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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
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1307.4 - South Australian Economic Indicators, Feb 1996
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Research article
Retrotransposon-centered analysis of piRNA targeting shows a shift from active to passive retrotransposon transcription in developing mouse testes
Tobias Mourier
Author Affiliations
Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
BMC Genomics 2011, 12:440 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-440
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/12/440
Received:15 April 2011
Accepted:1 September 2011
Published:1 September 2011
© 2011 Mourier; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Piwi-associated RNAs (piRNAs) bind transcripts from retrotransposable elements (RTE) in mouse germline cells and seemingly act as guides for genomic methylation, thereby repressing the activity of RTEs. It is currently unknown if and how Piwi proteins distinguish RTE transcripts from other cellular RNAs. During germline development, the main target of piRNAs switch between different types of RTEs. Using the piRNA targeting of RTEs as an indicator of RTE activity, and considering the entire population of genomic RTE loci along with their age and location, this study aims at further elucidating the dynamics of RTE activity during mouse germline development.
Results
Due to the inherent sequence redundancy between RTE loci, assigning piRNA targeting to specific loci is problematic. This limits the analysis, although certain features of piRNA targeting of RTE loci are apparent. As expected, young RTEs display a much higher level of piRNA targeting than old RTEs. Further, irrespective of age, RTE loci near protein-coding coding genes are targeted to a greater extent than RTE loci far from genes. During development, a shift in piRNA targeting is observed, with a clear increase in the relative piRNA targeting of RTEs residing within boundaries of protein-coding gene transcripts.
Conclusions
Reanalyzing published piRNA sequences and taking into account the features of individual RTE loci provide novel insight into the activity of RTEs during development. The obtained results are consistent with some degree of proportionality between what transcripts become substrates for Piwi protein complexes and the level by which the transcripts are present in the cell. A transition from active transcription of RTEs to passive co-transcription of RTE sequences residing within protein-coding transcripts appears to take place in postnatal development. Hence, the previously reported increase in piRNA targeting of SINEs in postnatal testis development does not necessitate widespread active transcription of SINEs, but may simply be explained by the prevalence of SINEs residing in introns.
Background
Retrotransposable elements (RTE) constitute a significant proportion of mammalian genomes. The RTEs proliferate through an RNA stage that is subsequently reverse transcribed back to genomic DNA [1]. The high level of divergence in RTE insertions between closely related organisms [2-5] and the link between RTE insertions and diseases [6-8] witness the ongoing activity of RTEs in mammalian genomes. Several genomic mechanisms are devised to minimize the proliferation of RTEs acting both at pre- and post-transcriptional levels [9-11].
Mouse retrotransposable elements
Around 40 percent of the mouse genome consists of RTE sequence, slightly lower than observed for the human genome, although this presumably is a result of the higher substitution rate in mouse, limiting the identification of old RTE sequence [12,13]. RTEs are divided according to the presence or absence of long terminal repeats (LTR). Mammalian LTR elements consist mainly of endogenous retroviruses (ERV) that at some point during evolution have been inserted in the germline and fixed. Although the amount of sequence occupied by LTR elements is comparable between human and mouse, the level of de novo mutations caused by LTR element activity is extensively higher in mouse than in human [8,14]. The most abundant ERV class in the mouse genome (~5.5%) is the Class III ERVs, which in the RepeatMasker [15] annotation - upon which this study is based - is broadly divided in two groups, the ERVL and MaLR elements. The latter is a non-autonomous transposon, meaning that the elements do not encode the enzymatic machinery required for its own transposition. The Class II ERVs (~4% of the genome), annotated as ERVK in RepeatMasker, is believed to be younger than Class III ERVs [16] and consists of a broad range of clades, including the IAP elements (Intracisternal A-type Particles). Class I ERVs (ERV1 in RepeatMasker) cover less than 1% of the mouse genome. Through ectopic recombination between the flanking LTR sequences, solitary LTR sequences may be formed. In RepeatMasker, terminal LTR sequences and the internal sequences (residing between the terminal LTRs in a complete LTR retrotransposon) are annotated independently. Although the terminal and internal sequences may in many cases be determined to form a single LTR retrotransposon, for simplicity, the two annotations (termed 'LTRter' and 'LTRint', respectively) are analysed independently in this study.
Non-LTR retrotransposons are divided into LINEs (Long INterspersed Elements) that are autonomous, and SINEs (Short INterspersed Elements) that are non-autonomous. LINEs occupy roughly 20% of the mouse genome. The majority of mouse LINE elements belong to the L1 superfamily, which contains sub-families that are still active [17-19]. Despite the comparable levels of genome occupied by LINE sequences in human and mouse [12,13], there are more than 15 times as many full-length L1 elements with intact open reading frames in the mouse genome [20]. Almost 1.5 million SINE elements are present in the mouse genome, making up approximately 8% of the total genome size. Unlike the human genome where a single SINE, the Alus, is dominating [21], the mouse genome harbours two successful superfamilies of SINEs, Alu and B2 that are present in equal numbers [12]. The evolutionary histories of the mouse SINEs are truly different; Alus are derived from a 7SL RNA, whereas B2s evolved from a tRNA sequence [21,22].
Piwi proteins and small RNAs
Piwi-associated RNAs (piRNAs) are small (24-30 nucleotides long) RNAs that bind Piwi proteins of the Argonaute family [23,24]. The mouse genome encodes 3 Piwi proteins, MILI, MIWI and MIWI2 that all binds piRNAs in the male germline [25,26]. Initially, piRNAs from adult mouse testis were found to contain less RTE sequence than would be expected from the genomic content of RTEs, suggesting that piRNAs were not specifically targeting RTEs [27,28]. However, a later study on piRNAs from an earlier (pre-pachytene) stage showed a high content of RTE sequence in piRNAs [29]. Further evidence for the involvement of mouse piRNAs in controlling RTE activity came with the finding that knockout of Mili and Miwi2 resulted in reduced piRNA levels and increased RTE transcription [29,30]. Knockout mice further showed decreased DNA methylation levels at RTE loci [31,32]. As the temporal expression of Piwi proteins in developing mouse testis coincides with the resetting of genomic methylation [33], it is hypothesised that piRNAs act as guides for the methylation machinery [29,31,32].
By analysing the piRNAs bound to MIWI2 and MILI, Aravin and colleagues [31] suggested the following scenario: In prenatal development (16.5 days postcoitum, dpc), transcripts from full-length active RTEs are the main substrates for piRNAs that primarily associate with MILI (and to a lesser extent to MIWI2). Available transcripts containing antisense RTE sequence bind this complex and antisense RTE piRNAs are formed which in turn associate primarily with MIWI2 (and MILI, respectively). Both complexes may bind complementary RTE transcripts, entering the so-called ping-pong amplification cycle of piRNAs, in which Piwi-bound piRNAs pair with complementary transcripts that are subsequently cut into new piRNAs having a 10 nucleotide overlap with the template piRNAs [31,34]. In prenatal development, piRNAs are primarily targeting L1 and IAP RTEs, for which activity has been reported at this stage [35,36]. In postnatal development (10 days postpartum, dpp) MIWI2 is no longer detectable, whereas MILI is present throughout germline development [31,37,38]. The overall level of piRNA targeting of RTE sequences drops at 10 dpp, but interestingly, a relative increase in the piRNAs targeting B1 SINEs (members of the Alu superfamily) was observed [31].
This raises two fundamental questions. Firstly, do Piwi proteins discriminate between transcripts and how is RTE sequences then distinguished from other transcripts? The finding of piRNAs targeting supported a scenario with limited discrimination [31]. Secondly, what lies behind the apparent shift in RTEs being targeted by piRNAs during development in male mouse germline? By analysing to extent to which genomic RTE loci are targeted by piRNAs in developing mouse testes, the present study aims at assessing the transcriptional dynamics of RTE during development, and consider the relationship between RTE activity and piRNA generation further.
The data for such analysis should meet a range of criteria. Although numerous mouse RNA libraries are available, only a small subset is derived from wild-type developing mouse testes [39]. Further, as the prevalent transcription of RTEs will results in a large population of fragmented transcripts of sizes similar to piRNAs, analysis should be restricted to libraries of RNAs associated with Piwi proteins. This limits the available data to libraries from the above-mentioned study by Aravin and colleagues [31].
Results and Discussion
Theoretical piRNA coverage of individual RTE loci
Three libraries of small RNAs bound to MIWI2 and MILI proteins in mouse male germline [31] were reanalysed; one library with MIWI2-bound RNAs from 16.5 dpc (henceforth referred to as 'MIWI2 early') and two libraries with MILI-bound RNAs from 16.5 dpc and 10 dpp ('MILI early' and 'MILI late', respectively) (Table 1).
Table 1. Piwi-RNA sequence read libraries
To analyse in detail the theoretical piRNA coverage of each individual RTE loci, reads from each RNA library were mapped onto the mouse genome. Only perfectly mapping reads were considered. Due to the inherent redundancy of RTE sequences, reads mapping uniquely to RTE loci are scarce and therefore all mapping reads were considered. The number of reads mapping to each RTE loci was weighted by the uniqueness of the reads, so that the count from each read was simply divided by the number of times that particular read mapped to the entire genome. Further, read coverage was weighted by library size and length of the locus, in an attempt to allow direct comparisons between libraries and RTE types. As seen from Figure 1, differences in this theoretical piRNA coverage differ markedly between RTE families and between libraries. When only considering reads that are exclusively mapping within a particular superfamily of RTEs (e.g. L1 LINEs) the overall patterns of coverage still remain (middle column in Figure 1). For LTR elements (both internal sequence and terminal repeats), most major trends are still observable when only considering reads mapping entirely within a single family of RTE (e.g. internal sequence of IAP-d elements) (right column in Figure 1). Unless otherwise noted, in the following all reads are used for analysis, and only RTE families with a least a thousand genomic members are considered (see Additional File 1, Table S1 for a list of these 318 RTE families). The previously reported decrease in piRNA coverage of IAP LTRs and L1 LINEs and the corresponding increase in SINE coverage during development [31] are clearly evident from Figure 1 (left column). Also consistent with earlier findings [31], the median MILI early piRNA coverage of individual RTE families is highly correlated with the median coverage from MIWI2 early piRNAs, but not with the coverage from MILI late piRNAs (Additional File 1, Figure S1).
Figure 1. Median piRNA coverage of RTE loci. Theoretical piRNA coverage levels (see Methods sections) are shown as colours indicating the median log2 values for all loci of belonging to a given RTE family. Only RTE families with at least a 1000 annotated loci and a median value above zero in any library are shown (albeit very low levels are not visible in this representation). For each RTE family, the superfamily it belongs to and the number of loci (in thousands) is listed. Families of internal LTR sequences are suffixed by '-int' in their superfamily. Three sets of columns are shown (All/Superfamily/Family), each set containing the three libraries (MIWI2 early, MILI early and MILI late). The left column set (All) shows coverage of all mapped piRNA reads. The middle column set (Superfamily) shows coverage of piRNAs exclusively mapping to this superfamily of RTE, and the right column set (Family) the coverage of piRNAs exclusively mapping to the particular RTE family.
Additional file 1. Supplementary Material. Figures S1-S5 and Tables S1-S4. PDF format.
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This file can be viewed with: Adobe Acrobat Reader
Higher piRNA coverage of younger elements
The RepBase database of repeated sequences [40] contain consensus sequences for individual RTE families, and RepeatMasker [15] annotation is based on sequence similarity to these consensus sequences. As the vast majority of RTE loci are under no negative selection (but see, for example [41-43]) the level of divergence between genomic loci and the RepBase consensus sequence can be taken as a proxy for the age of the RTE family. When plotting median piRNA coverage of RTE families against their median divergence, a clear trend of highly covered RTEs being relatively young is observed irrespective of RTE type (Figure 2). For all types of RTEs, the average piRNA coverage of younger elements is significantly higher than coverage of older elements (Additional File 1, Table S2). Also, the high level of variation in piRNA coverage between individual RTE loci is evident from the percentiles shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. RTE age and piRNA coverage. The median millidivergence from consensus (as a proxy for age) is plotted against the average piRNA coverage (all reads) values. RTE families are coloured according to their type as indicated on the left chart. To allow for easier comparison between RTE types, coverage values are indexed so that the family with the highest average coverage is set to a value of 1. Error bars denote 25 and 75 percentiles for both piRNA coverage and millidivergence.
Gene expression levels and piRNA coverage
To test the piRNA coverage in the genomic context of protein-coding genes, all known genes with at least 20 kb (kilo base pairs) to the nearest neighbouring gene (in both directions) and with available Affymetrix expression data from testis tissue were retrieved [44]. These 3307 genes were grouped into highly expressed genes (25% highest expression signals, 827 genes), lowly expressed genes (25% lowest, 829 genes), and medium expressed genes (rest, 1651 genes). For each gene set, the piRNA coverage of RTE residing within 10 kb upstream of their annotated transcription start sites to within 10 kb of their stop sites was recorded (Figure 3). For all types of RTE elements, piRNA coverage in the context of highly expressed genes was significantly higher than both medium and lowly expressed genes. This was found for all piRNA libraries (Additional File 1, Table S3).
Figure 3. Expression levels and piRNA coverage around genes. Genes are divided according to their expression levels in adult testis (high/medium/low) as indicated below charts. The median piRNA coverage of RTEs around genes are shown as rectangles with error bars denoting 25 and 75 percentiles. Coverage values are normalised by the number of base pairs occupied by RTEs around the genes. Using a Mann-Whitney U test, all values for highly expressed genes are significantly higher than the corresponding values for lowly expressed genes for all four RTE types. Significance levels shown in Additional File 1, Table S3.
For some RTE types, the relative number of young and old loci differ between the vicinities of highly expressed genes and lowly expressed genes, (Additional File 1, Figure S2), suggesting that the higher levels of piRNA coverage of RTE near highly expressed genes could simply be explained by the age of the RTE sequences. However, when repeating the analysis without the youngest RTE sequences, essentially similar results and significance levels are found (Additional File 1, Table S3).
Interestingly, when assessing the piRNA coverage of RTE sequence near transcription start sites (TSS), peaks are observed immediately upstream of TSS on the reverse strand, and for piRNAs not targeting RTEs, also immediately downstream of TSS on the forward strand (Additional File 1, Figure S3). Such a pattern resembles that of the recently discovered short transcripts generated around TSS (the TSS-associated RNAs) [45,46] suggesting that these piRNAs may in fact be TSS-associated RNAs. It is uncertain if this represents experimental contamination of non-piRNAs or if these TSS-associated RNAs provide the transcripts that a processed into piRNAs, although the presence of RNA reads smaller than the usual 24-30 nucleotides - especially among early MILI piRNAs - hints that a contribution from the former scenario cannot be ruled out (Additional File 1, Figure S4). Assuming all RNAs mapping within 1000 base pairs of an annotated TSS are TSS-associated RNAs and removing these from the analysis does not change any of the presented conclusions (data not shown).
piRNA coverage and distance to genes
The age of RTEs and their genomic distance to protein-coding genes is not independent [13,47]. If RTEs residing near genes are in general relatively young, one would expect these RTEs to display high levels of piRNA coverage as a result of this. To test if proximity to genes affected piRNA coverage independent of RTE age, members of each RTE family were divided into three equally sized groups based on their divergence from their consensus sequence (called 'young', 'median' and 'old' loci, respectively). Within each age-group, members were further divided into sub-groups according to genomic location; i) RTE loci residing inside the boundaries of known genes (termed 'genic'), ii) RTE loci in intergenic regions in proximity to known genes ('proximal'), and iii) RTE loci in intergenic regions distal to known genes ('distal'). The groups 'proximal' and 'distal' defined as loci closer or further away from genes, respectively, than the median distance of all non-'genic' loci from the RTE family. An overview of the grouping procedure is presented in Figure 4. The assumption that younger RTE members tend to reside closer to genes are confirmed by the observation that for 95% of all RTE families, the fraction of loci being proximal to genes is higher for young loci than for old loci (Wilcoxon Signed Rank, p < 2.2 × 10-16; values not shown).
Figure 4. Grouping of RTE loci. A schematic overview of the procedure used to group RTE loci within each family. A hypothetical genome is shown on top with a single protein-coding gene (exons denoted by boxes). RTE loci are shown as vertical lines, with age indicated by increasing colour darkness. The RTE loci are first divided in three equally sized groups (rows below genome) based on age, then divided according to their genomic location (columns below genome). The border between proximal and distal loci is set to the median of the distances between all non-genic loci and the nearest gene. Within each age group, the location groups can now be directly compared against each other. Note that the numbers of RTEs in age groups are equal by definition, whereas this may not be the case in the location groups.
RTE loci proximal to genes have - irrespective of age - significantly higher piRNA coverage than similar RTE loci distal to genes (Figure 5). With internal LTR sequences belonging to the 'old' group as the only exception, loci proximal to genes have significantly higher coverage than genic loci in prenatal development. Interestingly, in postnatal development no RTE group displays a significantly higher coverage for proximal loci than for genic loci, and furthermore, for all RTE groups, genic loci have significantly higher coverage than loci distal to genes (Figure 5). Thus, coverage by MILI late piRNAs is enriched in genic regions, an observation that is further supported by the fact that the total coverage of MILI late piRNAs mapping to genic regions is increased for all types of RTEs (Figure 6).
Figure 5. piRNA coverage and genomic context. A) Schematic depiction of the 3 categories of RTE loci (shown as red boxes). Genic RTEs reside inside the boundaries of protein-coding genes (exons shown as white boxes), proximal RTEs reside close to genes, and distal RTEs reside far from genes. The three RTE boxes are connected by a triangle, and in the remainder of the figure this triangle will symbolise the three categories of RTE loci. B) Example of the triangle graphic. The corners of the triangle correspond to the three categories of RTE loci (highlighted by their first letter in this example), and larger-than and smaller-than signs denote the relative levels of piRNA coverage of the categories. One thin sign corresponds to a non-significant difference, one bold sign to a significant difference at the 0.05 level, and two bold signs to a significant difference at the 0.001 level (see Methods section). C) Symbolic presentations of the real differences in piRNA coverage levels. RTEs are grouped into the 4 shown types (left), and differences are shown for the 3 libraries (top), with RTE loci divided according to age (for each family independently, see main text for details). Absolute values and significance levels are available in Additional File 1, Table S4.
Figure 6. Proportion of piRNA coverage targeting genic RTE loci. The fractions of total piRNA coverage that are mapped to genic loci are shown for the four RTE types. Green bars denote different read libraries as indicated on the right. Gray bars show the proportion of loci residing in a genic context. Values are shown for A) All reads and B) Reads mapping exclusively within a single RTE family.
Strand bias in piRNA coverage of genic RTEs
Aravin and colleagues [31] showed that in early development, the substrate for piRNA generation is provided by actively transcribed RTE elements. Later in development, active transcription of RTEs should then be repressed, and mRNA sequences from active full-length RTE loci are no longer widespread. This suggests that co-transcription of RTE sequences along with mRNAs from protein-coding genes (predominantly in intronic regions) could now take on a relatively larger role in providing RTE sequence transcripts. A prerequisite for the generation of piRNAs is the presence of transcripts with complementary sequences. Although active RTEs need to be transcribed from their forward strand, the RTE sequences scattered around the highly transcribed genome could produce transcripts in both orientations. But if as suggested, transcribed RTE sequences in postnatal mouse testes are mainly provided from co-transcription with genes, the transcriptional orientation of a given genic RTE loci is to a large extent determined by the orientation of the host gene. One can therefore test if the strand of piRNAs mapping uniquely to genic RTE loci corresponds to the orientation of the RTE relative to the host gene. Of course, amplification from the ping-pong cycle may generate multiple piRNAs, which may map on both strands of a genic RTE locus (although the efficiency of the ping-pong cycle may decrease in postnatal development as MIWI2 is no longer expressed [31]), potentially blurring the picture. As seen from Figure 7, a clear pattern of high sense coverage of genic RTEs in the forward orientation and high antisense coverage of genic RTEs in the reverse orientation is seen for postnatal piRNAs, but not for prenatal piRNAs.
Figure 7. Strand bias. The log2 ratio of sense and antisense coverage from uniquely mapping piRNAs shown for the 4 main RTE types. Each RTE type is divided into genic loci on the forward strand relative to the host gene ('forward'; green columns), genic loci on the reverse strand ('reverse'; orange columns), and loci residing outside genes ('nongenic'; grey columns). All values are shown for the three piRNA libraries.
Conclusions
As reported previously, RTE families are targeted very differently by piRNAs in developing mouse testes. By focusing on the total population of RTE loci, the present reanalysis of published data reveal further differences in piRNA targeting between individual members of RTE families. The available data for this analysis is arguably limited and the presented data relies on a single set of experiments. Although deep-sequencing techniques ideally should provide sequences from all available transcripts in a neutral fashion, biases may be introduced experimentally, especially during construction of libraries [48]. Furthermore, considerable biological differences in RTE sequences have been reported between mouse strains [49,50]. Nevertheless, the vast majority of RTE sequences will be shared among all extant mice, and the results presented here are all of a global genomic character with no predictions for individual loci, suggesting a fair generality of the findings.
Transcriptional activity is correlated between genomic regions residing near each other [51-53], and the observation that piRNA targeting of RTEs is higher around highly expressed genes, may simply reflect that transcription of RTEs is more permissible near highly expressed genes. A correlation between transcription levels of LTR sequences and their neighbouring genes has previously been reported in fission yeast [54]. This further supports the notion that RTE transcripts are not specifically recognized as RTEs by the Piwi proteins, but are largely triggering the piRNA response in a manner proportional to their presence. It should be stressed that the reported preference by MILI for sense RTE sequences and the corresponding preference by MIWI2 for antisense sequences [31] suggest some level of discrimination of transcripts.
In postnatal testis development, piRNA targeting is shifted towards loci residing in introns of protein-coding genes. If, as assumed, active transcription of RTE loci is repressed at this stage, one would expect a higher proportion of RTE sequences in the total transcriptome to be derived from co-transcription of intronic RTE loci. This observation could at least in part explain the previously observed increase in piRNAs targeting SINE elements in postnatal stages [31], as SINE elements are the most abundant RTEs in introns (Additional File 1, Figure S5). Therefore, the increased piRNA response directed at SINE sequences does not necessitate transcription of active SINE elements in postnatal development. In fact, as SINE elements are non-autonomous, presumably using the enzymatic machinery provided by LINE elements [55,56], there should be no basis for SINE proliferation in postnatal development if the prenatal silencing of LINE persists. Yet, SINE transcription may take place without subsequent transposition, and the known functional effects of mammalian SINE transcription [57-59] and the recently reported SINE RNA toxicity [60] suggest both active SINE transcription in later development, and the possible need for regulation.
On an evolutionary time scale, RTE activity has contributed hugely to the evolution of mammalian genomes [61-64], and when attempting to understand the diversity of present eukaryotic life it is essential to include the history and activity of RTEs. However, RTEs are not just silent passengers that occasionally spring into action, but have to be dealt with within each individual's life history. In this respect, the indirect approach of analysing small RNAs generated to repress RTE activity in the germline may produce further valuable knowledge on the activity of RTEs during development.
Methods
Data and Annotations
Small RNA libraries accession numbers GSM319953 (MILI late), GSM319956 (MILI early) and GSM319957 (MIWI2 early) were retrieved through DeepBase (http://deepbase.sysu.edu.cn/ webcite) [39] and mapped to the mouse genome (mm9 assembly) using bowtie [65]. Prior to mapping, reads were filtered and sequences with ambiguous base calls and low-complexity sequences were removed. The latter was done measuring the linguistic complexity [66] of the sequences in 16 bp windows, and excluding reads with an average complexity of less than 0.75. Preliminary tests showed that this would remove highly repetitive reads with very large numbers of genomic mappings (not shown). For each library, this procedure filtered out between 0.14 and 0.17% of all raw reads. RepeatMasker and known gene annotations were downloaded from the UCSC Genome Browser [15,40,67]. A set of non-overlapping TSS was selected by grouping all known genes according to their assignment to ENSEMBL genes [68]. For each ENSEMBL gene, the most abundant genomic start point was selected. If more than one point was found to have the highest abundance, the one furthest upstream of these was chosen. Gene expression levels were assessed from the 'testis' signal intensities in the Mouse GNF1M Gene Atlas from BioGPS (http://biogps.gnf.org/ webcite) [44].
Mapping and coverage
For each RTE loci the number of reads mapped within the locus were recorded. Reads were assigned a score of 1/(number of genomic mappings of read), so that only uniquely mapping reads scored 1. The read score were then divided by the size of the RTE loci (in kilo-base pairs). Finally, scores were divided by the total number (in millions) of mapped reads from the library in question.
Statistical testing
To test for difference between RTE loci from different genomic regions (data presented in Figure 5), all RTE families were first split in 3 groups based on age where after members in each group were divided according to their genomic context (genic, proximal, distal). Hence, for each RTE family, nine sets of loci were formed, and the average piRNA coverage for each set was recorded. To test for difference between two groups (for example, between old LINE loci being genic or distal), pairs of average values were collected for the 90 LINE families (Additional File 1, Table S1) and tested using a Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. Bonferroni corrections (n = 108 in Figure 5) were calculated as: pcorrected = 1-(1-p)n. All statistical analyses were carried out using R [69].
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
TM conceived of the study, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a grant from the Lundbeck Foundation. I am indebted to JianHua Yang for invaluable advice on small RNAs, for preparing and providing RNA reads from DeepBase, and for critical reading of the manuscript.
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< You Got A Hearing Problem, Mister?
The Tapeless Office >
(2) "I Blog What You Say" #4: Link Cop-Out : Jacob B. said I should blog about H2O (look at http://tinyurl.com/5a823s); that is, blog about its quality as I find it dripping from a tap. Its quality in my city is good, according to NYT's own "City Room" blog (look at http://tinyurl.com/3jt6yu). At this point, having shown a link, I could just click "Publish", but I'll add that I also think its quality is good. I do own a jar that traps impurity, as on occasion this liquid picks up bits of grit as it flows into my building.
Jacob also said I should blog without using ASCII glyphs 0x65 and 0x45, which I just did. (I took pains to omit such glyphs from both body and HTML markup, and so I couldn't do normal <A> tags.) Finally, Jacob has an odd wish to talk abnormally, and I am to command him to apply a transform to his vocal cords. I say Jacob should talk as Sonic talks. I actually don't know how Sonic talks but that's how Jacob should talk.
PS: I had to wait til Thursday to post this.
Comments:
Posted by jaacob at Fri May 23 2008 09:36
triumphant! it would rock to do this at my shop for a day-- i think that, by practicing, your brain would find intriguing workarounds to obvious faults, such as, uh, that of an articlish flavor. i'm not saying you'd find your facility at this way of talking multiplying, but tricks would most probably pop up. right? or no?
Posted by Mr. Richardson at Fri May 23 2008 13:17
Actually I think I just sound like S. David S.
[Main] [Edit]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Indicators / Land take / Land take (CSI 014) - Assessment published Nov 2005
Land take (CSI 014) - Assessment published Nov 2005
Created : May 19, 2005 Published : Nov 08, 2005 Last modified : Jul 07, 2011 02:47 PM
Generic metadata
Topics:
Land use (Primary topic)
Natural resources
Biodiversity
Tags:
terrestrial | SOER2010 | biodiversity | natural | CSI014 | State and Outlook 2005 - Part B | assessment04 | State and Outlook 2005 | CSI | landuse
DPSIR: Pressure
Typology: Descriptive indicator (Type A – What is happening to the environment and to humans?)
Indicator codes
• CSI 014
Contents
Key policy question: How much and in what proportions is agricultural, forest and other semi-natural and natural land being taken for urban and other artificial land development?
Key messages
Land take by the expansion of artificial areas and related infrastructure is the main cause of the increase in the coverage of land at the European level. Agricultural zones and, to a lesser extent, forests and semi-natural and natural areas, are disappearing in favour of the development of artificial surfaces. This affects biodiversity since it decreases habitats, the living space of a number of species, and fragments the landscapes that support and connect them.
Relative contribution of land-cover categories to uptake by urban and other artificial land development
Note: In some large countries, dates of satellite images for regions may differ by several years
Data source:
Downloads and more info
Key assessment
The largest land-cover category being taken by urban and other artificial land development (average for 23 European countries) is agriculture land. During 1990-2000, 48% of all areas that changed to artificial surfaces were arable land or permanent crops. This process is particularly important in Denmark (80 %) and Germany (72 %). Pastures and mixed farmland are, on average, the next category being taken, representing 36% of the total. However, in several countries or regions, these landscapes are the major source for land-take (in a broad sense), for example in Ireland (80%) and the Netherlands (60%).
The proportion of forested and natural land taken for artificial development during the period is important in Portugal (35%), Spain (31%) and Greece (23%).
Specific policy question: What are the drivers of uptake for urban and other artificial land development?
Land take by several types of human activity per year in 23 European countries, 1990-2000
Note: In some large countries, dates of satellite images for regions may differ by several years
Data source:
Downloads and more info
Specific assessment
At the European level, housing, services and recreation make up half of the overall increase in urban and other artificial area between 1990 and 2000. But the situation varies, from countries with proportions of new land take for housing, services and recreation higher than 70% (Luxembourg and Ireland) to countries like Greece (16%) and Poland (22%) where urban development is, instead, due mainly to industrial/commercial activity.
