added
stringdate 2024-06-03 18:26:11
2024-06-04 03:14:13
| created
stringdate 2013-04-29 18:49:42
2014-01-03 01:38:26
| id
stringlengths 32
32
| metadata
dict | source
stringclasses 2
values | text
stringlengths 237
356k
| version
stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T10:00:48.000Z
|
on6dhpia35chygxacaou6x5xv6xpx2n5
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69626",
"uncompressed_offset": 160726602,
"url": "listarchives.documentfoundation.org/www/discuss/msg02514.html",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://listarchives.documentfoundation.org/www/discuss/msg02514.html"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
Re: [tdf-discuss] Old Bugs
On 2010-11-02 11:48 AM, Peter Rodwell wrote:
> There are two reasons why I have just paid money to upgrade to Office
> 2010 instead of switching to OO/LO:
>
> 1. Complete file compatibility. I frequently handle documents with
> very complex formatting. These come from my clients, all of whom use
> MS Office. I translate and edit the documents and return them. They
> *must* retain 100% of the original formatting. So far this has not
> been the case with Oo.
Of course there are formatting problems with OOo when opening some MSO
documents... but, in my experience, OOo has *less* formatting problems
across all different versions of MSO than MSO itself does.
In other words, Office 2010 *will* have formatting problems with
documents in older versions... and OOo often does a *better* job in many
of those cases.
What I would like to see is a web form/system dedicated solely to
improving the LibO <> MSO filters - ie, for reporting problem documents.
Just a text box for describing the problem, and a 'Browse' button to
locate the file for upload...
> 2. Search and replace. I work with large documents, often 400+ pages.
> As I'm translating, I usually come across a word or phrase that I
> know will be repeated throughout the document so I search and replace
> it to avoid having to type it continuously. I do this *dozens* of
> times a day. MS Word leaves me where I was when I did the S/R so that
> I can continue working. Oo leaves me at the point of the last replace
> so I have to manually go back to where I was. I know of many people
> for whom this is a dealbreaker -- they won't move to Oo/LO until this
> is fixed.
Sounds like a good candidate for an extension...
--
Best regards,
Charles
--
Unsubscribe instructions: Email to discuss+help@documentfoundation.org
Posting guidelines: http://netmeister.org/news/learn2quote.html
Archive: http://www.documentfoundation.org/lists/discuss/
*** All posts to this list are publicly archived ***
References:
[tdf-discuss] Old Bugs"T. J. Brumfield" <enderandrew@gmail.com>
Re: [tdf-discuss] Old BugsPeter Rodwell <peter@intorg.org>
Privacy Policy | Impressum (Legal Info) | Copyright information: Unless otherwise specified, all text and images on this website are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License. This does not include the source code of LibreOffice, which is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPLv3). "LibreOffice" and "The Document Foundation" are registered trademarks of their corresponding registered owners or are in actual use as trademarks in one or more countries. Their respective logos and icons are also subject to international copyright laws. Use thereof is explained in our trademark policy.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:10:56.000Z
|
22vm54zx442hk5xnomyzyilppm74d5pr
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69650",
"uncompressed_offset": 184911713,
"url": "my.pagenation.com/kul/Muzium%20TUDM%20Sungai%20Besi_101.703_3.117.map",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://my.pagenation.com/kul/Muzium%20TUDM%20Sungai%20Besi_101.703_3.117.map"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Show Photo
Show Photo
Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi is located at Salak Selatan, 50460 Kuala Lumpur, WP Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi is near E2 Kl-seremban Hwy (n); is near E2 Kl-seremban (s); is near E9 Besraya (sg Besi); is near E9 Besraya (serdang); is near Chan Sow Lin, J; is near Sg Besi (s), J; is near Sg Besi (n), J; is near Istana (e), J; Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi is geographically located at latitude(3.117 degrees) 3° 7' 1" North of the Equator and longitude (101.703 degrees) 101° 42' 10" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Kuala Lumpur.
The locations related to Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi are represented by the the shortest path as the crow would fly between any two points and may not be nearest by road. For example, Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi is located 413 metres from RMAF Sungai Besi Airbase. Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi is located 553 metres from SMART Tunnel Entry Exit Toll Jalan Sungei Besi. Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi is located 623 metres from Sungai Besi Airbase. Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi is located 682 metres from Chinese Cemetery. Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi is located 1 kilometres from BHP Sungai Besi (s).
Featured Places Of Interest Located Nearby
RMAF Sungai Besi Airbase is located 0.4 Kilometres away from Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi. RMAF Sungai Besi Airbase - 2 Photo(s) Featured.
SMART Tunnel Entry Exit Toll Jalan Sungei Besi is located 0.6 Kilometres away from Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi. SMART Tunnel Entry Exit Toll Jalan Sungei Besi - 2 Photo(s) Featured.
Sungai Besi Airbase is located 0.6 Kilometres away from Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi. Sungai Besi Airbase - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
Mandarin Court Hotel 2.3km, Midah Hotel 2.5km, Wenworth Hotel 2.5km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi.
D Bos Karaoke 1.7km, Ue3 Shopping Center 1.9km, Wet Market Salak Selatan 1.9km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi.
Desa Water Park 2.3km, Muzium Negara 2.9km, Times Square Theme Park 2.9km, are places of interest (attraction) located near Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi.
Alice Smith Primary School 1.3km, SJK Taman Desa 1.8km, SJK (c) Chung Kwo 1.8km, are places of learning (school, college, university) located near Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi.
Chinese Cemetery 0.7km, Chinese Cemetery 1.2km, Gong Dong Yi San 1.4km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi.
Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi
RMAF Sungai Besi Airbase
SMART Tunnel Entry Exit Toll Jalan Sungei Besi
Sungai Besi Airbase
Chinese Cemetery
BHP Sungai Besi (s)
Wisma Mahsing
Volvo Sungai Besi
Yap Ah Loy Tomb
Chinese Cemetery
Alice Smith Primary School
Shell Sungai Besi (s)
Le Chateau Condominium
Star Cheras
Gong Dong Yi San
Kwong Tong Chinese Cemetery (Heritage Park)
Le Chateau II Condominium
Bukit Petaling
Mutiara Seputeh
Click here to zoom in
Where do you want to go?
Location Information
Latitude °
Longitude °
PlaceName
Category
Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi
Taman Desa Seputeh is about 1.6 km away.
Park Desa Seputeh is about 1.6 km away.
Star Salak Selatan is about 1.7 km away.
Star Miharja is about 1.7 km away.
Park Batu Laut is about 1.7 km away.
Robson Heights is about 1.7 km away.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:37:46.000Z
|
xlmm7pxsopdguugu3bbtdzel4rbu5bv4
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69652",
"uncompressed_offset": 192097372,
"url": "newsgrist.typepad.com/underbelly/2007/07/perry-bards-glo.html",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://newsgrist.typepad.com/underbelly/2007/07/perry-bards-glo.html"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Become a Fan
Twitter Updates
follow me on Twitter
CC License
Fair Use
Network
• blognetworks
Join NEWSgrist on Facebook
• Facebook
Blog powered by TypePad
Member since 04/2004
« America's Kingdom: The True History of Aramco | Main | Elin O'Hara Slavik: Bomb after Bomb, A Violent Cartography »
July 13, 2007
TrackBack
TrackBack URL for this entry:
http://www.typepad.com/services/trackback/6a00d8341c66f153ef00e008d7c67b8834
Listed below are links to weblogs that reference Open Call to Participate in Perry Bard's Global Remake of Vertov's "Man With A Movie Camera":
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:14:07.000Z
|
lz7kfsu22cffjgoqhjoq3omtspukbvx2
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69654",
"uncompressed_offset": 202868247,
"url": "openwetware.org/index.php?diff=650368&oldid=650357&title=BME103%3AT130_Group_5",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://openwetware.org/index.php?title=BME103:T130_Group_5&diff=650368&oldid=650357"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
BME103:T130 Group 5
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(OUR TEAM)
(Protocols)
Line 57: Line 57:
#step four
#step four
-
<br>
+
<br><br>
+
In our experiment, a PCR master mix from [http://www.promega.com/resources/protocols/product-information-sheets/g/gotaq-colorless-master-mix-m714-protocol/ Promega] containing bacterially derived Taq DNA polymerase, dNTPs, MgCl2 and reaction buffers was used.
+
'''Flourimeter Measurements'''<br>
'''Flourimeter Measurements'''<br>
Revision as of 18:19, 1 November 2012
BME 103 Fall 2012 Home
People
Lab Write-Up 1
Lab Write-Up 2
Lab Write-Up 3
Course Logistics For Instructors
Photos
Wiki Editing Help
Contents
OUR TEAM
Name: Wade Patrick
Machine Engineer
Name: Liann Klein
Machine Engineer
Name: Haylee Poncy
Protocol Planner
Name: Kyle Labban
Protocol Planner
Name: Alexandria Lam
R&D Scientist
LAB 1 WRITE-UP
Initial Machine Testing
The Original Design
(Add image of the full OpenPCR machine here, from the Week 3 exercise. Write a paragraph description for visitors who have no idea what this is)
Experimenting With the Connections
When we unplugged (part 3) from (part 6), the machine ... (did what? fill in your answer)
When we unplugged the white wire that connects (part 6) to (part 2), the machine ... (did what? fill in your answer)
Test Run
(Write the date you first tested Open PCR and your experience(s) with the machine)
Protocols
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a process that uses DNA polymerase to synthesize a large number of copies of a target DNA sequence. PCR is dependent on short DNA fragments called primers. After the DNA has been denatured by heating and then cooled to a temperature suitable for the primers to bind to their complementary sequences, the primers bind to areas adjacent to each side of the targeted DNA sequence. Once the primers are in place, the polymerase extends them into large complimentary strands. The DNA is then denatured once again, then cooled, the primers bind to the complimentary sequence and then the polymerase extends them. Repeating this process results in an exponential amplification of the target DNA sequence.
Amplifying a patient's DNA sample using PCR can be done as follows:
1. step one
2. step two
3. step three
4. step four
In our experiment, a PCR master mix from Promega containing bacterially derived Taq DNA polymerase, dNTPs, MgCl2 and reaction buffers was used.
Flourimeter Measurements
(Add your work from Week 3, Part 2 here)
Research and Development
Specific Cancer Marker Detection - The Underlying Technology
(Add a write-up of the information discussed in Week 3's class)
(BONUS points: Use a program like Powerpoint, Word, Illustrator, Microsoft Paint, etc. to illustrate how primers bind to the cancer DNA template, and how Taq polymerases amplify the DNA. Screen-captures from the OpenPCR tutorial might be useful. Be sure to credit the source if you borrow images.)
Results
(Your group will add the results of your Fluorimeter measurements from Week 4 here)
Personal tools
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:12:42.000Z
|
b7cpyehxsp6g464tarbhrofbfbelau2r
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69681",
"uncompressed_offset": 222456791,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/book/darkvader822/page=5/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/book/darkvader822/page=5/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
darkvader822's bookmarks
"To have the reputation of possessing the most perfect social tact, talk to every woman as if you loved her, and to every man as if he bored you."
Wilde, Oscar on tact and tactfulness
"To a wise man every day is a new life."
Unknown, Source on life
"Every man's got to figure to get beat sometime."
Louis, Joe on losers and losing
"The world is so constructed, that if you wish to enjoy its pleasures, you must also endure its pains. Whether you like it or not, you cannot have one without the other."
Brahmanada, Swami on reality
3 fans of this quote
"The reality of life is that your perceptions -- right or wrong -- influence everything else you do. When you get a proper perspective of your perceptions, you may be surprised how many other things fall into place."
Birkman, Roger on reality
4 fans of this quote
"Only great souls know the grandeur there is in charity."
Bossuet, Jacques BeNigne on charity
"And now abide faith, hope and love; these three, but the greatest of these is love. [Corinthians 13:13]"
Bible on charity
3 fans of this quote
"Every charitable act is a stepping stone towards heaven."
Beecher, Henry Ward on charity
4 fans of this quote
"In charity there is no excess."
Bacon, Francis on charity
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"Charm is the ability to make someone think that both of you are quite wonderful."
Unknown, Source on charm
7 fans of this quote
"Charm is a way of getting the answer yes without having asked any clear question."
Camus, Albert on charm
16 fans of this quote
"Charity should begin at home, but should not stay there."
Brooks, Phillips on charity
"The highest exercise of charity is charity towards the uncharitable."
Buckminster, J. S. on charity
"Charity begins at home, and justice begins next door."
Dickens, Charles on charity
3 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"Charity begins at home, but should not end there."
Fuller, Thomas on charity
4 fans of this quote
"The truly generous is the truly wise, and he who loves not others, lives unblest."
Home, Henry on charity
"If you haven't got any charity in your heart, you have the worst kind of heart trouble."
Hope, Bob on charity
4 fans of this quote
"As the purse is emptied, the heart is filled."
Hugo, Victor on charity
"He who waits to do a great deal of good at once, will never do anything."
Johnson, Samuel on charity
"A bone to the dog is not charity. Charity is the bone shared with the dog, when you are just as hungry as the dog."
London, Jack on charity
3 fans of this quote
"Chance is the pseudonym God uses when He does not want to sign His name."
France, Anatole on chance
7 fans of this quote
"A wise man turns chance into good fortune."
Fuller, Thomas on chance
4 fans of this quote
"Willingness is essential in any initiation or in making any dream come true. I can't often means I won't. You can change I won to I will with willpower."
Wieder, Marcia on power
"Will power is to the mind like a strong blind man who carries on his shoulders a lame man who can see."
Schopenhauer, Arthur on power
4 fans of this quote
"Great souls have wills; feeble ones have only wishes."
Proverb, Chinese on power
5 fans of this quote
"Wars may be fought with weapons, but they are won by men. It is the spirit of men who follow and of the man who leads that gains the victory."
Patton, George S. on power
"Life is like a game of cards. The hand that is dealt you represents determinism; the way you play it is free will."
Nehru, Jawaharlal on power
"Will is character in action."
Mcdougall, William on power
"What a person wills and not what they know determines their worth or unworth, power or impotence, happiness or unhappiness."
Lindner, Robert on power
"People do not lack strength; they lack will."
Hugo, Victor on power
7 fans of this quote
"Those that are firm in their will mold the world to themselves."
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Von on power
4 fans of this quote
"Friendship is to be purchased only by friendship. A man may have authority over others, but he can never have their hearts but by giving his own."
Wilson, Thomas on friends and friendship
19 fans of this quote
"Friendships that have stood the test of time and chance are surely best, Brows may wrinkle, hair grow gray, Friendship never knows decay."
Unknown, Source on friends and friendship
31 fans of this quote
"Champions aren't made in the gyms. Champions are made from something they have deep inside them -- a desire, a dream, a vision."
Ali, Muhammad on winners and winning
11 fans of this quote
"Every time you win, you're reborn; when you lose, you die a little."
Allen, George E. on winners and winning
3 fans of this quote
"You've got to get to the stage in life where going for it is more important than winning or losing."
Ashe, Arthur on winners and winning
8 fans of this quote
"In the game of life it's a good idea to have a few early losses, which relieves you of the pressure of trying to maintain an undefeated season."
Baughan, Bill on life
13 fans of this quote
"The drama of life begins with a wail and ends with a sigh."
Antrim, Minna on life
15 fans of this quote
"Living is a sickness to which sleep provides relief every sixteen hours. It's a palliative. The remedy is death."
Chamfort, Sebastien-Roch Nicolas De on death
5 fans of this quote
"The man who graduates today and stops learning tomorrow is uneducated the day after."
Baker, Newton D. on learning
3 fans of this quote
But wait... my book has more: prev 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 next
Andrew C's quote collection
I'm male and made my book on 29th November 2007.
My book as a pdf
My feed
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:32:03.000Z
|
yiqunyzkv6sfizlcjuim5sujjfbutp2d
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69682",
"uncompressed_offset": 222466272,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/29316/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/29316/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
The true picture of the past flits by. The past can be seized only as an image which flashes up at the instant when it can be recognized and is never seen again. Benjamin, Walter
This quote is about past · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Benjamin, Walter ...
We don't have a biography.
These people bookmarked this quote:
• Nobody has bookmarked this quote yet.
More on the author
This quote around the web
Loading...
Search Quotations Book
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:05:58.000Z
|
iq45poivtyhd65dgytxelbleaztuk5h5
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69683",
"uncompressed_offset": 222472449,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/42230/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/42230/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
The sharp employ the sharp. Jerrold, Douglas William
This quote is about work · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Jerrold, Douglas William ...
Douglas William Jerrold (January 3, 1803 - June 8, 1857), was an English dramatist and writer.
These people bookmarked this quote:
• Nobody has bookmarked this quote yet.
More on the author
This quote around the web
Loading...
Search Quotations Book
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:21:02.000Z
|
fjgkaw2d4u7i3bt4m6udzfiv6rcx3e5f
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69684",
"uncompressed_offset": 222483653,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/10784/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/10784/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Pedantry is the showy display of knowledge which crams our heads with learned lumber and then takes out our brains to make room for it. Colton, Charles Caleb
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
Choose something popular ...
Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
Make custom holiday cards ...
Make custom t-shirts ...
Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
Make custom holiday gifts for girls ...
Make custom holiday gifts for men ...
A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:37:28.000Z
|
l6hzzk7ltedsg364cnf2ilnj63aj6eay
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69688",
"uncompressed_offset": 224834114,
"url": "redsarmy.com/2013/02/12/join-us-march-10-for-the-annual-reds-army-party/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://redsarmy.com/2013/02/12/join-us-march-10-for-the-annual-reds-army-party/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Join us March 10 for the annual Red’s Army Party!!
Chuck - Red's Army February 12, 2013 Red's Army News 7 Comments
Come party with us and watch the Celtics battle the Oklahoma City Thunder on Sunday, March 10 at The Place.
We’ll have free food and raffle off prizes. CSNNE’s Jess Camerato will also join us for a Q&A at halftime.
This is going to be a great time. Just look at the expression on that guy’s face in the photo with John from last year’s party.
We’re also going to be celebrating Gang Green TV’s 200th episode. Play your cards right and you just might achieve the dream of appearing on local access television.
When: Sunday, March 10 at 12pm
Where: The Place, 2 Broad Street, Boston, MA
Raffle prizes:
• 2 tickets and Legends passes to Celtics vs Raptors on March 13
• Exclusive Celtics lithograph
• Celtics hats (courtesy 47 brand) and other merchandise
• And we’re working on other prizes!!
Please RSVP on our Facebook page and share with your friends. You can also check out pics from last year’s party.
Like this Article? Share it!
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:19:05.000Z
|
dq42jo7oium4qoo3t4nfa7tmjql65enl
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69689",
"uncompressed_offset": 224848073,
"url": "redsarmy.com/tag/tom-thobodeaju/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://redsarmy.com/tag/tom-thobodeaju/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Every morning, we compile the links of the day and dump them here… highlighting the big storyline. Because there's nothing quite as satisfying as a good morning dump. The Celtics had done a phenomenal job defending the pick-and-roll through the first three games of the series, but the Magic added a layer on Monday by [...]
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:18:31.000Z
|
mxqoz63dbofjlq5osxorawyhg7nsg7yv
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69740",
"uncompressed_offset": 300355874,
"url": "wiki.oz9aec.net/index.php/Tactical_Tracking_System",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://wiki.oz9aec.net/index.php/Tactical_Tracking_System"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Tactical Tracking System
From MyLabWiki
Jump to: navigation, search
This page describes a Tactical Tracking System for high altitude balloons – or any other object – based on the Automatic Position Reporting System (APRS). The term Tactical Tracking here refers to real-time tracking and chasing, where the coordinates of the tracked object are received in real time and sent to a navigation unit that is able to dynamically update the target coordinates.
The tracking system is based on APRS and has many years of heritage. When used on standard amateur radio APRS frequencies it can take advantage of the existing global APRS network of digipeaters and IGates, but it can also be used in point-to-point links on any suitable frequency including unlicensed bands.
In addition to position reporting, the system can also transmit telemetry read via analog and/or digital inputs.
The page is intended to present a reliable tracking solution for those not already familiar with APRS. If you are already using APRS, you may find the information on this page trivial.
Contents
Functional Overview
The tracking system consists of the following subsystems:
1. The transmitter placed on-board the balloon. It transmits GPS coordinates and other telemetry at regular intervals.
2. The global APRS network that receives the APRS packets from the balloon via digipeaters and IGates and publishes them on the Itnernet, see http://aprs.fi/ – this can be used to follow the balloon trajectory from anywhere over the Internet.
3. A mobile APRS receiver station that is used for real time tactical navigation in the field where no Internet is available. This station receives the APRS packets directly from the balloon.
A functional diagram of the complete tracking system is shown below followed by a description of each functional block.
GPS Receiver
The GPS receiver tracks GPS satellites and calculates the position of the balloon in real time. It sends standard NMEA formatted data to the APRS packet encoder. Besides the obvious low mass and power requirements, it is very important that the GPS receiver works above the 18km limit.
APRS Encoder (TNC)
The APRS encoder takes the input digital data (position and telemetry) and converts it into 1200bps AFSK audio signal. In other words, this is where the conversion from digital data to analog signal takes place.
FM Transmitter
The FM transmitter converts the audio signal containing the 1200bps AFSK data to VHF or UHF radio signal.
FM Receiver
The FM Receiver receives the VHF/UHF radio signals and converts it into audio signal that contains the 1200bps AFSK data.
APRS Decoder (TNC)
The APRS decoder decodes the received AFSK data into APRS packets from where the balloon position and telemetry can be extracted. Technically, this is where the conversion from analog signal to digital data occurs.
Tactical Navigator
Car navigation unit that supports tactical navigation (chasing). It receives balloon position data from the TNC and plots it on the map. In tactical mode it updates the route from the current location to the target location (balloon position) in real time.
Telemetry Logger
This functional unit is used to log the received APRS packets from the balloon, both position report and telemetry packets. This can be a simple laptop or netbook connected to the TNC.
Digipeaters and IGates
These are automatically part of the system if using amateur radio APRS frequencies. This is an existing infrastructure and will not be described further here.
Components
This section presents the physical components of the tracking system and provides a mapping for each component to the functions they provide.
Component Description Functions (see above)
Garmin GPS 18x LVC GPS receiver with built-in antenna GPS Receiver
OpenTracker+ SMT APRS modem APRS Encoder (TNC)
SRB MX146LV Embeddable VHF FM transmitter FM Transmitter
Kenwood TM-D710E VHF/UHF mobile transceiver FM Receiver, APRS Decoder (TNC)
AvMap G5 Personal navigator with APRs support Tactical Navigator
Telemetry Recorder
Garmin GPS 18x LVC
The GPS 18x LVC is a small, highly accurate GPS sensor featuring a 12-parallel-channel, WAAS-enabled GPS receiver and an integrated magnetic base. The receiver is 2.4 inches in diameter and weighs just 115 grams (depending on cable length), and it can operate at extremely high altitudes.
The unit defaults to output data in the industry standard NMEA 0183 data format, but may also be user programmed to output data in the GARMIN proprietary format. It also provides a pulse-per-second logic level output whose rising edge is aligned to the UTC second within 1 microsecond.
Specifications
Acq times
• Reacquisition: less than 2 sec
• Warm: 15 sec
• Cold: 45 sec (initial time, position and almanac known, ephemeris known)
• AutoLocateTM: 5 min (almanac known, initial position and time unknown)
• SkySearch: 5 minutes (no data known)
Accuracy less than 15 m standard, less than 3 m WAAS
Supply voltage 4.0 to 5.5 VDC
Current consumption 60 mA at 5.0 V
Size 61 mm diameter, 19.5 mm height
Weight
• 160 g with 5m cable
• 110 g with 3m cable
Operating temperature -30°C to +80°C
Data interface NMEA or Garmin
Electrical interface Wire (RS232)
Special features
Pinout
Pin Color Function
1 Yellow Timing pulse output
2 Red Power in
3 Black Ground
4 White Data out
5 Black Ground
6 Green Data in
OpenTracker+ SMT
The OpenTracker+ is an open source APRS tracker that receives NMEA data from a GPS receiver, encodes it into APRS packets and generates AFSK signal suitable for audio input to an FM transmitter. It can also transmit telemetry data that is read from the built-in temperature sensor (non-SMT version) as well as the available ADC channels.
OpenTracker+ can be purchased assembled and tested or as a kit. Additionally, there is an SMT version, which is the one we are using. The SMT version does not include a built-in temperature sensor or LEDs.
Specifications for SMT version
Operating modes
• 1200 bps AFSK (RX and TX)
• 300 bps AFSK, PSK31 (TX only)
Supply voltage DC 6.5 to 28V unregulated or 5V DC regulated
Current consumption 8 mA idle, 20 mA transmitting
Size 31x18x5 mm (24-pin DIP footprint)
Weight
Operating temperature
GPS interface NMEA in/out
Mechanical interfaces Pin-header or wire
Special features
• Max 200 mA @ 5 V available for GPS
• Source code released under Modified BSD license
• 8-bit analog TM from ADC1-5
• digital TM for T1CH1 and ADC6-9
Pinout
Pin Name Function Utilisation
1 5VIN Regulated 5-volt input
2 RXD RS-232 data in (from GPS or computer)
3 1WIRE Dallas 1-wire bus for external sensors
4 AOUT Audio out to radio
5 ADC5 Analog input
6 T1CH1 Timer channel
7 ADC6 Analog input
8 RST Reset (active low)
9 ADC7 Analog input
10 IRQ Transmit-now, profile select, or counter
11 ADC8 Analog input
12 ADC9 Analog input
13 AIN Audio input from radio
14 ADC4 Analog input
15 ADC3 Analog input
16 TXD RS-232 data out
17 RED Red LED output
18 GREEN Green LED output
19 ADC2 Analog input
20 ADC1 Analog input
21 PTT Push-to-talk signal to radio
22 REGOUT Regulator output - 5 volts
23 GND Ground
24 REGIN Regulator input - 6.5 to 28 volts
Resources:
SRB MX146LV
The MX146 is an embeddable VHF transmitter module from SRB Electronics. It's programmable for any frequency from 144-148 MHz in 2.5 kHz steps, or it can be used on one of 16 pre-programmed frequencies.
