Scotland to the Caribbean, and the witches became Haitian witch doctors. (His 1948 film version of “The Scottish Play” returned the action to the Highlands, but retained some of the dramatic elements of his inaugural outing.)
Production photo (Library of Congress)
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
New Orleans/Central Business District
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
The Central Business District ("CBD") is the part of New Orleans similar to what many cities call "Downtown" (though in New Orleans this term is often used to refer to a broad portion of the city down river from Canal Street). Just "up" (meaning up the Mississippi River) from the French Quarter is the CBD. Like many other large American cities, this area has skyscrapers and modern office towers housing cooperate and regional offices; however some interesting 19th century architecture is also preserved. The area also has hotels, residences, restaurants, museums, and art galleries. Located here are the Morial Convention center, Lee Circle, Champion Square, and the gigantic Mercedes Benz Superdome. The main avenues are Canal Street, Poydras Street, Loyola Ave and St. Charles Ave.
Canal Street
Some locals and guidebooks still refer to the CBD or the older part of it as the American Quarter, as it was the first part of town settled by large numbers of people from other parts of the United States, as opposed to the older French Quarter.
The portion of the "CBD" nearer the river is often called the "Old Warehouse District" or Warehouse District. In the late 20th century many of the old 19th century warehouses were converted into condominiums, art galleries, and restaurants.
[edit] Get in
[edit][add listing] See
• Art galleries line Julia Street. Evenings of the first Saturday of the month are festive with new exhibits opening.
• Audubon Aquarium of the Americas, [1]. A fine aquarium at the foot of Canal Street. Take advantage of the combination ticket, which enables access to the Aquarium, the adjoining Entergy IMAX Theatre, and the Audubon Zoo located uptown (shuttle provided). edit
• Entergy IMAX Theatre. Part of the Audubon Aquarium edit
• Audubon Insectarium, 423 Canal St, [2]. attraction opened in June 2008 in the historic old Custom House Building on Canal Street. edit
• Confederate Museum, 929 Camp St (just down from Lee Circle), [3]. Displays from the American Civil War. edit
• Contemporary Arts Center, 900 Camp St (just up from Julia), [4]. edit
• Lafayette Square, bound by St. Charles Ave, Camp St, N Maestri St, and S Maestri St (one block up from Poydras St). The center of what was the "Old American Quarter" in the early 19th century, with the city's old neo-classical city hall and a belle epoch courthouse. edit
• Louisiana Children's Museum, 420 Julia St, [5]. edit
• Louisiana Superdome, 1500 Sugar Bowl Dr (between Lasalle and Claiborne), [6]. When no games or events are scheduled, you can take tours edit
• New Orleans Arena, 1501 Girod St, [7]. Located beside the Superdome, the New Orleans Arena hosts smaller shows & sporting events. edit
• Mardi Gras World, 1380 Port of New Orleans Pl (at the riverfront at the upriver end of the CBD), [8]. The colorful floats for many of the parades of New Orleans Mardi Gras are made here. Experience a taste of Mardi Gras any time of year. edit
National World War II Museum
• Morial Convention Center. The first part of the city's large convention center complex was built during the 1984 World's Fair and is named after a former mayor. edit
• National World War II Museum, 945 Magazine St (around the corner from the Confederate and other museums on Camp St), [9]. Formerly the "D-Day Museum". Exhibits on the United States in World War II, both on the battlefronts and the home front. Expansions in recent years include a restaurant, the "Victory Theater" presenting multi-media historical presentation, and the "Stage Door Canteen" featuring live music shows in the style of WWII era USO shows. edit
• Ogden Museum of Southern Art, 925 Camp St, [10]. edit
• Walking tours of the buildings of the "Old American Quarter"
[edit][add listing] Do
• Harrah's Casino, 512 S Peters (at the foot of Canal Street, river end of Poydras). The state's only land-based casino (there are riverboat gambling venues in the suburbs). Located across from the Aquarium. edit
[edit] Live Entertainment
• Circle Bar, 1032 St. Charles (on Lee Circle at Howard Avenue). Casual bar with local rock and other bands.
• FQB, on the 3rd floor of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel, 921 Canal. Th-Sa nights jazz bands and singers, in the style and atmosphere of an upscale pre-WWII era jazz club. They serve good meals as well. Not cheap, but truly swank.
• Howlin' Wolf, 907 South Peters in the Warehouse district music venue, [11]. They host a good variety of local and visiting acts; definitely get a hold of their schedule in The Gambit, a weekly paper. (Note: if you visited here before Katrina, they are now a block up the street from their former location.)
• Little Gem Saloon, 445 S Rampart St (downtown lake corner of Poydras) [12]. Live jazz, blues, and other local bands upstairs Weds-Sun.
• Michaul's, 840 Saint Charles, [13]. Cajun music.
• Mulate's, 201 Julia Street at Convention Center Boulevard, [14]. Cajun music.
• Le Salon, 300 Gravier St. in the Windsor Court Hotel, (504)596-4773. Swanky hotel bar often has good jazz pianists, vocalists, and small combos.
[edit][add listing] Buy
• Art at the galleries along Julia Street.
• Meyer the Hatter, 120 St. Charles Ave. (just off Canal St) [15] has been selling a wide selection of men's hats here since 1894.
• Riverwalk Marketplace, on a pier along the Mississippi Riverfront and physically connected to the New Orleans Hilton. [16] In addition to a variety of shops, hosts a fine view of the Mississippi River and the Southern Food & Beverage Museum.
[edit][add listing] Eat
[edit] Budget
• City Greens 909 Poydras [17]. Soups, salad, wraps; breakfast & lunch. Tel. 524-2822
• Liborio's 321 Magazine Street. Cuban, popular with local businessmen for lunch, also open for dinner.
• Mothers 401 Poydras. Great "po' boys" (New Orleans style sandwiches); Located at Poydras @ Tchoupitoulas in the lower CBD. Try the "debris" po'boy, made with the bits of beef that remain in the pan once the main cut is removed. The bread pudding is also famous and very good. Weekday lunch crowd of local business people, but the line moves fast.
[edit] Coffee and snacks
• PJ's Coffee popular local chain with locations at 622 Canal Street and 644 Camp Street.
[edit] Mid-range
• La Boca 857 Fulton St. Tel: 525-9205 [18] Argentine steak house.
• Genghis Khan, 201 Barrone in the Barrone Plaza Hotel. Central Asian & Korean.
• Liborio Cuban Restaurant 321 Magazine Street at Gravier Street, [19].
• Little Gem Saloon, 445 S Rampart St (downtown lake corner of Poydras) [20]. New Orleans Creole, lunch & dinner. Also has live music upstairs.
• Merchant, 800 Common Street (in the Maritime Building) Crepes, quiches, sandwiches, salads. 7a-Midnight daily. Tel. 571-9580
• Michaul's 840 St. Charles, [21]. Cajun.
• Mulate's 201 Julia Street at Convention Center Boulevard, [22]. The other well known Cajun place.
• Tomas Bistro 755 Tchoupitoulas. Contemporary Creole. Dinner nightly. Tel. 527-0942
[edit] Splurge
• Emeril's, 800 Tchoupitoulas St, +1 504 528-9393. M-F 11:30AM-2PM and 6PM-10PM, Sa-Su 6PM-10PM. In the Warehouse District. edit
• Grill Room at Windsor Court Hotel. Contender for best restaurant, but very expensive; Located in the CBD just down from the Casino. They also serve a fine high-tea. edit
• Herbsaint, 701 St Charles Ave, +1 504 524-4114, [23]. M-F 11:30AM-10PM, Sa 5:30PM-10PM. edit
• Palace Cafe, 605 Canal St, +1 504 523-1661, [24]. 11:30AM-10PM daily (limited menu from 2:30PM-5:30PM). French Creole, noted for the seafood and duck dishes, and the luscious white chocolate bread pudding. edit
• Restaurant August, 301 Tchoupitoulas St, +1 504 299-9777, [25]. M-F 11AM-2PM and 5PM-10PM, Sa-Su 5PM-10PM. Renown Chef John Besh's signature restaurant featuring Contemporary French with a focus on local ingredients. Menu balances seafood, fowl and meat. Try either the 5 course tasting or the John Besh "Degustation" menu which changes nightly. edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
• Circle Bar, 1032 St. Charles (on Lee Circle at Howard Avenue). Casual joint with good jukebox
• Gordon Biersch 200 Poydras St., (504) 522-2739, [26]. Handcrafted beer brewery and restaurant.
• Lucy's Retired Surfer Bar, 701 Tchoupitoulas, [27]. Relaxed. All-you-can-eat crawfish party Sunday evenings.
• Sazerac Bar, 123 Barrone St. in the Roosevelt Hotel. Sip signature drinks like the original Sazerac cocktail or the Ramos gin fiz.
• Whiskey Blue, 333 Poydras St. (in the W Hotel). Swank upscale bar
[edit][add listing] Sleep
Numerous hotels are in this part of town.
[edit] Mid-range
• Embassy Suites New Orleans - Convention Center, 315 Julia Street, +1 504 525-1993 (fax: +1 504 525-3437), [28]. checkin: 3PM; checkout: noon. edit
• Courtyard New Orleans Downtown/Convention Center, 300 Julia Street, +1 504-598-9898 (fax: 1+ 504-598-9897), [29]. Business hotel in New Orleans Warehouse District 2 blocks from the New Orleans Convention Center and a short walk from the French Quarter. edit
• Hotel Monaco, 333 St Charles Ave, +1 504 561-0010, [30]. edit
[edit] Splurge
• Hilton New Orleans Riverside, Two Poydras Street (at the River end of Poydras Street), +1 504 561-0500, [31]. checkin: 3PM; checkout: 11AM. Across from the Casino $79+. edit
• Hotel New Orleans Convention Center, 881 Convention Center Blvd, [32]. Located across the street from the New Orleans Convention Center and offers upscale lodging. edit
• Hyatt Regency New Orleans, 601 Loyola Avenue (at Poydras Street), +1 504 561 1234, [33]. Near the Superdome and City Hall. Reopened in late 2011 after major renovations. edit
• InterContinental New Orleans, 444 St Charles Ave, [34]. Luxury hotel located on the St. Charles Mardi Gras parade route. edit
• International House Hotel, 221 Camp St, [35]. Boutique style hotel 2 blocks from the French Quarter. edit
• Le Pavilion, 833 Poydras St, [36]. One of the fanciest hotels in the city with the exception of the Ritz Carlton and Windsor Court. Elegant French and Old South stylings in the lobby. Featuring a Sunday "Jazz Brunch" with live music as well as a rooftop jacuzzi. edit
• Loft 523, 523 Gravier St, [37]. Boutique hotel 2 blocks from the French Quarter. edit
• Ritz-Carlton, 921 Canal St, [38]. Top notch hotel in what had been the Maison Blanche Department Store building. It's the Windsor Court's rival for finest in town. edit
• The Roosevelt, 123 Baronne St, +1 504 648-1200, [39]. One of the city's grand old hotels; reopened in 2009 after a 145 million dollar restoration modernized the rooms, returned the lobby to its historic glory, and reopened the famous Sazerac Bar and the Blue Room dinner & music venue. The lobby is worth a look even if you're not staying here. edit
• The Sheraton New Orleans, 500 Canal St, +1 504 525-2500, [40]. edit
• The Whitney, 610 Poydras St, +1 504 581-4222, [41]. A New Orleans hotel registered as a historic landmark. edit
• Windsor Court Hotel, 300 Gravier St (near where Canal and Poydras meet the River), +1 504 523-6000 (), [42]. If you want the tops and are willing to pay top dollar for it, this is the place. edit
[edit] Contact
• Main Branch Library, 219 Loyola Ave (at Tulane Ave), +1 504 596-2560, [43]. M-Th 10AM-6PM, F-Sa 10AM-5PM. (29.954519,-90.075598) edit
[edit] Get out
The convenient location of the neighborhood, especially the area between Rampart and the river, allows easy access to other parts of town: walk across Canal Street and you're in the upper part of the French Quarter. Take the red Canal Streetcar line away from the river to the attractions of Mid-City, or in the other direction the end of the line and you're at the edge of Faubourg Marigny. The green St. Charles Streetcar line takes you to Uptown and Carrollton. The ferry at the foot of Canal Street (free for pedestrians, $1 for cars) will take you across the Mississippi to the Algiers neighborhood, and give you a scenic budget mini-cruise of the River in the process.
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Schererville is a suburb of Chicago in Lake County, Indiana.
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The period of '''spring''' is quite short and is characterized by gardens blossoming (usually starts in March, even if temperatures are lower than in February). This is a comfortable season with less rain, but still with the cold sea.
The period of '''spring''' is quite short and is characterized by gardens blossoming (usually starts in March, even if temperatures are lower than in February). This is a comfortable season with less rain, but still with the cold sea.
Sochi '''summer''' can be associated with the swimming season, which usually lasts from the mid-end of May till the end of October. This is the true high season with it's touristic peak in July-August. In September and October the city attracts fewer visitors, partly because of the start of the school year. These two months, when the Black Sea is still warm, air is not very hot, and streets are not filled with tourists' crowds, seem to be the most enjoying time to visit Sochi. This period is called smoothy season ("бархатный сезон").
+
Sochi '''summer''' can be associated with the swimming season, which usually lasts from the mid-end of May till the end of October. This is the true high season with its touristic peak in July-August. In September and October the city attracts fewer visitors, partly because of the start of the school year. These two months, when the Black Sea is still warm, air is not very hot, and streets are not filled with tourists' crowds, seem to be the most enjoying time to visit Sochi. This period is called smoothy season ("бархатный сезон").
The off-season '''autumn''', coming to Sochi in the end of October, is warm, but with more cloudy days and rain. By the end of November daily average temperature drops below 10 degrees C.
The off-season '''autumn''', coming to Sochi in the end of October, is warm, but with more cloudy days and rain. By the end of November daily average temperature drops below 10 degrees C.
Revision as of 23:52, 21 January 2013
Host City for
Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic Park
Coastal Cluster
Sochi
Olympics [1] · Sochi 2014 [2]
View on Sochi from the Black Sea
Sochi (Russian: Cо́чи, SO-chee) is one of the southernmost places of Russia and the second-largest city of Krasnodar Krai, with a population of 415,000. Located along the Black Sea coast, it is about 1,600 km south of Moscow.
Sochi became world-known in 2007, when it won the bid to host the 2014 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games [3].
Contents
Understand
Sochi is often called the unofficial 'Summer Capital' of Russia, or the Black Sea Pearl. This is the country's biggest and busiest summer sea resort, attracting more than 4 million visitors annually with its amazing mountainous coastline, endless shingle beaches, warm sunny days, and bustling nightlife. From May to September Sochi's population at least doubles with tourists, including celebrities and political elite of the country.
Strangely, only 3 percent of this visitors' crowd are international travellers, and even the frontier location of the city doesn't help to change the situation. Maybe the most famous non-politician foreign visitor of Sochi was Bono, who was invited to spend some time at President Medvedev's residence in 2010. But in general the city remains a very domestic destination, somewhat lacking in appropriate international infrastructure and having the same language barrier most regional centers of Russia do.
Another paradox of Sochi is that the city, always associated in national mentality with south, palms and hot climate, won the 2014 Winter Olympic bid. This phenomenon will be probably never understood by Russians completely: every place in the country has a real winter, but Sochi? The answers are absence of harsh frost and the very promising Alpine resort of Krasnaya Polyana in the city area. A less pragmatic explanation is the lucky destiny of Sochi. The most famous Russian saying about the city is "If I could read the cards, I would live in Sochi" ("Знал бы прикуп - жил бы в Сочи"). Initially coming from the Preference card game, this saying shows the association of Sochi and its inhabitants with luck, moreover, with an accidental and unpredictable fortune.
Well, perhaps such an Olympic luck will help the city to reach beyond the national borders and to become a truly global site. Sochi has many attractions to offer for anyone who loves nature, sports, history, and sunny beach leisure. This Black Sea Pearl is still waiting to be discovered.
History
The territory of today's Sochi was inhabited for thousands of years, populated by Caucasian mountainous tribes and being under the influence and dominion of ancient Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Abkhazian and Ottoman civilizations. A few landmarks of antecedent civilizations remained, including the bronze age table-stones and medieval Byzantine temples.
The Russian Empire approached these lands in the beginning of 19th century, and after a war with the Ottoman Empire acquired them in 1829. Soon after that, in 1838, Russian authorities established the fort of Alexandria, at the site of modern Central Sochi, and 2 more forts in the modern Lazarevskoe district of the city. Alexandria was renamed several times and finally obtained the name Sochi (by the name of a local river) in 1896.
In the beginning of the 20th century, Sochi became known as a resort place. In 1902 the first bath building in Matsesta was constructed and in 1909 the official resort named "Caucasian Riviera" was open. Right before the 1917 revolution Sochi got its city status, and in the same time the railroad connected it with the rest of Russia. But the regular train service started only 6 years later, after the Russian Civil War finished with the Bolsheviks' victory. The city was growing quite slowly (from 13,000 in 1916 to 17,000 in 1932).
The situation changed in 1934, when a general reconstruction of Sochi was initiated by Stalin's government. For just 7 years from 1932 to 1939 the city's population skyrocketed from 17,000 to 72,000. New roads, theaters, parks, hotels and spa resorts were constructed, making the look of Sochi closer to what can be seen today.
In 1961 authorities decided to incorporate neighboring settlements into Sochi, giving the start to the history of Greater Sochi (Большой Сочи).
After the Soviet Union collapsed, Sochi took the role of Russian President's traditional summer residence from Crimea, as that became a part of the independent Ukraine.
In 2007 the city opened a new chapter in its history by winning the bid of the Olympic host city of 2014. The volume of construction work is huge, including new infrastructure (roads, sanitation, air and seaports, etc.), sport venues (both indoor and outdoor), commercial and residential buildings. The new look of Sochi has already started to transform the features of once a Soviet domestic resort.