Industrial/commercial sites is the next sector responsible for land take, with 31% of the average European new land uptake during the period. However, this sector is taking the largest proportion of new uptake in Belgium (48%), Greece (43%) and Hungary (32%).
Land take for mines, quarries and waste dumpsites was relatively important in countries with low artificial land take during the 1990-2000 period as well as in Poland (43%) where mines are a key sector of the economy. At the European level, the percentage of the total new land take for mines, quarries and waste dumpsites is 14%.
Land take for transport infrastructures (3.2% of the total new artificial cover) is underestimated in surveys that are based on remote-sensing like Corine Land Cover (CLC). Land take by linear features such as roads and railways is not included in the statistics, which focus only on area infrastructures (airports, harbours....). Soil sealing and fragmentation by linear infrastructures therefore need to be observed by different means.
Specific policy question: Where have the more important artificial land uptakes occurred?
Mean annual urban land take as a percentage of total Europe-23 urban land take 1990-2000
Note: In some large countries, dates of satellite images for regions may differ by several years
Data source:
Downloads and more info
Mean annual urban land take 1990-2000 as a percentage of 1990 artificial land
Note: In some large countries, dates of satellite images for regions may differ by several years
Data source:
Downloads and more info
Specific assessment
Land uptake by urban and other artificial development in the 23 European countries covered by Corine Land Cover 2000 amounted to 917 224 hectares in 10 years. It represents 0.3% of the total territory of these countries. This may seem low, but spatial differences are very important and urban sprawl in many regions is very intense.
Considering the contribution of each country to new total urban and infrastructure sprawl in Europe, mean annual values range from 22% (Germany) to 0.02% (Latvia), with intermediate values in France (15%), Spain (13.3%) and Italy (9.1%). Differences between countries are strongly related to their size and population density (Figure 3).
The pace of land take observed by comparing it with the initial extent of urban and other artificial areas in 1990 gives another picture (Figure 4). From this perspective, the average value in the 23 European countries covered by CLC2000 ranges up to an annual increase of 0.7%. Urban development is fastest in Ireland (3.1% increase in urban area per year), Portugal (2.8%), Spain (1.9%) and the Netherlands (1.6%). However, this comparison reflects different initial conditions; for example Ireland had a very small amount of urban area in 1990 and the Netherlands one of the largest in Europe. Urban sprawl in new Member States is generally lower than in the EU-15 countries, in absolute and relative terms.
Data sources
More information about this indicator
See this indicator specification for more details.
Contacts and ownership
EEA Contact Info
Jean-Louis Weber
Ownership
EEA Management Plan
2010 (note: EEA internal system)
Dates
First draft created: 2005/05/19 14:16:12.262000 GMT+2
Publish date: 2005-11-08T10:00:00+02:00
Last modified: 2011/07/07 14:47:26.497000 GMT+2
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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European Environment Agency (EEA)
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Phone: +45 3336 7100
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Category:Hoke County, North CarolinaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
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Online data entry job
Newbie Member
30May2007,14:47 #1
Online data entry job
Are you tired of searching a real Data entry jobs or your search ended in some scam. If so don't loose heart, because we offer you home based online data entry job, a direct work from international companies. Work Free before you register. Earn a guaranteed income.
Go4Expert Founder
30May2007,17:22 #2
Keep everything related to data entry job here. Remember you don't just spam forums with your site links in post. Use signature instead.
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Bibliography: Kat
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Title: Kat
Author: Kelley Armstrong
Year: 2009
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: shortfiction
Series: Darkest Powers
Language: English
ISFDB Record Number: 1025686
Note: narrated by Katiana
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Nano Express
Biofabrication of Anisotropic Gold Nanotriangles Using Extract of Endophytic Aspergillus clavatus as a Dual Functional Reductant and Stabilizer
Vijay C Verma1*, Santosh K Singh1, Ravindra Solanki2 and Satya Prakash3
Author affiliations
1 Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
2 School of Material Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
3 National Facility for Tribal and Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
Nanoscale Res Lett 2011, 6:16 doi:10.1007/s11671-010-9743-6
Published: 28 August 2010
Abstract
Biosynthesis of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles using microorganisms has emerged as a more eco-friendly, simpler and reproducible alternative to the chemical synthesis, allowing the generation of rare forms such as nanotriangles and prisms. Here, we report the endophytic fungus Aspergillus clavatus, isolated from surface sterilized stem tissues of Azadirachta indica A. Juss., when incubated with an aqueous solution of chloroaurate ions produces a diverse mixture of intracellular gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), especially nanotriangles (GNT) in the size range from 20 to 35 nm. These structures (GNT) are of special interest since they possess distinct plasmonic features in the visible and IR regions, which equipped them with unique physical and optical properties exploitable in vital applications such as optics, electronics, catalysis and biomedicine. The reaction process was simple and convenient to handle and was monitored using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis). The morphology and crystalline nature of the GNTs were determined from transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force spectroscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. This proposed mechanistic principal might serve as a set of design rule for the synthesis of anisotropic nanostructures with desired architecture and can be amenable for the large scale commercial production and technical applications.
Keywords:
Azadirachta indica; Gold nanotriangles; Endophytic fungi; XRD; AFM; Aspergillus clavatus
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Ratner:Publications
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 18:10, 9 October 2006 by Ratnera (Talk | contribs)
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Ratner Lab
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Ratner Lab: Publications
Original, Peer-reviewed Articles
1. Ratner AJ, Canhui H, Pepino P, et al. Lymphocyte xenoantigens recognized by preformed antibodies. Transplant Proc 1992; 24:583-5.
2. Rose EA, Pepino P, Barr ML, Smith CR, Ratner AJ, et al. Relation of anti-HLA antibodies and graft atherosclerosis in human cardiac allograft recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992; 11:S120-3.
3. Rose EA, Barr ML, Xu H, Watkins JF, Ratner AJ, et al. Photochemotherapy in human heart transplant patients at high risk for fatal rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992; 11:746-50.
4. DiMango E, Ratner AJ, Bryan R, Tabibi S, Prince A. Activation of NF-B by adherent Pseudomonas aeruginosa in normal and cystic fibrosis respiratory epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:2598-605.
5. Rajan S, Cacalano G, Ratner AJ, Sontich CU, van Heercken A, Davis P, Prince A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa induction of apoptosis in respiratory epithelial cells: analysis of the effects of CFTR dysfunction and bacterial virulence factors. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 23:304-12.
6. Ratner AJ, Bryan R, Weber A, et al. Cystic fibrosis pathogens activate Ca2+-dependent MAPK signaling pathways in airway epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:19267-75.
7. Ratner AJ, Neu N, Jakob K, et al. Nosocomial rotavirus in a pediatric hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001; 22:299-301.
8. Ratner AJ. Varicella-related hospitalizations in the vaccine era. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21:931-4.
9. Weiser JN, Bae D, Fasching C, Scamurra RW, Ratner AJ, Janoff EN. Antibody-enhanced pneumococcal adherence requires IgA1 protease. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2003; 100: 4215-20.
10. Ratner AJ. Varicella-related hospitalizations: an update. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23:377.
11. Ratner AJ, Lysenko ES, Paul MN, Weiser JN. Synergistic proinflammatory responses induced by polymicrobial colonization of epithelial surfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2005; 102: 3429-34.
12. Lysenko ES, Ratner AJ, Nelson A, Weiser JN. The role of innate immune responses in the outcome of interspecies competition for colonization of mucosal surfaces. PLoS Pathogens 2005; 1: e1.
13. Shah SS, Ratner AJ. Trends in invasive pneumococcal disease-associated hospitalizations. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: e1-5.
14. Steenhoff AP, Shah SS, Ratner AJ, Patil SM, McGowan KL. Emergence of vaccine-related pneumococcal serotypes as a cause of bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 907-14.
15. Ratner AJ, Hippe KR, Aguilar JL, Bender MH, Nelson AL, Weiser JN. Epithelial cells are sensitive detectors of bacterial pore-forming toxins. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 12994-8.
Case Reports
1. Ampofo K, Graham P, Ratner A, Rajagopalan L, Della-Latta P, Saiman L. Plesiomonas shigelloides sepsis and splenic abscess in an adolescent with sickle-cell disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20:1178-9.
2. Ratner AJ, Mosca RS, Zucker HA. Citrobacter mediastinitis following cardiac surgery in a neonate. J Infect. 2002; 44:52-3.
3. Mirakhur B, Shah SS, Ratner AJ, Goldstein S, Bell LM, Kim JO. Cat-scratch disease presenting as orbital abscess and osteomyelitis. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:3991-3.
Reviews, Chapters, and Editorials
1. Schenkel FA, Ratner AJ, Smiley RM. Current immunosuppressive therapy: immunosuppression for cardiac transplantation. Anesth Rep 1991; 3:390-396.
2. Ratner AJ, Rose EA, Michler RE. Xenografts. In: Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Simon & Schuster MacMillan: New York. 1995; 2593-2597.
3. Rose EA, Ratner AJ. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Transplant Proc 1995;27(3):1930.
4. Ratner AJ, Saiman L. Rotavirus: clinical and epidemiologic aspects. Emerg Office Peds 1999; 12:182-184.
5. Ratner AJ, Prince A. Lactoperoxidase: a new role for an “old” enzyme in airway defenses. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:642-4.
6. Rastogi D, Ratner AJ, Prince A. Host-bacterial interactions in the initiation of inflammation. Paediatr Respir Rev 2001; 2:245-52.
7. Ratner AJ, Prince A. Cellulitis. In: Current Pediatric Therapy 17. W.B. Saunders & Company: Philadelphia. 2002; 44-46.
8. Ratner AJ, Prince A. Staphylococcal Infections. In: Current Pediatric Therapy 17. W.B. Saunders & Company: Philadelphia. 2002; 95-98.
9. Gelber SE, Ratner AJ. Hospital-acquired viral infections in the NICU. Semin Perinat 2002; 26:346-56.
10. Ratner AJ. Anaerobic infections. In: The 5-minute Pediatric Consult, 4th ed. Lippencott, Williams, & Wilkins: Philadelphia. 2005; 118-119.
11. Ratner AJ. Competitive and cooperative interactions in the respiratory microflora. In: Colonization of Mucosal Surfaces. Nataro JP, Cohen PS, Mobley HLT, Weiser JN, eds. ASM Press: Washington, DC. 2005; 87-95.
12. Ratner AJ, Weiser JN. Review: Pneumonia Before Antibiotics. J Clin Invest 2006; 116: 2311.
13. Ratner AJ. Endocarditis. In: Requisites in Pediatrics. Elsevier Science: Philadelphia. 2006; in press.
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User:Conor McClune
From OpenWetWare
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I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
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3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
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[10] the day that you stood before Yahweh your God in Horeb, when Yahweh said to me, Assemble me the people, and I will make them hear my words, that they may learn to fear me all the days that they live on the earth, and that they may teach their children.
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Pinnacle West Capital
From SourceWatch
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Learn more about corporations VOTING to rewrite our laws.
Learn more from the Center for Media and Democracy's research on climate change.
This article is part of the Coal Issues portal on SourceWatch, a project of CoalSwarm and the Center for Media and Democracy. See here for help on adding material to CoalSwarm.
Pinnacle West Capital Corporation
Type Public (NYSEPNW)
Headquarters 400 North 5th St.
Phoenix, AZ 85004
Area served AZ
Key people Donald E. Brandt, CEO
Industry Electric Producer & Utility
Real Estate
Investment
Products Electricity
Revenue $4.4 million
Net income $3.3 billion
Employees 7,600 (2007)
Subsidiaries Arizona Public Service
APS Energy Services
SunCor Development
El Dorado Investment
Website PinnacleWest.com
Pinnacle West Capital Corporation (NYSE: PNW) is an Arizona-based energy company with consolidated assets of about $11 billion. [1]
Pinnacle West's largest affiliate, Arizona Public Service Company is the operator and co-owner of the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, is the second fastest growing electric utility in the U.S. over the last five years, and serves more than a million customers in 11 of Arizona’s 15 counties. Other affiliates include SunCor Development Company, a developer of residential, commercial and industrial real estate; APS Energy Services, a retail energy service provider; and El Dorado Investment Company, a venture capital and investment firm. [1]
In 2010, Pinnacle West Capital had an operating revenue of $3.2 billion.[2] Its CEO, Donald E. Brandt, received $5.65 million in total compensation in 2010. [3]
Ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council
Pinnacle West is a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC).
Pinnacle West's Vice President of Government Affairs, Martin Shultz, represents the corporation as Co-Chair of ALEC's Energy, Environment and Agriculture Task Force. [4][5] In other parts of the ALEC website, Shultz is listed as representing the law & lobbying firm Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck. [6]
About ALEC
ALEC is a corporate bill mill. It is not just a lobby or a front group; it is much more powerful than that. Through ALEC, corporations hand state legislators their wishlists to benefit their bottom line. Corporations fund almost all of ALEC's operations. They pay for a seat on ALEC task forces where corporate lobbyists and special interest reps vote with elected officials to approve “model” bills. Learn more at the Center for Media and Democracy's ALECexposed.org, and check out breaking news on our PRWatch.org site.
Political Contributions and Lobbying
In 2010, Pinnacle West's PAC contributed $379,956 to federal House and Senate candidates or their PACs. Their overall contributions were evenly split between Republicans and Democrats. [7]
$71,000 was given to House Democrats and $40,500 to House Republicans. Senate Democrats received $12,500 and Senate Republicans $66,000.[8] Pinnacle West donated $59,000 to Republican candidate's PACs, and $17,500 to Democrat's PACs; a full list of PAC recipients can be viewed HERE.
In 2010, Pinnacle West spent $710,000 on lobbying. A full list of federal bills the company lobbied on can be accessed HERE.
Pinnacle West continues active lobbying within Arizona. Records of company lobbying expenditures in Arizona can be found HERE. The Arizona Secretary of State's Office [1] defines lobbying as "Attempting to influence the passage or defeat of any legislation by directly communicating with any legislator; or in the case of bonding lobbyists, directly communicating with any school district employee or a school district governing board member or attempting to influence any formal rule making proceeding pursuant to chapter 6 of this title or rule making proceedings that are exempt from chapter 6 of this title by directly communicating with any state officer or employee."
Nuclear Plants
The utility company also operates three nuclear reactors. Its Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station in Arizona, the largest nuclear plant in the U.S., came under scrutiny by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 2005 when operational problems began to cause prolonged outages. "They have had a problem with human performance, and in properly identifying problems and finding resolution" over the past few years, said Nuclear Regulatory Commission spokesman Victor Dricks, referring to APS. While Dricks said the NRC may put Palo Verde on extra watch, the plant is not considered a danger to public safety.[9]
Annual Revenue
2010[10]
Sales/Operating Revenue: $3.3 billion
Net Income: $370 million
Assets: $12.4 billion
Employees: 6,740
2009[11]
Sales/Operating Revenue: $3.2 billion
Net Income: $72 million
Assets: $11.9 billion
2008[12]
Sales/Operating Revenue: $3.2 billion
Net Income: $259 million
Assets: $11.8 billion
Executive Compensation
2011[13]
• Donald G. Robinson - President and Chief Operating Officer, APS: $4.4 million
• Randall K. Edington - Executive Vice President and Chief Nuclear Officer, APS: $5.3 million
• James R. Hatfield - Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of the Company and APS: $1.5 million
• David P. Falck - Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of the Company and APS: $2 million
Pinnacle West Capital Leadership
2011[14]
• Donald E. Brandt - Chairman of the Board, President and CEO, Pinnacle West Capital Corporation; Chairman and CEO of Arizona Public Service Company
• Donald G. Robinson - President and COO, Arizona Public Service Company
• David A. Hansen - Vice President of Fossil Operations, Arizona Public Service Company
• James R. Hatfield - Senior Vice President and CFO, Pinnacle West Capital Corporation and Arizona Public Service Company
• Robert S. Aiken - Vice President, Federal Affairs, Pinnacle West Capital Corporation
• Bob Bement - Senior Vice President of Operations, Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, Arizona Public Service Company
• Kenneth C. Bohlen - Vice President and Chief Information Officer of Arizona Public Service Company
• John Hatfield - Vice President of Communications of Arizona Public Service Company
• Denise R. Danner - Vice President of Controller and Chief Accounting; Officer of Pinnacle West Capital Corporation and Arizona Public Service Company
• John Hesser - Vice President of Engineering, Palo Verde Nuclear; Generating Station, Arizona Public Service Company
• Pat Dinkel - Vice President of Power Marketing and Resource Planning, Arizona Public Service Company
• Warren Kotzmann - Vice President of Strategic Initiatives & Risk, Arizona Public Service Company
• Randy Edington - Executive Vice President & Chief Nuclear Officer of Arizona Public Service Company
• Maria Lacal - Vice President of Operations Support, Palo Verde; Nuclear, Generating Station®, Arizona Public Service Company
• David P. Falck - Executive Vice President of General Counsel & Secretary, Pinnacle West Capital Corporation and Arizona Public Service Company
• Tammy McLeod - Vice President & Chief Customer Officer of Arizona Public Service Company
• Edward Z. Fox - Vice President & Chief Sustainability Officer of Arizona Public Service Company
• Dwight Mims - Senior Vice President of Regulatory and Oversight, Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station®
• Daniel Froetscher - Vice President of Energy Delivery, Arizona Public Service Company
• Lee R. Nickloy - Vice President and Treasurer of Pinnacle West Capital Corporation and Arizona Public Service Company
• Barbara M. Gomez - Vice President of Supply Chain Management, Arizona Public Service Company
• Mark A. Schiavoni - Senior Vice President of Fossil Generation, Arizona Public Service Company
• Jeff Guldner - Vice President Rates & Regulation of Arizona Public Service Company
History
Arizona Public Service Company began to pay a cash dividend to shareholders in 1920, and continued the annual dividend without interruption through the 1980s. The stock doubled in price through the long bear market of the 1970s, while paying a 10% dividend yield. By then it had become an electric and natural gas utility fueled 94.4% by coal plants, 5.2% by natural gas, and 0.4% by oil. The company traded its common stock on the New York Stock Exchange, and in 1976, the company issued a preferred stock with a 10.5% dividend, callable in 1990.[15]
APS also performed well through the early 1980s recession, reaching peak earnings of over $255 million in 1983. However, by then the company had accumulated over $2.1 billion in long-term debt. 1984 was a down year for both earnings and the stock price, which at its low that year had lost almost half its value from the 1983 peak.[15]
AZP Group
In February 1985, Arizona Public Service Company reorganized into a holding company structure, named AZP Group Inc.[16] It traded under the ticker symbol AZP. 1985 earnings reached a new record high at almost $290 million, and by the end of the year the stock price had doubled from its 1984 low.[15]
Pinnacle West Capital
In 1987, AZP Group changed its name to Pinnacle West Capital Corporation, and began trading under the new ticker symbol PNW. The utility continued to operate as its principal subsidiary.[16] By then Pinnacle's long-term debt had grown to almost $2.4 billion. Earnings had declined to $260 million in 1986, but were recovering by the end 1987. However, the stock price reached an all-time peak that year, which was not surpassed for the next decade, as the company ran into troubles through the early 1990s.[15]
Power portfolio
Out of its total 10,640 MW of electric generating capacity in 2005 (1.0% of the U.S. total), Pinnacle West produced 39.6% from nuclear, 35.2% from natural gas, 24.3% from coal, 1.0% from oil, and 0.1% from solar. Pinnacle West owns power plants in Arizona (86.4% of generating capacity) and New Mexico (13.6%).[17]
EPA releases list of 44 "high hazard" coal ash dumps
In response to demands from environmentalists as well as Senator Barbara Boxer (D-California), chair of the Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works, the EPA made public a list of 44 "high hazard potential" coal waste dumps. The rating applies to sites at which a dam failure would most likely cause loss of human life, but does not include an assessment of the likelihood of such an event. Arizona Public Service Company owns 2 of the sites, both of which store coal combustion waste for the Cholla Generating Station.[18][19] To see the full list of sites, see Coal waste.
Existing coal-fired power plants
Pinnacle West owned or co-owned 9 coal-fired generating stations in 2005, with 2,580 MW of capacity. Here is a list of Pinnacle West's coal power plants:[17][20][21]
Plant Name State County Year(s) Built Capacity 2007 CO2 Emissions 2006 SO2 Emissions
Four Corners NM San Juan 1963, 1964, 1969, 1970 1452 MW 14,800,000 tons 15,192 tons
Cholla AZ Navajo 1962, 1978, 1980, 1981 1129 MW 8,026,000 tons 21,147 tons
In 2006, Pinnacle West's 2 coal-fired power plants emitted 22.8 million tons of CO2 and 36,000 tons of SO2 (X% of all U.S. SO2 emissions).
Articles and Resources
Resources
Related SourceWatch Articles
External Articles
References
1. 1.0 1.1 "about us" page, Pinnacle West website, accessed July 10, 2011.
2. Pinnacle West Capital Financials, Hoovers, accessed July 10, 2011.
3. Donald E. Brandt profile, Forbes, accessed July 9, 2011.
4. Martin L. Shultz profile, Pinnacle West website, accessed July 9, 2011.
5. Natural Resources Task Force, ALEC website, accessed July 9, 2011 (listing Martin Shultz as representing Pinnacle West).
6. Energy, Environment and Agriculture Task Force, ALEC website, accessed July 9, 2011 (listing Martin Shultz as representing Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck).
7. Center for Responsive Politics, Pinnacle West Capital 2010 Contributions Summary, "Open Secrets.gov"
8. Center for Responsive Politics, Pinnacle West Capital Contributions 2010, "Open Secrets.gov"
9. Pinnacle West: The Peak of the Energy Pyramid, SeekingAlpha.com, By Ted Allrich, posted on: November 20, 2006
10. Forbes Pinnacle West Financials
11. Forbes Pinnacle West Financials
12. Forbes Pinnacle West Financials
13. Executive Compensation, "Businessweek"
14. Management Profiles, "Pinnacle West Capital"
15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Standard & Poor's Stock Guide, various issues
16. 16.0 16.1 Compilation of Investor-Owned Utility Transactions - Holding Companies Established, American Public Power Association, (updated 09-03)
17. 17.0 17.1 Existing Electric Generating Units in the United States, 2005, Energy Information Administration, accessed April 2008.
18. Shaila Dewan, "E.P.A. Lists ‘High Hazard’ Coal Ash Dumps," New York Times, June 30, 2009.
19. Fact Sheet: Coal Combustion Residues (CCR) - Surface Impoundments with High Hazard Potential Ratings, Environmental Protection Agency, June 2009.
20. Environmental Integrity Project, Dirty Kilowatts: America’s Most Polluting Power Plants, July 2007.
21. Dig Deeper, Carbon Monitoring for Action database, accessed June 2008.
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:73607",
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"url": "www.werelate.org/wiki/Person:Adam_Richardson_%282%29",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:37:22.000Z",
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Person:Adam Richardson (2)
Watchers
m. 29 APR 1820
1. David Richardson1821 - BET 1885 AND 1900
2. Andrew Richardson1822 - 1905
3. Henry Richardson1824 -
4. Robert C Richardson1826 - 1909
5. Janet Richardson1828 -
6. Samuel Richardson1829 -
7. Christopher Richardson1830 -
8. Archibald Moffat Richardson1832 -
9. Adam Brown Richardson1835 - 1929
m. Abt 1856
1. William Adam RichardsonAbt 1857 - 1859
2. Francis James RichardsonAbt 1859 - 1859
3. Frank Ingersoll Richardson1861 - Abt 1954
4. William Mead Richardson1862 - 1944
5. Thomas A. RichardsonAbt 1865 - 1931
6. George B. RichardsonAbt 1867 - 1941
Facts and Events
Name Adam Brown Richardson
Gender Male
Birth? 8 Feb 1835 New York City, New York, United Statesfrom obit
Alt Birth[1][2] 10 Feb 1835 Beauharnois, Québec, Canada
Christening[1][2] 22 Feb 1836 Beauharnois, Québec, Canada
Marriage Abt 1856 to Elizabeth Phipps
Death? 26 Sep 1929 Manitowoc, Manitowoc, Wisconsin, United Statesfrom obit
Obituary
[From Manitowoc Herald News, Friday, Sept. 27, 1929, p. 2]
Last Founder of Church Dies Here Thursday
Adam Brown Richardson, 94, After Long Illness; Was Pioneer Sailor and Farmer
A long illness yesterday morning claimed the life of one of the oldest residents of Manitowoc county when Adam Brown Richardson, 94 years 7 months and 8 days, died at the Holy Family hospital. Mr. Richardson was a pioneer sailor and farmer and was the last of the original founders of the St. James Episcopal church in this city.
Born in New York city on February 8, 1835, Mr. Richardson at the early age of nine went to sea and for many years traveled the seven seas to visit every port of importance in the world. He later came to the Great Lakes region, becomning a member of the St. James Church here nearly 77 years ago. The life history of Mr. Richardson is one of intriguing adventure as he was shipwrecked several times and was aboard ships catching fire off the Atlantic seaboard as well as having been in many gales which swept unprotected waters of oceans and lakes.
In 1856 he married Elizabeth Phipps, of Leamington, England, and they were the parents of four children, all of them living outside of Manitowoc. Mrs. Richardson died in 1909 and since then he lived a retired life on a farm immediately north of the city limits.
Four sons survive. They are F. I. Richardson of Appleton, Wm. M. of Kaukauna, T.A. of Tipler, Wis., and George B. of Tacoma, Wash.
Although in failing health for some time, Mr. Richardson objected to being removed to a hospital and was under constant care of a housekeeper and more lately under the careof a trained nurse. The housekeeper, now well over 80 years of age, was removed to the hospital early this week, she and her employer being taken at the same time.
Funeral services are to be held from the Frazier Mortuary, Ninth and Chicago streets, tomorrow afternoon at 2 o'clock. Interment will take place at Evergreen.
Census
1860 US Census, Manitowoc, WI Richardson, A.D., age 25, sailor, NY Richardson, Elizabeth, age 25, England
1870 US Census, Manitowoc, WI Richardson, Edward, age 35, Farmer, born in NY Richardson, Elisabeth, age 34, born in England Richardson, Frank, age 9, born in WI Richardson, Mead, age 7 Richardson, Thomas, age 6 Richardson, George, age 3
1880 US Census Manitowoc, WI Edward Richardson, age 46, Farmer, NY/Scotland/Scotland Elizabeth Richardson, age 46, Keeping House, England/England/England Frank Richardson, age 19, Farm Laborer, WI/NY/England William Richardson, age 17, Farm Laborer, WI/NY/England Thomas Richardson, age 14, -, WI/NY/England George Richardson, age 13, -, WI/NY/England
1900 US Census, Manitowoc, WI Richardson, Adam, age 64/Feb 1836, Farmer, NY/Scotland/Scotland, married 44 years Richardson, Elizabeth, age 63/Oct 1836, -, England/England/England, emigrated 1856 Runge, Mary (servant), age 50, May 1850, servant, Germany/Germany/Germany, emigrated 1876
1905 State Census, Manitowoc, WI Richardson, A.B., age=70, NY/Scotland, Farmer Richardson, Elizabeth, age=70, Eng/Eng
1910 US Census, Manitowoc, WI Richardson, A.B., age=75, Scotland/Scotland/Scotland [sic], Runge, Mary, age=50, WI/Germany/Germany, housekeeper
1920 US Census, Manitowoc, WI Richardson, A.B., age=84, NY/Scotland/Scotland, Runge, Mary, age=58, WI/Germany/Germany, housekeeper
References
1. 1.0 1.1 ID=43058, in Protestant Church Registers of Huntingdon County and the Seigniories of Chateauguay and Beauharnois, [1].
Event: Baptism
Given: Adam Brown
Surname: Richardson
Father: James
Occupation: tailor
Mother: Utterson, Christiana
Residence: Williamstown
Birth: 1835-02-10
Baptism: 1836-02-22
Witnesses: Richardson, James; Utterson, Christiana (x); Hargrave, John; McCrea, Hugh;
Church: United Congregations of Beauharnois and Chateauguay-Basin in Communion with the Established Church of Scotland
Minister: Walter Roach
2. 2.0 2.1 Québec, Canada. Quebec Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1621-1967. (Ancestry.com).
Baptism A. B. Richardson
James Richardson, Tailor. Williamstown. Seignory of Beauharnois and Christiana Utterson his wife had a Son born on the tenth of February last year, and baptized on this the twenty Seventh February One Thousand Eight Hundred and thirty Six named Adam Brown by Walter Roach Min.
Signed: James Richardson, Christiana [her mark] Utterson parents, John Hargrave, Hugh McCrea
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{
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Person:John Floyd (12)
Gov. John Floyd
Facts and Events
Name Gov. John Floyd
Gender Male
Birth? 24 Apr 1783 Floyd's Station, Virginia(near what is now Louisville, KY)
Marriage 1804 Franklin County, Kentuckyto Letitia Preston
Death? 17 Aug 1837 Sweet Springs, Monroe, Virginia
Burial[1] Lewis Family Cemetery, Sweet Springs, Monroe, West Virginia, United States[note: unmarked grave]
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
John Floyd (April 24, 1783 – August 17, 1837) was a Virginia politician and soldier. He represented Virginia in the United States House of Representatives and later served as the 25th Governor of Virginia.