The MX146 comes in two versions:
We chose the 5V version because its lower power consumption and to allow operation of all components from a single 5VDC supply. In addition to the lower power consumption, the 5V version is capable of higher duty cycle than the 8V version.
Specifications (5V version)
Frequency range 144MHz to 148MHz
Channel spacing 2.5kHz
Modulation Digital injection modulation
Modulation Bandwidth >20kHz
Modulation Sensitivity 23kHz/V (typ)
Input Impedance ~600Ω
Spurious suppression > 80dB (channel spacing > 10kHz, typ)
Harmonic suppression 45dB
Frequency stability +/5ppm (typ)
Turn On delay (after PTT) 25msec (typ)
Output power min 350mW into 50Ω (400mW typ)
Programming
• SPI® and I2C® interface or
• 16 preprogrammed frequencies, pin selectable. 3.3V CMOS level
Supply voltage +5VDC (4.7V to 6V)
Current consumption 1mA stdby, TBD mA TX
Size 50x25x2.5mm
Weight
Operating temperature -40°C to +85°C
Mechanical interfaces Pin-header or wire
Special features
Resources:
Kenwood TM-D710E
TM-D710E standard display.
TM-D710E APRS display.
The Kenwood TM-D710E is a VHF/UHF transceiver featuring a dual receiver (receive to frequencies at the same time), built in packet TNC and APRS support.
The APRS support is extremely well suited for tactical tracking when combined with the AvMap G5 navigation unit.
The TM-D710E can perform the following functions in balloon tracking (some are TBC):
With the optional VGS-1 voice unit installed the TM-D710E can even read out loud the received APRS packets.
Specifications
Receiver 118-524 and 800-1300 MHz
Transmitter 2m and 70cm amateur bands
TX power 5 / 10 / 50W
Modes F1D, F2D, F3E
Voltage 13.8 V DC ±15%
RX Current < 1.2A at 2W audio out
TX Current 5.0 / 6.5 / 13.0A
Operating temperature -20°C to +60°C
Weight 1.2 + 0.3 kg
AvMap G5
The AvMap G5 is a personal navigator with vuilt-in 20-channel GPS receiver. What distinguishes the AvMap G5 from other personal navigators is that it has special firmware that supports APRS and it can be interfaced to the Kenwood TM-D710E (or other APRS TNCs). Thus the G5 + TM-D710 provide the desired tactical navigation functions out of the box without any hacking!
The built in APRS functionality allows the AvMap G5 to receive APRS data from the TM-D710 and plot it on the map using the APRS symbols. In tactical mode, the AvMap G5 can navigate to the position of an APRS station even if the station is moving, see video below.
At the same time, the AvMap G5 can send GPS data to the TM-D710, which then can use this to report it's own location via APRS. In practice this means that those following the event via the web, e.g. http://aprs.fi/ can follow both the balloon and the chasing car at the same time. (TBC since I don't yet have the TM-D710 so I don't know if this is actually possible)
Resources:
Telemetry Recorder
Not yet decided... This will most likely be a lightweight laptop or netbook that can connect to the TM-D710 and record the received packets. Also TBC if this is at all necessary – maybe the AvMap G5 can perform this function.
Electrical Wiring
To be written...
Money Budget
On-board APRS Transmitter
The prices for the on-board units have been derived from US $ assuming a 1:1 $-to-€ conversion ratio, which would be the case in Denmark (import tax + 25% VAT). This is probably the worst case in Europe.
Component Price
Garmin GPS 18x LVC 70 €
OpenTracker+ SMT 40 €
SRB MX146LV 70 €
Antenna 50 €
Cables & connectors 100 €
Sum 330 €
Mobile Tracking Station
Component Price
Kenwood TM-D710E 540 €
AvMap G5 350 €
Telemetry Recorder 0 €
VHF antenna 50 €
Cables 100 €
Sum 1040 €
Although the mobile tracking station consisting of the TM-D710E radio and AvMap G5 navigator is rather expensive, it is important to emphasize that they have many other uses than APRS tracking. Obviously, the AvMap G5 can be used as standard car navigator, while the TM-D710E can be used for standard VHF/UHF amateur radio operations, including satellite communications. So this setup is very feasible if dual-use can be exploited.
If this is not the case, cheaper alternatives can be considered consisting of a simple VHF FM receiver and 1200 bps TNC + laptop. One could even ditch the hardware modem and use soundcard modem, though this could be unreliable under difficult and weak signal conditions. This could be improved by switching to 300 bps operating mode.
Mass and Power Budget
Component Weight Power (@ 5V DC)
Garmin GPS 18x LVC 110 g 60 mA
OpenTracker+ SMT 50 g (TBC) 20 mA
SRB MX146LV 50 g (TBC) 300 mA (TBC)
Antenna 100g (TBC) 0 mA
Cables & connectors 150 g (TBC) 0 mA
Sum 460 g (TBC) 380 mA (TBC)
Shall be able to operate at least 5 hours → we need 5V 2Ah.
Link Budget
Using a roof mounted car antenna as well as MGA
Risks
To be written
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation
Toolbox
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:21:24.000Z
|
ltxjr4gonrtwccbvsf4osdxjkzuyvolt
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69751",
"uncompressed_offset": 311368593,
"url": "www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/4660.0Main%20Features42008-09?issue=2008-09&prodno=4660.0&tabname=Summary",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/4660.0Main%20Features42008-09?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=4660.0&issue=2008-09&num=&view="
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4660.0 - Energy, Water and Environment Management, 2008-09 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 30/07/2010 First Issue
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
ENERGY
Energy expenditure
Electricity and gas
Electricity generation
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
During 2008-09, 5% of all businesses conducted an energy usage audit, and 4% of businesses had established energy usage performance targets or indicators. Large businesses were most likely to undertake these two activities with 47% and 29% respectively.
By industry Electricity, gas and waste services had the highest proportion of businesses conducting energy usage audits with 24% (or 600 businesses). The next largest proportions were the Mining and Manufacturing industries with 13% (or 500 businesses) and 10% (or 5,600 businesses) respectively. In contrast, the Administrative and support services, Transport, postal and warehousing, and Construction industries had the lowest participation rates, with 1%, 2% and 2% respectively.
During 2008-09, 55% of all businesses undertook energy efficiency or energy reduction measures. These activities included good housekeeping, regularly maintaining equipment and facilities, improving the energy efficiency of lights and lighting systems, and improved transport fleet management. Large businesses had the highest participation rates in implementing these measures, with 88% and 54% of small businesses undertook energy efficiency or energy reduction measures.
During 2008-09, 1% (or 14,200) of all Australian businesses operated renewable energy systems or equipment. The most common renewable systems were solar panels (photovoltaic cells).
For the same period, capital expenditure on renewable energy systems or equipment totalled $661m which represented around 0.3% of total industries capital expenditure for the year. The Electricity, gas and waste services industry was the largest contributor to these expenditures with $417m (or 63% of this total) and representing 3.2% of the total capital expenditure of this industry for the year.
During 2008-09, 41% of Australian businesses reported they had experienced at least one barrier to reducing energy consumption and/or improving energy efficiency. Of all businesses, 21% cited the major barrier to investing in improving energy efficiency practices was the cost involved or the length of the payback time. A lack of time or staff resources was the next most commonly cited major barrier at 17%.
ENERGY EXPENDITURE
During 2008-09, total expenditure on electricity and fuels was $75.0b with large businesses accounting for $49.1b (or 66%) of this total. This expenditure was dominated by electricity and non-renewable fuels. Total expenditure on non-renewable fuels included $17.5b on diesel, $13.0b on electricity and $5.9b on natural gas. A total of $29b was spent on other non-renewable fuels (excluding LPG, Petrol, Coal, coke and coal by-products), largely crude oil used by the petroleum industry.
The Manufacturing industry accounted for $33.4b (or 45%) of the total expenditure on electricity and fuels. This comprised $4.6b on electricity and $4.0b on natural gas, as well as $21.1b on other non-renewable fuels (excluding LPG, Petrol, Coal, coke and coal by-products). The Transport, postal and warehousing industry was the second largest contributor to electricity and fuel expenditure, accounting for $12.0b (or 16%) of the total.
Renewable fuels, which includes liquid biofuel, biogas, bagasse and wood/wood waste, accounted for $60m of all business expenditure on energy.
ELECTRICITY AND GAS
During 2008-09, businesses purchased 142,506 GWh of electricity which equated to $13.0b in expenditure. Large businesses accounted for 87,993 GWh (or 62%) of all electricity purchased by businesses, and accounted for $6.6b (or 51%) of the total expenditure on electricity. Small businesses accounted for 32,931 GWh (or 23%) of the electricity purchases and $3.6b (or 28%) of business expenditure on electricity.
For the same period, the Manufacturing industry accounted for the highest quantity (68,940 GWh or 48%) and purchases ($4.6b or 35%) of all industries expenditure on electricity. The Mining industry was the next largest, accounting for 14,772 GWh (or 10%) and $1.1b (or 8%) of the quantity and value respectively. Retail trade was third largest accounting for 13,582 GWh (or 10%) and $1.4b (or 11%) respectively.
During 2008-09, expenditure by businesses on GreenPower electricity accounted for $0.1b (or 1%) of total business expenditure on electricity. GreenPower includes accredited hydroelectric and wind power generated electricity.
During 2008-09, businesses purchased 730 PJ of natural gas which equated to $5.9b of expenditure. Large businesses accounted for 548 PJ (or 75%) of total purchases and $3b (or 51%) of total business expenditure on natural gas. In comparison, small businesses accounted for 82 PJ (or 11% ) of the total purchases and $2.3b (or 39%) of the total business expenditure on natural gas.
Australian businesses purchased 142,506 GWh of electricity in 2008-09. Large businesses accounted for 62% of this quantity, compared with 51% of the total expenditure on electricity. Small businesses purchased 23% of the total electricity quantity and 28% of expenditure, and medium-sized businesses purchased 15% of the quantity and 22% of expenditure on electricity.
The Manufacturing industry accounted for 372 PJ (or 51%) of all natural gas purchases by businesses, and contributed $4b (or 67%) to total natural gas expenditure during 2008-09. The second largest consumer of natural gas was the Electricity, gas and waste services industry which purchased 212 PJ (or 29% ) and accounted for $1.0b (or 17%) of total business expenditure on natural gas for the year.
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
During 2008-09, Australian businesses generated 261,053 GWh of electricity with 90% generated by the Electricity, gas and waste services industry.
Of the total electricity generated, 93% (or 243,474 GWh) used non-renewable fuels including Coal, coke or coal by-products (70% or 186,134 GWh) and Natural Gas (19% or 48,361 GWh). The remaining 7% of electricity generated (17,579 GWh) was sourced from renewables, with hydroelectricity (11,849 GWh) the predominant source.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T10:02:48.000Z
|
d3cjne7alxi6qhfmtdvoymu2mwz33heo
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69753",
"uncompressed_offset": 311386269,
"url": "www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/Previousproducts/6401.0Main%20Features4Jun%202008?issue=Jun+2008&prodno=6401.0&tabname=Summary",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/6401.0Main%20Features4Jun%202008?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=6401.0&issue=Jun%202008&num=&view="
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6401.0 - Consumer Price Index, Australia, Jun 2008 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/07/2008
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MAIN CONTRIBUTORS TO CHANGE
CPI GROUPS
The discussion of the CPI groups below is ordered in terms of their absolute significance to the change in All groups index points for the quarter (see tables 6 and 7).
Weighted average of eight capital cities, Percentage change from previous quarter
TRANSPORTATION (+3.1%)
The increase in transportation costs this quarter was mainly due to the rise in the price of automotive fuel (+8.7%). There were minor increases in most other categories of transportation, with motor vehicle repair and servicing (+0.8%) and other motoring charges (+0.8%) being the most significant. There was a small offsetting fall in the price of motor vehicles (–0.1%).
Automotive fuel prices rose in January (+1.3%), fell in February (–2.7%), then rose in March (+2.8%), April (+2.7%), May (+3.3%) and June (+7.5%). The automotive fuel expenditure class contributed 0.63 index points to the increase in the All groups CPI in June quarter 2008 and 1.23 index points to the through the year change.
The following graph shows the pattern of the average daily prices for unleaded petrol for the eight capital cities over the last fifteen months.
Over the twelve months to June quarter 2008, the transportation group rose 6.9%, with the main contributors being automotive fuel (+18.4%), motor vehicle repair and servicing (+3.4%), other motoring charges (+5.3%), urban transport fares (+4.9%) and motor vehicle parts and accessories (+5.0%). There was an offsetting fall in motor vehicles (–1.3%).
FINANCIAL AND INSURANCE SERVICES (+3.8%)
The rise in financial and insurance services this quarter is a result of increases in deposit and loan facilities (+9.5%) and insurance services (+2.5%), offset by a fall in other financial services (–2.9%).
The rise in the price of deposit and loan facilities has occurred at a time when banks are facing increased costs due to the global financial crisis. As foreshadowed in the March quarter 2008 publication, the ABS is continuing to work with data providers, and reviewing and updating where necessary, a range of methods relating to the collection and compilation of financial sector output, income, transactions, positions and prices. As a result of this work, this quarter's results include a correction for under–estimation in the previous quarters' estimates. This work is continuing and further improvements in sources and methods may lead to additional corrections.
The Appendix at page 34 explains the current approach used to construct the deposit and loan facilities index.
There has also been a review of the methodology used to calculate the index for other financial services. This has resulted in a correction to the index that impacts on the quarterly movement but does not impact on the through the year movement.
Over the twelve months to June quarter 2008, financial and insurance services rose 9.9%, with increases in the prices of all components – deposit and loan facilities (+16.2%), insurance services (+7.0%) and other financial services (+3.1%).
HOUSING (+1.1%)
The rise in housing this quarter was mainly due to rents (+2.2%) and house purchase (+1.0%). Electricity (–1.4%) provided a small offsetting fall.
The increase in average rents is the largest quarterly increase since March quarter 1989. Average rents rose in all capital cities, ranging from 1.0% in Hobart to 3.3% in Perth.
Increases in house purchase prices were recorded in all capital cities, ranging from 0.3% in Melbourne to 1.4% in both Brisbane and Adelaide.
Over the twelve months to June quarter 2008, the housing group rose 6.0%, mainly due to rents (+7.7%), house purchase (+5.0%) and electricity (+9.8%). Annually, the strongest increases in housing were in Brisbane (+8.0%), Canberra (+6.7%), Melbourne and Darwin (both +6.0%). Perth recorded the smallest increase (+4.8%).
HOUSEHOLD CONTENTS AND SERVICES (+1.6%)
Most categories of household contents and services rose this quarter with increases in furniture (+3.1%), other household supplies (+2.1%), towels and linen (+3.8%), glassware, tableware and household utensils (+2.6%), major household appliances (+1.8%) and floor and window coverings (+1.6%). There were no significant price falls.
The rises were largely due to the March quarter seeing the end of widespread discounting associated with post–Christmas and summer sales at major retailers in most cities. There were increases in gross child care fees and increases in the number of families exceeding thresholds for the Child Care Benefit as family income levels rose, meaning that the net benefit of the subsidy was reduced. This had the effect of a small increase (+1.2%) in out–of–pocket expenses.
Through the year to June quarter 2008, the household contents and services group fell 0.6%, mainly due to a fall of 28.7% in the net price of child care. This was due to the impact of the inclusion in the September quarter 2007 of the Child Care Tax Rebate (CCTR) as a rebate for the first time and the additional 10% indexation of the Child Care Benefit (CCB) rates on top of the usual annual CPI indexation.
ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO (+1.9%)
All four components in the alcohol and tobacco group rose in all cities this quarter with price increases in spirits (+6.1%), tobacco (+1.5%), wine (+1.7%) and beer (+0.5%).
This is the largest quarterly increase in the price of spirits since the series began in September quarter 1980 and was predominantly due to the introduction of an increased tax on all pre–mixed spirits from 27 April 2008.
The rises in tobacco prices are mainly due to the residual effects of the increase in the Federal excise tax in the March quarter 2008. The index for wine prices rose this quarter mainly due to the discontinuation of specials and some price rises. The increase in beer prices is also due to a combination of the discontinuation of specials and price rises, some of which may be attributable to the flow on effects of the excise increase in the March quarter.
Over the twelve months to June quarter 2008, the alcohol and tobacco group rose 4.8%, with increases for the year ranging from 3.0% for wine to 9.2% for spirits.
HEALTH (+2.4%)
The rise in health costs was largely due to an increase in hospital and medical services (+4.0%), and a less significant increase in dental services (+1.3%). These rises were partially offset by a fall in the net cost of pharmaceuticals (–0.9%), mainly due to the effect of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme safety net.
Hospital and medical services rose mainly as a result of increases in private health fund premiums from 1 April 2008.
Through the year to June quarter 2008, the health group rose 4.8% due to increases in hospital and medical services (6.1%), dental services (+5.4%) and pharmaceuticals (+1.3%).
CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR (+3.0%)
All categories of clothing and footwear rose this quarter, with the most significant contributions being accessories (+6.8%), men's outerwear (+4.9%), women's underwear, nightwear and hosiery (+4.0%) and children and infants' clothing (+3.8%).
The rises were due in part to prices rebounding from the end–of–summer season sales in the March quarter 2008, as well as the arrival of new winter season clothing.
Over the twelve months to June quarter 2008, prices of clothing and footwear rose 1.1%, with increases in most categories. Women's outerwear (–1.2%) provided an offsetting fall.
RECREATION (–0.2%)
The fall in recreation was due mainly to domestic holiday travel and accommodation (–2.0%) and audio, visual and computing equipment (–1.9%). The major offsetting price rises were in other recreational activities (+2.2%) and overseas holiday travel and accommodation (+1.0%).
Annually, Recreation rose 1.7% with the strongest rises being in overseas holiday travel and accommodation (+7.1%), other recreational activities (+6.6%), domestic holiday travel and accommodation (+2.1%) and sports participation (+6.3%).
FOOD (–0.1%)
The small fall in food prices was mostly due to falls in fruit (–7.4%) and vegetables (–6.5%) offsetting rises in most other food categories. The most significant rises were for take away and fast foods (+1.7%), ice cream and other dairy products (+6.4%), restaurant meals (+1.2%) and cakes and biscuits (+2.3%), due to price rises combined with some items returning from specials.
Fruit was in plentiful supply due to seasonal factors, including peak seasonal production for some fruits. Price falls were observed across a range of fruit, most significantly apples, bananas, pears and oranges. Some offsetting rises were observed for strawberries and rockmelons.
The fall in vegetable prices was due to plentiful supply and specials. The largest falls were observed for lettuce, broccoli, cauliflower and pumpkin. Small offsetting rises were observed for carrots and cabbages.
Over the year to June quarter 2008, food prices rose 3.9%, with significant contributions from take away and fast foods (+6.5%), restaurant meals (+4.5%), milk (+12.1%), cakes and biscuits (+8.2%), snacks and confectionery (+5.3%), cheese (+14.2%), poultry (+11.0%), bread (+6.8%) and soft drinks, waters and juices (+5.0%). There were offsetting annual falls in fruit (–12.7%), vegetables (–3.3%) and bacon and ham (–0.3%).
TRADABLES AND NON–TRADABLES
The non–tradables component (see table 8) of the CPI rose 1.4% in the June quarter. This component includes goods and services whose prices are largely determined by domestic price pressures and represents approximately 58% of the CPI. Within non–tradables, the services component rose 1.7%, mainly due to deposit and loan facilities, rents, hospital and medical services, insurance services and other recreational activities. The only significant offsets were provided by other financial services and domestic holiday travel and accommodation. The non–tradable goods component rose 0.7% mainly due to price increases for house purchase and take away and fast foods.
The tradables component of the All groups CPI rose 1.5%. This component includes goods and services whose prices are largely determined on the world market and represents approximately 42% of the weight of the CPI. The tradable goods component rose 1.6%, driven by increases in automotive fuel, with less significant contributions from furniture, spirits, accessories and tobacco. Fruit and vegetables provided the most significant offsetting falls.
Over the twelve months to June quarter 2008, non–tradables rose 5.6% and tradables rose 2.9%. This compares with rises of 5.0% and 3.3%, respectively, for these components through the year to March quarter 2008. The main drivers in non–tradables were deposit and loan facilities, rents, house purchase, hospital and medical services, take away and fast foods, and electricity. The net cost of child care provided a significant offset. Automotive fuel was the main contributor to the rise in tradables, with less significant contributions from overseas holiday travel and accommodation, tobacco and spirits. There were significant falls in audio, visual and computing equipment and fruit.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:50:06.000Z
|
k4y75ifvjd36qpha3hjg66qorusqvmzr
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69754",
"uncompressed_offset": 311405870,
"url": "www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/second%2Blevel%2Bview?issue=2005&prodno=1338.1&prodno=1338.1&tabname=Past+Future+Issues&viewtitle=New+South+Wales+in+Focus~2005~Previous~16%2F06%2F2005",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/second+level+view?ReadForm&prodno=1338.1&viewtitle=New%20South%20Wales%20in%20Focus~2005~Previous~16/06/2005&tabname=Past%20Future%20Issues&prodno=1338.1&issue=2005&num=&view="
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1338.1 - New South Wales in Focus, 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 16/06/2005
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:13:26.000Z
|
wkpybuybnfmtw5hi6yqotntlhx62u7on
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69755",
"uncompressed_offset": 311411706,
"url": "www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/second%2Blevel%2Bview?issue=Oct+2005&prodno=9314.0.55.001&prodno=9314.0.55.001&tabname=Related+Products&viewtitle=Sales+of+New+Motor+Vehicles%2C+Australia~Oct+2005~Previous~21%2F09%2F2005",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/second+level+view?ReadForm&prodno=9314.0.55.001&viewtitle=Sales%20of%20New%20Motor%20Vehicles,%20Australia~Oct%202005~Previous~21/09/2005&tabname=Related%20Products&prodno=9314.0.55.001&issue=Oct%202005&num=&view="
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
9314.0.55.001 - Sales of New Motor Vehicles, Australia, Oct 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 21/09/2005
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T10:03:32.000Z
|
wskikr5mugs5b7iji7gklll2fmeze4rs
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69756",
"uncompressed_offset": 311417102,
"url": "www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/nsw-102?navpos=620",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/nsw-102?opendocument&navpos=620"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
150 Census Collectors pounding the pavements of Hornsby
4 August 2011 | NSW/102
150 Census Collectors have been pounding the pavement in Hornsby since Friday, 29 July to deliver Census forms to every household, apartment and hospital in the area and ensure every person is accurately counted on Census night, Tuesday, 9 August.
Area Supervisor Maureen Grewal is overseeing a team of Collectors managing the Census count in the main Hornsby shopping precinct and surrounding urban areas.
“My Census area is extremely multicultural so I've recruited a range of Collectors with a variety of language skills," Maureen says.
“High rise units and townhouses have also been a bit of a challenge as many have been built in the past five years since the last Census. We've undertaken a lot of preparation to map out these changes."
Maureen, 65, who was a primary school teacher for 40 years, including 21 years at Waitara Public School, has been overwhelmed by the community's positive attitude towards the Census.
“I have been impressed by the high level of co-operation and goodwill in the community. Particularly from the managers of nursing homes and hospitals who are helping to complete Census forms for patients and residents," Maureen says.
"It's important that we achieve an accurate count as the Census provides vital information to ensure the right services are delivered in our area."
This isn't the first Census Maureen has been involved in.
“As a toddler I accompanied my Dad who was a Collector during the 1946 Census and again in the mid-fifties when he was looking after Dubbo farms .My brother and I would open and close the gates for Dad," Maureen adds.
For more information visit www.abs.gov.au/census or call 1300 338 776
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:19:44.000Z
|
kfb76gfbhsxk6kmrxc33m4wyalzrvl6l
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69757",
"uncompressed_offset": 315943718,
"url": "www.aeromental.net/2011/02/03/volkswagen-ad-black-beetle/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.aeromental.net/2011/02/03/volkswagen-ad-black-beetle/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
LOADING... [27] photos of Megan Fox
Volkswagen Ad: Black Beetle
Share it with your friends:
Date: Feb / 03 / 2011 + Comments: 0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ulbjaKmKG0
In the first spot for The 21st Century Beetle, cutting-edge CGI creative goes entomological, creating a photo-real lush kingdom where the Black Beetle rules, runs, navigates and out performs all the other insects.
Follow us in Twitter @aeromentaln and Facebook
Post author: Daniel Semper
You can share this post with:
Similar Posts
Previous and Next Post
Email Newsletter
The best of Aeromental in your inbox every morning !!!
Leave a comment
*It won't be visible
Comments with insults and spam will be deleted.
Avatar: If you want your own picture in the comments, just upload it to Gravatar.
HTML: You can use some HTML code as blockquote, a href, strong, em, li and code.
Aeromental 2007 - 2012 ★ ☆ All the best people are crazy ☆ ★
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:27:53.000Z
|
autrfsgdn2r73necldjiivritxowvnfm
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69764",
"uncompressed_offset": 358659149,
"url": "www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/14/10?fmt_view=classic",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/14/10?fmt_view=classic"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Research article
Differences in dual-task performance and prefrontal cortex activation between younger and older adults
Hironori Ohsugi1*, Shohei Ohgi1, Kenta Shigemori2 and Eric B Schneider3
Author Affiliations
1 Graduate School of Health Sciences, Seirei Christopher University, 3453 Mikatahara-Cho, Hamamatsu-City, Shizuoka, 433-8558, Japan
2 Department of healthcare, Kansai University of Health and welfare science, 3-11-1, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara-City, Osaka, 582-0026, Japan
3 Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Center for Surgical Trials and Outcomes Research, 600 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Neuroscience 2013, 14:10 doi:10.1186/1471-2202-14-10
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/14/10
Received:14 July 2012
Accepted:29 November 2012
Published:18 January 2013
© 2013 Ohsugi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
The purpose of this study was to examine task-related changes in prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity during a dual-task in both healthy young and older adults and compare patterns of activation between the age groups. We also sought to determine whether brain activation during a dual-task relates to executive/attentional function and how measured factors associated with both of these functions vary between older and younger adults.