Climate
Climate Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Daily highs (°C) 9.3 9.8 12.1 16.8 20.5 24.4 27 27.1 24.2 20 15.1 11.4
Nightly lows (°C) 3.1 3.2 5 9.1 12.6 16.4 19.4 19.3 15.8 12 7.9 5.1
Precipitation (mm) 179 118 109 116 93 91 122 135 135 158 191 197
Average of Sochi (coastal part)
Sochi belongs to that tiny part of Russia, which is happily located in the subtropical climatic zone. In contrast to Mediterranean climates, Sochi has a very high humidity level, like that in Abkhazia or in some USA states (e.g. Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Georgia). Despite high precipitation, Sochi enjoys 300 sunny days annually, which is unbelievable for any other part of Russia except neighboring Krasnodar Krai coastal cities. This makes nearly all the year months comfortable for visiting Sochi, except maybe November, December and January.
Palms and snow: the winter in Sochi
Most of precipitation falls during the winter, partly in snow, but there is usually no regular snow cover in the coastal part of the city. Sochians rarely use winter tyres, so every heavy snowfall comes unpredictably for drivers. The climate of the mountainous part of Greater Sochi is significantly colder, allowing for a full ski season in winter (usually, February and March). Thanks to that, Krasnaya Polyana is quickly developing as a winter resort and will host all outdoor competitions during the 2014 Olympics.
The period of spring is quite short and is characterized by gardens blossoming (usually starts in March, even if temperatures are lower than in February). This is a comfortable season with less rain, but still with the cold sea.
Sochi summer can be associated with the swimming season, which usually lasts from the mid-end of May till the end of October. This is the true high season with its touristic peak in July-August. In September and October the city attracts fewer visitors, partly because of the start of the school year. These two months, when the Black Sea is still warm, air is not very hot, and streets are not filled with tourists' crowds, seem to be the most enjoying time to visit Sochi. This period is called smoothy season ("бархатный сезон").
The off-season autumn, coming to Sochi in the end of October, is warm, but with more cloudy days and rain. By the end of November daily average temperature drops below 10 degrees C.
Ethnicities and religions
Sochi is one of the most multinational cities in Russia with people of more than 100 ethnic groups living there. Most of them are ethnic Russians (68%), the important minorities are Armenians, Ukrainians, Georgians, Greeks, Ciscassians, Belorussians, Tatars, and Jews.
Russian is the predominant language spoken by almost everyone in the city, including nearly all minorities, but many local placenames came from Abkhazian and Ciscassian languages. The most commonly used ones include "pse" / "psh" / "psta" (water), "akh" (high), and "nykh" (holy).
The major part of Sochi inhabitants are Orthodox Christians (80%). There are also Muslims (5%), Catholics and Judaists. Orthodox cathedrals are represented in all the parts of the city. The only Catholic cathedral located in Central Sochi was built in 1997 (most churchgoers are Catholic Armenians). There is also a mosque, albeit a very small and remote one (in Tkhagapsh community, 15 km towards the mountains from Lazarevskoe). The city authorities are planning to build a new mosque and a synagogue by 2014.
Greater Sochi map
Orientation
Greater Sochi occupies 105 km along the Black Sea coastline. Its total area is 3,500 square kilometres (3 times as large as Moscow). However, most of the population is spread along the narrow coastline stripe, while the mountain area (1,900 square km) mostly belongs to Sochi National Park and partly to Caucasian Biosphere Reserve. The city alignment is from north-west to south-east, from the neighboring city of Tuapse right to the Russian border with Abkhazia.
Greater Sochi officially includes 4 administrative districts:
Central Sochi District
The core of the city and its most developed and populated part. Many of the city attractions, hotels and most shopping centers are located there. During the summer season Central Sochi is usually overcrowded and traffic-jammed.
Lazarevskoye District (Ashe, Dagomys, Golovinka, Lazarevskoye, Loo (LO-Oh), Makopse, Solokhaul, Uchdere, Vardane, Volkonka)
The largest (1744 sq. km) and the longest (65 km coastline) one among Sochi districts, includes 34 sub-districts, most of them are spread along the sea shore. Lazarevskoe district is less urbanized that other ones in Greater Sochi. In fact it has many various settlements, often poorly connected with each other and lacking in basic infrastructure.
Khosta District (Khosta, Kudepsta, Matsesta)
Located to the south-east from Central Sochi, this district contains some major attractions, such as Akhun mountain.
Adler District (Adler, Imeretinskaya lowland, Krasnaya Polyana, Vesyoloe.)
The city's important transport hub, which includes Sochi International Airport, Adler train terminal (final point for most trains going to Greater Sochi) and the only open border crossing with Abkhazia. The role of Adler is rapidly increasing now because it will host all the Olympic venues for the 2014 Games (the Olympic coastal cluster at Imeretinskaya lowland and the mountain cluster at Krasnaya Polyana). The district currently looks like a single huge construction site (certainly, the works cause traffic problems). By 2014 the look of Imeretinskaya lowland and Krasnaya Polyana will change completely, as well as the local transport infrastructure.
The best developed, urbanized and monolithic part of Greater Sochi is the coastline between Dagomys (south-east of Lazarevskoe district) and Imeretinskaya lowland of Adler district.
Money
Like elsewhere in Russia, Russian rouble (RUB) is the only currency officially accepted in the city. Money exchange is not a problem, but use only official counters at banks and avoid people offering you exchange at major transport hubs. By Russian legislation passport is needed for exchange operations. The approximate exchange rate is 40 RUR for 1 euro or 28 RUR for 1 US dollar (as of 2011).
Sochi has many ATMs, especially in Central Sochi and Adler. You may withdraw not only roubles, but also dollars or euro at some of them (approximately 10% of all ATMs). Take into account, that Visa and MasterCard are widespread in Russia, but American Express cards are usually not accepted even at major tourist places. Also, expect possible problems with paying by card at minor shops or restaurants and at small private hotels. Have some cash with you for such cases.
Get in
Sochi is among several Russian seaports, where international tourists have the opportunity of visa-free entry for up to 72 hours (applicable for cruise ships and ferry line passengers only). Check limitations and requirements carefully before use.
For other foreign visitors standard Russian visa requirements apply.
Sochi International Airport
By plane
Sochi's primary gateway is Sochi International Airport [4] (IATA: AER ICAO: URSS), which is located in Adler district, right on the way to Krasnaya Polyana. It was totally reconstructed during the preparation to the 2014 Olympics. The new terminal was open in 2010 giving the city a chance to become a major regional air hub.
Flight schedule differs depending on season with the peak number of flights in May-September. During the winter flight delays are possible due to weather conditions. Alternatively, Krasnodar or Gelendzhik airports can be used.
International flights
There are regular air connections with Vienna (Austrian Airlines [5]), Istanbul (Turkish Airlines [6]), and Tel-Aviv (DONAVIA [7]).
Former Soviet Union countries are also connected to Sochi: Yerevan, Armenia (Armavia [8]), Tashkent, Uzbekistan (DONAVIA), Minsk, Belarus (Belavia [9]), Cishinau, Moldova (Air Moldova [10]), and Dushanbe, Tajikistan (Tajik Air [11]).
The departure hall of Sochi Airport
Domestic flights
Several flights per day connect Sochi with Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Other major cities of Russia, such as Kazan, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Rostov-on-Don, Samara, Yekaterinburg and others are also connected by air with Sochi.
Key carriers:
Airport transfer
By bus / marshrutka:
• 51 - from the airport to Adler (central market)
• 105, 124 - from the airport to Sochi central railroad station
• 135 - from the airport to Krasnaya Polyana
By taxi:
Taxi service at the airport is chaotic, taxi drivers can rarely speak English, and the declared price for a ride can be inadequate. To protect yourself book taxi / hotel transfer in advance.
The price varies greatly depending on the district you are going to. A ride to Adler costs 300-500 RUR, to Cental Sochi - 800-1000 RUR, to Krasnaya Polyana - 1,200-1,600 RUR. The most remote parts of Greater Sochi, such as Lazarevskoe, will cost up to 4000 RUR.
• Sky Express Taxi (airport transfers only), +7 8622 358-100, [21]. SkyExpress discounter airline offers the airport taxi transfer as an addition to other flight services (don't expect discount prices for that).
• Taxi Galant (airport transfers only), +7 918 101 0342, [22]. Transfers from Sochi International airport to any part of Greater Sochi and back. Order in advance, at least 2 hours, or better one day prior to ride.
By rails:
Preparing to the 2014 Olympics, RZD [23] is constructing the railroad, which will connect Sochi airport with the city. Commuter trains to Adler and Central Sochi will be available since 2012, the connection with Krasnaya Polyana is planned on 2013.
Main railroad terminal of Sochi
By train
Sochi has two major rail terminals in Central Sochi and Adler. However, most trains make short stops at small transit stations of Great Sochi: Lazarevskaya, Loo, Dagomys, Matsesta and Khosta. Tickets can be purchazed via Russian Railways website [24] (at the moment the service is available in Russian only), at RZD counters, or via travel agencies. RZD opens ticket sales 45 days prior to ride, book in advance during the high season.
There are regular train connections with key cities of Russia, and also with major cities of Belarus and Ukraine. Round-the-year destinations include:
International:
Domestic:
During the high season (May to September) the number of trains and the diversity of destinations increase dramatically.
By car
The M4 / E115 road connects Sochi with Moscow (1660 km) via Voronezh (1150 km), Rostov-on-Don (570 km) and Krasnodar (300 km).
The quality of this busy road differs from a narrow serpentine to a highway depending on its section, tending to improve during last years. Normally it takes 2 days to reach the city from Moscow and 5-9 hours from Krasnodar, depending on traffic.
Going to Sochi from Europe you can use transit roads through Ukraine or Turkey. In the last case a car can be transferred to Sochi from Trabzon by ferry. Please note that entering Sochi via Georgia and Abkhazia is impossible at the moment because of closed border between those two countries.
By bus
Sochi main bus terminal is located right near the main train terminal in Central Sochi. The second important terminal is in Adler.
International route destinations:
Major domestic route destinations:
The seaport of Sochi
By boat
Going to Sochi by a cruise ship or by a regular ferry can be an attractive opportunity to visit Russia without visa. Passengers are allowed to stay up to 72 hours at Russian territory if they live at the cruise ship or at the hotel, which is arranged for this particular group tourist program [25].
Unsurprisingly, up to now, most international tourists come to Sochi by cruise ships (please check the itinerary [26]).
The seaport of Sochi [27] operates several regular international routes, mainly in the period from May to October:
Ferry tickets from Sochi can be usually purchased only at the port, 1 day prior to departure.
There are also regular ship connections with neighbouring cities of Novorossiysk, Tuapse and Gagra, Abkhazia.
Get around
By foot
Within Central Sochi most distances are walkable, with some regard to hilly landscape and appropriate physical efforts needed (take into account that the big volume of construction prior to 2014 Olympics has made some walks less suitable). Other districts of the city have signuificant spaces between their parts, so it's better to use some transport to get, for example, from Matsesta to Kudepsta or from Loo to Lazarevskoe. To walk between districts and sub-districts of Greater Sochi is also usually not convenient due to lack of sidewalks, hilly terrain, and intensive traffic.
It may seem that the city extended along the sea coast should have long promenades. In fact, most of the coastline space behind the beach is taken by the railroad. So, the only real promenade is between Riviera Park and Dendrarium of Central Sochi. The other one is under construction in the Olympic Park of Adler.
Due to the resort specifics of Sochi, the usual approach there is to measure the distance in meters from the beach. This may play a bad joke: you can find yourself at a hotel or apartment close to the sea, but far away from any infrastructure and transportation. So, be attentive while booking.
By bus / marshrutka
In contrast to other Russian cities of the same size, Sochi does not have any trams or trolleybuses. The initial bus transportation system after the collapce of Soviet Union was doped with smaller private buses and marshrutka (minibuses). The last category mostly duplicates the existing bus routes with some minor, but often useful additions. The sevice is quite frequent and relatively cheap, that makes it the most popular way of transportation in Sochi.
By 2014 Olympics the city authorities plan to provide English signage in buses and even English-speaking drivers. But as for now, neither the first nor the second can be found. So, as elsewhere in regional Russia prepare to bend your intuition not to miss your stop.
The most important bus/marshrutka routes in the city are:
• 3K - from the central bus terminal to Matsesta
• 12 - from Bytkha to Matsesta
• 17 - from the central bus terminal to Novaya Zarya (ring route of Central Sochi)
• 22K - from the central bus terminal to Bytkha
• 36 - from the seaport of Sochi to Mamayka
• 47K - from the central bus terminal to Transportnaya street (Olymp Mall)
• 57 - from Adler train station to Imeretinskaya Lowland and Vesyoloe (to the border with Abkhazia)
• 64 - from Mamayka to Kudepsta via Central Sochi, Matsesta and Khosta
• 99 - from Sochi train station to Vinogradnaya street (ring route of Central Sochi)
• 105 - from the central bus terminal via Matsesta, Khosta and Adler sub-districts to Sochi International Airport, then to Alpika-Service part of Krasnaya Polyana. The 105K bus goes to the airport only.
• 106 - from Sochi train station to Trout Farm via Sochi International Airport
• 125 - from the central bus terminal to Imeretinskaya Lowland via Matsesta, Khosta and Adler
• 130 - from Adler train station to Trout Farm
• 135 - from Adler (market) to Krasnaya Polyana
• 155 - from the central bus terminal to Lazarevskoe via most sub-districts of Lazarevskoe district (Dagomys, Vardane, Loo, etc.)
• 167 - from the central bus terminal to Adler (market / Novy Vek Mall)
Bus / marshrutka numbers from 1 to 99 mean that the fare is fixed for all the distance of the ride (9 RUR). Numbers from 100 have flexible fare system depending on the travel distance.
By train
Old vs New: an elektrichka and a Siemens Desiro ML train in Sochi
The 105 km lenght of Greater Sochi makes the railroad one of the fastest and most suitable transports to travel between the city districts. For a long period Sochi had the only line going from Tuapse to Abkhazia and beading 5 major stations, 4 minor ones, and 28 platforms inside the metropolitan area. Preparing to 2014 Olympics, RZD constructs two new lines (from Adler to the airport and from Imeretinskaya lowland to Krasnaya Polyana) with total lenght of 48 km and 5 new stations and platforms.
Commuter trains of Sochi have been constantly improving during recent years, upgrading from standard Russian elektrichki to modern and comfortable ones. Most of them go from Adler (or from Sochi central terminal) to Tuapse and back. There are also 1-2 trains daily to Krasnodar and Maykop. One way ride from Sochi to Lazarevskoe will cost 45 RUR for an ordinary elektrichka (1 hour 45 minutes). A modernized commuter train ticket is more expensive: from 100 to 200 RUR depending on class, but also faster (50-70 minutes). Expect to pay 40 percent more if going to Lazarevskoe from Adler (2 hours 20 minutes for an ordinary elektrichka).
While summer hot season brings more interregional trains to Sochi, the number of local commuter trains is decreasing for that period. So, there are only 6 round-the-year local trains (16 in off-season period). The good news is that each long distance train will also stop at Adler, Khosta, Sochi, Loo and Lazarevskaya stations, so it is possible to travel inside the city by these trains. The bad news is that you will need a passport each time you are buying a long-distance train ticket.
By taxi
As usually in Russia, your hand put out at the street will gather several cars willing to earn on your ride, and only few of them will be licensed taxis. Such unofficial way of transportation is still popular in the country because it is usually cheaper and faster, than official taxi service. In the same time, it is of course less safe, cars are less comfortable etc.
You will hardly find any English-speaking taxi drivers in Sochi. So, unless you are a bit adventurous or familiar with Russian, it is very recommended to use mediators, such as hotel receptionists, to arrange a ride.
Be also aware, that even official services rarely use meters, more often measuring the fare by time of ride or using fixed prices. Have cash with you as only few services accept credit cards.
• New Yellow Taxi (Новое Желтое Такси), Central - Pirogova Street, 26, +7 8622 90 3333, [29]. A reliable taxi service operating in Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Sochi, using taximeters. Their yellow cabs are easy to recognize.
• Taxi Kapriz, +7 (8622) 369-360, +7 (988) 502-90-60, [30]. Economy class cars allow this provider to set cheaper prices for some popular destinations (e.g. Central Sochi to the airport - 600 RUR).
• Taxi Kruiz, +7 (918) 340-9819, +7 (963) 160-7800, [31]. Only air-conditioned cars. A ride can be arranged by phone or via the website.
• Taxi Nika, +7 (8622) 330 330, [32]. A bit expensive service, using new Renault Logan cars.
• Taxi Sochi, +7 963 163 0603, [33]. Taxi service with receipts given and credit cards accepted. A ride can be arranged by phone or via Internet. The cost of ride is fixed depending on location, see on the website.
By car
Driving style in Sochi is more chaotic than in most parts of Russia: southern blood affects it. So, expect the road culture similar to that one in Greece or Turkey and be extremely careful while driving, if you have finally decided to do that.
Another issue is that Sochi is extremely lacking parking space, especially in the central part of the city. Drivers often have no alternatives to leaving their cars at bus stops, pedestrian areas etc. Together with the fast increase of car users this leads to traffic jamming at the streets. City authorities are planning to launch more pay parkings in 2012.
Car rentals in Sochi:
• Hertz (Independent licensee), Sochi International Airport, +7 (8622) 357 100, [34]. Mon-Sun 0900-2100.
• Sixt, Locations: 1) Sochi International Airport; 2) Marins Park Hotel (Morskoy pereulok, 2), +7 (8622) 96-0020, [35]. Mon-Sun 0900-2100.
• ATON / Rentacarov (Sochi local car hire service), Locations: 1) Center (Transportnaya str., 130, office 5); 2) Marins Park Hotel (Morskoy pereulok, 2); 3) Sochi International Airport, +7 (8622) 960-331 (), [36].
• Rossa Rent (local car hire service operating in Sochi and Krasnodar), Locations: 1) Zhemchuzhina hotel (Chernomorskaya street, 3 - Center); 2) Sochi International Airport (pre-booked only, +7 (8622) 955-497, 8 918 905 59 77, [37].
By boat
Regular ship service from Central Sochi to other city districts was stopped in 2005 due to an obsolete fleet and several local piers' destruction. Currently, the objective to restore this shipping is in place, and probably in the next few years it will be done.
By bike
Sochi authorities recently introduced the city bike rental service. A bike can be taken and left at any of 30 automated terminals (pilot ones are installed in Central Sochi and Khosta districts). The service itself is free, but you need to leave 3,000 RUR deposit before you return the bike.