During his career in the House of Representatives, Floyd was an advocate of settling the Oregon Territory, unsuccessfully arguing on its behalf from 1820 until he left Congress in 1829; the area did not become a territory of the United States until 1848.
In 1832, Floyd received votes for the Presidency of the United States, running in the Nullifier Party. He carried South Carolina and its 11 electoral votes. While governor of Virginia, the Nat Turner slave rebellion occurred and Floyd initially supported emancipation of slavery, but eventually went with the majority. His term as governor saw economic prosperity for the state.
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at John Floyd (Virginia politician). The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
References
1. John Floyd, in Find A Grave.
2. The Life and Diary of John Floyd, Governor of Virginia, An Apostle of Secession.
3. From Alex Luken in response to a List query at Amherst County on Rootsweb:
The Indian heritage in the line of William Floyd through his wife, Abadiah Davis. Of the direct descendants, only that of John and Letitia Preston Floyd seemed to openly acknowledge the heritage during that time period; this is the line that the "Nicketti" name appears in, and in the Diary of John Floyd, there is the following entry for November 1831:
Fourth Day. This day my wife arrived and her children, John and his wife, William, Lavalette, Nicketti, Coralie and Woushippakniga.
According to the birth order, "Woushippakniga" would appear to be a nickname for George Rogers Clark Floyd. Also, in the 1850 census, Letitia Preston Floyd is listed in Sweet Springs with her daughter's household, but in the Burke's Garden property, there is a woman, age 70, listed as Nicati Floyd, as head of household, that is the same age as Letitia Floyd. Not sure what to make of it. Alex [1]
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{
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Place:Broadview, Cook, Illinois, United States
Watchers
NameBroadview
TypeVillage
Coordinates41.859°N 87.854°W
Located inCook, Illinois, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Broadview is a village in Cook County, Illinois, west of Chicago.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Broadview, Illinois. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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{
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
7111.1 - Principal Agricultural Commodities, New South Wales, Preliminary, 1995-96
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 08/10/1996
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Preliminary statistics on area and production of principal cereals for grain; area intended to be sown to barley, oats and wheat for all purposes; farm stock of cereal grains; livestock numbers, shearing and wool production, lambing and intended matings.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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{
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"url": "blog.mozilla.org/labs/2009/09/snowl-0-3-released/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:58.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:aeda2cf3-f648-403a-9792-1647c18a281b>",
"warc_url": "http://blog.mozilla.org/labs/2009/09/snowl-0-3-released/"
}
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Snowl 0.3 Released
Myk Melez
The Snowl team has released Snowl 0.3, the third major release of the messaging-in-the-browser experiment. The release features closer integration with Firefox’s existing feed functionality and many improvements to the list view to make it easier to subscribe to and follow feeds.
For more information, see the release announcement blog post.
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{
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"warc_url": "http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/mas/article/view/21644"
}
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Groundwater Dynamic and Its Interrelationship with River Water of Bandung Basin Using Environmental Isotopes (18O, 2H, 14C)
Satrio Satrio, Paston S., Leong Chung Sum, S. Syafalni
Abstract
The study of the interrelationship between groundwater and surface water is crucial in groundwater basin research. As an effective tracer in groundwater basin research, environmental isotopes can reveal the interrelationship between river water and groundwater. A research of groundwater and river water alongside river of Bandung area and its surrounding has been carried out. This research was conducted by taking some samples of shallow groundwater, deep groundwater and river water (Citarum, Cikapundung, Cikeruh and Citarik). The objective of this research is to determine groundwater recharge area and to investigate the inter-relationship between groundwater and river water. Based on isotopes ? 2H vs. ? 18O results, there were a mixing process at three location of shallow groundwater with river water. However, the result of isotope 14C does not show interrelationship, either by shallow groundwater or river water. From iso-age contour lines, it could be concluded that the dynamic patterns of deep groundwater show movement derived from the North and the South mountain to the North-West direction. The actual velocity in the area was around 0.25-3 m/year that can be estimated from iso-ages lines contour.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/mas.v6n11p49
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Modern Applied Science ISSN 1913-1844 (Print) ISSN 1913-1852 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:73665",
"uncompressed_offset": 82625774,
"url": "doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.745479",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:aeda2cf3-f648-403a-9792-1647c18a281b>",
"warc_url": "http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.745479"
}
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Data Description
Show Map Google Earth RIS BibTeX
Citation:
Rutgers van der Loeff, MM et al. (2011): Radionuclides measured on 27 water bottle profiles during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXIV/3. doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.745479,
Supplement to: Rutgers van der Loeff, Michiel M; Cai, Pinghe; Stimac, Ingrid; Bracher, Astrid; Middag, Rob; Klunder, Maarten B; van Heuven, Steven (2011): 234Th in surface waters: distribution of particle export flux across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and in the Weddell Sea during the GEOTRACES expedition ZERO and DRAKE. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58(25-26), 2749-2766, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.02.004
Abstract:
As part of the GEOTRACES Polarstern expedition ANT XXIV/3 (ZERO and DRAKE) we have measured the vertical distribution of 234Th on sections through the Antarctic Circumpolar Current along the zero meridian and in Drake Passage and on an EW section through the Weddell Sea. Steady state export fluxes of 234Th from the upper 100m, derived from the depletion of 234Th with respect to its parent 238U, ranged from 621±105 dpm/m**2/d to 1773±90 dpm/m**2/d. This 234Th flux was converted into an export flux of organic carbon ranging from 3.1-13.2 mmolC/m**2/d (2.1-9.0 mmolC/m**2/d) using POC/234Th ratio of bulk (respectively >50 µm) suspended particles at the export depth (100 m). Non-steady state fluxes assuming zero flux under ice cover were up to 23% higher. In addition, particulate and dissolved 234Th were measured underway in high resolution in the surface water with a semi-automated procedure. Particulate 234Th in surface waters is inversely correlated with light transmission and pCO2 and positively with fluorescence and optical backscatter and is interpreted as a proxy for algal biomass. High resolution underway mapping of particulate and dissolved 234Th in surface water shows clearly where trace elements are absorbed by plankton and where they are exported to depth. Quantitative determination of the export flux requires the full 234Th profile since surface depletion and export flux become decoupled through changes in wind mixed layer depth and in contribution to export from subsurface layers.
In a zone of very low algal abundance (54-58 °S at the zero meridian), confirmed by satellite Chl-a data, the lowest carbon export of the ACC was observed, allowing Fe and Mn to maintain their highest surface concentrations (Klunder et al., this issue, Middag et al., this issue).
An ice-edge bloom that had developed in Dec/Jan in the zone 60-65 °S as studied during the previous leg (Strass et al., in prep) had caused a high export flux at 64.5 °S when we visited the area two months later (Feb/March). The ice-edge bloom had then shifted south to 65-69 °S evident from uptake of CO2 and dissolved Fe, Mn and 234Th, without causing export yet. In this way, the parallel analysis of 234Th can help to explain the scavenging behaviour of other trace elements.
Project(s):
Coverage:
Median Latitude: -60.044493 * Median Longitude: -22.207607 * South-bound Latitude: -69.400100 * West-bound Longitude: -64.443300 * North-bound Latitude: -42.332800 * East-bound Longitude: 8.999500
Date/Time Start: 2008-02-13T15:41:00 * Date/Time End: 2008-04-11T14:14:00
Event(s):
PS71/101-1 * Latitude: -42.332800 * Longitude: 8.999500 * Date/Time: 2008-02-13T15:41:00 * Elevation: -4527.0 m * Location: South Atlantic Ocean * Campaign: ANT-XXIV/3 (PS71) * Basis: Polarstern * Device: CTD/Rosette
PS71/102-2 * Latitude: -44.660400 * Longitude: 7.097100 * Date/Time: 2008-02-15T07:55:00 * Elevation: -4619.0 m * Location: South Atlantic Ocean * Campaign: ANT-XXIV/3 (PS71) * Basis: Polarstern * Device: CTD/Rosette * Comment: INST.:AWI; CTD-SN:T1373-C2470
PS71/104-1 * Latitude: -47.656000 * Longitude: 4.274700 * Date/Time: 2008-02-16T22:21:00 * Elevation: -4547.0 m * Location: South Atlantic Ocean * Campaign: ANT-XXIV/3 (PS71) * Basis: Polarstern * Device: CTD/Rosette * Comment: INST.:AWI; CTD-SN:T1373-C2470
License:
Size:
27 datasets
Download Data
Download ZIP file containing all datasets as tab-delimited text (use the following character encoding: )
Datasets listed in this Collection
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{
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"url": "dotnetkicks.com/stories/19066/Path_to_NET_3_5_Developer_Certification",
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Error!
Success!
Path to .NET 3.5 Developer Certification
0
kicks
Path to .NET 3.5 Developer Certification (Unpublished)
If you are trying to figure out the new certification exams for Microsoft Certified Professional Developer (MCPD) or Microsoft Certified Technical Specialist (MCTS) for .NET Framework 3.5 / Visual Studio 2008 then you may be interested in a diagram that I put together to helped me to visualize the path through the required certification exams.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:73673",
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"url": "eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/848",
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"warc_url": "http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/848"
}
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EEA
Deciduous [Quercus] matorral
Document Actions
English name Deciduous oak matorral
EUNIS habitat type code F5.16 Level 4
Edition EUNIS Habitat Classification 2012 - a revision of the habitat classification descriptions.
Description ( English )
Tall scrub formations of the Mediterranean basin dominated by semideciduous or deciduous oaks.
Source
Devillers, P., Devillers-Terschuren, J. and Vander Linden, C. [edited ETC/BD] (2001)
External links
Relationships with other classifications
Classification Code Title Relation type
EUNIS Habitat Classification 200410 F5.16 Deciduous [Quercus] matorral same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 200308 F5.16 Deciduous [Quercus] matorral same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 200202 F5.16 Deciduous [Quercus] matorral same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 199910 F5.16 Deciduous [Quercus] matorral same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 199811 F2.16 Deciduous [Quercus] matorral same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 199712 F2.16 Deciduous oak matorral same
Palaearctic Habitat Classification 200112 32.16 Deciduous oak matorral source
Palaearctic Habitat Classification 199905 32.16 Deciduous oak matorral same
Palaearctic Habitat Classification 1997 32.16 Deciduous oak matorral same
Palaearctic Habitat Classification 1996 32.16 same
Palaearctic Habitat Classification 1993 32.16 same
CORINE Biotopes Classification 1991 32.16 same
CORINE Biotopes Classification 1989 32.16 same
CORINE Land Cover 3.2.3. Sclerophyllous vegetation n/a
F Heathland, scrub and tundra Ancestor
F5 Maquis, arborescent matorral and thermo-Mediterranean brushes Ancestor
F5.1 Arborescent matorral Parent
EUNIS
General information
User operations
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The European Environment Agency (EEA) is an agency of the European Union.
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This site conforms to the following standards:
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Saturday, 14 January 2006
TIME NOT OF THE ESSENCE; INDIANS PICK UP AMERICAN SPELLING
Time not of the essence in TM appeal
In his excitement last Thursday on seeing the European Court of Justice rulings in the Ruiz-Picasso and Deutsche SiSi cases (both blogged here), the IPKat completely overlooked a decision of the Court of First Instance in Case T-147/03 Devinlec Développement Innovation Leclerc SA v OHIM, T.I.M.E. ART Uluslararasi Saat Ticareti ve diş Ticaret AŞ. This is what it was all about.
T.I.M.E. applied to register as a Community trade mark a figurative mark containing the word "quantum" for watches, clocks, straps and related items in Class 14 (top right). Devinlec opposed, citing an earlier French registration of a figurative mark containing the word "quantieme" for much the same goods in Classes 14 and 18, citing a likelihood of confusion (see smudgy illustration, left). After being challenged as to earlier use, Devinlec showed evidence that the mark had been used in a rather more legible form (right).
The Opposition Division held that there had been proof of prior use that did not alter the fundamental character of the mark; the marks were similar; the parties' respective goods were identical/similar and that there was a likelihood of confusion. The Board of Appeal disagreed: notwithstanding the identity and similarity of the goods covered by the marks, it was necessary to take account of the circumstances in which the goods covered by the earlier mark were marketed. Devinlec's watches and watch straps bearing its Quantieme mark were sold to the end consumer only in E. Leclerc shopping centres. This being so, the visual and phonetic similarities between the marks and their possible common allusion to the notion of quantity would not lead the average consumer, were he to see the mark applied for on ‘watches, clocks, watch straps, watch chains/bracelets, watch bands, cases for watches and for clocks’ in outlets other than E. Leclerc stores, to consider that the goods covered by the marks originated from the same undertaking or from connected undertakings. Devinlec's appeal was allowed by the Court of First Instance, which nullified the Board of Appeal decision. The CFI said (with the Kat's emphases):
"104 Consideration of the objective circumstances in which the goods covered by the marks are marketed is fully justified. The examination of the likelihood of confusion which the OHIM authorities are called on to carry out is a prospective examination. Since the particular circumstances in which the goods covered by the marks are marketed may vary in time and depending on the wishes of the proprietors of the trade marks, the prospective analysis of the likelihood of confusion between two marks, which pursues an aim in the general interest, that is, the aim that the relevant public may not be exposed to the risk of being misled as to the commercial origin of the goods in question, cannot be dependent on the commercial intentions, whether carried out or not, and naturally subjective, of the trade mark proprietors.
105 On the other hand, the OHIM authorities are permitted to take into account the objective conditions under which the goods are marketed, in particular in order to determine the respective weight to be given to the visual, phonetic and conceptual aspects of the marks. Thus, if the goods covered by a given mark are only sold on oral request, the phonetic aspects of the sign in question are bound to have greater significance for the relevant public than the visual aspects (citations omitted).
106 In that respect, the Court cannot accept the intervener’s argument that the Board of Appeal did indeed take into consideration, in this case, the objective circumstances in which the applicant’s goods are marketed in so far as those goods are covered by a category of marks which is sui generis, namely private labels or store brands. That claim fails to have regard, first, to the fact that the goods bearing the earlier mark are not present on the shelves of E. Leclerc shopping centres but in specialised points of sale which may be situated in the shopping arcade surrounding those centres, and, secondly, the fact that, including in shopping centres, store brands coexist on the market with other brands, covering identical or similar goods, of other proprietors.
107 It follows that by taking into consideration in the assessment of the likelihood of confusion between the marks the particular circumstances in which the goods covered by the earlier mark are marketed, the temporal effect of which is bound to be limited and necessarily dependent solely on the business strategy of the proprietor of the mark, the Board of Appeal erred in law".
The IPKat thinks this must be right, though he has little sympathy for anyone who submits such a blodgy, splodgy mess and calls it an earlier figurative mark. Merpel adds, have you seen the time-line for this case?
Application: October 1997
Opposition: November 1998
Opposition Division decision: November 2001
Appeal filed: January 2002
Appeal heard by Board of Appeal: January 2003
Court of First Instance ruling: January 2006
How ironic that it is a case involving watches that seems to take so much time ...
The thief of time here and here
Shock, horror - US patents riddled with errors
The IPKat has received this "Presse release" (it's sent by his friend Charlotte Presse, from CPA). The interesting bits read as follows:
"According to statistics gathered by examining the proofreading activity of the Intellevate support staff in India, mistakes were identified in 98% of the sample patents. Of the 98%, 56% were made by the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and a further 44% by the prosecuting firm. Proofreaders found that 2% of the patents contained serious mistakes that weakened the core claims. Certificates of Correction were filed for an estimated 34% of the proofread patents.
Intellevate's Indian legal support center has proofread its 5,000th issued patent and Intellevate expects to proofread 4% of the patents issued by the USPTO in 2006.
Proofreading is an important last step in the process of obtaining a patent because it can identify errors that can affect the patent’s enforceability. According to Leon Steinberg, Intellevate’s CEO: “We find errors in every issued patent we review. Many of the errors are unimportant, but others, such as missing claim, can impair the enforceability of the patent. We identify the errors so that our clients can decide if they want to file a Certificate of Correction.”
The IPKat is not surprised at the high level of spelling mistakes anywhere that spell-checks are used, since people don't check to see whether their sometimes correct spellings have been miscorrected. He is however surprised in the high level of mistakes in patents, where (i) sensitivity to the meanings of words and (ii) the frequency with which unusual words and neologisms are used usually attracts a higher level of initial proofing than in legal writing in general.
Spelling test here
Scripps spelling bee here
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Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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[maemo-developers] N770 tearsync problems
From: Frantisek Dufka dufkaf at seznam.cz
Date: Mon May 7 10:31:40 EEST 2007
Hello,
last week I tried to backport tearsync support from n800 kernel source
to latest 2.6.16 released for n770. The result compiles fine and boots
on device and works great until one actually tries to use the tearsync
feature. It doesn't work correctly. First framebuffer update with
tearsync flag hangs. All the tearsync setup and enable code for hwa742
and sossi seems to be called but in the end the update hangs waiting for
sossi interrupt that never comes.
'cat /proc/interrupts | grep sossi' has zero for sossi_match interrupt.
51: 0 sossi_match
So my questions are:
Does the hardware support it? I have one of the first developer devices
(hw build 1602), is it possible that tearsync pins between epson chip
and sossi are simply not connected? Kernel source suggests that it is
always connected (unlike some other features that are conditionally
checked at runtime). If it is connected do I need to enable the
interrupt line or something else except acquiring the interrupt in sossi.c?
The backport was not simple copy/paste since the omapfb code changed a
lot (more planes, support for fb in sram) and even sossi.c and hwa742.c
had some changes. First I did line by line merge to get only the code
that looked related to tearsync (files sossi.c, hwa742.c omapfb_main.c
and some headers to have missing definitions). Later I also tried to do
more changes so in the end the hwa742.c and sossi.c are exact copies of
those files in n800 tree but there is no change and it still doesn't
work (i.e hangs possibly waiting for interrupt).
I also tried to compile 2.6.18 source with abandoned kernel patch for
hacker edition and also current omap git source. Both compile and boot
fine (i.e display works) but the initfs is confused and does not even
start dsme and then reboots. This is also mentioned in
http://maemo.org/community/wiki/Os2007HackerEditionArchives "linuxrc
from old OS2006 initfs starts, but gets confused because of different
kernel and reboots. This was expected behaviour"
So before trying to make my own root filesystem for verifying newer
kernels I'd like to know whether there is any chance this tearsync code
will actually work.
Or is there any other gotcha in 2.6.16? Maybe the interrupt code is
different between 2.6.16 and 2.6.18? I had to replace include
linux/irq.h for linux/interrupt.h since irq.h in 2.6.16 had some errors
and other code (mmc driver) included linux/interrupt.h.
Thanks for any tips.
Frantisek
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Total victory for open source software in a patent lawsuit
Image by opensource.com
(46 votes)
The jury verdict last Friday in favor of Red Hat and Novell in a case based on bad software patents owned by "non-practicing entities" is an important victory for the open source community. Those in the business of acquiring bad software patents to coerce payments or bring lawsuits should be worried. Two such businesses were plaintiffs in our case, and they did their best to confuse the jury in one of their favorite locales, eastern Texas. But it didn't work. The jury unanimously found that the patents were not infringed, and, even worse for the plaintiffs, that the patents were invalid.
The case was about allegations by IP Innovation, L.L.C. (a subsidiary of Acacia Technologies), along with Technology Licensing Corporation that Red Hat and Novell infringed four claims from U.S. Patents 5,072,412, 5,394,521, and 5,533,183. The patents share a common disclosure and are all titled “User interface with multiple workspaces for sharing display system objects.” The patents relate to a computer-implemented system and method for providing a graphical user interface with multiple workspaces.
Like most patent cases, this one involved technical subject matter and terminology. However, the plaintiffs came forward with minimal evidence to support their argument of infringement. They also faced abundant evidence showing that the patents were invalid based on prior art. In other words, there was nothing new in these “inventions” sufficient for a patent.
In these circumstances, you might suppose that a rational patent plaintiff would dismiss the case, perhaps in return for a token payment. Instead, the plaintiffs decided to ask the jury for millions of dollars. Their theory appeared to be that the jury might be confused by the technical terms and unsympathetic to out-of-state businesses with creative business models.
With that end apparently in view, the plaintiffs' counsel launched an attack on the theory and practice of open source software. It was clear during jury selection that our jurors had no prior knowledge of, or experience with, open source. Plaintiffs attempted to exploit this inexperience by arguing that open source software involved behavior that was, if not downright illegal, at least ethically dubious. They promoted the fallacy that open source distributors unfairly take the property of others and thereby unfairly profit. They also suggested that Red Hat's public criticisms of the U.S. patent system as it relates to software and related calls for legal reform were un-American and indicated a secret fondness for the writings of Karl Marx. I kid you not! As absurd as this argument sounds, after many hours of sitting on a hard courtroom bench, I briefly wondered whether the jury might fall for this version of the classic FUD strategy and be so fearful and confused as to find for the plaintiffs.
It turned out that there was no cause for concern. Michael Tiemann, Red Hat's vice president of open source affairs, explained the fundamentals of open source so as to make them clear, and even inspiring. He explained that open source software is about voluntary collaboration, not involuntary expropriation. He also made plain that Red Hat's legitimate criticisms of the existing patent system in no way shows a proclivity to infringe patents or indifference to patent claims, and that Red Hat respects and abides by the law.
Our side took the opposite approach from the plaintiffs, basing our case on facts and evidence, rather than emotion and confusion. Our experts carefully showed that our products were noninfringing and demonstrated specific examples of prior art. In the end, the jury saw through and quickly rejected plaintiffs' FUD. The jurors took a bit more than two hours to find every one of 23 issues in favor of Red Hat and Novell.
We learned many things from this experience, but I'll note just three here. We now know for certain that those in the business of bringing software patent lawsuits are not invincible, even in the supposedly patent-friendly jurisdiction of the Eastern District of Texas. We know that Texas juries are willing to reject bogus infringement claims and invalidate bad software patents. And we know that attacks on open source based on FUD will not stand up when subjected to the light of truth.
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BioSysBio:abstracts/2007/James Brown
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Navigational Control of Bacteria
The Design, Test & Modelling of a synthetic chemotactic biological system
Author(s): James Brown
Affiliations: University of Cambridge - Department of Engineering / Department of Plant Science
Contact:email: jrb62@cam.ac.uk
Keywords: 'e.coli' 'navigation' 'chemotaxis' 'control'
Technical Abstract
Synthetic Biology is a rapidly developing field, which sees engineering principles applied to biological systems. Here I focus on chemotaxis, the natural directed motion of a micro-organism toward environmental conditions it deems attractive, with the aim to demonstrate navigational control over bacteria.
Initially my study focused on the internal mechanism behind the sensory system of E. coli and it’s ability to preferentially swim toward attractants that constitutes chemotaxis. Traditional assays such as swarm plates and the new field of microfluidics were examined with a view to developing a test assay for engineered strains. A review of previous stochastic and deterministic methods for the computational modelling of chemotaxis highlighted the stochastic simulator StochSim and the associated spatial modeller AgentCell as likely starting points for the modelling work that would later be adapted to the chosen maltose system.
Discovery of the periplasmic binding-proteins revealed a possible method for exhibiting control which was far more attractive than attempting to interfere with the closely regulated and highly evolved internal workings of the natural system. Maltose was identified as a starting point for such work and the investigation progressed to consider placing the essential maltose-binding protein (MBP) under external control.
The re-engineering of the natural chemotaxis system was ultimately achieved by cloning of three engineered E. coli strains with the critical MBP-encoding malE gene knocked-out. It was later successfully demonstrated on both the macro and micro scale.
The simulator StochSim was modified from the typical aspartate system to reflect the maltose regulon. The importance of the maltose-binding protein was considered through a series of simulations that examined the dependence on the amount of MBP and the system’s response to various step changes in concentration.
This proved to be a valid model, with simulated data for the adaptation time to a saturating maltose concentration closely matching experimental data. The dependence of chemotacric response on MBP also appeared to follow the documented experimental case.
The full Masters thesis concerning this work can be found [here]:
References
1. Endy, D. (2005) “Foundations for Engineering Biology” Nature 438, 449-453
2. Berg, H. C. and Anderson, R. A. (1973) “Bacteria swim by rotating their flagellar filaments” Nature. 245, 380-382
3. Manson, M. D. et al. (2003) “A sensitive, versatile microfluidic assay for bacterial chemotaxis” PNAS Vol 100 No.9, 5449-5454
4. Whitesides, G. M. (2003) “Microfluidic devices fabricated in Polydimethylsiloxane for biological studies” Electrophoresis, Volume 24, Issue 21, Pages 3563 – 3576
5. Bray, D. et al. (1993) “Computer simulation of the phosphorylation cascade controlling bacterial chemotaxis” Mol. Biol. Cell 4, 469-482
6. Bray, D., & Bourret, R. B. (1995) “Computer analysis of the binding reactions leading to a transmembrane receptor-linked multiprotein complex involved in bacterial chemotaxis.” Mol. Biol. Cell 6, 1367-1380
7. Morton-Firth, C. J., Shimizu, T. S., & Bray, D. (1999) “A Free-energy-based Stochastic Simulation of the Tar Receptor Complex” J. Mol. Biol. 286, 1059-1074
8. Shimizu, T. S., Aksenov, S. V., & Bray, D. (2003) “A Spatially Extended Stochastic Model of the Bacterial Chemotaxis Signalling Pathway” J. Mol. Biol. 329, 291-309
9. Emonet, T. et al. (2005) “AgentCell :a digital single-cell assay for bacterial chemotaxis” Bioinformatics 21, 2714-2721
10. Boos, W. Shuman, H. (1998) “Maltose System of E. coli: Transport, Metabolism and Regulation” Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev 62 No.1 204-22924.
11. Larsson, G. et al. “Solubility and proteolysis of the Zb-MalE and Zb-MalE31 proteins during overproduction in Escherichia coli” Biotechnology and Bioengineering Volume 90, Issue 2 , Pages 239 - 247
12. Yu, Hyung Suk & Alam, Maqsudul An agarose-in-plug bridge method to study chemotaxis in the Archaeon Halobacterium salinarum. FEMS Microbiology Letters 156 (2), 265-269.
13. Manson, M. and Boos, W. (1985) “Dependence of maltose transport and chemotaxis on the amount of maltose- binding protein” Biol. Chem., Vol. 260, Issue 17, 9727-9733
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Love never reasons, but profusely gives; it gives like a thoughtless prodigal its all, and then trembles least it has done to little. More, Hannah
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Rights that do not flow from duty well performed are not worth having. Gandhi, Mahatma
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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 - January 30, 1948) was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer and perfector of Satyagraha - resistance through mass civil disobedience strongly founded upon ahimsa (total non-violence). Gandhi is commonly known and addressed in India and across the world as Mahatma Gandhi (from Sanskrit, Mahatma: Great Soul) and as Bapu (in many Indian languages, Father).
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The moment of change is the only poem. Rich, Adrienne
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Adrienne Rich (born May 16, 1929 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American feminist, poet, teacher, and writer.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Long-term commitment to an intimate relationship with one person of whatever sex is an essential need that people have in order to breed the qualities out of which nurturing thought can rise. Lerner, Gerda
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Right now I think censorship is necessary; the things they're doing and saying in films right now just shouldn't be allowed. There's no dignity anymore and I think that's very important. West, Mae
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Sunflower Bake Shop
Info Map
Search:
Location
750 Elmgrove Rd, Rochester, NY 14606
Hours (as of May 2012)
Tuesday - Sunday: 7:00AM to 6:00PM
Phone
585 831 1629
Wheelchair Accessible
Yes
Alcohol
No
Sunflower Bake Shop is a bakery in Gates (at the corner of Elmgrove and Lyell Road), selling cakes, pies and other items.
It opened on May 5, 2012.
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Mumbai/Harbour suburbs
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This district, comprising of the suburbs of Chembur, Mankhurd, Govandi, and Trombay were considered the poorer cousins of the Western and Central Suburbs for various reasons. The rail connectivity was poor. Chembur is home to a chemical factory RCF which used to be (but no longer is) famous for its pollution. But this reputation has been undergoing a change in the past few years. Bombay has expanded into Navi Mumbai ("New Bombay") and the Harbour Suburbs are on the way. Road connectivity has also improved quite a bit.
This area is home to many educational institutes, including the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, International Institute for Population Sciences and many private colleges of engineering. The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is located in Trombay.
[edit] Get in
Three stations on the Harbour line of Bombay's suburban rail network serve this area: Chembur, Mankhurd, and Govandi. Arriving from South Mumbai, the best place to catch the train is at Bombay CST, which is the starting point for Harbour (as well as Central) lines. For virtually anywhere else on the Central line, Kurla is the interchange point. The harbour line goes all the way up to Navi Mumbai, so if you are arriving from there, catching a train from Vashi or any other station on that line will also work.
The Eastern Express Highway has many exits that you can take to reach this area.
[edit][add listing] See
There isn't much to see here. The Chembur area has some gardens like the Diamond gardens, N G Acharya garden, or Sandu garden, but none of these by themselves provides a reason to visit the area.
• Raj Kapoor Studios. edit
[edit][add listing] Do
• Bombay Presidency Golf Club Limited, Dr. Choitram Gidwani Road, Chembur, Mumbai 400 074, +91-22-5580670, +91-22-558-0198 (fax: +91-22-557-2099). There are two golf clubs in Mumbai; this is the more famous one. edit
• Chembur Gymkhana. edit
• Acres Lifestyle Club, 411-B, Hemu Kalani Marg,. For non-members also. Activities like Bowling, Pool, Video Games etc at their gaming arcade. They also have go-karting, cricket etc edit
[edit][add listing] Buy
• K-star Mall, (Near Diamond Garden). Has a Food Bazaar and a multiplex cinema edit
• Shoppers Stop, Amar Mahal. edit
[edit][add listing] Eat
• Hotel Grand Central, near Chembur Station. Must try their Butter Chicken for which the restaurant is really popular. Serves both Indian and Chinese. Has a Cafe Coffee Day and Baskin Robins attached.
• Tastings, near Diamond Garden. Ice Cream parlour that's a popular place amongst locals to hang out.
• Barista, near Diamond Garden. Branch of the Barista Coffee Chain.
• The Royal Orchid. Italian, Chinese, Indian edit
• Cafe Coffee Day, Next to Hotel Grand Central. edit
• All Spice, (Acres Lifestyle Club). edit
• Le Cafe, (Hotel Jewel of Chembur). edit
• Ambrosia- the bake shop, (Near Diamond Garden, Next to Bhari petrol pump). edit
• Croissants Etc., (Diamond Garden). edit
• Sadguru Vegetarian Restaurant, Chembur Station East (Take an autorickshaw to Chembur Station, and its bang outside the station.). Famous for the most outstanding pau bhaji, fruit juices and milkshakes in Mumbai. edit
• Jhama's Sweets, Atur Park, Sion-Trombay Road (Take an autorickshaw to K-Star Mall and walk down to the sweet shop,). Famous for its fresh Indian sweets and savoury snacks, especially its gulab jamuns, kala jamuns and milk barfis. For a minimal price you can try small portions of different sweets and snacks over the counter. edit
• Natural Ice Cream, Suswagatam, Diamond Garden, Chembur. Famous for its fresh-fruit and seasonal flavour ice creams. edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
• Wild Orchid, Royal Orchid Hotel, N.G. Acharya Marg.. edit
• Oasis, Deonar. edit
• Astrix, (Hotel Jewel of Chembur). edit
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• Hotel Pearl, 19th Road Corner, D.K Sandu Marg, Chembur, Mumbai 400 071, +91-22-2528 4025, +91-22-2528 4026. checkin: 24 hours; checkout: 24 hours. Rs. 1100. edit
• Hotel Rajhans, Opp.Chembur Rly.Station Chembur, Mumbai-400071, +91-22-5597 8090 (, fax: +91-22-2528 4058|), [1]. Provides complimentary continental breakfast and has a restaurant "Ornament" and a wine bar. edit
• Royal Orchid Hotel, 83 AN.G. Acharya Marg, Chembur, Mumbai 400071, +91-22-2520 1234. edit
• Jewel of Chembur, 1st Road, opposite BMC office near Nataraj Cinema, 02225275000, [2]. A hidden gem of Chembur, this little hotel has been reviewed very well by travellers of all stripes. It is in the heart of Chembur, which means that getting around is not that difficult. Surrounded by all types of shops and very near to Chembur Station. edit
[edit] Contact
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Difference between revisions of "Patan"
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(Get in: added info about bus transportation & updated)
(Get in: typo + added comment about public transport)
Line 4: Line 4:
*'''Micro Bus''' from Ratnapark in [[Kathmandu]] (15 to 20 rps).
*'''Micro Bus''' from Ratnapark in [[Kathmandu]] (15 to 20 rps).
*'''Taxis''' are a more expensive option 200-350 rps (~3.00-5.00 usd).
*'''Taxis''' are a more expensive option 200-350 rps (~3.00-5.00 usd).
*'''Buses''' - Catch a blue or green bus on Kathmandu's Ring Road (loops around Kathmandu Valley)(15 to 20 rps)& tell the cashier/attendent that you want to go to Patan. He'll let you know when you get there. It's only a 15 min walk to Patan Dubar Square from Ring Road.
+
*'''Buses''' - Catch a blue or green bus on Kathmandu's Ring Road (loops around Kathmandu Valley)for 15 to 20 rps. Tell the cashier/attendent that you want to go to Patan. He'll let you know when you get there. It's only a 15 min walk to Patan Dubar Square from Ring Road.
+
Note: Nepal Buses & Micro buses are not very good for handicapped people or the faint of heart. The people are very friendly, but the vehicles are very old & rough.
==Get around==
==Get around==
Revision as of 22:15, 3 July 2011
Patan is a one of the largest cities in Nepal and is located just across the Bagmati river from Kathmandu. Confusingly, it is also known as Lalitpur, both names deriving from the Sanskrit "Lalitapattan". Like its larger neighbor, Patan also boasts a Durbar Square full of temples, statues, and palaces and, in addition, has the must-see attraction of Patan Museum. As a traditional center of handicrafts, Patan is a great place to purchase jewelry, Buddha statues and masks.
A view of Patan's Durbar Square.
Contents
Get in
• Micro Bus from Ratnapark in Kathmandu (15 to 20 rps).
• Taxis are a more expensive option 200-350 rps (~3.00-5.00 usd).
• Buses - Catch a blue or green bus on Kathmandu's Ring Road (loops around Kathmandu Valley)for 15 to 20 rps. Tell the cashier/attendent that you want to go to Patan. He'll let you know when you get there. It's only a 15 min walk to Patan Dubar Square from Ring Road.
Note: Nepal Buses & Micro buses are not very good for handicapped people or the faint of heart. The people are very friendly, but the vehicles are very old & rough.
Get around
• The city and its sites are best seen on foot.
• Taxis, minibuses, and tuk tuks are widely available.
See
Durbar Square
Durbar Square is the Palace Square of Patan. Approaching the square from the south end you have the palace on your right and a series of temples on your left. (Admission to the area for tourists is R200. You are trusted to pay this at a booth at the south end of Durbar Square or at another entrance to the area further to the north as there is no formal ticket control).
• The Palace was built on the site of a fort that stood until 1734 and served as the residence of the Malla rulers of the then Patan state. It is divided up into a succession of courtyards (or “chowks”). Unfortunately only the last of these on the right (which houses the museum) is open on a regular basis, due to problems with theft of artifacts. Try peering through cracks in the doors to see what you are missing! The first palace building is Sundari Chowk which was constructed in 1647. The three-storey temple on the palace side is the Degutale temple, constructed in 1661 after an earlier one burned down. Mul Chowk was the central part of the old palace and in recent times has suffered much theft of ornamental woodwork.
• The Museum is in Keshab Narayan Chowk. (Admission to the courtyard is free; entrance fee for the museum is R250. Hours 10.30 to 17.30). An excellent and well-presented little museum with descriptions of various artistic techniques.
There is a confusing array of temples and other interesting items on the left-hand side of the square. Again, walking from the south end of the square, you pass:
1. Octagonal stone Krishna temple, constructed in 1647.
2. A huge bell that dates back to 1737 and is still rung once a year.
3. The Shankar Narayan temple, with kneeling stone elephants in front.
4. The temple with a statue of Yognarendra on a pillar in front.
5. Two smaller temples dedicated to Vishnu, dating back to 1590 and 1652.
6. The oldest temple in the complex, dating back to 1566.
7. A stone temple to Krishna, considered to be a masterpiece, with some amazing stonework. Note the Garuda on the pillar in front, which has eyes of crystal.
8. The Vishwanath temple, with two stone elephants and riders in front.
9. The Bhimsen temple, constructed in 1680 but with more recent marble additions.
A view of the stone Krishna Temple with Garuda to the right.
Other attractions
South of Durbar Square
• Mahaboudha Temple, (5-10 minutes walking distance from Durbar Square). This is a a stone temple covered with terracotta tiles, which include 1008 Budha images. It was modelled on a larger temple in Bodhgaya, India and took one family four generations to complete
• Rudravarna Mahavihar (also known as Uku Bahal). A gem of a temple close to Mahaboudha, but much less visited. One of the oldest temples in the Kathmandu Valley with some strange and interesting statues.
• Machchhendranath temple. This is a good illustration of the problems now faced with theft of artifacts. The temple is now surrounded by a strong fence and each statue has its own individual fence. Statues are missing from two stands, suggesting that the temple has already fallen victim. Machchhendranath also gives his name to an annual festival when a 25 meter tall "chariot" is paraded through Patan. If you note all the wires and cables across the streets at levels much lower than 25m. you can realise what a complicated exercise this is. The parade takes place between April and June, with the chariot staying the night at different locations. The end of the parade is supposed to coincide with the onset of the monsoon rains. The wheels of the chariot are over 2m in diameter. For the rest of the year these can be seen in the building next to the Ashok Stupa (see below).
North of Durbar Square
A view of the Golden Temple in Patan.
• Golden Temple (Hiranayavarna Makavikar). An enormous number of gold- and silver-covered decorations and some excellent bronze statues make this well worth being the only temple in Patan you have to pay to enter. Construction goes back to the early 1400s, although some pieces pre-date construction. Admission Rs 50.
• Kumbheshwar Temple. One of the two five-story pagoda temples of the Valley. The sunken basin is usually empty but around August is filled for the Kumbheshwar Mela full moon day festival. At this time the temple becomes packed. Sheep roaming the temple are those that have been spared sacrifice.
Elsewhere
• Ashok Stupa. Old Patan can be reached by turning left off the main road from Kathmandu after the Himalaya hotel or by continuing on the main road to Pulchowk and then turning left. Immediately after the pedestrian bridge at Pulchowk is the old Buddhist stupa of Ashok. Next to that is the building where the structure of the Machchhendranath chariot is kept when not being used,
Do
Just wander around keeping your eyes open for all the amazing sights!
Buy
• Wooden and Metal Handicrafts. There are many metalworking shops near the Durbar Square.
• Traditional Paintings (Thanka)
• Books. Pilgrims Books on the right-hand side of Sahid Sukra Marg as it climbs the hill after crossing the Bagmati river (opposite the Himalaya Hotel) has an amazing selection of books on Nepal and Kathmandu, on Buddhism, Hinduism and many other religions, as well as a good selection of novels in English. Several small rooms of souvenirs too. Search out the oddities, such as a Kama Sutra colouring book, strangely sold next to children's colouring books!
• Books. Saraswati, further up the road from Pilgrims, has more academic books. Ekta, turn left in Jawalakhel chowk, has academic text books, and a good selection of novels.
• Quixote's Cove: the bookshop, Jawalakhel, Tel: 553-6974 [1]. Located next to New Orleans Cafe in Jawalakhel, this bookshop is housed in an old 1930s building and combines a great collection of fiction with a marvelously cosy environment.
Eat
• Cafe de Patan - a pleasant, centraly located restaurant and cafe (see 'sleep' section)
• Patan Museum Cafe
• Kidz: The food station - great place to eat small pizzas, sandwiches, footlongs, wraps, sundaes, mocktails and gourmet coffee. They also have the most correct (by Irish standards) Irish coffee in Kathmandu Valley.
• Downtown - one of the best value restaurants in Patan - great food.
• La Soon - a small restaurant with indoor and outdoor seating set in a nice garden and serving a mixed menu with daily specials. Try the La Soon Plate or the La Soon Platter, one of which is vegetarian. They also do nice chocolate brownies. It's very good value and well worth a visit.
• Summit Hotel - good on a Friday night as they have a barbecue by the Pool.
• Roadhouse, (Near St.Mary's school). Good pizza, pasta, dessert, ice-cream and coffee.
• New Orleans (The road towards St. Marys). Good coffee, nice garden, live jazz some nights
• Red Dingo, (Near Standard Charter Bank, Jawalakhel). Good western (Australian) food
• Lazy Gringo, (Jawalakhel chowk). Food from the American South-West
• Masala, (The road towards St.Mary's school). One of the best Indian restaurants in Kathmandu
• JaZoo, (Next to NTC-building). Inexpensive Nepali and Chinese food
• Chinatown, (2. floor, next to Stand.Chart.bank, Jawalakhel). Good Chinese food
• Jalan, (Near Summit). Good Thai, and other Asian food
• The Bakery Cafe, (opposite the United Nations building and also in Jawalakhel chowk). Use sign language and point to menu items here as the waiters suffer speaking and hearing impairments. Noodles, MoMo, sandwiches and, on most days, a lunchtime buffet.WiFi.
• Cafe Bliss, Jhamsikhel. Trendy, peaceful restaurant
• Cafe Vespers, Pulchowk (next to New Orleans Cafe). Lovely outdoor seating. Good Pad Thai
• Higher Ground, (1. floor across the street from Stand.Chart.bank). Peaceful Cafe. Check out second branch in Ekantakuna (near DFID), which sells excellent brown bread and carrot cakes.
Drink
Patan, unlike Kathmandu, shuts down just after dark, and so nightlife is restricted to restaurants and hotel bars.
• Absolute Bar, (Next to Namaste supermarket). One of the best bars in Kathmandu
Sleep
While there are quite a large number of guest houses and hotels in Patan, to suit most budgets, most travellers will want to stay in Kathmandu and treat Patan as a day trip. Mid-range hotels often service donor organizations and NGOs, which can be found in profusion in the Pulchowk area of Patan. There are no "splurge" hotels in Patan.
Budget
• Cafe de Patan, Patan Durbar Square, Mahapal Mangal Bazaar, Tel:537599, 530208, [2]. A centrally located guesthouse in a traditional Newari house. There are great views over the temples of Durbar square, and the dining room is a very pleasant area of foliage blended with stylish Newari decor. Standard (common bath room) - Single: 300Rs, Double: 400Rs. Deluxe (attached bathroom) - Single: 500Rs. Double 600Rs.
• Newa Chěn, Kulimha, Kobahal – 9, Patan, [3]. The "Newa Chén" is a well-preserved and restored example of a traditional Newari house in the Kathmandu Valley. Located at Kulimha tole, North of Patan’s Durbar Square, it is built of brick and timber in traditional Malla style around a central courtyard. $20-30 single.
• Sanu's House, Gwarko, Patan, Kathmandu, Nepal (Across Ring Road from the B&B hospital, then 50 meters North-NE), ☎ Tel: 9841485045. Large 5 story house run by friendly/caring Nepali Buddhist family. 15 min walk to Patan Durbar Square. 50 meter walk to bus stop/taxis. 24hr WiFi. Great views from roof & upper floors. Budget singles: 375 nrp (5.25 US) per person, per night includes breakfast. Organic veggie lunch or dinner (100 rupees). http://www.homestaynepal.com
Mid-range
• Greenwich Village Hotel, (close to the Summit hotel. Taxis may not know either so check before starting your journey.), [4]. A quiet, comfortable NGO-type hotel. Ten minutes walk to main road and 30 mins+ to Durbar Square.
• Himalaya Hotel, (on left-hand side of main road going up the hill to Patan), [5]. is a four star hotel with swimming pool and several other facilities. Mainly Indian and United Nations clientele. Food disappointing. $70-100. Prices quoted on website are ridiculous and can be negotiated.
• Summit Hotel, (to the right of the main road after crossing the Bagmati on the hill in a residential area), [6]. Nice location, good food. Garden wing has small rooms, but the other rooms are good. $20-80 single.
Get out
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
2901.0 - Census Dictionary, 2006 (Reissue)
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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RETAIL TRADE
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RETAIL TURNOVER, Seasonally adjusted, South Australia
Comparing October 2010 with October 2009, the South Australian industry groups with the largest percentage increases in retail turnover (in seasonally adjusted terms) were Clothing, footwear and personal accessory retailing, up 17.9% to $110.6m and Cafe, restaurants and takeaway food services, up 6.5% to $152.4m.
Department stores recorded the largest industry group decrease in turnover over this period, falling 3.2%.
RETAIL TURNOVER, Seasonally adjusted, Change from October 2009 to October 2010, South Australia
NEW MOTOR VEHICLE SALES
Sales of new passenger vehicles in South Australia have fallen for the tenth consecutive month to 3,118 in October 2010. The latest fall represents a 0.9% drop from the September sales (3,146) and is 3.6% lower than sales in October 2009. Total new vehicles sales also fell 0.9% in October 2010 to 5,445.
In Australia, new passenger vehicle sales fell for the sixth consecutive month, down 0.7% from September 2010 (47,600 ) to 47,248 in October. This represents a 0.1% increase over new passenger vehicle sales in October 2009 (47,191). Total new vehicle sales fell 0.4% to 84,964 in October 2010.
NEW MOTOR VEHICLE SALES, South Australia
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How to Set Up a Small Business Accounting System
Posted by ronika under Finance
From http://www.montrealfinancial.ca 845 days ago
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Many small business owners (including myself) tend to focus on the more glamourous aspects of their business like sales and marketing and product/service development. As a result, accounting (poor misunderstood accounting) does not get the attention it deserve. In addition to the perception that an accounting system does not necessarily add value, they can also be a little intimidating. However, setting up an accounting system does not have to be complicated and should be considered essential for any small business or self employed owner (the reasons for which will be covered in my next post). A good software tends to handle most of the complexity of accounting as long as the data is entered accurately.
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http://www.fides.org
Asia
2011-01-28
ASIA/HOLY LAND - From Jerusalem “the message of hope needs to be sent that peace is possible and God will achieve it”: 2,000 cities around the world pray for peace in the Holy Land
Jerusalem (Agenzia Fides) – On 29 and 30 January 2011 the third International Day of Intercession for Peace in the Holy Land will be celebrated, a prayer initiative which arose from the desire of various associations of Catholic youth, who, on this third Day foresee include the involvement of 2,000 cities around the world which will gather simultaneously in prayer. “This initiative intends to remind the world that the conflict in the Holy Land must be placed in the context of God's plan,” wrote Archbishop Antonio Franco, Apostolic Nuncio in Israel and Apostolic Delegate in Jerusalem, in the message addressed to all those who promote and participate in this day of intercession. “Our prayers on this occasion, are intended not only to petition God, but also to support and accompany the human effort made by politicians and diplomats who seek paths for resolution,” continues the message. This emphasises that like the invitation of the Psalmist, to “pray for the peace of Jerusalem,” (Ps 122:6) “this is more the case today than ever.” “Jerusalem, to which the whole world's gaze is turned, is the city where the incredible and the impossible happened. Thus, from there the message of hope must be issued that peace is possible and that God will carry out,” concluded Archbishop Franco.
The third International Day of Intercession for Peace in the Holy Land is being held under the patronage of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, and follows on from the recent Special Assembly of the Synod of Bishops for the Middle East. The 24 hours of uninterrupted prayer will begin Saturday, 29 January between 5:00 pm and 6:00 pm in the Holy Land, in conjunction with the “Fifth Extraordinary Prayer for all Churches, for Reconciliation, Unity and Peace, beginning in Jerusalem” coinciding in turn with the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity celebrated in Jerusalem. The Extraordinary Prayer for all Churches will be broadcast on global television networks. (SL) (Agenzia Fides 01/28/2011)
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 842489, 3 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/842489
Research Article
High -Factor Wideband Resonators for Millimeter and Submillimeter Applications
Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarus State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Strasse, Minsk 220030, Belarus
Received 8 April 2011; Accepted 22 August 2011
Academic Editor: Bing Liu
Copyright © 2012 Tatiana Gaevskaya et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
How to Cite this Article
Tatiana Gaevskaya, Victor Karpovich, and Valentina Rodionova, “High -Factor Wideband Resonators for Millimeter and Submillimeter Applications,” International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology, vol. 2012, Article ID 842489, 3 pages, 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/842489
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Assessment and remediation of hazardous waste contaminated areas in and around M/s Union Carbide India Ltd. Bhopal: final report
The final report by NEERI on assessment and remediation of hazardous waste contaminated areas in an around UCIL in Bhopal. Certifies that contamination of soil & groundwater at UCIL premises has nothing to do with the 1984 MIC gas tragedy.
Several studies were carried out by various agencies in the past pertaining to waste disposal and contamination of soil and groundwater in and around the plant premises of UCIL, Bhopal. The data and information generated by these studies were reviewed by NEERI prior to initiating this study. The salient findings of various studies are presented in this report.
See Also
Presentation: NEERI on remediation of hazardous wastes
www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/309874
Report: Minutes of Group of Ministers, 18-21 June, 2010
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Bibliography: Red Clay
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Title: Red Clay
Author: J. Michael Reaves
Year: 2002
Type: SHORTFICTION
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bibliography: Pink Furniture
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Title: Pink Furniture
Author: A. E. Coppard
Year: 1929
Type: NOVEL
Language: English
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Movements of Gen. Butler.
Boston, Sept. 6.--Gen. Picayune Butler is here, and will address at an early hour a Union meeting at Fanueil Hall.
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Is there any man who would have testified, or any prosecutor who would have undertaken to present such proof of the act? Surely not. What then? Were the accused acquitted? No, by Heracles! They were punished with death, though their crime was far less, by Zeus and Apollo, than that of this defendant; those poor wretches met such a fate because they were unable to defend themselves against old age and poverty together, the greatest of human misfortunes; the defendant should suffer it because he is unwilling to restrain his own lewdness.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I don't have retail experience and what I need to price is SAAS, however I am aware of the psychological factors when it comes to pricing. $19.95 is a heck better than $20, even though the price is basically the same.
Currently I have 3 subscription levels:
• $9.95 / mo -- BASIC
• $19.95 / mo -- PREMIUM and
• $149.95 / yr ($12.99 / mo) -- PRO
I do have subscribers on all levels... I don't intend to drop PREMIUM, because this is a great value, however, the Annual price looks a little out of order. I know some offer 10 - 20% if users pay annually. In my case it's more of 25%. I am starting to lean towards $179.95 / yr ($14.99 / mo). Or is it too steep?
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2 Answers
You realize cost savings for having people pay on an annual basis. These cost savings include not having to maintain monthly billing. You also have customer service/retention gains when you are not having to "resell" the product every month. You also have the cash flow advantage of having the money in your bank to support your business up front. These cost savings are passed on to the customer through a discount. Make sure you are not passing on more than you are actually saving.
I like it when the annual offer communicate it as a special -- like 12 months for the price of 10, or first two months free. Makes it seem to me like I am getting more.
I can even fake myself out on my own services.
share|improve this answer
I find the presentation confusing, to be honest.
Now, please excuse the shouting, but your question and your website both capitalize the product names, so I'll follow suit.
You have 'BASIC' - $9.95 per month. Let's consider that the baseline offer.
'PREMIUM' offers three additional features, and extends one feature (data retention 6 months not 3), priced at $19.95. Let's take as read that this is good value - you'll already know from your analytics. So this is very much the standard 'level up' product.
But then, there's 'PRO.' PRO is feature identical with PREMIUM, but extends one feature (data retention 12 months not 6), and is charged annually in advance. So the question is, what is PRO? Well, you need to decide.
It could be another product level - and as it's another column in your table, it has its own tick boxes, and it has its own name, I think that's the expectation. But it's presented as being priced below PREMIUM, which is confusing.
From your question, what you seem to mean PRO to be is not a distinct product level, but simply a payment option: you want to reward a 12 month up-front payment with a discount.
If that is what you want, then say it. Offer it as an option within PREMIUM, and present it not as a freestanding dollar amount but as a discount or bonus - $25 off, or 10% reduction, or 12 months for the price of 11, or...
And then you need to decide whether you should make a similar offer on BASIC. I'd argue that if the term discount you run with is moderate, you should offer it on either BASIC or PREMIUM.
You need to make the presentation coherent before you can optimize the price.
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FDA Warns Proctor and Gamble – You Can’t Market Cold and Flu Medicine Combined with Vitamin C as It is Illegal
If you liked having vitamin C in your cold and flu medication from Vicks, well it looks like some changes might on on hand here as the FDA states that Vitamin C lacks sufficient data as being effective in preventing or treating a cold. That’s right, you read this correctly, so if you have a cold or the flu and want to take vitamin C, go buy a separate bottle. I know myself I take Vitamin C when I feel a cold or flu coming on. Recently in the news Proctor and Gamble has been looking to get out of the “prescription” medication business.
Not too long ago we also were told that Cheerios, due to their advertising was also considered a “drug” by the FDA, so you can see how the interpretation on being correct is now being scrutinized by the FDA to ensure accurate information is being given to the consumers. In order to un muddy some waters here, it appears that they are maybe trying to clear the advertising so individuals don’t mistake misreading of labels and perhaps think that Vicks could be viewed as a vitamin supplement? So don’t go looking to Vicks for vitamin supplements it appears. I’m sure there will be more news to follow, and according to the article here, this is not the first warning received. BD
FDA: Procter & Gamble Unlawfully Marketing Two Vicks Cold and Flu Medicines Containing Vitamin C SILVER SPRING, Md., Oct. 30 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today sent a warning letter to Procter & Gamble notifying the company that its Vicks DayQuil Plus Vitamin C and Vicks Nyquil Plus Vitamin C are illegally marketed combinations of drug ingredients and a dietary ingredient. (Logo: http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh/20090824/FDALOGO ) Both of the over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, which contain vitamin C in addition to several drug ingredients, are marketed as treatments for cold and flu symptoms. The FDA took the action against the Cincinnati-based company: -- To clarify that these single dosage form combinations of drug ingredients and dietary ingredients legally cannot be marketed because they have not been proven safe and effective, and -- Because the agency previously determined that there are insufficient data to show that vitamin C is safe and effective in preventing or treating the common cold.
Under its OTC monograph system, the FDA allows some OTC drugs to be marketed without agency approval. Such drugs must comply with applicable monographs,which are regulations that set requirements for the drugs' labeling,formulations and indications. The two Vicks products do not comply with theapplicable FDA monograph and must first be evaluated and approved under theFDA's new drug approval process to be legally marketed.
FDA: Procter & Gamble Unlawfully Marketing Two Vicks Cold and Flu Medicines Containing Vitamin C | Reuters
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DHT-Walnut GPIO
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 18:31, 24 September 2007 by Prpplague (Talk | contribs)
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Contents
Warning
The GPIO registers are quite fickle things. Not only are they for the Media LED and J5 header, they also manage the IRQs and Peripheral Chip selects. Hitting a wrong bit in Linux will cause problems, kernel panics, total lockups, bad things, 'plagues of locusts', you get the idea. When using the PPC405 _gpio driver below(or the 405_ocp_gpio driver in DENX Linux PPC 2.4, use a mask of 0xFFC00000, that way you don't manage to hit something you really don't want to.
Playing with the Media LED
The Media LED on the DHT-Walnut is wired to the processor by the GPIO pins. However its behind a 74VHC14 Schmitt Inverter. So you have to send it low in order to turn it on. This top section only covers the Media LED and the U-Boot/PPCBoot ROM Monitor.
Memory Locations
0xef600700 is the memory location of the GPIO output register. It's 4 bytes wide. It turns on and off the GPIO pins on the PPC405GP.
0xef600704 is the location of the Tri-State register. Also 4 bytes wide. Controls if the GPIO pin is active when high.
0xef600718 is the location of the Open Drain register. Also 4 bytes wide. Controls if the GPIO pin is an open drain or active output.
0xef60071c is the location of the GPIO Input register. Also 4 bytes wide. The state of each pin is reflected in the correspondig value in this register. (synchronized with OPBClk)
Playing with the LED
By having all the bits in the Tri-State register high and the Output register all low, The pins are driven low. Because the Media LED is behind the inverter it glows when low. Setting it high in the Output register will turn it off.
Example using U-Boot 1.1.4
Setting the Tri-State Register to drive all usable GPIOS.
=> nm 0xef600704
ef600704: 00000000 ? ffc00000
ef600704: ffc00000 ?
The LED should be lit now as its pin is driven low.
Turning the LED on and off with the Output Register
=> nm 0xef600700
ef600700: 00000000 ? 20000000 //LED should be off.
ef600700: 20000000 ? 00000000 //LED goes on.
ef600700: 00000000 ?
The J5 Header
The J5 header located to the left of the RAM slot actually has 9 GPIO pins wired to it. GPIOs 1 to 9 to be exact. That header also has the Power and Media LEDs wired to it, so using the first 2 pins will look awkward if your bit-banging to say a SD/MMC card or LCD display. The J5 header has the following layout. As things are developed they will be added.
[[[Media:gpio-J5.jpg]]]
Linux and the GPIOs
Module for 2.6.16
Using a module from a Monta Vista 2.4 kernel, I did the slight editing so that it will compile with 2.6.16. I have made a patch file that can be applied to a vanilla 2.6.16(possibly any 2.6) kernel. You can also use Ken's 2.6.16-pre3 config on the [wiki:DHT-WalnutUsefullProjects DHT-WalnutUsefullProjects] page as a base config.
Also included is a small bit of test code to show how to operate the gpio driver.
Module patch and test code here: [[[Media:ppc405_gpio.tar.gz]] ppc405_gpio.tar.gz] (Version 1) (Version 2 will be up once I clean some little problems out of the test code, possibly tonight)
Any errors or things you want to see, don't hesitate to let me know. I'll be slowly adding little things to the module as helpers.
Once you have your module installed and modprobe/insmoded, just run 'make' to built the test app. If you don't have a /dev/ entry yet just 'make dev' and it'll do it for you. Dev FS isn't supported yet, I'm working on that now.