Results
Thirty-five healthy volunteers (20 young and 15 elderly) participated in this study. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was employed to measure PFC activation during a single-task (performing calculations or stepping) and dual-task (performing both single-tasks at once). Cognitive function was assessed in the older patients with the Trail-making test part B (TMT-B). Major outcomes were task performance, brain activation during task (oxygenated haemoglobin: Oxy-Hb) measured by NIRS, and TMT-B score. Mixed ANOVAs were used to compare task factors and age groups in task performance. Mixed ANOVAs also compared task factors, age group and time factors in task-induced changes in measured Oxy-Hb. Among the older participants, correlations between the TMT-B score and Oxy-Hb values measured in each single-task and in the dual-task were examined using a Pearson correlation coefficient.
Oxy-Hb values were significantly increased in both the calculation task and the dual-task within patients in both age groups. However, the Oxy-Hb values associated with there were higher in the older group during the post-task period for the dual-task. Also, there were significant negative correlations between both task-performance accuracy and Oxy-Hb values during the dual-task and participant TMT-B scores.
Conclusions
Older adults demonstrated age-specific PFC activation in response to dual-task challenge. There was also a significant negative correlation between PFC activation during dual-task and executive/attentional function. These findings suggest that the high cognitive load induced by dual-task activity generates increased PFC activity in older adults. However, this relationship appeared to be strongest in participants with better baseline attention and executive functions.
Keywords:
Dual-task; Near-infrared spectroscopy; Executive function; Attentional function
Background
Cognitive functions, such as selective attention, memory and executive function, decline with age [1,2]. The population is aging with ever larger numbers of individuals reaching ages where decline in function is more common [3]. Age-related changes to the brain have been shown to occur earliest in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) [4]. The PFC has been associated with memory, attention, executive function and emotion, as well as playing a role in a variety of other complex cognitive functions [5-7]. Pathological or age-related changes in this area have been associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders with cognitive, emotional, behavioral, or affective manifestations. These disorders include schizophrenia, depression and dementia [8]. The decline in cognitive ability associated with aging has been related to disuse of certain cognitive functions and a corresponding reduction in brain activity [9]. Previous studies have suggested that increasing activity in the PFC might be able to prevent, or moderate, age-related changes to the brain [10]. Neuronal activation leads to increase of regional cerebral blood flow [11,12]. In addition to increased blood flow in active areas, other factors associated with the transport of certain blood-borne factors have been shown to be increased in brain areas in the presence of increased neural activity. For example, Nishijima, et al. [13] showed that neuronal activity elicited by electrical, sensory, or behavioral stimulation increases insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) input in activated regions. IGF-1 modulates neuronal growth, survival, neural excitability, and cognitive function. Therefore, it might be hypothesized that regular activation of the PFC may prevent decline of the brain functions associated with this most important brain area.
Numerous studies have reported that regular physical activity and cognitive training are associated with better cognitive function [14-18]. Therefore, it is thought that a combination of both cognitive and physical activity might be useful in preventing, or slowing, the decline of cognitive function seen in many older adults. There is growing evidence that dual-task (combining both physical and cognitive activity) training better supports healthy executive function, working memory and the ability to divide attention than either physical or cognitive training in isolation [19-23]. Current literature suggests that dual-task activity also may be an effective tool to prevent the decline of overall cognitive function [24-26]. Pedroso et al. [24] showed that, over time, dual-task training improves dual-task performance in patients with mild to moderate dementia. Erickson et al. [26] showed that improvements of dual-task performance correlate with measured changes in brain activation. Also several neuroimaging studies have revealed increased brain activity in the PFC during dual-task activity. D’Esposito et al. [27] compared single-task performance with a concurrent performance of both tasks and discovered that activation of the PFC occurred only during the dual-task condition whereas this area was not active during either single-task. Koechlin et al. [28] also demonstrated increased activation in PFC bilaterally during a dual-task condition compared to similar measurements when a single-task was being performed. However, Callicott et al. [29] have demonstrated an ‘inverted-U’ shaped neuro-physiological response as subjects are moved from activities producing the lowest cognitive load toward those producing the highest cognitive load leading these authors to suggest that excessive processing demands are actually accompanied by a diminution in cortical activity. In another study, Reuter-Lorenz and Cappell [30] suggested older adult demonstrated overactivation in PFC during a cognitive task.
A number of studies have suggested that older age is associated with substantial differences in hemodynamic response to stimuli. For example, Schroeter [31] suggested that aging decreases the hemodynamic response in the frontal association cortex during cognitive task. In this way, the brain activation during dual-task in older adults was still controversial. Therefore, the purposes of this study were as follows: 1) to clarify and compare task-related changes in PFC activity, measured by examining changes in brain blood oxygen levels comparing brain activation during single-task activities with a dual-task; 2) to examine age-related differences across single- and dual-task conditions between healthy young individuals and healthy older adults; 3) to examine whether levels of brain activation during dual-task activity are associated with baseline levels of executive and attentional functioning in the older age group.
Methods
Participants
Thirty-five healthy volunteers participated in this study. The younger group was selected from individuals aged 21–35 years of age and included 20 individuals. The older group was selected from individuals greater than 65 years of age and included 15 individuals. All participants were healthy and without impairment of visual or auditory senses. Both young and old participants demonstrated independence in activities of daily living. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of the image in Figure 1. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Seirei Christopher University (approval No. 10054).
Protocol
The independent motor execution task (physical single-task) was performed by seated participants stepping in place with each foot while counting out loud forward from zero. The cognitive single-task involved serial subtractions of 7 beginning with 100 and continuing as follows: 100, 93, 86, 79, etc. The results of each calculation were spoken out loud so accuracy could be assessed. Both the physical and cognitive single-tasks were performed in the seated position with eyes closed. The dual-task combined the cognitive and motor execution tasks with seated participants performing another series of serial 7 subtraction problems while stepping, again with their eyes closed. PFC activation was recorded using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during both the physical and cognitive single-task activities as well as during the dual-task. Figure 1 demonstrates the experimental protocol. Each subject was instructed to perform either one of the single-tasks or the dual-task randomly after a rest period. In order to randomize the order of tasks across individuals, subjects selected one task pattern from the six possible patterns by lot (the tasks and the associated patterns for selection were as follows: 1) stepping task, 2) calculation task, 3) dual-task, 1-2-3/ 1-3-2/ 2-1-3/ 2-3-1/ 3-1-2/ 3-2-1,) (Figure 1). Rest and task periods were set for 30 seconds and each task was repeated three times. During the rest period, participants were asked to simply count out loud at their own pace.
Figure 1. NIRS probe setting and task protocol. On the left: NIRS probe setting, on the right: brain mapping and ROI setup, bottom: task protocol.
Measurement of brain activation
PFC activity was assessed using the NIRS (ETG-7100, Hitachi Medical, Tokyo, Japan) which uses two wavelengths of near-infrared light (695 nm and 830 nm). The distances between the injectors and detectors were 3.0 cm, and it was determined that the machine measures points associated with the surface of the cerebral cortices [32,33]. The NIRS probes contain 3 × 10 lines of plastic transmitter/receiver shells (47 channels). We placed the optode grid on the head of the subjects according to 10–20 positions and the lowest probes were placed along Fp1-Fp2 (Figure 1). NIRS measured the relative changes in the concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb), deoxygenated hemoglobin (Deoxy-Hb) and total hemoglobin (Total-Hb). Fundamental data of Hb was display and uses [mM*mm], which is an index of Hb change as a scaled variable. We used changes in oxy-Hb values as indicators of change in the regional cerebral blood volume, because the oxy-Hb is more sensitive than deoxy-Hb as a parameter for measuring the blood flow changes associated with brain activation [34]. Sampling frequency was 10 Hz, the processed moving average was 5 seconds, a 0.5 Hz low-pass filter was used to remove the effects of Mayer waves and a 0.01 Hz high-pass filter was used to remove baseline drift. Baseline corrections were made using the least squares method based upon the value of the measurement 10 seconds before task initiation and the value of the measurement 20–30 seconds after task completion. The task was repeated three times and the data from each of the three task blocks were averaged. These analyses were performed using the ‘integral mode’ of the ETG-7100 software. The Oxy-Hb data produced by the NIRS probes were segregated by the region of interest (ROI) [35], and the probes focused on the PFC were isolated for analysis. 14 channels (probe number 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 32, 33, 34, 35, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45) corresponded to the PFC and were selected as the ROI (Figure 1). Average values for Oxy-Hb were calculated across the whole task period to confirm the task related change, and at each 10 second period to consider the time-dependent change, namely, pre-task, task 0-10s, task 10-20s, task 20-30s, post task 0-10s, post task 10-20s, post task 20-30s.
Task performance
The number of steps made by each participant during both the stepping single-task and the combined dual-task were counted. The total number of serial 7 subtractions performed were counted and the numbers of correct and incorrect subtractions were recorded during both the subtraction single-task and the combined subtraction/stepping dual-task. The proportion of correct subtractions was calculated for both single and dual-task trials.
Measurement of baseline cognitive function among the older adults
The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Trail-Making Test (TMT) were performed for assessment of cognitive function in older participants. MMSE is one of the most common tools to screen for cognitive impairment in older adults [36]. The MMSE screens for impairment in overall brain function (i.e. the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes) [37]. The TMT assesses several cognitive functions including working memory, attention, motor speed and more [38,39]. The TMT consists of two parts, A and B. Performance on TMT Part B (TMT-B) has been associated with PFC-related cognitive functions, including executive function, attention and working memory [39,40]. Because we were specifically examining PFC activity and function and wanted to determine if there was a relationship between baseline cognitive functioning and PFC activity in the older adult group, TMT-B was administered to the older participants. TMT-B consists of numbers from 1 to 13 and Japanese characters scattered on a sheet of paper, and participants must draw a line alternately between consecutive numbers and the appropriate sequential Japanese character. The time required to complete the TMT-B task was measured for each participant and was collected as required, accounting for the number of errors present. The number of errors in TMT has been associated with attentional control, working memory and executive functioning [41]. Errors involve drawing a line between a particular character or number and an inappropriate number, or failing to draw a line between characters in accordance with the instructions.
Statistical analysis
To compare task factors and age groups in task performance (number of steps, total number answered, proportion of calculations performed correctly), we performed mixed ANOVAs respectively with group (younger vs. older) as the between subjects variable and task (single vs. dual) as the within-subjects variable. To compare the Oxy-Hb values associated with task factors and age groups, we performed mixed ANOVA with age group (younger vs. older) as the between subjects variable and task (stepping vs. calculate vs. dual) as the within-subjects variable. To compare task factor, age group and time factor in task-induced changes in Oxy-Hb values at various times across the study period using the longitudinally collected NIRS data, we performed mixed ANOVA with group (younger vs. older) as the between subjects variable and, task (stepping vs. calculate vs. dual) and time factor (pre-task, task 0-10s, task 10-20s, task 20-30s, post task 0-10s, post task 10-20s, post task 20-30s) as the within-subjects variables. Post hoc tests were performed using the Bonferroni method to reduce the possibility of Type I errors [42]. To examine the relationship between cognitive functioning and brain activation, the correlation between the TMT-B score (number of errors), Oxy-Hb values in whole task period in each task and dual-task performance in the older age group was analyzed using a Pearson correlation coefficient. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 19 (SPSS, Inc., an IBM Company, Tokyo, Japan), the level of statistical significance was set at 0.05.
Results
Background of participants
The younger participants (10 males and 10 females) ranged in age from 22 to 35 years (mean: 26.0, S.D. 3.6) and the older participants (6 males and 9 females) ranged in age from 69 to 87 years (mean: 77.9, S.D. 5.3). None of the older participants had a score below 25 on the MMSE (mean MMSE score: 28.9, S.D. 1.5). The mean time required for the older participants to complete the TMT-B was 161.4 seconds (S.D. 105.4) and the mean number of error in TMT-B was 2.8 (S.D. 2.6). The MMSE and TMT were not given to the younger participants.
Task performances
There were main effects of age group on the proportion of calculations performed correctly (F (1, 33) = 10.02, P < 0.01, partial η2 = 0.23) and task factor in number of steps (F (1, 33) = 7.39, P = 0.01, partial η2 = 0.18). There were no main effects of task factor in proportion performance correctly (F (1, 33) = 0.04, P = 0.84), in total number answered (F (1, 33) = 0.04, P = 0.84). Also, no main effect was shown for age group in total number answered (F (1, 33) = 0.11, P = 0.74) and in number of steps (F (1, 33) = 0.56, P = 0.46). The age group by task factor interaction was not significant in each parameter (in number of steps (F (1, 33) = 0.28, P = 0.10), in total number answered (F (1, 33) = 0.00, P = 0.97), in proportion performance correctly (F (1, 33) = 0.45, P = 0.51)). However, the post hoc test showed that the number of steps was significantly lower for the dual-task compared with the single-task in the older group (P < 0.01). Older participants performed fewer computations correctly than younger participants in both the computational single-task (85.4% vs. 96.3%, respectively, P < 0.01) and the combined dual-task (87.5% vs. 96.0%, respectively, P < 0.01) (See: Table 1).
Table 1. Task performance
NIRS results
Table 2 showed the Oxy-Hb value in whole task period. The Oxy-Hb values across the entire testing period showed a significant relationship with task performance (F (2, 32) = 23.57, P < 0.01, partial η2 = 0.42), but not across age groups (F (1, 33) = 14.31, P = 0.26). The age group by task factor interaction was not significant in each parameter (F (2, 32) = 1.26, P = 0.29). Post hoc testing showed Oxy-Hb values during the stepping task were significantly lower than during the calculation task (P < 0.01) and the dual-task (P < 0.01). The Oxy-Hb values in the time series demonstrated a main effect for the time factor (F (6, 198) = 12.86, P < 0.01, partial η2 = 0.28). The interactions were significant between time factor and age group (F (6, 198) = 3.29, P < 0.01, partial η2 = 0.09) and time factor by task factor (F (12, 396) = 8.91, P < 0.01, partial η2 = 0.21). Examined across the study interval, Oxy-Hb values during the dual-task showed a significant time factor by age factor interaction (F (6, 198) = 4.31, P < 0.01, partial η2 = 0.21). Post-hoc test results showed that the older group demonstrated higher Oxy-Hb values than the younger group (P < 0.01) within the post-task 0-10s period for the dual-task activity. There were no significant time factors by age factor interactions in either the calculation (F (6, 198) = 1.00, P = 0.42) or the stepping single-task activities (F (6, 198) = 1.09, P = 0.37) (See: Figure 2 and 3).
Table 2. The Oxy-Hb value in whole task period
Figure 2. Hemodynamic changes in PFC in each task (true time courses). Top: in dual-task, middle: in calculation task, bottom: in stepping task, solid line: Older group, dotted line: Younger group.
Figure 3. Hemodynamic changes in PFC in each task (averaged in 10 sec). Top: in dual-task, middle: in calculation task, bottom: in stepping task, solid line: Older group, dotted line: Younger group.
Correlation between dual-task performance, Oxy-Hb values and the TMT-B in the older group
There was a significant negative correlation between the Oxy-Hb values during the dual-task and the number of errors in TMT-B (r = −0.63, P < 0.05). The number of errors in TMT-B was also negatively correlated with the percentage of correct calculations during the dual-task (r = −0.58, P < 0.05). The Oxy-Hb values observed during the calculation task, as well as during the step task, were not significantly correlated with TMT-B scores (calculation task: r = −0.46, P = 0.09, stepping task: r = −0.29, P = 0.30) (See: Figure 4).
Figure 4. Correlation between Oxy-Hb values and the TMT-B in the older group. (○): dual-task, (●): calculation task, (□): stepping task.
Discussion
We examined PFC activation by measuring changes in the concentration of Oxy-Hb levels in the PFC using NIRS during a dual-task condition and compared this with measured activation during two different single-tasks (calculation and stepping). The results demonstrated that: 1) Oxy-Hb values were significantly increased during both the calculation single-task and the combined dual-task; 2) during the dual-task, the older adults demonstrated significantly higher Oxy-Hb values than the younger adults, and 3) the increased activation (higher Oxy-Hb values) associated with dual-task performance in the older participants persisted 10 seconds beyond the completion of the task itself. Also, there was a significant negative correlation between Oxy-Hb values during the dual-task and TMT-B scores. There was also a significant negative correlation between the proportion of correct calculations made during the dual-task and TMT-B scores.
Increasing Oxy-Hb values has been demonstrated to be related to increases in cerebral blood volume in response to neuronal activation [12]. Measured Oxy-Hb was significantly increased during both the dual-task and the calculation single-task compared to the stepping single-task. As expected, increased Oxy-Hb was not observed in the PFC during the stepping single-task because this is a simple motor task which does not require activation in the PFC. It is possible that the stepping single-task might increase Oxy-Hb in motor-related areas of the brain. However, this was not measured during our study. Both the calculation single-task and the combined dual-task require PCF activation and our findings support the results reported in previous studies [21,22,43,44]. It has been suggested that actively increasing PFC activation in aging individuals might help to prevent or delay age-related changes to the brain [10,13]. Therefore, a regular schedule of dual-task training for older individuals might mitigate the age-related decline of cognitive function often observed in older adults.
Time series measurements of Oxy-Hb values in both the stepping and calculating single-tasks demonstrated no significant difference between younger and older participants. This suggests that PFC activities in response to either single-task did not differ across age groups. However, significantly different temporal patterns of Oxy-Hb values were observed between the two age groups when performing the combined dual-task. In the older group, Oxy-Hb levels gradually increased and this increase was sustained until the completion of the dual-task. Among younger participants, Oxy-Hb levels increased rapidly at the onset of the dual-task and decreased substantially prior to task completion. Reuter-Lorenz and Cappell [30] have demonstrated overactivation in lateral and inferior PFC during higher levels of task demand in older individuals. Our results support previous reports that dual-task activity is associated with increased brain activation due to higher cognitive load in older participants. The results of this study, which indicated that older participants had higher PFC activation during the dual-task period, correspond with those reported by Reuter-Lorenz and Cappell [30] and suggest that performing a dual-task might impose a higher cognitive load in the older individuals compared with the younger participants. During dual-task performance, the number of steps counted by older participants was significantly decreased compared to the number of steps counted during performance of the stepping single-task. However, among older subjects, neither the number of calculations, nor the proportion performed correctly differed significantly during the dual-task from those observed during single-task performance. From our observations during the dual-task, it appears that older participants may turn their attention to the execution of the calculation task at the expense of the stepping task while young subjects are able to maintain appropriate attention to both calculation and stepping. This finding suggests that older participants required increased PFC activation in order to maintain attention to both the stepping and calculating tasks. It is possible that this requirement for increased PFC activation is related to decreased brain function associated with aging.
The comparison of single-task performance between young and older participant demonstrated a significant different in the proportion of calculations performed correctly, but no significant different in the total number of calculations performed or in the total number of steps. Also, there was no significant difference in task-related Oxy-Hb levels across age groups for each single-task (calculation and stepping). These results suggest that the calculation task was more difficult for the older participants compared with the younger group even though PFC activation was not significantly different across the two age groups during the calculation task. Schroeter [31] indicated that aging is generally associated with decreases in the hemodynamic response within the frontal association cortex during cognitive tasks. However, Reuter-Lorenz and Cappell [30] suggested older adult demonstrated overactivation in PFC during a particularly challenging cognitive task. Our results are in line with those reported by Reuter-Lorenz and Cappell [30], in that older participants had increasing PFC activation during the higher cognitive load imposed by the dual-task. It also seems likely that the calculating/stepping dual-task used in this study was not sufficiently challenging to be affected by the decreased activation observed in older adults exposed to highly complex tasks observed by Callicott et al. [29].
We also analyzed the relationship between brain activity during dual-task performance and participant executive function and attentional function, as measured by the TMT-B. Oxy-Hb values were negatively correlated with the number of errors in TMT-B. Previous studies suggested that PFC volume decreases with age [45] and that cerebral blood volume decreases with dementia [46]. Therefore, the relationship we observed between lower PFC Oxy-Hb values and a greater number of errors on the TMT-B test may reflect a decrease in brain function due to aging-related cognitive decline or incipient dementia. Moreover, our result demonstrated a significant negative correlation between dual-task performance and TMT-B scores among the older study participants. Montero-Odasso et al. [47] have demonstrated that dual-task performance correlates with TMT-B performance. Successful dual-task performance requires attentional function and working memory. Decreases in these functions have been associated with decreased PFC activation in older adults.
There were some limitations in this study. First, because of limitations imposed by the measurement environment, this study used stepping in a chair as a physical activity task. Second, previous study has shown that elderly people with dementia demonstrate reduced brain activation during a cognitive task compared with individuals without dementia [48]. All participants in this study, both older and younger, were cognitively intact so it is not possible to extrapolate these results to populations of older adults with pre-existing changes in cognitive ability. Finally, while our study might suggest that structured dual-task activity facilitates PFC activation in older adults, future study will need to clarify whether dual-task training can lead to facilitated PFC activation in older adults enabling them to maintain cognitive function.
Conclusions
In conclusion, both younger and older participants showed significantly greater PFC activation during the dual-task compared to either of the tasks in isolation. As a group, older participants demonstrated higher peak Oxy-Hb and longer PFC activation during the dual-task compared with their younger counterparts. This result indicates that dual-task activity imposes a greater cognitive load on older individuals and performing the dual-task more strongly affected changes in brain activation among the older group. A significant negative correlation between PFC hemodynamic activation during dual-task and executive-attentional function in older participants was observed. Therefore, our findings suggest that the increased cognitive load induced by dual-task activity leads to higher PFC activity in older adults and that higher levels of increased activation during the dual-task are associated with a significantly lower error rate on the TMT-B test. It seems possible that, in the therapeutic environment, appropriately designed dual-task training may be a useful tool for the prevention or delay of some aspects of cognitive decline. Further research is warranted to determine how best to design dual-task interventions for vulnerable populations, as well as to assess the value of such interventions on the maintenance of cognitive and functional ability as individuals grow older.
Abbreviations
PFC: Prefrontal cortex; NIRS: Near-infrared spectroscopy; TMT: Trail-Making Test; TMT-B: Trail-making test part B; Oxy-Hb: Oxygenated hemoglobin; Deoxy-Hb: Deoxygenated hemoglobin; Total-Hb: Total hemoglobin; IGF-I: Insulin-like growth factor-1; ROI: Region of interest; MMSE: Mini-mental state examination.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
HO was the lead writer of this manuscript and has made study design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data. SO had a major role in the conception and design of the study, supervised all aspects of the study's implementation. KS and EBS had assisted the data interpretation and had contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the Yuyunosato facility staff (Yuyunosato, in Japan) in recruiting participants for this study.
References
1. Ardila A, Ostrosky-Solis F, Rosselli M, Gómez C: Age-related cognitive decline during normal aging: the complex effect of education.
Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2000, 15:495-513. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
2. O’Sullivan M, Jones D, Summers P, Morris R, Williams S, Markus H: Evidence for cortical “disconnection” as a mechanism of age-related cognitive decline.
Neurology 2000, 57:632-638.
3. lzheimer's Disease International: World Alzheimer Report 2010 The Global Economic Impact of Dementia. London; 2010.
4. Smith E, Jonides J: Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes.
Science 1999, 283:1657-1661. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
5. Gray JR, Braver TS, Raichle ME: Integration of emotion and cognition in the lateral prefrontal cortex.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002, 99:4115-4120. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
6. Miyake A, Friedman NP, Emerson MJ, Witzki AH, Howerter A, Wager TD: The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis.
Cogn Psychol 2000, 41:49-100. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
7. West RL: An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging.
Psychol Bull 1996, 120:272-292. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
8. Fuster JM: The prefrontal cortex. 4th edition. London: Academic Press; 2008.
9. Scarmeas N, Stern Y: Cognitive reserve: implications for diagnosis and prevention of alzheimer’s disease.
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2004, 4:374-378. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
10. Kawashima R, Okita K, Yamazaki R, Tajima N, Yoshida H, Taira M, Iwata K, Sasaki T, Maeyama K, Usui N, Sugimoto K: Reading aloud and arithmetic calculation improve frontal function of people with dementia.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005, 60:380-384. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
11. Jueptner M, Weiller C: Review: does measurement of regional cerebral blood flow reflect synaptic activity? implications for PET and fMRI.
Neuroimage 1995, 2:148-156. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
12. Kato T, Kamei A, Takashima S, Ozaki T: Human visual cortical function during photic stimulation monitoring by means of near-infrared spectroscopy.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993, 13:516-520. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
13. Nishijima T, Piriz J, Duflot S, Fernandez AM, Gaitan G, Gomez-Pinedo U, Verdugo JM, Leroy F, Soya H, Nuñez A, Torres-Aleman I: Neuronal activity drives localized blood–brain-barrier transport of serum insulin-like growth factor-I into the CNS.
Neuron 2010, 67:834-846. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
14. Ball K, Berch DB, Helmers KF, Jobe JB, Leveck MD, Marsiske M, Morris JN, Rebok GW, Smith DM, Tennstedt SL, Unverzagt FW, Willis SL: Advanced cognitive training for independent and vital elderly study group. Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: a randomized controlled trial.
JAMA 2002, 288:2271-2281. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
15. Clare L, Wilson BA, Carter G, Hodges JR: Cognitive rehabilitation as a component of early intervention in alzheimer’s disease: a single case study.