There is also work on cycle lanes allocation in the city. However, Sochi is still uncomfortable for cycling due to heavy traffic and a lot of construction sites.
By wheelchair
Generally, Russia has a huge gap in the level of accessibility for people with disabilities. Several cities have started their improvement programs in this area, and Sochi is among them. The accessible city is a requirement for 2014 Paralympic Games organization.
So far, at least the airport facilities and new commuter trains in Sochi are accessible. The project to create the accessibility map of Sochi has been launched in 2011, giving the start to the same all-Russian project. Hopefully, next few years will bring the significant improvement in the city's accessibility, as it happened in Khanty-Mansiysk prior to another Paralympic sport event.
See
Loo temple
Historical sights
• Stalinist period Empire Style buildings. The modern-period architecture history in Sochi started from the general construction plan of 1934. During the Stalinist period (till 1953) many monumental buildings around Greater Sochi were built. Among them are: Sochi central train terminal, Sochi seaport, The Winter Theatre, Sochi Art museum, and numerous resort hotels, such as Metallurg, Lazarevskoe etc.
• Stalin's Summer Residence, 120, Kurortny - Khosta district, +7 (8622) 69 56 00. Initially a merchant's Mikhailovskoe estate, taken by Bolsheviks and later converted into Stalin's residence by Miron Merzhanov, Soviet chief architect. Stalin visited this dacha quite often, having numerous meetings with top-echelon politicians, such as Chinese chairman Mao. Inside is a museum with many personal belongings and Stalin's waxwork. There are also legends about Stalin's phantom, still walking around this place by nights.
• Godlik fortress, Kurskaya street, Chemitokvadzhe - Lazarevskoe district. The remains of a Byzantine triangle fortress, which was initially built in 4-5 centuries A.D. Despite of the poor condition of this sight, it still has remained towers and part of limestone walls.
• Loo temple, Loo - Lazarevskoe district. Another Byzantine site, and also in poor condition. Located at the hilltop away from the sea (1.5 km), it was initially built in 10-12 centuries, rebuilt in 14th century and converted into a fortress in 15-16 centuries.
Anchor and Cannon monument in Sochi
Monuments
Among the traditional Russian set of monuments left as a legacy of the collapced Soviet Union, Sochi has several original artworks worth to be explored by the city's guests.
• Anchor and Cannon, Pushkinsky park - Central (near Primorskaya street). The oldest monument in the city, built in 1913. An original 19th century cannon and 18th century anchor symbolize the victory of Russian army in Russian-Ottoman war of 1828-1829.
• Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin, Vinogradnaya, 14 - Central (at Krashmashevsky resort hotel area). Probably, the only one monument to these key anti-fascist coalition leaders in Russia. Erected in 2008 by an Israeli sculptor Frank Meisler. 2 copies of the monument were granted to USA and the UK. At the same place, a historical museum of World War II was opened.
• The Feat for Life memorial (Подвиг во имя жизни), Riviersky pereulok - Central (At the entrance to Riviera Park). An architectural ensemble dedicated to medical personnel of Sochi, who returned back to life more than half-million casualties during the World War II. The monument is a steel arc with the marble statues of physicians, nurses and wounded people at its pediment.
• The Golden Fleece, Ploschad Isskustv - Central (near Sochi Art Museum). A symbolic composition, illustrating a well-known Classical Greek myth about Argonauts and the Golden Fleece, was opened in 2008. Between two elegant columns the gold-plated sheep skin is stretched, guarded by a dragon. The sculptor implemented the idea of historical bridge between Greece and Olympic Sochi.
• The Singing Fontains, Kurortny - Central. Located in the center of the city, at the corner of Kurortny Prospekt and Navaginskaya street, at the entrance to Sochi Trade Gallery. A pool with numerous water streams, and special sound and visual hardware, allowing the water to "sing" and "dance" in rhythym. The fontains operate only in summer evenings, when their visual effects are the best-seen. Initially constructed in 1970, the Singing Fontains were totally renovated in 2009.
• Zavokzalny War Memorial, Zavokzalny subdistrict - Central. The memorial to Sochi soldiers, who died during the World War II, and the burial place for more than 2,000 of them, built in 1985 to 40th Victory Anniversary. At the hilltop there are memory desks with soldier names, as a semicircle surrounding an eternal light. Overlooking Central Sochi, this place has become a non-avoidable photosession point for weddings in the city.
• Olympic Countdown Clock, (near Sochi seaport). Installed and launched in May (Olympic) and June (Paralympic) of 2011, 1000 days before the start of Sochi 2014 Olympic and Paralympic Games. An innovatively looking construction, worth to see.
Museums
Sochi Art Museum
• Sochi Art Museum, Kurortny, 51 - Central, +7 (8622) 62-2947, +7 (8622) 62-2916, [38]. The museum occupies one of the most beautiful buildings of Sochi, built in 1936. Its collection is the largest at the Black Sea coast (more than 5 000 items of various style and period from antique to contemporary). The exposition expands with new paintings of Sochi artists, regular solo exhibitions are organized.
• Sochi History Museum, Vorovskogo 54/11 - Central, +7 (8622) 64-28-91. This museum, one of the oldest cultural sights in the city, was open in 1920. The exposition embraces the important milestones of the city's history, archaelogical findings, nature and famous people. In total, there are 14 museum halls and about 150,000 items.
• Museum of Sochi Sport Honour, Sovetskaya, 26 - Central, +7 (8622) 64-23-26, +7 (928) 448 90 85 (tours). Daily, 11-00AM - 9-00PM. This is the newest museum in the city, open in 2010 in the threshold of 2014 Olympics. The items of its collection show the history of Olympics, the Olympic movement, and Sochi participation in the organization of Olympics. The most important items are Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic flags, as well as the miniaturized models of Coastal and Mountain cluster venues, which are in construction in Sochi. The museum also acts as a cultural center, where numerous educational programs and meetings are conducted. Entrance 80 RUR.
• A.A.C. Art Gallery of Wood Plastic, Zvezdnaya street, 1, office 24 - Khosta district, +7 (8622) 65-90-08, [39]. 10-00AM - 8-00PM. The individual art gallery of a talented Sochian wooden sculptor, Alexander Sobol. The exposition of over 500 wonderful wooden works accompanied with specially composed music. 1-hour guided tours are provided.
A Mauritanian arbour at Sochi Dendrarium park
Parks
• Riviera Park, Yegorova, 1 - Central, +7 (8622) 64-33-77, +7 (8622) 64-08-85. The most popular and the biggest public park of Greater Sochi, established in 1898 and fully renovated 100 years after. Riviera is an all-season sight. In summer it offers shadow and numerous leisure attractions, while in winter its silent alleys attract fans of quiet walks and solitude. The park has restaurants and bars, sports facilities, leisure centers, a cinema, and other attractions. The Green Theatre of the park is a venue for frequent concerts and festivals. But the main point of interest is probably Friendship Alley (Поляна дружбы), established in 1960, with trees planted by famous politicians, celebrities and other well-known people. For example, 45 Russian cosmonauts and American astronauts planted their trees at this site. Free entrance.
• Dendrarium (Dendrary Botanical Garden), 74, Kurortny - Khosta district, +7 (8622) 62-18-42 , [40]. daily, 8AM - 9PM. The best park at the Black Sea coast, where a wide variety of trees' species is collected. A beautiful, shadowy, and well-managed place, excellent for leisure, unhurried walking etc. Use cable-car to get to the mountain from the coastal part of Dendrarium and discover a scenic panoramic view of the sea and Caucasus ridges. Entrance 180 RUR.
• Park of Southern Cultures, Adler district. Another dendrary botanical garden located in Adler, at river Mzymta's left bank. Established in 1910, the park collected more than 5,500 plant species from all over the world, blossoming round the year. At a single place you can find 300-year oaks, blossoming sakura, and Chinese fan palms. There are also ponds with water lilies and lotuses, inhabited by swans and ducks. The park with its outstanding landscape and biodiversity is definitely among the best such objects in Russia. Entrance 150 RUR.
• Frunze Park (Парк имени Фрунзе), Chernomorskaya st - Khosta district. One of the oldest resort parks in the city, located in the coastal park of Khosta district, near Dendrarium, having at its area the Summer Theatre, venues for sports, and an amazing cascaded fontain.
Sochi Olympic Park
Imeretinskaya lowland of Adler district was chosen as the place of Sochi 2014 Olympic Coastal Cluster allocation (the Mountain Cluster is located at Krasnaya Polyana). Initially occupied with chaotically built private houses, this area started to be totally re-developed in 2007, seeming to be the largest construction site of modern Russia. As of 2011, the construction is on its midway and to be finished by the end of 2013.
In 2014 the Olympic Park will be used for the Games opening and closing ceremonies, hockey, skating and curling competitions, and all medal award ceremonies. After the Games the park will become the city's legacy, while several competition venues will be transferred to other locations in Russia and the Olympic Village facilities will be converted into hotels and apartments.
Map of Sochi Olympic Park (in construction till 2013)
Olympic Park will include the following venues and facilities:
Olympic Competition Venues:
• Central Stadium
• Bolshoi Ice Palace (12,000 spectators)
• Maly Ice Palace (7,000 spectators)
• Speed Skating Centre (8,000 spectators)
• Figure Skating and Short Trek Centre (12,000 spectators)
• Sochi Curling Centre (3,000 spectators)
Olympic Non-competition Venues:
• Olympic Village
• Olympic and Paralympic Family Hotel
• Main Media Center
Other Facilities and Venues:
• Formula 1 race track
• The campus of Russian International Olympic University
• Thematic leisure park
• 2 new railroad stations: Olympic Park and Imeretinskaya
Olympic Park is 7 km away from Adler station and Sochi International Airport. It will be connected with the rest of Sochi city by train and bus routes.
Wildlife expositions
Sochi Discovery World Aquarium
• Sochi Discovery World Aquarium, Lenin 219а / 4 - Adler, +7 (8622) 46-33-56, [41]. Tue-Sun 10.00AM - 6.00PM. The largest oceanarium in Russia, and one of the largest ones in Europe. Standard, but impressive variety of marine species is complemented with a wide array of Russia's freshwater species of fish. 500 RUR.
• Aquarium and Marine Zoo, 4 Cheltenham alley - Khosta district (New Matsesta), +7 (8622) 67-72-26 (), [42]. Open daily, summer 9AM - 8PM, winter 10AM - 6PM. Open in 2005. It is possible to participate in feeding animals, such as sharks, penguins, hippopotamus etc. Adult 300 RUR, kids (6-11 years old) 100 RUR.
• Oceanarium at Riviera Park, Yegorova, 1 - Central, +7 (8622) 64-43-43, [43]. Open daily, summer 10-00 - 0-00, winter 10-00 - 21-00. The most centrally located aquarium, however, not the most impressive one. Adults 300 RUR, kids (6-11 years old) 200 RUR.
• Adler Dolphinarium, Lenin 219а - Adler, +7 (8622) 46-33-03 (fax: +7 (8622) 46-33-03). Summer Tue-Sun, 11-00, 14-00 and 16-00. Winter Sat-Sun and holidays, 15-30. Sochi representation of Utrish Delfinarium of Novorossiysk. 50-minute performance of dolphins is conducted round the year, the pool is 20 metres in width and 6 metres in depth. The place holds up to 1,000 spectators. Adults 450 RUR, kids (3-12 years old) 250 RUR.
• Monkey Nursery Center (Обезьяний питомник), Vesyoloe, 1 - Adler district (Marshrutka / bus 134). The place is owned by the only Russian scientific institute of medical primatology of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. It is famous for monkey preparation for experimental space flights, starting from non-manned period of space exploration. Here animals pass the spaceflight training, accustom to spaceship conditions etc. The center has large area, where 2,700 friendly animals of more than 11 monkey species live (primarily macaques). Nursery itself is 1.5 km walk from the entrance. Open for visiting, entrance 200 RUR.
Outdoor sights
View at Mount Akhun, Sochi
As a rule with some exceptions, Sochi outdoor sights are located inside the area of Sochi National Park. This means that in some cases you will need to pay the park entrance fee. All major sights attract both independent travellers and guided groups. Tours can be arranged at hotels or at the hot tourist areas in the city.
• Mount Akhun, Khosta district. Mount Akhun is the highest Greater Sochi coastal point famous as the best panoramic view of the city. The castle-looking tower on its 700-meter top gives a perfect overlook of the city. It is probably even possible to see the remote Turkish coast, if the weather and visibility are fine. Taking a trail down from Mt. Akhun, it is possible to get to the nearby Agurskoe Canyon (Агурское ущелье), another popular destination with a cascade of 3 waterfalls surrounded by high cliffs. It is spoken to be the oldest tourist sight in the city. Outside of the waterfalls there is the place called Eagle Rock (Орлиные скалы) with few caves around. As a legend says, Eagle Rock is the place, where Prometheus (Classical Greek god of fire) was enchained. To reach Mount Akhun and its surroundings it is best to use a car/taxi. Using a bus, take route 110 from Central Sochi to Sputnik stop. In this case you will need to climb the mountain (2-3 hours walk). Entrance 100 RUR (Mt. Akhun viewing point), 100 RUR (Agurskoe canyon), 50 RUR (Eagle Rock).
Yew and boxtree wood at Khosta, Sochi
• Yew & boxtree wood (тисо-самшитовая роща), Khosta district. An exclave of Caucasian Biosphere Reserve and a UNESCO World Heritage List item, yew and boxtree wood occupies 3 square kilometres at one of the Mt. Akhun slopes. This is a unique nature sight with over 700 plant species, some of those are relicts remained unchanged for 30 million years. There are also endemic species and very aged plants, like 2 thousand years old trees. The wood has 20 endangered species included into the IUCN Red List. If you are not going to use car or taxi to reach it, take marshrutka route 122 from Central Sochi to Khosta. The stop you need is "Khosta-most". From that walk by Samshitovaya street (Самшитовая улица) till the road turning and the pointer. Soon after the turn a usual group of taxi cars act as the sign of the entrance to the wood. Entrance 150 RUR.
• Vorontsovka Caves (Воронцовские пещеры), Vorontsovka village - Khosta district. The mountain part of Greater Sochi area contains over 400 caves in total. The most known of them is the complex of caves in Vorontsovka village of Khosta district. It consists of 3 interconnected parts (Kabanya, Vorontsovskaya and Labirintovaya) with total lenght of 11 km and the height difference of 240 m. This is one of the largest cave systems in Caucasus, a significant part of it is open for visiting.
• Dagomys Tea-Party Houses, Dagomys and Uch-Dere - Lazarevskoe district. The world northernmost tea has been cultivated in Sochi since 1887, as "Krasnodar Tea" brand. There are group tours to Dagomys Tea Plant, and also, on a hill in Uch-Dere there are tea-party houses, open for visiting. There you can find out how tea is grown, collected and manufactured. You will be offered a tea-party with samovar, pirozhki, pancakes, jam, and folk songs. As a bonus, at the place there is a museum with traditional Russian crafts exposition.
• 33 waterfalls, Lazarevskoe district. There are several waterfall locations in Greater Sochi area. This certain one is a bit remote, but contains as many as thirty three waterfalls, those are not so high (1.3 to 10 metres), but very scenic ones. They are best seen in spring, when rains and snow melting at mountains bring more water. Dzhegosh stream has only 2 km lenght flowing down to Shakhe river not far from a traditional Circassian settlement Bolshoy Kichmay, 11 km from the sea coast, Golovinka sub-district and regular public transportation. To get to waterfalls less cheaper, but more suitable is to use a taxi or to join an organized tour.
• Trout Farm (Форелевое хозяйство), Forelevaya st, 45, Kazachiy Brod settlement - Adler. The largest fish farm in Russia, includes 131 ponds for trout and 6 more for carps. This is not only a farm, but also an amazing tourist spot. Visiting it, you can get information about trout planting, watch the fish, feed it, and even go fishing at ponds. It's also possible to buy incredibly tasty smoked trout at the place.
• Akhtyrshskaya Cave (Ахтыршская пещера), Adler district. Many of Sochi caves were inhabited by primeval people. Akhtyrshkaya cave is among them, having many petroglyphic drawings and other primeval remains. Take a bus/marshrutka 106 to its ending point (Trout Farm). Cross the street from the bus stop and go to the tunnel. Turn right close to the tunnel and go down to Mzymta river and a monkey bridge. Prior to the bridge go left and up to the entrance to the cave. There is beautiful scenery and panoramic view close to the cave: cross Mzymta river and take the trail left and up. Entrance 100 RUR.
Do
A beach arbour in Sochi
• Boat tours (Sochi port), +7 8622 609-603, [44]. 11 AM - 9 PM. 1-hour regular sea boat tours. Organized by Sochi seaport, May to October. 300 RUR.
Leisure
• Nautilus Aquapark, Pobedy str., 2/1 - Lazarevskoe, +7 (8622) 74-0187.
Sports
• Yachting
• Kitesurfing
Festivals and Events
• Kinotavr, Open Russian Film Festival [45] - conducted in June annually since 1990. Kinotavr is the largest Russian film festival attracting the top talents of Russian cinema: directors, producers, actors, writers, and photographers.
Sochi 2014 Olympic and Paralympic Games
In 2014 the Olympic winter games will be held in Sochi and Krasnaya Polyana.
Learn
Russian Language
There is no sustainable practice of learning Russian as a foreign language in Sochi at the moment. Two places can offer such classes potentially:
• Russian University of Peoples' Friendship (RUDN), Sochi Branch (Department of additional education), Kuibysheva, 24 - Adler, +7 (8622) 40-0895 (). This university is among leaders in Russia by number of international students. Sochi branch is, however, a small one, so your case with Russian study will be probably solved on individual basis.
• Sphere Travel, 11 Navaginskaya Str. - Central, +7 (8622) 64-6305 (), [46]. This company several years ago offered the following programs of Russian: general, intensive, business, speaking, and academic Russian. Due to low number of students please check the actual situation before planning study.
Work
Getting a work permit in Russia is not usually an easy process, at least if you are not a former Soviet Union state citizen. Sochi can possibly be an exception, as in nearest future the preparation of Olympic Games will create many new workplaces. Some of the potential vacancies will require international expertise. Highly qualified international candidates will have simplified visa and work permit procedure.
Another Olympics-related opportunity is to join Sochi 2014 Volunteer Program (recruitment will start on February 2012).
Apart from Olympics there are potential vacancies for English tutors, as the demand for English study in the city is constantly growing. It is also possible to find sport instructors' jobs, in both winter (skiing, snowboarding) and summer (diving, yachting, kitesurfing) sports, but the knowledge of Russian is essential for those positions.
Buy
Local specialties
• Krasnodar tea (Краснодарский чай). This is the only tea sort grown in Russia, being the northernmost one in the world (due to climate conditions, it's impossible to cultivate tea to the north from Sochi). Tea plantations of Greater Sochi are located in Dagomys, Solokhaul [47] (Lazarevskoe district) and Adler. The amount of their production is limited, so it's not easy to meet it outside Krasnodar Krai. Baloven (Баловень) tea brand by Dagomys Tea Plant is available at Sochi shops. Group tours to tea plants are also available.
• Local alcohol. Surpisingly, Russia is the 11th-largest wine producer in the world. 60% of all Russian wine is manufactured in Krasnodar Krai. In Sochi and around there is possible to buy many kinds of this drink, starting from home-made and market-sold wine in no-brand plastic bottles (looks dangerous, but is spoken to be the best one), finishing with premium-class aged wine and brandy in souvenir boxes. To avoid fake brand production buy it at the city's chain stores, such as Magnit, Karusel, Kairos or Perekryostok.
• Abrau Durso sparkling wines, [48]. Abrau Durso (plant located near Novorossiysk) is the leading and the best-known Russian producer of a wide array of sparkling wines, from odious "Soviet Shampagne" to the exclusive Imperial and Millesime wine collections. The production technology is based on traditional shampagnoise method. Abrau Durso (Абрау-Дюрсо) wine is distributed to all Russian regions and exported. The price varies greatly depending on the collection item.
• Abkhazian wines. There are several brands of wine from Abkhazia those are widely common in Russian shops and popular for their inimitative taste. Apsny (Апсны) - red semi-sweet wine from the mix of Cabernet, Sovignon, Merlot and Saperavi grape. Chegem (Чегем) - red dry wine from Cabernet grape. Lykhny (Лыхны) - red semi-sweet wine from Isabella grape. Psou (Псоу) - white semi-sweet wine from Aligote and Riesling grape. 250-500 RUR per bottle.
• Brand wines of Krasnodar Krai. The best wine brands in the region are Fanagoria (Фанагория) [49] and Myskhako (Мысхако), both produced in Novorossiysk area and having the wide assortment. 200-500 RUR per bottle.
• Brandy. This alcohol drink is called Cognac (Коньяк) at Russian domestic market, but is exported as Brandy due to necessity to follow the copyright of Cognac province of France. Together with Dagestan and Stavropol Krai, Krasnodar Krai is among 3 regions of Russia, those grape is acceptable for brandy production. The factory in Temryuk town located near Taman makes the best brandy in Krasnodar Krai, including the aged and souvenir collection. From 150 RUR per bottle for ordinary drink, to 2,500 RUR for upper-class souvenir bottles.
Shopping
• Alexandria (Александрия), Moskovskaya street, 22 - Central. A 5-stored mall built at the place of former city market and combined with a higher office building. Conveniently located in the very center of Sochi.
• Kairos (Кайрос), [50]. 24/7. The largest local retail chain in Greater Sochi. Over 40 supermarkets and minimarkets spread all over the city at walking distance from most tourist and residential locations. Good place for minor daily shopping.
• Magnit (Магнит). Nationwide Russian supermarket chain with several shops within Greater Sochi.
• Melodia (Мелодия), Kurortny Prospekt, 16 - Central. A midsize shopping mall, located at Sochi central street.
• MoreMall (Море Молл), Novaya Zarya street - Central (under construction till May 2012). The first regional-scale world-benchmarked mall is being now constructed at outskirts of Central Sochi. In 2012 its numerous shops and boutiques of the best global and federal brands will offer the city biggest variety of goods and services. Over 30 restaurants of various cuisines of the world and a multiplex cinema are also planned.
• Noviy Vek (Новый Век), Demokraticheskaya street, 52 - Adler, [51]. A midsize mall, located in the center of Adler district. Over 100 shops, restaurants, and a supermarket.
• Olymp (Олимп), Transportnaya street - Central (orbital road of Sochi). Sochi's currently largest mall, having 70+ shops, hypermarket, bouling, multiplex cinema, foodcourt, and restaurants.
• Stroy-City (Строй-Сити), Donskaya street, 28 - Central, [52]. Large DIY and furniture mall with more than 80 shops and supporting infrastructure (cafes, parkings etc.).
• Trade Gallery (Торговая галерея), Navaginskaya street - Central. Navaginskaya street became one of the main shopping areas in the city, containing a whole lot of various shops, where it is possible to by everything, from souvenir to clothing, and from food to photo camera spare parts.
Eat
Budget
• Art-Pizza, Teatralnaya street, 9 - Central (Near the Winter Theatre), +7 (8622) 62-2666. 10-00AM - 12-00PM. A reasonably priced pizza place Around 500 RUR per person.
• Mama Roza, Moskovskaya, 19A - Central, +7 (8622) 64-2872. 11-00AM - 11-00PM. Conveniently located in the very center, close to the main train terminal, this cafe offers a budget variety of pizza and other Italian-style food. About 500 RUR per person.
• McDonald's, Kurortny Prospekt 17/1 - Central, +7 8622 64 87 79, +7 8622 64 86 74, +7 8622 64 86 85, [53]. 8-00 - 24-00. The only McDonald's restaurant in Sochi, as of 2011. Traditionally popular for its fast-food and free wi-fi. 100-300 RUR per person..
Mid-range
• Frau Marta, Sovetskaya street, 2 - Central (near the seaport), +7 (8622) 33 72 72. Cosy and stylish German restaurant with a good variety of beers and nice Nuremberg sausages. 500-1,500 RUR per person.
• Lighthouse, Morskoy pereulok, 1/1 - Central (near the seaport), +7 (8622)37-74-74, [54]. 11.00-0.00. Uzbek cuisine garnished with Russian and European dishes. Shashlyk and pilav are strongly recommended. 500-1,500 RUR per person.
• Vody Lagidze (Воды Лагидзе), Primorskaya street, 16 - Central, +7 918 401 3373. A popular restaurant of traditional Georgian cuisine with live music. Russian and European specialtes are also offered.
Splurge
• Kalipso, Moskvina street, 2, Central Sochi (near the seaport and Mayak aquapark), +7 (8622) 62-40-33, [55]. 12.00-0.00. Elegantly-designed, fine and expensive restaurant of Italian and Mediterranean cuisine. 2,500 RUR per person and more.
• La Terrazza, Kurortny Prospekt 105 B - Central, +7 (8622) 96-58-58, [56]. 12.00-0.00. Italian cuisine. 2,500 RUR per person and more.
• Sinee More (Синее Море), Chernomorskaya street, Sunny Beach (Solnechny Plyazh) (Central Sochi), +7 (8622) 66-21-21, 90-20-02 (), [57]. 12.00-2.00. Probably, the most luxurious restaurant in the city. Mediterranean fish & seafood cuisine, plus several meat specialties. Good cocktails. 2,500 - 5,000 RUR per person.
Drink
• London Bar, Nesebrskaya street, 6 - Central (beach zone), +7 (8622) 60 82 00, [58]. 24/7. Stylish restaurant and bar, offering business lunches during the day and transforming into a music club by nights. European and Japanese cuisine, wide array of cocktails and spirits. Concerts (rock, disco, chillout, both Russian and international) and parties each 1-2 weeks. 500 - 1,500 RUR per person.
• Shum Karaoke Club (Шум), Navaginskaya street, 9 - Central, +7 (9882)37 54 20; 26 30 30 (). 24/7 (9 AM - 6 PM - restaurant of European cuisine, 7PM - 7 AM - karaoke. Luxury karaoke club with fine design and wide assortment of cocktails. Professional sound and back vocalists, songs are free on Sundays to Thursdays.
• Treugolnik Rock Bar (Треугольник), Kirova street, 56 - Adler, [59]. 12-00 - 03-00. A democratic rock-n-roll club with an authentic athmosphere and a large musical collection: from rock classics to newest trends. Regular parties and concerts of mainstream and underground teams (primarily from Russia and former Soviet Union countries). A library of books and DVDs on rock topics. The club provides not only drinks and parties, but also breakfasts, lunches and dinners, its pizza seems to be the best in Adler. Transfer to Central Sochi is possible. From 500 RUR per person..
Sleep
Sochi has plenty of hotels (200+), and their number is steadily increasing, but the cost of stay may seem to be overpriced, comparing to many European destinations. There are more than enough gigantic health resorts and hotels, which were a pride of former Soviet Union resort industry, but which are completely obsolete at the moment. In the other hand, many mini-hotels mushroomed in Sochi recently, but only few of them are able to meet average international service requirements. Hotel staff often has problems with hospitality, helpful answers and advice, and with speaking any other language than Russian.
Between these two extremes, there is a gap of normal chain or chain-like 2-3-4 star hotels with reasonable prices and acceptable level of English and hospitality skills of staff. The situation is slowly improving, but the room to grow is still large.
In general, Lazarevskoe district offers cheaper accommodation, while Central Sochi and Adler have more expensive options. Prices also depend on season, traditionally increasing in summer and in the beginning of May (between 2 national holidays). Always book in advance in summer. The selection of hotels below includes mainly those of them, where better English and/or service level has been reported. For the mountain part hotels please see Krasnaya Polyana.
Budget
• Chastny sector - many Russian visitors of Sochi stay at unofficially rented rooms or apartments (so called chastny sector). This opportunity can be significantly cheaper than hotels, especially if several people rent one facility. But owners of such properties usually don't speak English, their facilities are not available via any online booking, and their quality varies greatly. You will meet many rental properties owners and agents at train and bus terminals (they usually offer komnata (комната), i.e. room). Chastny sector of proven quality is usually can only be recommended by someone who has already stayed there. Prices vary from 350 RUR for a room in a basic house with toilet and shower outdoor to 5,000 RUR and more for a comfortable cottage.
• Victor Guesthouse, Kurortny Prospekt 72/5 - Khosta district (near Dendrarium), +7(8622) 92-88-45. This cosy guesthouse has 15 rooms, 24/7 reception desk. Wi-fi access and breakfasts are provided for additional cost. Rooms are non-smoking only. 2,000 - 3,500 RUR for a double accommodation, depending on room.
• AKS Hotel, Bytkha street, 41/28 (between Central Sochi and Matsesta, part of Khosta district), [60]. A newly built mini-hotel, having 10 rooms. Cosy, reasonably priced, with felpful staff, new facilities and swimming pool. Located inside a residential area, on the hill of Bytkha, a bit away from the sea and transport. double 2,300 - 3,000 RUR.
• Roza Vetrov, Pirogova street, 40 B - Central. The hotel has large rooms with balconies. Breakfast is included, wi-fi Internet is paid, 100 RUR per hour. There are also open-air swimming pool and fitness center. Double 2,300-3,900 RUR depending on room..
• Orbita Hotel, Lenina street, 280 А - Adler, +7(8622) 45-01-47. This hotel has a spa-center with a sauna and a swimming pool. Relatively low price is compensated by some noise from the main street of Adler. 1,200 RUR for single accommodation, 1,600 - 3,300 for double.
• Charm Hotel, Chkalova street, 21 G - Adler (between Adler and Kudepsta). 21 air conditioned rooms, open-air swimming pool, a bit far from the center of Adler, continental breakfast and wi-fi Internet are included into room rate. double 2,400 - 2,900 RUR.
• Zhemchuzhina, Chernomorskaya street 3 (sea coast, city center), +7 (8622) 66-11-88, [61]. The monumental 19-stored Zhemchuzhina Hotel was built in 1970-s and became the symbol of Soviet Sochi tourism center. Unfortunately, little has changed since that: rooms haven't been renovated and new staff hasn't been recruited. The existing personnel hardly knows the word "hospitality". Zhemchuzhina is perfectly located in the city center right at the coast, always having rooms available, but even having a one-night stay may appear as a challenge. Single 2,900 RUR, double 3,500 RUR.
Mid-range
• Villa Anna, Kurortny Prospekt 72/2 - Khosta district (near Dendrarium), [62]. This 4-star hotel occupies the building, which is a copy of a Scottish medieval castle. 30 rooms, free wi-fi, open-air swimming pool. Some rooms have jakuzzi and kitchen facilities ensuite. Double 3,400 - 4,800 RUR depending on room and season.
• Marins Park Hotel, Morskoy pereulok 2 - Central, +7 (8622) 69-3015, +7 (8622) 69-3034, [63]. Centrally located, modern and large 4-stars hotel, having both midrange and splurge room categories. Breakfast is included, all rooms are non-smoking. Double 3,500 - 8,000 RUR depending on room and season.
• Hotel Chebotarev, Vinogradnaya street 12/1 - Central, +7 (8622) 53-2680, +7 (8622) 53-2681, +7 (8622) 53-2682, [64]. 4 stars, 70 comfortable rooms, open-air swimming pool and other facilities. Problems with internet access have been reported (in lobby only). Single 2,500 - 6,000 RUR, double 3,000 - 9,000 RUR.
Splurge
• Radisson Lazurnaya, Kurortny Prospekt 103 (Between Cenral Sochi and Matsesta), +7(8622) 66-3333, [65]. A large Radisson's hotel with its own beach and all supporting facilities. Positioned as a luxurious place, but in reality a 4-star resort hotel with fair leve of service - seems to be a bit overpriced. Single 5,600 - 10,000 RUR, double 9,000 - 16,500 RUR.
• Rodina Grand Hotel & Spa, 33, Vinogradnaya St. - Central, +7 (8622) 53-9036, [66]. The only 5-star luxury boutique hotel in Sochi. Each of the 40 rooms is individually designed by Suzanne Loggere and Patrick Brugman, court decorators of Queen Beautrix of the Netherlands. From 12,500 RUR.
Contact
Mobile Operators
Sochi has the traditional set of Russian mobile operators:
GSM 900/1800:
• Beeline (by Vympelcom), + 7 (861) 945-95-95, [67].
• Megafon, +7 800 333 0500, [68].
• MTS (Mobile TeleSystems), +7 800 333 0890, [69].
• Tele2, [70]. A multinational European provider, operating in 22 countries including Russia. Tele 2 has its network in many regions of the country, excluding Moscow. Comparing to others, it is the cheapest operator, but having the smallest coverage area.
CDMA:
• Skylink, [71]. The all-Russian CDMA operator, having less subscribers, than GSM operators, but popular for faster and cheaper mobile Internet service.
Check roaming prices before using non-Russian sim-card, especially those for mobile Internet. Some standards of mobile connection are not supported in Russia, e.g. those for Japan and United States.
Staying in Russia for a week or more, it's definetily worth to buy a local sim-card, but be aware, that a passport is needed for that. The easiest way refill a local mobile account is to use an ATM for that. Most ATMs have bilingual interfaces, allowing numerous kinds of payments, including those for mobile services by local operators.
Internet Cafes
• Computer Club, Severnaya street, 10 - Central. 9-00 - 24-00.
• Noosfera (Ноосфера), Kurortny Prospekt, 6 - Central, +7 (8622) 92-2615 (). 9-00 - 24-00.
• Novoe Vremya + (Новое Время +), Navaginskaya street, 9 - Central, +7 (8622) 62-7062.
Wireless Internet
• GPRS / 3G Internet is provided by all mobile operators.
• 4G (WiMax) high-speed Internet is provided by Yota [72], a company operating in 7 cities of Russia including Sochi (most of the coastal part of Greater Sochi is covered by its network). Special equipment and subscription fee payment are needed to connect.
• Wi-fi connection can be found at part of Sochi hotels and restaurants. Below is the list of major free wi-fi spots in the city (see also Krasnaya Polyana):
• Sochi International Airport, (Adler district). Service provided by MegaFon.
• McDonalds, Kurortny Prospekt, 17 - Central. inside the restaurant and around it.
• Antikvar restaurant, Ostrovskogo street, 27 - Central. 10 AM - 9 PM.
• Botanik Cafe, Pobedy street, 73 A - Lazarevskoe.
• Diana Cafe, Tuapsinskaya street, 9A - Central.
• Dobrynya Cafe, Navaginskaya street, 5 - Central.
• La Terrazza restaurant, Kurortny Prospekt 105 B - Central. 12.00-0.00.
• Lentyai Cafe, Chernomorskaya street, 12 - Central.
• London Bar, Nesebrskaya street, 6 - Central. 24 hours / 7 days.
• Radisson Lazurnaya Hotel, lobby, Kurortny Prospekt 103 - Central. 24 hours / 7 days.
• Sinee More restaurant, Chernomorskaya St. - Central (Sunny Beach (Solnechny Plyazh)). 12.00-2.00.
• SV Cafe, Plastunskaya street, 1 - Central.
• Yuzhnoe Vzmorye Resort Hotel, Kalinina street, 1 - Adler.
Media
Among dozens of Sochi newspapers, magazines and radio stations, there are no expat-oriented or internationally-focused media at the moment. Everything is published in Russian only. Hotels often provide satellite TV with standard assortment of international channels (BBC, CNN, Russia Today, etc.). Following resources are recommended in addition:
• Sochi Life TV Channel. Music channel with both Russian and international playlists, mixed with views of Sochi and tourist information (in Russian only). Available within some satellite TV packages e.g. Tricolor.
Stay safe
Krasnodar Krai is probably one of Southern Russia's most safe regions. Sochi does not stand out with the higher crime rate, but standard safety precautions should be used. There is a saying in Russia: "Nights are dark in Sochi" ("В городе Сочи темные ночи"), and this can be explained as that anyone or anything can get lost in the city.
Try to avoid unlit spaces during the night and beware pickpockets in crowded places, such as markets and transport terminals. Beggars can approach you at stations and beaches. Fraud is widespread at Russian summer resorts, but most of its organizers would have problems with English. Anyway, try to avoid drinking and gambling with newly met people.
Several reports of explosions in Sochi area luckily were more vandalistic than terroristic, and their organizators were arrested soon after.
Sunburn can occur in summer, so use sunblock during the hot season.
Cope
Consulates
At the moment Sochi has only one consulate in the city, open in 2008:
• Consulate of Armenia, Kurortnaya str., 8b, Zolotoy Kolos, +7 (86222) 974 428.
Travel Agencies
• Sphere Travel, 11 Navaginskaya Str. - Central, +7 (8622) 64-6305 (), [73]. This agency arranges tours for non-Russian-speaking groups, businesses, individuals and children in Southern Russia cities and particularly Black Sea coast: Sochi, Tuapse, Gelendzhik, Anapa etc. This includes visa support, all bookings, health and leisure programs.
Get out
Abkhazia
View of New Athos monastery, Abkhazia
Once a flourishing sea resort autonomy and a part of Soviet Georgia, this mountainous Caucasian republic passed through a bloody civil war with Georgians after the Soviet Union collapse, proclaimed its independence and was supported by Russia, but yet unrecognized by most countries. Honestly loved by many Russian tourists, Abkhazia is undeservedly mostly unknown by travellers from other parts of the world.
Abkhazia is quite small and can be quickly discovered within a weekend, but longer stay is certainly needed for deeper impressions. The monastery and the cave at New Athos, as well as Lake Ritsa, are definitely among most amazing places at the Black Sea. This breathtaking beauty mixed with Abkhazian poverty and the remains of the civil war will leave no one indifferent. Locals are very friendly, but only few of them will understand anything in English.
Sochi is the only place with Abkhazia border crossing possibility from Russian side. There is a crossing point at Vesyoloe (southern part of Adler district). It can be crossed both by foot and by car/bus (two separate bridges through the border Psou river). Coming to Abkhazia by foot, you will find a marshrutka parking right after the bridge - a cheap opportunity to reach any key destination of the country. The Abkhazian capital Sukhum is also reachable by a direct bus from Sochi, and a commuter train (elektrichka) is planned to start operate in 2011. There is also option to get to Gagra, Abkhazia by boat from Sochi port.
Going to Abkhazia be prepared to comply with Abkhazian visa requirements. Be also aware that, to return back to Russia after a trip, you may need double-entry or multi-entry Russian visa.
Adygea
A fully enclaved into Krasnodar Krai small national autonomy, neighboring to Greater Sochi, Adygea has a significant tourist potential, which is underestimated by the moment. Rafting, waterfall seeing, trekking and other mountain activities in front of awesome Caucasus views make this destination very promising. It is also important that Adygea is safer than any other Caucasian region except Krasnodar Krai.
Maykop, the capital of Adygea, is accessible from Sochi by train (daily, 6 hours) and bus (1-2 daily plus transit buses, 8 hours). There is also an option to reach Adygea by car (6-8 hours via Tuapse). An extreme alternative to that is the mountainous unpaved direct road connecting Sochi with Adygea via Caucasus ridges. Be more than careful using it.
Caucasian Biosphere Reserve
View of Psekhako ridge in Caucasian Biosphere Reserve
This natural reserve has the second-largest protected area in Europe and the largest one in Caucasus mountains. It occupies the mountain ridges of Krasnodar Krai, Adygea and Karachay-Cherkessia, including part of Greater Sochi metropolitan area (Khosta district and Krasnaya Polyana), bordering Sochi National Park.
Caucasian Biosphere Reserve is the richest biodiversity treasury, having no equivalents in Russia and an international value as a piece of untouched nature with primeval habitats. Reasonably, this unique area is included into the UNESCO World Heritage List. The official site of the reserve is available in Russian only: [74]
Two exclaved parts of the reserve, those are located inside Greater Sochi, are easy to visit: yew & boxtree wood at Khosta and the wild animals nursery at Krasnaya Polyana. To visit other parts of the reserve, you need to get special permit, requiring the following:
• list of participants,
• passport details and passport copies of each participant,
• name of the group's leader,
• planned route/itinerary,
• period of stay (number of days),
• entrance fee (150 RUR per person per day, 50 RUR for children).
In Sochi you can get the permit at the reserve's headquarter: Karl Marx street, 8, room 10, Adler district, Sochi.
Gelendzhik
A resort town located at the Black Sea coast to the north-west from Sochi, one of the most popular domestic summer destinations of Russia. Gelendzhik has both natural and leisure attractions. Gelendzhik's aquapark is the largest in the country, and its surroundings have very beautiful scenery. The town is home to International Sea Aviation Conference, which is conducted there each two years.
Gelendzhik is a transit point for several buses going from Sochi (4-5 daily). A ride will take 5.5 hours. The Sea Flight fast ferry going from Sochi to Novorossiysk and back also makes stops at Gelendzhik.
Novorossiysk
This Krasnodar Krai's 3rd largest city is the biggest Russian port at the Black Sea and the main cement industry center in Southern Russia. The majority of the city's tourist attractions are related to the II World War, when Novorossiysk was among Russian key battlefields. The most known memorials are Malaya Zemlya, Defence Line (Rubezh Oborony) and Death Valley (Dolina Smerti).
Novorossiysk's vicinities have beautiful nature of Caucasus foothills. On the top of local natural wonders is the amazing Abrau lake, the biggest one at Northern Caucasus. Just nearby the wine manufacture of Abrau-Dyurso is located, making this place the capital of Russian champagne / sparkling wine (tours to Abrau-Dyurso with wine testing are available). There are also several smaller beach resorts around the city.
There are several ways to get from Sochi to Novorossiysk. Buses go daily (8.5 hours). Sea Flight speed ferry connection operates from May to October, 3 times a week (Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays). One-way ride will cost 1,800-2,700 RUR, taking about 5 hours. It is also possible to get to Novorossiysk by train via Krasnodar.
Tuapse
Another important Russian port at the Black Sea and the closest neighbour town bordering Greater Sochi. This is mostly industrial and transport hub, attracting fewer number of tourists, than other Russian Black Sea coastal locations. But anyway, Tuapse is good for a single-day trip from Sochi. After a look at the downtown, the awesome surroundings should be visited. There are several very scenic cliffs around, the top of those is Kiselev's Rock, a 46 meter upright cliff breaking down into the sea. Quite many ancient cultural remains, such as table-stones, are also located around Tuapse.
Any elektrichka or long-distance train from Sochi stops in Tuapse, the frequent bus/marshrutka connection is also available. Expect 2 - 2,5 hours for one-way trip from Central Sochi.
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8940.0.55.001 - Reserve Bank of Australia Bulletin: Payments Section, Feb 2006
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 22/02/2006
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5609.0 - Housing Finance, Australia, Jun 2010 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 08/09/2010
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Research article
A rapid, sensitive, reproducible and cost-effective method for mutation profiling of colon cancer and metastatic lymph nodes
Debora Fumagalli, Patrick G Gavin, Yusuke Taniyama, Seung-Il Kim, Hyun-Joo Choi, Soonmyung Paik and Katherine L Pogue-Geile*
Author Affiliations
Department of Pathology, National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP), 1307 Federal St, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Cancer 2010, 10:101 doi:10.1186/1471-2407-10-101
Published: 16 March 2010
Abstract
Background
An increasing number of studies show that genetic markers can aid in refining prognostic information and predicting the benefit from systemic therapy. Our goal was to develop a high throughput, cost-effective and simple methodology for the detection of clinically relevant hot spot mutations in colon cancer.
Methods
The Maldi-Tof mass spectrometry platform and OncoCarta panel from Sequenom were used to profile 239 colon cancers and 39 metastatic lymph nodes from NSABP clinical trial C-07 utilizing routinely processed FFPET (formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue).
Results
Among the 238 common hot-spot cancer mutations in 19 genes interrogated by the OncoCarta panel, mutations were detected in 7 different genes at 26 different nucleotide positions in our colon cancer samples. Twenty-four assays that detected mutations in more than 1% of the samples were reconfigured into a new multiplexed panel, termed here as ColoCarta. Mutation profiling was repeated on 32 mutant samples using ColoCarta and the results were identical to results with OncoCarta, demonstrating that this methodology was reproducible. Further evidence demonstrating the validity of the data was the fact that the mutation frequencies of the most common colon cancer mutations were similar to the COSMIC (Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer) database. The frequencies were 43.5% for KRAS, 20.1% for PIK3CA, and 12.1% for BRAF. In addition, infrequent mutations in NRAS, AKT1, ABL1, and MET were detected. Mutation profiling of metastatic lymph nodes and their corresponding primary tumors showed that they were 89.7% concordant. All mutations found in the lymph nodes were also found in the corresponding primary tumors, but in 4 cases a mutation was present in the primary tumor only.
Conclusions
This study describes a high throughput technology that can be used to interrogate DNAs isolated from routinely processed FFPET and identifies the specific mutations that are common to colon cancer. The development of this technology and the ColoCarta panel may provide a mechanism for rapid screening of mutations in clinically relevant genes like KRAS, PIK3CA, and BRAF.
Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov: NSABP C-07: NCT00004931
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Research article
Adaptive and variable intraguild predators facilitate local coexistence in an intraguild predation module
San-He Wu and Toshinori Okuyama*
Author affiliations
Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
BMC Ecology 2012, 12:6 doi:10.1186/1472-6785-12-6
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6785/12/6
Received:13 February 2012
Accepted:2 May 2012
Published:24 May 2012
© 2012 Wu and Okuyama; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Intraguild predation (IGP) is common in nature, but its ecological role is still illusive. A number of studies have investigated a three species IGP module that consists of an intraguild predator, intraguild prey, and resource species in which the intraguild predator and the intraguild prey exploitatively compete for the resource while the intraguild predator also consumes the intraguild prey. A common prediction of models of the IGP module is that the coexistence of the species is difficult, which is considered inconsistent to the ubiquity of IGP in nature. This study revisits the IGP module and provides an alternative coexistence mechanism by focusing on a commonly used analysis method (i.e., invasion analysis) in light of individual variation in adaptive behavior.
Results
Invasion analysis underestimates the possibility of coexistence regardless of the presence or absence of adaptive behavior. Coexistence is possible even when invasion analysis predicts otherwise. The underestimation by invasion analysis is pronounced when the intraguild predator forages adaptively, which is even further pronounced when the expression of foraging behavior is variable among intraguild predators.
Conclusions
The possibility of coexistence in the IGP module is greater than previously thought, which may have been partly due to how models were analyzed. Inconsistent conclusions may result from the same model depending on how the model is analyzed. Individual variation in adaptive behavior can be an important factor promoting the coexistence of species in IGP modules.
Keywords:
Invasion analysis; Stability analysis; Behavioral variation; Coexistence; Omnivory
Background
Intraguild predation (IGP) is where predation occurs among predators of the same guild and is one of the most frequently observed species interactions [1,2]. Predators are considered to belong to the same guild when they consume similar resources [3]. The role of IGP in general ecological dynamics as well as in applied fields such as agriculture and conservation has been studied [4-6]. A commonly studied IGP module consists of three species: intraguild predator (IGpredator hereafter), intraguild prey (IGprey hereafter), and resource species. In the module, the IGpredator and IGprey exploitatively compete for the resource while the IGpredator also consumes the IGprey. Mathematical models of the IGP module predict that coexistence between the IGpredator and IGprey is difficult e.g. [7] despite the ubiquity of IGP in nature. This apparent discrepancy resulted in a number of theoretical studies focusing on coexistence mechanisms [7-13], which also is the focus of this study.
Organisms exhibit a variety of behavioral expressions that are thought to enhance their fitness. The importance of such adaptive behaviors has been recognized in a variety of ecological food web modules including ones with IGP [8,13-16]. For example, in the IGP module, an optimal prey choice behavior of the IGpredator can enhance the coexistence [8]. Similarly, antipredator behavior of the IGprey also enhances the coexistence [13]. However, in these studies, the positive effects of the adaptive behavioral expressions on coexistence are small. One important missing factor in previous studies of adaptive behavior is between-individual variation. An assumption of typical adaptive behavior models is that behavioral variation among individuals is negligible or such variation does not affect community dynamics. However, these assumptions are generally inappropriate, especially in nonlinear ecological processes [17]. Thus, although the roles of adaptive behaviors in IGP modules have been studied, the robustness of the results to individual variation is not known.
Mechanisms of coexistence in food web modules (including ones with IGP) are commonly studied using invasion analysis (also known as invasibility analysis) e.g. [10,18]. In an invasion analysis of the IGP module, mutual invasibility is interpreted as coexistence. (Invasion analysis and mutual invasibility are discussed in detail below.) However, such mutual invasibility is a condition for persistence. Even if a system is not persistent (i.e., if there exist an initial population densities such that the corresponding trajectory leads to extinction of one or more species), there still can be locally stable attractors [19-22]. In other words, if initially population densities are in the domain of attraction for a local attractor, the species will coexist along this attractor. Therefore, existing results of invasion analyses do not necessarily indicate that coexistence is strictly impossible.
To investigate the coexistence of the species in the IGP module, this study considers two factors: analysis methods and individual variation in adaptive behavior. We show that coexistence is possible even when mutual invasibility does not hold. Subsequently, we show that when adaptive behavior and individual variation are considered, invasion analysis further underestimates the likelihood of coexistence; individual variation in adaptive behavior can substantially enhance the coexistence of the IGpredator and IGprey.
Methods
Models
We follow Křivan and Diehl [8] who considered the IGP module in which the dynamics of the IGpredator density P, IGprey density N, and resource density R, are described by
(1)
(2)
(3)
where r is the intrinsic growth rate of the resource, K is the carrying capacity, λij is the encounter rate of species j for species ieij is the efficiency of converting energy of species i for species jhij is the handling time of species j for species i, and mi is the density-independent mortality rate of species i. uiP is the probability that the IGpredator attacks species i upon an encounter. The fixed behavior model assumes that uNP = 1 and uRP = 1 (i.e., the IGpredator always attacks the IGprey and the resource).
Křivan and Diehl [8] considered that the IGpredator optimally chooses its prey according to a prey choice model [23]. The solution to this problem is well known [24] and is as follows. Suppose the IGprey is more profitable than the resource (eNP/hNP > eRP/hRP), the IGpredator always attacks the IGprey (i.e., uNP = 1) when it encounters an IGprey. The IGpredator also always attacks the resource upon an encounter (i.e., uRP = 1) when the the IGprey density is below a threshold density NT = eRP/(λNPhNPhRP(eNP/hNPeRP/hRP)) but always ignores the resource (i.e., uRP = 0) otherwise. Similarly, when the resource is more profitable than the IGprey (eRP/hRP > eNP/hNP), the IGpredator always attacks the resource (i.e., uRP = 1) and also always attacks the IGprey (i.e., uNP = 1) only when the resource density is below a threshold density RT = eNP/(λRPhRPhNP(eRP/hRPeNP/hNP)) and entirely reject the IGprey (i.e., uNP = 0) when the resource density is above the threshold density (R > RT).
We consider a model which incorporates individual variation in the prey choice behavior where IGpredators have variable perceptions about the densities of the interacting species. In our model, individual IGpredators do not show partial preference [12,25,26]. Suppose only a fraction of IGpredators attack the resource at a given condition. In our model, this occurs because some IGpredators always attack the resource while the rest always ignore the resource (i.e., individual variation). On the other hand, in partial preference models, this occurs because all IGpredators attack the resource with the probability equals to the observed fraction of IGpredators that are attacking the resource (i.e., no individual variation).
The optimal behavioral expression (the all-or-nothing behavior determined by uRP and uNP) depends on the density of the more profitable prey of the two, and thus perceptual variation in the density leads to variable behavioral expressions among IGpredators [27]. Because perceived densities take non-negative continuous values, we use a gamma distribution gamma(αβ) to describe their distribution. By specifying the mean μ and variance σ2 of the distribution, α and β can be described as α = μ2/σ2 and β = σ2/μ. We assume that the mean is the true density (e.g. μ = N if eNP/hNP > eRP/hRP). We also assume that the perceptional variance is the same as the mean (σ2 = μ). Then the dynamics of the IGP module with individual variation can be described by,
(4)
(5)
(6)
where qRNqR,qN are the fraction of IGpredators that attacks both the resource and the IGprey, the resource only, and the IGprey only, respectively. For example, when the IGprey is more profitable than the resource, qR = 0. qRN depends on the perceived density x of the profitable prey N and is,
(7)
where f( x) is the gamma distribution discussed above. In other words, qRN is the proportion of IGpredators that perceives the density of the IGprey is less than the threshold density NT. Because individual IGpredators either perceive that the density of the IGprey is greater than the threshold or not (i.e., one or the other), the proportion of IGpredators that perceive that the density of the IGprey is above the threshold (qN) is 1 − qRN. Similarly, when the resource is more profitable (which leads to qN = 0), and the proportion of IGpredators that perceives that the density of the resource is less than the threshold density, RT is,
(8)
followed by qR = 1 − qRN.
The effect of adaptive behavior and individual variation on coexistence is examined using invasion and stability analyses supplemented with numerical simulations. The parameter values used in the analyses follows a previous study for comparison [8]: r = 0.3, λRN = 0.037, λRP = 0.025, λNP = 0.025, hRN = 3, hRP = 4, hNP = 4, eRN = 0.6, eRP = 0.36, eNP = 0.6, mN = 0.03, mP = 0.0275.
Invasion analysis
In this invasion analysis, we examine whether the IGpredator can invade communities that consist of the IGprey and resource, and whether the IGprey can invade communities that consist of the IGpredator and resource. When both the IGpredator and IGprey can invade each other (i.e., mutually invasible), coexistence is implied.
Suppose when resident communities are at equilibrium, the invasion conditions for the IGprey and IGpredator, respectively, are,
(9)
(10)
where and are the equilibrium densities of the resource and IGpredator in the resouce-IGpredator community; and are the equilibrium densities of the resource and the IGprey in the resource-IGprey community, respectively. When the expressions in Equations (9) and (10) are both positive, mutually invasibility is established. When resident communities exhibit cycles, the invasibility conditions of the IGprey and IGpredator, respectively, are,
(11)
(12)
where τRP and τRN are the periodicity of the cycle for the resource-IGpredator and the resource-IGprey resident communities, assuming resident populations are on the trajectory of the limit cycles.
The inclusion of individual variation does not affect results of the invasion analysis. The possibility of invasion of the IGprey is not affected by individual variation because the perceptual variance is the same as the true density (e.g., at an invasion event, the variance is 0). The possibility of invasion of the IGpredator is also unaffected by individual variation if we assume that some invading individuals exhibit optimal behavior.
Stability analysis
In invasion analysis, when the mutual invasibility condition is not met, coexistence is considered impossible [28]. However, this is not always true [19-22]. To examine the possibility of coexistence that cannot be studied with invasion analysis, equilibrium stability is also examined using the standard Routh-Hurtwitz condition of the Jacobian matrix evaluated at equilibria [29]. When a coexistence equilibrium (stable or unstable) does not exist, coexistence is considered impossible. When an equilibrium is unstable, the possibility of coexistence through limit cycles is examined numerically. This is done by simulating the model at a point near the equilibrium (1% equilibrium perturbation in the three densities). Although the local stability of the fixed behavior model and the adaptive behavior model without individual variation can be analyzed with their explicit equilibrium solutions, explicit equilibrium expressions could not derived when individual variation was considered. For the analysis of the model with individual variation, stability and limit cycle possibilities were analyzed with numerical simulations.
Results
Invasion analysis
The results of invasion analysis are the same as those shown in Křivan and Diehl [8] except that the carrying capacity K is further extended in the current analysis (Figure 1). When the IGprey is highly beneficial to the IGpredator (eNP = 0.6), there is little difference between the fixed behavior model and the adaptive behavior model. When the IGprey is less profitable (eNP = 0.25), the possibility of coexistence is extended in the adaptive behavior model, though by a small margin [8]. Coexistence is predicted entirely impossible at high productivities when eNP = 0.25.
Figure 1. Effect of the resource profitability to the IGpredator (eRP) and carrying capacity (K) on the dynamics of IGP module based on invasion analysis. Mutual invasibility is supported in the region coded ‘coexist’. In the region of ‘IGpredator’, IGpredators are expected to win. In the region of ‘IGprey’, IGprey are expected to win. In the ‘bistable’ region, outcomes of the species interaction depend on initial densities. When the carrying capacity is very low, ‘neither’ species can be sustained.
Stability analysis
Even when invasion analysis predicts that the IGpredator will be excluded (Figure 1), stability analysis shows that they can coexist stably and/or through limit cycles in large parameter regions (Figure 2). That is, invasion analysis underestimates the possibility of coexistence. This difference between the analysis methods is most notable when eNP = 0.25.
Figure 2. Effect of the resource profitability to the IGpredator (eRP) and carrying capacity (K) on the dynamics of IGP module based on stability analysis. There are three outcomes: coexistence is not possible (exclusion), coexist through cycles (cycle), and stable coexistence (stable).
The inclusion of adaptive behavior enhances coexistence both in invasion and stability analyses, but adaptive behavior shows a stronger positive effect in the latter analysis. In other words, the underestimated coexistence regions are larger in the models with adaptive behavior. When eNP = 0.25, invasion analysis predicts that coexistence is impossible at high productivities (Figure 1), but stability analysis predicts it is possible at high values of K (e.g. K = 100, although results are shown only up to K = 30 in Figure 2) in all models. In comparison between the adaptive behavior models with and without individual variation, the model with individual variation tends to stabilize non-equilibrium dynamics.
If internal attractors (e.g. stable equilibrium) have small domains of attraction, the difference between the analysis methods may not be ecologically significant because the community dynamics can easily move away from the attractors due to inherent ecological stochasticity. In our model, internal attractors usually have wide domains of attraction (Figure 3). When the initial densities of the IGprey and IGpredator are systematically changed from their equilibrium densities, communities would return to the equilibrium if the changes are small. When a community is strongly perturbed from the equilibrium, it may persist through cycles. When a community is even more strongly perturbed, a species may be excluded. This result shows the presence of multiple attractors. For example, when stable coexistence is indicated in Figure 2, both stable coexistence and cyclic coexistence may be possible (Figure 4).
Figure 3. A domain of attraction in the adaptive behavior model without individual variation. The initial densities of the resource, IGprey and IGpredator are ( R*, N*QN, P*QP) where R*, N*, P* are the equilibrium densities of the resource, IGprey and IGpredator, respectively. QN and QP represent perturbation to the equilibrium densities of the IGprey and IGpredator such that QN = QP = 1 represents no perturbation. There are three outcomes. The community returns to the equilibrium (stable). The community does not return to the equilibrium but exhibit cycles and persist (cycle). The community does not persist (i.e., an exclusion will occur). K = 30, eRP = 0.15, eNP = 0.25.
Figure 4. Community dynamics of the adaptive behavior model without individual variation under different initial densities: (R,N,P) = (10,10,10) [left figure] and (10,10,20) [right figure].K = 30, eRP = 0.15, eNP = 0.25.
Discussion
Although IGP is common in nature, models often predict that it is unlikely. This study shows that this discrepancy can be partly due to how models are analyzed. Invasion analysis, though commonly used, may predict that coexistence is impossible when it may be readily possible through locally stable attractors (e.g. stable equilibrium). In fact, locally stable attractors exist in wide parameter regions when individual variation in adaptive behavior is considered. These results suggest that both individual variation and analysis methods are important for examining the dynamics of the IGP module.
The result about the analysis methods (i.e. mutual invasibility is not necessary for coexistence) is valid no matter which model is considered. In other words, neither adaptive behavior nor individual variation is necessary. For example, the species can coexist even at very high productivity levels without an additional ecological factor (i.e., fixed behavior without individual variation). However, the coexistence possibility further expands with inclusions of adaptive behavior and individual variation. This difference between invasibility and coexistence exists due to nonlinear interactions (i.e., saturating functional responses). The nonlinear functions allow the IGP module to have alternative equilibria (e.g. all three species present and only two species present) [1,7,30]. When all per capita interactions are linear functions, internal attractors would not exist when the mutual invasibility fails.
One may argue that invasion analysis is a more conservative way to study coexistence. For example, even if an internal attractor exists (i.e., coexistence is possible), a community may not persist if it experiences a strong perturbation. However, the domain of attraction is not negligible (Figure 3). When considering why ecological communities in the field can persist even though models predict otherwise, the existence of internal attractors cannot be ignored. In addition to being conservative, another reason one might focus on invasibility is that communities are assembled by invasions, and initially colonizing species are likely rare. In invasion analysis, this is modeled by assuming the density of an invading species is 0 (i.e., completely negligible). In ecological invasions with finite population sizes, however, only few invading individuals can substantially violate the assumption. Results of invasion analysis can change if this assumption is slightly relaxed (i.e., the density of an invading species is assumed to be very small but not nil). Under these scenarios, internal attractors become more relevant to understanding real ecological dynamics.
The interpretation of the effect of adaptive foraging in the IGP module is not straightforward. Here we make two comparisons. One comparison is between the fixed behavior model and the adaptive behavior model without individual variation. This comparison shows that the inclusion of optimal foraging enhances the possibility of coexistence (Figures 2 and 3). The other comparison is between the adaptive behavior models with and without individual variation, which shows that individual variation enhances coexistence and also stabilizes non-equilibrium dynamics. Because individual variation reduces the average per-capita fitness of the IGpredator, these two comparisons show qualitatively different results. The former implies that optimal foraging has a positive effect, and the latter comparison result implies that optimal foraging has a negative effect on coexistence. When both fixed behavior and perfect adaptive behavior do not allow the community to persist, individual variation may be able to give the balance needed for the community to persist. Similar results relating to suboptimal behavior enhancing coexistence exist in other food web modules [27,31]. Optimal foraging behavior of individuals leading to extinction of the population has also been reported in other studies e.g. [32].
Abrams and Fung [12] studied the IGP module in which the IGpredator exhibits partial preference while this study focused on individual variation (difference between partial preference and individual variation is discussed above), and both studies show that sub-optimal adaptive behavior can increase coexistence possibilities. Because of some differences between these studies Abrams and Fung (e.g. [12] mainly focused on invasion criteria while this study focused on internal attractors, and the two studies consider different parameter values), it is difficult to directly compare differences between partial preference vs. individual variation. However, it has been reported in a study on a different food web module that the difference between partial preference and individual variation can cause ecologically significant differences [27]. Although (empirical) studies have commonly considered individual variation as a factor to account for the type I error in statistical hypothesis tests, characterizing the patterns of variation will likely to provide rich information to studying ecological dynamics.
Conclusions
Individual variation in adaptive behavior can substantially enhance coexistence in the IGP module, and model predictions can be quite different depending on how they are analyzed. The findings reduce the mismatch between the ubiquity of IGP modules in nature and modeled coexistence. Although the inadequacy of invasion analysis has been known for a long time, we do not know how common it may be (e.g. in other food web modules) and suspect that such deviations may be more common especially when adaptive behavior and/or individual variation are considered.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
WSH and TO analyzed the models and wrote the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Bob Holt and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments. We also gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Science Council of Taiwan via grant number 99-2628-B-002-051-MY3 (to TO).
References
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5. Janssen A, Montserrat M, HilleRisLambers R, de Roos AM, Pallini A, Sabelis MW: Intraguild predation usually does not disrupt biological control. In Trophic and Guild in Biological Interactions Control. Edited by Brodeur J, Boivin G. Netherlands: Springer; 2006:21-44.
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6. Okuyama T: Intraguild predation in biological control: consideration of multiple resource species.
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7. Holt RD, Polis GA: A theoretical framework for intraguild predation.
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8. Křivan V, Diehl S: Adaptive omnivory and species coexistence in tri-trophic food webs.
Theor Popul Biol 2005, 67:85-99. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
9. Amarasekare P: Productivity, dispersal and the coexistence of intraguild predators and prey.
J Theor Biol 2006, 243:121-133. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
10. Amarasekare P: Coexistence of intraguild predators and prey in resource-rich environments.
Ecology 2008, 89:2786-2797. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
11. Okuyama T: Intraguild predation with spatially structured interactions.
Basic Appl Ecol 2008, 9:135-144. Publisher Full Text
12. Abrams PA, Fung SR: Prey persistence and abundance in systems with intraguild predation and type-2 functional responses.
J Theor Biol 2010, 264:1033-1042. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
13. Urbani P, Ramos-Jiliberto R: Adaptive prey behavior and the dynamics of intraguild predation systems.
Ecol Model 2010, 221:2628-2633. Publisher Full Text
14. Kondoh M: Foraging adaptation and the relationship between food-web complexity and stability.
Science 2003, 299:1388-1391. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
15. Abrams PA: Implications of flexible foraging for interspecific interactions: lessons from simple models.
Funct Ecol 2010, 24:7-17. Publisher Full Text
16. Schmitz OJ: Resolving Ecosystem Complexity. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2010.
17. Okuyama T: Individual behavioral variation in predator–prey models.
Ecol Res 2008, 23:665-671. Publisher Full Text
18. Murrell DJ, Law R: Heteromyopia and the spatial coexistence of similar competitors.
Ecol Lett 2003, 6:48-59.
19. Armstrong RA, McGehee R: Competitive exclusion.
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20. Chesson PL: The stabilizing effect of a random environment.
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21. Abrams PA, Shen L: Population dynamics of systems with consumers that maintain a constant ratio of intake rates of two resources.
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22. Diehl S, Feissel M: Effects of enrichment on three-level food chains with omnivory.
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Bowland Forest Low, LancashireEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Bowland Forest Low is a civil parish in the Ribble Valley district of Lancashire, England, covering part of the Forest of Bowland. The parish includes the hamlets of Whitewell and Cow Ark. From northwards clockwise, it borders the civil parishes of Newton , Bashall Eaves , Aighton, Bailey and Chaigley, Bowland-with-Leagram and Bowland Forest High, Lancashire. Prior to 1974, it formed part of Bowland Rural District in the West Riding of Yorkshire.
See Bowland Forest High, Lancashire for history of Bowland
Census
Poor Law Unions
Clitheroe Poor Law Union, Lancashire
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Compton, SurreyEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
England Surrey Surrey Parishes
Contents
Parish History
'Compton (St. Nicholas), a parish, in the union of Guildford, First division of the hundred of Godalming, W. division of Surrey, 3½ miles (S. W. by W.) from Guildford. '[1]
Resources
Civil Registration
Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day. The civil registration article tells more about these records. There are several Internet sites with name lists or indexes. A popular site is FreeBMD.
Church records
Online Compton, Surrey Parish Register Images and Indexes
Baptisms
Marriages
Burials
Earliest
1641
1638
1639
Indexes 1641-1876 FamilySearch[2] 1638-1876 FamilySearch[3] 1639-1865 FindMyPast[4]
Contributor: Include here information for parish registers, Bishop’s Transcripts, non conformist and other types of church records, such as parish chest records. Add the contact information for the office holding the original records. Add links to the Family History Library Catalog showing the film numbers in their collection
Census records
Census records from 1841-1891 are available on film through a Family History Center or at the Family History Library. The first film number is 474661. To view these census images online, they are available through the following websites for a fee ($) or free:
• FamilySearch has some of the British Censuses available.
• FindMyPast ($) has all available census records including images, and is free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and some public and academic libraries.
• Ancestry.co.uk ($) has now all available census records but free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and at numerous public and academic libraries. The library versions are known as AncestryInstitution.com.
• The Genealogist.co.uk ($) has all available censuses and is free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and various other libraries.
• FreeCen is a UK census searches. It is not complete and individuals are always asked to consider helping out with transcriptions.
Probate records
Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to Surrey Probate Records to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish.
Maps and Gazetteers
Maps are a visual look at the locations in England. Gazetteers contain brief summaries about a place.
Web sites
References
1. Lewis, Samuel A., A Topographical Dictionary of England (1848), pp. 672-675. Date accessed: 18 November 2010. Adapted.
2. Batches C068001, C068002, C068003, C068004, see: Hugh Wallis, 'IGI Batch Numbers for Surrey, England,' IGI Batch Numbers, accessed 2 April 2012.
3. Batches M068001, M068002, M068003, M068004, see: Hugh Wallis, 'IGI Batch Numbers for Surrey, England,' IGI Batch Numbers, accessed 2 April 2012.
4. 'Parish Records - National Burial Index Records 1538 - 2005 Coverage,' Find My Past, accessed 11 April 2012.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 605610, 15 pages
doi:10.1100/2012/605610
Research Article
Robust Optimization of Alginate-Carbopol 940 Bead Formulations
1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/ Professor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
2Department of Industrial Management, School of Engineering, University of Seville, C/ Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain
Received 31 October 2011; Accepted 8 December 2011
Academic Editor: Ali Nokhodchi
Copyright © 2012 J. M. López-Cacho et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
How to Cite this Article
J. M. López-Cacho, Pedro L. González-R, B. Talero, A. M. Rabasco, and M. L. González-Rodríguez, “Robust Optimization of Alginate-Carbopol 940 Bead Formulations,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2012, Article ID 605610, 15 pages, 2012. doi:10.1100/2012/605610
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Toxins 2010, 2(11), 2584-2592; doi:10.3390/toxins2112584
Article
Warfarin Toxicity and Individual Variability—Clinical Case
Diversity Health Institute, DHI Laboratory, ICPMR level 2, Sydney-West Area Health Service, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 19 September 2010; in revised form: 21 October 2010 / Accepted: 27 October 2010 / Published: 28 October 2010
Download PDF Full-Text [217 KB, uploaded 28 October 2010 14:32 CEST]
Abstract: Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant in the treatment and prevention of thrombosis, in the treatment for chronic atrial fibrillation, mechanical valves, pulmonary embolism, and dilated cardiomyopathy. It is tasteless and colorless, was used as a poison, and is still marketed as a pesticide against rats and mice. Several long-acting warfarin derivatives—superwarfarin anticoagulants—such as brodifacoum, diphenadione, chlorophacinone, bromadiolone, are used as pesticides and can produce profound and prolonged anticoagulation. Several factors increase the risk of warfarin toxicity. However, polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 genes and drug interactions account for most of the risk for toxicity complications. Each person is unique in their degree of susceptibility to toxic agents. The toxicity interpretation and the health risk of most toxic substances are a subject of uncertainty. Genetically determined low metabolic capacity in an individual can dramatically alter the toxin and metabolite levels from those normally expected, which is crucial for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, like warfarin. Personalized approaches in interpretation have the potential to remove some of the scientific uncertainties in toxicity cases.
Keywords: warfarin; pesticides; anticoagulant
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Piatkov, I.; Rochester, C.; Jones, T.; Boyages, S. Warfarin Toxicity and Individual Variability—Clinical Case. Toxins 2010, 2, 2584-2592.
AMA Style
Piatkov I, Rochester C, Jones T, Boyages S. Warfarin Toxicity and Individual Variability—Clinical Case. Toxins. 2010; 2(11):2584-2592.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Piatkov, Irina; Rochester, Colin; Jones, Trudi; Boyages, Steven. 2010. "Warfarin Toxicity and Individual Variability—Clinical Case." Toxins 2, no. 11: 2584-2592.
Toxins EISSN 2072-6651 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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[1321b] [1] Let this then be a description of the proper way to organize the various forms of democracy and of oligarchy.
As a consequence of what has been said there follow satisfactory conclusions to the questions concerning magistracies—how many and what they should be and to whom they should belong, as has also been said before.1 For without the indispensable2 magistracies a state cannot exist, while without those that contribute to good order and seemliness it cannot be well governed. And furthermore the magistracies are bound to be fewer in the small states and more numerous in the large ones, as in fact has been said before3; it must therefore be kept in view what kinds of magistracies it is desirable to combine and what kinds to keep separate. First among the indispensable services is the superintendence of the market, over which there must be an official to superintend contracts and good order; since it is a necessity for almost all states that people shall sell some things and buy others according to one another's necessary requirements, and this is the readiest means of securing self-sufficiency, which seems to be the reason for men's having united into a single state. Another superintendency connected very closely with this one is the curatorship of public and private properties in the city, [20] to secure good order and the preservation and rectification of falling buildings and roads, and of the bounds between different persons' estates, so that disputes may not arise about them, and all the other duties of superintendence similar to these. An office of this nature is in most states entitled that of City-controller, but it has several departments, each of which is filled by separate officials in the states with larger populations, for instance Curators of Walls, Superintendents of Wells, Harbors-guardians. And another office also is indispensable and closely akin to these, for it controls the same matters but deals with the country and there regions outside the city; and these magistrates are called in some places Land-controllers and in others Custodians of Forests. These then are three departments of control over these matters, while another office is that to which the revenues of the public funds are paid in, the officials who guard them and by whom they are divided out to the several administrative departments; these magistrates are called Receivers and Stewards. Another magistracy is the one that has to receive a written return of private contracts and of the verdicts of the law-courts; and with these same officials the registration of legal proceedings and their institution have also to take place. In some states this office also is divided into several, but there are places where one magistracy controls all these matters; and these officials are called Sacred Recorders, Superintendents, Recorders, and other names akin to these. And after these is the office connected with it but perhaps the most indispensable and most difficult of all, the one concerned with the execution of judgement upon persons cast in suits and those posted as defaulters according to the lists,
1 Book 4 ,1297b 35 ff., 1299a 3 ff.
2 Cf. 4.1.
3 Book 4, 1299b 30 ff.
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• Cross-references to this page (3):
• A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), APODECTAE
• A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), HIEROMNE´MONES
• A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), HYLO´RI
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Some Firefox Browsers Blocking Google AdWords Clicks?
Nov 3, 2006 • 7:09 am | (3) by | Filed Under Google AdWords
There are now two threads, one at WebmasterWorld and the other at Search Engine Watch Forums that report by a handful of users that when they try to click on an AdWords ad in Google.com, it does not allow them to click through.
When I display the google SERPS in firefox 2 I find that some of the adverts can't be clicked on. In my case it is in positions 2-5 on the right hand side. I've tried the same search in IE6 and everything is normal.
Weird one this, but I am using Firefox 1.507 (I cannot update to Firefox 2.0 with Windows NT) and I cannot click on the bottom three sponored links on the results page. This phenomenon has only been occurring this week but I would be interested if anyone else has experienced this?
So it is not limited to Firefox 2.0, it happened on a version of 1.5.
AdWordsAdvisor posted in both threads stating;
Over the past few days, I have heard four such reports: the one report here, two on another forum, and a similar report in an advertiser email.
So, while it does not appear to be a widespread issue, the tech folks have certainly been looking into it. If you're experiencing this, by all means contact AdWords support and we'll see if we can't get to the bottom of it.
To be a bit more specific, engineering tells me it would be very useful to have the information below, if you have experienced this issue and plan to contact AdWords support:
* The version of FF you're using * A cut-and-paste of "View/Page Source" * A screenshot or other listing of all the extensions shown in "Tools/Extensions" * The text from "Help/About"
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld & Search Engine Watch Forums.
Previous story: Gmail Mobile Client Released, Treo 700p Issues
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Person:James Rhea (5)
Watchers
James Rhea
d.27 November 1795 Fayette County, Kentucky
m. 1749
1. William Rhea, Jr.BET 1749 AND 1755 - 1824
2. Archibald RheaAbt 1750 - Bef 1774
3. Ann Rheaabt 1752 - bef 1837
4. James RheaEst 1753 - 1795
5. John S. RheaABT 1757 - 1814
6. Robert Rhea1759 - 1834
7. Alexander Rheaabt 1760 - 1815
m. abt. 1774
1. Nancy RheaAbt 1774 - bef 1843
2. Elizabeth RheaEst 1777 - Bef 1835
3. James Rhea1780 - 1843
4. Thomas Rheaabt 1782 - 1810
5. Margaret Rheaabt 1785 -
6. Mary 'Polly' Rheaabt 1787 -
7. Hannah Rhea1789 -
8. Martha Rheaabt 1791 -
9. John Rheaabt 1793 - 1838
Facts and Events
Name James Rhea
Gender Male
Birth? Est. 1753 prob. Augusta County, Virginia
Marriage abt. 1774 prob. Augusta County, Virginiato Elizabeth Meek
Death? 27 November 1795 Fayette County, Kentucky
James Rhea was one of the Early Settlers of Augusta County, Virginia
Contents
Welcome to
Old Augusta
Early Settlers
Register
Data
Maps
Places
Library
History
Index
The Tapestry
Families Old Chester OldAugusta Germanna
New River SWVP Cumberland Carolina Cradle
The Smokies Old Kentucky
__________________________
Early Land Acquisition in Augusta County, VA
• James Rhea received a patent on the Calfpasture "on Mill Creek" on 27 August 1770, as listed in the disposition below:
Disposition of Land from Chalkley's:
• Page 469.--16th March, 1779. James Rhea and Elizabeth ( ) to James Bratton, on Mill Creek, a branch of Calfpasture, by patent, 27th August, 1770. Line of William Rhea, Jr. Delivered to Samuel Clarke, Esq., for Andrew Bratton, heir of James Bratton, 23d February, 1836.
Records of James Rhea in Augusta County, VA
From Chalkley’s Augusta County Records:
• Page 15.--16th March, 1775. William Reagh, Sr., and Elizabeth ( ) to John Reagh, son to said William, on Mill Creek, a branch of Calfpasture, west side of Cabin Creek. (Note: the preceding record was as follows: Page 7.--Teste: John Clark, John Reagh, corner James Reagh.)
Information on James Rhea
p24)James Reagh:[William] With brother Robert married Meek sisters. First lived on family lands near Millboro, Bath Co. Got some family land in 1775. Sold land on Mill Creek to Bratton on 16 Mar 1779 and soon after moved to the Greenbriar River. Was on 1882 tax list, Greenbriar. He was an executor of Thomas Meek's will, proved Jan, 1888. On 29 Mar 1788 James was surety in Greenbriar for the marriage of John Moore. to Fayette Co, KY by 1789 (tax list) where he died in 1795. Widow Elizabeth was in 1800 census of Barren Co. She married Newberry Stockton there in 1801. Thomas Rhea, son, held a power of attorney, 22 Nov 1803, to dispose of the family land in Greenbriar County, VA on Nap Creek "next to where John Moore formerly lived".
James Reagh b:e1744 VA d:27 Nov 1795 KY
Elizabeth Meek b:e1744 MD d: e1810 KY
Par: Thomas and Agnes (Nancy) Meeks - presumed from Frederick Co, MD. Lived in Augusta Co, VA
Nancy b:e1774
Elizabeth b: e1777
James b:3 Jun 1780 VA d: 12 Feb 1843 IL
Thomas b:e1782
Margaret b:e1785
Mary (Polly) b: e1787
Hannah b:e1789
Martha b:e1791
John b:e1793
Source: http://www.twrps.com/ancestry/augusta.htm
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Place:Tompkinsville, Richmond, New York, United States
Watchers
NameTompkinsville
TypeUnknown
Located inRichmond, New York, United States
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Tompkinsville is a neighborhood in northeastern Staten Island in New York City in the United States. Though the neighborhood sits on the island's eastern shore, along the waterfront facing Upper New York Bay — between St. George on the north and Stapleton on the south — it is reckoned as being part of the North Shore by the island's residents.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Tompkinsville, Staten Island. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Cabinet Level Blogging
The Secretary of Health and Human Services, Mike Leavitt (my former boss), has a blog. He's writing it himself and, so far, doing a good job of keeping it up with interesting posts. Recently he's been blogging his travel to Africa. The blog is done using Typepad.
He's getting lots of comments, as you can image, which must be gratifying. I haven't noticed much reaction in the blogosphere, however. Cabinet-level officials aren't known for transparency, so I am grateful for this kind of leadership. If more government leaders wrote blogs--without filters--we'd have a better sense of them and why they make the decisions they do.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8412.0 - Actual and Expected Private Mineral Exploration, Australia, Mar 1996
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 20/06/1996
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Actual and expected expenditure and metres drilled by private organisations exploring for minerals and petroleum.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6227.0 - Survey of Leavers from Schools, Universities or other Educational Institutions, Feb 1973
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 26/09/1973
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Continued by: Leavers from Schools, Universities or other Educational Institutions
This publication has been scanned from the paper version using character recognition software. This provides a full-text searching capability once downloaded.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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A lifecycle for the Add-on SDK’s APIs
3
Until now we’ve not had a very well-defined lifecycle for APIs in the Add-on SDK. We’ve said, broadly, that APIs in the addon-kit package are “supported”, meaning we won’t change them “unless absolutely necessary”, while APIs in the lower-level api-utils package are “not fully stabilized”, meaning that we expect to make incompatible changes to them.
There are some exceptions to this broad rule: some newer modules in addon-kit, like simple-prefs, have been marked as “experimental”, and we’ve deprecated a few APIs in addon-kit, such as the global postMessage() and on() functions in content scripts. More recently we’ve landed a lot of changes to the SDK’s internals, and as a result several modules in api-utils are effectively obsolete and should no longer be used.
Without a process for promoting modules from “experimental” to “supported”, for deprecating APIs, or for removing deprecated APIs, things tend to stagnate:
• new modules stay “experimental” for longer than they should, meaning developers can’t rely on them not to change unexpectedly
• developers can’t distinguish between new and obsolete APIs (should we use window-utils or window/utils)?
• deprecated APIs hang around indefinitely, increasing the support burden and making the SDK more confusing to use
When the Jetpack team met up a few weeks ago one of the things we talked about was a process for defining and communicating the stability of our APIs, and for deprecating and eventually removing obsolete APIs.
The lifecycle we’ve drafted has two main components:
• a “stability index”, that defines how stable each module is
• a deprecation process that is intended to enable the SDK to remove or change APIs when necessary, while giving developers enough time to update their code.
Stability Index
The stability index is adopted from node.js. Each module is assigned one of six values:
1. Deprecated
2. Experimental
3. Unstable
4. Stable
5. API Frozen
6. Locked
The stability index for each module is written into that module’s metadata structure:
* page-mod is stable
* addon-page is experimental
For the time being, we’ll only use three of these values:
• Experimental: this means that the module is not yet stabilized. You can try it out and provide feedback, but we may change or remove it in future versions without having to pass through a formal deprecation process.
• Stable: this means that the module is a fully-supported part of the SDK. We will avoid breaking backwards compatibility unless absolutely necessary. If we do have to make backwards-incompatible changes, we will go through the formal deprecation process.
• Deprecated: we plan to change this module, and backwards compatibility should not be expected. Don’t start using it, and plan to migrate away from this module to its replacement.
In future releases, the SDK will read these values and expose them in the docs: in fact, the SDK will eventually remove the “package” structure entirely, and then cfx docs will organize modules according to their stability rather than by package.
We’ll periodically review APIs that are marked as “experimental” and, if possible, raise bugs to promote them to “stable”.
Right now, we’ve raised bugs to stabilize some “experimental” APIs in addon-kit:
* the addon-page module
* the simple-prefs module
* page script access to messaging.
Deprecation Process
We’ve drafted a deprecation process on the Jetpack Wiki. In summary, to remove or change any “stable” API, we’ll:
• develop and document alternatives for any APIs we wish to deprecate
• communicate the deprecation, and support developers in migrating
to the alternative
• start issuing warnings for code that uses deprecated APIs
• keep deprecated APIs for at least three releases (18 weeks)
after deprecation, and longer if they are still seeing enough use.
Once the process is ready to go, we’ll deprecate a number of obsolete modules in api-utils.
What’s Next?
This process is itself still in the “experimental” state! If you have any feedback about how we can make it better, we’d love to hear from you in comments to this post or via any of the usual channels:
Categories: developers, general, jetpack, sdk
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Category:HS
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 14:37, 30 April 2007 by Ramuk (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Main Features
• Gigabit Networking with Jumbo Frame support
• Built-in DLNA CERTIFIED™ server for easy playback of multimedia files to any DLNA CERTIFIED device
• Simplified file sharing on your home or small office network
• Two or more LinkStations can be used to back up each other over your network
• Protect data by restricting access with group and user level security
• Easy setup does not require drivers
• Expandable storage by adding a USB hard drive
• Scheduled backup via USB 2.0 to external storage
• Memeo™ Backup Software for Windows PCs Included
• Auto-MDIX Ethernet Port automatically configures for cross-over or patch cable
• Built-in print server to print files from anywhere on your network†
• Minimal power consumption and schedulable auto power off and on
• Space-saving compact and aesthetic design
Buffalo Site
[http://www.buffalotech.com/products/product-detail.php?productid=131
Personal tools
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cyphid (1.0)
0 users
Cycle and Phase Identification for mastication data.
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/cyphid
This library contains a primary function that divides chewing sequences in cycles and cycles into phases. See get.all.breaks for an example.
Maintainer: Elizabeth Crane
Author(s): Elizabeth Crane
License: GPL (>= 2)
Uses: fda, msProcess
Released over 1 year ago.
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Visit cyphid on R Graphical Manual.
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Wikia
SRD:Thundering Rage
Talk0
9,503pages on
this wiki
Revision as of 04:21, April 23, 2009 by Dmilewski (Talk)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
This material is published under the OGL
Thundering Rage [Epic]
Prerequisites
Str 25, rage 5/day.
Benefit
Any weapon the character wields while in a rage is treated as a thundering weapon. The DC of the Fortitude save to resist deafness is equal to 10 + 1/2 the character’s level. This ability does not stack with similar abilities.
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Ireland CensusEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Ireland
A census is a count and description of the population of an area. When available, census records can provide names, ages, occupations, marital statuses, birthplaces, and family members' relationships. Censuses can also provide clues that lead to other records. A census may list only selected people for a special reason (such as males between the ages of 16 and 45 for military purposes) or the whole population. The percentage of people listed depends on the purpose of the census and on how careful the enumerator was.
Royal Avenue Belfast, Ireland</cneter>
Contents
Purposes for Taking a Census
Various types of censuses have been taken by civil authorities to determine such things as:
• Makeup of the population.
• Religion of the population.
• Military readiness.
• Taxes for support of the state church (called tithes).
• Taxes for poor relief (called poor rates).
• The number and identities of eligible voters (recorded in poll books)
Civil or Government Censuses of the Population
Government censuses of the population are particularly valuable because they list nearly all the population at a given time. The Irish government took a census in 1813 (which no longer exists), then every ten years from 1821 through 1911. Due to the Irish Civil War of 1921-22, another census was not taken until 1926. The next census was taken in 1936. Starting in 1946, censuses were taken every five years through 1971. Since 1971, censuses have been taken every ten years.
Availability
Only parts of the early civil censuses survive. The censuses from 1821 through 1851 were mostly destroyed in the 1922 fire at the Public Record Office in Dublin. The censuses from 1861 through 1891 were destroyed by the government sometime after statistics had been compiled from them. For more information see the Family History Library reference guide Register of Ireland Census & Census Substitutes (FHL book 941.5 X23c) or see Ireland Census fragments available at the Family History Library.
The 1901 census is the first complete census available for Ireland. The 1901 and 1911 censuses are available to the public and are now online, but all censuses taken since 1911 are not. The 1821 to 1851 censuses are divided by county, barony, civil parish, and townland. The 1901 and 1911 censuses are divided by county, electoral division, and townland.
Because many of the earlier censuses are not available, census substitutes are especially useful for Ireland. These include tax, religous and poll lists among others. See the below section on census substitutes for more information on census substititues.
Content
You will find the following information in the various censuses:
1813. The 1813 census was the first official census of the population of Ireland and was taken under the Parliamentary Act 52 Geo. III., c. 133. The work was commissioned to be done under the direction of the Grand Juries, but was so poorly executed that a second Act of Parilament was passed, 55 Geo. III., c. 120 and led to the enumeration of the 1821 census. Before the destruction of the Public Record Office in 1922, hardly any returns were known to be in existence, see Deputy Keeper Report XXVIII, pp. 9-10.
1821. The 1821 census lists—for every member of the household—name, age, occupation, and relationship to the head of the household. The census also records the acreage held by the head of the household and the number of stories each dwelling had. This census was taken under the Parliamentary Act 55 Geo. III., c. 120. and a decennial census was consistently taken until 1911.
1831. The 1831 census lists only the head of the household, the number of children and adults in the household, and the religion of each household member. This census was taken under the Parliamentary Act 1 Will. IV., c. 19.
1834. The 1834 census was a result of an initiative by Daniel O'Connell in Parliament to reflect the correct numbers of Catholics and Protestants in Ireland. It came to be known as the "O'Connell Census." The 1831 census was used as the basis for the 1834 census and members of the Catholic clergy and others throughout Ireland were used to identify and add religion to the 1831 population schedules. Many of these census lists have been published in various genealogical, historical, and archaeological periodicals in Ireland.
1841. The 1841 census lists—for every member of the household—name, age, sex, relationship to the head of the household, marital status (and if married, the number of years married), occupation, and birthplace. This census was taken under the Parliamentary Act 3 and 4 Vic., c. 100.
1851. The 1851 census lists the same information as the 1841 census. In addition, it has two schedules that were filled out if applicable. One reported absent members of the household and provided the standard census information plus the current place of residence for each. The other listed members of the household who had died since the last census and recorded for each the cause and year of death, age at death, sex, relationship to the head of the household, and occupation. This census was taken under the Parliamentary Act 13 and 14 Vic., c. 44.
There is an index to the heads-of-household for the 1851 census for the City of Dublin. It has been published on CD by Eneclann. This was taken from a transcript available in the National Arhives, Dublin.
Online access to the 1821-1851 census fragments is through:
1901. The 1901 census lists—for every member of the household—name, age, sex, relationship to the head of the household, religion, occupation, marital status, county of birth (except for foreign births, which give country only), whether the individual spoke Irish, and whether the individual could read or write.
1911. The census lists the same information as the 1901 census and adds for married women the number of years she had been married to her current husband, the number of children that had been born to them, and the number of their children who were still alive.
The Public Record Office of Northern Ireland has some census records for Northern Ireland. All other census records, including the surviving early fragments, are kept at the National Archives. For a more detailed list of surviving census returns, see:
• Begley, Donal F., ed. Irish Genealogy: A Record Finder. Dublin, Ireland: Heraldic Artists, 1981. (Family History Library book Ref 941.5 D27i.)
• Ryan, James G. Irish Records: Sources for Family & Local History. Rev. ed. Salt Lake City, Utah: Ancestry Publishing, 1997. (Family History Library book Ref 941.5 D23r.)
• Magee, Sean, compiler and editor, The 1851 Dublin City Census, Chart’s Index of Heads of Households, CD-ROM. Dublin, Ireland: Eneclann, Ltd., 2001. [60,000 names and addresses and all 33 Ordnance Survey Town Plans of Dublin City from 1847.]
• Wood, Herbert. A Guide to the Records Deposited in the Public Record Office of Ireland. Dublin: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1919. pp 286-287. (Family History Library book British 941.5 A3ip.)
• Cargill, David C. Irishmen in Scottish Census Records. Two census returns in respect of Regiments stationed at Leith Fort and Piershill Barrachs in Edinburgh 1851. Regiments - Royal Artillery - gives names, places of birth in Ireland, civilian occupation. 13th Light Dragoons only gives name, position in Army, age, where came from in Irleand, and wife and children possibly maybe listed too. Article The Irish Ancestor, vol IV, no.1, 1972 pages 8-14, Family History Library book ref. 941.5 B2i
1901 and 1911 Online
The 1901 and 1911 censuses can be searched online on the National Archives of Ireland Web site.
Finding Censuses Available at the Family History Library
The Family History Library has microfilm copies of the early census fragments. The library also has copies of the 1901 and 1911 censuses. Follow these steps to find the Family History Library film numbers.
1. Go to FamilySearch Catalog search
2. Click Place Search.
3. Type the name of a parish and click Search.
4. Click on the name that matches your request.
5. Scroll down and click the topic of Census.
6. Click on a title.
7. Click View Film Notes to find the film numbers.
Searching Census Records
When searching government census records, remember that:
• Ages may be inaccurate.
• The name on the census may not be the same as the name recorded in church or vital records.
• Names may be spelled as they sound.
• Place-names may be misspelled.
• Individuals missing from a family may be listed elsewhere in the census.
Also remember to:
• Search indexes, when available, before using the actual census records.
• Search records of the surrounding area if a family is not listed at the anticipated address.
Census Indexes
Many of the surviving fragments of the early Irish censuses have been extracted and indexed. Indexes by surname and by address or street exist for the 1901 and 1911 censuses for many localities, including some online. Census indexes can save you time. However, indexes may be incorrect or incomplete. Therefore, if you believe your ancestor should be listed in a census area's index, but he or she is not, search the actual census anyway.
Surname Indexes
Surname indexes exist for many census localities. To see a list of census indexes available online, go to the 'Census Finder' web page for Ireland and check the list for your county of interest. Some are available at the Family History Library. Some surname indexes are listed in Smith's Inventory of Genealogical Sources: Ireland, available at the library in the British Reference area. Others are listed in the library catalog. To find them in the catalog, see the instructions below under 'Finding Indexes.'
Some surname indexes are available online, particularly for the 1901 and 1911 censuses. See 'Census Finder' , and also see the National Archives of Ireland web page for census returns
Sometimes, you may not find your ancestor in these large country wide indexes. Perhaps, a mistake was made when these large indexes were made, or a person's name was not easy to recognize in the census enumeration book, or the surname was spelled differently. In such a situation, you may be able to find your ancestor in the census by using a smaller surname index for the parish or town of interest. When looking at a smaller index, it can also be easier to pick out an alternative spelling of a person's surname. These indexes are also ideal for finding all of the people with a specific surname in a specific location. See the instructions below under 'Finding Indexes' for a table containing links to the surname indexes for local places that are available at the Family History Library.
Street Indexes
If you know the address of an ancestor who lived in a large city, street indexes can help you quickly find that ancestor's census record when a surname index is not available. Street indexes for the 1901 and 1911 census referencing streets in Dublin, Belfast, Cork, Limerick, Londonderry, and Waterford are available at the Family History Library under the title:
• Ireland 1901 and 1911 Census Street Index. Typescript. 3 vols. Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Department, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1982. (Family History Library book Ref 941.5 X22i; fiche 6035493-95; see also below.)
These volumes can give you the microfilm number of the records where your street of interest appears. Street indexes do not exist for earlier Irish censuses.
The following sources may help you find an ancestor's address to look for in a street index:
• Old letters
• City, occupational, postal, or commercial directories
• Birth, marriage, or death certificates
• Church records of christening, marriage, and burial
• Land and property deeds
• Probate records
• Newspaper notices
• Tax records
• Voting registers or poll books
Finding Indexes
To find census indexes online, use the links given previously. To find indexes at the Family History Library, follow these instructions:
1. Go to theFamily History Library Catalog.
2. Click on Place Search.
3. Type in the name of a parish and click Search.
4. Click on the name that matches your request.
5. Scroll down and click on any version of the topic Census—Indexes.
6. Click on a title to view the details.
7. Click View Film Notes to find the film or fiche numbers. If the index is in book form, the library book number will be given in the title details.
Below are the links to find the Family History Library call numbers for local placename indexes. If a county is not in the table, then there are no local indexes for that county in the library's collection when this wiki entry was made. (You may want to check the library catalog to see if additional indexes have been added to the library's collection by doing a place search for a specific county.)
County Antrim Indexes County Cavan Indexes County Cork Indexes County Down Indexes
County Dublin Indexes County Kilkenny Indexes County Longford Indexes County Wicklow Indexes
Religious Census
In addition to the official government censuses, religious censuses were taken at various times. For example, in 1766 the government required ministers of the Church of Ireland to compile a return of all heads of household in their parishes. The name of the head of household, the religion of each family, and the activities of Catholic clergy in the area were noted in this census. All the original returns were deposited in the Public Record Office, Dublin, and subsequently destroyed in 1922. Extensive transcripts survive for some areas and are deposited in local archives in Ireland. Copies of surviving transcripts are also available at the Family History Library.
Religious Censuses 1740 and 1766
The two primary Religious Censuses enumerated in Ireland were for the years 1740 and 1766. These censuses were taken by the parochial clergy under the direction of Parliament to determine religious persuasions. In some instances, only the number of Catholics was recorded while the names of Protestants were recorded showing the bias toward Protestantism.
Some ministers chose to take censuses of their parish or congregation for their own purposes. These records are usually in the custody of local ministers. Copies of the records may have been deposited in an Irish archive as well.
Surviving religious census records and sometimes the repositories where they are located are listed in:
• Begley, Donal F., ed. Irish Genealogy: A Record Finder. Dublin, Ireland: Heraldic Artists, 1981. (Family History Library book Ref 941.5 D27i.)
• Grenham, John. Tracing Your Irish Ancestors: The Complete Guide. 3rd ed. Dublin, Ireland: Gill and Macmillan, 2006. (Family History Library book Ref 941.5 D27gj 2006.)
• McCarthy, Tony. The Irish Roots Guide. Dublin, Ireland: Lilliput Press, 1991. (Family History Library book 941.5 D27mt.)
To determine which religious censuses are available at the Family History Library, consult the following sources:
• Smith, Frank. Smith's Inventory of Genealogical Sources: Ireland. (Family History Library book 941.5 D23s.) This source contains information about many published religious censuses, particularly those reprinted in periodicals and which may not appear in the Register of Ireland below.
• Register of Ireland Census and Census Substitutes. Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1985. (Family History Library book Ref 941.5 X23c; film 1,441,023 item 1.) This library reference contains a county-by-county list of the library's religious census returns, along with their call numbers.
Religious census returns available at the Family History Library are also listed in the Place Search of the library catalog under the following headings:
IRELAND, [COUNTY] - CENSUS
IRELAND, [COUNTY], [PARISH] - CENSUS
Religious Census, 1814
Mr. Shaw Mason petitioned the clergy of the Church of Ireland (Established Church) to help him correct the returns of the 1813 census (see Ireland Census). He requested that they return the number of families in their parishes stipulating the religion and the average number in each household. Likewise, he also appealed to the Presbyterian Clergy for similar returns of the congregations over which they presided. The collection was destroyed in the Public Record Office in 1922, but extacts may exist in various Irish genealogical collections. The collection originally contained the correspondence and returns made by the clergy.
Wood, Herbert. A Guide to the Records Deposited in the Public Record Office of Ireland. Dubin: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1919, p. 286. (Family History Library book British 941.5 A3ip.)
Census Substitutes
Census substitutes are records that, like censuses, provide lists of individuals living in a specific area. Census substitutes may give the occupation, religion, residence, relationship, age, and/or the value of the property of the individuals they list. For more information, click on the link to go to the article on Ireland Census Substitutes.
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• This page was last modified on 13 May 2013, at 19:36.
• This page has been accessed 24,102 times.
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Modify
Opened 4 years ago
Closed 4 years ago
#2171 closed defect (wontfix)
Some mnemonics in localized menus don't work
Reported by: Claudius Henrichs <claudius.h@…> Owned by: framm
Priority: major Component: Core
Version: Keywords:
Cc:
Description
In the german translation "Ansicht", "Werkzeuge" and "Vorlagen" are not accessible via mnemonics. The same applies to some different menus in french. I haven't checked more languages.
I cannot see a pattern yet. All these menu names don't contain a "&" as mnemonic hint in front of the letter. Should this work?
Attachments (0)
Change History (2)
comment:1 Changed 4 years ago by anonymous
comment:2 Changed 4 years ago by stoecker
• Resolution set to wontfix
• Status changed from new to closed
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as closed .
as The resolution will be set. Next status will be 'closed'.
The resolution will be deleted. Next status will be 'reopened'.
Author
E-mail address and user name can be saved in the Preferences.
Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets.
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Image:Fluorescence of 10.2mg Acetate Solid in 1mL Chloroform.png
From OpenWetWare
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User:Andrew D. Kehr/Sandbox
From OpenWetWare
< User:Andrew D. Kehr(Difference between revisions)
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Andrew D. Kehr (Talk | contribs)
(Making my sandbox real)
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This is my sandbox... you are welcome to play here if you want, just don't mess with my sand castles. Andrew D. Kehr 00:01, 3 December 2009 (EST)
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
There has never been a time when you and I have not existed, nor will there be a time when we will cease to exist. As the same person inhabits the body through childhood, youth, and old age, so too at the time of death he attains another body. The wise are not deluded by these changes. Bhagavad Gita
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Introducing our new commenting system
John - Red's Army March 11, 2013 Red's Army News 22 Comments
Maybe the number one problem a blog has to deal with is idiots in the comments. We’re trying to combat that here with a new commenting system that you’ve probably seen other sites use.
It’s called “Disqus”. You’ll have to register, which I know is a pain in the ass and we apologize for that. But you can use Twitter or Facebook as your identity and even tweet or share comments. There’s also a ratings system where you can up or down vote comments. It’s a pretty nice upgrade, we think, from the old system.
This is probably a good time to remind people of our commenting standards.
The short version: don’t be a dick and we probably won’t have a problem.
To take that a step further, any sort of slur is grounds for immediate banning. We want everyone on this site treated with some basic respect and the knowledge that gender, orientation, religion, or race have no bearing on the love for, and knowledge of, basketball and the Celtics. Refrain from personal attacks. And any sort of attempts to post as someone else won’t be tolerated. That’s just stupid.
So we encourage everyone to sign up for the Disqus account. Again, we apologize for the added step and, sadly, that means some of you probably won’t comment anymore. But we’re not going to let the comments on the site be hijacked by assholes… so we hope you regular commenters will take this step and continue to participate. We hope you see this not as an inconvenience, but as us hearing your complaints about how the comments have gone and doing something about it.
As always, we welcome the feedback and hope you continue to enjoy RedsArmy.com.
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View source | Discuss this page | Page history | Printable version
How to Set Up Discounts for Early Payment
Contents
Objective
Early payment discount is used by companies as a gesture of acknowledge a payment received before it comes due.
In other words an early payment discount agreed upon the parties means a financial discount for the customer, because:
Above means that this type of discounts are shown as a separate item reducing Sales in the P&L report of the company.
If instead of using an early payment discount, a price offer (or lower price) is used, then the sales order is issued net of the discount.
Therefore, the main difference between these two ways of reducing sales is the way those are represented in the P&L report of the company:
Early Payment Discounts can apply to both, Sales and Purchase:
Early payment discount can be of many types, for instance:
It is important to remark the way early payment discounts work in Openbravo:
Recommended articles
Managing early payment discounts requires a clear understanding on how to create a Discount and how to issue a Sales Invoice.
Execution steps
In Openbravo, the company in this example requires to manage a 10% early payment discount as the customer has commited to pay a sales invoice before its due date, that means in the next 5 days.
To get that working, the company in this example needs to:
Creation of the "discount" product
Products are created and maintained in the Product window.
Product window contains multiple product related information, but only few basic data is required to be filled in the Header and in the Accounting tab of the Product window.
Header tab:
Accounting tab:
Creation of an Early Payment Discount
Discounts are created and maintained in the Discounts window.
The fields to fill in there are:
Business Partners set up
Business partners are created and maintained in the Business Partner window.
The company in this example will have to complete business partner data by entering discount information in the Discount tab of the business partner window:
As shown in the image below, the data to fill in here are:
Realize that a customer can sometimes be a provider of the company at the same time, that's way it is possible to define if a discount will apply if the business partner acts as customer and/or as a vendor.
Sales Invoice creation
The next step is to create a sales invoice.
It is important to check that the configured early payment discount has been automatically included in the Discount Tab of the sales invoice once the invoice has been completed.
Then a new line is included in the Invoice Line Tab. That line is the discount Line which won’t be shown in the Invoice Form.
When developing a new Invoice form, isDiscount column on c_invoiceline table will differ both line types. Make sure your form includes Discounts on it development.
As shown in the image above:
From an accounting point of view:
Account Debit Credit
Customer Receivable Total Gross Amount
212,40
Discount Product Revenue Discount Amount
20
Product Revenue Line Net Amount
200,00
Tax Due Tax Amount
32,40
Results
This completes the creation and processing of an Early Payment Discount. As a result:
Retrieved from "http://wiki.openbravo.com/wiki/How_to_Set_Up_Discounts_for_Early_Payment"
This page has been accessed 2,348 times. This page was last modified on 6 July 2012, at 06:42. Content is available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Spain License.
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Waterberg Plateau Park
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Africa : Southern Africa : Namibia : Northern Namibia : Waterberg Plateau Park
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Waterberg Plateau Park is located on the Waterberg Plateau in Northern Namibia. The nearest major city is Otjiwarongo about 68 kilometers to the west of the park, by conventional roads. The park is 40,549 hectares in area.
[edit] Understand
[edit] History
The park was originally set aside as a sanctuary for rare and endangered species. A variety of antelopes were relocated from other regions of Northern Namibia. In 1989, black rhinoceros was reintroduced to the area from Damaraland.
Waterberg was also the site of one of the major turning points Namibian history. At the foothills of Waterberg, the Herero people lost their last battle against the German colonial forces at the beginning of the century. The Herero were driven across the Kalahari desert into Botswana, then a British protectorate.
[edit] Landscape
The term "Waterberg" refers to the fact that sandstone of the plateau absorbs moisture which runs off on the southeast side of the plateau as springs. Hence, the name "Waterberg" or water mountain.
[edit] Flora and fauna
The vegetation of the plateau is green subtropical dry woodland. This contrasts the acacia that grows at the base of the plateau. Typically, the north slope of the rocky formations have colorful lichen growing on them in contrast to the reddish color normally found.
There are approximately 200 species of birds located within the confines of the park. It is currently home to the only breeding colony of Cape vultures in Namibia. It is also the breeding ground of several rare game species including rhinoceros, buffalo, and sable and roan antelope.
[edit] Climate
Like all of Namibia, it is very hot in the summer with temperatures possible of 40C.
[edit] Get in
The main entrance to the park is at the Bernabe de la Bat Restcamp. Many trails extend outward from this restcamp.
[edit] Fees/Permits
Vehicles to view game leave in the early morning and mid afternoon. These are booked at the camp office and cost N$50 for adults and N$20 for children.
The four day hike on the Waterberg Wilderness Trail starts every second, third and fourth Thursday April through November. Only six to eight people are permitted per week. The cost is N$200 per person.
[edit] Get around
There are ten trails around the Bernabe Le Bat Restcamp. Maps are available through the reception office.
[edit][add listing] See
[edit][add listing] Do
[edit][add listing] Buy
[edit][add listing] Eat
There is a restaurant on site in the Bernabe Le Bat Campground.
[edit][add listing] Drink
[edit][add listing] Sleep
[edit] Lodging
Bungalows can be booked through the Central Reservation Office (NWR)in Windhoek. There are facilities for camping as well. For reservations, see http://www.nwr.com.na/waterberg.htm
Located 8 kilometers beyond the Bernabe Le Bat campsite is the Waterberg Wilderness Lodge located just outside the park. Check their website http://www.natron.net/tour/wwl/main.html for more information.
[edit] Camping
[edit] Backcountry
[edit] Stay safe
Be aware that in the Namibian summer, temperatures can reach 38 degrees Celsius. Take appropriate precautions. Also, the temperature can drop considerably at night. Beware of the many troups of baboons. Be careful about leaving food out.
[edit] Get out
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1303.6 - Tasmanian Statistical Indicators, Jul 2001
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 09/07/2001
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• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Previously: Monthly Summary of Statistics, Tasmania (ISSN: 0314-20940)
Includes: 1306.6 and 8301.6
Contains tables dealing with: population and vital statistics, employment and unemployment, wages and prices, production statistics, building, finance, trade, retail sales, tourism and motor vehicle registrations.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1384.6 - Statistics - Tasmania, 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 22/04/2004
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Contents >> Education and Training >> Kindergarten education
Prior to commencing primary (preparatory level) school, over 90% of children attend kindergarten classes part-time for one year. Enrolment is voluntary, with children being placed in either morning, afternoon or full-day sessions, 2 to 5 days per week. Here, children acquire learning skills and are inducted into the culture of the classroom and school.
Minimum age of entry into kindergarten is 4 years of age, on or by 1 January in the year of admission. The Department of Education’s aim to make early childhood education available to all children has resulted in 139 of the 141 government primary schools having attached kindergartens. In 2001, the total for government kindergarten enrolments was 5,534 (head count).
Some non-government schools also provide a kindergarten service in Tasmania, and effective from 1 January 2002 they are subject to the same standards as government schools including uniform school-entry age. In 2001, the total for non-government kindergarten enrolments was 386 (head count).
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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