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"warc_url": "http://globalvoicesonline.org/2012/08/20/brazil-belomonte-norte-energia-construction/"
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Brazil: Company Continues Construction of Belo Monte Dam
This post also available in:
Español · Brasil: Empresa insiste en proceder con la construcción de presa Belo Monte
Português · Brasil: Empresa Não Parou Construção de Belo Monte
Instituto Socioambiental informs [pt] that despite a judge order to halt [pt] construction work in Belo Monte, the company responsible for the construction of the dam, Norte Energia, continues its work, claiming that it hasn't been officially notified. Last Friday, August 17, 2012, netizen Simone Gomes had reported on Facebook that the works on the dam continued.
World regions
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2013-05-18T09:37:22.000Z
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[maemo-users] Problem flashing RX-34_DIABLO_4.20 08.23-14_PR_COMBINED_MR0_ARM.bin
From: Lionel D. Hummel 6tax7zu02 at sneakemail.com
Date: Wed Aug 20 07:43:05 EEST 2008
Flashing RX-34_DIABLO_4.20 08.23-14_PR_COMBINED_MR0_ARM.bin on my N800 does not work for me, while flashing OS 2007 releases and RX-34_2008SE.2.2007... work fine.
Is that RX-34_DIABLO image known to have problems?
If so, I'm surprised it is still up on Nokia's web site, especially without any caveats. I found one mention of this problem in the #maemo IRC channel log on 7/31/2008, but I haven't seen any other discussion of the problem (at least not with enough detail to recognize it ;-).
I'm flashing using an Ubuntu 7.10 host. The output text showing the problem is:
lionel at ubuntu:~/Projects/n800$ sudo ~/bin/flasher-3.0 --fiasco RX-34_DIABLO_4.20
08.23-14_PR_COMBINED_MR0_ARM.bin -f
flasher v0.8.7 (Oct 17 2006)
[ ... ]
Suitable USB device not found, waiting
USB device found found at bus 001, device address 021
Found device RX-34, hardware revision 1301
NOLO version 1.1.6
[ ... ]
Sending kernel image (1500 kB)...
100% (1500 of 1500 kB, avg. 8024 kB/s)
Flashing kernel... done.
Sending initfs image (2233 kB)...
Write failed after 0 bytes
usb_bulk_write: Resource temporarily unavailable
lionel at ubuntu:~/Projects/n800$
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2013-05-18T09:23:10.000Z
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People who love only once in their lives are shallow people. What they call their loyalty, and their fidelity, I call either the lethargy of custom or their lack of imagination. Faithfulness is to the emotional life what consistency is to the life of the intellect -- simply a confession of failures. Wilde, Oscar
This quote is about fidelity · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Wilde, Oscar ...
Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (October 16, 1854 November 30, 1900) was an Anglo-Irish playwright, novelist, poet, and short story writer. One of the most successful playwrights of late Victorian London, and one of the greatest celebrities of his day, known for his barbed and clever wit, he suffered a dramatic downfall and was imprisoned after being convicted in a famous trial of "gross indecency" for homosexual acts.
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The meanest, most contemptible kind of praise is that which first speaks well of a man, and then qualifies it with a But. Beecher, Henry Ward
This quote is about praise · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Beecher, Henry Ward ...
Henry Ward Beecher (June 24, 1813 - March 8, 1887) was a theologically liberal American Congregationalist clergyman and reformer, and author who was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, the eighth of nine children of Lyman Beecher by his first wife (and the eighth of thirteen children in all). One of his elder sisters was Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin.
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More than in any other performing arts the lack of respect for acting seems to spring from the fact that every layman considers himself a valid critic. Hagen, Uta
This quote is about acting and actors · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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Trust men and they will be true to you; treat them greatly and they will show themselves great. Emerson, Ralph Waldo
Excerpt from Essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson · This quote is about trust · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 April 27, 1882) was a famous American essayist and one of America's most influential thinkers and writers.
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Waste neither time nor money, but make the best use of both. Without industry and frugality, nothing will do, and with them everything. Franklin, Benjamin
Excerpt from Many Thoughts of Many Minds A Treasury of Quotations from the Literature of Every Land and Every Age · This quote is about waste · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Franklin, Benjamin ...
Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 April 17, 1790) was one of the most prominent of Founders and early political figures and statesmen of the United States. Considered the earliest of the Founders, Franklin was noted for his curiosity, ingenuity and diversity of interests. His wit and wisdom is proverbial to this day. More than anyone he shaped the American Revolution despite never holding national elective office. As a leader of the Enlightenment he had the attention of scientists and intellectuals all across Europe. As agent in London before the Revolution, and Minister to France during, he more than anyone defined the new nation in the minds of Europe. His success in securing French military and financial aid was decisive for American victory over Britain. He invented the lightning rod; he invented the notion of colonial unity; he invented the idea of America; historians hail him as the "First American". The city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania will mark Franklin's 300th Birthday in January 2006, with a wide array of exhibitions, and events citing Franklin's extraordinary accomplishments throughout his illustrious career.
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2013-05-18T09:01:09.000Z
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To die will be an awfully big adventure. Barrie, Sir James M.
Source: Peter Pan · Source: SIR JAMES M. BARRIE, Peter Pan, act III, final sentence, p. 94 .This line was quoted by Barries friend, American impresario Charles Frohman, as he plunged to his death on the Lusitania.The Dictionary of National Biography, 19311940, p. 49. · This quote is about death · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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2013-05-18T09:32:15.000Z
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Mastery passes often for egotism. Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Von
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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2013-05-18T09:38:01.000Z
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gaud3przj7bdnvr6zrwotmjguddyhkyz
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You don't drown by falling in the water; you drown by staying there. Cole, Edwin Louis
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2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
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2013-05-18T09:20:05.000Z
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ccchllxh5wkwsr2gncpw5z2o2xhtxuhb
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{
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Don't approach a goat from the front, a horse from the back, or a fool from any side. Proverb, Jewish
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2013-05-18T09:10:28.000Z
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gtjzm4gggr5n3hxp2hjk5zrjmhfzbe4p
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Old age equalizes -- we are aware that what is happening to us has happened to untold numbers from the beginning of time. When we are young we act as if we were the first young people in the world. Hoffer, Eric
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2013-05-18T09:41:14.000Z
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rzlt5f7h5urlkrby3gtieqcyc7nu4xf3
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One of society's biggest problems today is that we've allowed relationships to be accepted as impermanent, particularly marriage. Unknown, Source
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2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
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2013-05-18T09:31:44.000Z
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rruxc3vy5qcgadthrhljfmrowuburw7s
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Most vegetarians I ever see looked enough like their food to be classed as cannibals. Dunne, Finley Peter
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2013-05-18T09:54:04.000Z
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a4qbuygftlnjqwrw5nblc4mpibamglpf
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Quotes by Donne, John
John Donne (pronounced "Dun"; 1572 March 31, 1631) was a Jacobean metaphysical poet. His works include sonnets, love poetry, religious poems, Latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs, and sermons..
"I observe the physician with the same diligence as the disease."
Donne, John on doctors
"Despair is the damp of hell, as joy is the serenity of heaven."
Donne, John on doubt
3 fans of this quote
"Wicked is not much worse than indiscreet."
Donne, John on evil
"As he that fears God hears nothing else, so, he that sees God sees every thing else."
Donne, John on faith
3 fans of this quote
"Reason is our soul's left hand, faith her right, by these we reach divinity."
Donne, John on faith
"When I died last, and, Dear, I die as often as from thee I go though it be but an hour ago and lovers hours be full eternity."
Donne, John on farewells
"At most, the greatest persons are but great wens, and excrescences; men of wit and delightful conversation, but as morals for ornament, except they be so incorporated into the body of the world that they contribute something to the sustentation of the whole."
Donne, John on greatness
"Man is not only a contributory creature, but a total creature; he does not only make one, but he is all; he is not a piece of the world, but the world itself; and next to the glory of God, the reason why there is a world."
Donne, John on humankind
"Take me to you, imprison me, for I, except you enthrall me, never shall be free, nor ever chaste, except you ravish me."
Donne, John on infatuation
9 fans of this quote
"More than kisses letters mingle souls."
Donne, John on letters
"Sir, more than kisses, letters mingle souls. For, thus friends absent speak."
Donne, John on letters
"Let us love nobly, and live, and add again years and years unto years, till we attain to write threescore: this is the second of our reign."
Donne, John on anniversaries
"Love, all alike, no season knows, nor clime, nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of time."
Donne, John on love
"Love built on beauty, soon as beauty, dies."
Donne, John on love
5 fans of this quote
"Love was as subtly caught, as a disease; But being got it is a treasure sweet, which to defend is harder than to get: And ought not be profaned on either part, for though 'Tis got by chance, 'Tis kept by art."
Donne, John on love
3 fans of this quote
"Busy old fool, unruly Sun, why dost thou thus through windows and through curtains call on us? Must to thy motions lovers seasons run?"
Donne, John on love
"Full nakedness! All my joys are due to thee, as souls unbodied, bodies unclothed must be, to taste whole joys."
Donne, John on nudity
"And new Philosophy calls all in doubt, the element of fire is quite put out; the Sun is lost, and the earth, and no mans wit can well direct him where to look for it."
Donne, John on philosophers and philosophy
"Pleasure is none, if not diversified."
Donne, John on pleasure
"He must pull out his own eyes, and see no creature, before he can say, he sees no God; He must be no man, and quench his reasonable soul, before he can say to himself, there is no God."
Donne, John on atheism
"I throw myself down in my chamber, and I call in, and invite God, and his Angels thither, and when they are there, I neglect God and his Angels, for the noise of a fly, for the rattling of a coach, for the whining of a door."
Donne, John on prayer
"We are all conceived in close prison; in our mothers wombs, we are close prisoners all; when we are born, we are born but to the liberty of the house; prisoners still, though within larger walls; and then all our life is but a going out to the place of execution, to death."
Donne, John on prison
"Contemplative and bookish men must of necessity be more quarrelsome than others, because they contend not about matter of fact, nor can determine their controversies by any certain witnesses, nor judges. But as long as they go towards peace, that is Truth, it is no matter which way."
Donne, John on quarrels
"To be no part of any body, is to be nothing."
Donne, John on rejection
"Let me arrest thy thoughts; wonder with me, why plowing, building, ruling and the rest, or most of those arts, whence our lives are blest, by cursed Cain's race invented be, and blest Seth vexed us with Astronomy."
Donne, John on science
"But I do nothing upon myself, and yet I am my own executioner."
Donne, John on self-sabotage
"Be your own palace, or the world is your jail."
Donne, John on self-sufficiency
3 fans of this quote
"Affliction is a treasure, and scarce any man hath enough of it."
Donne, John on suffering
"God employs several translators; some pieces are translated by age, some by sickness, some by war, some by justice."
Donne, John on translation
"No man is an island entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main."
Donne, John on cooperation
6 fans of this quote
"Death be not proud, though some have called thee Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so. For, those, whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow. Die not, poor death, nor yet canst thou kill me."
Donne, John on death
3 fans of this quote
"I would not that death should take me asleep. I would not have him merely seize me, and only declare me to be dead, but win me, and overcome me. When I must shipwreck, I would do it in a sea, where mine impotency might have some excuse; not in a sullen weedy lake, where I could not have so much as exercise for my swimming."
Donne, John on death
"As virtuous men pass mildly away, and whisper to their souls to go, whilst some of their sad friends do say, the breath goes now, and some say no."
Donne, John on death
"When one man dies, one chapter is not torn out of the book, but translated into a better language."
Donne, John on death
5 fans of this quote
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Quotes by Wey, Hermann
We don't have a biography. Please consult wikipedia.
"My work always tried to unite the true with the beautiful; but when I had to choose one or the other, I usually chose the beautiful."
Wey, Hermann on beauty
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"url": "strategywiki.org/wiki/Konami_Collector",
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Konami Collector's Series: Arcade Advanced
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Konami Collector's Series: Arcade Advanced
Developer(s) Konami/KCEH
Publisher(s) Konami
Release date(s)
Genre(s) Compilation
System(s) Game Boy Advance
Mode(s) Single player, multiplayer
Rating(s)
ESRB: Everyone
Konami Collector's Series: Arcade Advanced was released on March 22, 2002 for the Game Boy Advance. It was released in Europe under the name Konami Collector's Series: Arcade Classics. It contains the following six games:
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"A REALLY INTELLIGENT INTERVIEWER." -- Lance Henriksen
"QUITE SIMPLY, THE BEST HORROR-THEMED BLOG ON THE NET." -- Joe Maddrey, Nightmares in Red White & Blue
**Find The Vault of Horror on Facebook and Twitter, or download the new mobile app!**
**Check out my other blogs, Standard of the Day, Proof of a Benevolent God and Lots of Pulp!**
Sunday, September 7, 2008
Anita Page 1910-2008
There are very, very few major pre-World War II movie stars still around, let alone silent movie stars. But yesterday, we lost one of the most popular American actresses of the late 1920s, when Anita Page passed away at age 98. In recent years, she had made a low key return to the screen, acting in a bunch of horror B-movies in her 80s and 90s.
She was born Anita Pomares in Flushing, Queens, but went Hollywood early, breaking into movies as a teenager toward the end of the silent era. Most notable among her early pictures was While the City Sleeps, in which she was the leading lady of none other than the king of the silents, Lon Chaney Sr. When sound movies came in at the end of the decade, she went right along with it, starring in the early musical The Broadway Melody, as well as the rare Buster Keaton talkies Free & Easy and Sidewalks of New York.
Although not well remembered today, at the height of her popularity in 1929, she received some 10,000 fan letters per week--second only to Greta Garbo--and was actively pursued by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. But her time at the top did not last long. According to her own statements later in life, the reason for her abrupt and early retirement in the mid 1930s was her refusal to abide by the notorious "casting couch" system employed by some studio heads at the time.
Aside from one role in the 1960s, Page stayed in retirement for 60 years. Amazingly, she was bit by the acting bug again at the age of 86, when she started discovering that she still had a following among early film aficionados. Over the past dozen years, she took to appearing in primarily low-budget, low-profile productions. Among these were Witchcraft XI: Sisters in Blood and The Crawling Brain, abysmal trash to which she lent more class than was deserved in supporting roles. Due out later this year, her last movie was Frankenstein Rising, in which she plays Elizabeth Frankenstein.
"I am so honored," she recently said. "I sign autographs and the people are so kind. This is one of the most wonderful moments of my career, and to experience it at this time in my life, and at my age, I never would have dreamed."
Here's to you, doll. In the parlance of the day, you were the cat's pajamas.
* For more on Anita Page, check out my other blog, Standard of the Day.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
2901.0 - Census Dictionary, 2011
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/05/2011
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
2011 Census Dictionary >> Glossary >> Usual residence
Usual residence
Usual residence data provide information on the usually resident population of an area, and on the internal migration patterns at the state and regional levels. The 2011 Census has three questions on usual residence that ask where the person usually lives on Census Night, and where the person usually lived one year ago and five years ago.
Since the 2001 Census, an additional note was included: 'For persons who usually live in another country and who are visiting Australia for less than one year, mark 'Other country''.
The information acquired from the answers to the usual residence questions is recorded in the usual residence indicator variables:
• Usual Address Indicator Census Night (UAICP);
• Usual Address One Year Ago Indicator (UAI1P); and
• Usual Address Five Years Ago Indicator (UAI5P).
Use of usual residence indicators, in conjunction with the other variables relating to usual residence, make it possible to identify the pattern of net movement of people between three dates, i.e. Census Night, one year ago and five years ago.
For the 2011 Census the following usual residence variables are available:
• Place of Usual Residence (PURP);
• Place of Usual Residence One Year Ago (PUR1P); and
• Place of Usual Residence Five Years Ago (PUR5P).
Family variables are only derived for people counted at their usual residence. Temporarily absent persons are used to classify types of relationships and families existing in a household, but they are not used in the derivation of any other Census characteristics or in other Census output. If all members of a family are absent from their usual residence, no family records are created for them. Family and household structures are based on persons usually resident. If all members of a family or household are temporarily absent, the family or household is not counted.
Usual Residence data are used by the ABS in calculations of the Estimated Resident Population.
See also Census counts, Place of Usual Residence (PURP), Statistical Area Level 1 (SA1), Temporarily absent, Visitors to a household.
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Research article
Flow cytometric probing of mitochondrial function in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Dominique Cassart, Thomas Fett, Michaël Sarlet, Etienne Baise, Freddy Coignoul and Daniel Desmecht*
Author Affiliations
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Veterinary Research 2007, 3:25 doi:10.1186/1746-6148-3-25
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/3/25
Received:18 April 2007
Accepted:28 September 2007
Published:28 September 2007
© 2007 Cassart et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
The morphopathological picture of a subset of equine myopathies is compatible with a primary mitochondrial disease, but functional confirmation in vivo is still pending. The cationic dye JC-1 exhibits potential-dependent accumulation in mitochondria that is detectable by a fluorescence shift from green to orange. As a consequence, mitochondrial membrane potential can be optically measured by the orange/green fluorescence intensity ratio. A flow cytometric standardized analytic procedure of the mitochondrial function of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells is proposed along with a critical appraisal of the crucial questions of technical aspects, reproducibility, effect of time elapsed between blood sampling and laboratory processing and reference values.
Results
The JC-1-associated fluorescence orange and green values and their ratio were proved to be stable over time, independent of age and sex and hypersensitive to intoxication with a mitochondrial potential dissipator. Unless time elapsed between blood sampling and laboratory processing does not exceed 5 hours, the values retrieved remain stable. Reference values for clinically normal horses are given.
Conclusion
Whenever a quantitative measurement of mitochondrial function in a horse is desired, blood samples should be taken in sodium citrate tubes and kept at room temperature for a maximum of 5 hours before the laboratory procedure detailed here is started. The hope is that this new test may help in confirming, studying and preventing equine myopathies that are currently imputed to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Background
Equine atypical myopathy affects horses and ponies kept on pasture and not exercised either prior to or at the time of the first clinical signs. All cases have been reported in the springtime or autumn and after a sudden drop in the minimum daily temperature [1,2]. Affected horses are usually well and suddenly display signs of acute myopathy (stiffness, muscle pain, muscle fasciculations, abnormal gait, recumbency, myoglobinuria, tachycardia, sweating), with no hyperthermia and unchanged appetite [3]. Unlike the other types of myopathy, this condition is often fatal within 12 to 72 hours. Blood analysis consistently shows a spectacular increase in muscle enzymes, in particular the creatine-kinases [3]. Recently, a detailed macroscopical, histopathological, enzymohistochemical and ultrastructural study of 32 clinical cases was reported [2]. The morphopathological picture of the disease suggested a mitochondrial disorder the characteristics of which are compatible with those of equine toxic myopathies due to plant, bacterial or fungal toxins [4-9]. Although morphologic clues of mitochondrial dysfunction in these equine diseases have accumulated, a functional confirmation is still pending. Also, as the clinical diagnosis is only possible late in the course of these diseases, when definitive lesions have occurred, an early marker is crucially needed to improve the clinical prognosis of established cases and to detect subclinical cases that would benefit of preventive measures. Epidemiological studies aimed at delineating the precise environmental conditions that increase the risk of developing atypical myopathy would also gain from a standardized laboratory test that lends itself to mass screening. Therefore, reliable methods for the sensitive determination of a possible alteration of mitochondrial function in equine tissues are desirable.
The cationic dye JC-1 exhibits potential-dependent accumulation in mitochondria, indicated by a fluorescence shift from green (~529 nm) to orange (~590 nm). This potential-sensitive color shift is due to the concentration-dependent intramitochondrial formation of orange fluorescent oligomers [10-12]. As a consequence, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) can be optically measured by the orange/green fluorescence intensity ratio. This ratio is dependent only on the Δψm and not on other factors such as mitochondrial size, shape, and density, which renders JC-1 far more reliable than any other single-component fluorescence signals to evaluate mitochondrial function. JC-1 orange-green fluorescence ratio has been used as an indicator of mitochondrial potential in isolated mitochondria [13] but also in intact tissues [14], spermatozoa [15] and cell lines, including myocytes [12] and neurons [16]. Very subtle heterogeneity in cellular responses were already discerned in this way [11,13,16], the most widely implemented application being for detection of mitochondrial depolarization occurring during apoptosis [17-20]. This series of studies prompted us to suggest that JC-1-associated orange/green ratio could function as a marker of mitochondrial dysfunction in the clinic. Since mitochondrial dysfunction precedes morphologic alterations, it would permit an early diagnosis of mitochondria-associated rhabdomyolyses in horses. Although muscle biopsies would directly target the tissue of choice, questions remains about the muscle to be sampled [2]. Furthermore, multiple biopsies should be avoided in the routine clinic due to animal welfare concerns. These practical considerations led us to evaluate the candidature of JC-1 as an indicator of mitochondrial potential in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In this paper, a standardized analytic procedure is proposed along with a critical appraisal of the crucial questions of reproducibility, effect of time elapsed between blood sampling and laboratory processing and reference values.
Results
Flow cytometric analysis of physical characteristics of equine PBMC, using forward (FSC) and side (SSC) scatters, consistently revealed two distinct subpopulations (Fig. 1). The first is characterized by low FSC and SSC and presumably corresponds to lymphocytes. Subsequent analysis of fluorescent labelling of PBMC using appropriate monoclonal antibodies confirmed that this population indeed consisted of lymphocytes. The second subpopulation, showing slightly higher FSC and SSC, is rather compatible with monocytes. Because the first subpopulation was always less scattered than the second, it was chosen to gate the cell subpopulation of which the JC-1-associated fluorescences were studied.
Figure 1. Forward vs. side scatter plot of equine PBMC suspension in PBS. The cell subpopulation typically analysed for JC-1-associated fluorescences is marked by the polygon area. Although more dispersed, a second subpopulation is readily visible.
Using 488 nm Sapphire™ solid-state laser excitation, the gated nonstained cell populations showed readily identifiable and very homogeneous autofluorescent emissions within the 530/30 and 585/42 nm bandpass windows (Fig. 2). However, the gated stained cell populations displayed much more intense fluorescences in both windows (Fig. 3), which yielded an excellent signal-to-noise ratio. Among the ~120 stained cell populations of which the results contributed to this study, there was never > 1% of cells falling in the green autofluorescence window, showing that the JC-1 concentration used is sufficient to stain all cells despite the unavoidable slight variation of the number of cells between cell suspensions. For the orange autofluorescence, identical results were obtained, excepted for a few cell suspensions intoxicated with CCCP where up to 5% of the cells fell in the autofluorescence window, which is attributable to the total dissipation of the Δψm, thus of oligomers formation, in these cells. The incorporation of CCCP led to the expected decrease of the oligomer/monomer (orange/green) fluorescences ratio (Fig. 4). Although 100 μM CCCP was used throughout the study, a dose-response study made in 2 horses suggested that maximal mitochondrial dysfunction is already reached with 1 μM.
Figure 2. FL2 vs. FL1 scatter plot showing autofluorescence emission of cell subpopulation gated in Fig. 1 under 488 nm Sapphire™ solid-state laser excitation.
Figure 3. FL2 vs. FL1 scatter plot showing JC-1-associated fluorescence emission of cell subpopulation gated like in Fig. 1 under 488 nm Sapphire™ solid-state laser excitation.
Figure 4. FL2 vs. FL1 scatter plot showing JC-1-associated fluorescence emission of cell subpopulation gated like in Fig. 1, after intoxication with the Δψm dissipator CCCP (100 μM).
Afterwards, mean absolute fluorescence values and ratio were measured in blood samples that had been kept at room temperature for different durations before laboratory processing (Fig. 5). No differences were seen up to 5 hours (P > 0.05). Also, when horses were sampled several times (1 to 35 days apart), the JC-1-associated fluorescence values retrieved from the corresponding PBMC populations (Table 1, Fig. 6) remained unchanged (P > 0.05). Regression of the orange/green ratio against age was not significant and sex-specific means of the ratio with (0.06 ± 0.01 in females vs. 0.06 ± 0.01 in neutered) and without intoxication (0.63 ± 0.13 vs. 0.67 ± 0.07) were not different (P > 0.05). Together, the 31 horses studied (Fig. 7) have generated mean values that can be taken as references : 42390 ± 8226 (monomer-associated fluorescence), 27385 ± 6391 (oligomer) and 0.64 ± 0.11 (oligomer/monomer ratio).
Table 1. Between-day reproducibility of JC-1 fluorescence in equine PBMC
Figure 5. individual changes of JC-1 oligomer/monomer mean fluorescence ratio according to day of blood sampling. Eight horses were enrolled is this experimental setup (1, 7, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 23). JC-1 oligomer/monomer ratios were calculated from mean fluorescences generated by 10,000 PBMCs. There was no difference between days (P > 0.05).
Figure 6. Effect of time elapsed between blood sampling and start of laboratory processing on equine PBMC JC-1 oligomer/monomer ratio. Seven horses were enrolled is this experimental setup (1, 7, 8, 10, 15, 16, 23). JC-1 oligomer/monomer ratios were calculated from mean fluorescences generated by 10,000 PBMCs (without intoxication). Delay refers to elapsed time between blood sampling and its processing into the laboratory. * Mean oligomer/monomer ratio was significantly different at 24 hours (P < 0.05).
Figure 7. Individual JC-1 oligomer- and monomer-associated fluorescences and their ratio from PBMC retrieved from 31 clinically healthy horses.
Discussion
A method for the quantitative analysis of mitochondrial function in horse blood samples has been developed and validated. After PBMC purification and resuspension in PBS, cells are stained with JC-1 and analysed by flow cytometry. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mitochondrial function analysis with JC-1 in peripheral blood cells. We have shown that the homogeneity of cell staining and the signal-to-autofluorescence ratio are as favourable as they were in cell lines [12,16]. Interestingly, values measured after artificial intoxication are one order of magnitude (10 ×) lower than values measured from nontreated PBMC, which offers a large window to detect even subtle mitochondrial function changes. With respect to possible variation within each animal, we have shown that a clinically healthy horse generates similar mitochondrial function values over time. More, these values are independent of age and sex and were very homogeneous among the cohort of horses enrolled. Taken together, the present study therefore yields a reference value of mitochondrial function in equine PBMC, along with the calculation of the confidence interval in which 95% of healthy horses are predicted to fall: 0.64 ± 0.22 (oligomer-to-monomer ratio, mean ± 2SD). Should smaller animals, such as dogs and cats, be assayed, histopaque columns designed for smaller volumes must be used for purification and the final concentration of mononuclear cells suspensions should not be less than 200.000 per millilitre.
The starting point of this study consists in the compilation of several morphologic clues suggesting that a subset of equine myopathies might be attributable to mitochondrial dysfunction. These morphological suspicions have to be confirmed by functional data to gain credibility. Here, a new assay system is validated that, theoretically, could bring such functional confirmation. By "theoretically", it is meant that the assay will prove to be useful if and only if the mitochondrial dysfunction subjacent to a said clinical syndrome simultaneously affects circulating leucocytes. There is no relationship per se between myopathy and oxidative phosphorylation taking place in leucocytes, only the assumption that a mitochondrial myopathy is probably a polysystemic disease rather than a specific process affecting only the muscles. The polysystemic disease might clinically translate in a locomotor syndrome just because of the higher mitochondrial density in oxidative muscles.
Conclusion
Whenever a quantitative measurement of mitochondrial function in a horse is desired, blood samples should be taken in sodium citrate tubes and kept at room temperature for a maximum of 5 hours before the laboratory procedure detailed here is started. This delay fits well with most field conditions, provided the samples must not be sent by post. We hope that the quantitative analysis of mitochondrial function procedure validated here will help in confirming, studying and preventing Equine Atypical Myopathy and toxic myopathies due to plant, bacterial and fungal mitochondrial toxins.
Methods
Animals
A group of 31 clinically normal male, female or neutered horses ranging between 8 months and 22 years of age, were enrolled into the study (Table 2). All animals were chosen at random. Eight of them were sampled on different days in order to evaluate the overall reproducibility of Δψm measurements, i.e. the constancy of the orange/green fluorescence ratio when day, JC-1 working solution and laboratory handling are changed. In a second subset of horses (n = 7), five tubes of venous blood were collected at the same time. These tubes were kept at room temperature for variable durations (30 min., 90 min., 150 min., 5 h and 24 h) before laboratory processing was started, which permitted to assess whether and to what extent the delay between sampling and processing influences the value targeted.
Table 2. Breed, age and sex of the 31 horses enrolled in the study
Chemicals
JC-1 (5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide) was from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA) and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma Immunochemicals, St. Louis, MO, USA). Working solutions, 200 μM (JC-1) and 50 μM (CCCP), both in DMSO, were prepared and equilibrated to room temperature in advance.
Isolation of mononuclear cells
Five milliliters of venous blood was collected in BD Vacutainer sodium citrate 0.105 M and kept at room temperature until processing. PBMC were separated from the blood by layering it over histopaque (density: 1.077 ± 0.001) and centrifuging (1200 g for 20 min). The cell content and the purity of the preparations were checked by visual inspection using light microscopy. The viability of the cells was controlled by flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining and was found to exceed 95%. For flow cytometric PBMC autofluorescence and JC-1-associated fluorescence determinations, the mononuclear cells were then suspended in azid-free PBS at a final concentration of ~106 cells per millilitre.
Visualization of changes in the Δψm
For each horse, one PBMC-containing 1 ml aliquot was used for autofluorescence measurements, and two others for Δψm determinations with or without intoxication with the Δψm dissipator CCCP. JC-1 staining was as follows: 1 ml of the PBMC suspension in PBS was incubated at 37°C for 10 min, stained with 10 μl of JC-1 working solution (2 μM final concentration) followed by another 25 min at 37°C under a carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere (5% in air). Cells were then washed and the pellet was resuspended in PBS for flow cytometric analysis. For intoxication, 2 μl of the CCCP working solution was incorporated into the PBMC suspension during the first incubation period (100 μM final concentration).
Flow cytometry
Autofluorescence and JC-1-dependent fluorescence changes were recorded using a FACSCanto flow cytometer (Becton-Dickinson) using 488 nm excitation with 530/30 nm (FL1, green) and 585/42 nm (FL2, orange) bandpass emission filters. The reproducibility of the fluorescence readings of the instrument was proven before all measurements using fluorescein isothiocyanate- and R-phycoerythrin-labeled polymethylmethacrylate microspheres (BD FACS 7-color Setup beads, Becton-Dickinson). The sample flow rate was adjusted to about 1000 cells/s. For one single analysis, the fluorescence properties of 10,000 mononuclear cells were collected. The respective gates were defined using the distinctive forward-scatter and side-scatter properties of the individual cell populations. The data were analyzed using the FacsDIVA software (Becton-Dickinson). After JC-1 staining, there were always less than 1 and 5% of cells within the green and orange predefined autofluorescence intervals respectively.
Statistical analysis
The results are presented as means ± SD. Significant changes were assessed by Student's t test. A value of P < 0.05 was accepted as the level of significance.
List of abbreviations
JC-1, 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide; Δψm, mitochondrial membrane potential; CCCP, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; FSC, forward scatter; SSC, side scatter.
Competing interests
The author(s) declares that there are no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
DC carried out the blood samplings, transportation and PBMC isolation. TF carried out flow cytometry calibration and analyses. MS carried out cell culture, intoxication and staining. DC, EB and FC participated in the design of the study and helped to structure analysis. DD conceived the study, participated in its design and coordination and drafted the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful to all the members of the Equine Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine for their clinical expertise, help and enthousiasm. Many thanks are also due to Ecole Provinciale d'Elevage et d'Equitation (Gesves, Belgium) and to individual owners of horses for agreeing blood samplings and to Pr N. Antoine for her scientific expertise.
References
1. Brandt K, Hinrichs U, Glitz F, Landes E, Schulze C, Deegen E, Pohlenz J, Coenen M: Atypische Myoglobinurie der Weidepferde.
Pferdeheilkunde 1997, 13:27-34.
2. Cassart D, Baise E, Cherel Y, Delguste C, Antoine N, Votion D, Amory H, Rollin F, Linden A, Coignoul F, Desmecht D: Morphological alterations in oxidative muscles and mitochondrial structure associated with equine atypical myopathy.
Equine Vet J 2007, 39:26-32. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Delguste C, Cassart D, Baise E, Linden A, Schwarzwald C, Feige K, Sandersen C, Rollin F, Amory H: Myopathies atypiques chez les chevaux au pré: une série de cas en Belgique.
Ann Méd Vét 2002, 146:231-243.
4. Martin BW, Terry MK, Bridges CH, Bailey EM Jr: Toxicity of Cassia occidentalis in the horse.
Vet Hum Toxicol 1981, 23:416-417. PubMed Abstract
5. Mollenhauer HH, Rowe LD, Cysewski SJ, Witzel DA: Ultrastructural Observations in Ponies After Treatment with Monensin.
Am J Vet Res 1981, 42:35-40. PubMed Abstract
6. Muylle E, Vandenhende C, Oyaert W, Thoonen H, Vlaeminck K: Delayed monensin sodium toxicity in horses.
Equine Vet J 1981, 13:107-108. PubMed Abstract
7. Hulland TJ: Muscle and Tendon. In Pathology of Domestic Animals. 4th edition. Edited by Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N. Academic Press, San Diego; 1992:183-265.
8. Van Vleet JF: The musculoskeletal system. In Veterinary pathology. 6th edition. Edited by Jones TC, Hunt RD, King NW. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia; 1997:873-897.
9. Bezerra PS Jr, Ilha MRS, Langohr IM, Barros CSL: Intoxicação experimental por monensina em eqüinos.
Pesq Vet Bras 2000, 20:102-108. Publisher Full Text
10. Reers M, Smith TW, Chen LB: J-aggregate formation of a carbocyanine as a quantitative fluorescent indicator of membrane potential.
Biochemistry 1991, 30:4480-4486. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
11. Smiley ST, Reers M, Mottola-Hartshorn C, Lin M, Chen A, Smith TW, Steele GD Jr, Chen LB: Intracellular heterogeneity in mitochondrial membrane potentials revealed by a J-aggregate-forming lipophilic cation JC-1.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991, 88:3671-3675. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
12. Di Lisa F, Blank PS, Colonna R, Gambassi G, Silverman HS, Stern MD, Hansford RG: Mitochondrial membrane potential in single living adult rat cardiac myocytes exposed to anoxia or metabolic inhibition.
J Physiol 1995, 486:1-13. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
13. Cossarizza A, Ceccarelli D, Masini A: Functional heterogeneity of an isolated mitochondrial population revealed by cytofluorometric analysis at the single organelle level.
Exp Cell Res 1996, 222:84-94. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
14. Sick TJ, Perez-Pinzon MA: Optical methods for probing mitochondrial function in brain slices.
Methods 1999, 18:104-108. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
15. Hoornstra D, Andersson MA, Mikkola R, Salkinoja-Salonen MS: A new method for in vitro detection of microbially produced mitochondrial toxins.
Toxicol In Vitro 2003, 17:745-751. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
16. White RJ, Reynolds IJ: Mitochondrial Depolarization in Glutamate-Stimulated Neurons: An Early Signal Specific to Excitotoxin Exposure.
J Neurosci 1996, 16:5688-5697. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
17. Salvioli S, Ardizzoni A, Franceschi C, Cossarizza A: JC-1, but not DiOC6(3) or rhodamine 123, is a reliable fluorescent probe to assess delta psi changes in intact cells: implications for studies on mitochondrial functionality during apoptosis.
FEBS Lett 1997, 411:77-82. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
18. Wadia JS, Chalmers-Redman RME, Ju WJH, Carlile GW, Phillips JL, Fraser AD, Tatton WG: Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Nuclear Changes in Apoptosis Caused by Serum and Nerve Growth Factor Withdrawal: Time Course and Modification by ()-Deprenyl.
J Neurosci 1998, 18:932-947. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
19. Mancini M, Anderson BO, Caldwell E, Sedghinasab M, Paty PB, Hockenbery DM: Mitochondrial Proliferation and Paradoxical Membrane Depolarization during Terminal Differentiation and Apoptosis in a Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Line.
J Cell Biol 1997, 138:449-469. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
20. Kulkarni GV, Lee W, Seth A, McCulloch CA: Role of mitochondrial membrane potential in concanavalin A-induced apoptosis in human fibroblasts.
Exp Cell Res 1998, 245:170-178. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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DC, 1941 Series
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1941-04-00 [Spring] 1941 ? 1 World's Best Comics Company A DC Publication 100 0.15 USD ?
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Indicators / Bathing water quality / Bathing water quality (CSI 022) - Assessment published Nov 2005
Bathing water quality (CSI 022) - Assessment published Nov 2005
Created : May 19, 2005 Published : Nov 29, 2005 Last modified : Sep 11, 2012 04:50 PM
Topics: , ,
Generic metadata
Topics:
Water (Primary topic)
Coasts and seas
Tags:
CSI022 | CSI | State and Outlook 2005 - Part B | State and Outlook 2005 | water | assessment04 | coast_sea
DPSIR: State
Typology: Performance indicator (Type B – Does it matter?)
Indicator codes
• CSI 022
Contents
Key policy question: Is bathing water quality improving?
Key messages
The quality of water at designated bathing beaches in Europe (coastal and inland) has improved throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. In 2003, 97% of coastal bathing waters and 92% of inland bathing waters complied with the mandatory standards.
Percentage of EU coastal bathing waters complying with mandatory standards and meeting guide levels of the bathing waters directive for the year 2003 by country
Note: N/A
Data source:
DG Environment from annual Member State's reports
Downloads and more info
Percentage of EU inland bathing waters complying with mandatory standards and meeting guide levels of the bathing waters directive for the year 2003 by country
Note: N/A
Data source:
DG Environment from annual Member State's reports
Downloads and more info
Percentage compliance of EU coastal and inland bathing waters with mandatory standards of the bathing water directive, 1992 to 2003 for EU-15
Note: 1992 to 1994, 12 EU Member States, 1995/96, 14 EU Member States, 1997 onwards, 15 EU Member States
Data source:
DG Environment from annual Member State s reports
Downloads and more info
Percentage of EU coastal and inland bathing waters meeting the non-mandatory guide levels of the bathing water directive, 1992 to 2003 for EU-15.
Note: 1992 to 1994, 12 EU Member States, 1995/96, 14 EU Member States, 1997 onwards, 15 EU Member States
Data source:
DG Environment from annual Member State s reports
Downloads and more info
Key assessment
The quality of EU bathing waters in terms of compliance with the mandatory standards laid down in the Bathing Waters Directive has improved, but at a slower rate than initially envisaged. The original target of the 1975 Directive was for Member States to comply with standards by the end of 1985. This was not achieved, and even by 2003 not all bathing waters were in compliance. Member States have invested significant amounts of money to achieve the prescribed standards. The implementation of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive has also contributed significantly to the general improvement of surface water quality including bathing waters. However, in some cases the installation of sewage treatment works did not result in 100 % compliance with bathing water quality standards because of diffuse pollution which still remains a source of microbiological and other contamination (e.g. Morecambe Bay, UK; Jones et al 1999).
In addition, for some of the parameters listed in the directive a robust, analytical methodology has not been yet developed (e.g. for monitoring viruses). Therefore compliance with the mandatory standards does not necessarily mean that there is no risk to human health. In fact, a number of studies have shown that the concentration of faecal streptococci in bathing water is a more useful indication of the likelihood of illness than faecal coliforms (e.g. Cabelli, 1983 and Kay et al., 1994). There is a guide value in the directive for faecal streptococci (100 per 100ml) but Kay et al. (1994) found there was a significantly increased risk of gastroenteritis when faecal streptococci count was greater than 40ml per 100ml. That means that reaching the guide value does not necessarily protect human health. The proposed revised Bathing Water Directive (COM (2002)581) is expected to introduce a higher health standard than the old directive thereby reducing likelihood of illness.
Despite the significant improvement in bathing water quality, 11% of Europe's coastal bathing waters and 32% of Europe' s inland bathing beaches still did not meet (non-mandatory and more ambitious) guide values in 2003 despite the fact that the bathing water directive was adopted over 25 years ago (Fig. 2).
The level of achievement of (non-mandatory) guide levels has been much lower than that for the mandatory standards. This is probably because the achievement of the guide levels would entail considerably more expenditure by Member States for sewage treatment works and the control of diffuse pollution sources.
Two countries (the Netherlands and Belgium) achieved 100 % compliance with mandatory standards in their coastal bathing waters in 2003. The worst performance in terms of coastal waters and mandatory standards was found in Finland with 93.2 % compliant bathing waters in 2003 (Fig. 3). In contrast to its 100 % compliance with mandatory standards, only 15.4 % of Belgium's coastal bathing water met the guide levels, being the lowest of the EU countries. In general, the guide levels were met in far fewer coastal bathing waters in comparison to mandatory standards.
Three countries, i.e. Ireland, Greece and the UK, achieved 100 % compliance with mandatory standards in their inland bathing waters in 2003 (Fig. 4). It should, however, be noted that these countries have designated the least number of inland bathing waters in the EU (9, 4 and 11, respectively) compared with Germany (1 572) and France (1 405) which have designated the highest number. Italy had the lowest compliance rate (70.6 %) for its inland bathing waters in 2003. As with coastal waters, in general, the guide levels were met in far fewer inland bathing waters as compared to mandatory standards, with Portugal having only 10.9 % of its inland bathing waters meeting the guide levels.
In 2003, the European Commission initiated infringement proceedings against nine of the EU-15 Member States (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, and Sweden) for non-compliance with aspects of the Bathing Waters Directive. Common reasons were non-compliance with standards and insufficient sampling. The Commission also noted that the number of inland UK bathing waters is low by comparison with most other Member States.
References
Cabelli, V. 1983. Health effects criteria for marine recreational waters. EPA-600/1-80-031. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects Laboratory, Research. Triangle Park, NC.
Jones, K. and Obiri-Danso, K. (1999) Non-compliance of beaches with the EU directives of bathing water quality: Evidence of non-point sources in Morecambe Bay Journal of Applied Microbiology Symposium Supplement, Vol 85, issue 28 pp 101S-107S.
Kay, D., Fleischer, J. M., Salomon, R. L., Jones, F., Wyer, M. D., Goodfree, A. F., Zelenauch-Jacquotte, Z. and Shore, R. (1994). Predicting likelihood of gastro-enteritis from sea bathing results from randomised exposure. Lancet 344, pp 905-909.
http://europa.eu.int/water/water-bathing/report/eu.html
Data sources
More information about this indicator
See this indicator specification for more details.
Contacts and ownership
EEA Contact Info
Peter Kristensen
Ownership
EEA Management Plan
2010 (note: EEA internal system)
Dates
First draft created: 2005/05/19 15:21:24.881000 GMT+2
Publish date: 2005-11-29T19:30:00+02:00
Last modified: 2012/09/11 16:50:16.972049 GMT+2
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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Link Exchange and traffic Building
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Im looking for an honest link partners for link exchange. I need to do link building on this site Background Check | People Search if you have any site thats related to business or Investigations Please do send us an email at backgroundclark@gmail.com or PM me
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Go4Expert Member
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Tap-Tap
From the Super Mario Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Tap-Tap
A Tap-Tap bounds forward.
First Appearance Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island (1995)
Latest Appearance Super Smash Bros. Brawl (as a Sticker) (2008)
Sub-Species
Super Big Tap-Tap
Notable Members
Tap-Tap the Red Nose
Tap-Tap the Golden
Tap-Taps are small, spike-covered enemies that walk back and forth in Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island and its remake Yoshi's Island: Super Mario Advance 3. The silver ones walk off of platforms, unlike the pink ones, but this arrangement was reversed in Yoshi's Island DS. Sometimes they'll hop up and down. They can't be hurt in any normal way, except for an egg. A Huffin' Puffin chick will send one flying backwards, and if it hits another, the other one will be destroyed. They're immune to most attack, except ice breath and fire breath. S Tap-Tap is encountered as a mid-boss in Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island as Tap-Tap the Red Nose, as well as a similar obstacle in Baby Bowser's castle known as Tap-Tap the Golden.
Tap-Taps have also appeared in Yoshi Topsy-Turvy, Yoshi Touch & Go (whose manual erroneously labeled them as Spiked Fun Guys, which are actually a different species), and Yoshi's Island DS, where they behaved similarly; however, instead of the normal ones walking off platforms, the pink ones walk off while the normal ones stay. A large, invulnerable variation (with the ability to crush land platforms) known as the Super Big Tap-Tap also appears in Yoshi's Island DS.
Contents
[edit] Appearance
A Tap-Tap is a small, spherical spiked creature with two black, beady eyes and an grin, it also has a bulbous red nose, Tap-Tap are immune to most attack, except Special Blue Watermelon and Super Red Watermelon.
[edit] Notable Members
[edit] Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Japanese カチカチ
Kachikachi
Japanese onomatopoeia for stones knocking together to create fire
Spanish Metalón From metal.
German Pseudo Stego From pseudo (fake) and Stego, the German name of Tap-Tap the Red Nose
Italian Pimbospino From piombo, lead; and spina, spike.
Chinese 咔咔
Kākā
Onomatopoeia for cackling, although most likely transliterated from the Japanese name
[edit] Trivia
• Spiky Tromps and Spiny Tromps look very much like Tap-Taps; they are also round and covered in spikes.
• Sorbetti, from Super Mario Galaxy 2, looks like it may be a Super Big Tap-Tap made out of snow.
• The name of Tap-Taps may come from the distinctive clicking noise they make as they walk.
Personal tools
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Barack Obama statements on coal
From SourceWatch
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is part of the Coal Issues portal on SourceWatch, a project of CoalSwarm and the Center for Media and Democracy. See here for help on adding material to CoalSwarm.
Barack Obama has called climate change “one of the greatest moral challenges of our generation” and has proposed investing $150 billion over ten years to research and develop renewables, biofuels, efficiency, “clean coal,” and other clean technologies. Despite his insistence on the importance of low-emissions coal plants and developing clean coal technologies, Obama does not support a moratorium on new coal development until these technologies are viable.[1] He has stated, however, that he “will consider whatever policy tools are necessary, including standards that ban new traditional coal facilities, to ensure that we move quickly to commercialize and deploy low carbon coal technology.” Obama claims a “stringent cap” on carbon will render it uneconomic to build new, traditional coal facilities and will discourage the further use of existing but “inefficient” facilities. Existing coal plants would be retrofitted with coal capture and sequestration technology if and when it becomes available.[2]
Obama has historically been a proponent of the coal industry, and is a staunch supporter of "clean coal" technologies. In 1997, he voted to use sales taxes to help reopen closed coal mines and create "incentives to attract new businesses that use coal." In 2001, he voted for legislation that provided $3.5 billion in loan guarantees to construct coal-fired power pants with no means of controlling carbon emissions. Before voting for the bill, Obama said, "I am a strong supporter, I think, of downstate coal interests and our need to prop up and improve the outputs downstate." In 2003, Obama voted to allow $300 million in bonds for the construction and expansion of coal plants. When he ran for U.S. Senate in 2004, he announced that "there's always going to be a role for coal" in Illinois.[3]
On January 4, 2007, Obama helped introduce the Coal-to-Liquids Fuel Promotion Act of 2007. The bill was intended to help grow the coal-to-liquids industry through tax incentives and public-private partnerships. However, while the bill may have appealed to the coal industry in his home state of Illinois, he was strongly criticized by environmentalists.[4] Obama then qualified his position by saying he would only support liquefied coal if it emitted 20 percent less carbon over its lifecycle than conventional fuels. [5]
On June 19, 2007, Obama voted in favor of an amendment to establish a loan program for projects to produce syngas from coal and other feedstocks, while working to lower greenhouse gas emissions.[6] The amendment did not pass.
On October 8, 2007, Obama reaffirmed his support for "clean coal" technology but stated his support for "a ban on new traditional coal facilities":
And we must find a way to stop coal from polluting our atmosphere without pretending that our nation's most abundant energy source will just go away. It won't. It will also require taking steps to ensure that China's coal emissions are curbed as well. Already, some coal pollution from China's dirty plants is making its way to California. That's why we must invest in clean coal technologies that we can use at home and share with the world. Until those technologies are available, I will rely on the carbon cap and whatever tools are necessary to stop new dirty coal plants from being built in America - including a ban on new traditional coal facilities.[7]
Below is a list of statements made by Barack Obama and his campaign about coal issues.
Contents
"Clean" Coal
• "I am also pleased that the bill includes funding I requested for research into combination plug-in hybrid and flexible fuel vehicles that could travel up to 500 miles per gallon of gasoline, as well as more investment into clean-coal technology." Obama statement after voting for the Bush administration's Energy Policy Act of 2005, which included a $1.8 billion tax credit for investments in clean-coal facilities, in June 2005.[8]
• “To counter the threat climate change poses to America’s future, we must invest in clean, domestically produced energy that leaves no environmental footprint. Carbon sequestration is a first step we can take to solving the climate crisis by limiting the emissions of existing plants.” Statement in conjunction with introducing an amendment to provide an additional $200 million for the Department of Energy’s coal sequestration initiative, in March 2007.[9]
• "We'll have to deal with the fact that many of our power plants are coal burning, and consider what investments we're willing to make in coal sequestration. If we make sure that the burdens and benefits of a strong environmental policy are evenly spread across the economy, then people will want to see us take on this problem in an aggressive way." Obama explanation of how to gaining political consensus for his goal of 80 percent reductions by 2050, in an interview in July 2007.[1]
• "If the technology exists for us to use coal in a clean fashion, then that is something all of us should welcome, particularly because China and India are building coal-fired power plants at a rapid rate, and they likely have lifespans of several decades. Coal is a cheaper resource, and they're going to be figuring out a way to exploit it, so we should help to find technologies that will ensure that if it is used, it is used cleanly. The U.S. is recognized as the global leader in understanding better geologic coal-sequestration technologies. If we abandon that leadership, we risk leaving the rest of the planet wide open to investing billions in polluting infrastructure. But I stress again that my position has been consistent throughout: If we are using coal in the absence of these clean technologies, then we are going to be worsening the trend of global warming, and that is something that we can't do." Interview, July 2007.[1]
• "I believe that relying on the ingenuity of the free market, coupled with a strong carbon cap, is the best way to reduce carbon emissions rather than an arbitrary freeze on development." Answer to interview question about whether Obama supports a freeze on new coal development in the US until clean-coal technologies become available, July 2007.[1]
• “We could invest in renewable sources of energy and in clean coal technology and create up to 5 million new green jobs in the bargain, including new clean coal jobs.” Campaign stop in West Virginia in April 2008.[10]
• Obama "helped lead the fight for clean coal to protect our environment and save good-paying American jobs." Obama-sponsored Kentucky ad depicting Obama as a friend of the coal industry in May 2008.[11]
• "Barack Obama believes in clean Kentucky coal." Direct mailer from the Obama campaign distributed in Kentucky before the state's May 20, 2008 primary.[12]
• "Obama will significantly increase the resources devoted to the commercialization and deployment of low-carbon coal technologies. Obama will consider whatever policy tools are necessary, including standards that ban new traditional coal facilities, to ensure that we move quickly to commercialize and deploy low carbon coal technology." Obama Energy Plan, July 2008.[13]
• According to Obama's Energy Plan announced in August 2008:
• "Obama will strategically invest $150 billion over 10 years to accelerate the commercialization of plug‐in hybrids, promote development of commercial scale renewable energy, encourage energy efficiency, invest in low emissions coal plants, advance the next generation of biofuels and fuel infrastructure, and begin transition to a new digital electricity grid."
• "Carbon capture and storage technologies hold enormous potential to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions as we power our economy with domestically produced and secure energy. As a U.S. Senator, Obama has worked tirelessly to ensure that clean coal technology becomes commercialized. An Obama administration will provide incentives to accelerate private sector investment in commercial scale zero‐carbon coal facilities. In order to maximize the speed with which we advance this critical technology, Obama will instruct DOE to enter into public private partnerships to develop 5 “first‐of‐a‐kind” commercial scale coal‐fired plants with carbon capture and sequestration." Obama fact sheet, August 2008[14]
• "As president, I will tap our national gas reserves, invest in clean coal technology, and find ways to safely harness nuclear power." Democratic National Convention, August 28, 2008.[15]
• "What we're going to have to do is to approach it through alternative energy, like solar, and wind, and biodiesel, and, yes, nuclear energy, clean-coal technology. And, you know, I've got a plan for us to make a significant investment over the next 10 years to do that." First Presidential Debate, September 26, 2008.[16]
• "To create more of these clean energy jobs, we need more production, more efficiency, more incentives. That means building a new generation of safe, clean nuclear power plants in this country. It means making tough decisions about opening new offshore areas for oil and gas development. It means continued investment in advanced biofuels and clean coal technologies. And yes, it means passing a comprehensive energy and climate bill with incentives that will finally make clean energy the profitable kind of energy in America ... I am grateful to the House for passing such a bill last year. This year, I am eager to help advance the bipartisan effort in the Senate. I know there have been questions about whether we can afford such changes in a tough economy; and I know that there are those who disagree with the overwhelming scientific evidence on climate change. But even if you doubt the evidence, providing incentives for energy efficiency and clean energy are the right thing to do for our future – because the nation that leads the clean energy economy will be the nation that leads the global economy. And America must be that nation." State of the Union Address, January 27, 2010.[17]
Carbon Capture and Storage
• "If we can develop the technology to capture the carbon pollution released by coal, it can create jobs and provide energy well into the future," President Barack Obama said in a meeting with Republican and Democratic state governors, February 2010.[18]
Coal-to-Liquids
• "We must continue down the path of reducing our reliance on foreign oil. Like corn to ethanol for gasoline engines, we also can make soybeans, animal fats, and coal into diesel. We have the technology, we have the interest, and we have the need. We just need the federal commitment... Creating a Renewable Diesel Standard will help alleviate diesel costs, create jobs, promote rural development, and help insulate our economy from oil shocks. And it will create new markets for Illinois soybeans and Illinois coal. We should pass this legislation immediately to take another concrete step towards energy independence." Statement from Obama's Senate office in November 2005, upon introducing legislation calling for a Renewable Diesel Standard that would require 2 billion gallons of diesel alternatives by the year 2015.[19]
• "The people I meet in town hall meetings back home would rather fill their cars with fuel made from coal reserves in Southern Illinois than with fuel made from crude reserves in Saudi Arabia. We already have the technology to do this in a way that's both clean and efficient. What we've been lacking is the political will. This common sense, bipartisan legislation will greatly increase investment in coal-to-liquid fuel technology, which will create jobs and lessen our dependence on foreign oil. Illinois Basin Coal has more untapped energy potential than the oil reserves of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait combined. Instead of enriching the Saudis, we can use these reserves to bring a renaissance for Illinois coal." Statement by Obama on introducing S.3325, the "Coal-To-Liquid Fuel Promotion Act of 2006," with Senator Jim Bunning (R-KY), in June 2006. [20]
• "Illinois basin coal has more untapped energy potential than the oil reserves of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait combined. Senator Obama believes it is crucial that we invest in technologies to use these resources to reduce our dependence on foreign oil." Statment by Obama spokesman Tommy Vietor, in January 2007.[21]
• "Senator Obama supports research into all technologies to help solve our climate change and energy dependence problems, including shifting our energy use to renewable fuels and investing in technology that could make coal a clean-burning source of energy. However, unless and until this technology is perfected, Senator Obama will not support the development of any coal-to-liquid fuels unless they emit at least 20% less life-cycle carbon than conventional fuels. If an amendment is offered on the Senate floor that would provide incentives for - or mandate the use of - coal-to-liquid fuels without these environmental safeguards, Senator Obama will oppose the amendment." June 2007 email from Obama's Senate office to environmental groups, clarifying his position on coal-to-liquid fuels in light of the bill he co-sponsored with Senator Bunning.[22][23]
• "Achieving energy independence and significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions are two of the greatest challenges America faces. With the right technological innovations, coal has the potential to be a cleaner burning, domestic alternative to imported oil. However we are not there yet. The Bunning amendment would have been premature in requiring the production of billions of gallons of coal-to-liquids without providing strong environmental safeguards to ensure that this new fuel alleviates, not worsens, our climate crisis. The Tester amendment, on the other hand, gives us the tools to determine whether we can make coal into a clean fuel source. We cannot solve the climate crisis without addressing coal – which generates half of America's electricity... Moving forward, I believe we should only invest in coal-to-liquid fuels that burn at least 20 percent less lifecycle carbon emissions than conventional fuels. I also introduced a low-carbon fuel standard to mandate a 10 percent reduction in emissions for all vehicle fuels by 2020, with incentives for producers to make their fuels more efficient and to exceed that level, without prejudging which fuel will turn out to be the best for our environment and our economy." Statement released by Senate Office of Obama regarding the Coal-to-Liquids bill under consideration by Congress, in June 2007.[24]
• "I was always firm that if the life-cycle carbon emissions of coal-to-liquid were higher than gasoline, we couldn't do it because it would contradict my position on reducing greenhouse gases. But I also believe that, because of the abundance of coal in the U.S., coal-based fuels could be a substitute for some of the oil we import from the Middle East, as long as we can reduce the resulting CO2 emissions to 20 percent below current levels from petroleum-based fuels." July 2007 interview.[1]
• "Our original bill on coal-to-liquids -- which generated a lot of heat in the environmental community, no pun intended -- proposed $200 million for demonstration projects, to see where this technology might take us... But I stress again that my position has been consistent throughout: If we are using coal in the absence of these clean technologies, then we are going to be worsening the trend of global warming, and that is something that we can't do." July 2007 interview.[1]
Coal and Global Warming
• "We'll also need to find a way to use coal - America's most abundant fossil fuel - without adding harmful greenhouse gases to the environment." May 2007 announcement of Obama initiative to curb climate change.[3]
• "I would not make huge investments or try to take technologies to scale that worsen the climate-change situation. But it may be appropriate for the federal government to make small investments in pilot projects to see if we can make dirty fuels cleaner... My general view is that we should experiment with all sorts of potential energy sources - don't prejudge what works and what doesn't, but insist that we have very strict standards in terms of where we want to end up, and enforce those standards vigorously." July 2007 interview.[1]
• "We are not acting as good stewards of God's Earth when our bottom line puts the size of our profits before the future of our planet." October 2007 speech on climate change.[25]
• "Businesses don't own the sky, the public does, and if we want them to stop polluting it, we have to put a price on all pollution. It's time to make the cleaner way of doing business the more profitable way of doing business." October 2007 speech on energy policy.[25]
• “There are environmental consequences to coal extraction, just as there are with any energy source." Statement to a group of environmentalists opposed to mountaintop mining at a meeting in West Virginia in April 2008.[26]
Cap and Trade
• "Let me sort of describe my overall policy. What I've said is that we would put a cap and trade system in place that is as aggressive, if not more aggressive, than anybody else's out there. I was the first to call for a 100 percent auction on the cap and trade system, which means that every unit of carbon or greenhouse gases emitted would be charged to the polluter. That will create a market in which whatever technologies are out there that are being presented, whatever power plants that are being built, that they would have to meet the rigors of that market and the ratcheted down caps that are being placed, imposed every year. So if somebody wants to build a coal-powered plant, they can; it's just that it will bankrupt them because they're going to be charged a huge sum for all that greenhouse gas that's being emitted. That will also generate billions of dollars that we can invest in solar, wind, biodiesel and other alternative energy approaches. The only thing I've said with respect to coal, I haven't been some coal booster. What I have said is that for us to take coal off the table as an ideological matter as opposed to saying if technology allows us to use coal in a clean way, we should pursue it. So if somebody wants to build a coal-powered plant, they can. It's just that it will bankrupt them," during an interview on January 17, 2008.[27]
• "Obama supports implementation of a market-based cap-and-trade system to reduce carbon emissions by the amount scientists say is necessary: 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. Obama's cap-and-trade system will require all pollution credits to be auctioned. A 100 percent auction ensures that all polluters pay for every ton of emissions they release, rather than giving these emission rights away to coal and oil companies. Some of the revenue generated by auctioning allowances will be used to support the development of clean energy, to invest in energy efficiency improvements, and to address transition costs, including helping American workers affected by this economic transition." Obama Energy Plan, July 2008.[13]
• "Barack Obama supports implementation of an economy‐wide cap‐and‐trade system to reduce carbon emissions by the amount scientists say is necessary: 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. This market mechanism has worked before and will give all American consumers and businesses the incentives to use their ingenuity to develop economically effective solutions to climate change." Obama's Energy Plan announced in August 2008.[14]
• "Obama's cap‐and‐trade policy will require all pollution credits to be auctioned. A 100 percent auction ensures that all industries pay for every ton of emissions they release, rather than giving these valuable emission rights away to companies on the basis of their past pollution. A small portion of the receipts generated by auctioning allowances ($15 billion per year) will be used to support the development of clean energy, invest in energy efficiency improvements, and help develop the next generation of biofuels and clean energy vehicles – measures that will help the economy and help meet the emissions reduction targets. All remaining receipts will be used for rebates and other transition relief to ensure that families and communities are not adversely impacted by the transition to a new energy, low carbon economy." Obama's Energy Plan announced in August 2008.[14]
"A New Energy Economy"
• "This is one of the biggest challenges of our times. And it is absolutely critical that we understand this is not just a challenge, it's an opportunity, because if we create a new energy economy, we can create five million new jobs, easily, here in the United States. It can be an engine that drives us into the future the same way the computer was the engine for economic growth over the last couple of decades. And we can do it, but we're going to have to make an investment. The same way the computer was originally invented by a bunch of government scientists who were trying to figure out, for defense purposes, how to communicate, we've got to understand that this is a national security issue, as well. And that's why we've got to make some investments and I've called for investments in solar, wind, geothermal. Contrary to what Sen. McCain keeps on saying, I favor nuclear power as one component of our overall energy mix. But this is another example where I think it is important to look at the record. Sen. McCain and I actually agree on something. He said a while back that the big problem with energy is that for 30 years, politicians in Washington haven't done anything. What Sen. McCain doesn't mention is he's been there 26 of them. And during that time, he voted 23 times against alternative fuels, 23 times. So it's easy to talk about this stuff during a campaign, but it's important for us to understand that it requires a sustained effort from the next president. One last point I want to make on energy. Sen. McCain talks a lot about drilling, and that's important, but we have three percent of the world's oil reserves and we use 25 percent of the world's oil. So what that means is that we can't simply drill our way out of the problem. And we're not going to be able to deal with the climate crisis if our only solution is to use more fossil fuels that create global warming. We're going to have to come up with alternatives, and that means that the United States government is working with the private sector to fund the kind of innovation that we can then export to countries like China that also need energy and are setting up one coal power plant a week. We've got to make sure that we're giving them the energy that they need or helping them to create the energy that they need." Second Presidential debate, Nashville, Tennessee, October 7, 2008.[28]
Subsidies for Fossil Fuels
• "We agreed to phase out subsidies for fossil fuels so that we can transition to a 21st century energy economy -- an historic effort that would ultimately phase out nearly $300 billion in global subsidies. This reform will increase our energy security. It will help transform our economy, so that we're creating the clean energy jobs of the future. And it will help us combat the threat posed by climate change. As I said earlier this week in New York, all nations have a responsibility to meet this challenge, and together, we have taken a substantial step forward in meeting that responsibility," Obama said. Statement at the conclusion of the G20 meeting in Pittsburgh in September 2009.[29]
Resources
References
1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "Obama on the Record", Amanda Griscom Little, Grist, July 30, 2007.
2. Barack Obama Energy Plan, accessed February 2008.
3. 3.0 3.1 Obama Shifts Stance on Environmental Issues", USA Today, July 18, 2008.
4. “The Green Gripe with Obama: Liquefied Coal is Still…Coal”, Washington Post, January 10, 2007.
5. "Obama qualifies his support for coal-to-liquid fuel", Grist, June 13, 2007
6. U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes, Senate.gov, June 19, 2007.
7. "Remarks of Senator Barack Obama: Real Leadership for a Clean Energy Future," Barack Obama website, October 8, 2007.
8. Obama Says Provision in Energy Bill to Double Ethanol Use, Invest in Clean Coal Will Help Illinois, U.S. Senator Barack Obama, June 28, 2005.
9. Obama Initiative Advances Clean Energy Future, U.S. Senator Barack Obama, March 23, 2007.
10. "Obama, Clinton Woo Coal Vote", Associated Press, April 19, 2008.
11. "Obama's Coal Stance, in Kentucky and Beyond", Washington Post, May 20, 2008.
12. "Obama's Own Pander: Direct Mailers from Obama Campaign Hail 'Clean Kentucky Coal', Grist, May 6, 2008.
13. 13.0 13.1 Energy & Environment: Plan for a Clean Energy Future, Barack Obama website, accessed July 2008.
14. 14.0 14.1 14.2 Barack Obama: New Energy for America, Barack Obama, August 3, 2008.
15. "Barack Obama's Speech at the Democratic National Convention", New York Times, August 28, 2008.
16. "Transcript: First Presidential Debate," CBS News, September 26, 2008.
17. "Transcript: Obama's State of the Union Address," New York Times, January 27, 2010.
18. Renee Scoff, Environmentalists question coal's place in Obama policy, McClarty News, February 26, 2010.
19. Obama Proposes Renewable Diesel Standard to Require 2 Billion Gallons of Renewable Diesel by 2015, U.S. Senator Barack Obama, November 2, 2005.
20. Senators Obama and Bunning Introduce Legislation to Expand Coal Use, U.S. Senator Barack Obama, June 7, 2006.
21. "Barack Obama’s green coal: Another myth from the change agent?", Online Journal, July 31, 2008.
22. "Obama Yields to a Greener Side", LA Times, June 13, 2007
23. "Obama Addresses Issue of Liquid Coal", League of Conservation Voters, June 12, 2007.
24. Obama Statement on Coal-to-Liquid Fuel Proposals, U.S. Senator Barack Obama, June 19, 2007.
25. 25.0 25.1 "A look at Barack Obama's environmental platform and record," Grist, August 22, 2008.
26. "Obama, Clinton Woo Coal Vote", Associated Press, April 19, 2008.
27. Interview with Barack Obama, SFGate.com, January 17, 2008.
28. Transcript of Second Presidential Debate, CNN.com, accessed October 2008
29. Barack Obama, "Remarks by President Obama at G20 Closing Press Conference", Pittsburgh Convention Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, September 25, 2009.
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It’s Educational
That’s just the first page of a 100-question test given to an eighth-grade class in 1954 USA. Be sure to check out the rest and see if you can answer them with present-day figures. While the question remains whether or not this was an open book test, and I wonder about the ultimate utility of the information the kids had to memorize, from the comments on the source it is apparent that our present-day eighth graders are not receiving this level of civic/government education. Via BlackInformant.
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Tensor veli palatini muscle
Jump to: navigation, search
Tensor veli palatini muscle
Dissection of the muscles of the palate from behind. (Tens. val. pal. visible at upper right.)
The otic ganglion and its branches. (Tensor veli palatini visible at center left.)
Latin musculus tensor veli palatini
Gray's subject #243 1139
Origin: medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
Insertion: palatine aponeurosis
Artery:
Nerve: medial pterygoid of mandibular nerve
Action: tension of the soft palate
Dorlands/Elsevier m_22/12551105
The tensor veli palatini (tensor palati) is a broad, thin, ribbon-like muscle in the head that tenses the soft palate.
Structure
The tensor veli palatini it is found lateral to the levator veli palatini muscle.
It arises by a flat lamella from the scaphoid fossa at the base of the medial pterygoid plate, from the spina angularis of the sphenoid and from the lateral wall of the cartilage of the auditory tube.
Descending vertically between the medial pterygoid plate and the medial pterygoid muscle, it ends in a tendon which winds around the pterygoid hamulus, being retained in this situation by some of the fibers of origin of the medial pterygoid muscle.
Between the tendon and the hamulus is a small bursa.
The tendon then passes medialward and is inserted into the palatine aponeurosis and into the surface behind the transverse ridge on the horizontal part of the palatine bone.
Innervation
The tensor veli palatini is innervated by the mandibular nerve, the third branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V).
Actions
It is associated both with mastication and with the opening of the Eustachian tube through its function of tensing the palate.
Additional images
See also
External links
This article was originally based on an entry from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy. As such, some of the information contained herein may be outdated. Please edit the article if this is the case, and feel free to remove this notice when it is no longer relevant.
de:Musculus tensor veli palatinihu:Szájpadfeszítőizom
nl:Musculus tensor veli palatini sr:Мишић затезач меког непца
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6310.0 - Weekly Earnings of Employees (Distribution), Australia, Aug 1993
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 09/02/1994
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Contains results of a survey conducted annually since 1975 showing the distribution of weekly earnings of all wage and salary earners classified by full-time/part-time status, permanent or casual employee, sector, age, State and Territory, hours worked and hours paid for; full-time employees classified by age, sex, industry and occupation.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
ABS Home
Statistical Language - Competition
Welcome to the Statistical Language Competition page
The winner of the Statistical Language Competition is:
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Congratulations Darcy and thank you to all those who entered. Your feedback will help us to evaluate the Statistical Language pages.
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161 reputation
15
bio website farwell.co.uk
location Lausanne, Switzerland
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Me on the Briethorn, Valais, Switzerland
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Project lead on Scalastyle, style checker for Scala. Contributor to JUnit, scala-ide (Eclipse Scala plugin)
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This article is part of the supplement: Kitasato Symposium 2011: Translational prospects for cytokines in 2011
Oral presentation
Interleukin-37 as fundamental inhibitor of innate immunity
P Bufler
• Correspondence: P Bufler
Author affiliations
Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
Citation and License
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2011, 13(Suppl 2):O15 doi:10.1186/ar3419
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://arthritis-research.com/content/13/S2/O15
Published:16 September 2011
© 2011 Bufler.
Oral presentation
The interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of ligands has 11 members of which most are proinflammatory. The receptors, signaling pathways, and functions of the classical family members (IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-18) have been studied extensively. However, knowledge of Interleukin-37 (IL-37/IL-1F7), which was first identified by in silico research in 2000 remains limited.
IL-37 shares critical amino acid residues with IL-18 and binds to the IL-18-binding protein enhancing its ability to inhibit IL-18-induced interferon-γ. Data suggest that IL-37 also binds to the IL-18Rα and, for its anti-inflammatory properties, likely recruits an accessory receptor chain with inhibitory properties, such as the single Ig IL-1 related receptor. We recently reported that overexpression of IL-37 in cells of monocytic or epithelial origin almost completely abolishes the production of proinflammatory cytokines as IL-1α/β, TNFα, IL-6 and IL-8 in response to TLR-ligands or IL-1β. Anti-inflammatory cytokines were unaffected. Vice versa, functional knockdown of IL-37 in primary human cells by siRNA increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines. IL-37tg mice are protected against LPS-induced shock. Thus IL-37 is a fundamental inhibitor of innate immune responses.
IL-37 protein is expressed in human monocytes and upregulated by LPS. Similarly to IL-1α and IL-33, IL-37 is expressed intracellularly and translocates to the nucleus upon cell stimulation in a caspase-1 dependent manner. IL-37 interacts inside the cell with Smad3 and inflammation in IL-37tg mice is increased when endogenous Smad3 is depleted. IL-37 is also secreted in the supernatant of stimulated transfected cells or peripheral mononuclear blood cells. However, the extracellular functionality of IL-37 is still elusive.
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FreeLink for the Kurobox Pro - Manual install
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
m (Fix fstab)
m (Reboot and Change uboot settings)
Line 81: Line 81:
reboot
reboot
-
The final step is to modify your uboot environment to boot into the rootfs (freelink). Interrupt uboot over serial<ref>[[KuroBoxPro#UBoot.2FLinux_Console_Message_-_bootup| KuroBoxPro: UBoot Linux Console Message - bootup]]</ref> and type the following to configure your Kurobox Pro to boot from the hard disk with the new kernel:
+
The final step is to modify your uboot environment to boot into the rootfs (freelink). Interrupt uboot over the serial console<ref>[[KuroBoxPro#UBoot.2FLinux_Console_Message_-_bootup| KuroBoxPro: UBoot Linux Console Message - bootup]]</ref> and type the following to configure your Kurobox Pro to boot from the hard disk with the new kernel:
<pre>
<pre>
Revision as of 06:34, 15 February 2008
Contents
FreeLink (Debian) on the KuroPro
Rather than using the automatic install method [1] you can partition the hard drive yourself (foregoing Buffalo's partition scheme) and use a custom kernel too[2]. You will need Serial port[3] access to have control over the uboot settings [4].
Prerequisites:
1. KuroboxPro (of course)
2. Serial port access
1. Use bottom Slot
2. Use daughterboard
3. FreeLink zip archive: http://downloads.nas-central.org/LSPro_ARM9/Distributions/Freelink/
4. Custom Kernel: http://downloads.nas-central.org/Users/colchaodemola
Get it
1. Download the FreeLink zip archive: http://downloads.nas-central.org/LSPro_ARM9/Distributions/Freelink/FreeLink_arm9-1.0rev2.zip
2. Unzip it and find the hddrootfs.img file
3. Rename it to have the .zip extension
4. Unzip this file with the following password:
IeY8omJwGlGkIbJm2FH_MV4fLsXE8ieu0gNYwE6Ty
5. Rename the resultant file to hddrootfs.tar.gz and copy it over to the Samba Share[5].
Partition Drive
XFS support is still poor (especially in a custom kernel). So we'll use EXT3, and use a sane partition scheme. There are detailed instructions on partitioning on the wiki[6][7].
Sample Partition scheme
Partition Path Size Filesystem
p1 / 10GB EXT3
p2 swap 128MB SWAP
p3 /mnt/disk1 Remaining Space EXT3
Get a newer Kernel and modules
I used this kernel image, big thanks to Colchaodemola
rename it to the following:
• uImage-2.6.16.57-arm5_oabi
Get the Modules:
Copy these over to the samba share too.
Extract everything over to the Hard Drive
Log into the Kurobox and cd over to the share you transferred the files over to.
Mount Hard Drive
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/drive1
Move everything over
mv hddrootfs.tar.gz /mnt/drive1
mv uImage-2.6.16.57-arm5_oabi /mnt/drive1
mv 2.6.16.57-arm5_oabi_modules.tgz /mnt/drive1
cd /mnt/drive1
Untar the rootfs
tar -xvzf hddrootfs.tar.gz
Untar the kernel Modules
tar -xvzf 2.6.16.57-arm5_oabi_modules.tgz
Move and link the kernel uimage
mkdir /mnt/drive1/boot
mv uImage-2.6.16.57-arm5_oabi /mnt/drive1/boot/
cd /mnt/drive1/boot
ln -s uImage-2.6.16.57-arm5_oabi uImage
Reboot and Change uboot settings
reboot
The final step is to modify your uboot environment to boot into the rootfs (freelink). Interrupt uboot over the serial console[8] and type the following to configure your Kurobox Pro to boot from the hard disk with the new kernel:
setenv bootcmd 'ide reset;ext2load ide 0:1 0x00100000 /boot/uImage;setenv bootargs console=ttyS0,115200 root=/dev/sda1 rw; bootm 0x00100000'
saveenv
boot
By the way, the command set to get it to boot from the flash (like it was originally) should you ever want to is:
setenv default_kernel_addr 0x00100000
setenv bootargs_base console=ttyS0,115200
setenv bootargs_root root=/dev/mtdblock2 rw
setenv bootargs $(bootargs_base) $(bootargs_root) $(buffalo_ver)
setenv uImage_block 0
setenv uImage_offset 0x00020000
setenv bootcmd 'nboot $(default_kernel_addr) $(uImage_block) $(uImage_offset); bootm $(default_kernel_addr)'
Post install
Login
• Reboot and use ssh to login to your newly FreeLinked KuroBox Pro with
• login: root
• password: lspro
Change kernelmon script
• You will now need to change a line in the the /usr/local/sbin/kernelmon script:
cat /proc/driver/kernevnt
to
cat /proc/buffalo/kernevnt
Enable root login on serial console
• If you use the console on the serial port, you need to change the permissions on /etc/securetty so it is not world-writable
chmod 0744 /etc/securetty
• until you do this, root logins on the serial console will not be permitted.
Fix fstab
Remember to change the /etc/fstab to reflect the location of linux swap and the share. Also remove the ,acl from the xfs declaration. My /etc/fstab looks like this after update:
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=20 0 0
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs size=10M,mode=1777 0 0
/dev/sda2 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sda3 /mnt/disk1 ext3 defaults,noatime,nodiratime 0 0
References
1. FreeLink for the Kurobox Pro - Automatic Install
2. GPL kernel recompilation progress - 2.6.12.6 & 2.6.16.16
3. Serial Port Use daughterboard or Use bottom Slot
4. Kurobox Pro u-boot environment variable settings
5. KuroBoxPro: Accessing Partions from Samba
6. Custom Partitions on the LS Pro
7. Resizing the system partition with parted magic live cd
8. KuroBoxPro: UBoot Linux Console Message - bootup
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:74279",
"uncompressed_offset": 41756549,
"url": "buffalo.nas-central.org/w/index.php?oldid=15910&title=Terastation_Midnight_Commander",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:11.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6a9fe461-65e6-495e-b6d6-c7639f144b90>",
"warc_url": "http://buffalo.nas-central.org/w/index.php?title=Terastation_Midnight_Commander&oldid=15910"
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Terastation Midnight Commander
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 16:57, 7 February 2006 by CCRDude (Talk)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
About
GNU Midnight Commander is a GPL licensed file manager like the popular Norton Commander, but available for many Operating Systems, including Linux.
Preparations
Converting RPMs
As stated in another location in this Wiki, there are PPC rpms available, but the TeraStation does not understand RPM. Therefore you need to convert the RPMs first. I wrote this small script named teradlppcrpm.sh, which needs to be run on another Linux machine:
#!/bin/bash
# Download and convert .rpm to .tar.gz
if [ $# -lt 1 ]
then
echo "Please specify packet name without .ppc.rpm extension!"
exit
fi
wget ftp://core.ring.gr.jp/pub/linux/Vine/VineSeed/ppc/software/$1.ppc.rpm
mkdir $1
cd $1
rpm2cpio ../$1.ppc.rpm | cpio -idv
tar -zcpf ../$1.tgz .
cd ..
Getting necessary files
Midnight Commander needs glib und gpm libraries before it will run, so there are four packages in total. Call this script teradl-mc.sh in the same folder:
#!/bin/bash
# Download and convert packages necessary for Midnight Commander on TeraStation
for folder in 'glib-1.2.10-0vl5' 'gpm-1.20.1-35vl3' 'gpm-libs-1.20.1-35vl3' 'mc-4.5.54-0vl4'; do
./teradlppcrpm.sh $folder
done
echo You may now copy the .tgz files to your TeraStation and install them there using
echo sudo tar -xzv /mnt/array1/share/software/xyz.tgz
echo where xyz corresponds to the tgz names created by this script.
It will call the first script to download and convert those four packages, and give you 4 tgz files you need to copy to your TeraStation.
Alternative
You can also do this in one step if you don't like those scripts (I wrote them only because I think I might want to add more packages later). This allows you to put all into just one package as well:
wget ftp://core.ring.gr.jp/pub/linux/Vine/VineSeed/ppc/software/glib-1.2.10-0vl5.ppc.rpm
wget ftp://core.ring.gr.jp/pub/linux/Vine/VineSeed/ppc/software/gpm-1.20.1-35vl3.ppc.rpm
wget ftp://core.ring.gr.jp/pub/linux/Vine/VineSeed/ppc/software/gpm-libs-1.20.1-35vl3.ppc.rpm
wget ftp://core.ring.gr.jp/pub/linux/Vine/VineSeed/ppc/software/mc-4.5.54-0vl4.ppc.rpm
mkdir mcpluslibs
cd mcpluslibs
rpm2cpio ../glib-1.2.10-0vl5.ppc.rpm | cpio -idv
rpm2cpio ../gpm-1.20.1-35vl3.ppc.rpm | cpio -idv
rpm2cpio ../gpm-libs-1.20.1-35vl3.ppc.rpm | cpio -idv
rpm2cpio ../mc-4.5.54-0vl4.ppc.rpm | cpio -idv
tar -zcpf ../mcpluslibs.tgz .
cd ..
Now just copy mcpluslibs.tgz to your TeraStation share.
With more packages I prepare for my TeraStation, I my provide a full script that automates everything in just one script.
Installation
Extract files
Open a SSH shell to your TeraStation, and install those packages using sudo tar -xzv /mnt/array1/share/software/xyz.tgz. When you're done, you can run Midnight Commander by simply typing mc.
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:74287",
"uncompressed_offset": 54252890,
"url": "cnx.org/content/m32916/latest/content_info",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:11.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6a9fe461-65e6-495e-b6d6-c7639f144b90>",
"warc_url": "http://cnx.org/content/m32916/latest/content_info"
}
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Connexions
Sections
You are here: Home » Content » The Sinusoidal Steady State Response
About: The Sinusoidal Steady State Response
Module by: Carlos E. Davila. E-mail the author
View the content: The Sinusoidal Steady State Response
Metadata
Name: The Sinusoidal Steady State Response
ID: m32916
Language: English (en)
Subject: Science and Technology
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 3.0
Authors: Carlos E. Davila (cd@lyle.smu.edu)
Copyright Holders: Carlos E. Davila (cd@lyle.smu.edu)
Maintainers: Carlos E. Davila (cd@lyle.smu.edu)
Latest version: 1.2 (history)
First publication date: Nov 17, 2009 10:45 pm -0600
Last revision to module: Nov 19, 2009 2:00 pm -0600
Downloads
PDF: m32916_1.2.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
EPUB: m32916_1.2.epub Electronic publication file, for viewing in handheld devices. Learn more.
XML: m32916_1.2.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Source Export ZIP: m32916_1.2.zip ZIP containing the module XML plus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.2 Nov 19, 2009 2:00 pm -0600 by Carlos E. Davila
Changes:
removed outer section tags.
Version: 1.1 Nov 17, 2009 10:49 pm -0600 by Carlos E. Davila
Changes:
New.
How to Reuse and Attribute This Content
If you derive a copy of this content using a Connexions account and publish your version, proper attribution of the original work will be automatically done for you.
If you reuse this work elsewhere, in order to comply with the attribution requirements of the license (CC-BY 3.0), you must include
• the authors' names: Carlos Davila
• the title of the work: The Sinusoidal Steady State Response
• the Connexions URL where the work can be found: http://cnx.org/content/m32916/1.2/
See the citation section below for examples you can copy.
How to Cite and Attribute This Content
The following citation styles comply with the attribution requirements for the license (CC-BY 3.0) of this work:
American Chemical Society (ACS) Style Guide:
Davila, C. The Sinusoidal Steady State Response, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m32916/1.2/, Nov 19, 2009.
American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style:
Davila C. The Sinusoidal Steady State Response [Connexions Web site]. November 19, 2009. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m32916/1.2/.
American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual:
Davila, C. (2009, November 19). The Sinusoidal Steady State Response. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m32916/1.2/
Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography):
Davila, Carlos. "The Sinusoidal Steady State Response." Connexions. November 19, 2009. http://cnx.org/content/m32916/1.2/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Note):
Carlos Davila, "The Sinusoidal Steady State Response," Connexions, November 19, 2009, http://cnx.org/content/m32916/1.2/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Reference, in Author-Date style):
Davila, C. 2009. The Sinusoidal Steady State Response. Connexions, November 19, 2009. http://cnx.org/content/m32916/1.2/.
Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Manual:
Davila, Carlos. The Sinusoidal Steady State Response. Connexions. 19 Nov. 2009 <http://cnx.org/content/m32916/1.2/>.
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"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:11.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6a9fe461-65e6-495e-b6d6-c7639f144b90>",
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Error!
Success!
Test Driven Development Built Name Generator Part 2
0
kicks
Test Driven Development Built Name Generator Part 2 (Unpublished)
Alright, time to tear into getting that name data imported into the database. To review the previous entry check out part 1. Next I set the Windows App Project I added in part 1 to be the startup project. After that I created a screen that looks like the image below (click to see larger image). Also add an open file dialog control. Next double click on the Process button and add the following code. Make sure not to miss the instantiation of the names list property in the initialization.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6a9fe461-65e6-495e-b6d6-c7639f144b90>",
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Board Bringup Utilities
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
Description Tool
Framebuffer fb-test-app git repo (original fb-test)
Input Events evtest
Physical Memory devmem2
I2C Interface I2C Tools
OMAP Booting OMAP U-boot Utils
OMAP4 USB Booting OMAP4 USB Booting
Uart Uart Loopback
OMAP overlay swapper overlayswap
OMAP memory speed test memspeed
OMAP4 EMIF cycle speed omap4_emif
OMAP4 EMIF performance omap4_ddrstat
To compile single .c source files such as fb-test.c,
use compiler command line:
# arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc fbtest.c -o fb-test
this will generate the binary fb-test for use on your
system where arm-none-linux-gnueabi- is the cross compiler
that you have installed on your host system.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:74311",
"uncompressed_offset": 92569685,
"url": "familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?oldid=545433&title=Potomac_Parish%2C_Virginia",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:11.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6a9fe461-65e6-495e-b6d6-c7639f144b90>",
"warc_url": "http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?title=Potomac_Parish,_Virginia&oldid=545433"
}
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Potomac Parish, VirginiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 22:58, 1 February 2011 by Murphynw (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
United States Virginia Potomac Parish
Contents
History
Potomac Parish has served Westmoreland and [[Stafford County, Virginia|Stafford].
Founded
Boundary
Resources
Church History
Church Records
References
1. Freddie Spradlin, "Parishes of Virginia," VAGenWeb, accessed 29 January 2011; Hening's Statutes at Large; Emily J. Salmon and Edward D.C. Campbell Jr., The Hornbook of Virginia History (Richmond: Library of Virginia, 1994).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
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"url": "googlesystem.blogspot.com/2013/01/quickly-switch-to-basic-google-image.html?showComment=1359406845866",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6a9fe461-65e6-495e-b6d6-c7639f144b90>",
"warc_url": "http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2013/01/quickly-switch-to-basic-google-image.html?showComment=1359406845866"
}
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
January 28, 2013
Quickly Switch to the Basic Google Image Search
If you don't like the new Google Image Search interface, you can't go back to the previous interface. Fortunately, Google still includes a link to a much older interface without infinite scrolling, but with useful information like the file size and a page snippet.
Infinite scrolling makes it difficult to get to the bottom of the page because Google continuously loads new image results as you scroll down. The best way to find the link that switches to the old interface is to press "End" on your keyboard (Fn + Right Arrow if you have a Mac) and click "switch to basic version". Google doesn't remember your setting, so the switch is not persistent.
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"url": "lists.maemo.org/pipermail/maemo-developers/2006-April/003657.html",
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"warc_url": "http://lists.maemo.org/pipermail/maemo-developers/2006-April/003657.html"
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[maemo-developers] [maemo-developers] Pinout of the port in the battery compartment?
From: David Briggs dbriggs at Goprolink.com
Date: Tue Apr 18 01:16:25 EEST 2006
Hello
I would like to utilize the serial port in the battery compartment. Does anyone know the pinout?
Thanks
David
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[maemo-developers] How to get application icons in task navigator
From: Alessandro Pasotti apasotti at gmail.com
Date: Fri Mar 23 15:37:00 EET 2007
I set it just after main() with no effect....
I'm trying the wrapper way right now...
2007/3/23, Frantisek Dufka <dufkaf at seznam.cz>:
>
> Alessandro Pasotti wrote:
>
> > Is the wrapper script mandatory?
>
> Don't know. Never tried without it. I find setting variable inside
> executable to be not very elegant solution, but that's just me :-)
>
> Also maybe setting it in your code may be too late and has no effect
> since SDL reads this variable and sets window properties in its
> intialization. Make sure to set is before calling SDL_Init.
>
> Frantisek
>
--
Alessandro Pasotti
w3: www.itopen.it
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6a9fe461-65e6-495e-b6d6-c7639f144b90>",
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Endy:Research
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 22:39, 7 September 2008 by Endy (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Add to My Links
Home Lab Members Research Notebooks Publications Internal Contact
Genetic Memory
The immediate goal of our research is to enable the engineering of genetically encoded memory systems. Modest amounts of programmable memory, if implemented within living cells, would have a profound impact on the study and treatment of many diseases, and would broadly enable many non-medical applications of biotechnology. We are interested in both the basic and applied aspects of the problem, from considering how to best store information inside cells to practical applications.
Synthetic Biology
Our overall long term goal is to help make biology easy to engineer, an area of research known as synthetic biology.
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# Date Editor Comment Action
1 2007-09-06 12:00:00 Users/ Encyclopedia of Graphic Communications Import view raw print
All text and images are licensed under a Creative Commons License
permitting sharing and adaptation with attribution. (See Copyrights for details.)
PrintWiki – the Free Encyclopedia of Print
About PrintWiki Policies Hosted by WhatTheyThink
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
There are two kinds of people: Those who do the work and those who take the credit. Try to be in the first group because there is less competition there. Gandhi, Indira
This quote is about competition · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Gandhi, Indira ...
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( ) (November 19, 1917 October 31, 1984) was Prime Minister of India from January 19, 1966 to March 24, 1977, and from January 14, 1980 until her assassination on October 31, 1984. The daughter of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (and not related to Mahatma Gandhi), she was one of modern India's most politically notable leaders.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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9 Jun 2002 Pontifier » (Apprentice)
I have finaly built a small remote controled robot with a griping arm. You can see details and pictures on my website. will most likely build a better chasis in the next few days.
I have been doing some research on computer vision systems and have a few ideas about how to use a digital camera to navigate and map an environment by overlapping pictures.
Latest blog entries Older blog entries
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"A REALLY INTELLIGENT INTERVIEWER." -- Lance Henriksen
"QUITE SIMPLY, THE BEST HORROR-THEMED BLOG ON THE NET." -- Joe Maddrey, Nightmares in Red White & Blue
**Find The Vault of Horror on Facebook and Twitter, or download the new mobile app!**
**Check out my other blogs, Standard of the Day, Proof of a Benevolent God and Lots of Pulp!**
Thursday, June 18, 2009
Retro Review: The Blob (1958)
There's been so much said here recently, and in other places, in praise of the excellent--and admittedly superior--1988 remake of The Blob, that I thought it was high time someone showed some much-needed love to the original, Eisenhower-era drive-in classic. The Blob is a fine piece of pop horror entertainment, and deserves to be treated as the seminal sci-fi terror film that it is.
A young and very un-Steve-McQueen-like Steve McQueen makes his second official movie appearance starring as the one local boy who can help save his town from the menace of the all-consuming glob of red jelly from outer space. He's sort of a poor man's James Dean in this picture, which was clearly the intention of the filmmakers.
Because to my mind, The Blob is one of the first horror movies to overtly market itself to the teen demographic, something that is regularly done with horror movies today. You have a cast in which only the teenagers really know what's up, and the adults are ineffectual, lame authority figures. Sound familiar? Much time is given to the inter-character teen drama, and we even have a movie-within-a-movie, as the teen characters attend a horror movie marathon at their local cinema, an activity adolescent moviegoers of the day would've been very familiar with.
For some, the giant jello-like Blob may not be very scary, but this particular movie monster has always creeped me out. Once again, as with many horror flicks, it goes back to my childhood experience with the film. This was another one of those Sunday afternoon syndicated TV-aired movies in my area, and I will never forget viewing the Blob's initial appearance as a kid. When that poor old homeless drifter pokes around that smoldering meteorite, only to find himself elbow-deep in Blob--well that was the stuff of nightmares for me.
The aforementioned movie theater scene is an all-time classic of 1950s horror, and done quite well using the special effects of the day. The Blob of the remake may be more dynamic, animated and downright vicious, but there's something about that slow-moving morass of unthinking goo that sends shivers down the spine. I think it's the same element of classic zombie cinema that has always frightened me--the unrelenting, unthinking, amoral thing that will eventually get you no matter what.
Yes, there's a certain element of goofiness to this version, not least of which is the offbeat, yet hilarious theme song--co-written by a young Burt Bacharach, no less! But I think that it's all part of the charm of the original Blob. It's a perfect example of a "fun" horror movie, one that doesn't make you think too much, and you can just kick back and lose yourself in without really getting scared to the depths of your soul. I think sometimes we need horror like this to temper the rest of the ghastly stuff we enjoy so much.
I've always said that modern horror can sometimes take itself a bit too seriously, which is why I'll always have a soft-spot for the Golden and Silver Age classics, with their Forrest J. Ackerman-style sensibility and schlock factor. The 1950s seemed to be an era when this kind of quirky horror had its heyday, and The Blob, along with flicks like I Was a Teenage Werewolf, Z0mbies of Mora Tau and Invaders from Mars, is a perfect example. Enjoy it for what it is, and I assure you, a splendid time is guaranteed for all.
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User:Gary68
From OpenStreetMap Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Goodbye and thanks for the fish
English
My fellow mappers,
with a sad eye I will stop my activities for OSM. I have “worked” long for OSM, accomplished many things and learnt much (XML, Perl, bash, SVG). But it’s time for something new. A bit I also miss the challenges here.
I will present my program Mapweaver at the Perl Workshop in Frankfurt in a few weeks and then call it a day.
My programs are provided in the SVN where anybody can use, modify etc. them.
My server gary68.de will be run down when the contract permits it. I think it will be some months. The provision of all regular reports will be stopped.
Should there be the need for Mapweaver maintenance or expansion I might be doing that. (Can’t neglect my “master piece”.)
You can still reach me under my private eMail address.
Thank you all and good luck for the project.
Gerhard Gary68
German
Liebe Mitmapper,
ein wenig traurig, aber dennoch. Ich werde meine aktive Zeit bei OSM beenden. Ich habe lange für OSM „gearbeitet“, viel Spaß gehabt, einiges erreicht und viel gelernt (XML, Perl, bash, SVG). Aber es ist Zeit für etwas Neues. Es fehlen mir auch ein wenig die Anreize und Herausforderungen.
Abschließen werde ich meine Aktivität auf dem Perl Workshop in Frankfurt, wo ich in drei Wochen Mapweaver vorstellen werde.
Meine Programme liegen im SVN, wo sie jeder gerne weiter nutzen, modifizieren etc. kann.
Meinen Server gary68.de werde ich bei Zeiten kündigen, aber ich denke, ein paar Monate hat er noch. Die regelmäßige Erstellung der Reports stelle ich ein.
Sollte Mapweaver Wartung notwendig werden oder würde eine Erweiterung gewünscht, so kann ich mir das durchaus vorstellen. (Mein „Meisterstück“ kann ich ja schlecht im Stich lassen.)
Unter meiner privaten eMail Adresse bin ich auch weiter erreichbar.
Vielen Dank euch allen und weiterhin viel Erfolg und Spaß bei OSM!
Gerhard Gary68
Where do I live
I live in Hofheim right next to the Wiesbadener Kreuz.
Aktionen
My programs
Program and source Description Wiki page Reports
All "my" bugs in one file OSB Reports allbugs.gpx
Selected bugs in one file extract PERMALINK could be http://www.gary68.de/osm/qa/gpx/extract.php?left=7&right=8&top=49&bottom=48
checkround.pl - areacheck.pl Are roundabots correctly in direction? Are areas closed? SomeChecks SomeChecks
checkconn.pl - checkcross.pl - checktouch.pl - Are roads properly connected? Do roads cross without intersection or bridge? Are roads nearly touching? WayCheck DE:Aktionen/Aktion 01 DE:Aktionen/Aktion 02 DE:Aktionen/Aktion 04 De:Aktionen/Aktion 07 De:Aktionen/Aktion 08 WayCheck
mappingquality.pl - unmappedplaces.pl Which areas are sparsely or densely mapped? Draws maps and lists statistics. Mapping Quality - Unmapped Places - Unkartografiert Mapping Quality
motorwaycheck.pl Checks for correct motorway directions/oneways. MotorwayCheck MotorwayCheck
osmdiff.pl osmdiff compares two osm files and lists the changes in html file and draws a picture of the differences in PNG and SVG. osmdiff osmdiff reports
relationdiff.pl relationdiff compares two osm files regarding relations and lists the changes in html file. Relation Diff Relation Diff
checkrelation.pl relationcheck checks an osm file for errors in relations. Relation Check
listrelations.pl Lists of relations in certain areas. HTML and CSV for Excel or Calc. Relation lists Relation lists
todo.pl What is there to do in a certain area? todo.pl
selfintersecting.pl Checks for ways that are intersecting with themselves. De:Aktionen/Aktion 06 Self intersecting way reports
useractivity.pl Like osmdiff but with focus on who did what. Draws maps and creates statistics, even timetables of users activity. UserActivity - Detect Vandalism - Vandalism UserActivity
waydupes.pl Program takes osm file and looks for duplicate ways. That are ways that share exactly the same nodes and thus are drawn one upon the other Waydupes.pl Way dupe check reports
distancemap.pl Program takes osm file and one location/node and computes and displays distance to node/destination for all junctions. Result is PNG, SVG, GPX, OSM. Valid/usable ways can be given. Distancemap.pl
boundaries.pl Extracts poly files (for osmosis) out of osm files. Is capable of simplifying polygons. Boundaries.pl
highwaystat.pl highwaystat.pl prints accumulated length of highway types. simple.
osmrender.pl osmrender.pl cretaes simple maps. code can easily be adapted osmrender.pl
mapgen.pl mapgen is an enhanced map renderer which allows more customizing with style files mapgen.pl Maps have been created for Haiti after the earthquake.
hikingbook.pl compiles hiking book out of osm file and relation id hikingbook.pl
mw.pl mapweaver is the successor of mapgen.pl Mapweaver
Quality Assurance
Quality_Assurance * Errors * Suspicious Accounts
My PERL programs
Modules
These modules are used by the following programs and have to be installed (copied) into the lib folder of PERL.
osm graph module
With this library and the osm.pm module it becomes very easy to draw simple but good-looking, customized maps
osm module
Some PERL scripts I wrote for OSM...
This program checks an OSM file for ways with open/unconnected ends or it checks certain ways for intersections on the same layer where no common node is present. The checks can be customized in an XML file. Output is HTML with positions, ways, other information and of course links to OSM and Openstreetbugs so you can inspect and correct data.
This script online queries OpenStreetBugs and returns GPX, HTML and CSV files with all bugs in a bounding box. Example definition file: bugs_germany_def.xml
This script takes an osm file like planet.osm and runs some simple statistics. A user name has to be given and then file and user statistics about nodes, ways and relations are given based on the field "user".
This program counts the numbers of nodes, ways and relations per user in a planet.osm file. Of course segments/parts can be used like germany.osm or hessen.osm. No history data is used. Just the field user in xml. Output is first general stats, then lists of users with numbers of nodes, ways and relations, unsorted. Then TOP lists are generated and displayed.
This program calculates the center of a user's activity in a given osm file/area for all users. It uses the field user and builds the means of longitude and latitude for each user. This information is added to the original OSM file and can be fed to a renderer, i.e. KOSMOS. The file is written to STDOUT. Users are labeled light, medium and heavy according to contributed nodes. Limits can be edited in source file. Example output of KOSMOS see here: KOSMOS CenterUserActivity.png
Data
View big pictures
How to view large images
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
site
Toolbox
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Tokyo/Chiyoda
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
Nijūbashi, in front of the Imperial Palace
Tokyo's Chiyoda (千代田)[1] Ward is the center of the city and in many ways the center of all Japan. A mere 12 km² houses the Imperial Palace, the Diet, the ministries of Kasumigaseki, the corporate headquarters of Marunouchi, the controversial Yasukuni Shrine... and still has room left over for the shopping districts of Akihabara, Jimbocho and Kanda.
[edit] Get in
Tokyo Station (東京駅 Tōkyō-eki), the hub for all Shinkansen trains, lies to the east side of Chiyoda. Note that the Shinkansen exits are on the Yaesu side in Chuo Ward; to get to the Marunouchi side in Chiyoda Ward, you want to cross over to the west exit. The west side of the station is something of a sight in itself as it reflects the station's original World War I-era architecture. The station is presently undergoing a multi-year renovation and facelift (scheduled to be completed around 2011). As of 2009, the station is surrounded by construction so access is limited, although the station can still clearly be seen from certain points along the sidewalk. A benefit of the development is that it has spurred the placement of many interpretive panels along the hoarding, detailing the history, architectural detailing, and future of the station building.
The JR Yamanote line (light green) passes through Tokyo Station in a loop around the center of the city, and the JR Chuo line (orange) and Sobu line (yellow) bisect the loop horizontally. Yurakucho, Akihabara, Kanda (on the Yamanote) and Ochanomizu, Yotsuya (on the Chuo) are among the train stations located within the ward. Narita Express trains from Narita Airport stop at Tokyo (¥2940, 53 min.) on the Sobu platforms.
Many subway lines crisscross the district. These include the Marunouchi Line (red) (to Shinjuku), the Hanzomon Line (purple) (to Shibuya), the Hibiya Line (gray) (to Roppongi), the Tozai Line (blue) (to Nakano), and the Chiyoda Line (green) (to Harajuku). The nearby Toei Asakusa Line (pink) stops slightly to the east at Kyobashi and Nihonbashi, on which Keikyu Line trains run through to Haneda Airport (¥650, about 35 minutes).
Otemachi Station (大手町駅 Ōtemachi-eki), shared by five subway lines, is by far the largest subway station in Tokyo and sprawls under multiple city blocks underneath the Marunouchi district between Tokyo Station and the Imperial Palace. Transferring from, say, the Hanzomon Line to the Toei Mita Line here involves navigating a gauntlet of escalators and walking well over a kilometer.
[edit] By bus
Airport Limousine buses run from Narita to Tokyo Station every 10 to 20 minutes via the Tokyo City Air Terminal (1 1/2 to 2 hours depending on traffic, ¥3000), and less frequently to area hotels. From Haneda, buses run every 30 to 40 minutes (about 45 minutes in duration, depending on traffic, ¥900).
[edit][add listing] See
[edit] Imperial Palace area
Fujimi-yagura, a relic of Edo Castle on the Imperial Palace grounds
• Imperial Palace (皇居 Kōkyo), +81 03-3213-1111. Surrounded by a series of moats and high walls, the site of the former Edo Castle has been the official residence of the Japanese imperial family since 1868. Reputedly the most expensive square kilometre in the world, which during the height of Japan's bubble was estimated to be worth slightly more than California. Unfortunately, the inner palace gardens and buildings are closed to the general public except on January 2 and December 23, when the imperial family makes a public appearance. However, foreigners can also apply online[2] to join a free guided tour (weekdays at 10AM and 2PM). If you're feeling lucky, you can also try just showing up at the Imperial Household Agency office located in the northwest corner of the Imperial Palace Park, which is open 9 AM-noon, 1PM-2PM; if there's space, you can join a tour on the same day. Tours are conducted only in Japanese, but electronic audio guides (in English) will be lent to foreign visitors free of charge. At the end of the tour, visitors wishing to enter the East Gardens (see next entry) will be given entrance cards and allowed through to the gardens via a private gate, allowing them to bypass the lines at the main Ōte-mon entrance; pay attention to the announcement in Japanese and queue up as directed. edit
• Imperial Palace East Gardens. Open daily except Mondays and Fridays. Kept in impeccable shape, the gardens are particularly beautiful during the March and April plum and cherry blossom seasons. Entrance is free through a number of gates; you will be given a plastic entrance card at the gate, which you are obliged to return upon leaving; most visitors use the Ōte-mon (大手門) gate near the Ōtemachi subway station (exit C10). Also an easy walking distance from Tokyo station. edit
Lake in Kitanomaru Park
• Kitanomaru Park (北の丸公園). Connected to the East Gardens on the North side is this park. Offering much of the same, it is a convenient way to get to Yasukuni Shrine. The park also houses the Nihon Budokan, which regularly stages martial arts competitions and live concerts, as well as the Kagaku Gijyutsukan (Science museum). edit
• Chidoriga-fuchi Moat (千鳥ヶ淵), on the Northwest side of the Imperial gardens grounds. One of, if not "the" most prominent cherry blossom site in Tokyo, and attracts throngs of people in its March-to-April peak season. It is located just across the street from Yasukuni-shrine. Rowboats are also available for one to row along a limited portion of the moat at ¥500 for 30 minutes, ¥1000 for an hour and at a slightly more expensive rate during cherry blossom periods. edit
Worshipping at the Yasukuni Shrine
• Yasukuni Shrine (靖國神社 Yasukuni-jinja), 3-1-1 Kudan-kita, +81 03-3261-8326, [3]. A controversial shrine to Japan's war dead, housing the souls of some 2.5 million people killed in Japan's wars — including convicted war criminals executed by the Allies. A favorite haunt of right-wing groups in black loudspeaker-equipped trucks. Open daily and free entrance adjacent to Metro Hanzomon line Kudanshita station, or cross the bridge north from Kitanomaru Park. Festivals take place most notably in mid-July and mid-October, which can attract as many people and vendors as it does on New Year's Day when the Japanese come to pray for a prosperous year. It can also get quite crowded during cherry blossom season. edit
• Yushukan War Memorial Museum (遊就館), (adjacent to the shrine). Daily 9AM-5PM. An odd collection of military paraphernalia (including human torpedoes and letters from kamikaze pilots) and one-sided descriptions of the war. Entry a rather steep ¥800. edit
[edit] Shrines and churches
• Holy Resurrection Cathedral (ニコライ堂 Nikorai-do), +81 03-3291-1885. A beautifully-restored 1800s-vintage Russian Orthodox cathedral located near Ochanomizu Station on the Chuo Line. Use the Hijiribashi exit. The Hijiribashi bridge by the exit is one of the better looking bridges in Tokyo and looks moderately attractive when lit-up at night. edit
• Kanda Shrine (神田明神 Kanda-myojin), A block north across the river from Ochanomizu station. This shrine has a history dating back to the 8th century and had been highly regarded under the Edo shogunate. The current red-pillared structure has been rebuilt after being completely destroyed in the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake. The Kanda Matsuri festival, which takes place in mid-May every other year is one of the largest in Tokyo and is a sight to behold. Arrive before noon or the shrine gets packed with spectators. edit
• Hie Shrine (日枝神社 Hie Jinja), Located on the opposite side of the Imperial garden, +81 03-3581-2471. Another prominent shrine in Tokyo and the Sanno Matsuri festival it hosts in June is counted among the 3 Great festival of Tokyo. Located a five minute walk from Kokkai-gijido-mae station on the Metro Chiyoda line. edit
[edit] Other
Japan's administrative center, located around Kasumigaseki and Nagatacho in the southwestern corner of Chiyoda, is full of very un-picturesque buildings. One exception is the Ministry of Justice (exit 5 from Sakuradamon, Yurakucho Line), a beautiful 1800s-vintage building that would make any European capital proud. The National Diet Building (Kokkai-gijido-mae, Marunouchi Line) may also be worth a photo, although its architecture is rather uninspiring compared to other national assemblies' -- even the Tokyo Metropolitan Government has cooler-looking accommodations in Shinjuku.
• Tokyo National Museum of Modern Art (東京国立近代美術館 Tōkyō Kokuritsu Kindai Bijutsukan), 3-1 Kitanomaru-koen (Closest to Takebashi station on the Tozai subway line), +81 03-5777-8600, [4]. Tu-Th, Sa-Su 10:30AM-5PM, F 10:30AM-8PM, closed M. With a modest permanent collection on display and regularly changing exhibitions, MOMAT is a nice place to kill a couple of hours after you've seen the Imperial Palace across the road. Entry to the nearby Crafts Gallery is included in the price. ¥420 for adults, ¥130 for students and children under 15 free. Admission is also free on May 18, November 3 and the first Sunday of every month. Special exhibits extra. edit
• Idemitsu Museum of Arts (出光美術館 Idemitsu Bijutsukan), On the 9th floor of the Imperial Theatre building (on the East side of the Imperial gardens), +81 03-3213-9402, [5]. Daily 10AM-5PM (until 7PM on Fridays). Has a noteworthy collection centering on Japanese traditional arts ¥1000 fee for adults. edit
• Yamatane Museum of Art (山種美術館 Yamatane bijutsukan), (A short walk from Hanzomon station on the Metro Hanzomon line), +81 03-3239-5911, [6]. Daily 10AM-5PM. Specializes in modern Japanese-style paintings and has a notable collection though only a handful are on display at one time due to preservation issues. ¥600 for adults. edit
• New Otani Art Museum (ニューオータニ美術館), on the 6th floor of the New Otani hotel, 4-1 Kioi-Cho (closest from Nagata-cho station on the Metro Hanzomon line, or Yotsuya station if using the JR), +81 03-3221-4111, [7]. 10AM-6PM. Showcases a small collection of French and Japanese arts. ¥500. edit
• National Theatre of Japan (国立劇場 Kokuritsu Gekijō), (walking distance from either Hanzomon or Nagatacho stations of the Metro Hanzomon lines et. al.), +81 03-3265-7411, [8]. For those interested in theatre arts, the Kokuritsu Gekijyo holds performances in traditional arts ranging from Kabuki, Noh drama, Bunraku puppet theatre, etc. You may want to check the schedule and make a reservation beforehand. edit
• Tokyo International Forum (東京国際フォーラム Tōkyō Kokusai Fōramu), located in front of Yurakucho station, +81 03-5221-9000, [9]. A massive, modern exhibition centre used for concerts, conventions and the like. On weekdays there are usually several food wagons selling boxed lunches, but aside from this there may not be much of interest to the casual tourist -- except, of course, the impressive design. The atrium may be the most well-known symbol of the building, and one is able to stroll up the long, spiral walkway that runs along its glass-and-steel walls. The Tokyo Tourist Info Center, which used to be here, has been relocated to Shinjuku. edit
[edit][add listing] Do
Visit one of the three major shrines (Kanda Myojin, Hie Jinja or Yasukuni Shrine) during the New Year holiday if you happen to be visiting, or immerse yourself in one of the major festivals which takes place during the year. There are no restrictions on entry regardless of religious belief or background.
As stated in the See section, cherry blossoms can be viewed in various places around the Imperial Palace gardens. Also, many people take advantage of the fact that no public roads enter the palace grounds (and thus, no red lights for pedestrians) for a little jogging around the garden's outer ring (which may take roughly an hour to walk around). However, since most of central Chiyoda Ward is office buildings, it is virtually lifeless after sundown as most of the population leaves for the suburbs.
[edit][add listing] Buy
Central Chiyoda doesn't offer much in the way of shopping, but the eastern side has three areas of interest:
• Akihabara for electronics and anime-related goods of all kinds, covered in a separate article.
• Jimbocho (神保町), Metro Hanzomon/Toei Shinjuku/Toei Mita Jimbocho station. A district specializing in new and used books — mostly in Japanese, but some in English and other languages. Scores of used book or antique book shops line the main streets of Hakusan Dori (白山道り), Yasukuni Dori (靖国道り), and Kanda Suzuran Dori (神田すずらん通り), as well the numerous back alleys. Some stores specialize in subjects such as religion, architecture, or screenplays, while others handle a general range of subjects. Some shops specialize in various erotic material, including used pornography.
• Kanda (神田) and Ochanomizu (お茶の水) Stations. For musical instruments and sports equipment. These districts tend to have their largest stores along major streets.
Some other shopping areas include:
• A recent revamping of the Marunouchi business district has resulted in some high-end boutiques such as Tiffany's, Gaultier, Sergio Rossi etc. lining the street from the Marunouchi building to Yurakucho, but there is a feeling that it's not quite "there" yet, compared to the repertoires of the Ginza or Omotesando shopping districts.
• There is a huge, six-floor Bic Camera electronics store in front of JR Yurakucho Station, selling everything from household appliances to contact lenses. There is even a small movie theater on the 7th and 8th floors showing lesser-known Japanese and foreign films. Perhaps a good place for a one-stop shop if you are not able to spend time exploring the streets of Akihabara.
• The Maruzen bookshop in the Oazo building in front of Tokyo Station may be your best bet to look for English books in Tokyo, including a "Books on Japan" section. If you don't find what you are looking for here, you probably won't have much luck looking elsewhere.
[edit] Eat and Drink
• Among the expensive clubs and restaurants spilling over from the Ginza, an offbeat dining option is the yakitori stalls under the train tracks near JR Yurakucho station. A throwback to old Tokyo, this is where businessmen unwind with yakitori (grilled chicken) on skewers and a couple of nama biiru (draft beers) after a hard day. At least ¥2000 for a few beers and a half dozen skewers.
• As the Jimbocho and Ochanomizu areas house dozens of major colleges and universities, the area is filled with cheap restaurants, fast food joints and cafes of all kinds. There is also a high density of curry restaurants.
• The Marunouchi Building and Shin-Marunouchi Building in front of Tokyo station are your best bet for a decent meal in the Marunouchi area, especially on the weekend when most other buildings are closed. Various restaurants from Italian to Hawaiian to Sushi are situated inside, but the bill may be a bit pricy for a casual lunch.
• Restaurant Peter, 24th Floor, Hotel Peninsula (Private lift from hotel lobby), +81 03-6270 2763, [10]. Amazing views of Imperial Palace. Excellent service. Lunch seems the best value. Dress Code: elegant casual. Lunch from ¥4900. edit
[edit][add listing] Sleep
[edit] Budget
• Green Ochanomizu Hotel, Kanda-Awajicho 2-6 (5 minutes from JR Ochanomizu Station and near the center of the Yamanote Line), +81 03 3255-4161, [11]. Green Hotel Ochanomizu is an extremely accommodating hotel, perfect for the traveler who prefers a quiet sanctuary in the hustle and bustle. Ochanomizu station itself is but two stops from both Tokyo and Shinjuku, via the Rapid Chuo Line service, both of which are on Yamanote. Broadband access is free in most rooms. Singles at around ¥8400 and doubles at ¥9500.. edit
[edit] Splurge
• Imperial Hotel Tokyo (帝国ホテル Teikoku Hoteru), Uchisaiwaicho 1-1-1, +81 03 3504-1251, [12]. Never mind upstarts like the Park Hyatt, this is the grand old dame of Tokyo's hotels with over 115 years of history behind it and legendary service fit for an Emperor. Standard rooms are musty, but the refurbished Imperial Floor rooms are nice. The hotel overlooks Hibiya Park and is only a short walk from the Imperial Palace and the Ginza. ¥43,000 and higher. edit
• The New Otani, Kioicho 4-1, +81 03 3265-1111, [13]. The flagship of the international New Otani chain, and one of the largest hotels in Tokyo, with a variety of shops and restaurants under its roof. Convenient for business travellers, as it is located within an easy walk of Akasaka, Nagatacho, and other international business districts; less convenient for tourists, although somewhat close to Roppongi, Shinjuku, and other play areas. ¥36,000 and up. edit
• Palace Hotel Tokyo, Marunouchi 1-1-1, +81 03 3211-211 (), [14]. A luxury hotel in the heart of Tokyo, Japan offering suites, spa services, meeting rooms, and multiple restaurants and bars. This Marunouchi hotel is conveniently located near the JR Tokyo station. edit
[edit] Contact
• The Tokyo Tourist Information Center has moved from Yurakucho's International Forum to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building in Shinjuku.
[edit] Stay safe
On occasion, menacing black vans with fluttering "Rising Sun" flags and Imperial chrysanthemum logos may screech militaristic propaganda around the Yasukuni Shrine and near the Nagatacho/Kasumigaseki areas. With xenophobic right-wing attitudes financed by the yakuza (Japan's mafia) and tacit police cooperation, foreigners may get baleful looks from the young sunglassed toughs running the show, but they are not a real danger unless actively provoked.
Smoking on the major streets and sidewalks are prohibited by law in Chiyoda Ward. Although generally not strictly enforced, if you get unlucky, fines go up to ¥20,000.
[edit] Get out
The glitzy stores of the Ginza and the business district of Akasaka (not a bad choice for lunch) are within easy walking distance from southern Chiyoda.
Routes through Tokyo/Chiyoda
YokohamaTokyo Shinagawa W E END
Tokyo/ShinjukuTokyo/Shibuya W E Tokyo/TaitoTokyo/Sumida
YokohamaTokyo Shimbashi W E END
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Westland National Park
From Wikitravel
Oceania : New Zealand : South Island : Southern Alps : Westland National Park
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Westland National Park is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site known as Te Wahipounamu in South West New Zealand. It lies on the West Coast of the South Island in the Southern Alps, adjacent to Aoraki Mount Cook National Park and to the north of Mount Aspiring National Park and Fiordland National Park.
[edit] Destinations
The following settlements lie close to the park:
[edit][add listing] See
• Franz Josef Glacier - Perhaps the most accessible glacier in the southern hemisphere. At one stage it was possible to drive right up to the terminal face. However, the glacier is receding at present, so a walk is now necessary to actually get to the foot of the glacier.
• Fox Glacier - Not quite as spectacular as the Franz Josef Glacier but not crowded with tourists either.
• Lake Matheson - Tall mountains reflected in a mirror calm lake - sometimes - but a perfect postcard image when it happens.
• Mount Cook and the other mountains - from the western side.
[edit][add listing] Do
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