Aging Ment Health 2003, 7:15-21. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
16. Edwards JD, Wadley VG, Vance DE, Wood K, Roenker DL, Ball KK: The impact of speed of processing training on cognitive and everyday performance.
Aging Ment Health 2005, 9:262-271. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
17. Angevaren M, Aufdemkampe G, Verhaar HJ, Aleman A, Vanhees L: Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, 16:CD005381.
18. Williams CL, Tappen RM: Exercise training for depressed older adults with alzheimer’s disease.
Aging Ment Health 2008, 12:72-80. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
19. Della Sala S, Baddeley A, Papagno C, Spinnler H: Dual-task paradigm: a means to examine the central executive.
Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995, 769:161-171. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
20. Silsupadol P, Shumway-Cook A, Lugade V, van Donkelaar P, Chou LS, Mayr U, Woollacott MH: Effects of single-task versus dual-task training on balance performance in older adults: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009, 90:381-387. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
21. Baddeley A: Working memory: looking back and looking forward.
Nat Rev Neurosci 2003, 4:829-839. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
22. Klingberg T: Limitations in information processing in the human brain: neuroimaging of dual task performance and working memory tasks.
Prog Brain Res 2000, 126:195-102.
23. Stelzel C, Brandt SA, Schubert T: Neural mechanisms of concurrent stimulus processing in dual tasks.
Neuroimage 2009, 48:237-248. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
24. Pedroso R, Coelho F, Santos-Galduróz R, Costa J, Gobbi S, Stella F: Balance, executive functions and falls in elderly with alzheimer’s disease (AD): a longitudinal study.
Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2012, 54:348-351. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
25. Schwenk M, Zieschang T, Oster P, Hauer K: Dual-task performances can be improved in patients with dementia: a randomized controlled trial.
Neurology 2010, 74:1961-1968. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
26. Erickson KI, Colcombe SJ, Wadhwa R, Bherer L, Peterson MS, Scalf PE, Kim JS, Alvarado M, Kramer AF: Training-induced plasticity in older adults: effects of training on hemispheric asymmetry.
Neurobiol Aging 2007, 28:272-283. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
27. D’Esposito M, Detre J, Alsop D, Shin R, Atlas S, Grossman M: The neural basis of the central executive system of working memory.
Nature 1995, 378:279-281. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
28. Koechlin E, Basso G, Pietrini P, Panzer S, Grafman J: The role of the anterior prefrontal cortex in human cognition.
Nature 1999, 399:148-151. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
29. Callicott JH, Mattay VS, Bertolino A, Finn K, Coppola R, Frank JA, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR: Physiological characteristics of capacity constraints in working memory as revealed by functional MRI.
Cereb Cortex 1999, 9:20-26. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
30. Reuter-Lorenz P, Cappell K: Neurocognitive aging and the compensation hypothesis.
Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2008, 17:177-182. Publisher Full Text
31. Schroeter ML, Zysset S, Kruggel F, von Cramon DY: Age dependency of hemodynamic response as measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy.
NeuroImage 2003, 19:555-564. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
32. Okada E, Firbank M, Schweiger M, Arridge SR, Cope M, Delpy DT: Theoretical and experimental investigation of near-infrared light propagation in a model of the adult head.
Appl Opt 1997, 36:21-31. PubMed Abstract
33. Tamura M, Hoshi Y, Okada F: Localized near-infrared spectroscopy and functional optical imaging of brain activity.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1997, 352:737-742. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
34. Hoshi Y, Kobayashi N, Tamura M: Interpretation of near-infrared spectroscopy signals: a study with a newly developed perfused rat brain model.
J Appl Physiol 2001, 90:1657-1662. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
35. Honda N, Matuoka T, Sawada Y, Nakano N, Suwen L, Higashimoto Y, Fukuda K, Ohgi S, Kato A: Reorganization of sensorimotor function after functional hemispherectomy studied using near-infrared spectroscopy.
Pediatr Neurosurg 2010, 46:313-317. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
36. Shigemori K, Ohgi S, Okuyama E, Shimura T, Schneider E: The factorial structure of the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) in Japanese dementia patients.
BMC Geriatr 2010, 10:36. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
37. Folstein M: Mini-mental and son.
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998, 13:290-294. PubMed Abstract
38. Kortte KB, Horner MD, Windham WK: The trail making test, part B: cognitive flexibility or ability to maintain set?
Appl Neuropsychol 2002, 9:106-109. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
39. Stuss DT, Levine B: Adult clinical neuropsychology: lessons from studies of the frontal lobes.
Annu Rev Psychol 2002, 53:401-433. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
40. Zakzanis KK, Mraz R, Graham SJ: An fMRI study of the trail making test.
Neuropsychologia 2005, 43:1878-1886. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
41. Ashendorf L, Jefferson A, O’Connor M, Chaisson C, Green R, Stern R: Trail making test errors in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia.
Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2008, 23:129-137. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
42. Bland JM, Altman DG: Multiple significance tests: the bonferroni method.
BMJ 1995, 310:170. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
43. Herbster AN, Mintun MA, Nebes RD, Becker JT: Regional cerebral blood flow during word and nonword reading.
Hum Brain Mapp 1997, 5:84-92. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
44. Rueckert L, Lange N, Partiot A, Appollonio I, Litvan I, Le Bihan D, Grafman J: Visualizing cortical activation during mental calculation with functional MRI.
Neuroimage 1996, 3:97-103. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
45. Raz N, Gunning FM, Head D, Dupuis JH, McQuain J, Briggs SD, Loken WJ, Thornton AE, Acker JD: Selective aging of the human cerebral cortex observed in vivo: differential vulnerability of the prefrontal gray matter.
Cereb Cortex 1997, 7:268-282. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
46. Imran MB, Kawashima R, Awata S, Sato K, Kinomura S, Ono S, Yoshioka S, Sato M, Fukuda H: Parametric mapping of cerebral blood flow deficits in alzheimer’s disease: a SPECT study using HMPAO and image standardization technique.
J Nucl Med 1999, 40:244-249. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
47. Montero-Odasso M, Bergman H, Phillips NA, Wong CH, Sourial N, Chertkow H: Dual-tasking and gait in people with mild cognitive impairment. The effect of working memory.
BMC Geriatr 2009, 9:41. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
48. Richter MM, Herrmann MJ, Ehlis AC, Plichta MM, Fallgatter AJ: Brain activation in elderly people with and without dementia: influences of gender and medication.
World J Biol Psychiatry 2007, 8:23-29. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:13:26.000Z
|
heufvpy7kw6tl5s2q53uxdygjqkwqgu7
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69765",
"uncompressed_offset": 358694526,
"url": "www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/S1/S5",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/S1/S5"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
This article is part of the supplement: Disease surveillance, capacity building and implementation of the International Health Regulations [IHR(2005)]
Review
Strengthening public health surveillance and response using the health systems strengthening agenda in developing countries
Peter Nsubuga1*, Okey Nwanyanwu2, John N Nkengasong3, David Mukanga4 and Murray Trostle5
Author Affiliations
1 Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program and Systems (Africa) Branch, Division of Public Health Systems and Workforce Development, Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta GA, USA
2 Global AIDS Program, Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta GA, USA
3 International Laboratory Branch Global AIDS Program, Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta GA, USA
4 African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
5 Bureau for Global Health, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington DC, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Public Health 2010, 10(Suppl 1):S5 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-S1-S5
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/S1/S5
Published:3 December 2010
© 2010 Nsubuga et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
There is increased interest in strengthening health systems for developing countries. However, at present, there is common uncertainty about how to accomplish this task. Specifically, several nations are faced with an immense challenge of revamping an entire system. To accomplish this, it is essential to first identify the components of the system that require modification. The World Health Organization (WHO) has proposed health system building blocks, which are now widely recognized as essential components of health systems strengthening.
With increased travel and urbanization, the threat of emerging diseases of pandemic potential is increasing alongside endemic diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and hepatitis virus infections. At the same time, the epidemiologic patterns are shifting, giving rise to a concurrent increase in disease burden due to non-communicable diseases. These diseases can be addressed by public health surveillance and response systems that are operated by competent public health workers in core public health positions at national and sub-national levels with a focus on disease prevention.
We describe two ways that health ministries in developing countries could leverage President Obama’s Global Health Initiative (GHI) to build public health surveillance and response systems using proven models for public health systems strengthening and to create the public health workforce to operate those systems. We also offer suggestions for how health ministries could strengthen public health systems within the broad health systems strengthening agenda. Existing programs (e.g., the Global Vaccine Alliance [GAVI] and the Global Fund Against Tuberculosis, AIDS, and Malaria [GFTAM]) can also adapt their current health systems strengthening programs to build sustainable public health systems.
Background and context
Despite increased interest in strengthening health systems for developing countries, the current reality is that the health systems in most developing countries fall short of the requirements to implement the goals suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) International Health Regulations (IHR[2005]). One of the greatest obstacles that countries face is a clear understanding of the steps that are needed to strengthen a health system. To address this issue, the WHO has proposed health system building blocks which are now widely recognized as essential components of health systems strengthening [1]. These building blocks include service delivery, financing, governance, the health workforce, information systems, and supply management systems. The proposed building blocks address the full range of services required for an effective public health system and include both treatment-based and preventive strategies. The WHO has also recently launched an intervention to address the alarming shortage of health workers in developing countries, which includes curative and preventive public health staff [2].
The threats posed by emerging pandemic threats intensify the need to develop worldwide capacity for public health surveillance and response. With increased travel and urbanization, the threat of emerging diseases of pandemic potential is increasing. Against a backdrop of endemic diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and hepatitis virus infections, epidemiologic patterns are shifting, giving rise to significant increases in disease burden due to of non-communicable diseases. Good international public health surveillance and response, which is the basis of the revised IHR, cannot exist sustainably without good domestic surveillance and response. Both IHR(2005) and domestic public health surveillance and response require public health systems that are operated by competent public health workers in core public health positions at national and sub-national levels with a focus on disease prevention. However, when officials seek to address these public health issues, they are faced with several interrelated problems including human resource capacity, disease surveillance and reporting capacity, and response capacity. Clearly, an integrated and sustainable approach that enables the development of public health worker capacity will be critical to achieving public health surveillance and response systems that have a sustainable and adaptable capacity to address evolving public health needs.
An example of the urgent need to develop public health surveillance and response systems in developing countries is the 2009 influenza A H1N1, the first pandemic of the 21st century, which had a significantly greater impact among individuals with underlying diseases in the northern hemisphere [3], and had more severe effects in populations with large HIV and TB burdens in the southern hemisphere [4]. In what appears to be a reversal of the usual picture that is observed with emerging infectious diseases, influenza A H1N1 was exported from developed nations with adequate public health surveillance and response systems to developing nations with inadequate public health surveillance and response systems [5], and could have had devastating effects.
We describe two ways that health ministries in developing countries could leverage U.S. President Obama’s Global Health Initiative (GHI), to build public health systems using proven models for public health systems strengthening and create the public health workforce to operate those systems. Specifically, we discuss the successful Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP) and the Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (FELTP), and efforts to establish integrated disease surveillance and response within developing countries. We also offer suggestions for how health ministries could strengthen public health systems within the broad health systems strengthening agenda. Existing programs (e.g., the Global Vaccine Alliance [GAVI] and the Global Fund Against Tuberculosis, AIDS and Malaria [GFTAM]) can also adapt their current health systems strengthening programs to build sustainable public health systems.
The role of Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programs in public health systems strengthening
GHI will provide an opportunity for major investments in sustainable health systems strengthening and public health systems strengthening in developing countries. With an estimated USD 63 billion investment in global health, GHI will be the principal engine for global health development for the foreseeable future. The President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) reauthorization, which is part of GHI, includes the goal of pre-service training for 140,000 new health care workers within five years in the recipient countries [8]. We believe that these new health workers will need to respond by providing both treatment and preventive service, and that the number of public health workers needed to make a significant change in the operation of public health systems is substantially less than number of health care workers needed for curative health care services. While the focus of public health system strengthening has previously been aimed at treatment of disease, the advent of emerging pandemics necessitates incorporation of other specialties including epidemio-logic, laboratory and management expertise. In our experience, a successful way to strengthen public health surveillance and response systems is through Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programs (FETPs and FELTPs) or allied programs (e.g., Public Health Schools Without Walls) [9] and through competency-based short courses, mainly those in basic field epidemiology for frontline surveillance and response staff [10].
FETPs /FELTPs provide a critical component of the public health workforce that is needed to operate public health surveillance and response systems to implement the IHR(2005) [11]. FETPs/FELTPs are modeled on the successful Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) training that has been offered by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) since the 1950s. EIS has been responsible for developing U.S. public health surveillance and response systems at the federal and state level. FETPs/FELTPs are often started with donor funding (e.g., the U.S. Agency for International Development [USAID], the World Bank, and lately PEPFAR) and CDC technical assistance, and are designed to transition to host government funding. FETPs/FELTPs train public health personnel using a two-year long competency-based residency approach where trainees provide public health service to the ministry of health during their training. Many FETP/FELTP programs offer a masters degree or the equivalent at the end of the two-year postgraduate training. Graduates of the programs are able to operate national and sub-national public health surveillance and response systems, with growing responsibility as they gain experience. Increasingly FETPs/FELTPs are designed with a goal of contributing to the following critical outcomes within five to ten years after startup in the host country:
a) functional and robust public health surveillance systems, often beginning with notifiable disease surveillance systems and moving on to add non-communicable disease surveillance systems;
b) prompt and effective response to public health emergencies, including disease outbreaks and other acute public health events;
c) a culture of evidence-based decision making in public health whereby programmatic decisions are made on scientifically sound data;
d) a strengthened, motivated public health workforce comprising public health leaders (i.e., graduates of the two-year FETP/FELTP course) and frontline public health implementers (i.e., graduates of the in the short courses that are associated with the program); and
e) reduction in morbidity and mortality from priority diseases in the host country.
Although no precise studies have been done to establish a target for the public health workforce, for a basic multi-disease public health surveillance and response system to be operational in a developing country, certain core public health positions and structures are critically needed at the national and sub-national level. At the sub-national level, a province, or region, comprised of several districts is commonly the point of primary public health program implementation. We believe that a province or region should have at least three FETP/FELTP graduates to operate basic multi-disease public health surveillance and response systems: one to lead communicable and non-communicable disease surveillance; one to lead communicable and non-communicable disease control; and one to lead the public health laboratory network for the province. These graduates should be working together within a provincial disease surveillance and disease control unit reporting to the provincial medical director and with a complement of district-based frontline staff that are trained in basic field epidemiology and public health laboratory practice as they jointly operate public health systems within the province. Larger provinces may need to have more graduates to address specific diseases and graduates may even be deployed at the district level in smaller countries.
At the national level, a team of FETP/FELTP graduates working in a national multi-disease surveillance, disease control, and public health laboratory unit or department should be linked to the provincial disease surveillance, disease control, and public health laboratory units to form a robust national multi-disease surveillance and response network. More FETP/FELTP graduates may be needed for specific programmatic needs at the national level (e.g., to operate the HIV, TB or malaria programs). Some health ministries may need to train a cadre of public health managers and logisticians for the public health systems to operate efficiently. The multi-disease surveillance, disease control, and laboratory network positions at national and sub-national level would then form the core public health positions that are necessary for essential public health actions to occur within the country. The national and provincial multi-disease surveillance and disease control departments and units would form the network through which these essential public health functions would be conducted.
We believe that a country would have an adequate coverage of public health workers trained in the FETP or FELTP if there are three to five graduates per million inhabitants in the country, to reach adequate coverage an FETP or FELTP would need to be operating for more than 5-10 years.
FETPs/FELTPs have developed international and regional networks (e.g., Training in Public Health Interventions Network (TEPHINET, http://www.tephinet.org webcite) [12], and the African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET, http://www.afenet.net webcite) [13]), that are playing a major role in networking trainees and graduates for effective public health surveillance and response systems. AFENET, for example, is supporting graduates to implement various public health surveillance and response activities in the health ministries of member countries, and TEPHINET and AFENET trainees and graduates have participated in international outbreak investigation and management teams under the auspices of the WHO.
Many FETPs/FELTPs are currently operated by their host country nationals and have transitioned from direct donor funding. Examples of programs that have transitioned from donor funding in Africa include those in Zimbabwe and Uganda. Most programs have a steering committee that is led by the ministry of health and includes all important stakeholders (e.g., the host country university, donors, the WHO, etc.) The steering committee shepherds that vision of the program which includes career paths for the graduates, a plan for sustainability, and a plan for transitioning from donor funding. Many programs are led by graduates of the initial cohorts of trainees, including those in Brazil, Thailand, and Kenya.
Building effective and adaptable frameworks for integrated disease surveillance and response in resource-constrained countries
Several programs aim to improve public health surveillance and response in developing countries by addressing specific disease control needs (e.g., vaccine preventable disease surveillance and response or HIV/AIDS), often in line with donor perspectives. There are also crosscutting initiatives aiming to improve the general public health surveillance and response system in a multi-disease manner. The WHO’s Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response Strategy (IDSR), which is being implemented in all 46 Member States of the WHO’s African Regional Office and in the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response Project in India, are examples of general crosscutting public health and response improvement programs that have originated in developing countries. With sustained support from USAID and other donors from 1998 to date, IDSR has been successful because in addition to being a threshold-based surveillance strategy that focuses on public health response at the district or equivalent level, its implementation has gone through a process which allows all stakeholders to achieve a shared vision of what good multi-disease public health surveillance and response can look like in their country. Th]e IDSR process starts with a baseline in-depth assessment and analysis of gaps, and then development of prioritized plans of action, which are implemented by the various stakeholders in a coordinated manner and are monitored, evaluated, and improved [14,15]. Currently, IDSR is the platform on which IHR implementation in Africa will be built and it is moving to address non-communicable diseases.
PEPFAR has supported initiatives to strengthen public health laboratory systems to address multiple diseases in resource-constrained settings by leveraging and integrating all the support for laboratory services, after the development of national laboratory strategic plans [16,17]. The strategic plans include consideration for policy, legal, and regulatory frameworks, the administrative and technical management structure of the laboratories, human resources and retention strategies, laboratory quality management systems, monitoring and evaluation systems, procurement and maintenance of equipment, and laboratory infrastructure enhancement. Several countries have developed or are in the process of developing their laboratory plans, and others, such as Ethiopia, have implemented and evaluated their plans [17][20].
We propose that health ministries in developing countries adopt the following suggestions as they grapple with the challenges of strengthening public health systems within the broader challenge of health systems strengthening:
1) Devote at least as much attention to public health as is given to treatment-focused health efforts in all aspects of health systems strengthening in order to lay adequate emphasis on public health systems strengthening within broader health systems strengthening.
2) Leverage GHI and other multilateral and bilateral funding to ensure that some of those resources are used to develop sustainable public health systems, with a focus on developing and retaining the public health workforce in core public health positions at national and sub-national level to operate the strengthened systems.
3) Adapt existing public health system frameworks (e.g., IDSR), including the processes that lead to a shared vision, a common strategic plan, and a common set of indicators to other priority public health conditions (e.g., maternal and child health, non-communicable diseases, and environmental hazards).
4) Support the ongoing process of strengthening public health laboratory services using a multi-disease approach through one national strategic plan and coordinated and leveraged investments.
5) Implement training programs for public health leaders and frontline public health workers within the country with a focus on critical outcomes that are measured and improved upon incrementally.
6) Leverage existing funding mechanisms like GAVI and GFATM to develop sustainable public health systems which are operated by competently training public health workers.
Using approaches such as these will ensure that the current interest in health systems strengthening is translated into sustainable public health strengthening along with curative health system strengthening which is the main focus of current efforts. Preventive or public health system strengthening will be critical to address the myriad of health challenges that are faced by developing countries including IHR and the Millennium Development Goals, particularly those that address public health issues.
Summary and conclusion
Developing countries need a public health workforce to operate public health surveillance and response systems, good domestic public health surveillance and response is necessary for implementation of IHR(2005). FETPs and FELTPs provide a proven strategy to develop a locally-trained public health workforce for public health surveillance and response, and IDSR provides a strategy that can be used to develop a basic multi-disease surveillance and response system that can be operated by FETP and FELTP graduates. We strongly suggest that development partners should support developing countries to try both these strategies as one way to ensure implementation of IHR as well as domestic surveillance and response priorities.
Abbreviations
AFENET: African Field Epidemiology Network; FELTP: Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program; FETP: Field Epidemiology Training Program; GAVI: Global Vaccine Alliance; GFTAM: Global Fund Against Tuberculosis, AIDS and Malaria; GHI: Global Health Initiative; HIV: Human immunodefciency virus; IDSR: Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response Strategy; IHR: International Health Regulations; PEPFAR: President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief; TB: Tuberculosis; TEPHINET: Training in Public Health Interventions Network; USAID: United States Agency for International Development; WHO: World Health Organization.
Competing interests
No competing interests
Authors’ contributions
All the authors participated in conceiving the idea for the paper and helped with writing sections of the paper. All authors reviewed and agreed with the contents of the paper. Peter Nsubuga is the corresponding author.
Acknowledgements
This article has been published as part of BMC Public Health Volume 10 Supplement 1, 2010: Disease surveillance, capacity building and implementation of the International Health Regulations [IHR(2005)]. The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10?issue=S1.
References
1. World Health Organization: Everybody’s business: strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes: WHO’s framework for action. [http://www.who.int/healthsystems/strategy/everybodys_business.pdf.] webcite
2007.
2. Omaswa F: Human resources for health: the time for action is new.
Lancet 2008, 371(9613):625-626. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. A Peiris JS, Tu WW, Yen HL: A novel H1N1 virus causes the first pandemic of the 21st century.
Eur J Immunol 2009, 39:2946-2954. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
4. Archer BN, Cohen C, Naidoo D, et al.: Interim report on pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infections in South Africa, April to October 2009: Epidemiology and factors associated with fatal cases.
Eurosurveillance 2009., 14(42): PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
5. Tabu C, Sharif S, Okoth , et al.: Introduction and Transmission of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus --- Kenya, June-July 2009.
CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly 2009, 58(41):1143-1146.
6. U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief: Reauthorizing PEPFAR [http://www.pepfar.gov/press/107735.htm] webcite
7. U.S. President’s Global Health Initiative [http:/ / www.whitehouse.gov/ the_ press_office/ Statement-by-the-President-on-Globa l-Health-Initiative] webcite
8. U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, Human Resources for Health (HRH) [http://www.pepfar.gov/strategy/ghi/134855.htm] webcite
9. White ME, McDonnell SM, Werker DH, Cardenas VM, Thacker ST: Partnerships in international applied epidemiology training and service 1975-2001.
Am J Epidemiol 2001, 154:993-999. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
10. López A, Cáceres VM: Central America Field Epidemiology Training Program (CA FETP): a pathway to sustainable public health capacity development.
Hum Resour Health 2008, 16:6-27.
11. Nsubuga P, White M, Fontaine R, Simone P: Training programmes for field epidemiology.
Lancet 2008, 371(9613):630-631. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
12. Training in Public Health Interventions Network [http://www.tephinet.org] webcite
13. African Field Epidemiology Network [http://www.afenet.net] webcite
14. World Health Organization: An integrated approach to communicable disease surveillance.
Weekly Epidemiological Record 2000, 75(1):1-7. PubMed Abstract
15. Perry HN, McDonnell SM, Alemu W, Nsubuga P, Chungong S, Otten MW Jr, Lusamba-Dikassa PS, Thacker SB: Planning an integrated disease surveillance and response system: a matrix of skills and activities.
BMC Med 2007, 15:5-24.
16. Nkengasong JN, Mesele T, Orlof S, Kebede Y, Fonjungo PN, Timperi R, Birx D: Critical role of developing national strategic plans as a guide to strengthen laboratory health systems in resource-poor settings.
Am J Clin Pathol. 2009, 131(6):852-857. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
17. Nkengasong JN: Strengthening laboratory services and systems in resource-poor countries.
Am J Clin Pathol. 2009, 131(6):774. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:09:41.000Z
|
kp6xzhwqz3x6t63zbvcdlvjeiddux5ej
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69766",
"uncompressed_offset": 359945066,
"url": "www.bizsugar.com/user/submitted/HBCinc",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.bizsugar.com/user/submitted/HBCinc"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
HBCinc submitted the following stories to BizSugar
A big part of throwing a party is the decorations. These items can range from furnishings and decor to table settings and party favors.
Follow these steps on how to start your own party decorating business, including opening a party supply store and finding customers... Read More
Mattresses need cleaning for lots of reasons, and there is a long list of potential customers. Here are the steps to starting your own mattress cleaning business, including getting equipment, finding customers and turn-key business opportunities... Read More
For many new small business owners, the thought of going out and trying to find customers can seem overwhelming – not to mention not much fun.
Ideally, you want your marketing efforts to “enjoyable” because you’ve gone into business for yourself to do stuff you like, right? Here's an easy way to Read More
Finding customers online can be challenging for small business owners. Even if you have a great website, you need to get customers to visit it. Online marketing not only is tricky, it takes time.
A good marketing message can spread through social media fast – and even better, it’s free! Here are Read More
Home Business Ideas for Beginners
Posted by HBCinc under Startups
From http://thenewbusinessidea.com 32 days ago
Made Hot by: logistico on April 18, 2013 7:57 am
Do you have a hobby that you really enjoy – like cooking or crafts? Why not take your hobby, share it with others and make money in the process? You can do this with a simple blog, and you don’t have to be an expert to be successful. Here's how it works and how to make money... Read More
Most entrepreneurs are continually looking for ways to save money, and this also applies to business insurance. If you run a business from home, don't assume that your homeowner's policy has you covered. Find out exactly what you need to do - and 6 ways to lower your insurance costs. Read More
If you are interested in the income potential that real estate investing offers but are concerned with the current state of the real estate market – have you thought of self storage units?
This area of real estate is commonly overlooked, yet it offers just as much profit potential and multiple b Read More
Would you like to have your own online store business?
The idea of being our own boss and running a successful business from home sounds great, but the thought of making it all happen can be overwhelming.
The fact is that it has become extremely simple and affordable to do – even us little g Read More
Crafting soap can be fun, and you can actually use it when you're finished making it - but what does it take to turn this hobby into a profitable business? It is surprisingly easier than most people think. Here's how... Read More
The opportunities in the landscaping industry go far beyond designing landscapes.
Today, there are lots of niche markets where you can make money, like vertical gardening or backyard putting areas for golf enthusiasts. You also have the option to start a service-based business, sell retail prod Read More
Subscribe
Gary Shouldis @3BugMedia Follows Higher Calling
Though he had always had a a strong interest in entrepreneurship, it was a desire to be there for his wife and children … More
Editor's Picks
Shazam! Meet Contributor of the Week Paul Cox...Congrats, Paul!
Got small business blog posts? Register and submit them today!
See if you're one of our Top 10 Members this week!
Add BizSugar buttons and plugins to your small biz toolkit!
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:10:23.000Z
|
3v2gpu3pw72e3jyzji3kiwucxzhb3xy3
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69772",
"uncompressed_offset": 415011527,
"url": "www.creativeapplications.net/linux/instaprint-by-breakfast-nyc-physical-instagrams-prints-for-your-home/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.creativeapplications.net/linux/instaprint-by-breakfast-nyc-physical-instagrams-prints-for-your-home/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Instead of AdBlock, enjoy ad-free CAN by becoming a member. Everybody wins!
Instaprint by Breakfast NYC – Physical Instagram prints for your home
Few days ago BREAKFAST launched Instaprint on Kickstarter. Instaprint is a location-based photo booth that turns Instagrams into physical prints. Set the device to listen for a specific hashtag and/or location and watch as it prints out all Instagrams with those tags, comments and all.
Breakfast released a few prototypes of Instaprint last year and they have since been rented for use at various large-scale events – from store openings to product launches, even finding their way to The Grammys and Lady Gaga concerts at Madison Square Garden. Now Breakfast wants to create a consumer version of Instaprint that can be used anywhere: weddings, bars, restaurants, retail stores, large and small events, offices, and even just to have on your wall at home.
The Instaprint box has a small linux computer onboard and it hooks up to the internet wirelessly via your home or office wifi. From there it talks to their cloud servers that stores all the users accounts and pictures. On their site the owner of an Instaprint will be able to setup what Instagram pictures they want to print. The’ll be able to do things like print one-off photos and also subscribe to realtime push updates from Instagram. What this means is that a user can setup their Instaprint to print any picture that matches a specific filter criteria, such as a search keyword, a hashtag, a foursquare location or user profile. For example, you can setup your Instaprint at home to print any photos that are taken with the user account “breakfastny” and has the hashtag “#instaprint”. And because Instaprint is always online – listening to our servers, we can push the pictures to your printer the second they are taken, from anywhere in the world.
The funding raised on Kickstarter will allow BREAKFAST to refine the existing Instaprint prototype into a consumer-ready device. Supporters of the project can pre-order a Home Kit of one Instaprint for $399. For higher volume printing, multiple Instaprints can be daisy-chained together. Kits with two, three and four Instaprints are available for $749, $1049 and $1,449, respectively. For anyone that contributes without pre-ordering a device, collages of Instaprint prints are also available as a reward. If the Kickstarter project is successfully funded, the Instaprint kits will ship in early Fall 2012.
To fund the project visit it on Kickstarter.
For more information on Instaprint visit Instaprint.me or breakfastny.com.
Photo above Scott Beale / Laughing Squid
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:48:20.000Z
|
t2btclptyu4ajomi5h6ghd2axqgh44u7
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69778",
"uncompressed_offset": 448986702,
"url": "www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/comparison-of-international-greenhouse-gas-emission-standards-for-new-passenger-cars",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/comparison-of-international-greenhouse-gas-emission-standards-for-new-passenger-cars"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Personal tools
Sign up now!
Get notifications on new reports and products. Currently we have 55615 subscribers. Frequency: 3-4 emails / month.
Follow us
Twitter
Facebook
YouTube channel
RSS Feeds
Notifications archive
Write to us
For the public:
For media and journalists:
Contact EEA staff
Contact the web team
FAQ
Call us
Reception:
Phone: (+45) 33 36 71 00
Fax: (+45) 33 36 71 99
next
previous
items
Skip to content. | Skip to navigation
Sound and independent information
on the environment
You are here: Home / Data and maps / Maps and graphs / Comparison of international greenhouse gas emission standards for new passenger cars
Comparison of international greenhouse gas emission standards for new passenger cars
Created : Nov 12, 2009 Published : Jan 01, 2002 Last modified : Nov 29, 2012 11:39 AM
Topics: ,
The figure shows the emission standards or agreements for different regions
Download
European data
Metadata
Additional information
All standards have been converted to the European drive-cycle for comparison. The 2012 figure for the EU assumes that the 120 g/km aim is adhered to. NB: Dotted lines denote proposed standards. Standards are not always directly comparable since different countries use different test cycles and measures (e.g. the EU uses grams of CO2/km, whereas the USA sets standards in terms of miles per gallon). In this graph all standards are converted to grams of CO2/km, according to the new European drive cycle (NEDC).
Geographical coverage note: USA, California, Canada, EU, Japan, Australia, China
Filed under: ,
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:11:45.000Z
|
t2zz5efmetqirle2joscsclragx5b4u4
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69779",
"uncompressed_offset": 449016624,
"url": "www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/vulnerable-people-2014-the-elderly/sendto_form",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/vulnerable-people-2014-the-elderly/sendto_form"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Personal tools
Sign up now!
Get notifications on new reports and products. Currently we have 55594 subscribers. Frequency: 3-4 emails / month.
Follow us
Twitter
Facebook
YouTube channel
RSS Feeds
Notifications archive
Write to us
For the public:
For media and journalists:
Contact EEA staff
Contact the web team
FAQ
Call us
Reception:
Phone: (+45) 33 36 71 00
Fax: (+45) 33 36 71 99
next
previous
items
Skip to content. | Skip to navigation
Sound and independent information
on the environment
You are here: Home / Data and maps / Maps and graphs / Vulnerable people — the elderly are considered to be a group more sensitive to various climatic stress factors than people of a working age
Send this page to someone
Fill in the email address of your friend, and we will send an email that contains a link to this page.
Address info
(Required)
The e-mail address to send this link to.
(Required)
Your email address.
A comment about this link.
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T10:00:05.000Z
|
efzu3apb5obipxrcabrb6kr6iug437y7
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69780",
"uncompressed_offset": 449035425,
"url": "www.eea.europa.eu/soer/europe/urban-environment/key-messages/urban-environment-2014-message-5/sendto_form",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/europe/urban-environment/key-messages/urban-environment-2014-message-5/sendto_form"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Personal tools
Sign up now!
Get notifications on new reports and products. Currently we have 55621 subscribers. Frequency: 3-4 emails / month.
Follow us
Twitter
Facebook
YouTube channel
RSS Feeds
Notifications archive
Write to us
For the public:
For media and journalists:
Contact EEA staff
Contact the web team
FAQ
Call us
Reception:
Phone: (+45) 33 36 71 00
Fax: (+45) 33 36 71 99
next
previous
items
Skip to content. | Skip to navigation
Sound and independent information
on the environment
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:39:01.000Z
|
7jve6psuzxwut4bg43bf7ttw5kafliri
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69784",
"uncompressed_offset": 463554669,
"url": "www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Idaho,_Marriage_Index_%28FamilySearch_Historical_Records%29",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Idaho,_Marriage_Index_(FamilySearch_Historical_Records)"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Idaho, Marriage Index (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
This article describes a collection of historical records available at FamilySearch.org.
Access the records: Idaho, Marriage Index, 1947-1961 .
Contents
Record Description
The collection consists of an index to marriages created by the Bureau of Vital Records and Health Statistics. Covering marriages filed between May 1, 1947 and December 31, 1961.
Citation for This Collection
The following citation refers to the original source of the information published in FamilySearch.org Historical Record collections. Sources include the author, custodian, publisher and archive for the original records.
"Idaho, Marriage Index, 1947-1961" Index. FamilySearch. http://FamilySearch.org : accessed 2013. Citing Bureau of Vital Records and Health Statistics, Boise.
Record Content
Genealogical facts found in the marriage index includes the following:
• Name
• Film number
• Image number
• Marriage date
• Marriage place
How to Use the Record
To begin your search it is helpful to know the following:
• The name of the person at the time of marriage
• The approximate marriage date and place
• The name of the intended spouse
Search the Collection
Fill in your ancestor’s name in the initial search page. This search will return a list of possible matches. Compare the information about the ancestors in the list to what you already know about your ancestors to determine if this is the correct family or person. You may need to compare the information about more than one person to find your ancestor.
For tips about searching on-line collections see the on-line video at FamilySearch Search Tips.
Using the Information
When you have located your ancestor’s record, carefully evaluate each piece of information given. The information may lead you to other records about your ancestors. The following examples show ways you can use the information:
• Use the certificate number to request a copy of the death certificate.
• Use the estimated age to calculate a birth date.
• Use the location find the family in census, church, and land records.
Tips to Keep in Mind
• Continue to search the index and records to identify children, siblings, parents, and other relatives who may have married in the same place or nearby.
• When looking for a person who had a common name, look at all the entries for the name before deciding which is correct.
• Be aware that, as with any index, transcription errors may occur.
Unable to Find Your Ancestor?
• Check for variant spellings of the names.
• Look for a different index. Local genealogical and historical societies often have indexes to local records.
Related Websites
Idaho Department of Health and Welfare
Related Wiki Articles
Idaho Vital Records
Contributions to This Article
We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. Guidelines are available to help you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide. If you would like to get more involved join the WikiProject FamilySearch Records.
Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections
When you copy information from a record, you should list where you found the information. This will help you or others to find the record again. It is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records.
A suggested format for keeping track of records that you have searched is found in the Wiki Article: How to Cite FamilySearch Collections.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 25 February 2013, at 18:54.
• This page has been accessed 447 times.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:46:14.000Z
|
eegfdurdshb4vemmwptdbpxvecgaqiw5
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69785",
"uncompressed_offset": 469168299,
"url": "www.fides.org/en/news/29314?idnews=29314&lan=eng",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.fides.org/en/news/29314?idnews=29314&lan=eng"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.fides.org
America
2011-06-21
AMERICA/MEXICO-"Even the children begin to take up arms" Mgr. Vera Lopez denounces the recruitment of minors on behalf of organized crime
Saltillo (Fides Service) - Between 14 and 15 000 members of the youth gangs of Saltillo are incorporated in organized crime and have become a serious threat to the population: the alarm has been launched by the Bishop of the Mexican diocese of Saltillo, Mgr. Raul Vera Lopez, in a meeting with the local press. The Bishop said that during the recent March for Peace (see Fides 05/07/2011) information and numbers were publicized: for example, about 70 000 young people are organized in gangs, "and 20 percent of the 70 000 gang members – he underlined- that is to say about 14/15 thousand young people, who are members of gangs in the state capital, have already been recruited by organized crime".
According to the Public Safety Commission of the Chamber of Deputies, at least 23 000 young people are recruited by criminal organizations throughout the country, as reported in the local press. "It is just like countries where there is militarization for a Civil War, brought to such an extent that even the children begin to take up arms" denounced Mgr. Vera Lopez, who has asked President Felipe Calderon to change strategy in the war lead against organized crime.
"During the March for Peace, before reaching Mexico City, on June 8, a person who works in the neighborhood of Saltillo with 70,000 children who are organized in gangs, reported that 20 percent of them have already been recruited by drug cartels. So – continued the bishop - that number of 23 000 young people recruited by organized crime in Mexico that the Chamber of Deputies is giving is seeing the world through rose-colored glasses" . Mgr. Vera has acknowledged the seriousness of the situation, together with the news of "child killers", now identified in some parts of the country. (EC) (Agenzia Fides 21/06/2011)
Share: Facebook Twitter Google Blogger Altri Social Network
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:35:16.000Z
|
w2e4ckz5plgavmu2r5zwhre7vs5zk5jb
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69786",
"uncompressed_offset": 469174392,
"url": "www.fides.org/en/news/32535?idnews=32535&lan=eng",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.fides.org/en/news/32535?idnews=32535&lan=eng"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.fides.org
Asia
2012-10-29
ASIA/CHINA - Conclusion of the "Month of the Holy Scriptures" in the Diocese of Wan Zhou: as a new baptism to walk the way of the Year of Faith
Wan Zhou (Agenzia Fides) - After celebrating the Month dedicated to the Sacred Scriptures, the faithful of the Diocese of Wan Zhou in the province of Si Chuan in Mainland China have become more aware of their responsibility to live the Word of God, and give glory to the Lord, of sanctifying themselves. These beliefs mainly matured in the 60 members of the "Group of intensive study" consisting of seminarians, women religious and some lay faithful, who from September 25 to October 25 gathered to study, reflect, share the Word of God at least 14 hours a day. As reported to Fides Agency by Faith of He Bei, priests are satisfied with the results of the various initiatives that were programmed and carried out in the diocese in this "Month of the Sacred Scripture," as it was considered as a new baptism for all, "to walk the way of the Year of Faith" proclaimed by Pope Benedict XVI. In the final feast of the Month, the Bishop Ordinary, His Exc. Mgr. He Zeqing awarded the Diploma of the Bible and the missionary Mandate to the 60 members of the group. In addition, the Bishop praised the representation set up on the biblical theme, and suggested to prepare one for the Christmas celebrations of the Year of Faith.
The Diocese of Wanxian, which was part of Sichuan province before the erection of the Chongqing Municipality in 1997, lies in the district of Wanzhou and covers eight counties, in a mostly mountainous area. The Diocese currently has more than 60,000 Catholics and 11 young priests who, together with the Bishop Mgr. He Zeqing, who has just started his ministry as the successor of Mgr. Xu, and 16 women religious of the Congregation of the Holy Family, work actively in the pastoral care and evangelization. (NZ) (Agenzia Fides 29/10/2012)
Share: Facebook Twitter Google Blogger Altri Social Network
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:45:56.000Z
|
dsuzlyvtjej52mzyarhf3ox4lnaumbx7
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69787",
"uncompressed_offset": 469180657,
"url": "www.fides.org/en/news/32844-ASIA_IRAQ_Father_Dall_Oglio_welcomed_in_the_monastic_community_which_began_in_Sulaymanya_in_Iraqi_Kurdistan",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.fides.org/en/news/32844-ASIA_IRAQ_Father_Dall_Oglio_welcomed_in_the_monastic_community_which_began_in_Sulaymanya_in_Iraqi_Kurdistan"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.fides.org
Asia
2012-12-10
ASIA/IRAQ - Father Dall'Oglio welcomed in the monastic community which began in Sulaymanya, in Iraqi Kurdistan
Sulaymanya (Agenzia Fides) - Father Paolo Dall'Oglio SJ, founder of the monastic community of Deir Mar Musa, after his expulsion from Syria was welcomed into the newly founded monastery of Deir Maryam el Adhra, which began a few months ago in Sulaymanya in Kurdistan Iraq. The Chaldean Archbishop of Kirkuk, His Exc. Mgr. Louis Sako, gave his consent to the entrance of the Jesuit scholar of Islam in the monastic community that found hospitality in a church in the second half of the nineteenth century, dedicated to the Virgin Mary and located in Sabunkaran historic district, the district of the "soap workers."
Father Dall'Oglio, after having publicly called for the end of the Assad regime, had left Syria - where he lived for over thirty years - in June, in obedience to the ecclesiastical authorities of the Country. On 20 September, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Damascus government had accused the Jesuit of conniving with terrorist groups, "al-Queda included." "Together with the brothers of the monastery of Deir Maryam" says the Jesuit to Fides Agency "I will pray for peace in Syria, in the hope and expectation to be able to come back."
The new monastic community settled in Sulaymanya constitutes a subsidiary of the Syrian monastery of Deir Mar Musa. In a report sent to Fides Agency, the monks confirm that Father Paolo "shall now be attached to this community," and talk about the context and the first steps of their new experience. They express gratitude for the invitation to found a community in the Eparchy of Kirkuk addressed to them by Archbishop Sako, a representative of the Chaldean Church "which, having never been a State Church, carries a rich memory of interaction with Islam and openness towards the East, from Iran to China."
Sulaymanya is described as a "Muslim Kurdish city, where a Christian community lives made of two groups: the Christians whose origins go back in time to the more or less distant mountain districts of the North (who speak Chaldean and a fluent Arabic and Kurdish) and those who fled Baghdad, Mosul and other cities in the South in recent years (and speak Arabic as their first language). " The monks of Sulaymanya give an account of the fact that the new generations will probably speak more and more Kurdish, "through social mixing, schools and the national dynamics of this region."
The monks’ letter recognizes that "it is too early to define the identity of this monastery ... May it be what the Spirit inspires to make of it for the neighbors, the inhabitants, the monks and nuns, the visitors and the Muslims who sometimes come for a prayer in front of Mary’s grotto." On 23 November, Archbishop Sako ordained father Jens, a member of the monastic community, who has become since then Abuna Yohanna. (GV) (Agenzia Fides 10/12/2012).
Share: Facebook Twitter Google Blogger Altri Social Network
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:37:33.000Z
|
flhrjwlwpozz6lpna2krjnipuysqzikq
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69792",
"uncompressed_offset": 485154446,
"url": "www.ga.gov.au/mapspecs/topographic/v5/appendixU_files/hab_racecourse_ex3.html",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.ga.gov.au/mapspecs/topographic/v5/appendixU_files/hab_racecourse_ex3.html"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Updated: 1 December 2007
2.1.8 Race Courses
2.1.8.3 Example 3
Location of Example: 152°21'17" East, 24°53'23" South
Distinctive Characteristics:
• Race Courses generally have a distinctive circular signature as well as associated infrastructure; Buildings and Yards.
• Race Courses normally have an associated smaller internal or adjacent track for horse training purposes.
• The Orthophotography shows how the Race Course track has been irrigated causing a contrast in relation to the surrounding dry ground.
Regional Considerations:
• Race Courses are typically found on the outer edge of Built Up Areas.
Figure: 2.1.8.3 Representation of a Race Course in association with surrounding features.
Unless otherwise noted, all Geoscience Australia material on this website is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:13:56.000Z
|
fgecph7w2j5bufj7kwpmaobbcqfkr77g
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69804",
"uncompressed_offset": 542185511,
"url": "www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/diffselect.cgi",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/diffselect.cgi?1002137"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Bibliography: The Pregnant Sky
You are not logged in. If you create a free account and sign in, you will be able to customize what is displayed.
Title: The Pregnant Sky
Author: Andrew Hook
Year: 2005
Type: SHORTFICTION
Select 2 publications to diff:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:28:37.000Z
|
r5kf32rok7mr7rptbu6s7fgwwlpg4a3u
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69805",
"uncompressed_offset": 542188672,
"url": "www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pl.cgi",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pl.cgi?20975"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Publication Listing
You are not logged in. If you create a free account and sign in, you will be able to customize what is displayed.
• Title: Lyonesse III: Madouc
• Authors: Jack Vance
• Year: 1990-08-09
• ISBN-10: 0-246-13396-1
• ISBN-13: 978-0-246-13396-0
• Publisher: Grafton
• Price: £12.95
• Pages: [vii]+358
• Binding: hc
• Type: NOVEL
• Title Reference: Lyonesse: Madouc
• Cover: Mike Van Houten
• ISFDB Record Number: 20975
• Notes:
Date from review slip laid in verifier copy.
Cover artist credited on rear jacket flap.
OCLC 154063012.
• Bibliographic Comments: Add new Publication comment (LYNSSMDC1990)
Cover art supplied by Amazon
Contents (view Concise Listing)
Verification Status
Reference Status
Primary Verified by Biomassbob on 2012-07-20 08:47:52
Clute/Nicholls Not Verified
Clute/Grant Not Verified
Contento1 (anth/coll) Marked N/A by Bluesman on 2010-07-29 19:22:46
Locus1 Verified by Bluesman on 2010-07-29 19:22:46
Reginald1 Marked N/A by Bluesman on 2010-07-29 19:22:46
Reginald3 Not Verified
Tuck Marked N/A by Bluesman on 2010-07-29 19:22:46
Miller/Contento Marked N/A by Bluesman on 2010-07-29 19:22:46
Bleiler1 (Gernsback) Marked N/A by Bluesman on 2010-07-29 19:22:46
Currey Marked N/A by Bluesman on 2010-07-29 19:22:46
Primary (Transient) Not Verified
Bleiler78 Marked N/A by Bluesman on 2010-07-29 19:22:46
OCLC/Worldcat Verified by Bluesman on 2010-07-29 19:22:46
Primary2 Not Verified
Primary3 Not Verified
Primary4 Not Verified
Primary5 Not Verified
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:48:55.000Z
|
s5pyvw6pslb425jf6nppgydt4cgzugdk
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69806",
"uncompressed_offset": 542196480,
"url": "www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?186590"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Bibliography: Evolution's Shore
You are not logged in. If you create a free account and sign in, you will be able to customize what is displayed.
Title: Evolution's Shore
Author: Ian McDonald
Year: 1995
Variant Title of: Chaga (by Ian McDonald ) [may list more publications, awards and reviews]
Type: NOVEL
Series: Chaga
ISFDB Record Number: 186590
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: first contact (1), bsfa award for best novel finalist (1)
Publications:
Reviews:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:47:56.000Z
|
yyp5emrt7t5ya6ecqmvnw7i445nmq2pn
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69820",
"uncompressed_offset": 594754376,
"url": "www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/13/6/7445",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/13/6/7445"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(6), 7445-7465; doi:10.3390/ijms13067445
Article
Identification of Intensity Ratio Break Points from Photon Arrival Trajectories in Ratiometric Single Molecule Spectroscopy
1 Department of Chemistry, Williams College, 47 Lab Campus Drive, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA 2 San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland, CA 94621, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 19 April 2012; in revised form: 7 June 2012 / Accepted: 12 June 2012 / Published: 18 June 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Single Molecule Spectroscopy)
Download PDF Full-Text [636 KB, uploaded 18 June 2012 08:39 CEST]
Abstract: We describe a statistical method to analyze dual-channel photon arrival trajectories from single molecule spectroscopy model-free to identify break points in the intensity ratio. Photons are binned with a short bin size to calculate the logarithm of the intensity ratio for each bin. Stochastic photon counting noise leads to a near-normal distribution of this logarithm and the standard student t-test is used to find statistically significant changes in this quantity. In stochastic simulations we determine the significance threshold for the t-test’s p-value at a given level of confidence.We test the method’s sensitivity and accuracy indicating that the analysis reliably locates break points with significant changes in the intensity ratio with little or no error in realistic trajectories with large numbers of small change points, while still identifying a large fraction of the frequent break points with small intensity changes. Based on these results we present an approach to estimate confidence intervals for the identified break point locations and recommend a bin size to choose for the analysis. The method proves powerful and reliable in the analysis of simulated and actual data of single molecule reorientation in a glassy matrix.
Keywords: single molecule spectroscopy; ratiometric detection; statistical analysis; glass dynamics
Article Statistics
Click here to load and display the download statistics.
Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Bingemann, D.; Allen, R.M. Identification of Intensity Ratio Break Points from Photon Arrival Trajectories in Ratiometric Single Molecule Spectroscopy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 7445-7465.
AMA Style
Bingemann D, Allen RM. Identification of Intensity Ratio Break Points from Photon Arrival Trajectories in Ratiometric Single Molecule Spectroscopy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(6):7445-7465.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Bingemann, Dieter; Allen, Rachel M. 2012. "Identification of Intensity Ratio Break Points from Photon Arrival Trajectories in Ratiometric Single Molecule Spectroscopy." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13, no. 6: 7445-7465.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. EISSN 1422-0067 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:39:30.000Z
|
lv6ppt2qallm3dsgixjtsovtlxhpnjrm
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69821",
"uncompressed_offset": 594798728,
"url": "www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/3/4/2088",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/3/4/2088"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Polymers 2011, 3(4), 2088-2106; doi:10.3390/polym3042088
Article
Effects of D-Lysine Substitutions on the Activity and Selectivity of Antimicrobial Peptide CM15
Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 7 October 2011; in revised form: 9 November 2011 / Accepted: 28 November 2011 / Published: 6 December 2011
Download PDF Full-Text [559 KB, uploaded 6 December 2011 08:53 CET]
Abstract: Despite their potent antimicrobial activity, the usefulness of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as antibiotics has been limited by their toxicity to eukaryotic cells and a lack of stability in vivo. In the present study we examined the effects of introducing D-lysine residues into a 15-residue hybrid AMP containing residues 1–7 of cecropin A and residues 2–9 of melittin (designated CM15). Diastereomeric analogs of CM15 containing between two and five D-lysine substitutions were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity, lysis of human erythrocytes, toxicity to murine macrophages, ability to disrupt cell membranes, and protease stability. All of the analogs caused rapid permeabilization of the Staphylococcus aureus cell envelope, as indicated by uptake of SYTOX green. Permeabilization of the plasma membrane of RAW264.7 macrophages was also observed for CM15, but this was substantially diminished for the D-lysine containing analogs. The introduction of D-lysine caused moderate decreases in antimicrobial activity for all analogs studied, with a much more pronounced reduction in toxicity to eukaryotic cells, leading to marked improvements in antimicrobial efficacy. Circular dichroism studies indicated a progressive loss of helical secondary structure upon introduction of D-lysine residues, with a good correspondence between helical content and eukaryotic cell cytotoxicity. Overall, these studies indicate that disruption of amphipathic secondary structure reduces both antimicrobial activity and eukaryotic cell toxicity, but that the reduction in eukaryotic cell cytotoxicity is more pronounced, leading to an overall gain in antimicrobial selectivity.
Keywords: antimicrobial peptides; diastereomers; cecropin; melittin
Article Statistics
Click here to load and display the download statistics.
Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Kaminski, H.M.; Feix, J.B. Effects of D-Lysine Substitutions on the Activity and Selectivity of Antimicrobial Peptide CM15 . Polymers 2011, 3, 2088-2106.
AMA Style
Kaminski HM, Feix JB. Effects of D-Lysine Substitutions on the Activity and Selectivity of Antimicrobial Peptide CM15 . Polymers. 2011; 3(4):2088-2106.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Kaminski, Heather M.; Feix, Jimmy B. 2011. "Effects of D-Lysine Substitutions on the Activity and Selectivity of Antimicrobial Peptide CM15 ." Polymers 3, no. 4: 2088-2106.
Polymers EISSN 2073-4360 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:10:39.000Z
|
nehpqahh42lzrln6kk7n2ujhzjnpbzov
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69844",
"uncompressed_offset": 722364572,
"url": "www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Department_of_Defense",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Department_of_Defense"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
U.S. Department of Defense
From SourceWatch
(Redirected from Department of Defense)
Jump to: navigation, search
The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is headquartered in the Pentagon building in Washington, DC.
Contents
Overview
The U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Marine Corps were established in 1775, concurring with the American Revolution. The U.S. Department of the Navy and U.S. Coast Guard were later founded in 1798. In 1947, Congress established a civilian, Cabinet level Secretary of Defense to oversee a newly created national military establishment, at which time the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Department of the Air Force were created. The War Department was then converted to the U.S. Department of the Army. The three branches (Army, Navy and Air Force) were placed under the direct control of the new Secretary of Defense. In 1949, an amendment withdrew the cabinet-level status for the three Service secretaries and further consolidated the national defense structure of what is now known as the DoD. In 2003, the U.S. Coast Guard became part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. [1]
DoD & Bioport Corporation
Regulations allowed the Department of Defense (DoD) to "provide extraordinary relief" to BioPort Corporation during late FY 1999, in spite of "significant risks." [2] Between 1998 and 2002, the DoD pumped over $130 million into the company, in hopes of stockpiling enough anthrax vaccines for all 2.4 million U.S. soldiers and reservists. The Pentagon continued paying BioPort even after the company repeated failed Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inspections and was prohibited from shipping any vaccine. [3]
Mandatory experimental vaccinations & related deaths
In 2003, six soldiers filed suit against the government for experimenting on them with the BioPort anthrax vaccine. According to the charges, the vaccine was considered experimental; therefore its mandatory administration was illegal. On Dec. 22, 2003, the US District Court for the District of Columbia ordered the military to stop experimenting on soldiers for dangerous anthrax vaccines. In 2003, army sergeant Rachel Lacey died of complications from the vaccine, according to an autopsy report from the Mayo Clinic. Despite strong evidence that the vaccine was causing pneumonia-like symptoms in military personnel, the Pentagon denied the possibility. Instead, they blamed cigarette smoking as the leading factor. The vaccination is a series of 6 shots over 18 months.
Staff Sgt. Neal B. Erickson Sr. didn't smoke, yet had pneumonia-like symptoms 10 days after his fourth anthrax shot. He required hospitalization 10 days after his next shot; where he tested negative for viruses. The Pentagon referred to the illnesses as a “mysterious pneumonia cluster”. According to Sgt Erickson, there were at least four other cases in his squadron, as well as another hospitalization. There were at least one hundred similar cases as well as multiple deaths; many of which were not investigated.
Thousands of Gulf War I veterans were poisoned by depleted uranium and the same BioPort vaccine under George H.W. Bush and later under Bill Clinton. In October of 2003, 80.3 million tax dollars were spent in ordering VaxGen Inc. to develop an experimental anthrax vaccine. An additional $71.3 million was contracted to Avecia for 3 million doses of a new anthrax vaccine. Within weeks of a court decision to cease mandatory vaccinations, the FDA approved BioPort's vaccine as "“safe and effective”. Judge Emmit Sullivan, who ruled that soldiers should not be used in experimental vaccination programs, issued a subsequent order allowing the Pentagon to resume mandatory vaccinations; a “temporary boost” for BioPort. Just days before his ruling, the Pentagon ordered a $29.7 million order of anthrax vaccine from BioPort, part of a $245.6 million contract, in anticipation of the reversal. [4]
DoD animal testing programs
DoD animal testing programs subject animals to irradiation, burnings, bombings, wounds and decompression sickness. [5] Every year, at least 320,000 primates, dogs, pigs, goats, sheep, rabbits, cats, and other animals are hurt and killed by the DoD. These experiments are considered to be the most painful and invasive conducted in the country. Also, since these figures do not take into account contractual research done at non-government facilities, the number of animals used is actually much higher. Armed forces facilities all over the U.S. test all manner of weaponry on animals; from Soviet AK-47 rifles to biological and chemical warfare agents to nuclear blasts. These experiments can be acutely painful, repetitive, costly and unreliable. Particularly so, because their effects can be or have been observed on humans and/or because results cannot be extrapolated to humans. The estimated cost for U.S. Military experiments on animals is over 100 million annually. [6] See also U.S. Government's War on Animals, section 5.
Congressional hearings on DoD experiments
During a U.S. House Armed Services Committee hearing on April 7, 1992, former military researchers, physicians, scientists and animal activists testified against waste, negligence and abuse. According to Rep. Ron Dellums:
"The committee has heard testimony that raises disturbing questions about the necessity, ethical propriety, oversight and quality of the military's experiments on animals".
The Committee implemented greater oversight, including annual reporting and an investigation by the General Accounting Office (GAO) to reduce animals and eliminate duplication. Since these measures, DoD animal testing has declined by 42% and the GAO has also investigated research programs. [7]
Military spending & funding
The U.S. is without question the most formidable military power in recent years. Its spending levels are the principle determinant of world military spending. Generally, US military spending has been on the rise for the last decade. Recent increases are attributed to the "War on Terror" as well as the the Afghanistan and Iraq invasions, but it was also rising prior to these events. According to Christopher Hellman, an expert on military budget analysis, military spending had been on the rise since 1998, if not earlier. [8], [9]
Over the last decade, U.S. defense spending has risen dramatically. With the inclusion of funding for Iraq, Afghanistan, and nuclear weapons activities, national defense budgets increased by 78%. In inflation-adjusted dollars, the budget increased from $387 billion in FY 2000 to $687 billion in FY 2009. The DoD's base budget, which excludes both war and nuclear weapons funding, has also grown steadily over the past decade. The budget increased from $370 billion in 2000 to $513 billion in 2009; a 39% increase or an average of 16 billion a year. Funding requests for Iraq and Afghanistan may have reached their peak in 2008. the projected total war war supplemental of $144 billion is 50 billion less than the 2008 total of 194 billion dollars. The Iraq and Afghanistan policies of the Obama Administration, which include removing troops from Iraq and adding troops to Afghanistan; should not restore these budgets to their 2008 peak amounts. [10]
Research & development programs
Congress agreed on $82.4 billion for DoD research and development programs for the fiscal year ending in 2009. This amount was an enormous increase of three billion or 3.8 percent; an all time high for DoD spending. The DoD's support of basic research would gain 12.9% or $210 million for an 1.8 billion dollar budget for 2009. [11]
USA global ranking of military spending
The USA is responsible for 41.5% of the world's military spending. It is distantly followed by the China, which accounts for 5.8%. France and the United Kingdom account for 4.5% and Russia accounts for 4 %. [12]
DoD agencies
Military Commands
DoD animal testing
Personnel
Contact
Web address: http://www.defenselink.mil/
Articles & sources
SourceWatch articles
References
1. Welcome to the Department of Defense, Department of Defense, accessed November 2009
2. Robert J. Lieberman, Assistant Inspector General for Auditing, DoD Statement before the Senate Committee on Armed Services on Defense Anthrax Vaccine Contracting, Senate.gov, July 12, 2000
3. Bill Hogan, A Biodefense Boondoggle, Mother Jones, January/February 2002
4. Michael Kane, Nico Haupt Vaccine Epidemic: A Tragic History of Lies, Fraud, and Death Remains the Standard, From the Wilderness, March 2004
5. Mark Hawthorn, Spoiler Alert: 10 Things Animal Exploiters Do Not Want You to Know, Oped News, pg 2, February 2008
6. The Military's War on Animals, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, accessed February 2009
7. Military Research Facts: Congressional Concern, In Defense of Animals, February 2009
8. Christopher Hellman, The Runaway Military Budget, Friends Committee on National Legislation, no. 705, p. 3, March 2006
9. Anup Shah World Military Spending: US Military Spending, Global Issues, September 2009
10. Travis Sharp Growth in U.S. Defense Spending Over the Last Decade, Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, February 2009
11. AAAS R&D Funding Update on R&D in FY 2009 DOD House-Senate Conference Appropriations, AAAS.org, October 2009
12. Anup Shah World Military Spending, Global Issues, September 2009
External articles
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation
How To
Other Info
Other Policies
Google AdSense
Toolbox
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:11:17.000Z
|
3fb2bzydkheqyixp3oxiiabh6mysgxh6
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69847",
"uncompressed_offset": 763932157,
"url": "www.theworldsbestever.com/category/science-2/page/4/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.theworldsbestever.com/category/science-2/page/4/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Morning Dose of Why the World Didn’t End Yesterday
Or tomorrow. NASA explains.
An Explanation of Gold Deposits
From the world’s new favorite professor.
Climate Change 101
With narration by Bill Nye
Morning Dose of a Daily Operation
A Spider web weaving timelapse
A Nintendo Power Glove and Red-Laced Stan Smiths
The NYPL opens up the Timothy Leary archives
131 Years of Global Warming in 26 Seconds
Whoops.
via, dangerousminds
Space Colonies
As concepted in the 1970s by the NASA Ames Research Center with artists Don Davis and Rick Guidice.
Learn more about space settlements here
Just Ask Kim K.
Recent Scientific Study: Female Porn stars have higher self esteem than other women
4º Celsius is a 7.2º Fahrenheit increase in Temperature
This global climate change report doesn’t bode too well for your grandchildren
Executive Functions
Brain scans of rappers freestyling sheds light on creativity
(thanks Analog Bass!)
The Science of ‘Morning Wood’
The More You Know
Anatomy of Preservation
So that’s what that job is like.
via, boingboing
The Amur Falcon Massacre
Each year over 15,000 of these raptor birds are poached during there migration through the Doyang reservoir in Wokha, Nagaland. Here’s that story.
via, arbroath
The First Hamburger in Space
Varnished.
[Read more]
Huh?
Scientist: Human intelligence ‘peaked thousands of years ago and we’ve been on an intellectual and emotional decline ever since’
It’s Global Warming, Stupid
Whoomp, there it is.
via, gawker
How to grow fresh air in your Home
With three common houseplants.
Watch The Shining, Burn Calories
Something you can do today while sitting on your couch.
gif from iwdrm
Rooted in Science and the Exploration of Space
Flawed Symmetry of Prediction by Jeff Frost
Page 4 of 11First...23456...10...Last Page »
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:47:31.000Z
|
iditdnz4h5hrxzfowarr5vbqcci6mj3f
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69856",
"uncompressed_offset": 835384248,
"url": "www.yam-mag.com/tag/toys-factory-jp/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:15.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:36d7928b-0e9d-4e94-a31c-86f7873e31f2>",
"warc_url": "http://www.yam-mag.com/tag/toys-factory-jp/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Items Tagged toys factory (jp)//
blog/Babymetal to the World!
posted Friday, January 18th, 2013
by | Comments (0)
Welcome to the mosh pit of chaos.
music videos/livetune featuring Megumi Nakajima – Transfer
posted Thursday, September 27th, 2012
by | Comments (1)
Livetune, the group behind one of the most famous vocaloids, has just released the music video for their newest single titled Transfer, which features voicing actress and singer Megumi Nakajima (中島愛).
music videos/Babymetal – Headbangeeeeerrrrr!!!!!
posted Saturday, June 23rd, 2012
by | Comments (2)
Okay. I’m stuck with Babymetal.
music videos/Babymetal – Iine! Live in Tokyo 2012
posted Friday, April 27th, 2012
by | Comments (2)
BABYMETAL is formed by Su-METAL (Vocal, Dance), YuiMETAL (Scream, Dance), MoaMETAL (Scream, Dance), who were put together in the theme of Kawaii METAL… in a mix of Jpop idol and Heavy Metal.
music videos/Aobozu – Hotaru
posted Wednesday, April 18th, 2012
by | Comments (0)
Japanese rock band Aobozu (藍坊主) has released their latest single to promote their latest album, NOKUTIRUKA (ノクティルカ), to be released in Japan on April 18th.
music videos/Salyu – Tadano Tomodachi Live
posted Wednesday, February 1st, 2012
by | Comments (0)
Salyu releases the live version of Tadano Tomodachi (ただのともだち), included in her latest Live DVD, s(o)un(d) beams+.
music videos/Salyu – Slave
posted Wednesday, January 18th, 2012
by | Comments (1)
If you really REALLY love and respect music, you at least need to be aware of Salyu’s voice.
music videos/Salyu – muse’ic MV + App
posted Wednesday, April 27th, 2011
by | Comments (0)
The latest single for Salyu’s experimental album with Cornelius, s(o)un(d)beams, is titled muse’ic and comes with an application that will let you use your camera phone as it creates visual images to go with the music.
music videos/The Fevers – Ben’s Ninth
posted Tuesday, April 26th, 2011
by | Comments (0)
The Fevers is made up of pop duo Yuzu, Yujin Kitagawa and Koji Iwasawa. With Japanese rock band Triceratops, its debut single Ben’s Ninth — or Daiku no BEN-san (第九のベンさん) — has been released, obviously taking a bit of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony.
music videos/Salyu – Sailing Days
posted Wednesday, April 13th, 2011
by | Comments (0)
There’s a brand new cut from Salyu’s experimental album s(o)un(d)beams, which HMV has already shipped, I’m really excited to say. This time around it’s Sailing Days, written by Tavito Nanao and composed by Cornelius (Keigo Oyamada).
UPCOMING EVENTS//
EVENTS//
ADS//
POLLS//
Who is your reigning Queen or Princess of Pop? [choose up to 5]
Total Voters: 252
Loading ...
Tweets//
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:18:54.000Z
|
yf6v7yjarvug6dsky2xcgmrugaclymb3
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69859",
"uncompressed_offset": 2443313,
"url": "abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/productsbytitle/52EA74926B1DDDFECA25722E001A3A93",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/productsbytitle/52EA74926B1DDDFECA25722E001A3A93?OpenDocument"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4196.0.00.008 - National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Survey: Regional Statistics - Ballarat, 1994
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/02/1996
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Irregular; Contains a range of statistics from the 1994 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Survey plus some data from the 1991 Census of Population and Housing and the 1992 ATSIC Housing and Community Infrastructure Needs Survey. A range of charts and dot point commentary on major statistics is presented. The introductory chapter describes the region, its size, major towns and localities and the demographics of the indigenous population of the region. The six chapters are, family and culture, health, housing, education and training, employment and income, and law and justice.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:30:32.000Z
|
zlw6wj4tywn7gbahj3iho527iikmlqwh
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69872",
"uncompressed_offset": 9781871,
"url": "answers.onstartups.com/questions/46880/online-payment-in-middle-east-and-developing-countries",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://answers.onstartups.com/questions/46880/online-payment-in-middle-east-and-developing-countries"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I'm establishing a crowdfunding website for Start Ups. So far I figured out the only way to replace online payment would be through mobiles. I'm currently establishing this in Iraq (paypal is not available here), and I looked at a few examples of mobile payment from Nigeria and other countries, but I didn't really understand how it works.
It would be great if someone advised me to use another way of payment, or explain how the mobile payment works.
share|improve this question
1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Besides that is not available in your country, Paypal and other similar services like Square, there are already other services as Flint providing a system to accept cards directly with phone's camera without requiring the dongle, which connected to the mobile reads the magnetic stripe on the card.
Another option is Bitcoin, which is also available for mobiles on Android. For any doubts there is a community of Bitcoin on stackexchange.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
discard
By posting your answer, you agree to the privacy policy and terms of service.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:19:25.000Z
|
tudpodnws7rkdltpbgbrgq2fgigwnsx5
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69902",
"uncompressed_offset": 39225256,
"url": "buffalo.nas-central.org/w/index.php?oldid=2283&title=Category%3AFreeLink",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://buffalo.nas-central.org/w/index.php?title=Category:FreeLink&oldid=2283"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Category:FreeLink
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 02:23, 26 June 2006 by Ramuk (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
FreeLink is our effort to provide firmware which “frees” your LinkStation by replacing the stock LinkStation Linux build with the latest stable Debian build. Debian is one of the most popular Linux distributions. Debian is highly regarded for its simple interface and powerful aptitude package repository. FreeLink installs via the official LinkStation firmware updater, eliminating any need to open the LinkStation (see GeneralFirmwareFlash). Please make sure to read fully the included documentation.
Subcategories
This category has only the following subcategory.
D
Pages in category "FreeLink"
The following 47 pages are in this category, out of 47 total.
A
B
C
E
F
F cont.
G
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
R
S
T
U
V
X
Personal tools
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:20:00.000Z
|
ynr32ihbej7ttunxpwlhhyvn2auuhdgx
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69922",
"uncompressed_offset": 64487979,
"url": "daviswiki.org/November_2007_Election",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://daviswiki.org/November_2007_Election"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
November 2007 Election
Info
Search:
The November 2007 Election was held on November 6th, 2007. Final election results are also available here. For other elections, see: Elections.
For this election turnout was 11,518 of 39,666 Registered Voters (29.0%). To watch video of local candidate and Measure P & Q statements go to the Davis Media Access website. The campaign statements and materials of the now elected officials are archived in their wiki entry linked to below.
Local Measures
School Board
For county results, see http://www.yoloelections.org. California election results are available at the Secretary of State's website. The last day to register to vote was October 22nd, 2007. The last day to request an absentee ballot was October 30th, 2007.
This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:12:28.000Z
|
p3qdao6hxrewjbksp6vfhzq7edb7czam
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69939",
"uncompressed_offset": 94580585,
"url": "familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Persia,_New_York",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Persia,_New_York"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Persia, New YorkEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States New York Cattaraugus CountyTown of Persia
Contents
Resources
Church Records
Repositories
Archives, Libraries and Museums
The town of Persia does not have a library but check out Cattaraugus County’s Library System to locate the towns close to Persia that have public libraries.
Museums
Gowanda Area Historical Museum
2 Chestnut Street
PO Box 372
Gowanda, NY 14070
Phone: 716-532-4064
Societies
Gowanda Area Historical Society
2 Chestnut Street
PO Box 372
Gowanda, NY 14070
Phone: 716-532-4064
Cattaraugus County Historical Museum and Research Library
9824 Route 16
P.O. Box 352
Machias, NY 14101
Phone: (716) 353-8200
Genealogical Resources: Family genealogies, vital records, obituary and cemetery records, maps, local history information.
Town Clerk
Town of Persia, Clerk[1]
Town Hall
8 West Main Street
Gowanda, NY 14070
Phone: 716-532-4042
Town Historian
Historian (Vacant)
Town Records
To locate additional published and transcribed records for Persia, New York check:
• Gordon L. Remington, New York Towns, Villages, and Cities: A Guide to Genealogical Sources (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2002). American Ancestors online edition; At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 974.7 D27r. Alphabetical list including date founded, if a town history exists, church and cemetery sources, and if a Civil War register (TCR) exists. The codes used under Church and Cemetery are defined in the link above the listing of towns, cities and villages.
Vital Records
References
1. Elizabeth Petty Bentley, Genealogist's Address Book: State and Local Resources, with Special Resources Including Ethnic and Religious Organizations, 6th ed. (Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Pub., 2009), 379. At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D24ben 2009.
Places
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 6 February 2012, at 21:09.
• This page has been accessed 288 times.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:47:15.000Z
|
pmyme4nn65fpoi6rw7xnxwkvptto7shs
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69940",
"uncompressed_offset": 96665219,
"url": "figshare.com/authors/Olga_Borisov%D0%B0/99658",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://figshare.com/authors/Olga_Borisov%D0%B0/99658"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Olga Borisovа
Working with...
There are no people in your list. Send an invite
Send an invite
You can enter multiple addresses, separated by commas.
Invites sent to:
Add more
Suggestions
Working with ...
Previously worked with
Most popular uploads
1 uploads in total
1 uploads in total
Biographical Information
Research statistics
33
views
0
shares
Active categories
Related authors
Recently used tags
Contact Olga Borisovа
Your message:
Feedback
We appreciate all your comments, questions, suggestions or gratitude.
Login
The username or password entered are wrong.
Reset password
Your password will be sent to your registered e-mail address.
Create account
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:37:50.000Z
|
z5ym6ajx2wkca4otur6geswt3hp4vb7t
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69949",
"uncompressed_offset": 113565926,
"url": "globalvoicesonline.org/-/world/eastern-central-europe/slovakia/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://globalvoicesonline.org/-/world/eastern-central-europe/slovakia/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Slovakia
Country archive · 40 posts
Latest stories about Slovakia
16 April 2013
“Wanted Dead or Alive”: Slovak PM Dodges Court Summons
Former Slovak PM Iveta Radičová is suing the current PM Robert Fico, demanding an apology for his offensive statement. Fico, however, has been ignoring the trial for a whole year now, and even the police cannot find the PM's address to serve him court summons. Tibor Blazko reports.
6 March 2013
Slovakia's Roads: “Adopt a Pothole and Watch It Grow”
This year, the situation on Slovakia's roads isn't very good. in Košice county alone, there are over 37,000 square meters of potholes. Tibor Blazko reports.
4 March 2013
Stadiums Vs. Schools: Slovakia's Misplaced Priorities
There is not enough money to provide Slovak teachers with decent salaries, but there is some to build football stadiums all over the country. Tibor Blazko reports on the Slovak government's misplaced funding priorities.
31 January 2013
Slovak PM's Support for 2022 Winter Olympics Bid Draws Criticism
Whereas Norway and Switzerland are planning to hold referenda before submitting their 2022 Winter Olympics bids, the fate of the Slovak-Polish joint bid already seems decided: the Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico has declared his support for it, without waiting for the government's approval. Tibor Blazko reports.
26 January 2013
Slovak President Butt of Jokes Online Due to Prosecutor General Saga
The post of the Prosecutor General has been vacant for more than a year in Slovakia, largely due to President Ivan Gašparovič's failure to approve the previous Parliament's candidate. Slovak netizens are making fun of their President, calling for a referendum on his removal and trying to sue him. Tibor Blazko reports.
24 November 2012
Doubting the Efficiency of EU Funding for Slovakia
The European Commission has unveiled plans for priorities in funding Slovakia during the years of 2014-2020. One of the problems is that the EU money is often used for unnecessary and unproductive initiatives and projects. Tibor Blazko translates netizens' views on the issue.
28 October 2012
Slovakia: Protesting SOZA's Newest Copyright Fees
SOZA's general manager Vladimír Repčík addressed Slovak high school seniors via his blog on October 22, urging them to register with his agency and pay €15 for their traditional graduation parties. Tibor Blazko reports on the controversy.
20 October 2012
Slovakia: “For Decent and Safe Life” Rally Stirs Controversy
Tibor Blazko reports on the controversial Oct. 13 rally for "a decent and safe life," translating netizens' views on the rights of Slovakia's Roma and non-Roma citizens, as well as on the failure of the state to address the alarming social situation adequately.
18 October 2012
Slovakia, UK: “Child Snatching” or “Child Protection”?
As many as 30 UK-based Slovak children have been removed from their families by British social workers in recent years. While some consider it "child protection," others call it "child snatching." Tibor Blazko reports on the controversy.
17 October 2012
Slovakia: Music Copyright Agency Vs. School Drama Club
The Slovak Performing and Mechanical Rights Society imposes a €975 fine on a high school drama club for a fundraiser ball, which included a raffle and featured songs authored and performed by the club members - but had not been properly registered with the music copyright agency. Tibor Blazko reports.
World regions
Countries
Languages
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:58:38.000Z
|
yvzmq5rlxpg323q65ofarweqhil26fi4
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69965",
"uncompressed_offset": 137569960,
"url": "ipkitten.blogspot.com/2010/06/wednesday-whimsies_16.html",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://ipkitten.blogspot.com/2010/06/wednesday-whimsies_16.html"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Wednesday, 16 June 2010
Wednesday whimsies
If you want to know why there have been so many empty seats in this year's World Cup matches, perhaps the answer lies here. According to the BBC, world football supremos Fifa are considering legal action against Dutch brewery Bavaria, which it accuses of using women supporters to advertise its beer through ambush marketing. Stewards apparently ejected 36 of the lovely ladies during the second half of the Netherlands-Denmark match in Johannesburg. All the women were "dressed identically in tightly hugging short orange dresses, sold as part of a gift pack". The eviction was intended to protect the investment of the World Cup's authorised beer sponsor, Budweiser. Apart from beginning with the letter 'B', both beers have something else in common: they've both recently featured in disputes before the Court of Justice of the European Union. Merpel notes a degree of geographical confusion. Bavaria v Anheuser-Busch sounds like a Germany-USA match, but it's really the Netherlands versus its old rival Belgium. The IPKat thanks many readers who have drawn this item to his attention.
Thank you, Mariola Kalinska (GreenLight) for this link to a feature in Grazia Fashion which compares the most recent advertisement for Cadbury's (now Kraft's) Flake. The Flake ad bears more than a passing resemblance to the late fashion designer's Alexander McQueen’s 1996 show, in which celebrity waif Kate Moss appeared as a floating hologram, an image created for him by Baillie Walsh. According to Grazia "The Alexander McQueen Company has decided not to see the ad as a flattering example of ‘trickle down’ and may sue Cadburys. The confectionery company sees no problem: it believes it's Walsh's house style, not McQueen's IP, to which its promotional puff alludes. Says the IPKat, so long as it's not "free-riding", a term that deeply stirs the emotions of Europe's top judges. Says Merpel, a cynic might consider it appropriate that a flaky chocolate stick is advertised through an allusion to a flaky, stick-like model.
The most recent issue of Lawtext's Bio-Science Law Review (BioSLR) has now been published. You can peruse the contents here. Features of note include "Invalidity for lack of Industrial Application - The Court of Appeal hands down its decision in ELi Lilly & Co. v Human Genome Sciences Inc", by the IPKat's friend and IPSoc founder Charlotte Weekes (now with Pinsent Masons).
The new UK coalition government is publishing an emergency budget next Tuesday, 22 June. If there's anything in it that will have an impact on intellectual property rights, the IP Finance blog will be covering it. You can follow the rest of the emergency budget news as it happens on the Olswang Budget Blog here.
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:47:09.000Z
|
rsxn7v65qnfphog2qhs3fberuxoyhs74
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:69968",
"uncompressed_offset": 144986080,
"url": "joi.ito.com/weblog/2007/04/10/do-i-need-lonli.html",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://joi.ito.com/weblog/2007/04/10/do-i-need-lonli.html"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
I've been spending a lot of time reading about, thinking about, and practicing my meditation. If I have time, I can spend hours just sitting there. I'm enjoying solitude more than I've ever enjoyed it before. In fact, I've never enjoyed solitude. Not only did I enjoy the company of other people, I craved and needed it. I have observed that a lot of active CEO types have a similar kind of obsession that allows them to invest more than average amounts of energy into communities including their companies and their partners - afraid to spend a minute of their waking time not interacting with other people. I think this obsession with trying not to be lonely has also fueled a lot of my interest in social software and online games.
So, while I don't know how long this interest in meditation and solitude will last, for the moment it looks like my "loneliness problem" is not a problem. In fact, for the moment, I'm perfectly happy being alone.
I wonder what this means? I wonder if I'll plop out of sight like some puppet that lost it's puppeteer...
Probably not, but it is something that I was thinking about today as I considered how much I enjoyed the 1.5 hour train ride into the city today from my home in Chiba... I suppose the fact that I'm blogging this shows that I'm not really "cured" of my obsession with the social...
About this Archive
This page is an archive of recent entries in the Business and the Economy category.
Books is the previous category.
Computer and Network Risks is the next category.
Find recent content on the main index.
Monthly Archives
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T10:00:30.000Z
|
wkphewyf4qhargmnxu3gw7i34m5ejco5
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70003",
"uncompressed_offset": 184461494,
"url": "myrightword.blogspot.co.il/2010/05/naked-nakba-truth.html",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://myrightword.blogspot.co.il/2010/05/naked-nakba-truth.html"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Friday, May 21, 2010
The Naked Nakba Truth
In a "Nakba" story, the BBC quotes one former Jerusalem resident saying:-
"I don't want to throw anyone out on the streets but I have to have people recognise the right to my property...This is my home - and I go out as a stranger. Why? I need someone to explain to me."
Why?
Because your people followed its leadership into a war to eradicate the Jewish state - and lost.
What's so complicated?
The Jewish people were granted the right by an international body, the League of Nations, to reconstitute its historical homeland but first, TransJordan was put off-limits and then in 1937-39, a series of Partition proposals were made which the Jewish leadership was willing to accept in part but rejected by the Arabs.
In 1947, the UN recommended another partition which the Arabs, as noted, rejected.
You don't fool around like that and not expect to pay for your mistakes.
That's the naked Nakba truth.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:43:17.000Z
|
nniyc4ipcbg3to5lombxnrdzklniy2bo
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70008",
"uncompressed_offset": 199536198,
"url": "openwetware.org/index.php?diff=652201&oldid=652184&title=BME103%3AT930_Group_6",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://openwetware.org/index.php?title=BME103:T930_Group_6&diff=652201&oldid=652184"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
BME103:T930 Group 6
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Protocols)
Line 113: Line 113:
2. Place glass slide into holder.
2. Place glass slide into holder.
-
3. Using pipette, squeeze two drops of SYBER green dye along the round glass windows on slide.
+
3. Using pipette, squeeze two drops of SYBR green dye inside the round glass windows on slide.
4. Add DNA sample to dye.
4. Add DNA sample to dye.
-
5. Move holder apparatus inside the box so that no light reaches it.
+
5. Align the sample so the blue LED shines directly though it focusing the light on the other side.
-
6. Place smartphone onto holder and direct camera lens at the slide apparatus..
+
6. Move holder apparatus inside the box so that no light reaches it.
+
+
7. Place smartphone with the flash off onto holder and direct camera lens at the slide apparatus.
+
+
8. Take photo with smartphone and process on computer using ImageJ.
Revision as of 14:10, 8 November 2012
BME 103 Fall 2012 Home
People
Lab Write-Up 1
Lab Write-Up 2
Lab Write-Up 3
Course Logistics For Instructors
Photos
Wiki Editing Help
Contents
OUR TEAM
Name: Nicholas Sterkowitz
Open PCR machine engineer
Name: Dominic Ilardi
Open PCR machine engineer
Name: Alexandra Nazareno
Experimental Protocol Planner
Name: Amanda Sweig
Experimental Protocol Planner
Name: Taylor Deegan
Research and Development(s)
LAB 1 WRITE-UP
(Please finish by 11/7/2012)
Initial Machine Testing
The Original Design
(Add image of the full OpenPCR machine here, from the Week 3 exercise. Write a paragraph description for visitors who have no idea what this is)
Open PCR
]
Experimenting With the Connections
When we unplugged (part 3) from (part 6), the machine ... (did what? fill in your answer)
When we unplugged the white wire that connects (part 6) to (part 2), the machine ... (did what? fill in your answer)
Test Run
(Write the date you first tested Open PCR and your experience(s) with the machine)
Protocols
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a biochemical process the replicates and amplifies a desired sequence of DNA. The original DNA strand is pulled apart and primer marks the location of the targeted DNA sequence for polymerase to begin replication of the complementary strands. This process is continued until there are an exponentially increasing amount of the desired strand, allowing it to be closely examined.The PCR reaction relies on thermal cycling, in which repeated cycles of cooling and heating the samples enable the enzymes to appropriately replicate the targeted strand, and carry out the processes previously described.
The Steps:
1. Obtain DNA sample and label them clearly.
2. Using a micro-pipette, transfer the proper amounts of forward primers, reverse primers, dNtP's and Taq Polymerase master mix to each the 8 labeled DNA sample tubes. Be sure to replace the pipette tip after every transfer to avoid contamination.
3. Place the DNA sample tubes into the Open PCR machine.
4. Close lid and tighten screw until it touches the tops of the tubes.
5. Program the machine to run the following cycles:
- Stage 1: 1 cycle, 95 degrees Celsius for 3 minutes
- Stage 2: 30 cycles, 95 degrees for 30 seconds, 57 degrees for 30 seconds, 72 degrees for 30 second
- Stage 3: 72 degrees for 3 minutes
- Final Hold: 4 degrees
PCR Master Mix Components
GoTaq® DNA Polymerase is supplied in 2X Colorless GoTaq® Reaction Buffer (pH 8.5), 400μM dATP, 400μM dGTP, 400μM dCTP, 400μM dTTP and 3mM MgCl2.
Reagent Volume
Temple DNA (20 ng) 0.2 μL
10 μM forward primer 1.0 μL
10 μM reverse primer 1.0 μL
GoTaq master mix 50.0 μL
dH2O 47.8 μL
Total Volume 100.0 μL
Patient Information
The eight samples that were tested consisted of a positive and negative control. The other six had three DNA samples from one patient and three DNA samples from the second patient. The first patient has an ID of 51919, and is a female that is fifty-four years of age. The second patient has an ID of 60627, and is also a female, but with an age of sixty-three.
Flourimeter Measurements
Flourimeter Assembly Procedure
1. Remove lid from black box and invert the box, open the front flap.
2. Place glass slide into holder.
3. Using pipette, squeeze two drops of SYBR green dye inside the round glass windows on slide.
4. Add DNA sample to dye.
5. Align the sample so the blue LED shines directly though it focusing the light on the other side.
6. Move holder apparatus inside the box so that no light reaches it.
7. Place smartphone with the flash off onto holder and direct camera lens at the slide apparatus.
8. Take photo with smartphone and process on computer using ImageJ.
ImageJ Procedure (Add your work from Week 3, Part 2 here)
Research and Development
Specific Cancer Marker Detection - The Underlying Technology
Polymerace chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemical technology that is used to amplify a specific piece of DNA by generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. The method relies on thermal cycling by heating and cooling the DNA so that the double strands break apart and can be replicated.
What are the component of a PCR reaction?
Template DNA: A specific DNA sequence that is trying to be detected.
Primers: A short segment of DNA sequences that is complementary to the target DNA sequence and binds to the targeted nucleotides.
Taq Polymerase: An enzyme that is active at high temperature that begins at the primer and takes complementary nucleotides from the solution and binds them to the "unzipped" strands.
Magnesium Chloride: A cofactoe that attaches to the Taq Polymerase to affect the speed of the reaction.
dNTP's: Deoxynucleotide triphosphates; individual nucleotide bases in that solution that are attached to the replicated DNA strands by Taq Polymerase.
What happens during each step of the thermal cycle?
• At 95° Celsius: The DNA double helix "unzips" to reveal two complementary single strands.
• At 57° Celsius: Primers attach to the complementary template sequence forming one forward and one reverse primer.
• At 72° Celsius: Taq Polymerase starts at the primer and replicates a complementary strand of DNA using the individual nucleotide bases in the solution.
The r17879961 cancer-associated sequence begining tested for is AAACTCTTACACTGCATACA. The bolded C represents the cancer gene that appears because the C took the place of the normal T that should be present. The one nucleotide base that was changed results in producing the amino acid of threonine instead of isoleucine. Because of the change in the amino acid begin produced, a study in Finland has found that this sequence has been link to susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Of the patients tested, 7.8% of the patients with colorectal cancer had the allele while 5.3% of patients without colorectal cancer had the same allele.
Why does a cancer gene produce a positive result while a normal gene produces a negative?
• Since the primer is purposely selected to bind to the specific sequence of nucleotides that makes up the cancer gene, if the cancer gene is not present in the DNA, then the primers will not attach to the seperated DNA strands and replication will not take place, resulting in a negative result. However, if the cancer gene is present then the primers will attach and Taq Polymerase will begin the replication creating an exponential copies of the desired gene resulting in a positive result.
Relation to Bayers' Rule: Bayers' rule is used to determine the probability of true positives, false positives, and false negatives to predict the reliability of the process in detecting the cancer sequence in patients.
(Add a write-up of the information discussed in Week 3's class)
(BONUS points: Use a program like Powerpoint, Word, Illustrator, Microsoft Paint, etc. to illustrate how primers bind to the cancer DNA template, and how Taq polymerases amplify the DNA. Screen-captures from the OpenPCR tutorial might be useful. Be sure to credit the source if you borrow images.)
Results
(Your group will add the results of your Fluorimeter measurements from Week 4 here)
Personal tools
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:30:00.000Z
|
5loocthxywpixw76tiylxkrqg4r3h5ho
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70009",
"uncompressed_offset": 199546623,
"url": "openwetware.org/index.php?oldid=9297&title=Ethanol_precipitation_of_nucleic_acids",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://openwetware.org/index.php?title=Ethanol_precipitation_of_nucleic_acids&oldid=9297"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Ethanol precipitation of nucleic acids
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 23:05, 15 November 2005 by Kathmc (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
1. To your sample add:
• 3 volumes of 100% Ethanol
• 1/10 volume of 3M sodium acetate, pH 5.2
2. Mix and freeze overnight in -20. This step some say is unnecessary but others swear by. If you are in a rush you can also put it in the -80 for a few hours.
• In general, the time you need to incubate in the freezer depends on how much nucleic acid you have and how big it is. My general protocol is to freeze for 20 min to 1 hr at -80 ˚C. This seems to work well for most things, but you may want to freeze longer if you have only a small concentration of nucleic acid or if it is small in size(<15 nucleotides).--Kathleen
3. Spin at full speed in a standard microcentrifuge at 4 degrees for 30 minutes. Make sure to mark the outermost edge of the tube so you can find the pellet easily (or just put the hinge portion of the tube to the outside). It is clear and usually looks like a little smudge on the tube.
4. Decant (or carefully pipet off) the supernatant.
5. Add your desired quantity of water. Vortex and spin down to resuspend.
• Beware of using water unless you are sure of what you are getting in to. The "pH" of water can vary widely (I've seen from pH 5 to pH 8.5), and depurination of DNA at low pH or degradation of RNA at high pH are possibilities. Water also typically contains trace metals, which can accelerate these reactions. I typically recommend resuspension in TE (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA). This makes sure your nucleic acid is at a neutral pH and the EDTA will chelate any trace metals. Since they are in such small amounts, neither the buffer nor the EDTA will effect most downstream reactions.--Kathleen
Personal tools
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:28:54.000Z
|
w4x6vugqp5p25zhv56fsf7hv5qrnu4u2
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70012",
"uncompressed_offset": 202200221,
"url": "panarmenian.net/eng/news/117060/Congressman_Berman_wishes_NKR_President_success_in_Karabakh_issue",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://panarmenian.net/eng/news/117060/Congressman_Berman_wishes_NKR_President_success_in_Karabakh_issue"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Congressman Berman wishes NKR President success in Karabakh issue
PanARMENIAN.Net - U.S. Representative Howard Berman issued a statement on the occasion of presidential elections in Nagorno Karabakh (Artsakh) Republic.
”I commend the people of Nagorno Karabakh for continuing to organize their governance on a democratic basis. I also congratulate President Bako Sahakyan on his success in the July 19 election. I wish him good luck in leading the country toward a final settlement of the Nagorno Karabakh issue, one that fully respects the right of Artsakh to self-determination.”
Nagorno Karabakh held presidential elections on July 19. Bako Sahakyan, gained 47 085 (66,7%) of the votes to win the presidential race. His major rival Vitaly Balasanyan garnered 22 966 (32,5%) of votes while Arkady Soghomonyan received 594 (0,8%) of votes.
Partner news
Top stories
The Turkish government aggressively pushed for Turkey's inclusion in Investment Partnership between the U.S. and EU.
Possible ways to advance the peaceful settlement of Nagorno Karabakh conflict were in the focus of the discussion.
A meeting between Edward Nalbandian and Azerbaijani FM Elmar Mammadyarov will be held on the sidelines of the event.
Bergen began by recounting his 1997 meeting with Bin Laden in Afghanistan after a long process of negotiations.
Partner news
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:23:29.000Z
|
ii3cbym6nx6i3p5xmqufkmelg3g5ivmn
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70034",
"uncompressed_offset": 217196021,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/1104/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/1104/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Turn your face to the sun and the shadows fall behind you. Proverb, Maori
This quote is about adversity · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Proverb, Maori ...
We don't have a biography.
These people bookmarked this quote:
More on the author
This quote around the web
Loading...
Search Quotations Book
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:11:09.000Z
|
mmahir7g4s7njz7k3ncopdmjbh3myhfn
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70035",
"uncompressed_offset": 217202272,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/44374/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/44374/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
It cannot be helped, it is as it should be, that the law is behind the times. Holmes, Oliver Wendell
Source: Justice OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, speech at Harvard Law School Association of New York, New York City, February 15, 1913.Speeches by Oliver Wendell Holmes, p. 101 . · This quote is about uncategorised · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Holmes, Oliver Wendell ...
We don't have a biography.
These people bookmarked this quote:
More on the author
This quote around the web
Loading...
Search Quotations Book
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:03:50.000Z
|
pq7sbzrwlticowyxjymbymn2gd54vr3k
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70036",
"uncompressed_offset": 217208597,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/20739/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/20739/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Follow your own star! Dante Alighieri
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
Choose something popular ...
Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
Make custom holiday cards ...
Make custom t-shirts ...
Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
Make custom holiday gifts for girls ...
Make custom holiday gifts for men ...
A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:06:09.000Z
|
xmfulgct2v2tm43zrcepnnffpno6r6si
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70037",
"uncompressed_offset": 217214076,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/27679/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/27679/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Music is the movement of sound to reach the soul for the education of its virtue. Plato
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
Choose something popular ...
Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
Make custom holiday cards ...
Make custom t-shirts ...
Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
Make custom holiday gifts for girls ...
Make custom holiday gifts for men ...
A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:05:15.000Z
|
47rfxzak5nyyfqpj4avhf5pf5ax4zy3p
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70038",
"uncompressed_offset": 217219575,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/3488/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/3488/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Attitudes are more important than facts. Menninger, Karl A.
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
Choose something popular ...
Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
Make custom holiday cards ...
Make custom t-shirts ...
Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
Make custom holiday gifts for girls ...
Make custom holiday gifts for men ...
A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:13:40.000Z
|
wefyak5n7pd7cobnbp3hrsf4uugkt5s7
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70039",
"uncompressed_offset": 217225066,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/38253/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/38253/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
I have always paid income tax. I object only when it reaches a stage when I am threatened with having nothing left for my old age -- which is due to start next Tuesday or Wednesday. Coward, Noel
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
Choose something popular ...
Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
Make custom holiday cards ...
Make custom t-shirts ...
Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
Make custom holiday gifts for girls ...
Make custom holiday gifts for men ...
A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:09:52.000Z
|
4nwwyopn5rpdk4qccgqtvc5hqcvpxmky
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70040",
"uncompressed_offset": 217230632,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/46966/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/46966/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Forgiveness keeps you whole; it allows you to love even when you are hurt. Kessler, Daniella
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
Choose something popular ...
Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
Make custom holiday cards ...
Make custom t-shirts ...
Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
Make custom holiday gifts for girls ...
Make custom holiday gifts for men ...
A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:09:41.000Z
|
cq6zlruaylar73poq5tijp5z4s4577me
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70061",
"uncompressed_offset": 257216137,
"url": "strategywiki.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_Alpha/Characters/Fei_Long",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://strategywiki.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_Alpha/Characters/Fei_Long"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Street Fighter Alpha/Characters/Fei Long
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Fei Long is a tribute to the Kung Fu movie legend Bruce Lee. Not only do the two look alike and come from the same city, Fei Long also lets out similar battle cries to Lee, and is just as furious and fast a fighter. Also, feilong is Chinese (specifically Cantonese, Hong Kong's primary dialect) for "flying dragon", as well as a type of kick; Bruce Lee's Chinese screen name was 李 小龍 (Lee Siu-Long) or "little dragon." The background of Fei Long's fighting venue is based on the Tiger Balm Garden in Hong Kong.
In Fei Long's ending in Super Street Fighter II and Super Street Fighter II Turbo, a movie director approaches Fei Long and tries to convince him into returning to make one more movie, but Fei Long refuses. In the English version, he says that "there could never be another legend like the great one and his son", which has been interpreted by many fans to mean Bruce Lee and his son Brandon who died shortly before Super Street Fighter II was released. This reference is not present in the Japanese version.
A youthful and talented action movie star, Fei Long is the master of Hitenryu Kung Fu. While he fought on the streets to sharpen his skills, he caught the eye of a movie director, who got him into the big times and made him an international sensation. He made a string of action movies until he participated in the second World Warrior tournament. He realized that he preferred the real thing to the staged, choreographed fight scenes in his movies, and gave up his career and disappeared into the streets.
[edit] Key Battles
Battle Opponent
Street Fighter Alpha 3 5th Fight Balrog
Street Fighter Alpha 3 9th Fight Vega
Street Fighter Alpha 3 Boss M. Bison
[edit] Moves
[edit] Street Fighter Alpha 3
Available for play in SFA3 Upper and SFA3 MAX
Name Input
XAV Seichuu Renten Geki or +
XAV Shuu Kubi Kari or +
XAV Shuu Kubi Raku or +
XA Chokka Raku Shou or+
V Chokka Raku Shou +
XAV En Geki Shuu +
XAV Rekka Ken + (perform 3 times)
XAV Shien Kyaku +
X V Rekku Kyaku +
XA Rekka Shinken +
A Shien Renkyaku +
A Ryuu Yassai +
A Ryuu Shin Yassai Perform Ryuu Yassai from a distance.
Social networking
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Views
Actions
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:20:00.000Z
|
brbwljyzv46ab627vl5y4dysqfdvyq2o
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70097",
"uncompressed_offset": 305239972,
"url": "www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/Previousproducts/3235.5.55.001Main%20Features999Jun%202003?issue=Jun+2003&prodno=3235.5.55.001&tabname=Summary",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/3235.5.55.001Main%20Features999Jun%202003?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3235.5.55.001&issue=Jun%202003&num=&view="
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
3235.5.55.001 - Population by Age and Sex, Western Australia, Jun 2003
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 05/07/2004
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Replaces: 3235.5
Contains the estimated resident population by age (in five-year age groups up to 85 and over) and sex for each Statistical Local Area, Statistical Subdivision and Statistical Division in Western Australia at 30 June of the reference year. Estimates for Local Government and other areas using Statistical Local Areas as a base can be derived from these estimates. Estimates for Postal Areas and for Population Census Collection Districts are available on request.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T10:02:53.000Z
|
53wwteiss4cn3qu6ablqgblsajqvmt2u
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70107",
"uncompressed_offset": 357076529,
"url": "www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/199/abstract",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/199/abstract"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Study protocol
The DISC (Diabetes in Social Context) Study-evaluation of a culturally sensitive social network intervention for diabetic patients in lower socioeconomic groups: a study protocol
Charlotte Vissenberg1*, Vera Nierkens1, Paul JM Uitewaal2, Diana Geraci1, Barend JC Middelkoop3, Giel Nijpels4 and Karien Stronks1
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2 The Hague's Public Health Department, The Hague, The Netherlands
3 Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
4 VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Public Health 2012, 12:199 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-199
Published: 19 March 2012
Abstract
Background
Compared to those in higher socioeconomic groups, diabetic patients in lower socioeconomic groups have less favourable metabolic control and experience more diabetes-related complications. They encounter specific barriers that hinder optimal diabetes self-management, including a lack of social support and other psychosocial mechanisms in their immediate social environments. Powerful Together with Diabetes is a culturally sensitive social network intervention specifically targeted to ethnic Dutch, Moroccan, Turkish, and Surinamese diabetic patients in lower socioeconomic groups. For ten months, patients will participate in peer support groups in which they will share experiences, support each other in maintaining healthy lifestyles, and learn skills to resist social pressure. At the same time, their significant others will also receive an intervention, aimed at maximizing support for and minimizing the negative social influences on diabetes self-management. This study aims to test the effectiveness of Powerful Together with Diabetes.
Methods/Design
We will use a quasi-experimental design with an intervention group (Group 1) and two comparison groups (Groups 2 and 3), N = 128 in each group. Group 1 will receive Powerful Together with Diabetes. Group 2 will receive Know your Sugar, a six-week group intervention that does not focus on the participants' social environments. Group 3 receives standard care only. Participants in Groups 1 and 2 will be interviewed and physically examined at baseline, 3, 10, and 16 months. We will compare their haemoglobin A1C levels with the haemoglobin A1C levels of Group 3. Main outcome measures are haemoglobin A1C, diabetes-related quality of life, diabetes self-management, health-related, and intermediate outcome measures. We will conduct a process evaluation and a qualitative study to gain more insights into the intervention fidelity, feasibility, and changes in the psychosocial mechanism in the participants' immediate social environments.
Discussion
With this study, we will assess the feasibility and effectiveness of a culturally sensitive social network intervention for lower socioeconomic groups. Furthermore, we will study how to enable these patients to optimally manage their diabetes. This trial is registered in the Dutch Trial Register: NTR1886
Keywords:
Type 2 diabetes; Lower socioeconomic groups; Turkish; Moroccan; Surinamese patients; Social network intervention; Diabetes self-management
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:28:52.000Z
|
tirs62sdr42664uj2nchfe4y5vwvftwl
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70108",
"uncompressed_offset": 357094761,
"url": "www.biomedcentral.com/1752-0509/5/85",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1752-0509/5/85"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Research article
A deterministic map of Waddington's epigenetic landscape for cell fate specification
Sudin Bhattacharya*, Qiang Zhang and Melvin E Andersen
Author Affiliations
Division of Computational Biology, Program in Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Systems Biology 2011, 5:85 doi:10.1186/1752-0509-5-85
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1752-0509/5/85
Received:17 February 2011
Accepted:27 May 2011
Published:27 May 2011
© 2011 Bhattacharya et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
The image of the "epigenetic landscape", with a series of branching valleys and ridges depicting stable cellular states and the barriers between those states, has been a popular visual metaphor for cell lineage specification - especially in light of the recent discovery that terminally differentiated adult cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells or into alternative cell lineages. However the question of whether the epigenetic landscape can be mapped out quantitatively to provide a predictive model of cellular differentiation remains largely unanswered.
Results
Here we derive a simple deterministic path-integral quasi-potential, based on the kinetic parameters of a gene network regulating cell fate, and show that this quantity is minimized along a temporal trajectory in the state space of the gene network, thus providing a marker of directionality for cell differentiation processes. We then use the derived quasi-potential as a measure of "elevation" to quantitatively map the epigenetic landscape, on which trajectories flow "downhill" from any location. Stochastic simulations confirm that the elevation of this computed landscape correlates to the likelihood of occurrence of particular cell fates, with well-populated low-lying "valleys" representing stable cellular states and higher "ridges" acting as barriers to transitions between the stable states.
Conclusions
This quantitative map of the epigenetic landscape underlying cell fate choice provides mechanistic insights into the "forces" that direct cellular differentiation in the context of physiological development, as well as during artificially induced cell lineage reprogramming. Our generalized approach to mapping the landscape is applicable to non-gradient gene regulatory systems for which an analytical potential function cannot be derived, and also to high-dimensional gene networks. Rigorous quantification of the gene regulatory circuits that govern cell lineage choice and subsequent mapping of the epigenetic landscape can potentially help identify optimal routes of cell fate reprogramming.
Background
The biologist Conrad Hal Waddington, in the course of a career spanning four decades (1930s - 1970s), attempted a bold synthesis of the fields of genetics, embryology and evolution [1,2]. The centerpiece of his vision was the idea of the "epigenetic landscape", first described in An Introduction to Modern Genetics [3], and elaborated in subsequent monographs [4,5]. Waddington portrayed the epigenetic landscape as an inclined surface with a cascade of branching ridges and valleys (Figure 1A), which in the context of cell lineage selection, represent the series of "either/or" fate choices made by a developing cell. He envisioned that on this landscape, "the presence or absence of particular genes acts by determining which path shall be followed from a certain point of divergence [1,4]", thus providing in a single image an appealing, and influential, metaphor for the connection between genotype and phenotype.
Figure 1. Mapping Waddington's epigenetic landscape. (A) The "epigenetic landscape" proposed by Conrad Waddington shows a ball rolling down valleys separated by ridges on an inclined surface, as a visual metaphor for the branching pathways of cell fate determination. Figure reproduced from original text by Waddington [5]. (B) The computed epigenetic landscape for a two-gene (x and y) regulatory network with mutual inhibition and positive autoregulation, where the elevation represents a path-integral quasi-potential derived from the deterministic rate equations describing the interactions of the two genes. We show that the "valleys" on this computed surface correspond to stable steady states (attractors) of the network, while the "ridges" separating the valleys represent barriers to stochastic transitions among multiple steady states. Colored circles represent a population of stochastically simulated "cells" (multiple instances of the network) residing in different stable steady states.
In the quantitative view of a cell as a dynamical system governed by genetic interaction networks [6], an intuitive association can be made between the valleys ("creodes" in Waddington's terminology) on the epigenetic landscape and the trajectories leading to the attractors, or stable steady states, of the gene networks that regulate cell fate [7-9]. But can we quantitatively map the undulating surface of the landscape, thereby providing a predictive model of the "directionality" of cellular differentiation? Waddington himself cautioned that the epigenetic landscape, while useful as a "rough and ready picture" of development, "cannot be interpreted rigorously [5]". The mathematician René Thom, in his formulation of catastrophe theory inspired by Waddington's ideas, proposed that a generalized "potential surface" could be derived for any dynamical system [2,10]. However Thom's later writings suggest that he did not believe it possible to quantify the epigenetic landscape [11]. This view has been echoed by other authors, who have described the landscape as a "colorful metaphor [2]" with "no grounding in physical reality [1]".
Huang, Wang and colleagues have recently proposed a probabilistic "pseudo-potential" to quantify the epigenetic landscape for a gene network regulating cell fate, where the elevation of the surface is inversely related to the likelihood of occurrence of a particular state in phase space [8,12,13]. In this formulation a stochastic potential energy landscape is characterized for a gene network, based on a Hartree mean-field approximation of the underlying master equation [14]. Such stochastic formulations have also been used to derive probabilistic potential landscapes for the lysis-lysogeny switch in bacteriophage lambda [15-17], the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction network [18], biochemical oscillations [19], and the predator-prey system [20].
Here we propose a simple numerical method to map the epigenetic landscape that is not based on a probabilistic or master-equation approach. Instead, a quasi-potential surface (Figure 1B) is derived directly from the deterministic rate equations governing the dynamic behavior of a gene regulatory circuit. We then use stochastic simulations to show that the elevation of this computed landscape correlates to the likelihood of occurrence of particular cell fates, with well-populated low-lying valleys representing stable cellular states and higher ridges acting as barriers to transitions between the stable states.
Finally, we discuss ways in which this quantitatively mapped landscape may help predict the efficiency of cellular de-differentiation or trans-differentiation, and identify optimal routes of cell fate reprogramming. Recent discoveries have challenged the dogma of cell fate determination as a unidirectional and irreversible process. Even terminally differentiated adult cells have now been shown to retain considerable phenotypic plasticity and the ability to be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cell-like states [21-27] or into alternative differentiated lineages [28-34] by forced expression of a single gene or a small number of genes. These findings have led to a resurgence of interest in Waddington's ideas about cell lineage choice, with several authors invoking the image of the epigenetic landscape [7-9,35-39]. However the theoretical basis of plasticity in cell fate is still not fully understood, and the efficiency of reprogramming in these studies is often quite low [36]. A quantitative understanding of the "forces" that drive cell differentiation, and the "barriers" that separate stable cell states, is urgently needed. Such understanding may eventually enable us to predict the relative ease or difficulty of de-differentiation or trans-differentiation among multiple cellular states.
Results and Discussion
Derivation of the quasi-potential landscape
We first illustrate our quantitative approach with a simple circuit of two genes x and y that inhibit each other, forming a double-negative feedback loop structure (see Methods). This circuit works as a toggle switch with two stable steady states: one state with high y and low x expression, and the other state with high x and low y expression [40]. Such "bistable" switches formed by mutual antagonism of a pair of key regulatory genes underlie many binary cell fate choices [7,13]. The circuit can be described as a two-variable dynamical system, with the rate of change in expression of each of the two genes given as a function of their expression levels:
(1)
If we were able to derive a closed-form potential function V(x,y) for the system in Eq. 1 that satisfied the conditions:
(2)
then the local minima on the two-variable potential surface V(x,y) would correspond mathematically to the stable steady states of the system, given that at the local minima on the surface (∂V/∂x = 0; ∂V/∂y = 0), the rates of change in expression of both genes x and y would be zero (per Eq. 2). But such a closed-form potential function can be derived only in the case of a gradient system, defined by the condition [41]:
(3)
In general, condition (3) will not be valid for an arbitrary circuit of two genes x and y that regulate each other as per Eq. 1, making it impossible to derive a closed-form potential function.
Therefore, given that a gene circuit is in general a non-gradient system, we define a term Vq that changes incrementally along a trajectory followed by the system in x-y phase space (Figure 2A) as follows:
Figure 2. Computing the epigenetic landscape for a bistable switch based on a double-negative feedback circuit of two genes x and y. (A) Paths followed by a simulated cell on the epigenetic landscape are obtained by integrating the change in quasi-potential ΔVq (Eq. 4 in text) along a trajectory as a function of time. (xx) and (yy) give the new position at each step along the trajectory in x-y phase space, while (VqVq) gives the new elevation on the quasi-potential surface. The initial value of the quasi-potential at the start of any individual trajectory is arbitrarily set to zero. (B) Two trajectories (1 and 2) that converge to the same attractor on the x-y phase plane are aligned vertically so that both trajectories also converge to the same quasi-potential level. (C) Two trajectories that originate at adjacent points on the phase plane but converge to different attractors A and B are aligned vertically so that the initial quasi-potential levels of the two trajectories are equal. (D) Multiple trajectories starting from different points on the x-y phase plane are then aligned as described in panels B and C. To identify distinct basins of attraction, trajectories are shown colored according to the attractor to which they converge (arrows). This two-gene double-negative feedback circuit produces a bistable system with two attractors A and B. (E) Finally, interpolation among multiple trajectories aligned across the phase plane produces the epigenetic landscape.
(4)
where Δx and Δy are sufficiently small increments along the trajectory such that and can be assumed to remain unchanged over the interval [(x, xx); (y, yy)]. The quantities Δx and Δy are obtained as the products and , respectively, where Δt is the time increment. We use the term "quasi-potential" to describe Vq, to emphasize its distinction from a closed-form potential function.
The change in the quasi-potential, Δ Vq, can be rewritten from Eq. 4 as:
(5)
For positive increments in time Δt, Δ Vq is thus always negative along an evolving trajectory, ensuring that trajectories flow "downhill" along a putative "quasi-potential surface". Stable steady states of the system (dx/dt = 0; dy/dt = 0) would correspond to local minima on this quasi-potential surface, given that at these states Δ Vq = 0 (per Eq. 5). The overall change in the quasi-potential along a trajectory can then be calculated by numerically integrating the quantity Δ Vq in Eq. 4 from a given initial configuration up to a stable steady state, thereby allowing us to map out a temporal trajectory along the putative quasi-potential surface (Figure 2B). The quasi-potential thus defined is a measurable quantity that is minimized along a trajectory from any initial condition to an attractor in the phase space of the two genes, and is in effect a Liapunov function of the dynamical system represented by the two-gene circuit [41].
The procedure described above was repeated to evaluate the change in the quasi-potential along trajectories originating from different points in x-y phase space. To derive a quasi-potential surface from multiple trajectories, we then make the following assumptions: (i) two trajectories with different initial conditions that converge to the same steady state must also converge to the same final quasi-potential level (Figure 2B); (ii) two trajectories that originate from "adjacent" initial conditions that are sufficiently close in x-y phase space, but converge to different steady states, must start from the same initial quasi-potential level (Figure 2C). Observation (i) allows us to map out a basin of attraction from multiple trajectories converging to a single steady state; while observation (ii) enables the alignment of two adjacent basins of attraction along their shared basin boundary, or separatrix. (Essentially, (i) and (ii) together amount to the assumption that the putative epigenetic landscape is continuous.) The quasi-potential surface can then be obtained by interpolation among the aligned trajectories (Figure 2D, E), yielding the epigenetic landscape with its characteristic ridges and valleys (Figure 3A, B).
Figure 3. Ridges and valleys on the computed epigenetic landscape of a bistable (A, B) and a tristable (C, D) regulatory network of two genes x and y. The alignment of trajectories produces the "ridges" on the epigenetic landscape (indicated by arrows in panels B and D) that separate the "valleys", or basins of attraction of multiple stable states of the network (points A, B and C). Equi-potential lines are drawn on the landscape to depict the curvature of the surface. In addition to the double-negative feedback loop between genes x and y that produces the bistable network (panels A and B), the tristable network (panels C and D) requires additional positive autoregulation of the two genes [8,13,42] (see Methods).
The same procedure can be applied to systems with more than two stable steady states - for instance, a "tristable" system produced by a circuit of two genes that induce their own expression, in addition to mutual inhibition (Figure 3C, D). This system has three steady states - two of which represent alternative differentiated cell lineages, while the third state depicts the common progenitor cell of the two lineages [8,13,42].
Quantitative interpretation of the quasi-potential landscape
To establish that the "elevation" of the computed landscape at a given location in x-y phase space correlates inversely to the probability of occurrence of the corresponding network state, we used stochastic simulations [43] of the underlying gene network. These simulations, which take into account fluctuations in gene expression levels [44] in a population of simulated "cells" (multiple instances of the gene network), showed that the "valleys" of low elevation on the computed epigenetic landscape correspond to stable cellular states, with "deeper" valleys associated with higher probability of occupancy than shallower valleys (Figure 4A-D). On the other hand, the "ridges" separating the valleys represent barriers to stochastic transitions between multiple steady states. Varying the parameters in the network model to increase the height of the ridges relative to the valleys dramatically reduced the probability of transitions between the steady states (Figure 5), even though there was no appreciable change in the relative distance between the steady states on the x-y phase plane (Figure 4A-D, right panels).
Figure 4. Valleys on the computed epigenetic landscape represent high-occupancy stable steady states, while ridges represent barriers to stochastic transitions between those stable states. For the tristable two-gene system, increasing the Hill coefficient nH, which represents the degree of ultrasensitivity in autoregulation and mutual inhibition of the two genes (see Methods), makes the ridges (barriers) higher and steeper relative to the valleys (attractors). Higher ridges reduce the probability of stochastic switching among adjacent attractors. (A) nH = 2; (B) nH = 3; (C) nH = 4; (D) nH = 10. Left Panels: Colored circles represent a population of 1000 stochastically simulated "cells" residing in the three stable steady states A (blue), B (green) and C (red). States A and B represent two alternative differentiated cell fates, and state C their common progenitor state [8,13,42]. All simulations were started from state B as the initial condition, and run to time t = 10,000 (dimensionless units). As the ridges separating the steady states grow higher, fewer cells are able to escape state B for states A and C through stochastic fluctuations. Middle Panels: Projections of the epigenetic landscape onto the x-y phase plane. Numbers refer to the percentage of simulated cells residing in the respective steady states. Dashed yellow lines show boundaries between the basins of attraction of the steady states. Right Panels: An alternative view of the epigenetic landscape. The vertical dashed red lines are guides to the eye to show that the relative distance between the steady states on the x-y phase plane does not change appreciably even as the Hill coefficient nH is increased from 2 to 6. The change in relative occupancy of the attractors can therefore be attributed to the increased height and steepness of the barriers separating them.
Figure 5. Height and steepness of barriers affects stochastic occupancy of stable states. (A) Percentage of stochastically simulated cells in the three attractors A, B and C in the tristable two-gene system at time t = 10,000 for a range of values of the Hill coefficient nH. All simulations were started from state B as the initial condition, and run to time t = 10,000 (dimensionless units). (B, C) With increasing nH, the height and steepness of the ridges relative to the valleys is increased, making stochastic transitions (arrows) from state B to state C, and thereafter to state A, less likely. (At longer time scales, where the distribution of the cell population among various attractors approaches an equilibrium, the percentage of cells in each attractor correlates simply to the relative depth of the attractor: see Figure S1, Additional File 1.) (B) nH = 2; (C) nH = 6.
The "third dimension" (elevation) of the landscape represented by the quasi-potential, although directly derived from the dynamic rate equations without any additional information, thus yields an interpretation of cellular stability not immediately apparent from two-dimensional phase portrait analysis. The analysis above supports the contention that the length of the "least action trajectory" along the contours of the epigenetic landscape is more important in predicting transitions between alternative cellular states than the simple "aerial distance" in state space [13]. It is also interesting to note that the contours of the quantitatively mapped epigenetic landscape act as a constraint on the extent of stochastic fluctuations in protein levels, with simulated cells "smeared out" on the surface of a shallower basin (Figure 4A, middle panel) compared to a tighter distribution of cells on a deeper valley (Figure 4D, middle panel).
These results suggest that calculating the relative heights of the ridges and valleys on the computed epigenetic landscape of a multi-gene system can help predict the probability of trans-differentiation from one cell lineage to another, or de-differentiation of a particular cell type to its progenitor state. Current efforts to reprogram cell fate with potential application in regenerative medicine suffer from a low rate of successful reprogramming [36] and a trial-and-error approach to choice of a reprogramming strategy [13]. Computing the epigenetic landscape for the critical gene interactions regulating the transition between two cellular states may indicate particular genetic manipulations that would lower the barriers separating the two states, thereby increasing the efficiency of the reprogramming process. It can also help characterize the relative ease or difficulty of alternative routes of cell fate transition [7,9,36]. For instance, comparison of the elevation of the barriers separating two terminally-differentiated cell lineages on the epigenetic landscape might suggest that de-differentiation of cells of one lineage to the common progenitor cell of the two lineages followed by redirection to the second lineage would lead to more efficient reprogramming than direct trans-differentiation (Figure S2, Additional File 1).
Additional file 1. Supplementary Figures. This file includes additional figures to supplement the text.
Format: DOC Size: 453KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Word Viewer
A dynamic landscape
The computed epigenetic landscape derived above should not be interpreted as a static surface [45]. Alterations in gene interactions in course of development or experimental manipulation will change the shape of the landscape, in turn altering the stability of individual steady states or creating novel steady states. For instance, increasing the basal expression of one gene in the tristable gene network sharply lowers the elevation of the corresponding attractor state relative to the other attractors (Figure 6A, B). As a result, cells located in the shallower attractor are destabilized and "roll into" the valley representing the deeper, more stable attractor state. This may explain the phenomenon of trans-differentiation of cells of one lineage into another by forced expression of a gene regulating the second lineage or by conditional deletion of a gene required for the first lineage [29,30].
Figure 6. The shape of the computed epigenetic landscape can be altered by modifying gene interaction parameters. When basal expression By of gene y in the tristable two-gene system (see Methods) is increased from By = 0 (A) to By = 4 (B) (dimensionless units), attractor A on the landscape is "lowered" relative to attractor B, causing cells to "roll into" the more stable state A from the destabilized state B. Numbers on the figure refer to the percentage of stochastically simulated cells in the respective attractors. All simulations were started from state B as the initial condition, and run to time t = 10,000. Hill coefficient nH = 10 in both figures.
Interestingly, this flexibility of the quasi-potential surface under gene manipulation gives a quantitative interpretation of the revised image of the epigenetic landscape proposed by Waddington (Figure S3, Additional File 1), which showed an array of pegs representing genes, holding up a sheet of fabric (the landscape) through a network of guy ropes (gene interactions) - meant to convey the idea that "the modelling of the epigenetic landscape ... is controlled by the pull of these numerous guy-ropes which are ultimately anchored to the genes [5]". Similar changes in the shape of the epigenetic landscape may also be brought about by external signals - for example endogenous cytokines or environmental chemicals - which by transiently altering the landscape could have an instructive effect on cell fate choice.
Conclusions
In this work, we have defined a deterministic quasi-potential that is minimized along a temporal trajectory followed by a gene network, and used it to quantitatively derive the corresponding epigenetic landscape. A gene network not being a mechanical system, this quasi-potential should not be confused with a potential energy function. It is rather a Liapunov function of the dynamical system represented by the gene network, along which trajectories flow monotonically "downhill" towards the steady states of the network [41]. Other investigators have used a term analogous to the quasi-potential difference Δ Vq in Eq. 4 to calculate the "energy landscape" for concentrations of one component in a gene network [46,47]. Here we have used the concept of alignment of multiple trajectories to interpolate the epigenetic landscape of a two-variable system.
This novel and simple process for deriving the surface of the landscape from a path-integral quasi-potential is not restricted to two-gene systems. While the landscape cannot be visually rendered for circuits with more than two genes, the rates of transition across the potential barriers between multiple steady states in the system can still be computed to predict optimum routes of cell fate reprogramming.
However, many binary branching points in development, particularly in blood cell lineage specification, are governed by mutual antagonism of only two transcription factors associated with alternative lineage choices [37]. Mapping the epigenetic landscape of pairs of such cross-inhibitory "master regulators" should therefore be of particular interest in understanding both normal development and induced cell fate reprogramming, and can be greatly aided by detailed quantitative characterization of the interactions between these regulators.
Methods
Bistable network model
To illustrate the derivation of the epigenetic landscape, we used a simplified mathematical model of a bistable network of two genes, x and y, that suppress each other to form a double-negative feedback loop. The dynamics of the model are described by the two rate equations:
(6)
(7)
where variables x and y represent the concentrations of the two gene products, and parameters BX and BY denote the basal (constitutive) expression rates of genes x and y, respectively. The parameters foldYX and foldXY represent the rate constants, and KDYX and KDXY the effective affinity constants, for the suppressive effects of gene y on gene x, and of gene x on gene y, respectively. The mutual suppression of the two genes is quantified by the Hill-coefficient nH (the interaction is ultrasensitive for values of nH > 1). Parameters degX and degY represent the first-order degradation rate constants for the two gene products x and y, respectively. For this simplified model we used dimensionless parameters with the following values: foldYX = foldXY = 2; KDYX = 0.7; KDXY = 0.5; BX = BY = 0.2; degX = degY = 1; nH = 4. These values were tuned to ensure bistable switching behavior in the model.
Tristable network model
The tristable network model consisted of two genes, x and y, that in addition to mutual suppression, induce their own expression (positive autoregulation). The dynamics of this model are described by:
(8)
(9)
where the new parameters foldXX and foldYY represent the rate constants, and KDXX and KXYY the effective affinity constants, for the positive autoregulation of genes x and y, respectively. The default parameter values chosen to ensure three robust stable states in this model were as follows: foldXX = foldYY = foldYX = foldXY = 10; KDXX = KDYY = KDYX = KDXY = 4; BX = BY = 0; degX = degY = 1; nH = 4. This system has been modeled previously [42,48,49] in the context of mutual inhibition of the transcription factors PU.1 and GATA1 in common myeloid progenitor (CMP) cells, which gives rise to either bipotential granulocyte/macrophage progenitor (GMP) cells or megakaryocyte/erythroid progenitor (MEP) cells.
Integration Algorithm
To evaluate the change in the quasi-potential along each trajectory in x-y phase space by numerical integration, the initial level of the quasi-potential at time t = 0 at the origin of the trajectory was arbitrarily set to zero (the same initial quasi-potential level was used for all trajectories so that the drop in the quasi-potential along each trajectory could be compared and used as a basis for alignment of multiple trajectories along a basin of attraction).
Thereafter, at each time step:
• The rates and were updated to the current value of x and y according to Eqs. 8 and 9.
• Expression levels x and y were updated as:
(10)
(11)
where for increments in time Δt (fixed for a simulation to ensure convergence), the changes in x and y are given by:
(12)
(13)
• The quasi-potential Vq was updated as:
(14)
where:
(15)
The above steps were repeated until the quasi-potential Vq converged to a minimum (decided by a pre-set tolerance). Multiple trajectories thus obtained were aligned into basins of attraction according to the process described in the main text. The quasi-potential surface was then derived by linear interpolation among the aligned trajectories.
Software platforms used
The deterministic models were implemented and simulated on the MATLAB® (R2009a, The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA) platform, while the BioNetS program [50], based on the Gillespie algorithm [51,52], was used for stochastic simulations. All graphics were rendered on MATLAB®.
Visualization of stochastic simulation results
The stochastically simulated "cells" (i.e. individual realizations of the stochastic network model) were overlaid on the quasi-potential surface at the x and y values predicted for each cell. Since stochastic simulations yield integral values, we added a small random "deviation" term [= (rand*0.5) where rand is a MATLAB® function that draws pseudorandom values from the standard uniform distribution on the open interval (0,1)] to each simulated x and y value to visualize multiple cells situated at the same point in x-y phase space. The appropriate "elevation" for each cell on the quasi-potential surface was calculated by linear interpolation between the two points on the deterministic trajectories "closest to" the location of the cell in x-y phase space. Source code for the model in MATLAB® format is appended in Additional File 2.
Additional file 2. Supplementary Model Code. This file lists the source code in MATLAB® format for the computational algorithm used to derive the epigenetic landscape.
Format: DOC Size: 76KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Word Viewer
Authors' contributions
SB designed the study, constructed the computational model and performed computer simulations, and wrote the paper. QZ participated in study design. QZ and MEA discussed the results and commented on the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We thank J. D. Schroeter, C. Woods, R. B. Conolly, H. J. Clewell III, J.E. Trosko, M. Thattai, J. M. Haugh and B. Howell for critical discussions and reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Superfund Research Program of the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and by the American Chemistry Council.
References
1. Gilbert S: Epigenetic landscaping: Waddington's use of cell fate bifurcation diagrams.
Biology and Philosophy 1991, 6(2):135-154. Publisher Full Text
2. Slack JMW: Conrad Hal Waddington: the last renaissance biologist?
Nat Rev Genet 2002, 3(11):889-895. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Waddington CH: An introduction to modern genetics. London: George Allen & Unwin; 1939.
4. Waddington CH: Organisers and Genes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1940.
5. Waddington CH: The Strategy of the Genes. London: George Allen & Unwin; 1957.
6. Kauffman SA: Metabolic Stability and Epigenesis in Randomly Constructed Genetic Nets.
J Theor Biol 1969, 22(3):437-467. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
7. Enver T, Pera M, Peterson C, Andrews PW: Stem Cell States, Fates, and the Rules of Attraction.
Cell Stem Cell 2009, 4(5):387-397. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
8. Huang S: Reprogramming cell fates: reconciling rarity with robustness.
Bioessays 2009, 31(5):546-560. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
9. MacArthur BD, Ma'ayan A, Lemischka IR: Systems biology of stem cell fate and cellular reprogramming.
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009, 10(10):672-681. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
10. Thom R: Structural Stability and Morphogenesis. Reading, MA: W. A. Benjamin, Inc; 1976.
11. Thom R: An Inventory of Waddingtonian Concepts. In Theorical Biology: Epigenetic and Evolutionary Order from Complex Systems. Edited by Goodwin B, Saunders P. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 1989:1-7.
12. Wang J, Xu L, Wang E, Huang S: The Potential Landscape of Genetic Circuits Imposes the Arrow of Time in Stem Cell Differentiation.
Biophys J 2010, 99(1):29-39. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
13. Zhou JX, Huang S: Understanding gene circuits at cell-fate branch points for rational cell reprogramming.
Trends Genet 2011, 27(2):55-62. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
14. Kim KY, Wang J: Potential energy landscape and robustness of a gene regulatory network: Toggle switch.
PLoS Comput Biol 2007, 3(3):565-577.
15. Cao Y, Liang J: Optimal enumeration of state space of finitely buffered stochastic molecular networks and exact computation of steady state landscape probability.
BMC Syst Biol 2008., 2:
16. Zhu XM, Yin L, Hood L, Ao P: Robustness, stability and efficiency of phage λ genetic switch: Dynamical structure analysis.
J Bioinform Comput Biol 2004, 2(4):785-817. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
17. Zhu XM, Yin L, Hood L, Ao P: Calculating biological behaviors of epigenetic states in the phage λ life cycle.
Funct Integr Genomics 2004, 4(3):188-195. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
18. Lapidus S, Han B, Wang J: Intrinsic noise, dissipation cost, and robustness of cellular networks: The underlying energy landscape of MAPK signal transduction.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008, 105(16):6039-6044. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
19. Wang J, Xu L, Wang EK: Potential landscape and flux framework of nonequilibrium networks: Robustness, dissipation, and coherence of biochemical oscillations.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008, 105(34):12271-12276. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
20. Li C, Wang E, Wang J: Potential Landscape and Probabilistic Flux of a Predator Prey Network.
PLoS ONE 2011, 6(3):e17888. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
21. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S: Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.
Cell 2006, 126(4):663-676. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
22. Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, Yamanaka S: Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors.
Cell 2007, 131(5):861-872. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
23. Wernig M, Meissner A, Foreman R, Brambrink T, