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Engineering » Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Lithium Ion Batteries - New Developments
Edited by Ilias Belharouak, ISBN 978-953-51-0077-5, Hard cover, 226 pages, Publisher: InTech, Chapters published February 24, 2012 under CC BY 3.0 license
DOI: 10.5772/1358
The eight chapters in this book cover topics on advanced anode and cathode materials, materials design, materials screening, electrode architectures, diagnostics and materials characterization, and electrode/electrolyte interface characterization for lithium batteries. All these topics were carefully chosen to reflect the most recent advances in the science and technology of rechargeable Li-ion batteries, to provide wide readership with a platform of subjects that will help in the understanding of current technologies, and to shed light on areas of deficiency and to energize prospects for future advances.
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Voter Fraud? 20 -ish White asks for and receives 60-ish Black, Eric Holder's Ballot
By Proof
But, no, we don't need voter ID to vote! O'Keefe's latest, from Breitbart TV. (A little of the "name recognition" problem republican Mother alluded to below.)
Note: He didn't violate the law. He didn't sign Holder's name, but he could have. He didn't say "I'm Eric Holder", he asked, "Do you have an Eric Holder, of such and such an address."
Had it been a fraudulently registered, ACORN style, lineman for the Dallas Cowboys, all he would have needed to know was the fake name and the address associated with the fraudulent registration.
Eric Holder of the oxymoronic Obama Justice Department, notwithstanding, we need to verify that those people who choose our leaders, which will have incredible influence over our lives and liberty, are who they say they are, in order for democracy to flourish and stand.
H/T Daily Caller
Cross posted at Proof Positive
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Nine Principles – Pledge For Nonviolence
Posted by & filed under .
________________________________________
Pledge For Nonviolence
1. As you prepare for Occupy Wall Street, please open yourself to life, love and the blessings of faith, hope, and charity.
2. Refrain from violence of fist, tongue and heart.
3. Walk and talk in the manner of love; for truth and love are the core of life, neither ambition nor the temptations of control.
4. Sacrifice personal wishes that all might be free.
5. Observe with friends, with false friends and with your foes the ordinary rules of courtesy.
6. Perform regular service for others and the world.
7. Pray or simply ask within to be moved so that all men and women might be free.
8. Remember that nonviolence seeks Justice and Reconciliation – not victory.
9. Strive to be in good spirits and in good health. We are the 99% and we must go in peace.
________________________________________
(Adapted from Dr. M.L. King, Jr.)
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N. Korea brands U.S.-South war drills flag use “an insult”
PanARMENIAN.Net - North Korea has branded the use of its national flag in U.S.-South Korean military drills a "grave provocative act" and an insult, Belfast Telegraph said.
An unidentified Foreign Ministry spokesman said in a statement Pyongyang will continue boosting its nuclear weapons programme because of U.S. hostility.
The statement calls the programme "an all-powerful treasured sword for preventing a war".
The drills on Friday were the allies' biggest since the Korean War.
A huge North Korean flag on a hill disappeared behind flames and smoke as South Korean jets and U.S. helicopters fired rockets.
The UN Security Council condemned a North Korean rocket launch in April that Seoul and Washington called a cover for a test of banned long-range missile technology.
North Korea says it was meant to launch a satellite.
Partner news
Top stories
Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
Partner news
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[29]
The naval station of Olynthus is Macyperna, on the Toronaean Gulf.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
load focus English (H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A., 1903)
load focus Greek (1877)
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Citation URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:7.fragments.29
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Google Releases Website Optimizer - Worries Newby SEOs Worldwide
Apr 5, 2007 • 8:01 am | (1) by | Filed Under Google AdWords
No, Google's "Website Optimizer" is not the search giant's answer to automation of search engine optimization. Any SEOs standing near the ledge of their couch right now can remain calm. For details, the announcement of Google public BETA for its AdWords tool, "Website Optimizer" was covered in a variety of places yesterday. Since not many have been able to test the system exhaustively yet, what is especially interesting is the debate around whether this could be seen as cloaking by some engines.
Forums have begun to chatter about this tool, which Google has packaged as a campaign performance-enhancing option for its users. At Search Engine Watch forums, the thread actually started in December of 2006, when Moderator Rob Kerry (a fellow SER author - aka evilgreenmonkey) expressed surprise that there was not more fanfare and hooplah surrounding the initial limited BETA release. The thread died down for a bit, and then picked back up earlier this month when some members began discussing issues and experiences, and others lamented that they spend gazillions a year but couldn't get an invite.
Yesterday, all those eagerly awaiting trying it out got the news they yearned for. There are a variety of other tools which are more robust, but this is a nice option for many businesses seeking to increase efficiencies, if it works as planned. Hopefully people will start posting experiences and comparing them to actual human analysis of landing pages.
Join the thread at SEW Forums, as well as one recently started at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: New Google Logo on AdSense Now Official
blog comments powered by Disqus
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ARTICLE
Up Girls – Love Me Boy//
posted Saturday, January 1st, 2011
by | Comments (11)
The pop girl group fad so popular across Asia has finally made it to the Chinese music market. Up Girls, with members Bao Bao (宝宝), Ding Ding (丁丁), Cai Cai (蔡蔡), Ting Ting (婷婷), Meng Meng (萌萌), Xin Xin (心心), and Zhi Ling (志玲), are set to take the CPop scene by storm with their catchy pop tunes about crazy boy love, cute faces, long legs… and some say sync dancing.
With their first single — released on December 28th 2010, but I’m considering this a 2011 release — Love Me Boy, composed by Korean composer Ssengz is obviously a step forward in the common trend to make the CPop scene as hip and cool as the KPop scene — whether you like it or not.
There is also a YinYueTai version available.
What do you think of the video?
Does it look too much like SNSD?
Do the lyrics make your eyes roll?
Yay! Cpop is getting hip and cool?
No, Cpop! Go back!?
UPCOMING EVENTS//
EVENTS//
ADS//
POLLS//
Who is your reigning Queen or Princess of Pop? [choose up to 5]
Total Voters: 252
Loading ...
TWEETS//
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8635.7.55.001 - Tourist Accommodation, Small Area Data, Northern Territory - Electronic Delivery, Sep 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 10/01/2006
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Tourist Accommodation, Small Area Data, Northern Territory - Electronic Delivery contains the results from the on-going quarterly Survey of Tourist Accommodation for Northern Territory. Data provide information on the supply of, and demand for, tourist accommodation facilities. Data include number of establishments, capacity and employment for the quarter and occupancy and takings from accommodation for each month; by type of establishment and by star grading.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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This article is part of the supplement: 25th European Workshop for Rheumatology Research
Email this article to a friend
Oncostatin M in rheumatoid arthritis: a key cytokine acts synergistically with other proinflammatory cytokines to promote human cartilage loss
U Fearon, R Mullan, R Poole, T Markham, O FitzGerald, B Bresnihan and DJ Veale
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2005, 7(Suppl 1):P61 doi:10.1186/ar1582
Fields marked * are required
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Research article
Exogenous sphingomyelinase increases collagen and sulphated glycosaminoglycan production by primary articular chondrocytes: an in vitro study
Sophie J Gilbert*, Emma J Blain, Pamela Jones, Victor C Duance and Deborah J Mason
Author Affiliations
Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, UK
For all author emails, please log on.
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2006, 8:R89 doi:10.1186/ar1961
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://arthritis-research.com/content/8/4/R89
Received:23 March 2006
Revisions received:18 April 2006
Accepted:20 April 2006
Published:12 May 2006
© 2006 Gilbert et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
We previously established a role for the second messenger ceramide in protein kinase R (PKR)-mediated articular cartilage degradation. Ceramide is known to play a dual role in collagen gene regulation, with the effect of ceramide on collagen promoter activity being dependent on its concentration. Treatment of cells with low doses of sphingomyelinase produces small increases in endogenous ceramide. We investigated whether ceramide influences articular chondrocyte matrix homeostasis and, if so, the role of PKR in this process. Bovine articular chondrocytes were stimulated for 7 days with sphingomyelinase to increase endogenous levels of ceramide. To inhibit PKR, 2-aminopurine was added to duplicate cultures. De novo sulphated glycosaminoglycan and collagen synthesis were measured by adding [35S]-sulphate and [3H]-proline to the media, respectively. Chondrocyte phenotype was investigated using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Over 7 days, sphingomyelinase increased the release of newly synthesized sulphated glycosaminoglycan and collagen into the media, whereas inhibition of PKR in sphingomyelinase-treated cells reduced the level of newly synthesized sulphated glycosaminoglycan and collagen. Sphingomyelinase treated chondrocytes expressed col2a1 mRNA, which is indicative of a normal chondrocyte phenotype; however, a significant reduction in type II collagen protein was detected. Therefore, small increments in endogenous ceramide in chondrocytes appear to push the homeostatic balance toward extracellular matrix synthesis but at the expense of the chondrocytic phenotype, which was, in part, mediated by PKR.
Introduction
The signalling molecule ceramide belongs to a family of highly hydrophobic molecules containing a variable length fatty acid linked to sphingosine [1]. As well as its established role in membrane structure, many studies have now shown that ceramide is a key second messenger, activating a number of intracellular signalling cascades that are implicated in a wide range of cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, necrosis and apoptosis [2-4]. Interestingly, Sabatini and coworkers [5,6] recently implicated ceramide signalling in the regulation of proteoglycan degradation and mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 1, 3 and 13 in rabbit articular chondrocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that application of exogenous ceramide induces articular cartilage degradation, which is, in part, mediated through protein kinase R (PKR) [7,8]. Treatment of cartilage explants with the short chain, cell permeable ceramide analogue C2-ceramide resulted in PKR-mediated increases in chondrocyte death and release of proteoglycans and pro- and active MMP-2. In addition, ceramide has been shown to activate PKR in leukaemia cell lines, and at high concentrations it results in PKR-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis [4]. Thus, ceramide signalling, via the PKR pathway, may play a pivotal role in articular cartilage metabolism.
Endogenous ceramide is produced via two main pathways: the catabolic pathway involving hydrolysis of the membrane lipid sphingomyelin by endosomal acidic and membrane-bound neutral sphingomyelinases (SMases); and de novo synthesis [3] (Figure 1). Hydrolysis of sphingomyelin at the external leaflet of the plasma membrane by the application of exogenous bacterial SMase, an enzyme with properties similar to those of neutral SMase, leads to a transient increase in intracellular ceramide formation [9], the magnitude of which increases with increasing doses of SMase [10]. Treatment of cells with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α also increases cellular ceramide but in a more sustained manner [10]. Increased levels of intracellular ceramide can create a positive feedback loop to amplify ceramide production further via the activation of endogenous SMases [11]. Once generated, ceramide transiently accumulates within the cell or is converted into various metabolites such as sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate (Figure 1) [12]. Cell responses to ceramide depend upon the engagement of downstream effectors, the cell microenvironment and concomitant activation of enzymes that convert ceramide into other metabolites. In some cell types, raising the intracellular levels of ceramide is sufficient to induce stress responses such as apoptosis and cell cycle arrest [9]. Therefore, within the cell a dynamic balance must exist between the levels of ceramide and sphingosine, which promote antigrowth effects, and sphingosine-1-phosphate, which promotes proliferation (Figure 1) [3,9,12-15]. Ceramidase converts ceramide to sphingosine and thus contributes to this balance [13]. Absence of ceramidase causes Farber's disease, in which an accumulation of excess ceramide within the cartilage and bone leads to joint pain and arthritis-like joint degeneration [16].
Figure 1. Metabolic pathways involved in the production of endogenous ceramide. Endogenous ceramide is produced via 2 main mechanisms: a catabolic pathway, involving the hydrolysis of the membrane lipid sphingomyelin by endosomal acidic and membrane-bound neutral SMases; and de novo synthesis. TNF-α can increase cellular ceramide via both mechanisms. The rise in ceramide can create a positive feedback loop to amplify ceramide production further via the activation of SMases. Once generated, ceramide can transiently accumulate within the cell or be converted into various metabolites such as sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate. Cell responses to ceramide will therefore depend on the engagement of downstream effectors, the cell microenvironment and concomitant activation of enzymes that convert ceramide into other metabolites. CoA, coenzyme A; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; SMase, sphingomyelinase; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.
Evidence suggests that there is a dual role for sphingolipids in collagen gene regulation, supporting the existence of a sphingolipid rheostat [15]. Low concentrations of ceramide stimulate type I collagen promoter activity in fibroblasts, whereas high concentrations of ceramide potently inhibit collagen gene transcription and decrease collagen protein production in fibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells [17-19]. To our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of ceramide accumulation on chondrocyte extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis. However, the research described above suggests that increases in endogenous ceramide may affect cartilage ECM protein transcription and translation, as well as activating degradative pathways that are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases such as osteoarthritis. The aims of the present study were therefore to investigate the effect of increasing the levels of endogenous ceramide on articular chondrocyte homeostasis and to determine whether any ceramide-induced changes in matrix metabolism are mediated via the PKR signalling pathway.
Materials and methods
Materials
All chemicals were obtained from Sigma (Poole, UK) unless otherwise stated and were of analytical grade or above. Culture medium consisted of Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium (DMEM; DMEM-Glutamax-I™, Invitrogen, Paisley, UK) supplemented with 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 50 μg/ml ascorbate-2-phosphate and 1× insulin-transferrin-sodium selenite (ITS). For radiolabelling experiments, DMEM-Glutamax-I™ was replaced with a 1:1 mixture of DMEM-Glutamax-I™ and Hams F12 media.
Primary articular chondrocyte culture
Articular cartilage was taken from the metacarpalphalangeal joint of 7-day-old calves within 12 hours of slaughter using a scalpel, and full-depth cartilage explants (20–70 mg) were cultured overnight at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% carbon dioxide and 95% air in 1 ml of DMEM-Glutamax-I™ supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum. DMEM-Glutamax-I™ containing foetal calf serum was removed and chondrocytes isolated as previously described [20]. Following isolation, chondrocytes were cultured (1 × 106 cells/well of a 24-well plate) overnight at 37°C in serum-free DMEM-Glutamax-I™ supplemented with ITS in order to maintain their chondrocytic phenotype [21] and prevent serum withdrawal activation of signalling pathways [22]. To increase endogenous levels of ceramide, chondrocytes were stimulated for up to 10 days with bacterial SMase (0.1–1.0 U/ml) [10]. Media and treatments were refreshed at 7 days if cultures were extended to 10 days. To investigate the role of PKR in SMase-mediated responses, the PKR inhibitor 2-aminopurine (2AP; 1 mmol/l) was added to duplicate cultures 1 hour before and during the addition of treatments. This concentration inhibits activation of PKR in a number of cell types [4,8,23-26] and does not affect chondrocyte viability [8]. Following treatment, media was removed and stored at -20°C and 200 μl ice-cold extract buffer (0.9% Triton X-100) containing protease inhibitors (1 μmol/l leupepstatin hemisulphate, 150 nmol/l aprotinin, 0.5 mmol/l EDTA disodium salt, 500 μmol/l AEBSF HCl, 1 μmol/l E64; Merck Biosciences, Nottingham, UK) and phosphatase inhibitors (phosphatase inhibitor cocktail set II, according to manufacturer's instructions; Merck Biosciences, Nottingham, UK) was added to the cells. Cell extracts were stored at -80°C for future analysis.
Cytotoxicity assay and total cell number
Cell death was assessed using the CytoTox 96® assay (Promega, Southampton, UK), which quantitatively measures lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) present in the culture media that has been released upon natural lysis of cells during the culture period [8,27]. This assay measures both primary and secondary necrotic cell death. Differences in the release of LDH associated with culture treatment were expressed as absorbance units. The total cell number, at the end of each treatment, was also determined using the CytoTox 96® assay. This assay can be used to measure indirectly the LDH activity present in the cytoplasm of cells that are intact at the end of the culture period. Cell quantification, therefore, occurs following lysis of the cells by the addition of extract buffer. The number of cells present is directly proportional to the absorbance value, which represents LDH activity [10].
Analysis of proteoglycan release
The amount of sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) released into the medium of chondrocyte cultures was measured using the dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay using chondroitin-4-sulphate-C from shark cartilage as a standard, as described previously [28]. Differences in the release of sGAG associated with culture treatment were expressed as micrograms of GAG released per cell.
Determination of protein concentration
The protein concentration of cell extracts after 24 hours of treatments was determined using the BCA method, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions (Perbio Science, Cramlington, UK).
Analysis of de novo matrix synthesis using [35S]-sulphate and [3H]-proline radiolabelling
To measure newly synthesized protein and sGAGs, chondrocytes (4 × 105 cells/well of a 48-well plate) were treated with sphingomyelinase (0.1 U/ml) in the presence of 20 μCi/ml of [3H]-proline and 10 μCi/ml [35S]-sulphate (GE Healthcare, Chalfont St Giles, UK). At the end of the treatment period, unincorporated radiolabel was removed from the media and cell extracts using Ultrafree®-MC centrifugal filter units, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions (Millipore, Watford, UK). Incorporated [35S] radioactivity in the culture media and cell extracts was counted (Beckman Scintillation Counter; Beckman Coulter, High Wycombe, UK) as a measure of de novo sGAG synthesis.
De novo collagen synthesis was determined by digesting labelled protein in media and cell extracts with 8U bacterial collagenase (Worthington's Type 3 collagenase; Lorne Laboratories, Reading, UK) overnight at 37°C [29]. Digested collagen fragments were removed using Ultrafree®-MC filter units and the remaining undigested [3H] counts taken as a measure of noncollagenous protein. Collagenous protein was calculated using the following equation: collagen (counts/min) = total protein (counts before digestion) – noncollagenous protein (counts after digestion).
RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and PCR
To investigate chondrocyte phenotype and to determine whether acidic and neutral SMase are expressed in articular chondrocytes, RT-PCR was performed. Chondrocytes were treated with or without SMase (0.1 U/ml), placed into TRIZOL® (1 × 106 cells/ml) and total RNA was extracted, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen, Paisley, UK). RNA samples were DNase (Ambion, Huntingdon, UK) treated to remove genomic DNA, in accordance with the manufacturer's protocol, and resuspended in 50 μl sterile water. cDNA was generated in a single 20 μl reaction from 11 μl RNA sample using 250 ng random hexamers (0.5 mg/ml; Promega) and Superscript II reverse transcriptase (200 units), in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen). cDNA integrity and lack of genomic DNA contamination were confirmed by PCR using primers to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH [GenBank:U85042]; Table 1). PCR primers (Table 1) designed to acidic SMase [GenBank:AF325550], neutral SMase [GenBank:NM031360], type IIA and IIB collagen [30], and Sox9 [GenBank:AF278703] sequences were used to amplify cDNA derived from bovine articular chondrocytes. cDNA or water controls (1 μl) were amplified for 25–30 cycles in a 12.5 μl reaction volume (0.2 units Taq polymerase [Promega], 200 μmol/l of each dNTP, 1.5–2.5 mmol/l MgCl2 and 0.2–0.4 μmol/l of each primer; Table 1) using the following cycling parameters: 94°C for 30 s; 58°C or 60°C for 30 s; and 72°C for 1 min. Amplified products were separated alongside a 100 base pair DNA ladder (Promega) on 1–2% agarose gels, containing ethidium bromide (10 μg/ml).
Table 1. PCR primers
Quantitative PCR
Type II collagen and aggrecan gene expression were measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR). cDNA was produced as detailed above and qPCR carried out using an ABI 7700 Sequence Detection System, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions (Applied Biosystems, Warrington, UK) using 300 nmol/l forward and reverse primers and 200 nmol/l probe (5' 6-carboxyfluorescein and 3' 6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine). The GAPDH gene was used as an endogenous control to normalize for differences in the amount of total RNA present in each sample; GAPDH primers (forward: 5'-GGCATCGTGGAGGGACTTATGA-3'; reverse: 5'-CAGAAGACTGTGGATGGCCC-3') and probe (5'-CACTGTCCACGCCATCACTGC-3') were purchased from Applied Biosystems. Primers and probes to type II collagen and aggrecan were as previously described [31].
Western blot analysis of type II collagen
To further investigate the phenotype of bovine chondrocytes following culture in the presence and absence of SMase, Western blotting was performed, as described previously [32]. Cell associated material and media samples (from equivalent cell numbers) were reduced (5% β-mercaptoethanol) and resolved on 7.5% (weight/vol) SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred subsequently to PVDF membrane (Immobilon; Millipore). Binding of our monclonal antibody to type II collagen (AVT6E3) [33] and horseradish peroxidase conjugated anti-mouse IgG was detected using enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (GE Healthcare) on Hyperfilm-ECL (GE Healthcare).
Statistical analysis
Data are representative of at least three independent experiments except for the radiation experiment, which was repeated twice. Data are presented, following normalization to cell number, as mean ± standard error (n ≥ 3), tested for normality and equal variances, and analyzed by Student's two-sample t test (Minitab Statistical Software; Minitab Ltd, Coventry, UK). Treatments were compared with untreated control cells and differences were considered significant at the 5% level (P < 0.05).
Results
Effect of increasing doses of exogenous sphingomyelinase on chondrocyte function
Because there are no previous studies investigating the effect of exogenous SMase on chondrocyte function, we first determined its effect at different concentrations. Chondrocytes were cultured with a range of SMase concentrations (0–1.0 U/ml) for 24 hours and the cells assessed for viability, sGAG and protein release (Figure 2). SMase caused a dose-dependent increase in chondrocyte death with a concomitant decrease in cell number (Figure 2a). The amount of sGAG released into the media following 24 hours of treatment was measured using the DMMB assay (Figure 2b). SMase treatment caused a significant, dose-dependent increase in sGAG release into the media. Cell extracts with associated matrix from SMase-treated cultures contained significantly more protein than did untreated controls (0.1 U/ml, P < 0.001; 0.5 U/ml, P = 0.024; Figure 2c).
Figure 2. Effect of sphingomyelinase on chondrocyte function. (a) Sphingomyelinase treatment dose dependently induces cell death and decreases cell number. Chondrocytes were cultured for 24 hours in the presence of SMase (0–1.0 U/ml). Cell death and cell number were assessed using the CytoTox 96® assay (Promega), which quantitatively measures lactate dehydrogenase released into the media upon cell death during the culture period or upon lysis of living cells at the end of the culture period. Data shown are mean absorbance units (492 nm) ± standard error. ** P < 0.01 versus control. (b) Short-term SMase treatment induces proteoglycan release from articular chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were cultured for 24 hours in the presence of SMase (0–1.0 U/ml). Media was analyzed for release of sGAGs using the DMMB assay. Differences in release of sGAG associated with culture treatment are expressed as mean sGAG released per cell (mg/ml) ± standard error. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01. (c) SMase dose dependently increases cellular protein content. Following 24 hours of treatment with increasing doses of SMase, cells (with cell-associated matrix proteins) were solubilized with 0.9% Triton X-100 and the protein content (mg/ml) determined using the BCA assay (Pierce). Data are presented as mean ± standard error. * P < 0.05; *** P < 0.001, versus control. (d) Long-term SMase treatment reduces cell proliferation. Chondrocytes were cultured for 1–7 days and the effect of SMase (0.1 U/ml) on cell number determined using the CytoTox® assay. Data shown are mean absorbance units (492 nm) ± standard error. * P < 0.05 versus control at equivalent time point. (e) Long-term SMase treatment induces proteoglycan release from articular chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were cultured in the presence of SMase (0.1 U/ml) for 7 days. The amount of sGAG released into the media per cell was determined as above. Data are presented as mean ± standard error. * P < 0.05. DMMB, dimethylmethylene blue; sGAG = sulphated glycosaminoglycan; SMase, sphingomyelinase.
A dose of 0.1 U/ml was chosen for further study because this caused a minimal level of cell death at 24 hours (control 0.17 ± 0.0003 versus SMase 0.2 ± 0.005). An identical experiment was thus performed and cells cultured for 1–7 days. Cell number, cell death and the amount of sGAG released into the media over this period were measured. Over 7 days, an equivalent level of cell death was observed in all cultures regardless of treatment and did not exceed 10–15% of the total cell number (data not shown). Despite this, over the same culture period, significantly fewer cells were found in SMase-treated cultures than in controls (P = 0.049), suggesting reduced proliferation (Figure 2d). In addition, SMase significantly increased the amount of sGAG released in to the media (P = 0.046; Figure 2e).
Effect of SMase on de novo sGAG and collagen synthesis
To determine whether the observed SMase-mediated increase in sGAG and protein release into the media was due to increased synthesis, radiolabelling experiments were performed. Cultures were treated with SMase (0.1 U/ml) for 7 days in the presence of 10 μCi/ml [35S]-sulphate and 20 μCi/ml [3H]-proline. In addition to measurements of total protein, cell extracts and media were digested with collagenase to determine what proportion of the de novo protein synthesised was collagen. At the end of the culture period, unincorporated label was removed and [35S] counts (counts/min) measured in cell associated material and media as a measure of de novo sGAG (Figure 3a). SMase did not significantly increase the amount of newly synthesized sGAG associated with the cell but did significantly increase the level of newly synthesized sGAG in the media (P = 0.017). SMase significantly enhanced the amount of de novo collagen released into the media (P = 0.015; Figure 3b).
Figure 3. Sphingomyelinase increases de novo sGAG and collagen synthesis in articular chondrocytes. Bovine articular chondrocytes were cultured for 7 days with 20 μCi/ml [3H]-proline and 10 μCi/ml [35S]-sulphate in the presence or absence of SMase (0.1 U/ml). At the end of the culture period, unincorporated label was removed and (a) [35S] counts (cpm) were measured in cell associated material and media as a measure of de novo sGAG. De novo collagen synthesis was determined by digesting labelled protein in media and cell extracts with 8U bacterial collagenase overnight at 37°C. Digested collagen fragments were removed using Ultrafree®-MC filter units and remaining [3H] counts taken as a measure of noncollagenous protein. (b) Collagenous protein was calculated using the following equation: collagen (cpm) = total protein ([3H] counts before collagenase digestion) – noncollagenous protein (counts remaining after collagenase digestion). Data are normalized to cell number and presented as mean ± standard error. * P < 0.05 versus control. cpm, counts/min; sGAG, sulphated glycosaminoglycan.
Investigation of chondrocyte phenotype following culture with SMase
Type II collagen is the major collagen component of articular cartilage and is considered a marker for the differentiated chondrocyte phenotype. Two forms are generated by alternative mRNA splicing, namely types IIA and IIB, which include and exclude exon 2, respectively. The shift from IIA to IIB accompanies chondrocyte differentiation, whereas re-expression of IIA procollagen has been reported in osteoarthritic cartilage, indicating the potential reversion of the cells to a chondroprogenitor cellular phenotype [34]. There was no apparent difference in cell morphology with any of the treatments. Following 7–10 days of culture, cell extracts with their associated matrix and media were analyzed for type II collagen by Western blotting (Figure 4). Control cells produced type II procollagen, processing it (α1 [II]) and secreting it into the media (Figure 4a,b), demonstrating that the differentiated chondrocyte phenotype was maintained in our culture system. In contrast, SMase treatment decreased the amount of type II procollagen (Figure 4a,b) as well as resulting in a reduction in the level of processed collagen in the media (Figure 4b). This response was further enhanced at day 10 following an application of fresh SMase at day 7. RT-PCR analysis of chondrocytes after 7 days showed that the mRNAs for the phenotypic markers of articular cartilage chondrocytes, type IIB collagen and Sox9 were expressed in both control and SMase treated cells (Figure 4c). SMase treatment had no significant effect on type II collagen or aggrecan mRNA expression normalized to GAPDH (Figure 4d).
Figure 4. A differentiated chondrocyte phenotype is maintained but sphingomyelinase treatment reduces type II collagen expression. Bovine articular chondrocytes were cultured as monolayers for 7–10 days in ITS supplemented media in the presence or absence of SMase (0.1 U/ml). Where cultures were extended to 10 days, media and treatments were refreshed at day 7. (a) Equivalent numbers of cells and their associated matrix and (b) media were resolved on 7.5% (weight/vol) SDS-PAGE gels. Samples were analyzed for type II collagen by Western blotting using our monoclonal antibody (AVT6E3). In addition, cells cultured in the presence (+) or absence (-) of SMase (0.1 U/ml) for this period were placed into TRIZOL® (1 × 106 cells/ml) and total RNA extracted, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. (c) cDNA was generated and PCR performed using primers to type IIA and IIB procollagen and Sox9. cDNA integrity was confirmed using primers to GAPDH. (d) The relative expression level, normalized to GAPDH, of aggrecan and type II collagen mRNAs was determined by quantitative PCR. Data are presented as mean ± standard error. α1(II), α1 chain type II collagen. bp, base pairs; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; ITS, insulin-transferrin-sodium selenite; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; SMse, sphingomyelinase.
Effect of inhibiting activation of PKR on cartilage matrix homeostasis
The role of PKR in chondrocyte ECM homeostasis was investigated by treating duplicate cultures with the PKR inhibitor 2AP (Figure 5). Inhibition of PKR activity in untreated control cells significantly increased the level of de novo collagen associated with the cell (Figure 5a; P = 0.018) but had no effect on the amount measured in the media (data not shown). Addition of 2AP in conjunction with SMase did not significantly alter cell death, de novo collagen and sGAG associated with the cell (data not shown), but significantly reduced the total amount detected in the media compared with treatment with SMase alone (collagen, P = 0.042; sGAG, P = 0.042; Figure 5b).
Figure 5. PKR is involved in cartilage matrix homeostasis. To determine whether PKR mediates the observed changes in chondrocyte matrix homeostasis, PKR activity was inhibited by adding 1 mmol/l 2AP to duplicate cultures. (a) Inhibition of PKR in untreated, control cells caused an increase in cell associated collagen. (b) Addition of 2AP to sphingomyelinase-treated cultures resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of de novo sGAG and collagen in the media. Data are presented as mean ± strandard error. * P < 0.05. 2AP, 2-aminopurine; cpm, counts/min; PKR, protein kinase R; sGAG, sulphated glycosaminoglycan.
Both acidic and neutral sphingomyelinases are expressed by articular chondrocytes
To investigate whether bovine articular chondrocytes may potentially signal via endogenous SMases, we determined mRNA expression for acidic and neutral sphingomyelinase. RT-PCR revealed that both acidic and neutral SMase mRNAs are expressed by primary articular chondrocytes (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Both neutral and acidic SMase mRNAs are expressed by articular cartilage chondrocytes. Following 24 hours of culture, cells were placed into TRIZOL® (1 × 106 cells/ml) and total RNA extracted, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. cDNA was generated (n = 4) and PCR performed using primers specific to GAPDH, or acidic or neutral SMase (Table 1). Amplified products were separated alongside a 100 bp DNA ladder (L) on 1–2% agarose gels, containing ethidium bromide (10 μg/ml). Product sizes (bp) are indicated. bp, base pairs; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SMase, sphingomyelinase.
Discussion
This study demonstrates for the first time that ECM homeostasis in articular cartilage chondrocytes can be profoundly altered by triggering the ceramide signalling pathway. Over 24 hours, raising endogenous levels of ceramide in articular cartilage chondrocytes by treatment with 0.1 U/ml bacterial SMase caused a dose-dependent increase in cell death with a concomitant decrease in cell number. This is in accordance with the known role for ceramide in initiating a cellular stress response resulting in cell death [12]. It should be noted that the assay used to measure cell death in this study detects loss of membrane integrity and thus measures necrosis, either primary or secondary (cultured cells that are undergoing apoptosis in vitro eventually undergo secondary necrosis). Therefore, further studies are necessary to determine the extent of apoptotic cell death. Over the extended culture period, SMase treatment resulted in a further reduction in cell number compared with that in control cultures, with the majority of the decrease occurring in the early stages of the treatment; thereafter the rate of proliferation was similar to that in controls (Figure 1d). Because there was no concomitant increase in cell death, this suggests that SMase treatment also decreased chondrocyte proliferation. This in accordance with studies in human keratinocytes, which have shown that a rapid (15 minutes) but transient (returning to baseline by 1 hour) increase in endogenous ceramide occurs following treatment with 0.1 U/ml neutral SMase followed by reduced cellular proliferation over 6 days, the extent of which was equivalent to that seen in the present study [35].
Data obtained from the DMMB assay indicated that SMase increased the release of sGAG from articular chondrocytes. Because this assay does not discriminate between whole sGAG and degraded sGAG fragments, we used incorporation of [35S] to determine whether low concentrations (0.1 U/ml) of exogenous SMase affected sGAG synthesis or degradation. As well as increasing sGAG synthesis, SMase also significantly enhanced the level of de novo collagen and total protein in the media over seven days of culture, suggesting that SMase acts on chondrocytes to increase expression of ECM components. The hydrolysis of sphingomyelin by the action of SMases is the primary mechanism for rapidly increasing ceramide levels in the cell [36]. As discussed above, at the concentration (0.1 U/ml) used, SMase induces a rapid but transient rise in endogenous ceramide in human keratinocytes [35]. Our data correlate with recent studies in fibroblasts that showed that low doses of ceramide stimulate collagen production [15]. This is contrast to the effect caused by high ceramide, which is thought to inhibit collagen production [15,17,18] because of its conversion to sphingosine-1-phosphate or other inhibitory intermediates, thus promoting anticeramide affects [15].
When chondrocytes are cultured as monolayers on plastic they rapidly de-differentiate, losing expression of type II collagen. More specifically they shift their expression from type IIB to type IIA procollagen [37]. Our monolayer cultures supplemented with ITS retained expression of the normal chondrocyte markers Sox9, aggrecan and type IIB collagen. These were still expressed by SMase-treated chondrocytes with no detectable expression of type IIA mRNA. However, SMase reduced type II collagen protein expression (Western blot), despite increasing total collagen production (3[H]-proline incorporation) and maintaining col2a1 mRNA expression (qPCR). Therefore, although low levels of endogenous ceramide in chondrocytes appeared to push the homeostatic balance toward ECM synthesis, which is in accordance with studies in fibroblasts [15], this may have been at the expense of type II collagen expression.
Preliminary work within our laboratory suggests that the SMase-induced increase in total collagen production is not due to increases in type I or III collagen, but further investigation is clearly warranted. We propose that small increases in cellular ceramide, as mimicked here, may contribute to the increases in proteoglycan and collagen synthesis [38-40] that are observed in the 'biosynthetic phase' in early osteoarthritis [8]. Given that excessive ceramide accumulation within cartilage is known to produce an osteoarthritis-like phenotype [16], we hypothesize that treatment of chondrocytes with high doses of SMase would result in an accumulation of endogenous ceramide levels within the cells and that it is this that signals downstream to promote cartilage degradative events. This idea that high levels of ceramide promote cartilage degeneration is supported by our earlier studies in which application of C2-ceramide increased MMP expression and activation and proteoglycan release from articular cartilage explants [8]. Thus, further investigations to relate levels of ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate to chondrocyte ECM synthesis and degradation are clearly needed to determine how the current data fit into the notion of a 'sphingolipid rheostat' [13].
Because our previous studies showed that the protein kinase PKR plays a pivotal role in cartilage homeostasis [8], we inhibited PKR activity to determine whether PKR is involved in the observed changes in matrix synthesis. In control cells, inhibition of PKR caused a significant increase in de novo protein synthesis found within the cell and associated matrix but no change in the level released into the media. This is in keeping with the known role played by PKR as an inhibitor of translation [41]. However, inhibition of PKR activity in SMase-treated chondrocytes significantly reduced the amount of newly synthesized sGAG and collagen detected in the media, suggesting a role for PKR in SMase-induced matrix synthesis. Because high levels of ceramide have previously been shown to result in PKR-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis in a leukaemia cell line [4], this would suggest that a complex interplay of signalling pathways are involved in SMase-mediated PKR signalling in chondrocytes, the exact nature of which remains to be elucidated.
Finally, we showed, for the first time, that articular chondrocytes can express both acidic and neutral SMases and so are able, given the appropriate external signal, to raise levels of endogenous ceramide. It has been shown that TNF-α can increase cellular ceramide levels via the de novo pathway as well as by binding to its membrane receptor (TNFR55), causing activation of neutral or acidic SMase [36,42,43]. Depending on which SMase is activated, an inflammatory (neutral SMase) or apoptotic (acidic SMase) response then occurs. Because TNF-α levels are elevated in arthritis and TNFR55 expression is increased in arthritic disease [44], our future studies will determine whether TNF-α-mediated activation of neutral SMase and ceramide generation plays a role in cartilage degradation.
Conclusion
In the present study we found that sphingomyelinase, at low concentration, stimulated ECM synthesis in articular chondrocytes, and this was in part mediated by PKR. Importantly, the increase in collagen production was not due to increases in type II collagen. Therefore, small increases in endogenous ceramide in chondrocytes appear to push the homeostatic balance toward ECM synthesis but at the expense of the chondrocytic phenotype. We therefore hypothesize that during the 'biosynthetic phase' in early osteoarthritis, the observed increases in proteoglycan and collagen synthesis may be due to a small increase in cellular ceramide triggered by circulating cytokines such as TNF-α via activation of PKR. Excessive ceramide accumulation may then play a role in the later stages of cartilage degradation.
Abbreviations
2AP = 2-aminopurine; DMEM = Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium; DMMB = dimethylmethylene blue; ECM = extracellular matrix; GAPDH = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; ITS = insulin-transferrin-sodium selenite; LDH = lactate dehydrogenase; MMP = matrix metalloproteinase; PKR = protein kinase R; RT-PCR = reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; sGAG = sulphated glycosaminoglycan; SMase = sphingomyelinase; TNF = tumour necrosis factor.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
SJG conceived the study, generated most of the data and drafted the manuscript. EJB helped in the conception of the study, generated the QPCR data and made substantial contributions to the acquisition of the radiolabelling data. PJ was involved in the acquisition of some of the toxicity and sGAG data. EJB, VCD and DJM helped in the interpretation of data and were involved in revising the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors should like to thank the Arthritis Research Campaign for funding this work (Grant numbers: SJG 16436 and M0650 and EJB 14874) and Dr Ilyas Khan for provision of the Sox9 primers.
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37. Valcourt U, Gouttenoire J, Aubert-Foucher E, Herbage D, Mallein-Gerin F: Alternative splicing of type II procollagen pre-mRNA in chondrocytes is oppositely regulated by BMP-2 and TGF-beta1.
FEBS Lett 2003, 545:115-119. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
38. Sandell LJ, Aigner T: Articular cartilage and changes in arthritis. An introduction: cell biology of osteoarthritis.
Arthritis Res 2001, 3:107-113. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
39. Goldring MB: The role of the chondrocyte in osteoarthritis.
Arthritis Rheum 2000, 43:1916-1926. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
40. van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB: Anabolic and destructive mediators in osteoarthritis.
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2000, 3:205-211. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
41. Clemens MJ, Bushell M, Jeffrey IW, Pain VM, Morley SJ: Translation initiation factor modifications and the regulation of protein synthesis in apoptotic cells.
Cell Death Differ 2000, 7:603-615. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
42. Kolesnick RN, Kronke M: Regulation of ceramide production and apoptosis.
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Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2000, 8:213-221. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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It’s January! Make Web-Only Games
chloe
In January it’s all about games that can only be played on the web. Get inspired by web-only mechanics such as sharing links and data, finding clues on the web that will help you advance in the game, always-on multi-player, and more—creating the most webilicious game possible!
Check the crafty video we made below to get started and stay tuned for more interviews on the theme of Web-Only games with our rockstar judges.
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The Situation and Analysis of the Insurance for Old People in China
Dengfeng Hua, Yiyang Fan, Jian Li
Abstract
With the advent of the aging time, how to ensure old people to spend remaining years in comfort becomes the hot spot concerned by the society. Old-age insurance for the elderly living, medical expenses and accidental damage protection, with a vast market, the advantages of targeted. And it can make up for lack of social security. Analysis of China's insurance market status and disadvantage, and advices are proposed from three aspects such as tax preference, designing a comprehensive insurance and endowment service.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Business and Management ISSN 1833-3850 (Print) ISSN 1833-8119 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Impact of Flavonoids against Woolly Apple Aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) and Its Sole Parasitoid, Aphelinus mali (Hald.)
Mazen Ateyyat, Saeid Abu-Romman, Mohmmad Abu-Darwish, Ihab Ghabeish
Abstract
Cut-shoot bioassay test was used to study the significance of three flavonoids as aphicides against the woolly apple aphid (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann). The used flavonoids were two flavanols that are quercetin dehydrate and rutin hydrate, but rutin hydrate is a glycoside of quercetin dehydrate. In addition to one flavanone that was naringine. These flavonoids were used at three concentrations; 100 ppm, 1000 ppm and 10,000 ppm. Results showed that the three tested flavonoids were active as aphicides against the target species and that mortality to nymphs was higher than that obtained against apterous adults. Increasing the concentration of the flavonoids resulted in a remarkable increase in nymphs mortality. However, rutin hydrate is more toxic to WAA than quercetin dehydrate and naringin.
The three flavonoids had slight effect on the sole parasitoid of WAA, Aphelinus mali compared with effect caused by imodacloprid insecticide. Quercetin dehydrate, rutin hydrate and naringine can be used as botanical insecticides and incorporated into integrated management programs of the aphid.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/jas.v4n2p227
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN 1916-9752 (Print) ISSN 1916-9760 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Wednesday, 10 November 2004
COMPARATIVE ADS SHOULD NOT BE THREATENED BY TRADE MARK LITIGATION, RULES JUDGE
Yesterday's LexisNexis' All England Direct subscription-only service carries news of O2 Ltd and another v Hutchison 3G UK Ltd, a decision of Mr Justice Pumfrey (High Court, Chancery Division).
02 ran a mobile telephone network. Hutchinson, a relative new competitor, marketed its services through a series of television, radio and press advertisements which compared its prices with 02's for pre-pay tariffs. 02 sued for interim injunctive relief, alleging that the price comparison was misleading and that Hutchinson had infringed its UK and Europe ‘O2’ trade marks, which were used along with bubbles (another feature of 02's adverts). Hutchinson maintained that the price comparison was fair, that the trade mark was not infringed and that they were entitled to protection under the Trade Marks Act 1994, s.10(6) and Article 12(b) of Council Regulation 40/94 (on the Community trade mark, both of which allow honest use of another's mark.
Pumfrey J dismissed 02's application. Applying the principles laid down so trenchantly by Mr Justice Jacob (as he then was) in British Airways plc v Ryanair Ltd, he ruled that the right to use accurate comparative advertising should not be interfered with by allegations of trade mark infringement. Both s.10(6) of the 1994 Act and Art.12(b) of the Regulation permitted comparative advertising, provided that the use made by advertisers was in accordance with honest commercial practices.
The IPKat knows how much decisions such as this will irritate many of his readers from across the English Channel, who hate to see advertisements in which a competitor's trade mark is detrimentally compared. But as a good consumer, the IPKat values honest comparisons and thinks that any trade mark owner must be prepared to tolerate criticism of his price or product quality if it's fair.
Are comparisons odious? Click here or here to find out
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
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Search This Blog
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Monday, May 08, 2006
WMEQ...
EG13-G6
There are a more than a few things I don’t do well.
Singing, dancing and playing musical instruments are all out of the question while being a guest teacher for the day.
Explaining math, reading aloud, inserting DVD’s are all well within my talents while following a teacher’s lesson plan.
Mixed in with the books for today’s 6th grade assignment included a title called “"What's Happening To Me? A Guide to Puberty…”
The book includes a section titled:
Worlds most embarrassing questions (WMEQ):
• Why is my chest getting bumpy?
• What’s an erection?
• What’s a period?
• Why is my voice acting funny?
• Why do I get pimples?
• What’s masturbation?
• Why am I getting hairy?
• What’s a wet dream?
• Why is mine not like his?
• What happens next?
Did I forget this is an “illustrated” book?
A VERY illustrated book! No way is this going to work in a mixed boy/girl classroom environment of thirty kids without losing control.
A quick double check of the lesson plan did NOT include any lesson plan assignment involving this book.
That’s very good, because it had already made my current and future “Do Not Do” list.
No Way! No How!
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login ask-a-question questions unanswered tags faq
Can anyone recommend a good laptop bag? I live my life off my laptop and it goes everywhere with me--commuter train, around the office, to every meeting, etc. Want to protect the machine, carry a book and a box of cables & small tools, and still have a bit of room left over. And it needs to be comfortable to carry. Any help would be appreciated.
asked May 25 '11 at 16:12
Christian Waters
41
I love my Timbuk2 messenger bag. I used the custom build option. Mine is about 8 years old now, still in great shape. Very easy to get the laptop out in airport security, but still keeps rain off it.
link
answered May 31 '11 at 10:05
kvanh
46
Hello,
I did not see mention of the laptop size?
For my ThinkPad W510 (large 15.6" laptop) I use a Tumi T-Pass Business Class Brief backpack. It is quite roomy, and holds both the notebook, its large power adapter, external drives, a couple of bag of cables, USB adapters, flash drives and still has plenty of room left over.
For my ThinkPad X120e, I used a Briggs & Riley Verb VB401 Travel Brief bag. It think it would be large enough for maybe a trade paperback-sized book and will hold a few small tools, cables and the like, but probably not have as much room as something larger. Generally speaking, I prefer a backpack since it evenly distributes weight across my back instead of on one of my shoulders, but it is light enough to not be a problem.
Regards,
Aryeh Goretsky
link
answered May 30 '11 at 02:16
Aryeh Goretsky
16
I have two laptop bags - a Crumpler (large, nylon, robust, waterproof) and a Kenneth Cole expandable (smaller, leather, black, slick). They both fit a Thinkpad T410s with ease, and take a book, a pad (A4), some papers and hard drive/mouse/presenter/ mains adaptor essentials. The Crumpler holds more, is better protected, but unless you can find a black/dark one, not very professional looking. The KC bag looks a lot like a briefcase/satchel, but is less padded than the Crumpler and padding is solely around the laptop compartment (Crumpler used to do two lines, one with a padded front compartment and one with solely laptop padding, I have the more padded version). In general the more padded/rigid, the less stuff you will fit in the same size bag. So if you are reasonably careful, I think getting a bag with just some padding around the laptop is best, the other stuff you cram in may also add to the protection/rigidity.
link
answered May 29 '11 at 05:27
Alan17
131
The best laptop bag I have ever ever owned is a discrete black Timbuk2 Hacker bag that I found out about through Scott Beale at Laughing Squid. It's a small-ish convertible backpack/messenger bag, that holds my 15" laptop vertical (which I find helps minimizes bumps), has great access through a well designed flip top that serves a waterproof barrier while biking (or, you know, going anywhere in the rain), and has thick enough foam that I've never had a problem in terms of protecting my Macbook Pro. It holds JUST enough to prevent me from overloading my bag with stuff. What that means is charger, notebook, Olympus LS-10 recorder, Canon 5D+24-105 lens, and a book or two for good measure. It sits well on my back in both backpack and messenger bag mode, and it doesn't scream steal me when I bike or walk through some of the tougher parts of Baltimore.
As someone who edits a website and works as a journalist for a living, I always have my computer, my camera, and this bag with me and I have never regretted the purchase.
The only downside I can think of is that I think Timbuk2 makes a near identical bag now, but they call it something different. As far as Timbuk2 I have had 2 bags over the past 7 years, and they are both in like-new condition despite years of abuse.
link
answered May 25 '11 at 20:12
oliver
551
I have an STM Scout bag for my Thinkpad x120e. I got it in the Small size, designed for 13-inch laptops, but in comes in a variety of sizes.
It's the best-designed mag I've ever used. The laptop pouch is well-padded and secure, the document pocket can carry a large textbook if necessary, and the two front pockets are perfect for a paperback, either mass-market size or larger, though not a trade paperback or a hardcover. The strap is wide and has swivels on either side, so it's never twisted.
The bag looks very classy-- their stated intent is that it's both casual and professional, and they do a good job. It's no leather briefcase, but it's certainly professional enough for an office. It's $65-- http://www.stmbags.com/catalog/laptop-shoulder-bags/scout-small-laptop-shoulder-bag/ The manufacturer site has links to retailers.
link
answered May 25 '11 at 16:47
tdoggette
31
Can't beat a small hard-shell briefcase for professionalism or impact resistance.
link
answered May 25 '11 at 16:33
efnord
31
Theft resistance is not important as the thing is never out of my sight. Looking professional is kinda important, that is I don't want to look like a 21-year-old college student.
link
answered May 25 '11 at 16:30
Christian Waters
41
edited May 25 '11 at 16:30
How important is it to look professional? How important is theft resistance?
link
answered May 25 '11 at 16:23
efnord
31
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[libreoffice-design] Re: [Libreoffice-ux-advise] New icons in Tango
Hi Stefan,
On Thu, 2012-04-12 at 13:03 +0200, Stefan Knorr (Astron) wrote:
> about a week ago, Michael (M.) noticed on ux-advise that some icons in
> LibreOffice's Tango theme had been replaced. Well, I replaced those
> and didn't do the sensible thing and discuss these changes first...
Heh ;-) that's fine, as long as it is intentional I guess.
> I'd like to make up for that lack of discussion. Thus, I've created a
> wiki page to show an overview over all the icons I've changed since
> 3.5: https://wiki.documentfoundation.org/Design/Tango_refresh_3.
Of course, my random / hackers asthetic feeling (which is
perfectly fine to write-off as invalid :-) is that overall there
is an improvement here :-)
The purple for the f(x) is a but odd to me, I rather liked the crisp,
same coloured triplet of similar icons there in calc, and IMHO the new
one looks rather 'busy' vs. the old one.
Same interest wrt. the purple color for the plugin icon - but perhaps
we move to a more multi-colored theme :-)
> The Start Center icons have been discussed on the Design list already,
> albeit mostly with Alex. There are a few icons that I feel are mostly
> uncritical (Media Player, Writer Toolbar, the icons imported from the
> "official" Tango theme in the Extension Manager) and of course there
> are some that definitely need another round of replacing (Open File,
> Extension) and some that hopefully only need refining (Formula "f(x)"
> icon).
Sure :-)
> So, I would love to hear your feedback! (Of course, if you want to
> work on these further, that'd be great.[1])
So - it's all fine with me, I just wanted to make sure we were not
slipping back Galaxy icons into the theme by mistake (by loosing the
industrial layer eg.).
Thanks !
Michael.
--
michael.meeks@suse.com <><, Pseudo Engineer, itinerant idiot
--
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[libreoffice-design] New icons in Tango"Stefan Knorr (Astron)" <heinzlesspam@googlemail.com>
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Hell is out of fashion -- institutional hells at any rate. The populated infernos of the 20th century are more private affairs, the gaps between the bars are the sutures of one's own skull. A valid hell is one from which there is a possibility of redemption, even if this is never achieved, the dungeons of an architecture of grace whose spires point to some kind of heaven. The institutional hells of the present century are reached with one-way tickets, marked Nagasaki and Buchenwald, worlds of terminal horror even more final than the grave. Ballard, J. G.
This quote is about hell · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Ballard, J. G. ...
James Graham Ballard (born November 15, 1930 in Shanghai) is a British writer. He was a prominent member of the New Wave in science fiction. His best known books are the controversial Crash, and the autobiographical novel Empire of the Sun, both of which have been adapted to film. The adjective "Ballardian", defined as "resembling or suggestive of the conditions described in JG Ballard's novels and stories, especially dystopian modernity, bleak man-made landscapes and the psychological effects of technological, social or environmental developments", has been included in the Collins English Dictionary.
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Older blog entries for Flanneltron (starting at number 82)
The Timeless Way of Building Software, Part 1: User Experience and Flow
The Timeless Way of Building by Christopher Alexander [1] was exciting. As I read it, I kept making parallels between building/town design and software design. Architecture We’re not talking any kind of architecture here. The whole point of the book is to explain a theory of “living” buildings. They are designed and developed in a way that [...]
Syndicated 2012-06-01 01:26:48 from SynapticNulship
UX Conference 2012: Design Studio
One of the particularly good presentations at the UPA Boston 11th Annual User Experience Conference (#UPABOS12) was called “Design Studio” by designer Adam Connor. The main points are: Why brainstorming is usually implemented wrong. How to properly generate ideas and consensus (the “design studio”). Charrettes (are used by the design studio process). Design As a super condensed version of the presentation, [...]
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User Experience Conference 2012: Link Blast
This post lists tools and websites I learned about today at the UPA Boston 11th Annual User Experience Conference. Tools for Mobile Prototyping and Usability Testing Although I’m familiar with wearable computers, especially for the military, and have developed for PDAs back in the day, I am fairly new to the current popular commercial mobile [...]
Syndicated 2012-05-08 03:20:31 from SynapticNulship
Illuminated Armbands
I felt like building something physical on Saturday. Since I was going to be at a military fetish dance party later that night, I decided to make some chevron arm bands. The goal was to have them stay on my bare upper arms. And illuminate. Fortunately I just happened to have materials lying around to throw this [...]
Syndicated 2012-04-24 13:48:12 from SynapticNulship
Snake vs. Robosquirrel
Animal behavior scientists are teaming up with engineers to devise new kinds of research tools: mechatronic animal models. Or you could just call them robots. Robosquirrel Is that a real squirrel? Nope! Chuck Testa. That was a joke…Chuck Testa was not involved with this study. But given his talents, maybe he should be involved with ethology research robots. Now you may [...]
Syndicated 2012-02-06 02:28:10 from SynapticNulship
Does a Chinese Boy Really have Nightvision Eyes?
Well, no. But so many people seem to be taking this seriously that I felt the need to make a skeptical commentary on society’s desire for mutants (and the lack of skepticism in memes): Alien Mutant Hybrid Has Super Cat Eyes That Glow In The Dark
Syndicated 2012-01-31 06:26:02 from SynapticNulship
Social Games for Health Behavior Modification
Gamification is a topic I have mentioned not too long ago (see this post). Recently I attended a Boston CHI presentation by Chris Cartter called “The Socialization and Gamification of Health Behavior Change Apps.” Gamification One thing that Cartter said that sounds right, and may resonate with some of my readers, is that games are fuzzy, not [...]
Syndicated 2012-01-17 03:10:58 from SynapticNulship
The Seed and the Flower
Right now I’m reading an architecture book from the 1970s called The Timeless Way of Building. So far it has to do with theories of how towns and buildings and other things seem more “alive” than others, and how to achieve this quality—the “quality without a name”. This of course goes far beyond merely architecture; indeed [...]
Syndicated 2011-12-31 04:43:44 from SynapticNulship
Recursion and the Human Mind
It’s certainly not new to propose recursion as a key element of the human mind—for instance Douglas Hofstadter has been writing about that since the 1970s. Michael C. Corballis, a former professor of psychology, came out with a new book this year called The Recursive Mind. It explains his specific theory that I will attempt [...]
Syndicated 2011-12-06 01:21:55 from SynapticNulship
I just published version 2 of my Enactive Interface Perception essay over on Science 2.0. It’s now called “Enactive Interface Perception and Affordances”.
Syndicated 2011-11-15 03:35:05 from SynapticNulship
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OpenRC
From Gentoo Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Article status
This article has some todo items:
OpenRC is a dependency based init system that works with the system provided init program, normally /sbin/init. It is not a replacement for /sbin/init. OpenRC is 100% compatible with Gentoo init scripts, which means you can probably find one for the daemons you want to start in the Gentoo Portage Tree. OpenRC, however, is not exclusively used by Gentoo Linux and can be used on different Linux and BSD systems.
Contents
Features
OpenRC provides a number of features touted as innovative by recent init systems like systemd or upstart, such as hardware initiated initscript run or cgroups support, without requiring large layout changes to accommodate radically different designs and dependencies. See also Comparison of init systems.
OpenRC Busybox Integration
Busybox can be used to replace most of the userspace needed by OpenRC (init, shell, awk and other posix tools), by using a complete busybox as shell for OpenRC all the calls that normally would cause a fork/exec would be spared, improving the overall speed. This process isn't yet streamlined.
Please note that are are currently many busybox applets that are incompatible with OpenRC. See bug #468396 for details.
Replacing init
The sysvinit inittab provided by Gentoo is not compatible to the busybox init.
File/etc/inittabExample inittab compatible with busybox init
::sysinit:/sbin/rc sysinit
::wait:/sbin/rc boot
::wait:/sbin/rc
In order to set a specific runlevel from the bootloader the variable `softlevel=` should be used.
Busybox specific init.d files
TODO: busybox provides a number of applets that could be used to replace third party software like acpid or dhcp/dhcpcd.
Replacing udev with mdev
See mdev.
Using runlevels
OpenRC can be controlled and configured using rc, rc-update and rc-status.
Named runlevels
OpenRC runlevels are directories living in "/etc/runlevels" to create additional runlevels is enough to issue
root # install -d /etc/runlevels/$runlevel
Stacked runlevels
Is possible manage variants using rc-update -s
An usage example for using stacked runlevel on laptop to group networking services based on location is at OpenRC/StackedRunlevel
Select specific runlevel at boot
OpenRC reads the kernel commandline used at boot time, and will start the runlevel specified by the "softlevel" parameter if provided, instead of 'default'.
For instance, you can choose whether to boot into the 'default' or 'nonetwork' runlevels with the following example grub.conf configuration:
File/boot/grub/grub.confExample grub.conf (grub legacy)
...
title=Regular Start-up
...
kernel (hd0,0)/boot/kernel-3.7.10-gentoo-r1 root=/dev/sda3
title=Start without Networking
...
kernel (hd0,0)/boot/kernel-3.7.10-gentoo-r1 root=/dev/sda3 softlevel=nonetwork
Prefix usage
Gentoo Prefix installs Gentoo within an offset, known as a prefix, allowing users to install Gentoo in another location in the filesystem hierarchy, hence avoiding conflicts. Next to this offset, Gentoo Prefix runs unprivileged, meaning no root user or rights are required to use it.
By using an offset (the "prefix" location), it is possible for many "alternative" user groups to benefit from a large part of the packages in the Gentoo Linux Portage tree. Currently users of the following systems successfully run Gentoo Prefix: Mac OS X on PPC and x86, Linux on x86, x86_64 and ia64, Solaris 10 on Sparc, Sparc/64, x86 and x86_64, FreeBSD on x86, AIX on PPC, Interix on x86, Windows on x86 (with the help of Interix), HP-UX on PARISC and ia64.
OpenRC runscript already support prefix-installed daemons, during the SummerOfCode2012 work will be done to implement full secondary/session daemon behaviour to complete the overall feature set provided by Prefix.
OpenRC/Prefix, a tutorial for trying it out.
Hotplug usage
OpenRC can be trigger by external events, such as new hardware from udev. See OpenRC/Event Driven for details.
Other uses
• stateful init scripts and automatic respawning (run "rc")
CGroups support
OpenRC starting with version 0.12 has extended cgroups support. See OpenRC/CGroups for details.
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Talk:Diving the Cape Peninsula and False Bay/Photographer's Reef
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
Upgrade to Star
I am planning to upgrade this article to Star, so have added the checklist below to keep track of what still meeds to be done. Peter (Southwood) Talk 02:05, 11 October 2010 (EDT)
Checklist:
Leader paragraph
• The site is named Complies.
• Type of site specified Complies.
• Geographical location given in general terms Complies.
• Nearest major landmark, near Complies.
• Nearest City in Complies.
• Region in Complies.
• Country. Complies.
Understand
• A map showing the position and layout of the site in some detail, preferably to scale. Complies.Add names of JJM junior and North Photographer's Reef
• Reason/s why one would choose to dive the site. Needs work
Position
• GPS position for the site. Should put a diver at least somewhere on the site, specify where if possible Complies.
• Alternative range and bearing or cross bearings to well defined and reasonably close landmarks. Photos of landmarks desirable. Complies.
• distance from launch site or harbour for boat access (km or N.miles) Complies: See "Get in" section.
Name
• Optional image of whatever the site is named after Not applicable.
• Explanation of origin of the site name, translation if applicable. Complies.
Depth
• Maximum depth to be expected on the site Complies.
• If applicable, shallowest point of the site Complies.
Visibility
• Range of visibility to be expected when conditions are generally considered suitable for diving. Complies.
Topography
• Description of the layout of the site Complies.Split description to section for each reef.
• General idea of slope, profile and rugosity could use a bit more detail.
• Description of major features and landmarks could use a bit more detail.
• Condition of wreckage if applicable Not applicable.
Geology
• Only for rocky reefs Complies.
• Type of rock, (geological age, name of formation optional) Complies.Could use a bit of detail on how it got to be that shape.
• Strike and dip optional if applicable Not applicable.
Conditions
• What weather conditions will result in good diving conditions.Complies.
• Any specific weather conditions which will result in unpleasant or hazardous diving conditions.Complies.
• Any special oceanographic or weather conditions the site is known for. (sudden offshore winds, upwellings, currents, plankton blooms, thermoclines etc) if applicable Complies.
• Information sufficient to allow a reasonably competent diver with a moderate understanding of the local weather and climate to forecast conditions during a planned dive over a short period (3 to 4 hours) when on site.Complies.
Facilities
• Generally only for shore access dives Get information from Windmill and Penguin Point articles. Update as appropriate
• Facilities must be in close walking range of parking area or entry points
• Facilities appropriate to divers and accompanying family only.(parking, ablution, fast food, dive services, picnic areas, security, beach, shade, etc)
Get in
• Adequate directions to reach the site. Complies.
• A map or aerial photo indicating the position of entry/exit areas (only for shore entry ) if the main site map is not sufficient. Complies. (main map OK, also has photos)
• Sufficient text for a person who has no local knowledge at all to find the site and identify any access areas with confidence. Complies.
• Photos of the standard entry and exit points if applicable. Complies.
See
Marine life and/or Features
• Photos of at least three organisms or features one may reasonably expect to see at the site Complies.
• Description of what a diver may see during a dive Complies.
Photography
• advice on photographic equipment (macro/wide angle, need for external lighting) if appropriate. Complies.
• photographic opportunities that may be expected or hoped for if applicable. Could use a bit more information.
Suggested Routes
• generally at least one suggested or recommended route, with an indication of what the diver may expect to see. This may be a drift dive if applicable. "Follow the divemaster" is not really a route and will only be accepted if there are really good reasons, which are adequately explained. Complies.
Stay safe
Hazards
• Site specific hazards of any kind, including access hazards if applicable. "No site specific hazards known" is null default. Complies.
• Comprehensive listing of site related hazards (not regional hazards already in regional guide, ordinary diving hazards nor obvious sea/weather condition hazards). Advice on mitigation is optional.
• security problems and land based hazards may also be mentioned if applicable. (theft/mugging risk, animals stealing food etc)Complies.
Skills
• Skills or competence required for diving at the site, if any. Complies.
• Skills recommended for diving at the site, if any. Complies.
• "No special skills required/recommended" is null default.
Equipment
• any equipment beyond the standard equipment listed for the region in the regional guide, either reqired or recommended for the site for safety of convenience. Reason should be specified if not obvious. Complies.
• "No special equipment required/recommended" is null default
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
2007.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Consultation on Content and Procedures, 2016
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 06/11/2012
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
The purpose of this publication is to initiate consultation with users of Census data and members of the public on topics or other issues concerning the 2016 Census of Population and Housing
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8504.0 - Sales of Australian Wine and Brandy by Winemakers, Nov 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 09/01/2009
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
DOMESTIC AUSTRALIAN TABLE WINE SALES TREND
TOTAL WHITE AND RED/ROSÉ TABLE WINE
The trend estimate for white table wine sales was 16.9 million litres which was 0.1% lower than October 2008. The trend estimate for red and rosé wine sales was 12.4 million litres which was 0.5% lower than last month.
TOTAL WHITE AND RED/ROSÉ TABLE WINE: Trend
TABLE WINE, GLASS CONTAINER LESS THAN 2 LITRES
The trend estimate for sales of white table wine in glass containers of less than 2 litres increased by 0.5% from last month, the sixth consecutive month of increase. The trend estimate for red and rosé wine sales in glass containers of less than 2 litres was unchanged from last month. This follows six consecutive months of falls.
TABLE WINE, Glass container less than 2 litres: Trend
TABLE WINE, SOFT PACK CONTAINERS
The trend estimate for domestic sales of white table wine in soft packs fell 0.5% this month, the third consecutive decrease. The trend estimate for red and rosé wine sales in soft packs rose by 0.4% this month, the fifth consecutive monthly increase.
TABLE WINE, Soft pack containers: Trend
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4172.0 - Arts and Culture in Australia: A Statistical Overview, 2009
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 21/10/2009
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Contents >> Tourism >> DOMESTIC CULTURAL TOURISM
DOMESTIC CULTURAL TOURISM
According to the National Visitor Survey, the most popular reason for spending time away from home was to go on a holiday. Other reasons were to visit friends and relatives, and travelling for business.
The National Visitor Survey reported that Australians (aged 15 years and over) took 135.6 million day trips in 2008, compared with 147.7 million in 2007. A day trip is a round trip distance of at least 50 kilometres, with the traveller being away from home for at least four hours, but not overnight. Routine travel such as commuting between work and home is excluded.
Data from the TRA Culture and Heritage Tourism in Australia publication shows that 6% (8.5 million) of day trips were cultural and heritage day trips. A cultural and heritage trip is one that includes visiting or experiencing at least one of the following:
• The theatre, a concert, or other performing art
• A museum or art gallery
• Art, craft workshops or studios
• Festivals, fairs or cultural events
• Aboriginal art, craft and cultural displays
• An Aboriginal site or community
• Historical/heritage buildings, sites or monuments
During 2008, Australians (aged 15 years and over) took 70.5 million overnight trips within Australia. Of this, 14% (9.7 million) were cultural and heritage visitors, who spent a collective 54 million nights away, that involved travelling at least 40 kilometres from home.
Visiting museums or art galleries was the most popular cultural activity for domestic overnight visitors, with 44% attending, compared to 35% of domestic day visitors. Visits to Historical/heritage buildings, sites or monuments attracted 30% of overnight visitors and 24% of day visitors.
2.2 DOMESTIC CULTURAL AND HERITAGE VISITORS, By activity type - 2008
Percentage of domestic overnight cultural and heritage visitors
Percentage of domestic day cultural and heritage visitors
Type of cultural and heritage tourism activity
%
%
Attend theatre, concerts or other performing arts
23
22
Visit museums or art galleries
44
35
Visit art/craft workshops/studios
7
8
Attend festivals/fairs or cultural events
17
19
Experience Aboriginal art/craft and cultural displays
3
1
Visit an Aboriginal site/community
2
-
Visit historical/heritage buildings, sites or monuments
30
24
- nil or rounded to zero (including null cells)
Source: Tourism Research Australia, Cultural and Heritage Tourism in Australia, 2008.
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8634.0 - Tourism Indicators Australia, Sep 1993
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 03/05/1994
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• About this Release
Quarterly;ISSN:1321-4144; Contains previously unpublished and derived data from the Survey of Tourist Accommodation (STA) and Overseas Arrivals and Departures (OAD) collections. from the STA collection seasonal and trend data and takings data at constant prices as well as previously unpublished operating ratios are presented. from the OAD collection, previously unpublished market-segmentation data is included. Analylitical articles relating to both collections are also included. The publication will also include occcasional articles relating to other ABS tourism-related collections. For example, the first issue contains an article relating to the recently completed surveys of Inbound Tour Operators and Overseas Tourism Marketing Expenditure.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Please disable AdBlock. CAN is an ad-supported site that takes hundreds of hours and thousands of dollars to sustain.
Kometen [iPhone, Games]
A comet has been born, please take good care of it! Explore the universe and learn how to fly in a graceful way and explore space to find art is what you need to do in the latest game by Erik Svedäng with Niklas Åkerblad. The art (which is all watercolor – see video below) takes you on a visual journey painted by Niklas. There are no points to win or loose in the game. Erik and Niklas have created a colourful universe for exploration where the skillful control of your comet is your prize. You swipe your finger to fly away from a planet you are orbiting, eating will increase the boost which helps you travel faster and when the boost meter is full you can do a long swipe to activate the super boost flying you a much long distance. There are 14 planets to uncover, each one a beautiful drawing.
‣ Super minimalistic controls: tap planets to gravitate towards them, swipe to let go
‣ Zoom through space at incredible speed!
‣ Explore a world filled with gorgeous watercolor art
‣ Hypnotizing and awesome soundtrack (which can also be heard in the trailer)
The game was created using Cocos 2D, a framework for building 2D games.
About the creators:
Erik Svedäng (design & programming) is the creator of the PC game Blueberry Garden, winner of the Independent Games Festival Grand Prize 2009.
Niklas Åkerblad (art, animation, sound & music) is the art-director of Colosseum for XBOX indie games.
Platform: iPhone
Version: 1.0
Cost: $2.99
Developer: Erik Svedäng
Posted on: 13/05/2010
Posted in: Games, iPhone
Post tags:
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Difference between revisions of "Apple Safari"
From Forensics Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Line 10: Line 10:
</pre>
</pre>
== History ==
+
== Cache ==
The Safari cache is stored in '''Cache.db'''. This file uses the [[SQLite database format]].
The Safari cache is stored in '''Cache.db'''. This file uses the [[SQLite database format]].
Revision as of 08:24, 3 November 2011
Please help to improve this article by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the discussion page.
Apple Safari is the default web browser included with Mac OS X. The support files for this browser are stored in the user's home directory in /Users/[username]/Library/Safari/.
Contents
History
The Safari browser history is stored in an plist file named History.plist in the user directory.
On MacOS-X
/Users/$USER/Library/Safari/History.plist
Cache
The Safari cache is stored in Cache.db. This file uses the SQLite database format.
On MacOS-X
/Users/$USER/Library/Caches/com.apple.Safari/Cache.db
Also See
Apple Safari History File Format
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The Supreme Court Monday expressed anguish over the "political tussle" over disposing Bhopal toxic waste even after 28 years of the tragedy that claimed more than 15,000 lives, terming it as the "w
The MP high court has directed the Madhya Pradesh government to file its reply on the allotment of 32 acres of land in Bhopal to Chirayu society with the next three days or pay penalty for delay by
The Centre has decided to leave it to the Supreme Court to identify the venue for the trial burning of Bhopal toxic waste as the Group of Ministers (GoM) and Madhya Pradesh are at loggerheads over
Public outrage seems to have got better of scientific opinion when it comes to disposing of over 350 tonnes of toxic waste on the Union Carbide's now-defunct premises at Bhopal.
The Supreme Court directs the Central and Madhya Pradesh governments and the ICMR to address the health needs of the Bhopal gas victims.
The Supreme Court has washed its hands off monitoring the relief and rehabilitation schemes for the Bhopal gas victims, asking the Madhya Pradesh High Court early this week to keep an eye hencefort
The Centre’s plan to dispose a fraction of the hazardous UCC waste is too little, too late, for the long-suffering victims, says Shonali Ghosal
A German development aid organisation said on Thursday it was in talks with the Indian government to dispose of 350 tonnes of toxic waste from the 1984 Bhopal gas disaster.
Cities in India are dreaming of becoming New York and London but we seldom worry about as basic an issue as sewage and its disposal in our country. The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) has brought out a two-volume book titled Excreta Matters: Report on the State of India’s Environment to highlight how only 20 per cent of sewage is being treated in the country. Sunita Narain, director general, CSE, talks about the murky issue plaguing the water sources in this interview to Rashme Sehgal.
Increasing use of pesticides and herbicides in agriculture is playing havoc with the farming community apart from resulting in increased levels of water contamination.
A recent epidemiological study has shown the presence of arsenic, cadmium, chromium and mercury apart from much higher levels of pesticides in the water across Punjab, Haryana, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
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Bibliography: Cover: Doctor Who: Remembrance of the Daleks
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Title: Cover: Doctor Who: Remembrance of the Daleks
Author: Alister Pearson
Year: 1990
Type: COVERART
Select 2 publications to diff:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Energies 2012, 5(6), 1943-1981; doi:10.3390/en5061943
Article
Comprehensive Evaluation of Algal Biofuel Production: Experimental and Target Results
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C2200, Austin, TX 78712, USA 2 The Center for Electromechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, R7000, Austin, TX 78712, USA 3 Center for International Energy and Environmental Policy, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C9000, Austin, TX 78712, USA 4 Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C2201, Austin, TX 78712, USA 5 Center for Energy and Environmental Resources, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, R7100, Austin, TX 78712, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 9 March 2012; in revised form: 30 May 2012 / Accepted: 5 June 2012 / Published: 20 June 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algae Fuel)
Download PDF Full-Text [821 KB, uploaded 21 June 2012 08:30 CEST]
Abstract: Worldwide, algal biofuel research and development efforts have focused on increasing the competitiveness of algal biofuels by increasing the energy and financial return on investments, reducing water intensity and resource requirements, and increasing algal productivity. In this study, analyses are presented in each of these areas—costs, resource needs, and productivity—for two cases: (1) an Experimental Case, using mostly measured data for a lab-scale system, and (2) a theorized Highly Productive Case that represents an optimized commercial-scale production system, albeit one that relies on full-price water, nutrients, and carbon dioxide. For both cases, the analysis described herein concludes that the energy and financial return on investments are less than 1, the water intensity is greater than that for conventional fuels, and the amounts of required resources at a meaningful scale of production amount to significant fractions of current consumption (e.g., nitrogen). The analysis and presentation of results highlight critical areas for advancement and innovation that must occur for sustainable and profitable algal biofuel production can occur at a scale that yields significant petroleum displacement. To this end, targets for energy consumption, production cost, water consumption, and nutrient consumption are presented that would promote sustainable algal biofuel production. Furthermore, this work demonstrates a procedure and method by which subsequent advances in technology and biotechnology can be framed to track progress.
Keywords: algae; biofuel; energy return on investment; financial return on investment; water intensity; resource constraints; biodiesel; renewable diesel; biogas
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Beal, C.M.; Hebner, R.E.; Webber, M.E.; Ruoff, R.S.; Seibert, A.F.; King, C.W. Comprehensive Evaluation of Algal Biofuel Production: Experimental and Target Results. Energies 2012, 5, 1943-1981.
AMA Style
Beal CM, Hebner RE, Webber ME, Ruoff RS, Seibert AF, King CW. Comprehensive Evaluation of Algal Biofuel Production: Experimental and Target Results. Energies. 2012; 5(6):1943-1981.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Beal, Colin M.; Hebner, Robert E.; Webber, Michael E.; Ruoff, Rodney S.; Seibert, A. Frank; King, Carey W. 2012. "Comprehensive Evaluation of Algal Biofuel Production: Experimental and Target Results." Energies 5, no. 6: 1943-1981.
Energies EISSN 1996-1073 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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1/24/2012: Community Solidarity
Posted by & filed under Assemblies, Past Proposals.
Does anyone wish to see the OWS movement become violent?
-NO!
If we let a bunch of Occupiers, who have come from all over and have given their lives to this movement with the hope of changing this country and our world into a more inclusive space; if we let these people, who our movement has been taking care of, into the streets of New York at the beginning of February, without food and shelter, effectively cutting them off from the resources they have grown dependent on, we must understand there is a good chance one or a few of them will turn to violent means. Originally, this was brought to the GA as an emergency break-out discussion for the following reason: If any member of the OWS movement turns to violence, it creates an opportunity for the government to label the entire movement a terrorist movement and then every member must worry about consequences. Already the UK has given OWS the label, and rumor is our own government is waiting for the opportunity. On Wednesday night (01.18,12), at Spokes Counsel two fights broke out, fights that were caused due to there being haves and have-nots amongst us. If we don’t work to resolve this, we must understand this is only the beginning.
We are a community. We are a community living in the public eye of the world, demanding the larger world community work to take care of those amongst us that are disenfranchised. If we ourselves do not work to ensure all Occupiers are housed, fed, and working, we ourselves are no better than the society we are protesting. In the wake of housing options being cut, and access to G.A. funds being cut, we propose the OWS movement radically shift gears for a moment and work to ensure every Occupier become a self-sufficient member of our community. If we can become a self-sufficient movement, a group of people able to take care of their individual needs while protesting the great atrocities affecting all of us, then truly we can be a model able to change the world.
There is a huge disparity within our community, the top and bottom can and must learn from one another. Non-Occupiers need to understand that Occupiers can’t make it to many meetings as they’re forced to adhere to church hours, and Occupiers need to understand that non-Occupiers can’t always be out during the day since they have to work. And after this is understood, we must find a way for both groups to communicate and work together to ensure the weakest amongst us is self-sufficient and not seen as a burden or blight on our community. As a non-hierarchical movement, we must joyously lift up the weak amongst us while praising the already strong and everyone in between. We are a community. This must be our mantra.
We propose we work together to find every Occupier a home, a job, get those on food stamps that are eligible, get all those eligible for government subsidies on them, and ensure every Occupier is self-sufficient. And then, this Spring, when more people join our movement, ready to nonviolently fight with us, we must make it a priority to help them find employment and learn to be self-sufficient before leading them to places of protest.
During the Thursday GA (01.19.12), we broke out into discussion groups to address this topic. Many great ideas were already brought up: getting the Radical Social Workers involved; offering displaced Occupiers an easy transition into the New Haven and Newark Occupations for the remaining winter months; utilizing the Occupation force for fundraising, and have a larger breakout session outside of GA similar to Open Spaces. Almost everyone involved, whether they started hesitantly or supportively, at the end of our conversation was enlivened and understood the need for this. We ask that you join us on Tuesday as we solidify through discussion pragmatic ways to empower those Occupiers, who only three months ago, were being called heroes: help us form workshops immediately to offer our heroes key-knowledge, most take for granted, like resume creation and access to public welfare services, such as food stamps for those who are eligible If in three months, heroes can become bums, then the whole should once again cry, “Oh how the mighty have fallen.” But it will not be the heroes who have fallen, it will be the whole Movement, whether in the Office or on the Streets, and we will all rightfully be chastised for our fall!
The people with money in this movement have many times been the ones in the office, the ones using OWS money, and now in the coldest moment of our Movement, many of these very people are the ones shutting down spending… now I challenge you, if you have, to actively seek to help those amongst you that don’t have, help them to enjoy in the having. If this idea scares you, then I must ask you, why are you here?
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Very Low Activity
Contributors
Analyzed 4 days ago based on code collected 4 days ago.
Commits by Top Contributors
Number of Contributors
Newest Contributors
Name Commits First Commit
shawn.k...@gmail.com 1 about 2 years ago
shawn.kendall 1 about 2 years ago
louh...@gmail.com 12 over 3 years ago
[anonymous] 1 over 3 years ago
Top Contributors
Name Kudos 12 Month Commits All Time Commits 5 Year Trend Primary Language First Commit Last Commit
louh...@gmail.com 1 12 Java over 3 years ago 11 months ago
shawn.k...@gmail.com 0 1 Java about 2 years ago about 2 years ago
shawn.kendall 0 1 Java about 2 years ago about 2 years ago
[anonymous] 0 1 over 3 years ago over 3 years ago
See All Contributors
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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User:Keating
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 18:47, 9 October 2007 by Gevorg (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
Information concerning the
Keating Lab
Research
Lab Members
Resources:
Publications
Experimental Protocols
Coder's Corner
Internal
Amy E. Keating
Associate Profesesor and
Robert A. Swanson Career Development Chair
keating@mit.edu
617.452.3398
MIT 68-622A
77 Massachusetts Ave.
Cambridge, MA 02139
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User:Stanley P. Gill
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
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(Registration/Questionnaire: 20.109 Fall 2012)
(Research interests)
Line 61: Line 61:
==Research interests==
==Research interests==
<!-- Feel free to add brief descriptions to your research interests as well -->
<!-- Feel free to add brief descriptions to your research interests as well -->
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# Interest 1
+
# Interest 1: [[20.109(F12) Preproposal Module 3]]
# Interest 2
# Interest 2
# Interest 3
# Interest 3
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==Useful links==
==Useful links==
*[[OpenWetWare:Welcome|Introductory tutorial]]
*[[OpenWetWare:Welcome|Introductory tutorial]]
*[[Help|OpenWetWare help pages]]
*[[Help|OpenWetWare help pages]]
Revision as of 05:02, 29 November 2012
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Stanley P. Gill (an artistic interpretation)
Currently a student in biological engineering and an undergraduate researcher in brain and cognitive sciences for Ki Goosens
Registration/Questionnaire: 20.109 Fall 2012
Last Name
Gill
First Name
Stanley
Preferred name
Stan
Course/Minor
20, Minor in 9 and 21F(Japanese)
Year of Graduation
2014
Telephone #
(310)292-2305
Email
sjgill AT mit DOT edu
Have you taken or are you taking...
20.320 (Cell Kinetics) Yes
7.05/5.07 (Biochemistry) Yes
7.06 (Cell Biology) No (taking it this spring)
5.310 (General Chemistry Lab) No (and probably not ever)
Do you have any experience culturing cells (mammalian, yeast or microbial)? No
Do you have any experience in molecular biology (electrophoresis, PCR, etc)? Yes, I have performed ELISAs
Please briefly describe any previous laboratory experience
I work in a brain and cognitive science lab with rats. The experiment is optimization of fear extinction; we look at different ways we can improve the fear extinction process by using different drugs and techniques as well as examining the changes to the paradigm when the rats are put under chronic stress
Please briefly describe any previous technical communication experience you have
• Written Communication
I wrote 3 UROP proposals that got approved (1 for credit, 2 for direct funding)
• Oral Communication
I gave a final presentation on biomechanics of neurofilaments for 20.310 last semester
Anything else you would like us to know?
I'm colorblind.
</div>
Education
• 2014, BS, MIT, Biological Engineering
Research interests
1. Interest 1: 20.109(F12) Preproposal Module 3
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Useful links
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User:Wilfred J. Poppinga/Notebook/cAMP compartmentalization/2010/08/14
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Secondary antibody cAMP precipitation blot of Gravin en AKAP79 Main project page
Previous entry Next entry
Summary
• blots incubated with anti Gravin or AKAP79 were treated with anti rabbit secondary antibody
• Blot for RIIα was treated with anti mouse secondary antibody
• Incubation for 1 h
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Teradata Unleashes Power of Data Warehouse Appliance to Expand Analytical Horizons - 3/12/13
Printer-friendly versionPDF version
New enterprise-class appliance delivers up to two-times the performance and up to four-times higher data loading performance of the previous generation
Contact: Dan Conway - Teradata Corporation
Telephone: 858-485-3029
E-mail: dan.conway@teradata.com
SAN DIEGO, California — Teradata (NYSE: TDC), the leading analytic data solutions company, today announced the immediate worldwide shipment of the Teradata Data Warehouse Appliance 2700, the industry’s premier, high performing, enterprise-class data warehouse appliance. An integral part of the Teradata Unified Data ArchitectureTM (UDA), the Teradata Data Warehouse Appliance empowers organizations to react quicker to changing business conditions and speed ahead of their competition.
"Unlike other solutions that require lengthy and costly implementations, the Teradata Data Warehouse Appliance 2700 was painless to deploy," said Bill Robinette, director, Data Warehousing, Penn National Gaming. "The challenges facing our organization require new and better insights into our consumers' behavior and preferences. The Teradata Appliance has the power to run the analytics to provide what we need.”
The Teradata Data Warehouse Appliance is a powerful, integrated system that can start running analytics within hours of delivery. To make it easier to extract value from data, the Teradata Data Warehouse Appliance delivers up to two-times the performance and up to four-times higher data loading performance than the previous generation. Designed to optimize the Teradata Database, the Teradata Data Warehouse Appliance enables organizations to grow and move toward using analytics as a key driver of profitable decisions.
“There is a perception that appliances are not enterprise-ready. However the Teradata Data Warehouse Appliance product line drives strategic intelligence and advanced analytics for some of the world’s largest enterprises,” said Ed White, general manager, Teradata Appliances. “The scalable Teradata Data Warehouse Appliance 2700 extends the enterprise capabilities by enhancing workload management so organizations can easily manage multiple applications. On one Teradata appliance, organizations can meet the demanding service level agreements for many different groups.”
All Teradata platforms are easy-to-deploy and built to be best-in-class for reliability, availability, and serviceability with high quality enterprise-class components. And all our systems run the award winning Teradata Database, widely recognized as the best database for data warehousing.
“The Teradata Data Warehouse Appliance is ready for the analytical demands of the enterprise,” said Lyndsay Wise, president and founder, Wise Analytics. “It is easy-to-deploy and offers a solid foundation on which to build the necessary analytic strength to answer the toughest business problems. I recommend that organizations looking for an appliance seriously consider Teradata.”
The Teradata Data Warehouse Appliance helps customers manage and analyze large volumes of complex data. It can be configured from seven terabytes (TB) up to 82TB of uncompressed user data per cabinet. Within the Teradata Unified Data Architecture, the Teradata Data Warehouse Appliance makes analytics simpler, faster, and more cost effective to deploy. Set-up is not required; this analytic powerhouse comes ready to run.
The Teradata Data Warehouse Appliance offers several new, key technical capabilities:
• High performance InfiniBand interconnect for ultra-fast data pipeline - from load, to querying, to backup - provides a tight fit within the Teradata UDA
• Integrated high performance architecture with leading dual 8-core processors in Intel servers
• Parallel compression engines for out-of-the box automatic data compression for accelerated performance and space savings
• Central processing unit densely configured to drive timely analytics
• High-density cabinet design reduces the data center footprint
• Enhanced workload management capabilities with the industry’s best and most capable system management architecture
• Data-at-rest encryption for increased data security and compliance
About Teradata
Teradata Corporation (NYSE: TDC) is the world’s leading analytic data solutions company, focused on integrated data warehousing, big data analytics, and business applications. Teradata’s innovative products and services deliver data integration and business insight to empower organizations to make the best decisions possible for competitive advantage. Visit teradata.com for details.
Teradata is a trademark or registered trademark of Teradata Corporation in the United States and other countries.News Source : Teradata Unleashes Power of Data Warehouse Appliance to Expand Analytical Horizons - 3/12/13
Copy this html code to your website/blog and link to this press release.
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View PageRank By Keyword
Mar 22, 2004 • 2:26 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Search Engine Optimization Tools
SEO Guy put out a very nice tool for everyone that obsesses with PageRank (unfortunately that includes myself)...
http://www.seo-guy.com/seo-tools/google-pr.php
You enter a phrase, and it shows you the PageRank (with the ability to set a minimum PageRank) for the results returned by Google (up to the top 100).
Previous story: Serving Up Google AdSense Like Ads
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Want A Google Penalty? Listen To Google AdSense
Aug 17, 2012 • 7:33 am | (10) by | Filed Under Google AdSense
A WebmasterWorld thread has several Google AdSense publishers reporting they received a message from Google to place ads at the top left of their content in order to increase ad exposure, clicks and obviously earnings.
I confirmed Google sent out this message to publishers, here is a copy of the message I received myself from Google AdSense on Wednesday:
Now, if you listen to this advice, which says, "Highlighted above is an area on the page where we think a new unit would have the greatest return," it can and should lead to a Google penalty.
Remember in January, Google announced a new page layout penalty that specifically goes after pages with ads that distract from content? Yea, here is what Google said:
We've heard complaints from users that if they click on a result and it's difficult to find the actual content, they aren't happy with the experience. Rather than scrolling down the page past a slew of ads, users want to see content right away. So sites that don't have much content "above-the-fold" can be affected by this change. If you click on a website and the part of the website you see first either doesn't have a lot of visible content above-the-fold or dedicates a large fraction of the site’s initial screen real estate to ads, that’s not a very good user experience. Such sites may not rank as highly going forward.
I know they are separate departments, with no ties. But in no way should one Google department be telling you something that can hurt your search rankings.
This obviously also has repercussions on the Panda side of things as well.
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: Daily Search Forum Recap: August 16, 2012
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Place:Clunbury, Shropshire, England
Watchers
NameClunbury
TypeVillage
Located inShropshire, England
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Clunbury is a village and civil parish in south Shropshire, England.
It is near to the small town of Clun and the villages of Clunton, Purslow and Aston on Clun. In the village is the Norman Church of St Swithin and a Church of England primary school.
The village lies between 145m and 155m above sea level.
In November 2007, Clunbury Primary School was awarded the Becta ICT Excellence Award for its use of technology.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Clunbury. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Open Stock Firmware
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
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(Revision Info:)
m (1.11-1a Firmware:)
Line 109: Line 109:
=== 1.11-1a Firmware: ===
=== 1.11-1a Firmware: ===
+
Verified with version 1.33
#! /bin/sh
#! /bin/sh
# Start/stop the SSH daemon
# Start/stop the SSH daemon
Revision as of 16:47, 15 April 2009
Contents
Georg's acp-commander Method
I just bought another LS(Live) & wanted to have it open (SSH), as close to a stock firmware box as I could for testing. There are a few fixes that should be added too.
I'll be referencing a few links to a few wiki/web articles as long as some user posts. Hopefully this will cover most of what is needed. As always I'm human & can make some mistakes. If you see anything that seems a bit odd, change it.
WARNING.. Do this at your own risk.
Have a plan
• Research is always the best way to go.
• Get all the doumentation you need available.
• Understand what your going to do. No point in getting halfway through a job, only to get stuck/lost.
• Make sure you have the software/tools available to carry out the job.
• Probably the most important part... BACKUP, you don't want to lose your important data/system files.
• If unsure read again, check the wiki, search the forum.... then post.
Getting Console (Telnet) Access with acp_commander
<embedurl>http://downloads.nas-central.org/TOOLS/ALL_LS_KB_ARM9/ACP_COMMANDER/README</embedurl>
Enter the following (Replacing <IP ADDRESS> with the IP Address of your Linkstation)
java -jar acp_commander.jar -t <IP ADDRESS> -o
You should see something along the lines of:
Using random connID VALUE = FB6A7FCF57E6
Using target: 192.168.1.11/192.168.1.11 (your IP address)
** NO message **
** NO message **
Password changed.
or
java -jar acp_commander.jar -t <IP ADDRESS> -o -addons
This will install the addons package now.
This may not happen straight away. However I have only ever had to do it a maximum of twice.
Your Linkstation should now have the telnet daemon enabled. User "root" will have a null (Blank) root password, until you change it. The telnet daemon will be available until you reboot your Linkstation.
• Enable your firewall. (If applicable)
Now you can login to your Linkstation with telnet.
Connect with Telnet
Enter the following (Replacing <IP ADDRESS> with the IP Address of your Linkstation)
telnet <IP ADDRESS>
and login with "root" No password should be asked.
Securing
• First thing you want to do is set the root password & secure your Linkstation from unwanted users.
Enter the following.
passwd
You will be promted with the following.
Changing password for root
Enter the new password (minimum of 5, maximum of 20 characters)
Please use a combination of upper and lower case letters and numbers.
Enter new password:
Enter your new password, press enter. You will be then prompted with:
Re-enter new password:
Re-enter your new password. Press enter. If your passwords match (C'mon it aint hard), you will get the following notifiction:
Password changed.
• Please also note that users created via the Web Admin are also shell users. The guest user has an invalid password, but you should definitely change the default admin password and any other trivial account passwords if you plan to expose the SSH port to the Internet.
Create a startup script & config for sshd.
• If you want to leave telnet as the preferred way of connecting then you don't have to do this. Skip to section: Adding Telnet/SSHD to your start up script (rcS)
• The stock firmware does have the sshd binaries included. The following section will allow you to create a startup script for this.
• Read the Vi text editor tutorial, http://nas-central.org/index.php/Vi_text_editor_tutorial
• We will use vi to create & edit the '/etc/init.d/sshd.sh' startup script. (This script does not exist in stock, no backup needed)
Type in the following:
vi /etc/init.d/sshd.sh
You will then be taken into the text editor. Press i, to get into Insert mode. Enter the following code:
Pre 1.11-1a Firmware:
#! /bin/sh
# Start/stop the SSH daemon.
#
#
test -f /usr/local/sbin/sshd || exit 0
case "$1" in
start) echo -n "Start services: sshd"
/usr/local/sbin/sshd -f /etc/sshd_config 2> /dev/null &
;;
stop) echo -n "Stop services: sshd"
killall sshd
;;
restart)
$0 stop
$0 start
;;
*) echo "Usage: $0 start|stop|restart"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit 0
1.11-1a Firmware:
Verified with version 1.33
#! /bin/sh
# Start/stop the SSH daemon
#
#
test -f /usr/local/sbin/sshd || exit 0
# this is used by daemonwatch
ACTIVE_FILE=/var/run/active_sshd
case "$1" in
start) echo -n "Start services: sshd"
/usr/local/sbin/sshd -f /etc/sshd_config 2> /dev/null &
touch $ACTIVE_FILE
;;
stop) echo -n "Stop services: sshd"
killall sshd
rm -f $ACTIVE_FILE
;;
restart)
$0 stop
$0 start
;;
*) echo "Usage: $0 start|stop|restart"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit 0
Press Esc to exit Insert mode. Then enter :wq (colon wq) to exit vi.
This is also the proper script to use with an LS Live (HS-DHxxxGL) on stock firmware version 2.11.
We need to make sure that this file is executable we will do this with chmod http://www.penguin-soft.com/penguin/man/1/chmod.html
Enter the following:
chmod 0755 /etc/init.d/sshd.sh
Config
Now we need to create the config. I will use an example of a basic config to allow you access. You can add the relevant sections you want. More info can be found http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=sshd_config There already exists a config file for sshd, this has nothing enabled. We will make a backup copy of this before editing. Enter the following:
cp /etc/sshd_config /etc/sshd_config.bak
Use vi to edit the config file.
vi /etc/sshd_config
Make sure that the file has the following changed/uncommented:
port 22
Protocol 2,1
PermitRootLogin yes
StrictModes yes
Subsystem sftp /usr/local/libexec/sftp-server
Exit Vi.
Then test that your startup script & config work by entering the following.
/etc/init.d/sshd.sh start
Assuming that you have no errors all is fine. You can now login to your Linkstation with your ssh client.
Adding Telnet/SSHD to your start up script (rcS).
• Backup before editing.
The file for editing will be '/etc/init.d/rcS' this has all the init scripts defined for startup. Make a backup of this by entering the following:
cp /etc/init.d/rcS /etc/init.d/rcS.bak
Edit this with Vi
vi /etc/init.d/rcS
Telnet
To enable telnet at startup, uncomment the line if it exists (Does exist in some earlier firmwares).
# /usr/sbin/telnetd
so it looks like
/usr/sbin/telnetd
If it doesn't exist, add it just before "** step3 **" like
# telnetd for debug
/usr/sbin/telnetd
echo "** step3 **"
SSHD
• If you have taken the option to enable sshd you can add the sshd.sh to this file also.
I prefer to keep the file as close to default as possible I will add it to the same section as stock. Add sshd.sh to the line containing (This is for LS-Live, Pro has less scripts to start)
echo "** step3 **"
for cmd in micon_setup.sh atalk.sh ftpd.sh httpd.sh lprng.sh smb.sh pcastd.sh epg.sh directcopy.sh clientUtil_servd.sh lsprcvd.sh daemonwatch.sh cron.sh ltbootd.sh logchkd.sh
do
exec_sh $cmd
done
Like So:
echo "** step3 **"
for cmd in micon_setup.sh atalk.sh ftpd.sh httpd.sh lprng.sh smb.sh pcastd.sh epg.sh directcopy.sh clientUtil_servd.sh lsprcvd.sh daemonwatch.sh cron.sh ltbootd.sh logchkd.sh sshd.sh
do
exec_sh $cmd
done
Exit vi
Optional Files & Fixes
Time discrepancies
Some might notice in their logs that there are some errors with backups, system time etc. The reason for this is the hardware clock is not updated by sytem time. The file time_set.sh is missing. http://bugtracker.nas-central.org/view.php?id=113 This can be resolved by creating a symlink to set_time.sh
ln -s /usr/local/bin/set_time.sh /usr/local/bin/time_set.sh
/dev/null
By default in the stock firmware /dev/null is only accessible to root. http://bugtracker.nas-central.org/view.php?id=86 Change the permissions for /dev/null for all user access:
chmod 0666 /dev/null
/etc/profile
When logging in as a non root user, The error "Permission denied" will be displayed. http://bugtracker.nas-central.org/view.php?id=87 Change the permissions for /etc/profile for all user access:
chmod 0644 /etc/profile
Addon Files.
To add some extra files namely wget, su & joe. Download: http://downloads.nas-central.org/Uploads/OldUploads/LS_Pro_temporary/Binaries/addons.tar and transfer it to a share. cd to wherever you transferred it to & execute:
tar -C / -xzvf addons.tar
Set the suid bit on su:
chmod 4755 /bin/su
Note: If you have a LS Live or running firmware 1.10 or above you will need to download libproc, this is not included with the above. http://downloads.nas-central.org/Users/kaiten/libproc-3.2.6_arm9.tgz
tar -C / -xzvf libproc-3.2.6_arm9.tgz
ldconfig -v
Full version of ps
The version of ps that is supplied is extremely limited, to get the full version.
Backup the original:
mv /bin/ps /bin/ps.bak
Download the newer version:
cd /bin/
wget http://downloads.nas-central.org/Uploads/OldUploads/LS_Pro_temporary/Binaries/ps
Make new ps executable:
chmod a+x /bin/ps
Note: If you have a LS Live or running firmware 1.10 or above you will need to download libproc, this is not included with the above. http://downloads.nas-central.org/Users/kaiten/libproc-3.2.6_arm9.tgz
tar -C / -xzvf libproc-3.2.6_arm9.tgz
ldconfig -v
Daemonwatch.. Adding sshd.
For those that have taken the option to have sshd as their preferred way of connecting to their Linkstation. sshd can be added to the daemonwatch list, if it falls over for any reason it will be respawned.
Backup '/etc/daemonwatch.list'
cp /etc/daemonwatch.list /etc/daemonwatch.list.bak
Add the sshd pid & startup script to it.
Pre 1.11-1a Firmware
/var/run/apache/httpd.pid /etc/init.d/httpd.sh restart
/var/run/smbd.pid /etc/init.d/smb.sh restart
/var/run/clientUtil_server-eth0.pid /etc/init.d/clientUtil_servd.sh restart
/var/run/sshd.pid /etc/init.d/sshd.sh restart
Then restart the daemonwatch process.
/etc/init.d/daemonwatch.sh restart
To test.. spawn telnet as a backup for access.
/usr/sbin/telnetd
Then stop sshd:
/etc/init.d/sshd.sh stop
You should then be disconnected from your ssh session. The daemonwatch process should have detected that sshd has stopped & restarted. You should now be able to log back in.. However if not.. You have your telnet access to fall back on & investigate. In '/var/log/linkstation.log' you should see the following entry.
Jul 29 10:56:55 HS-320 daemonwatch: pid [/var/run/sshd.pid] does not exist
1.11-1a Firmware
Verified procedure with version 1.33.
/var/run/apache/httpd.pid /var/run/active_httpd /etc/init.d/httpd.sh restart
/var/run/smbd.pid /var/run/active_smb /etc/init.d/smb.sh restart
/var/run/clientUtil_server-eth0.pid /var/run/active_clientUtil_server /etc/init.d/clientUtil_servd.sh restart
/var/run/sshd.pid /var/run/active_sshd /etc/init.d/sshd.sh restart
Then restart the daemonwatch process.
/etc/init.d/daemonwatch.sh restart
To test.. spawn telnet as a backup for access.
/usr/sbin/telnetd
Then stop sshd:
killall sshd
You should then be disconnected from your ssh session. The daemonwatch process should have detected that sshd has stopped & restarted. You should now be able to log back in.. However if not.. You have your telnet access to fall back on & investigate. In '/var/log/messages' you should see the following entry.
Sep 6 08:57:15 LSPRO daemonwatch[874]: pid [/var/run/sshd.pid] does not exist
Lastlog Errors.
You may get some errors when logging in with ssh etc. 'var/log/lastlog' does not exist. Lastlog entries are never entered.
Aug 4 13:27:00 LS-250GL sshd[20020]: lastlog_perform_login: Couldn't stat /var/log/lastlog: No such file or directory
Aug 4 13:27:00 LS-250GL sshd[20020]: lastlog_openseek: /var/log/lastlog is not a file or directory!
To get rid of the lastlog errors.
touch /var/log/lastlog
chmod 0744 /var/log/lastlog
Now when you login you should get the last login message when logging in.
Last login: Sat Aug 4 14:23:20 2007 from xyz.localdomain
TTY Errors.
Look at '/var/log/messages'. If you see messages like:
Mar 6 05:31:32 LS-250GL sshd[21868]: error: open /dev/tty failed - could not set controlling tty: Permission denied
Change permissions of '/dev/tty'
chmod a+w /dev/tty
Ipkg
There is an bootstrapping script that allows you to install ipkg on arm-based devices with stock firmware: http://buffalo.nas-central.org/wiki/Ipkg_on_the_Linkstation_(for_end-users)#ARM
Revision Info:
That's all I have at the moment. More can be added, some taken away. Just some of the things I've done to make my life a little bit easier.
• 1.0 - 29 July 2007 : Initial Post
• 1.1 - 01 Aug 2007 : Fixed typo
• 1.2 - 04 Aug 2007 : Added Lastlog Errors
• 1.3 - 06 Aug 2007 : Added libproc for Live & 110 firmwares
• 1.4 - 31 Aug 2007 : Added Changes to deamonwatch for 1.11-1a firmwares (Thanks wasted life)
• 1.5 - 31 Aug 2007 : Added su permission fix (Thanks wasted life)
• 1.6 - 03 Sep 2007 : Added full version of ps --Wasted life
• 1.7 - 06 Sep 2007 : Added testing for sshd and deamonwatch on 1.11-1a --Wasted life
• 1.8 - 05 Mar 2009 : Added TTY errors, Ipkg --sans17
• 1.8.1 - 08 APR 2009 : Verified sshd and deamonwatch on version 1.33 -- Kage
Other Methods
We have successfully managed to create a telnet-enabled firmware for the LS-GL. Fortunately for us, the LS-GL already came with a telnet binary in the stock firmware. Telnet can be enabled by uncommenting line 42 in /etc/init.d/rcS and repackaging hddrootfs.
There is a pre-made telnet enabled firmware available at here.
Note: The above firmware package does enable root access.
Removing Root Password
There are two known successful ways for removing the root password. You can use the "manual method" or uses a special "clearroot" method (The telnet enabled firmware contains the "clearroot" method). Possibly a third method is to use the firmware updater's debug tags.
Manual Method
The general idea is to open connect the sata drive to a desktop running a linux distribution (i.e. Knoppix or Ubuntu). Then remove root password in /etc/shadow.
Detailed Steps
1) Connect the hard drive to a pc running Linux (i.e. Knoppix boots directly from cd/dvd)
2) Find out how it was recognized. (i.e. in Knoppix there are some shortcuts on the desktop).
3) Open a shell/commandline/terminal.
4) Mount the second partition of the sata hdd to somewhere.
5) Delete everything on the partition
6) Download the telnet enabled hddrootfs.img located in this zip
7) Unzip hddrootfs.img...you will be prompted for a password. it is:
IeY8omJwGlGkIbJm2FH_MV4fLsXE8ieu0gNYwE6Ty
8) Untar the resulting file to the second partition:
tar xzvf <file> <path_where_you_mounted_the_second_partition>
9*) mount /dev/sda1 (assuming the sata drive is the first special drive connected on the pc) somewhere
• extract conf_saved.tgz, remove password in etc/shadow to look like:
root::11009:0:99999:7:::
10*) re-tar the contents of conf_saved.tgz, replace conf_saved.tgz to /dev/sda1, umount
(*)These steps still need to be tested further!!!
• Steps originally drafted by mindbender.
Heinz' Script Method
Heinz made a script to automatically convert a downloaded stock firmware into a telnet enabled firmware with root access. The script is made for the German firmware. The script is available here. Heinz also made a pre-made firmware package with his script. It can be downloaded here.
• Testing Needed
The script mainly does the following things:
• retrieving the actual firmware update from the buffalo site.
• unzip the archive to a tmp directory
• modify linkstation_version, because the updater only updates "newer" firmwares. It seems this can be overwritten in the debug mode (see georg's changes)
• for modifing the installed image. it is unzipped (using the current password)
• then to start the (already installed) telnetd, some comments in the rcS script are removed.
• because the password of the root login is not known, it needs to be removed. Modifing /etc/shadow had not worked, so currently we change the web interface, which runs with root permissions, to do it for us.
• reverse the whole zip/tar process to create a useable firmware update again.
Instructions
Georg's Script Method
Georg modified Heinz' automatic script. For those with access, the script it is available in LS_Pro Temporary Upload Folder for Telnet Enabled Firmwares The script untars the firmware, sets the current dates in linkstation_version.txt (allows exchange of kernel etc.) and adds the debug flag for LSUpdater.exe. Further telnetd is started during boot and the web interface scripts are altered in order to clear the root password when "creating" user 'clearroot'. Thanks to MartinP, the latest version uses the correct path to passwd (/usr/sbin). It also offers command line parameters to exchange kernel, uboot and untar an additional tar file into the root file system (see option -h).
• Testing Needed
Instructions
Run the script as user root, if the zipped firmware file is not present, the script tries to get it from buffalos server. If you don't want the script to delete the temporary directory (e.g. to directly run LSUpdater.exe or for further modifications) add option -d.
Personal tools
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You are here: Home » Content » Dynamics of the Firing Rate of Single Compartmental Cells
About: Dynamics of the Firing Rate of Single Compartmental Cells
Module by: Yangluo Wang. E-mail the author
View the content: Dynamics of the Firing Rate of Single Compartmental Cells
Metadata
Name: Dynamics of the Firing Rate of Single Compartmental Cells
ID: m19349
Language: English (en)
Summary: This report summarizes work done as part of the Hippocampus Neuroscience PFUG under Rice University's VIGRE program. VIGRE is a program of Vertically Integrated Grants for Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences under the direction of the National Science Foundation. A PFUG is a group of Postdocs, Faculty, Undergraduates and Graduate students formed round the study of a common problem. This module verifies the existence of a linear relationship between the firing rate of an active single-cell neuron and the injected current, as noted in ``Rate Models for Conductance-Based Cortical Neuronal Networks," by Shriki et al.
Subject: Mathematics and Statistics, Science and Technology
Keywords: firing rate, Hodgkin, Huxley, neuroscience, PFUG, Shriki, VIGRE
Document Type: -//CNX//DTD CNXML 0.5 plus MathML//EN
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 2.0
Authors: Yangluo Wang (jim.wang89@gmail.com)
Copyright Holders: Yangluo Wang (jim.wang89@gmail.com)
Maintainers: Yangluo Wang (jim.wang89@gmail.com)
Latest version: 1.1 (history)
First publication date: Jan 7, 2009 3:13 pm -0600
Last revision to module: Jan 8, 2009 8:00 pm -0600
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Version History
Version: 1.1 Jan 8, 2009 8:00 pm -0600 by Yangluo Wang
Changes:
Fix link
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Police Chief
Info
Search:
The Davis Police Department has been guided by a variety of people over the course of time.
Police Chief Term of Service
Landy Black April 2007 to present
James Hyde September 2003 to June 2006
Martin C. Ruiz 2000 to December 2002
Jerry A. Gonzales 1996 to 2000
Phillip V. Coleman 1989 to 1996
Victor W. Mentink 1980 to 1988
B.D. Bartholomew 1961 to 1980
Arthur Lukeman 1960 to 1961
Frank Hamilton 1946 to 1960
Floyd Gattrell 1927 to 1946
This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis.
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| Edit | | + | | History |
From DDO wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
This spell has the wrong maximum caster level information Eberron Unlimited Release Notes states:
• Heal, Mass
• Clr 9
• Description: Casts Heal on multiple targets. Channels powerful positive energy into allies to wipe away injury and afflictions, restore 10 hit points per caster level (max 250hp), and remove ability damage and the conditions blinded, confused, dazed, dazzled, deafened, diseased, exhausted, fatigued, feebleminded, insanity, nauseated, and poisoned. Against undead this spell acts as Harm. Undead who make a successful Will save reduce the damage by half.
I found that the Heal spell was doing less healing than the Heal, Mass spell even with the three part Lorrik's Champion Set equiped not more like I expected given acurate spell descriptions. I was using a level 20 cleric with the Cleric Radiant Servant II PrE; another level 20 cleric cast both spells on me and got similar results Book O Dragons 20:11, January 7, 2011 (EST)
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92648
Breaking News: House Passed a Bill to Prevent Government Employees From Using Peer to Peer File Sharing!
I say this is breaking news as almost everyone else in business has a policy and has had for quite some time! I did put it on Twitter but felt later it deserved it’s own post. I have gone into physician offices and hospitals and removed the peer to peer software where it was installed when coming in to consult. One office had some really personal stuff from the doctor shared throughout the office! That was embarrassing as most do not understand how to configure the software and it by default would share the document files.
File Sharing Peer to Peer Programs Still Posing Risk to Exposing Patient Data – Think Twice About This
These folks are the same ones that are concerned about data security and just passed a huge Healthcare Reform package right? This worries me. What this says is that we have a bit of lack of education in software that almost every kid wants to use to get free music, videos and other items from connecting to another computer on the web, but yet we have leaders that have no clue what in the heck this is, been around for years and Napster was the beginning years ago. We have folks that don’t pay attention as to how technology is shaping our world. Is there really a true understanding in Congress as to what HIPAA is all about?
Who lets this stuff get through the networks? They must have some really good IT folks who firewall the network, either that or nobody is aware. Look at this story that happened at a hospital with a worker infecting a computer.
Man Accidentally Infects Ohio Hospital with Spyware – Was Meant for Girlfriend’s Home Computer and She Opened Her Yahoo Mail at Work Instead
At least somebody had the sense to use Tiversa, software that finds information on peer to peer networks that should not be on the web. That’s the defense that has to be used for the dummies that share everything out there who can’t or don’t know how to configure the software.
Peer to Peer Forensic Services – Enterprise solutions for Hospitals and other Health Agencies
Again, this just somewhat floors me that this is just now being looked at. The Senate wants alerts to notify individuals that peer to peer software is being used – not good enough. Again when I read this it just makes me shudder at the thought of how little is know perhaps about security by those making the laws for this country. There are business program now that use Peer to Peer, but network administrators set up security and firewalls for those ports to use used only, so here I am talking about recreational peer to peer sharing.
Healthcare Workers Sharing Music and they could also be sharing Medical Records and Files
Again, you would have thought this would have been addressed way back when Napster was going strong. Also one other note that I found interesting and posted about last year was the big ruckus over Representatives using Twitter? Twitter is nothing with 140 text characters compared to this but it took an Act of Congress to allow and yet peer to peer lives on. Go figure!!
In House, Tweets Fly Over Web Plan – Washington
Here’s a short excerpt from the Twitter/QIK incident, funny now when you think about Congress is just getting around to the real dangerous stuff with exposing confidential information. Twitter by comparison is harmless.
“I just learned the Dems are trying to censor Congressmen’s ability to use Twitter Qik YouTube Utterz etc — outrageous and I will fight them,” Representative John Culberson, Republican of Texas, wrote last Tuesday on his personal page on the online text-messaging site Twitter, where he posts a daily, rapid-fire log of his thoughts. Messages on Twitter are called tweets. What started as a micro-protest on Mr. Culberson’s Twitter page became a macro-conflict on Capitol Hill with the two sides feuding on blogs, Blackberries and the old-fashioned way — face-to-face meetings in the halls of Congress. Even there technology has become a weapon in the debate.
This comes down to the same stuff that makes me nervous all over again, non participants that know what is good for everyone else but yet are ignorant without any first hand experience. In December the House said they were going wireless and it would take about 3 years. Is that the training or the installation? I guess nobody has much time to do a web search on this hot topic either, it comes right up on how dangerous peer to peer sharing programs are.
House of Representatives Going Wireless – Slated to Take 3 Years And Could Have Some Real Healthcare Management Benefits for Members
Again, when I see things like this on the agenda, I get really scared and lose both trust and confidence in who we have running the ship as this is such common knowledge today and the fact that it is just now making news! I thought part of the job was to keep up to date with current affairs?
Maybe I’m off base here, and perhaps the peer to peer sharing was around to share that 3000 page plus healthcare bill (grin). Ok enough of my sarcasm, but this does make me really wonder about what in the world they think about and how they see the world around them, anything like we do? BD
The House has passed a bill that would prevent government employees from using peer-to-peer file-sharing software either in the office
or when accessing government networks remotely from home.
The Secure Federal File Sharing Act, introduced by Rep. Edolphus Towns, D-N.Y., in November, calls for the Office of Management and Budget to ban the use of applications like BitTorrent or Limewire on government PCs and networks.
It also requires the OMB to set policies for federal employees who telecommute or access government networks remotely.
The bill passed by a vote of 408 to 13, according to a statement by Rep. Towns' office. Towns also is chairman of the House Oversight and Government Affairs Committee.
"We can no longer ignore the threat to sensitive government information, businesses, and consumers that insecure peer-to-peer networks pose," Towns said in the statement. "Securing federal computer files is critical to our national security."
The Senate is not currently considering a bill similar to the Secure Federal File Sharing Act, either. However, it is considering another bill, the P2P Cyber Protection and Informed User Act, which would require people sharing software to alert users when they encounter a P2P program.
House Bans File Sharing By Government Employees -- P2P Network Security -- InformationWeek
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Wikia
SRD:Exotic Weapon Proficiency
Talk0
9,503pages on
this wiki
Redirected from Exotic Weapon Proficiency
This material is published under the OGL
Exotic Weapon Proficiency [General]Edit
Choose a type of exotic weapon. You understand how to use that type of exotic weapon in combat.
PrerequisiteEdit
Base attack bonus +1 (plus Str 13 for bastard sword or dwarven waraxe).
BenefitEdit
You make attack rolls with the weapon normally.
NormalEdit
A character who uses a weapon with which he or she is not proficient takes a –4 penalty on attack rolls.
SpecialEdit
You can gain Exotic Weapon Proficiency multiple times. Each time you take the feat, it applies to a new type of exotic weapon. Proficiency with the bastard sword or the dwarven waraxe has an additional prerequisite of Str 13.
A fighter may select Exotic Weapon Proficiency as one of his fighter bonus feats.
Back to Main PageSystem Reference DocumentFeats
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Indonesia: Impact of Bali Bombing
This post also available in:
Español · Indonesia: El impacto del atentado en Bali
Reporting on Bali changed the way I looked at the world. Until today, I believe Bali could have been prevented if authorities paid attention to the signs along the way. When the explosions happened a decade ago, the Indonesian police already had the names of every single one of the Bali plotters. Government denial and political gamesmanship – courting moderate Muslims by ignoring extremists – prevented action. This is part of the reason I cannot look away. I remember Bali.
Journalist Maria Ressa remembers the impact of the Bali bombing ten years ago. She described the bombing as Southeast Asia's 9/11.
World regions
Countries
Languages
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source: josm/trunk/data/et.lang @ 3169
Last change on this file since 3169 was 3169, checked in by bastiK, 3 years ago
i18n update
• Property svn:mime-type set to application/octet-stream
File size: 32.0 KB
HTML preview not available, since no preview renderer could handle it. Try downloading the file instead.
Note: See TracBrowser for help on using the repository browser.
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Edilson For Winq, The Decapitator In São Paulo, And Marc And Lorenzo
Exclusively At Made In Brazil: Oraine Barrett For DOM
The picture above was one of my favorites from the shoot with model Oraine Barrett for the June issue of DOM magazine, but since it did not make the final cut, I decided to share it with you guys here on MIB.
View two shots from the actual spread with Oraine after the jump.
Blond Ambition
Girl, get it together: Miro Moreira dyed his hair blond (and by blond I mean canary yellow) on national television yesterday. Needless to say, he is not thrilled with the results.
It's All About The Wetsuit
Made In Brazil has just received new pictures of model Áthila Nicácio.
John Galliano, Dior Homme, The BET Awards, Gay Pride, And Shakira
More Brazilian Boys At Dior Homme
Dior Homme was probably the show with the most Brazilian boys this season in Europe. From top to bottom, left to right: Reinaldo Berthoti, Thiago Santos, Sven Guhle, Max Motta, Bruce Machado, Marlon Teixeira, Gabriel Heckler, Ed Marquezini, and André Petro.
View more pictures of the Dior Homme spring 2010 show at WWD.
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Armenian Police receives 800 applications for biometric passports
PanARMENIAN.Net - Armenian police issued 171 thousand passports in the first half of 2012, deputy police chief said.
Dwelling on biometric passports, Artur Osikyan noted that the police has already received about 800 applications.
Partner news
Top stories
Earlier, ArmRosgasprom CJSC addressed Armenia’s Public Services Regulatory Commission with an offer to reconsider natural gas price.
Armenian defense ministry’s spokesman described the maneuvers as ordinary exercises conducted several times a year.
Participants will learn basic skills in protecting IT systems and data as well as how to investigate computer-facilitated crimes.
“I wish to further promote the beauty of Armenian art and its principles of tolerance and respect to diversity,” Mnatsakanyan said.
Partner news
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bita's bookmarks
"Can anybody remember when the times were not hard, and money not scarce?"
Emerson, Ralph Waldo on difficulties
15 fans of this quote
"People never improve unless they look to some standard or example higher or better than themselves."
Edwards, Tryon on self-improvement
10 fans of this quote
"Marriage is not just spiritual communion, it is also remembering to take out the trash."
Brothers, Dr. Joyce on marriage
6 fans of this quote
"Great achievement is usually born of great sacrifice, and is never the result of selfishness."
Hill, Napoleon on sacrifice
19 fans of this quote
"Monkeys are superior to men in this: when a monkey looks into a mirror, he sees a monkey."
Chazal, Malcolm De on love
8 fans of this quote
"Fear is the mother of morality."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on fear
17 fans of this quote
"One of life's greatest mysteries is how the boy who wasn't good enough to marry your daughter can be the father of the smartest grandchild in the world."
Proverb, Jewish on family
9 fans of this quote
"We must travel in the direction of our fear."
Berryman, John on fear
13 fans of this quote
"Nothing shows a man's character more than what he laughs at."
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Von on laughter
13 fans of this quote
"Do not be anxious about tomorrow, for tomorrow will be anxious for itself. Let the day's own trouble be sufficient for the day."
Bible on worry
7 fans of this quote
"Only a fool tests the depth of the water with both feet."
Proverb, African on fools and foolishness
6 fans of this quote
"Self-confidence is the result of a successfully survived risk."
Gibb, Jack on self-confidence
7 fans of this quote
"The difference between an optimist and a pessimist? An optimist laughs to forget, but a pessimist forgets to laugh."
Bodett, Tom on laughter
12 fans of this quote
"Ever has it been that love knows not its own depth until the hour of separation."
Gibran, Kahlil on love
23 fans of this quote
"I dreamed a thousand new paths. I woke and walked my old one."
Proverb, Chinese on dream
16 fans of this quote
"Be not afraid of going slowly, be afraid only of standing still."
Proverb, Chinese on progress
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"I am a slow walker, but I never walk backwards."
Lincoln, Abraham on perseverance
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"We are born crying, live complaining, and die disappointed."
Fuller, Thomas on life
6 fans of this quote
"God could not be everywhere, and therefore He made mothers."
Saying, Jewish on mothers
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This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"Your goal should be out of reach but not out of sight."
DeFrantz, Anita on goals
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"The way to get things done is not to mind who gets the credit for doing them."
Jowett, Benjamin on achievement
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"While one person hesitates because he feels inferior, another is busy making mistakes and becoming superior."
Link, Henry C. on mistakes
9 fans of this quote
"Love is the joy of the good, the wonder of the wise, the amazement of the Gods."
Plato on love
5 fans of this quote
"There's no one thing that is true. They're all true."
Hemingway, Ernest on truth
"The darkest day, If you live till tomorrow will have past away."
Cowper, William on hope
27 fans of this quote
"Expect the best, plan for the worst, and prepare to be surprised."
Waitley, Denis on expectation
11 fans of this quote
"We don't love qualities, we love persons; sometimes by reason of their defects as well as of their qualities."
Maritain, Jacques on character
10 fans of this quote
"Books are not made for furniture, but there is nothing else that so beautifully furnishes a house."
Beecher, Henry Ward on books - reading
11 fans of this quote
"Always try to keep a patch of sky above your life. "
Proust, Marcel on
"We can never obtain peace in the outer world until we make peace with ourselves."
Dalai Lama on self
"To love and be loved is the great happiness of existence."
Smith, Sydney on love
17 fans of this quote
"Most smiles are started by another smile."
Clark, Frank A. on smile
10 fans of this quote
"Many a book is like a key to unknown chambers within the castle of one’s own self."
Kafka, Franz on book,reading
"In His will is our peace."
Dante Alighieri on god
12 fans of this quote
"I am more important than my problems."
Ferrer, Jose on courage
9 fans of this quote
"I suppose leadership at one time meant muscles; but today it means getting along with people."
Gandhi, Mahatma on leadership
16 fans of this quote
"Failure is success if we learn from it."
Forbes, Malcolm S. on adversity
28 fans of this quote
"I'm not interested in age. People who tell me their age are silly. You're as old as you feel."
Arden, Elizabeth on age and aging
10 fans of this quote
"A boy becomes an adult three years before his parents think he does, and about two years after he thinks he does."
Hershey, Lewis B on adulthood
10 fans of this quote
"The easiest thing to be in the world is you. The most difficult thing to be is what other people want you to be. Don't let them put you in that position."
Buscaglia, Leo on honesty
16 fans of this quote
But wait... my book has more: prev 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 next
Bita's quote collection
I'm female, single from Iran and made my book on 25th October 2010.
My book as a pdf
Full info
I'm a Persian software developer.
My feed
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
If a hermit lives in a state of ecstasy, his lack of comfort becomes the height of comfort. He must relinquish it. Cocteau, Jean
This quote is about asceticism · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Cocteau, Jean ...
Jean Maurice Eugne Clment Cocteau (July 5, 1889 October 11, 1963) was a French poet, novelist, dramatist, designer, boxing manager and filmmaker. He was born at Maisons-Laffitte, France, a small town near Paris. His versatile, unconventional approach and enormous output brought him international acclaim.
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Quotation added by staff
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Conscience is the chamber of justice. Origen
This quote is about science · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Origen ...
Origen (ca. 182ca. 251) was a Christian scholar and theologian and one of the most distinguished of the Fathers of the early Christian Church. He is thought to have been born at Alexandria, and died at Caesarea. His writings are important as one of the first serious intellectual attempts to describe Christianity.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
The universe is like a safe to which there is a combination. But the combination is locked up in the safe. Vries, Peter De
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It is easy enough to say that poverty is no crime. No; if it were men wouldn't be ashamed of it. It is a blunder, though, and is punished as such. A poor man is despised the whole world over. Jerome, Jerome K.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Principle, particularly moral principal, can never be a weathervane, spinning around this way and that with the shifting winds of expediency. Moral principle is a compass forever fixed and forever true. And that is as important in business as it is in the classroom. Lyman, Edward R.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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For us in Russia communism is a dead dog. For many people in the West, it is still a living lion. Solzhenitsyn, Alexander
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Quotes by Saintamo, Michael De
We don't have a biography. Please consult wikipedia.
"When two people meet, there are really six people present. There is each man as he sees himself, each man as he wants to be seen, and each man as he really is."
Saintamo, Michael De on work
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Skip to content
10 Tips: how to search for genetic conditions
Some months ago, I wrote about Juan Magdaraog who is blogging about his struggle with Pompe disease, a rare, but important genetic condition. He let me know about an essential problem: the diagnostic delay.
The diagnosis often poses a dilemma due to the rarity of the disease, the variable rates of progression and the unspecific phenotypic features… Just take a look at the diagnostic delay diagram, there are from 2 to 4 years between the first symptoms and the diagnosis!
Look, we can’t expect physicians (from any kind of medical specialties) to know everything about all the cc. 4000 genetic conditions. But we can help them how to find relevant information and quickly understandable material on genetic conditions.
I know that there are hundreds of great resources on the net, but here are my 10 tips, my 10 favourite sites:
1. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (17 706 entries)
This database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere, and developed for the World Wide Web by NCBI, the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
2. Single Gene Disorders and Disability at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Single gene disorders (SGDs) are a group of conditions caused by a change (mutation) in one particular gene. There are over 6,000 SGDs and although these disorders are rare individually, when grouped together they account for about 1 in 300 births.
3. Specific Genetic disorders at National Human Genome Research Institute
Sometimes, physicians are unable to put a name to a genetic condition. When this happens, physicians will say that a child or an adult has an undiagnosed rare or genetic condition. To learn more about how to deal with genetic or rare conditions that have no diagnosis, see this list.
4. List of genetic disorders at Wikipedia
The following is a list of genetic disorders and their origins. Beside most disorders is a code that indicates the type of fertilization and the chromosome involved.
5. GeneReviews (392 entries)
GeneReviews are expert-authored, peer-reviewed, current disease descriptions that apply genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients and families with specific inherited conditions.
6. Ask the Geneticist
Selected questions and answers are posted within 3 weeks. The confidentiality of all visitors to this site is respected according to the HIPAA Privacy Rule and Georgia and Alabama State law.
7. National Organization for Rare Disorders
Many libraries, schools, universities, and hospitals subscribe to NORD’s Rare Disease Database for unlimited access to reports on more than 1,150 diseases.
8. Center for Inherited Disease Research
A centralized facility that provides genotyping and statistical genetics services for investigators seeking to identify genes that contribute to human disease. CIDR concentrates primarily on multifactorial hereditary disease although analysis of single gene disorders can also be accommodated.
9. Open Directory Project: Genetic Disorders
10. The best: OrphaNet
ORPHANET aims to improve management and treatment of genetic, auto-immune or infectious rare diseases, rare cancers, or not yet classified rare diseases.
The database contains 2000 diseases in 6 languages written by experts. More than 800 daily updates, 25 collaborate databases, 20,000 connections a day with a total budget of 1.3 million Euros. 20,000 daily users from 150 countries.
Alexa statistics of OrphaNet and Rarediseases.org:
For many more lists of resources, please see the Disorder Guide or the rarediseases.info page.
Regarding my list, I hope you find at least some of the links useful. And I also hope that physicians could use these resources to know more about rare, genetic conditions and we can forget about the evil diagnostic delay in the near future.
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"url": "www.antweb.org/description.do?genus=solenopsis&name=subterranea&project=allantwebants&rank=species",
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Global: All Antweb > Formicidae > Myrmicinae > Solenopsis > Solenopsis subterranea
See all Solenopsis subterranea in Bolton World Catalog
or in
Species: Solenopsis subterranea
Name Status:
Taxonomic Hierarchy:
Subfamily: Myrmicinae Genus: Solenopsis
Taxonomic History (provided by Barry Bolton, 2013)
Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) subterranea MacKay & Vinson, 1989a PDF: 175, figs. 1-4 (w.) U.S.A. AntCat AntWiki
Distribution:
Southern USA (Louisiana, Texas [type locality]), Costa Rica. Costa Rica: widespread below 500m elevation.
Biology:
Natural History:
This is a tiny subterranean species that occurs in a wide range of habitats, from Guanacaste dry forest to La Selva rainforest, but always below 500m elevation. It appears to be relatively common in mineral soil beneath the leaf litter layer, based on its distribution in Berlese versus Winkler samples. At La Selva Biological Station, it is very common in Berlese samples that include a cylindrical core of soil beneath the leaf litter, but less common in Winkler samples of sifted leaf litter, which usually do not contain much mineral soil. My records from elsewhere in the country are all occasional occurrences in Winkler samples. I have one record of workers coming to a bait at La Selva. On the Barva Transect, the species is common at La Selva, but attenuates rapidly with elevation, such that by 500m elevation it is very rare.
References:
MacKay, W. P., and S. B. Vinson. 1989. Two new ants of the genus Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) from eastern Texas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 91:175-178.
Taxon Page Author History
Specimen Data Summary
Found most commonly in these habitats: 249 times found in mature wet forest, 45 times found in tropical rainforest, 18 times found in tropical wet forest, 12 times found in 2º lowland tropical rainforest, 10 times found in lowland rainforest, 10 times found in 2º lowland rainforest, 7 times found in montane wet forest, 1 times found in Puesto 10, 33g.,10m., 1 times found in Puesto #13,295G,10m., 1 times found in Puesto13,102G,10m, ...
Collected most commonly using these methods or in the following microhabitats: 320 times MiniWinkler, 64 times Berlese, 19 times Winkler, 23 times MaxiWinkler, 8 times Mini Winkler, 3 times baiting, 2 times subterranean trap vienna sausage, 1 times Lure/Bait
Elevations: collected from 20 - 1360 meters, 178 meters average
2 Specimens Imaged | View All 565 Specimens for this species
CASENT0104887
CASENT0902337
Enlarge Map
TOOLS:
View:
- Browse Specimens for this species (565 examples)
- No Map Specimens within this species (too many - 565)
- View Solenopsis subterranea in Google Earth
Comparison Tool:
- Compare images of the Specimens within this species
Catalog:
- See Hymenoptera Name Server
Download:
Specimen Data:
- KML
- Tab-delimited
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This article is part of the supplement: Proceedings of the 10th European Congress on Telepathology and 4th International Congress on Virtual Microscopy
Email this article to a friend
Traditional microscopy instruction versus process-oriented virtual microscopy instruction: a naturalistic experiment with control group
Laura Helle*, Markus Nivala, Pauliina Kronqvist, Andreas Gegenfurtner, Pasi Björk and Roger Säljö
Diagnostic Pathology 2011, 6(Suppl 1):S8 doi:10.1186/1746-1596-6-S1-S8
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Datasets / Biogeographical regions
Biogeographical regions
Created : Nov 13, 2009 Published : Jan 01, 2002 Last modified : Feb 05, 2013 05:09 PM
Version 1998 - The bio-geographic regions dataset (Version 1998) contains the official delineations used in the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) and for the EMERALD Network set up under the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).
Note: new version is available!
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Phone: +45 3336 7100
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"uncompressed_offset": 466217326,
"url": "www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Idaho_Prison_Records",
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Idaho Prison RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States Idaho Prison Records
In 1864, the Idaho Territorial Legislative Assembly designated the jails in Lewiston and Idaho City as "temporary territorial prisons." In 1866, the two were consolidated by designating the Boise County Jail as the territorial prison, and all prisoners were transferred there. A new prison building just out of Boise was completed for the Territory in 1872, which became the State Prison, when Idaho became a state in 1890.
The Idaho State Archives in Boise has approximately 18,000 inmate files of the Idaho State and Territorial Penitentiary. The records begin in 1864 when the territorial penitentiary was established. The archives has published and indexed a "catalog of all inmates, 1864-1947" and has made it available online. There are also published sub-catalogs for "women inmates, 1864-1947", and for "inmates associated with the mining industry, 1865-1910."
These inmate files contain interesting historical and genealogical information on the forms included. Many of the files contain photographs, although it was not a regular practice to take "mug shots" of inmates until the mid-1890s. From about 1884, a "Description of Convict" form was included, and from about 1893, the so-called "Bertillon Chart" was part of the file.
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• This page was last modified on 24 October 2010, at 18:29.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Parasitology Research
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 541268, 8 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/541268
Review Article
Schistosoma Tegument Proteins in Vaccine and Diagnosis Development: An Update
1Laboratório de Esquistossomose, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte,MG 30190-002, Brazil
2Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG 30190-002, Brazil
Received 27 July 2012; Accepted 24 September 2012
Academic Editor: Andrea Teixeira-Carvalho
Copyright © 2012 Cristina Toscano Fonseca et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The development of a vaccine against schistosomiasis and also the availability of a more sensitive diagnosis test are important tools to help chemotherapy in controlling disease transmission. Bioinformatics tools, together with the access to parasite genome, published recently, should help generate new knowledge on parasite biology and search for new vaccines or therapeutic targets and antigens to be used in the disease diagnosis. Parasite surface proteins, especially those expressed in schistosomula tegument, represent interesting targets to be used in vaccine formulations and in the diagnosis of early infections, since the tegument represents the interface between host and parasite and its molecules are responsible for essential functions to parasite survival. In this paper we will present the advances in the development of vaccines and diagnosis tests achieved with the use of the information from schistosome genome focused on parasite tegument as a source for antigens.
1. Introduction
Schistosomiasis is still a significant public health problem in tropical countries despite the existence of effective drugs against the parasite [1]. Chemotherapy as a strategy for disease control has proved ineffective in controlling transmission [1] therefore, the development of a vaccine against the disease and also a more sensitive diagnosis test is necessary to assist chemotherapy in control programs [1, 2].
In this context, the recent availability of schistosome genomes information represents an important toll to be used in the discovery of new targets for vaccine and diagnosis. Schistosoma mansoni genome, published in 2009 [3] described 11.809 genes while Schistosoma japonicum genome [4] has been described to be composed of 13.469 genes. Their assemblies were generated by conventional capillary sequencing resulting in 19.022 scaffolds (S. mansoni) and 25.048 scaffolds (S. japonicum). More recently an improved version of the S. mansoni genome was published [5], utilizing a combination of traditional Sanger capillary sequencing and deep-coverage Illumina sequencing that refined gene prediction resulting in a reduction in the number of predicted genes from 11.809 to 10.852. Illumina-based technology was also used in Schistosoma haematobium genome sequencing, which described 13.073 genes [6].
Simultaneously to genome publication, an important tool to access and analyze parasite genome has been developed, the SchistoDB (http://www.schistodb.net/) database [7]. The SchistoDB enables access to information on the parasite genome even to those researchers not specialized in computer language. The current 3.0 database version provides access to the latest draft of S. mansoni genome sequence and annotation and also to S. japonicum and S. haematobium genome annotation.
The bioinformatics tools, together with the availability to access parasite genome, should have helped the knowledge of parasite biology and the search for new vaccines, therapeutic targets, and antigens to be used in the disease diagnosis. In this paper we will present the advances in the development of vaccines and diagnostics tests achieved with the use of the information from schistosome genome, focus will be given to the parasite tegument as a source for antigens.
2. Host-Parasite Relationship: Role for the Parasite Tegument
Highly adapted to parasitic life, schistosomes can live for years or decades even in a hostile environment as the circulatory system from vertebrate host where the parasite has an intimate contact with circulating elements of the immune system [8].
In this successful host-parasite relationship, the host immune system plays an important role in both parasite development and elimination. CD4+ cells, hormones, and cytokines as TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-7 produced by the host, seem to assist the parasite development [915]. While CD4+ cells, B cells, IFN-γ, and TNF-α has been described to be involved in parasite elimination in the irradiated cercariae vaccine model [1618].
Moreover, the highly adapted relationship between schistosomes and the mammalian definitive host also involves the effective mechanisms for evading the immune response that they provoke. In this context, the parasite tegument plays an important role [19, 20]. After penetration, the parasite surface undergoes a profound change that allows parasite adaptation into the host internal microenvironment where the parasite switches from its immune-sensitive to an immune-refractory state [21]. In cercariae, the surface is characterized by a single bilayer membrane covered by a dense glicocalyx. During penetration, the glicocalyx is lost and the membrane transforms into a double bilayer membrane [22]. Evading mechanisms as antigenic mimicry, membrane turnover, production of immunomodulatory molecules and modulation of surface antigens expression also takes place in the parasite surface and contributes to schistosome survival [23, 24].
Trying to eliminate the parasite, host immune system targets the antigens in parasite surface. Studies in mice have shown that the developmental stage most susceptible to the host immune system attack is the schistosomula stage. Very early after infection, schistosomula are susceptible to cellular and humoral immunity, however, in the course of parasite development the susceptibility is rapidly lost [25, 26]. The resistance to host immune response acquired by parasites can be in part explained by surface changes independently of host antigens adsorption [2729]. In addition, El Ridi and colleagues [30], demonstrated that lung-stage schistosomulum protect themselves from the host immune system by confining antigenic molecules in lipid-rich sites of surface membrane. In contrast, McLaren, in 1989 [31], demonstrated that both skin and lung schistosomula phases are targets of the immune system in the radiation-attenuated vaccine model which trigger an inflammatory reaction around the larvae inhibiting their migration.
Since schistosomula is the major target of the host immune system attack and its tegument represents the interface between parasite and host, also performing vital functions that ensure parasite survival [32], the study of its structure and how it interacts with the host immune system can provide important information about disease control, especially to those related to the search for new drugs and vaccine development. We have recently demonstrated that the schistosomula tegument from S. mansoni (Smteg) is recognized by TLR4 in dendritic cells (DC) leading to DC activation and production of proinflammatory cytokines as IL-12 and TNF-α [33]. In contrast to this inflammatory profile, Smteg also induce IL-10 production by DC in a TLR (Toll like receptors) 2, 3, 4, and 9 independent manner (unpublished data) once again demonstrating that schistosomula tegument can both activate or modulate host immune system.
3. The Tegument as Antigen Source for Vaccine Development
Most of the studies that aimed to identify membrane proteins in parasite tegument were performed in adult worms [3436]. Although schistosomula is the major target for host immunity, its tegument proteins have still not been characterized, mainly due to the difficulty in obtaining sufficient quantities of material for such protein studies [37]. Indeed protective antigens are found in S. mansoni schistosomula tegument (Smteg) since mice immunization with Smteg formulated with Freunds’ adjuvant [38] or Alum + CPG-ODN (unpublished data) is able to reduce significantly worm burden and egg elimination with the feces. The characterization of these protective antigens is being performed using immune-proteomics analysis and genome databases to identify candidates to be used in a vaccine formulation against schistosomiasis. Other “omics” technologies are also being used to identify schistosoma proteins, mainly those expressed in schistosomula. In this context, two studies, using cDNA microarrays technologies assessed the most relevant transcriptional changes in the schistosomula development phase. These studies demonstrated that tetraspanin, Sm22.6, Sm29, Sm200 and phosphadiesterase are membrane proteins are highly expressed during schistosomula phase [39, 40]. Furthermore, the studies that used gene silencing through RNAi technique could clarify the importance of some proteins, such as cathepsins [41, 42] and tetraspanins [43] for parasite development and survival. The same membrane protein was identified in adult worm tegument preparations using Mass spectrometry (MS-)-based proteomics [33, 34] together with genome, transcriptome and genetic maps information [3, 4446]. Recently a proteomic analysis demonstrated that Sm29 and Sm200 are linked to parasite surface membrane through a GPI-anchor [47] while the most abundant protein in adult worm tegument, among the investigated molecules, are aquaporin, dysferlin, TSP-2, and ATP diphosphohydrolase [48]. Among this expressive catalogue of protein expressed in the schistosome tegument, some of them have been evaluated as vaccine antigen in immunization protocols in mice. The Table 1 summarizes the results observed in these preclinical trials using tegument proteins.
Table 1: Schistosome tegument protein evaluated as vaccine candidates in preclinical studies.
Sm29 was identified by Cardoso and coworkers using in silico analysis to identify in S. mansoni transcriptome putative expressed proteins localized in the parasite tegument [49]. Sm29 recombinant form induces a Th1 profile in mice associated with a reduction of 51% in worm burden when used in vaccine formulation [50]. The tegumental protein, Sm22.6 and its homologue in S. japonicum (Sj22.6), are involved in resistance to reinfection in endemic areas [51, 52]. Immunization of mice with recombinant 22.6 formulated with Freund adjuvant resulted in 34.5% reduction on worm burden [53] while Sm22.6 formulated with alum failed to induce protection against schistosomiasis but induced a regulatory response able to modulate allergic asthma in mice [54, 55].
Tetraspanins (TSP) 1 and 2 were identified in a cDNA library from S. mansoni based on their membrane-targeting signal [56]. Immunization of mice with TSP1 recombinant protein resulted in a reduction of 57% in worm burden and reduction in the number of eggs in liver (64%) and intestine (65%), TSP2 recombinant protein was less effective in reducing worm burden (34%) but had similar effects in reducing the number of eggs trapped in the liver (52%) and intestine (69%) [57]. The TSP-2 homologue in S. japonicum has also been evaluated in murine immunization however no protection was observed [58].
ECL or Sm200 is a GPI-anchored protein in the S. mansoni tegument that has also been associated with praziquantel efficacy, since antibodies against this protein can restore drug efficacy in B cells depleted mice [59, 60]. Murine DNA vaccination with the gene encoding Sm200 elicited 38.1% protection while immunization of mice with enzymatically cleaved GPI-anchored proteins from the S. mansoni tegument, in which Sm200 represent the most abundant protein result in 43% reduction in adult worm burden [61, 62]. Sm21.7 was tested as antigen in a recombinant vaccine [63] and DNA vaccine [64]. Immunization of mice with recombinant Sm21.7 resulted in a decrease of 41%–70% in worm burden while DNA vaccination resulted in of 41.5% worm burden reduction [63, 64].
The schistosome antioxidant enzymes (Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-SOD, glutathione-S-peroxidase-GPX) are developmentally regulated. The lowest level of gene expression and enzyme-specific activity was found in the larval stages while the highest level of gene expression was observed in adult worms [6568]. This suggests that antioxidant enzymes are important in immune evasion by adult schistosome parasites [67]. Also RNAi assays demonstrated that knocking down the antioxidants enzymes GPX and GST result in dramatic decreases in sporocysts survival indicating that these enzymes are capable of enhancing parasite survival in an oxidative environment [69]. Mice immunized with the antioxidant enzyme Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase in a DNA vaccine strategy resulted in 44–60% reduction in worm burden [65].
4. Antigens to Be Used in Schistosomiasis Diagnostic Test
Currently, all available techniques for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis are characterized by having some limitations, especially when it becomes necessary to detect infection in a large number of patients with low parasite load [70]. One of the initial difficulties in the development of a test for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis is the choice of an appropriate antigen. There are several factors that influence this choice: easily of production, high stability in sample storage, immunogenicity, specificity, and ability to be incorporated to low costs test platforms [71].
In this context, the availability of the complete genome sequences in combination with other technologies such as bioinformatics and proteomics, provides important tolls to seek for an ideal candidate to compose an efficient immunodiagnostic test. With this in mind, our group have recently designed an in silico strategy based in the principles of reverse vaccinology, and using a rational criteria to mine candidates in parasite genome to be used in the immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis [72]. Six antigens were selected based on the evidence of gene expression at different phases of the parasite life cycle in the definitive host, accessibility to host immune system (exposed proteins), low similarity with human and other helminthic proteins, and presence of predicted B cells epitopes (Table 2) [72]. Although our in silico analysis led to identification of six candidates, this strategy has not been yet experimentally validated.
Table 2: Schistosoma mansoni protein selected by genome mining to be used in serological diagnosis for schistosomiasis.
Other groups have also used bioinformatics analysis to select target sequence from S. japonicum genome to be used for the detection of parasite DNA in blood samples. A 230-bp sequence from the highly repetitive retrotransposon SjR2 was identified and it was demonstrated that PCR test to detect SjR2 is highly sensitive and specific for detection S. japonicum infection in the sera of infected rabbits and patients [73]. More recently the same group performed a comparative study to determine the best target to be used in a molecular diagnosis test for schistosomiasis japonicum in 29 retrotransposons identified by bioinformatics analysis. A 303-bp sequence had the highest sensitivity and specificity for the detection of S. japonicum DNA in serum samples [74].
Proteomics analysis has also been used in the identification of candidates to the immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis. Western Blot with sera from S. japonicum infected rabbit in a two-dimensional gel loaded with adult worm preparation identified 10 spots that were demonstrated by LC/MS-MS to correspond to four different proteins: SjLAP (Leucine aminopeptidases), SjFBPA (fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase), SjGST (Glutathione-S-transferase) and SJ22.6 [75]. Recombinant SjLAP and SjFBPA were tested in ELISA assay and presented high efficacy for the diagnosis of S. japonicum infection, with 96.7% specificity for both proteins and 98.1% or 87.8% sensitivity to detect acute and chronically infected individuals, respectively, when SjLAP was used as antigen or a sensitivity of 100% (acute) and 84.7% (chronic infection) when SjFBPA was used as antigen [75].
5. Other Membrane Proteins Candidates to Be Used in Vaccine Formulation and Diagnosis Tests
Aquaporins are small integral membrane proteins involved in the selective transportation of water and other solutes through plasma membranes of mammals, plants and lower organisms [76]. This protein was described to be abundant in schistosome tegument and due to its physiological function and abundance represent an interesting target to vaccines and diagnosis tests [48]. Characterization of the S. japonicum aquaporin-3 using bioinformatics tools demonstrated that this 32.9 kDa transmembrane protein has predicted B cells epitopes with the most likely epitopes present in the N-terminal portion of the protein, located outside the membrane [77]. Other abundant protein in schistosoma tegument is dysferlin, based on analogy with homologues from other organisms, this protein seems to be involved in membrane repair and/or vesicle fusion in tegument surface [34].
ATP-diphosphohydrolases are enzymes involved in ADP and ATP hydrolysis that has been related to host immune system evasion, since this enzyme could hydrolyze the ATP produced in response to parasite induced stress in the endothelio thus modulating the DAMP (danger associated molecular pattern)-mediated inflammatory signaling [78, 79]. In schistosomes two different proteins have been described SmATPDase 1 and SmATPDase2 with approximately 63 and 55 kDa [80, 81]. SmATPDase 1 is located in the border of the tegument while SmATPDase2 is located in internal structure of the tegument syncytium and can be secreted [81]. The immunogenicity of the synthetic peptide (r175–190) from SmATPDase2 has been demonstrated in Balb-c mice, however the protection induced by this epitope has not been evaluated [82].
Although most tegument protein listed in this paper has been identified in adult worm tegument, an in silico analysis performed in SchistoDB (http://www.schistodb.net/) demonstrates that some of them are also expressed in the schistosomula stage as demonstrated in Figure 1 reinforcing their potential to be used in a vaccine formulation or in the early diagnosis of schistosome infection.
Figure 1: Predicted expression of schistosome tegument proteins in the different parasite life stage in the definitive host. schistosome tegument protein identified by proteomics analysis of the adult worm tegument was analyzed in SchistoDB database (http://www.schistodb.net/). Bars represent the numbers of EST in each parasite life stage whose annotation correspond to Sm200, Sm29, TSP-2, TSP-1, Dysferlin, Sm22.6, or Sm21.7.
6. Conclusion
So far the genome, transcriptome, and proteome information provided many targets to be tested in schistosomiasis vaccine and diagnosis and also new knowledge about schistosome biology. However approximately 40% of the schistosome genome is composed of hypothetical proteins with unknown function that represents interesting targets to be tested and characterized. An increase in the knowledge about parasite biology, pathogenesis, and host-parasite relationship can be expected for the next years.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by CNPq, INCT-DT/CNPq, Ripag/CPqRR-Fiocruz, and Papes/Fiocruz. G. B. F. Carvalho and C. C. Alves both received fellowship from Fapemig. C. T. Fonseca received a fellowship from PQ/CNPq.
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61. E. J. M. Nascimento, R. V. Amorim, A. Cavalcanti et al., “Assessment of a DNA vaccine encoding an anchored- glycosylphosphatidylinositol tegumental antigen complexed to protamine sulphate on immunoprotection against murine schistosomiasis,” Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 21–27, 2007. View at Scopus
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69. M. D. M. Mourão, N. Dinguirard, G. R. Franco, and T. P. Yoshino, “Role of the endogenous antioxidant system in the protection of Schistosoma mansoni primary sporocysts against exogenous oxidative stress,” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 3, no. 11, article e550, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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71. M. J. Doenhoff, P. L. Chiodini, and J. V. Hamilton, “Specific and sensitive diagnosis of schistosome infection: can it be done with antibodies?” Trends in Parasitology, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 35–39, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
72. G. B. F. Carvalho, R. A. da Silva-Pereira, L. G. G. Pacífico, and C. T. Fonseca, “Identification of Schistosoma mansoni candidate antigens for diagnosis of schistosomiasis,” Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 106, no. 7, pp. 837–843, 2011. View at Scopus
73. C. M. Xia, R. Rong, Z. X. Lu et al., “Schistosoma japonicum: a PCR assay for the early detection and evaluation of treatment in a rabbit model,” Experimental Parasitology, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 175–179, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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77. J. Song and Q.-F. He, “Bioinformatics analysis of the structure and linear B-cell epitopes of aquaporin-3 from Schistosoma japonicum,” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 107–109, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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81. J. Levano-Garcia, R. A. Mortara, S. Verjovski-Almeida, and R. DeMarco, “Characterization of Schistosoma mansoni ATPDase2 gene, a novel apyrase family member,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 352, no. 2, pp. 384–389, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
82. R. G. P. R. Mendes, M. A. N. Gusmão, A. C. R. G. Maia et al., “Immunostimulatory property of a synthetic peptide belonging to the soluble ATP diphosphohydrolase isoform (SmATPDase 2) and immunolocalisation of this protein in the schistosoma mansoni egg,” Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 106, no. 7, pp. 808–813, 2011. View at Scopus
83. M. E. Hemler, “Specific tetraspanin functions,” Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 155, no. 7, pp. 1103–1107, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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Publication Listing
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• Title: Blockade Billy
• Authors: Stephen King
• Year: 2010-08-00
• Catalog ID: #91-4813
• Publisher: Scribner / SFBC
• Price: $11.99
• Pages: 144
• Binding: hc
• Type: COLLECTION
• Title Reference: Blockade Billy
• Cover: Glen Orbik
• ISFDB Record Number: 317245
• Notes: Info from the SFBC website where it was available 2010-05-25. Became a selection of the SFBC in the August 2010 catalog.
• Bibliographic Comments: Add new Publication comment (BLCKDBLLNS2010)
Cover art supplied by Amazon
Contents (view Concise Listing)
Verification Status
Reference Status
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Contento1 (anth/coll) Not Verified
Locus1 Not Verified
Reginald1 Not Verified
Reginald3 Not Verified
Tuck Not Verified
Miller/Contento Not Verified
Bleiler1 (Gernsback) Not Verified
Currey Not Verified
Primary (Transient) Not Verified
Bleiler78 Not Verified
OCLC/Worldcat Not Verified
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Nano Express
Persistent Photoconductivity Studies in Nanostructured ZnO UV Sensors
Shiva Hullavarad1*, Nilima Hullavarad1, David Look2 and Bruce Claflin2
Author Affiliations
1 Office of Electronic Miniaturization, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, 99701, USA
2 Semiconductor Research Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
Nanoscale Research Letters 2009, 4:1421-1427 doi:10.1007/s11671-009-9414-7
Published: 28 August 2009
Abstract
The phenomenon of persistent photoconductivity is elusive and has not been addressed to an extent to attract attention both in micro and nanoscale devices due to unavailability of clear material systems and device configurations capable of providing comprehensive information. In this work, we have employed a nanostructured (nanowire diameter 30–65 nm and 5 μm in length) ZnO-based metal–semiconductor–metal photoconductor device in order to study the origin of persistent photoconductivity. The current–voltage measurements were carried with and without UV illumination under different oxygen levels. The photoresponse measurements indicated a persistent conductivity trend for depleted oxygen conditions. The persistent conductivity phenomenon is explained on the theoretical model that proposes the change of a neutral anion vacancy to a charged state.
Keywords:
Persistent photoconductivity; Semiconducting II–VI materials; Zinc oxide; UV sensor; Nanoscale device
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Contributions
Thinstation 1229 commits Mar 2009 to Present
Developer at Thinstation Developer
GOsa 4 commits Mar 2010 to Jul 2010
Translator
OpenEmbedded 2 commits Feb 2010
Location
São Paulo - SP, Brasil
Ohloh Activity
Joined Ohloh 30 Jul 2009
15 Ohloh website edit(s)
No forum posts.
No project reviewed.
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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Very High Activity
Contributors : Alexander Miller
Analyzed 3 days ago based on code collected 3 days ago.
Activity on Stellarium by Alexander Miller
All-time Commits: 1
12-Month Commits: 1
30-Day Commits: 0
Overall Kudo Rank:
First Commit: 22-May-2012
Last Commit: 22-May-2012
Names in SCM: Alexander Miller
Commit history:
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Project Commits
Approximately one year of commit activity shown
Project Languages
Language Aggregate Coding Time Total Commits Total Lines Changed Comment Ratio
C++ 1m 1 10 -
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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Talk:IGEM:MIT/2006
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 12:37, 30 March 2006 by Austin J. Che (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Advertising
Places to advertise/recruit students:
• BE180: done (Drew)
• Biology undergrads: done
• MIT UROP posting: done
• Previous iGEM participants (contacted Annie, Will)
• Posters
• Chemical engineering undergrads (contacted undergrad program coordinator)
• BMES (contacted officers)
• BE109? (is this same as BE180? very nearly ... will post announcement on class site.)
• EECS undergrads (emailed Anne Hunter)
UROP
Post here: http://web.mit.edu/urop/dept/super/projpost.html
How about this:
Title
Join the MIT iGEM Competition Team!
Description
iGEM, the international genetically engineered machines competition, is 6.270 for biological engineers. The objective of the competition is to design and build an engineered biological system using DNA over the course of the summer. Systems will be constructed from standard biological parts (similar to the 6.270 LEGOs). The MIT iGEM team will be made up of 4-5 undergraduates working full-time during summer 2006 on engineering a biological system. The team will be advised by several experienced graduate students. You will have the opportunity to compete against over 30 schools from around the world. You will gain experience in experimental biology techniques such as cloning, PCR, microscopy and flow cytometry as well as teamwork and presenting your work.
Prereqs/Requirements
Biology lab experience would be useful but not an absolute requirement. Enthusiasm and lack of other commitments in the summer is required.
Contact
See http://openwetware.org/wiki/IGEM:MIT2006 for more information about applying or email mit-igem-06@syntheticbiology.org
Discussion
• BC 19:52, 22 March 2006 (EST): So for right now, we basically want this page to be primarily an ad for the team and the competition, correct?
• RS 20:03, 22 March 2006 (EST): Yes. Once we choose the team, it will become a portal to the team pages.
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Agave happened to be leaping near me, and I sprang forth, wanting to snatch her, [730] abandoning the ambush where I had hidden myself. But she cried out: “O my fleet hounds, we are hunted by these men; but follow me! follow armed with your thyrsoi in your hands!”
We fled and escaped [735] from being torn apart by the Bacchae, but they, with unarmed hands, sprang on the heifers browsing the grass. and you might see one rending asunder a fatted lowing calf, while others tore apart cows. [740] You might see ribs or cloven hooves tossed here and there; caught in the trees they dripped, dabbled in gore. Bulls who before were fierce, and showed their fury with their horns, stumbled to the ground, [745] dragged down by countless young hands. The garment of flesh was torn apart faster then you could blink your royal eyes. And like birds raised in their course, they proceeded along the level plains, which by the streams of the Asopus [750] produce the bountiful Theban crop. And falling like soldiers upon Hysiae and Erythrae, towns situated below the rock of Kithairon, they turned everything upside down. They were snatching children from their homes; [755] and whatever they put on their shoulders, whether bronze or iron, was not held on by bonds, nor did it fall to the ground. They carried fire on their locks, but it did not burn them. Some people in rage took up arms, being plundered by the Bacchae, [760] and the sight of this was terrible to behold, lord. For their pointed spears drew no blood, but the women, hurling the thyrsoi from their hands, kept wounding them and turned them to flight—women did this to men, not without the help of some god. [765] And they returned where they had come from, to the very fountains which the god had sent forth for them, and washed off the blood, and snakes cleaned the drops from the women's cheeks with their tongues.
Receive this god then, whoever he is, [770] into this city, master. For he is great in other respects, and they say this too of him, as I hear, that he gives to mortals the vine that puts an end to grief. Without wine there is no longer Aphrodite or any other pleasant thing for men.
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volgāris (vulg-) e, adj.
volgus, of the mass, of the multitude, general, usual, ordinary, everyday, common: in omni arte, cuius usus volgaris non sit: liberalitas, i. e. extended to all: opinio.— Plur n. as subst: stomachus volgaria temnit, i. e. cibos volgarīs, H.Commonplace, low, mean, vulgar: nihil volgare te dignum videri potest: artes: Coetūs volgarīs spernere, H.
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[3]
History of Mount Auburn.
The celebrity attained by Mount Auburn, pronounced by European travellers the most beautiful Cemetery in existence, and which, perhaps, without assuming too much, may be called the Pere la Chaise of America,--the extraordinary natural loveliness of the spot,--the admirable character of the establishment which is there maintained,--the fact that this was the first conspicuous example of the kind in our country,--these, with many others we might mention, are considerations strongly in favor of putting on record a more accurate and complete history of its origin and progress than has yet been given to the public. Nor need we suppose that such an account will concern only the numerous class of individuals, chiefly belonging to our own vicinity, whose interest in this Cemetery is yet of the deepest and most delicate character,--that which kindred feel in the dust and monuments of kindred, and in the ground, whatever and wherever it may be, in whose bosom they expect their own remains may repose, when the great debt of nature shall be paid. [4]
A feeling of less immediate and intimate application than this, but of the same kind, has evidently been for some years increasing and extending throughout the American community. In no small degree it is probably a result of the formation of the establishment at Mount Auburn itself. Something more and better than the mere love of novelty, or the ordinary admiration of what is admirable, is certainly at its foundation. It shows itself in works that speak louder than any language. Our Cemetery has become, within the few years of its existence, a model for all similar institutions in the United States, and more of these have been founded within the last half dozen years, than during the whole two centuries that preceded them. At this moment, associations in several of our principal cities and towns are engaged in such undertakings. It is well known that applications are continually made from these parties, for information relating to Mount Auburn. The multitudes of foreigners and other strangers, who frequent the northern metropolis during the travelling season, experience the same want. For them there is no resort of recreation (using that word in its just philosophical sense) in Boston or its vicinity, equally satisfactory with this “pleasant though mournful” spot. Nothing more perhaps is needed to complete their enjoyment of it, than a better knowledge than can at present be easily obtained, of the causes and sources to which they are indebted for the pleasure it gives them, of the principles upon which the establishment is conducted, and of the means by which its yet unrivalled perfections may be emulated in every section of the land. [5]
In drawing up this account, which we propose to render as practically useful as may be, we have sought to fortify our authenticity by references to original and official documents, for the introduction of which we are confident the reader will require of us no apology beyond what is implied in this explanation. The subject is not of a character to excite the meditative mind for the moment to a mood of matter-of-fact enquiry, but it is certain, on the other hand, that a sentimental history — if such a thing might be — is not what is wanted.
The considerations of a general nature which first led to the adoption of measures for the foundation of the establishment at Mount Auburn, are such as are already familiar, we must presume, to such of our readers as have reflected on the subject at all. In the address delivered at its consecration by Mr. Justice Story, they are expressed with equal force and beauty; as also in the Reports of Committees of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, published in 1831, and written by some of our most distinguished citizens. These papers will be incorporated in this history, or added to it, in due course; meanwhile it is proper to remark that not only sentiments and reflections similar to those which these publications express had long been entertained by many members of this community, but certain incipient steps towards the putting of such designs in execution had been taken, some years, at least, prior to the actual result now well known to the public.
The earliest meeting on the subject of the Cemetery, so far as we have been able to ascertain, was held in
November, 1825, at the house and by the instance of [6] our respected fellow-citizen, Dr. Jacob Bigelow, on which occasion were present with himself Messrs. John Lowell, George Bond, William Sturgis, Thomas W. Ward, Samuel P. Gardiner, John Tappan and Nathan Hale. The design of a Cemetery somewhere in the vicinity of the city met with unanimous approval, and Messrs. Bond and Tappan were appointed a Committee to make enquiries, and report a suitable piece of ground for the purpose. The Committee were unsuccessful in their enquiries, and never reported, nor was the subject ever actively revived in any way by these immediate parties.
The next movement was in 1830, when Dr. Bigelow, having obtained from George W. Brimmer, Esq., the offer of “Sweet Auburn,” for a Public Cemetery, at the price of six thousand dollars, communicated the fact to the officers of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and engaged their co-operation as private individuals in a great effort to accomplish the object in view. A meeting of members of that Society was held on the twenty-third of November, by invitation of Messrs. Bigelow and John C. Gray, to discuss the plan of a Cemetery to be connected with an “Experimental Garden” of the Society. A Committee of the Society was now appointed, consisting of Messrs. H. A. S. Dearborn, Jacob Bigelow, Edward Everett, G. Bond, J. C. Gray, Abbott Lawrence, and George W. Brimmer. These gentlemen called a more general meeting on the eighth of June, 1831, “to consider the details of a plan now about to be carried into execution,” &c. On this occasion the attendance was large. Mr. Justice Story took the chair, and the Hon. E. Everett acted as Secretary. [7] Great interest and equanimity were expressed in regard to the design of the meeting. It was now voted to purchase Sweet Auburn, provided one hundred subscribers could be obtained, at sixty dollars each; also to appoint a Committee of twenty to report on a general plan of proceedings proper to be adopted towards effecting the objects of the meeting; and the following gentlemen were chosen:--Messrs. Joseph Story, Daniel Webster, H. A. S. Dearborn, Charles Lowell, Samuel Appleton, Jacob Bigelow, Edward Everett, George W. Brimmer, George Bond, A. H. Everett, Abbott Lawrence, James T. Austin, Franklin Dexter, Joseph P. Bradlee, Charles Tappan, Charles P. Curtis, Zebedee Cook, Jr., John Pierpont, L. M. Sargent and George W. Pratt, Esquires.
An elaborate Report, on the general objects of the meeting, was on this occasion offered by the previously appointed Committee.1
Another meeting was held on the 11th of June, at which the Committee of twenty reported-
1. That it is expedient to purchase, for a Garden and Cemetery, a tract of land, commonly known by the name of Sweet Auburn, near the road leading from Cambridge to Watertown, containing about seventy-two acres, for the sum of six thousand dollars: provided this sum can be raised in the manner proposed in the second article of this report.
2. That a subscription be opened for lots of ground in the said tract, containing not less than two hundred square feet each, at the price of sixty dollars for each [8] lot, the subscription not to be binding until one hundred lots are subscribed for.
3. That when a hundred or more lots are taken, the right of choice shall be disposed of at an auction, of which seasonable notice shall be given to the subscribers.
4. That those subscribers, who do not offer a premium for the right of choosing, shall have their lots assigned to them by lot.
5. That the fee of the land shall be vested in the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, but that the use of the lots, agreeably to an Act of the Legislature, respecting the same, shall be secured to the subscribers, their heirs and assigns, forever.
6. That the land devoted to the purpose of a Cemetery shall contain not less than forty acres.
7. That every subscriber, upon paying for his lot, shall become a member, for life, of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, without being subject to assessments.
8. That a Garden and Cemetery Committee of nine persons shall be chosen annually, first by the subscribers, and afterwards by the Horticultural Society, whose duty it shall be to cause the necessary surveys and allotments to be made, to assign a suitable tract of land for the Garden of the Society, and to direct all matters appertaining to the regulation of the Garden and Cemetery; five at least of this Committee shall be persons having rights in the Cemetery.
9. That the establishment, including the Garden and Cemetery, be called by a definite name, to be supplied by the Committee, [9]
The Society on this occasion Resolved, “That the Report of the Committee on an Experimental Garden and Rural Cemetery be accepted, and that said Committee be authorized to proceed in the establishment of a Garden and Cemetery, in conformity to the Report which has this day been made and accepted.”
The following article, which appeared about this time in the Daily Advertiser, (attributed to the pen of the distinguished gentleman who acted as secretary of some of the meetings above referred to) conveys so complete an idea of the reasoning and spirit that animated the movements now described, in which this establishment had its beginning, that, although not an official document strictly, it may be considered indispensable to a satisfactory account of these proceedings, and we therefore, as well as for the sake of the style of the paper itself, insert it entire:
The spot, which has been selected for this establishment, has not been chosen without great deliberation, and a reference to every other place in the vicinity of Boston, which has been named for the same purpose. In fact, the difficulty of finding a proper place has been for several years the chief obstacle to the execution of this project. The spot chosen is as near Boston as is consistent with perfect security from the approach of those establishments, usually found in the neighborhood of a large town, but not in harmony with the character of a place of burial. It stands near a fine sweep in Charles River. It presents every variety of surface, rising in one part into a beautiful elevation, level in others, with intermediate depressions, and a considerable part of the whole covered with the natural growth [10] of wood. In fact, the place has long been noted for its rural beauty, its romantic seclusion and its fine prospect; and it is confidently believed, that there is not another to be named, possessing the same union of advantages.
It is proposed to set apart a considerable portion of this delightful spot, for the purpose of a burial place. Little will be required from the hand of art to fit it for that purpose. Nature has already done almost all that is required. Scarcely any thing is needed but a suitable enclosure; and such walks as will give access to the different parts of the enclosed space, and exhibit its features to the greatest advantage. It is proposed, (as it appears from the report above cited) to divide the parts of the tract, best adapted to that purpose, into lots, containing two hundred or more square feet, to be used by individuals becoming proprietors of them, for the purposes of burial. It will be at the option of those interested to build tombs of the usual construction on these lots, or to make graves in them, when occasion may require; identifying the lot by a single monument, or the graves by separate stones, or leaving the whole without any other ornament, than the green turf and the overshadowing trees.
By the act of the Legislature, authorizing the Horticultural Society to establish this Cemetery, it is placed under the protection of the Laws, and consecrated to the perpetual occupancy of the dead. Being connected with the adjacent experimental garden, it will be under the constant inspection of the Society's Gardener; and thus possess advantages, in reference to the care and neatness with which it will be kept, not usually [11] found in places of burial. A formal act of dedication with religious solemnities, will impart to it a character of sanctity; and consecrate it to the sacred purposes for which it is destined.
It is a matter of obvious consideration, that with the rapid increase of the City of Boston, many years cannot elapse, before the deposit of the dead within its limits must cease. It is already attended with considerable difficulty and is open to serious objection. The establishment now contemplated presents an opportunity for all, who wish to enjoy it, of providing a place of burial for those, for whom it is their duty to make such provision. The space is ample affording room for as large a number of lots as may be required, for a considerable length of time; and the price at which they are now to be purchased, it is believed, is considerably less than that of tombs, in the usual places of their construction.
Although no one, whose feelings and principles are sound, can regard without tenderness and delicacy the question, where he will deposit the remains of those, whom it is his duty to follow to their last home, yet it may be feared, that too little thought has been had for the decent aspect of our places of sepulture or their highest adaptation to their great object. Our burial places are in the cities crowded till they are full, nor, in general, does any other object, either in town or country, appear to have been had in view in them, than that of confining the remains of the departed to the smallest portion of earth that will hide them. Trees, whose inexpressible beauty has been provided by the hand of the Creator, as the great ornament of [12] the earth, have rarely been planted about our grave yards; the enclosures are generally inadequate and neglected, the graves indecently crowded together, and often, after a few years, disturbed; and the whole appearance as little calculated as possible to invite the visits of the seriously disposed, to tranquilize the feelings of surviving friends, and to gratify that disposition which would lead us to pay respect to their ashes.
Nor has it hitherto been in the power even of those, who might be able and willing to do it, to remedy these evils, as far as they are themselves concerned. Great objections exist to a place of sepulture in a private field; particularly this, that in a few years, it is likely to pass into the hands of those who will take no interest in preserving its sacred deposit from the plough. The mother of Washington lies buried in a field, the property of a person not related to her family, and in a spot which cannot now be identified. In the public grave yard it is not always in the power of an individual, to appropriate to a single place of burial, space enough for the purposes of decent and respectful ornament.
The proposed establishment seems to furnish every facility for gratifying the desire, which must rank among the purest and strongest of the human heart; and which would have been much more frequently indicated, but for the very serious, and sometimes insuperable obstacles of which we have spoken. Here it will be in the power of every one, who may wish it, at an expense considerably less than that of a common tomb or a vault beneath a church, to deposit the mortal remains of his friends; and to provide a place of burial [13] for himself,--which while living he may contemplate without dread or disgust; one which is secure from the danger of being encroached upon as in the grave yards of the city; secluded from every species of uncongenial intrusion; surrounded with every thing that can fill the heart with tender and respectful emotions:beneath the shade of a venerable tree, on the slope of the verdant lawn, and within the seclusion of the forest ;--removed from all the discordant scenes of life.
Such were the places of burial of the ancient nations. In a spot like this, were laid the remains of the patriarchs of Israel. In the neighborhood of their great cities the ancient Egyptians established extensive cities of the dead; and the Greeks and Romans erected the monuments of the departed by the road side; on the approach to their cities, or in pleasant groves in their suburbs. A part of the Grove of Academus, near Athens, famous for the school of Plato, was appropriated to the sepulchres of their men of renown; and it was the saying of Themistocles, that the monuments he beheld there, would not permit him to sleep. The Appian Way was lined with the monuments of the heroes and sages of Rome. In modern times, the Turkish people are eminent for that respectful care of the places of sepulture, which forms an interesting trait of the oriental character. At the heed and foot of each grave, a cypress tree is planted, so that the grave yard becomes in a few years, a deep and shady grove. These sacred precincts are never violated; they form the most beautiful suburbs to the cities, and not unfrequently when the city of the living has been swept away by the political vicissitudes, frequent under that government, [14] the Grove of Cypress remains,--spreading its sacred shelter over the city of the dead.
In the City of Boston, the inconveniences of the present modes of burial are severely felt, and it is as a becoming appendage, an interesting ornament of the town, that this Cemetery should be regarded. When it shall be laid out, with suitable walks and the appropriate spots shall begin to be adorned with the various memorials, which affection and respect may erect to the departed, what object in or near Boston will be equally attractive? What would sooner arrest the attention of the stranger; whither would a man of reflection and serious temper sooner direct his steps? Had such a Cemetery, with prophetic forethought of posterity, been laid out in the first settlement of the country, and all our venerated dead,--the eminent in church and state-been deposited side by side, with plain but enduring monuments, it would possess already an interest of the most elevated and affecting character. Such a place of deposit is Pee la Chaise near Paris, which has already become a spot of the greatest interest and attraction, furnishing the model to similar establishments in various parts of Europe, and well deserving to be had in view, in that which is in contemplation here.
The vicinity of our venerable University suggests an interesting train of associations, connected with this spot. It has ever been the favorite resort of the students. There are hundreds now living, who have passed some of the happiest hours of the happiest period of their lives, beneath the shade of the trees in this secluded forest. It will become the place of burial for the University. Here will the dust of the young men, who [15] may be cut off before their academic course is run, be laid by their classmates. Here will be deposited those who may die in the offices of instruction and government. Nor is it impossible, that the several class associations, which form a beautiful feature of our college life, may each appropriate to themselves a lot, where such of their brethren as may desire it, may be brought back to be deposited in the soil of the spot where they passed their early years.
The establishment contemplated will afford the means of paying a tribute of respect, by a monumental erection, to the names and memory of great and good men, whenever or wherever they have died. Its summit may be consecrated to Washington, by a Cenotaph inscribed with his name. Public sentiment will often delight in these tributes of respect, and the place may gradually become the honorary mausoleum for the distinguished sons of Massachusetts.
This design, though but recently made public, has been long in contemplation; and, as is believed, has been favored with unusual approbation. It has drawn forth much unsolicited and earnest concurrence. It has touched a chord of sympathy, which vibrates in every heart. Let us take an affectionate and pious care of our dead;--let us turn to some good account, in softening and humanizing the public feeling, that sentiment of tenderness toward the departed, which is natural and ineradicable in man. Let us employ some of the superfluous wealth now often expended in luxury worse than useless, in rendering the place where our beloved friends repose, decent, attractive, and grateful at once to the eye and the heart.
[16]
In June, 1831, the protection of the Commonwealth being deemed necessary to the proper management of the enterprise of the Horticultural Society, the following Act was applied for and obtained:
An Act, in addition to an Act entitled, “an Act to incorporate the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.”
Commonwealth of Massachusetts. In the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-one.
section I: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, That the Massachusetts Horticultural Society be, and hereby are, authorized, in addition to the powers already conferred on them, to dedicate and appropriate any part of the real estate now owned or hereafter to be purchased by them, as and for a Rural Cemetery or Burying Ground, and for the erection of Tombs, Cenotaphs, or other Monuments, for, or in memory of the dead; and for this purpose, to lay out the same in suitable lots or other subdivisions, for family, and other burying places; and to plant and embellish the same with shrubbery, flowers, trees, walks, and other rural ornaments, and to enclose and divide the same with proper walls and enclosures, and to make and annex thereto other suitable appendages and conveniences as the Society shall from time to time deem expedient. And whenever the said Society shall so lay out and appropriate any of their real estate for a Cemetery or Burying Ground, as aforesaid, the same shall be deemed a perpetual dedication thereof for the purposes [17] aforesaid; and the real estate so dedicated shall be forever held by the said Society in trust for such purposes, and for none other. And the said Society, shall have authority to grant and convey to any person or persons the sole and exclusive right of burial, and of erecting Tombs, Cenotaphs, and other Monuments, in any such designated lots and subdivisions, upon such terms and conditions, and subject to such regulations as the said Society shall by their by-laws and regulations prescribe. And every right so granted and conveyed shall be held for the purposes aforesaid, and for none other, as real estate, by the proprietor or proprietors thereof, and shall not be subject to attachment or execution.
section Ii: Be it further enacted, That for the purposes of this Act, the said Society shall be, and hereby are authorized to purchase and hold any real estate not exceeding ten thousand dollars in value, in addition to the real estate which they are now by law authorized to purchase and hold. And to enable the said Society more effectually to carry the plan aforesaid into effect, and to provide funds for the same, the said Society shall be, and hereby are authorized to open subscription books, upon such terms, conditions, and regulations as the said Society shall prescribe, which shall be deemed fundamental and perpetual articles between the said Society and the subscribers. And every person, who shall become a subscriber in conformity thereto, shall be deemed a member for life of the said Society without the payment of any other assessment whatsoever, and shall moreover be entitled, in fee simple, to the sole and exclusive right of using, as a place of [18] burial, and of erecting Tombs, Cenotaphs, and other Monuments in such lot or subdivision of such Cemetery or Burying Ground, as shall in conformity to such fundamental articles be assigned to him.
section Iii: Be it further enacted, That the President of the said Society shall have authority to call any special meeting or meetings of the said Society at such time and place as he shall direct, for the purpose of carrying into effect any or all the purposes of this Act, or any other purposes within the purview or the original Act to which this Act is in addition.
In House of Representatives, June 22d, 1831. Passed to be enacted. William B. Calhoun, Speaker. In Senate, June 23d, 1831. Passed to be enacted.
Leverett Saltonstall, President. June 23d, 1831. Approved.
Levi Lincoln. A true Copy. Attest,
Edward D. Bangs, Secretary of the Commonwealth,
At a meeting of subscribers called August 3d, 1831, it appeared that the subscription had become obligatory, according to the program above stated, by the taking of a hundred lots. In fact, the paper was filled up to a much greater extent than was either required or expected, as may be seen by reference to the original [19] document ;2 a result which, it may be proper to say, was in a very considerable degree owing to the zealous efforts of one individual, the late Mr. Josiah P. Bradlee, who engaged in this enterprise with his characteristic spirit. Nor is it but just to add that he was most efficiently aided by others. The following gentlemen were now chosen to constitute a “Garden and Cemetery Committee :” Messrs. Joseph Story, H. A. S. Dearborn, Jacob Bigelow, E. Everett, G. W. Brimmer, George Bond, Charles Wells, Benjamin A. Gould, and George W. Pratt. At the same time, arrangements were made for a public religious consecration, to be held on the Society's grounds.
At a meeting, August 8th, a sub-committee was appointed to procure an accurate topographical survey of Mount Auburn, and report a plan for laying it out into lots. This service was performed subsequently by Mr. Alexander Wadsworth, Civil Engineer.
The consecration of the Cemetery took place on Saturday, September 24th, 1831. A temporary amphitheatre was fitted up with seats, in one of the deep vallies of the wood, having a platform for the speakers erected at the bottom. An audience of nearly two thousand persons were seated among the trees, adding a scene of picturesque beauty to the impressive solemnity of the occasion. The order of performances was as follows:-- [20]
1. Instrumental Music, by the Boston Band.
2. Introductory Prayer, by Rev. Dr. Ware.
3. Hymn,
The Rev. Mr. Pierpont.
To thee, O God, in humble trust,
Our hearts their cheerful incense burn,
For this thy word, “Thou art of dust,
And unto dust shalt thou return.”
For, what were life, life's work all done,
The hopes, joys, loves, that cling to clay,
All, all departed, one by one,
And yet life's load borne on for aye!
Decay! Decay! 'tis stamped on all!
All bloom, in flower and flesh, shall fade;
Ye whispering trees, when we shall fall,
Be our long sleep beneath your shade!
Here to thy bosom, mother Earth,
Take back, in peace, what thou hast given;
And all that is of heavenly birth,
O God, in peace, recall to Heaven!
4. Address, by the Hon. Joseph Story.
5. Concluding Prayer, by the Rev. Mr. Pierpont.
6. Music by the band. [21]
A cloudless sun and an atmosphere purified by showers, combined to make the day one of the most delightful we ever experience at this season of the year. It is unnecessary to say that the address by Judge Story was pertinent to the occasion, for, if the name of the orator were not sufficient, the perfect silence of the multitude, enabling him to be heard with distinctness at the most distant part of the beautiful amphitheatre in which the services were performed, would be sufficient testimony as to its worth and beauty. Nor is it in the pen's power to furnish any adequate description of the effect produced by the music of the thousand voices which joined in the hymn, as it swelled in chastened melody from the bottom of the glen, and, like the spirit of devotion, found an echo in every heart, and pervaded the whole scene.
Some account of Mount Auburn itself, as it existed at this stage of its history, may with propriety be here introduced. The tract of land which bears this name, is situated on the Southerly side of the main road leading from Cambridge to Watertown, partly within the limits of both those towns, and distant about four miles from Boston. Formerly it was known by the name of Stone's Woods, the title to most of the land having remained in the family of Stones from an early period after the settlement of the country. Mr. Brimmer made purchase of the hill and part of the woodlands within a few years, chiefly with the view of preventing the destruction of the trees, and to his disinterested love of the beautiful in nature, may be attributed the preservation of this lovely spot. The first purchase of [22] the Society included between seventy and eighty acres, extending from the road nearly to the banks of Charles River. The Experimental Garden commenced by the Association was to have been upon that portion of the ground next to the road, and separated from the Cemetery by a long water-course, running between this tract and the interior wood-land. The latter is covered, throughout most of its extent, with a vigorous growth of forest trees, many of them of large size, and comprising an unusual variety of kinds. This tract is beautifully undulating in its surface, containing a number of bold eminences, steep acclivities, and deep shadowy vallies. A remarkable natural ridge with a level surface runs through the ground from south-east to north-west, and has for many years been known as a secluded and favorite walk. The principal eminence, called Mount Auburn in the plan, is one hundred and twenty-five feet above the level of Charles river, and commands from its summit one of the finest prospects which can be obtained in the environs of Boston. On one side is the city in full view, connected at its extremities with Charlestown and Roxbury. The serpentine course of Charles River, with the cultivated hills and fields rising beyond it, and having the Blue Hills of Milton in the distance, occupies another portion of the landscape. The village of
Cambridge, with the venerable edifices of Harvard University, are situated about a mile to the east-ward. On the north, at a very small distance, Fresh Pond appears, a handsome sheet of water, finely diversified by its woody and irregular shores. Country seats and cottages seen in various directions, and those on the elevated land at Watertown, especially, add much to the picturesque effect of the scene. [23]
The grounds of the Cemetery were laid out with intersecting avenues, so as to render every part of the wood accessible. These avenues are curved and variously winding in their course, so as to be adapted to the natural inequalities of the surface. By this arrangement the greatest economy of the land is produced, combining at the same time the picturesque effect of landscape gardening. Over the more level portions, the avenues are made twenty feet wide, and are suitable for carriage-roads. The more broken and precipitous parts are approached by foot-paths, which are six feet in width. These passage-ways are smoothly gravelled, and planted on both sides with flowers and ornamental shrubs. Lots of ground, (containing each three hundred square feet) are set off as family burial-places, at suitable distances on the sides of the avenues and paths.3
The nature of the privileges now granted to the purchasers of these lots by the proprietors, may be learned by reference to the form of conveyance employed.4 We have inserted also the names of the hills, foot-paths and avenues, which it was found convenient to adopt.5 These were laid out by a Committee, of which General Dearborn was Chairman. The Egyptian gateway, which forms the chief entrance to the grounds, was designed by Dr. Bigelow.
The first choice of lots was offered for sale, by auction, Nov. 28th, 1831; the first two hundred being then made purchasable to subscribers on the following conditions: [24]
1. Each lot contains three hundred square feet, exclusive of ground necessary to fence the same, for which sixty dollars are to be paid.
2. In addition to said sum of sixty dollars, the sum bid for the right of selection is to be paid, and the bidder is to decide on the lot he will take at the moment of sale.
3. If any subscriber be not satisfied with the lot sold or assigned to him, he may at any time within six months exchange the same for any other among the lots already laid out, if any such remain unappropriated.
4. If any subscriber shall wish to enlarge his lot, the Garden and Cemetery Committee may, if they see no objection, set off to him land for that purpose, on his paying for the same at the rate of twenty cents per square foot.
5. A receiving tomb is provided in the City, and one will be constructed at Mount Auburn, in which, if desired, bodies may be deposited for a term not exceeding six months.
At this sale, the one hundred and fifty-seven lots previously subscribed for, were assigned, at sixty dollars each. The amount bid for the right of selection at the same time, (from twelve dollars to one hundred dollars, each lot,) was $957,50.
Mount Auburn, it is generally well known, is now the property of a separate and distinct corporation, having no connection with the Horticultural Society. This transfer was effected in 1835, and the following Act was that year obtained from the Legislature of the Commonwealth, for the incorporation of the proprietors by themselves: [25]
Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
In the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty five.
An Act to incorporate the Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn.
section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, That Joseph Story, John Davis, Jacob Bigelow, Isaac Parker, George Bond, and Charles P. Curtis, together with such other persons as are Proprietors of Lots in the Cemetery at Mount Auburn, in the towns of Cambridge and Watertown, in the County of Middlesex, and who shall in writing signify their assent to this Act, their successors and assigns be, and they hereby are created a Corporation, by the name of the Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn, and they shall have all the powers and privileges contained in the statute of the year One thousand eight hundred and thirty three, Chapter eighty-three.
section 2. Be it further enacted, That the said Corporation may take and hold in fee simple the Garden and Cemetery at Mount Auburn, now held by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and any other lands adjacent thereto, not exceeding fifty acres in addition to said Garden and Cemetery, upon the same trusts and for the same purposes and with the same powers and privileges as the said Massachusetts Horticultural Society now hold the same by virtue of the statute of the year One thousand eight hundred and thirty-one, Chapter sixty-nine; and may also take and [26] hold any personal estate not exceeding in value fifty thousand dollars, to be applied to purposes connected with and appropriate to the objects of said establishment.
section 3. Be it further enacted, That all persons who shall hereafter become Proprietors of Lots in said Cemetery, of a size not less, each, than three hundred square feet, shall thereby become members of the said Corporation.
section 4. Be it further enacted, That the Officers of the said Corporation shall consist of not less than seven nor more than twelve Trustees, a Treasurer, Secretary, and such other Officers as they may direct. The Trustees shall be elected annually at the annual meeting, and shall hold their offices until others are chosen. And they shall choose one of their number to be President, who shall be also President of the Corporation, and they shall also choose the Secretary and Treasurer, either from their own body or at large. And the said Trustees shall have the general management, superintendence and care of the property, expenditures, business and prudential concerns of the Corporation, and of the sales of lots in the said Cemetery, and they shall make a report of their doings to the Corporation at their annual meeting. The Treasurer shall give bonds for the faithful discharge of the duties of his office, and shall have the superintendence and management of the fiscal concerns of the Corporation, subject to the revision and control of the Trustees, to whom he shall make an Annual Report, which shall be laid before the Corporation at their annual meeting. And the Secretary shall be under oath for the faithful performance [27] of the duties of his office, and shall record the doings at all meetings of the Corporation and of the Trustees.
section 5. Be it further enacted, That the annual meetings of said Corporation shall be holden at such time and place as the By-laws shall direct, and the Secretary shall give notice thereof in one or more newspapers, printed in Boston, seven days at least before the time of meeting. And special meetings may be called by the Trustees in the same manner unless otherwise directed by the By-laws; or by the Secretary, in the same manner, upon the written request of twenty members of the Corporation. At all meetings, a quoram for business shall consist of not less than seven members; and any business may be transacted, of which notice shall be given in the advertisements for the meeting, and all questions shall be decided by a majority of the members present, and voting either in person or by proxy.
section 6. Be it further enacted, That as soon as the said Corporation shall have received from the Massachusetts Horticultural Society a legal conveyance of the said Garden and Cemetery at Mount Auburn, the Massachusetts Horticultural Society shall cease to have any rights, powers and authorities over the same; and all the rights, powers and authorities, trusts, immunities and privileges conferred upon the said Society, and upon the Proprietors of Lots in the said Cemetery in and by virtue of the first section of the statute of the year One thousand eight hundred and thirty-one, Chapter sixty-nine, shall be transferred to and exercised by the Corporation created by this Act, and the same shall to all intents and purposes apply to the said Corporation, [28] and all Proprietors of Lots in the said Cemetery, with the same force and effect as if the same were herein specially enacted, and the said Corporation substituted for the Massachusetts Horticultural Society hereby.
section 7. Be it further enacted, That any person who shall wilfully destroy, mutilate, deface, injure or remove any tomb, monument, grave-stone or other structure placed in the Cemetery aforesaid, or any fence, railing or other work for the protection or ornament of any tomb, monument, grave-stone or other structure aforesaid, or of any Cemetery Lot, within the limits of the Garden and Cemetery aforesaid, or shall wilfully destroy, remove, cut, break or injure any tree, shrub or plant within the limits of the said Garden and Cemetery, or shall shoot or discharge any gun or other fire-arm within the said limits, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, upon conviction thereof before any justice of the Peace or other Court of competent jurisdiction within the County of Middlesex, be punished by a fine not less than five dollars nor more than fifty dollars, according to the nature and aggravation of the offence; and such offender shall also be liable, in an action of trespass to be brought against him in any Court of competent jurisdiction in the name of the Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn, to pay all such damages as shall have been occasioned by his unlawful act or acts, which money when recovered shall be applied by the said Corporation, under the direction of the Board of Trustees, to the reparation and restoration of the property destroyed or injured as above, and members of the said Corporation shall be competent witnesses in such suits. [29]
section 8. Be it further enacted, That the Lots in said Cemetery shall be indivisible, and upon the death of any Proprietor of any Lot in the said Cemetery, containing not less than three hundred square feet, the devisee of such Lot, or the heir at law, as the case may be, shall be entitled to all the privileges of membership as aforesaid; and if there be more than one devisee or heir at law of each Lot, the Board of Trustees for the time being shall designate, which of the said devisees or heirs at law shall represent the said Lot, and vote in the meetings of the Corporation, which designation shall continue in force, until by death, removal or other sufficient cause, another designation shall become necessary; and in making such designation the Trustees shall, as far as they conveniently may, give the preference to males over females, and to proximity of blood and priority of age, having due regard, however, to proximity of residence.
section 9. Be it further enacted, That it shall be lawful for the said Corporation to take and hold any grant, donation or bequest of property upon trust, to apply the income thereof under the direction of the Board of Trustees for the improvement or embellishment of the said Cemetery or of the Garden adjacent thereto, or of any buildings, structures or fences erected or to be erected upon the lands of the said Corporation, or of any individual Proprietor of a lot in the Cemetery, or for the repair, preservation, or renewal of any tomb, monument, grave-stone, fence or railing, or other erection in or around any Cemetery. Lot, or for the planting and cultivation of trees, shrubs, flowers or plants in or around any Cemetery Lot, according to the terms of such grant, donation or bequest; and the [30] Supreme Judicial Court in this Commonwealth, or any other Court therein having equity, jurisdiction, shall have full power and jurisdiction, to compel the due performance of the said trusts, or any of them, upon a bill filed by a Proprietor of any lot in the said Cemetery for that purpose.
section 10. Be it further enacted, as follows, First, That the present Proprietors of Lots in the said Cemetery, who shall become members of the Corporation created by this Act, shall henceforth cease to be members of the said Horticultural Society, so far as their membership therein depends on their being Proprietors of Lots in the said Cemetery; Secondly, That the sales of the Cemetery Lots shall continue to be made as fast as it is practicable by the Corporation created by this Act, at a price not less than the sum of Sixty Dollars for every Lot containing three hundred square feet, and so in proportion for any greater or less quantity, unless the said Horticultural Society and the Corporation created by this Act, shall mutually agree to sell the same at a less price; Thirdly, that the proceeds of the first sales of such Lots, after deducting the annual expenses of the Cemetery establishment, shall be applied to the extinguishment of the present debts due by the said Horticultural Society on account of the said Garden and Cemetery. And after the extinguishment of the said debts, the balance of the said proceeds and the proceeds of all future sales, shall annually, on the first Monday in every year, be divided between the said Horticultural Society and the Corporation created by this Act, in manner following, namely, fourteen hundred dollars shall be first deducted from the gross proceeds of the sales of Lots during the preceding [31] year, for the purpose of defraying the Superintendent's salary and other incidental expenses of the Cemetery establishment; and the residue of the said gross proceeds shall be divided between the said Horticultural Society, and the Corporation created by this Act, as follows, namely, one fourth part thereof shall be received by and paid over to the said Horticultural Society, on the first Monday of January of every year, and the remaining three fourth parts shall be retained and held by the Corporation created by this Act, to their own use forever. And if the sales of any year shall be less than fourteen hundred dollars, then the deficiency shall be a charge on the sales of the succeeding year or years. Fourthly, the money so received by the said Horticultural Society shall be forever devoted and applied by the said Society to the purposes of an Experimental Garden and to promote the art and science of Horticulture, and for no other purpose. And the money so retained by the Corporation created by this Act, shall be forever devoted and applied to the preservation, improvement, embellishment and enlargement of the said Cemetery and Garden, and the incidental expenses thereof, and for no other purpose whatsoever; Fifthly, a Committee of the said Horticultural Society, duly appointed for this purpose, shall, on the first Monday of January of every year, have a right to inspect and examine the books and accounts of the Treasurer, or other officer acting as Treasurer of the Corporation created by this Act, as far as may be necessary to ascertain the sales of Lots of the preceding year.
section 11. Be it further enacted, That any three or more of the persons named in this Act shall have [32] authority to call the first meeting of the said Corporation by an advertisement in one or more newspapers printed in the City of Boston, seven days, at least, before the time of holding such meeting, and specifying the time and place thereof. And all Proprietors of Lots, who shall before, at or during the time of holding such meeting, by writing, assent to this Act, shall be entitled to vote in person or by proxy at the said first meeting. And at such meeting or any adjournment thereof; any elections may be had, and any business done, which are herein authorized to be had and done at an annual meeting, although the same may not be specified in the notice for the said meeting. And the first Board of Trustees, chosen at the said meeting, shall continue in office until the annual meeting of the said Corporation next ensuing their choice, and until another Board are chosen in their stead, in pursuance of this Act.
section 12. Be it further enacted, That the said Cemetery shall be and hereby is declared exempted from all public taxes, so long as the same shall remain dedicated to the purposes of a Cemetery.
In House of Representatives, March 27, 1835. Passed to be enacted.
Julius Rockwell, Speaker. In Senate, March 28, 1835. Passed to be enacted.
George Bliss, President. March 31, 1835. approvedd.
Samuel T. Armstrong. A true Copy. Attest. Edward D. Bangs, Secretary of thee Commonwealth.
[33]
The amount paid by these proprietors to the Horticultural Society, under the articles of separation, was $4,223,42. The original cost of the land was $9,766,89. The quantity, in all, is one hundred and ten and a quarter acres, a piece having been added, on the west side, to the first purchase. The total cost of grounds and improvements, up to the close of the year last past, is $34,107,57. The whole number of lots disposed of at that date was six hundred and thirty-four, and the amount of purchase-money, including that given for selection, $50,077,59. The Proprietors had funds invested in Treasury to the amount of $11,980,79.
The following is the return of tombs built, monuments erected, and interments, for each year, since the establishment of the Cemetery, ending December, 1838.
Tombs.Monuments.Interments.
1st year ending Dec. 8, 18326517
2nd year ending Dec. 8, 1833111271
3rd year ending Dec. 8, 18342116101
4th year ending Dec. 8, 18352238101
5th year ending Dec. 8, 18361917175
6th year ending Dec. 8, 18374321191
7th year ending Dec. 8, 18382216174
144125830
In the Appendix will be found the present terms of subscription for lots, with other matters of some interest, relating to the economy of the establishment.6 [34]
From the number of tombs built, it will be inferred that the taste is a prevalent one, though it seems to admit of some question whether this mode of interment possesses the advantages over the more usual practice which are apparently ascribed to it. It is almost uniformly insecure and temporary at the best, while the nature of the erection makes it impossible to avoid, after a time, some inconveniences, inconsistent with the general good appearance of the Cemetery. These must be understood by those who have visited Pere la Chaise. On this point, a correspondent of one of the Boston papers some years since, remarks as follows:
It is a part of the original design of this establishment, though not an obligatory one, that interments shall be made in single or separate graves, rather than in tombs. The abundant space afforded by the extensiveness of the tract which has been purchased, precludes the necessity of constructing vaults for the promiscuous concentration of numbers. It is believed that the common grave affords the most simple, natural and secure method by which the body may return to the bosom of the earth, to be peacefully blended with its original dust. Whatever consolation can be derived from the gathering together of members of the same families, is provided for by the appropriation of lots, each sufficient for a family, while the provision that the same spot or grave shall not be twice occupied for interment, secures to the buried an assurance of undisturbed rest, not always found in more costly constructions.
On the same subject another consideration may be added. It is desired that the place may become beautiful, attractive, consoling,--not gloomy and repulsive, [35] that what the earth has once covered it shall not again reveal to light,--that the resources of art shall not be wasted in vain efforts to delay or modify the inevitable courses of nature. It is hoped, therefore, that any sums which individuals may think it proper to devote to the improvement of the place of sepulture of themselves and their friends, may be expended above the surface of the earth,--not under it. A beautiful monument is interesting to every one. A simple bed of roses under the broad canopy of heaven, is a more approachable, a far more soothing object, than the most costly charnel-house.
To the summary sketch here given of the present condition of Mount Auburn, it may be proper to add that it is believed to be the intention of the proprietors, as soon as their funds may allow, to surround the establishment with a wall of stone, in place of the fence now existing. This improvement will doubtless be at once of a substantial and elegant design. Other additions will of course occur from time to time. We take occasion to suggest, meanwhile, the desirableness of donations and legacies to the Corporation, for uses of the description now referred to, on the part of those opulent admirers of nature, and patrons of the arts, who are interested in the decoration of these sacred grounds.
1 See Appendix to this History, No. I.
2 See Appendix, No. Ii.
3 The substance of this description will be found in the Appendix to Judge Story's Address.
4 See Appendix, No. Iii.
5 Appendix, No. Iv.
6 See Appendix, No. V.
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[24] But eloquence does vary both tone and rhythm, expressing sublime thoughts with elevation, pleasing thoughts with sweetness, and ordinary with gentle utterance, and in every expression of its art is in sympathy with the emotions of which it is the mouthpiece.
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Enter the Messenger from the house.
Messenger
[1278] My master, you have come, I think, like one whose hands are not empty, but who has a ready store: first, you carry that burden visible in your arms; [1280] second, you will soon look upon further sufferings inside your house.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8166.0 - Summary of IT Use and Innovation in Australian Business, 2006-07
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 26/06/2008
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INTRODUCTION
This release presents key indicators on the incidence of use of information technology and innovation in Australian business, as collected by the 2006-07 Business Characteristics Survey (BCS).
Collection of these data using the BCS vehicle is part the ABS' Integrated Business Characteristics Strategy (IBCS). This strategy integrates the collection and quality assurance of data required for input into the Business Longitudinal Database (BLD) and the production of point in time estimates for business use of information technology (BUIT), innovation and a broad range of other non-financial business characteristics. A key part of the IBCS is the production of annual BUIT and business innovation indicators, with a more detailed set of items for each of these topics collected every second year (i.e. in alternating years). The 2006-07 BCS collected detailed information relating to the incidence of innovation in Australian business.
This release contains a range of summary indicators of business use of IT and innovation. More detailed information for these and other business characteristics will be released in the forthcoming months. Please refer to Explanatory Note 30. While this release contains measures on the incidence of use of IT and innovation, detailed analysis on the intensity and impact of these on business performance is being undertaken and will be released by the ABS as it is completed. Please refer to Explanatory Note 36.
CHANGES IN THIS ISSUE: INTRODUCTION OF UPDATED INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION
The estimates in this release are based on the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), 2006 edition. Estimates in the previous issue of this release were based on the 1993 version of ANZSIC. As a consequence of this change, estimates in this release are not directly comparable with those in the previous issue. More information about this change is provided in the Appendix - Changes to Industry Classification: Comparability with previous outputs. As an aid in analysis, a selection of key 2006-07 indicators shown on an ANZSIC93 basis are included in the Appendix.
STRUCTURE OF THIS RELEASE
There are two components to this release: summary information on IT and Innovation; and data cubes. The data cubes contain detailed tables for the data that underpins the tables, graphs and commentary included in the summary information sections.
DATA QUALITY
An important aim of the IBCS is to release estimates for key indicators within 12 months of the reference date. While every effort has been made to ensure that the data included in this release are final, further quality assurance may result in some minor changes to estimates. If estimates are revised, the relevant data will be appropriately annotated in subsequent releases from the 2006-07 BCS. Please refer to Explanatory Note 30 for details of these releases.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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1304.7 - Northern Territory at a Glance, 2002
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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7215.0 - Livestock Products, Australia, Jul 1996
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Monthly; ISSN:0728-4047; Provides statistics on livestock slaughterings (including chickens), meat production, milk intake by factories, market milk sales by factories, receivals of wool by brokers and dealers, exports of meat and stocks of frozen meat. Includes seasonally adjusted totals for meat produced, whole milk intake and wool receivals.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
2041.0 - Occasional Paper: Census of Population and Housing - Counting the Homeless, 1996
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Reports on a research project to analyse information on the homeless population in Australia using 1996 Census data and administrative data.
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Nowadays, professionally I'm mainly a Linux server admin (mostly SUSE - openSUSE and SLES) of Testing, Development and Production servers (both physical servers and virtual machines - usually VMware). So, I work regularly with VMware products, namely vSphere (ESXi 4.1 and vCenter Server 4.1).
My netbook runs Ubuntu and sometimes I "play" with Debian systems.
The coding that I do is mostly in Perl and "shell scripts" (for the "bash" shell) for automating system administration tasks in Linux servers. In "previous lives", I coded web applications in PHP for LAMP based projects and also in ASP ("Active Server Pages"), both "classic ASP" - ASP + VBScript - and ASP.Net - using C#
Certications:
- RHCE - "Red Hat Certified Engineer"
- VCP - "VMware Certified Professional" ("VCP4" and "VCP5")
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101 reputation
3
bio website htp://mentalized.net
location Denmark
age 36
visits member for 2 years, 1 month
seen Nov 4 '11 at 12:49
stats profile views 13
Web application developer with a knack for clarity and a strong eye for design and usability. Particularily interested in user centric websites and beautiful code.
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Atacicept in combination with MMF and corticosteroids in lupus nephritis: results of a prematurely terminated trial
Ellen M Ginzler*, Stephen Wax, Anand Rajeswaran, Samuel Copt, Jan Hillson, Eleanor Ramos and Nora G Singer
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2012, 14:R33 doi:10.1186/ar3738
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The 2011 K-12 Horizon Report: Too optimistic?
I asked fellow BigThink blogger Kirsten Winkler if she would join me in writing about the recently-released 2011 K-12 Horizon Report. She’s done a nice job of summarizing the six trends highlighted in this year’s report and I encourage you to perhaps read her post before you read this one. I confess that she’s more positive than I am about the state of K-12 educational technology, perhaps because of her start-up perspective.
Although the postsecondary series of Horizon Reports started back in 2004, there only have been three annual reports so far aimed at elementary and secondary educators. Like those aimed at higher (tertiary) education, the K-12 reports attempt to identify “six emerging technologies or practices that are likely to enter mainstream use in the educational community within three adoption horizons over the next one to five years” (2011, p. 3, emphasis added). Here’s what the reports have identified so far for elementary and secondary schools:
According to the three reports, your average educator today should now “be work[ing] across geographic and cultural boundaries more and more frequently, … recogniz[ing] the importance of collaborative work [environments,] and … finding that online tools … provide [her and her] students with opportunities to work creatively, develop teamwork skills, and tap into the perspectives of people around the world with a wide range of experiences and skills that differ from their own” (2009, p. 5). She also should now be using instant messaging, desktop video conferencing, and other online communication tools to open up “a new world of experiences” for students (2009, p. 5). Additionally, mobile computing devices and cloud computing should be on the verge of mainstream educator usage, with augmented reality right around the corner.
I don’t see it happening. Are some teachers doing this? Absolutely. Are more educators doing these things than before? Yes, thank goodness. Are these tools now in the mainstream of K-12 educational practice? Not a chance, except in isolated schools of excellence. We still have too many teachers who have no clue what Google Docs or Twitter are, for example. We still have too many administrators who are blocking mobile learning devices and are fearful of online learning spaces. And so on…
Here’s what I think we have seen instead: mainstream adoption and growth of replicative technologies (i.e., those that allow teachers to mirror traditional educational practices only with more bells and whistles). These are what Hughes, Thomas, & Scharber (2006) would call technology as replacement or, perhaps, technology as amplification. Replicative technologies include, but are not limited to, the following:
• interactive whiteboards (which replicate chalkboards or dry erase boards);
• student response systems, aka “clickers” (which replicate multiple choice worksheets or student lap boards);
• use of digital projectors to show students teacher-created PowerPoint slides (which replicates overhead projectors);
• showing of teacher-selected online videos (which replicates DVD/VHS players);
• student use of pre-selected or filtered web sites to do ‘research’ (which replicates encyclopedias and pre-selected sets of learning materials from libraries);
• content management systems such as Blackboard or Moodle (which, again, the teachers create and the students mostly consume);
• and so on…
Each of these replicative technologies introduces affordances beyond its analog counterpart. The bottom line, however, is that even when digital technologies are used in classrooms or online, we still primarily see learning environments where teachers push out information to student recipients and then assess students’ factual recall and low-level procedural skills (i.e., the stuff you can find on Google in 3 seconds). When the technologies are used, it’s primarily the teacher using them, not the students. They’re teacher-centric tools, not student-centric tools.
Foreseeing the future is admittedly difficult work. In a world that’s changing as quickly as ours, predicting even a few years out is extremely challenging. While commendable, the vision of the Horizon Reports toward more divergent, student-centered uses of technology runs into the realities of school practice and educator belief systems. To the extent that school traditions and desires for control are going down, they’re doing so kicking and screaming all along the way.
Replicative technologies are the easiest for teachers to adopt because they’re the shortest path between current practice and new tool usage. They’re also the easiest for school leaders to stomach because they look fairly familiar and cause less angst regarding perceived issues of pedagogical control and disruption. We would expect replicative technologies to be a natural step along the journey of educators’ technology adoption. The question is whether educator adoption of replicative technologies eventually will lead to more transformative, student-centered uses of digital learning tools or whether the current wave of educator tool usage simply will be replaced by whatever is the next generation of replicative technologies (just as the chalkboard was replaced by the overhead projector, which then was replaced by the interactive whiteboard). I think that question is still open for consideration. Until it gets resolved toward the former rather than the latter, the Horizon Reports will continue to be overly optimistic regarding the pace of adoption in our schools of more disruptive digital learning tools such as game-based learning or personal learning environments.
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From DDO wiki
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Whirlwind
Proficiency Class Martial Weapon Proficiency
Damage and Type 1.50[2d6] + 5 Slash, Magic
Critical threat range 18-20 / x2
Weapon Type Great Sword / Slashing weapons
Minimum Level 10
Required Trait None
Use Magical Device DC None
Handedness Two-handed
Damage Mod STR, DEX
Attack Mod STR, DEX
Binding Bound to Character on EquipBound to Character on Equip: This item is Bound to Character on Equip
Durability 160
Made from SteelSteel: Steel is the common metal used to make weapons and armor.
Hardness 16
Base Value 00040050004,005pp
Weight 8 lbs
Location Sands of Menechtarun, Windlasher Area: Den Mother Fheena' Chest (Rare Encounter)
Enchantments
Upgradeable?
Epic Crafting to Epic Whirlwind
Description An air spirit bound it this greatsword shrieks when the sword is swept through the air. Swirling gusts of wind can knock the sword's target to the ground.
Tips
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Code contracts (Part 1): Introduction
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Code contracts (Part 1): Introduction (Unpublished)
Code Contracts provide a language-agnostic way to express coding assumptions in .NET programs. The contracts take the form of preconditions, postconditions, and object invariants. Contracts act as checked documentation of your external and internal APIs. The contracts are used to improve testing via runtime checking, enable static contract verification, and documentation generation.
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Obtaining the Week Number for a Date (C#)
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Obtaining the Week Number for a Date (C#) (Unpublished)
Accounting software, time-keeping utilities and calendar applications often present dates using week numbers that commence at the beginning of the year. Using the .NET framework's Calendar class a week number can be calculated using a number of rules.
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Wikia
SRD:Torc of Free Will
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Revision as of 04:22, April 23, 2009 by Dmilewski (Talk)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
This material is published under the OGL
Torc of Free Will: This item is a band inlaid with precious metal, worn around the neck or upper arm. The wearer of a torc of free will is not affected by the brain lock power or items that produce brain lock effects (such as crystal anchors).
A torc is treated as an amulet for the purpose of determining which items can be worn on the body.
Faint telepathy; ML 3rd; Craft Universal Item, brain lock; Price 6,000 gp; Weight 2 lb.
Back to Main PageSystem Reference DocumentPsionic Items
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Hand and Foot Edit
Students of the Hand and Foot style learn to use their appendages for both offense and defense.
1st-Level Skill Bonus: Balance.
1st-Level Feat: Stunning Fist.
2nd-Level Feat: Deflect Arrows.
6th-Level Feat: Improved Trip.
6th-Level Bonus Ability: You gain a +2 bonus on attacks of opportunity made against an opponent attempting to bull rush or trip you and a +4 bonus on Strength or Dexterity checks to avoid being tripped or bull rushed.
Prerequisites: Balance 9 ranks, Tumble 4 ranks.
Back to Main PageVariant RulesClassesVariant Character ClassesMonk Variant: Fighting Styles
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Minireview
Comparative genomics of Arabidopsis and maize: prospects and limitations
Volker Brendel1*, Stefan Kurtz2 and Virginia Walbot3
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology and Genetics and Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
2 Technische Fakultät, Universität Bielefeld, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
3 Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
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Genome Biology 2002, 3:reviews1005-reviews1005.6 doi:10.1186/gb-2002-3-3-reviews1005
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/3/reviews/1005
Published:14 February 2002
© 2002 BioMed Central Ltd
Abstract
The completed Arabidopsis genome seems to be of limited value as a model for maize genomics. In addition to the expansion of repetitive sequences in maize and the lack of genomic micro-colinearity, maize-specific or highly-diverged proteins contribute to a predicted maize proteome of about 50,000 proteins, twice the size of that of Arabidopsis.
Minireview
Maize (Zea mays L., corn) was domesticated in the highlands of Central Mexico approximately 10,000 years ago [1]. Corn agriculture spread rapidly into diverse climate zones, ranging from 45° N to 45° S, and supported vast Native American civilizations. Today, maize is one of the world's most important crops: for direct human consumption, as a key component of animal feed, and as the source of chemical feed stocks. Grass species (including maize) cover 20% of the terrestrial surface of the earth, and the grains from maize, rice, wheat, and minor grass crops provide the majority of calories in the human diet [2].
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, maize has been a model species for genetic analysis, reflecting its unusual biological features. Maize plants produce separate male and female inflorescences, which greatly facilitates experimentally controlled pollination by eliminating the need for emasculation (Figure 1). Large numbers of progeny (300-600 kernels per ear) and the ease of crossing allow a single maize geneticist to generate more than 100,000 outcross progeny per day. Individual plants produce up to 107 pollen grains, allowing fine-structural genetic mapping for phenotypes that can be scored at the pollen stage. Using this abundant material and extraordinary natural diversity, early geneticists mapped many genes, uncovered subtle genetic phenomena such as paramutation and imprinting, and made practical contributions to agriculture through the discovery of hybrid vigor and cytoplasmic male sterility.
Figure 1. Maize inflorescences. The separation of (a) female inflorescence (ear) and (b) male inflorescence (tassel) is one of the key features of the maize plant responsible for its pivotal role in plant genetics, greatly simplifying controlled pollination (photos courtesy of Tom Peterson, Iowa State University).
The beautiful detail evident in meiotic maize chromosomes stimulated a generation of gifted cytogeneticists to identify the physical basis for recombination, to construct linkage maps tied to chromosomes, and to analyze the consequences of chromosome breakage. Of particular importance to current functional genomics was Barbara McClintock's discovery of transposable elements by analyzing the regulation of somatic variegation and germinal mutation in maize. Once maize transposons were molecularly cloned, they provided the means to clone any tagged gene: maize provided the first discovery of many plant-specific gene products and facilitated the cloning of related genes from other flowering plants. The availability of detailed genetic knowledge, a large community of researchers, and ease of gene cloning and genetic analysis make maize the monocotyledenous species of choice for many studies.
The maize genome is organized into 10 chromosomes (2N = 20), and is about 2.4 × 109 base-pairs in total. Sorghum, which is estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor with maize about 15-20 million years ago (MYA), has the same chromosome number, but its genome is about one third of the size. Rice diverged from a common ancestor with maize and sorghum about 50-60 MYA and has 12 chromosomes (2N = 24), comprising a much smaller genome of about 430 million base-pairs. Comparative genomics of these grasses suggests considerable colinearity between their genomes [3]. The size differences of the genomes are presumed to result from the ancestral allotetraploidization (approximate duplication from diploid to tetraploid when two species hybridize) of the maize genome [4] and differences in the expansion and dispersion of repetitive DNA (long terminal repeat retrotransposons, miniature inverted repeat transposons, and other repetitive sequences) [5].
In December 2000, Arabidopsis thaliana became the first plant species for which the genome was almost entirely sequenced (currently, 117 of an estimated 125 million base-pairs are available, with only centromeric and ribosomal DNA repeat regions as yet unsequenced [6]; reviewed in [7]). Because of its small genome size, ease of transformation, and tolerance of life in a growth chamber, this seemingly lowly weed has emerged as the model flowering plant, ahead of commercially important crops. The choice will be well justified if the evolutionarily recent advent of flowering plants means that most genes found in Arabidopsis prove to be common to all flowering plants. Among the crops, members of the Brassica genus (including B. oleracea and B. rapa, the so-called 'cole-crops', oilseeds, and mustard) are most closely related to Arabidopsis (divergence less than 20 MYA). Gene order seems to be largely conserved, and thus the Arabidopsis genome should prove a powerful tool for studying Brassica genomics [8,9]. Significant colinearity has also been observed between Arabidopsis and soybean [10] (divergence time 100 MYA), and Arabidopsis and tomato [11,12] (divergence time more than 100 MYA). This article assesses the prospects for comparative maize-Arabidopsis genome analysis in view of the greater divergence time (more than 150 MYA) between grasses (which are monocots) and flowering plants (dicots).
Lack of synteny between maize and Arabidopsis
The extent of conservation of gene order between the grasses and Arabidopsis can be estimated from three well-studied groups of maize loci: the a1-sh2 region [13,14,15], the adh1 region [16,17], and the bz locus and its associated genes [18]. The a1-sh2 region in maize, sorghum, and rice contains the sh2 gene upstream of a1, transcribed in the same direction. The a1 gene encodes an NADPH dihydroflavonol reductase required for anthocyanin biosynthesis and sh2 encodes an endosperm-expressed ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase important in starch biosynthesis. The two genes are separated by about 140 kilobases (kb) in maize but only about 19 kb in sorghum and rice. Moreover, a1 is duplicated in sorghum. Sequences that are highly similar to sh2 can be found on Arabidopsis chromosomes 1, 2, 4, and 5. Potential homologs of a1 map to Arabidopsis chromosomes 2 and 5, but they are far apart from the potential sh2 genes. Recently, two additional genes have been identified in the a1-sh2 interval: x1 and yz1, which are of unknown function and conserved among maize, rice, and sorghum [14,19].
Genic regions are generally conserved between the adh1 regions of maize and sorghum, although adh1 is the only gene with assigned function (alcohol dehydrogenase), and maize is missing three out of ten other potential genes within this region [16]. Whereas the maize region is replete with retrotransposons, gathered into sequence blocks of 14-70 kb and inserted between the potential genes, the sorghum sequence does not contain any retrotransposons. Colinearity with Arabidopsis appears limited to a block of two genes conserved between sorghum and Arabidopsis [16]. Interestingly, the colinearity of this locus pair is interrupted even between maize and rice [17].
The recently sequenced bz locus of maize and its chromosomal region displays a gene-dense genomic organization very different from adh1, with ten putative genes within a 32 kb stretch that is free of retrotransposons [18]. Although this gene density is similar to that in Arabidopsis, and most of the genes have potential homologs in Arabidopsis according to the genome sequence, no colinearity is evident. Thus, on the basis of our current picture of plant genome organization, micro-colinearity between different genomes may be even more limited than has previously been stated [20].
Proteome comparisons
Although gene order does not appear to be conserved across the monocot-dicot divide, the repertoires of gene products (that is, the typical monocot and dicot proteomes) may be conserved. This hypothesis cannot be fully tested until the complete Arabidopsis genome is matched to a complete monocot genome, but the current collection of maize proteins and genome sequence fragments may provide a clue. We downloaded the entire set of 4,195 maize protein sequence records from GenBank and reduced this collection to a representative, non-redundant set of maize proteins in several steps: firstly, removal of sequences less than 60 amino acids; secondly, removal of organelle-encoded proteins; and thirdly, selection of a single sequence to represent clusters of highly similar entries (including identities resulting from duplications in GenBank; this was done using the novel fast string matching program 'vmatch' [21]; V.B. and S.K., unpublished). The resulting set of 1,143 sequences was compared with a set of 25,617 putative Arabidopsis proteins [22] using BLASTP [23] at moderate stringency (BLAST -e option set to 1e-5). Most of the 117 entries without significant hits were identified as polypeptides encoded by transposable elements. The remaining sequences were matched directly against the Arabidopsis genome using the GeneSeqer spliced alignment program [24] to check for possible gene products not included in the Arabidopsis predicted protein set (only one unannotated Arabidopsis homolog of a maize protein was identified in this way). About 50 candidate maize-specific proteins remained, including several zeins, some predicted products of unknown function, and several other proteins (the latter group are listed in Table 1). On the basis of these results, we can give an upper estimate of 90% of maize proteins that have close homologs in Arabidopsis. The distinct maize genes appear to be tissue-specific (endosperm) or involved in maize pathogen-defense responses.
Table 1. Maize proteins with no obvious homologs in Arabidopsis
Maize EST analysis
One pivotal strategy for identifying gene products involves sequencing of large sets of expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Many plant genome projects have adopted this approach, and there are currently more than 100,000 EST database entries in the public domain for each of soybean, tomato, Medicago truncatula, maize, Arabidopsis, and rice [25]. To further assess the overlap between the maize and Arabidopsis proteomes, we derived a set of 27,294 maize ESTs with non-redundant open reading frames (ORFs) of at least 120 codons (again using vmatch). The translated ORFs (derived from all six reading frames) were compared to the set of putative Arabidopsis proteins using BLASTP at different stringency levels. As shown in Figure 2, 62-68% of the maize ESTs relate to ORF products that match Arabidopsis proteins, and the total fraction of the Arabidopsis protein set matched by the maize ESTs is 60-73%. Similar numbers were obtained for consensus sequences built from maize EST clusters [26]. Thus, a significant proportion of maize ESTs might encode highly diverged or maize-specific proteins. Some ORF products might not correspond to functional proteins, and incorrect gene prediction models and the as yet partial Arabidopsis protein set may also contribute to incomplete matching. For comparison, the same procedure applied to the Arabidopsis EST set compared to the Arabidopsis protein set gave a matching fraction of 88% or more of 28,161 qualifying ESTs, showing that chance ORFs may account for up to 12% of the unmatched ESTs in Arabidopsis, and presumably also in maize. We can therefore refine the estimate of maize proteins with close homologs in Arabidopsis to 60-90% of the maize proteome. Because ESTs are difficult to derive from genes expressed at low level there may in fact be more unmatched maize proteins to be found.
Figure 2. Comparison of maize proteins predicted from EST sequences with Arabidopsis proteins. A non-redundant set of protein sequences consisting of at least 120 amino acids each, derived from 27,294 distinct maize ESTs, was compared with 25,617 putative Arabidopsis proteins at different BLASTP stringency levels. The percentages in each pie chart give the fractions of the two sequence sets involved in these matches, at each stringency level.
A glimpse of the maize genome
Several approaches are currently being used to provide further sequence data from the maize genome. These sequences are entered into the Genome Survey Sequence (GSS) division of GenBank because the sequencing is for the most part exploratory, at a low redundancy level. Table 2 summarizes a rough analysis of 11,625 maize GSS entries available as of 1 November 2001. The sequences were obtained by different selection strategies, including genomic sequences flanking Mutator transposon insertions [26], random inserts [27], sequences selected for not being methylated [28], bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) ends [29], sequences that were genetically mapped [30], and sequences selected for long ORFs using the ORF Rescue vector [31]. Table 2 gives the result of a BLASTP search (option -e 1e-5) of all ORFs of at least 120 codons derived from the GSSs, compared to the non-redundant maize protein set. It can be seen that the random sequencing approaches (random inserts and BAC ends) produce a large fraction of sequences matching transposable elements, whereas the Mutator transposon insertion, methylation filter, and 'ORF rescue' approaches clearly bias against the recovery of such sequences. More than 80% of the GSS entries with ORFs derived from the former two approaches do not show significant similarities to known maize proteins, and, surprisingly, more than 70% do not match any Arabidopsis proteins (Table 3). An intriguing explanation would be that these ORFs correspond to novel or highly diverged maize proteins. It is also possible that some of the ORFs do not correspond to native translation products.
Table 2. Analysis of maize genome survey sequences: a comparison with maize proteins and ESTs
Table 3. Analysis of maize genome survey sequences: a comparison with Arabidopsis proteins
To assess these possibilities, we compared the sequences of novel ORFs with the maize EST set (application of GeneSeqer [22]). The result, that 26-44% of the four large GSS collections match (a still limited collection of) maize ESTs (see Table 2), suggests that many of the ORFs do indeed correspond to expressed genes. The remaining fraction may include less abundantly expressed genes. We can estimate the gene fraction accessible by EST sequencing from the EST coverage of GSS-derived ORFs: if the roughly 10,000 novel ORFs in the maize EST set constitute only 40% of the genes, we can anticipate some 25,000 novel maize proteins that are not found in Arabidopsis. It is likely that many of these proteins are derived from gene duplications. The lack of sequence conservation across the monocot-dicot divide suggests that there has been extensive functional divergence after duplication.
The need for a maize genome sequencing project
On the basis of available data, we think that the resource provided by the Arabidopsis genome cannot adequately substitute for more extensive maize genome sequencing. Genome organization is very different between the two plants, and the proteomes may also have significant differences, particularly with respect to agronomically important maize genes involved in plant-pathogen interactions, reproduction, and the development and function of specific tissues. The many exceptions to micro-colinearity even among the grasses suggest that the completion of the rice genome [32] will still not answer many of the questions particular to maize genomics. Beyond questions concerning agronomically important traits, plant biologists also look to maize as a model for the evolution of plant genomes that are not as small and streamlined as those of Arabidopsis and rice [33]. Correspondingly, a maize genome sequencing project will focus on sequencing gene-rich genome fractions first [34], and other crop genome projects are likely to follow. Plant biologists should look forward to very exciting times when whole-genome comparisons become possible, leading to a clearer understanding of the development of plants from their genetic blueprints.
Acknowledgements
V.B. and V.W. were supported in part by NSF Plant Genome Research Program grant DBI-9872657. S.K. was partially supported by grant KU 1257/1 from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. The authors are grateful to Phil Becraft, Alan Myers, Tom Peterson, Pat Schnable, and Robert Thornburg for critical comments on the manuscript.
References
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12. Mysore KS, Tuori RP, Martin GB: Arabidopsis genome sequence as a tool for functional genomics in tomato.
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13. Civardi L, Xia YJ, Edwards K, Schnable PS, Nikolau BJ: The relationship between the genetic and physical distances of the cloned a1-sh2 interval of the Zea mays L. genome.
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14. Chen M, SanMiguel P, De Oliveira AC, Woo S-S, Zhang H, Wing RA, Bennetzen JL: Microcolinearity in sh2-homologous regions of the maize, rice, and sorghum genomes.
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17. Tarchini R, Biddle P, Wineland R, Tingey S, Rafalski A: The complete sequence of 340 kb of DNA around the rice Adh1-Adh2 region reveals interrupted colinearity with maize chromosome 4.
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18. Fu HH, Park WK, Yan XH, Zheng ZW, Shen BZ, Dooner HK: The highly recombinogenic bz locus lies in an unusually gene-rich region of the maize genome.
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33. Gaut BS, Le Thierry d'Ennequin M, Peek AS, Sawkins MC: Maize as a model for the evolution of plant nuclear genomes.
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This article has not been peer reviewed.
Deposited research article
DAVID: Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery
Glynn Dennis*, Brad T Sherman, Douglas A Hosack, Jun Yang, Wei Gao, H Clifford Lane and Richard A Lempicki
Genome Biology 2003, 4:P3 doi:10.1186/gb-2003-4-5-p3
This is the first version of this article to be made available publicly. A peer-reviewed and modified version is now available in full at http://genomebiology.com/2003/4/9/R60
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
About Global Voices Online: Saturday Dec.11th
Global Voices Online: Blogging for Independent Journalists, Concerned Citizens and Activists” is part of a larger conference, Internet & Society 2004: Votes, Bits & Bytes, scheduled for December 10 and 11, 2004 at Harvard Law School. Hosted by the Berkman Center for Internet and Society, I&S2004 will examine the use of information and communications technologies in the transformation of politics. The “Global Voices Online” track is made possible with help from the Open Society Institute Information Program and Spirit of America.
The conference's first day on Friday Dec. 10th will take on a more formal structure, with meetings attended by all participants. (We”ll link to the schedule here as soon as it goes online.) GVO Saturday participants are also invited to attend all I&S Friday events.
Day two on Saturday will be organized into smaller, more freewheeling workshop and discussion “tracks.” “Global Voices Online” will be one of four tracks. This day-long discussion will focus on the use of weblogs and other new technologies to enhance online global dialogue and political advocacy. Participants will include an international webloggers, journalists and activists with an interest in online communication techniques. A major focus of the meeting will be to develop strategies for spreading the use of online participatory media by civil society, activists, and journalists in places generally ignored by the mainstream international media. We hope that the meeting will lead to more extensive dialogue and mentoring relationships between international political bloggers and journalists/activists who are considering using weblogs and other new technologies for advocacy in their own regions.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
We sow our thoughts and reap our actions. We sow our actions and reap our habits. We sow our habits and reap our character. We sow our character, and we reap our destiny. Unknown, Source
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
Choose something popular ...
Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
Make custom holiday cards ...
Make custom t-shirts ...
Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
Make custom holiday gifts for girls ...
Make custom holiday gifts for men ...
A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:12:20.000Z
|
y2m5pwkqth6okparf7dhibdvfts3my4e
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:72480",
"uncompressed_offset": 215825563,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/13608/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:35:48.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:88020370-dc0a-49df-9960-d675b1f982fe>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/13608/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Remember son, many a good story has been ruined by over verification. Bennett, James Gordon
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
Choose something popular ...
Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
Make custom holiday cards ...
Make custom t-shirts ...
Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
Make custom holiday gifts for girls ...
Make custom holiday gifts for men ...
A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:42:55.000Z
|
i7cikgss2bje7t5tgm27eigqiueh52st
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:72481",
"uncompressed_offset": 215831071,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/14869/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:35:48.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:88020370-dc0a-49df-9960-d675b1f982fe>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/14869/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
People die of fright and live of confidence. Thoreau, Henry David
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
Choose something popular ...
Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
Make custom holiday cards ...
Make custom t-shirts ...
Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
Make custom holiday gifts for girls ...
Make custom holiday gifts for men ...
A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
|
v0
|
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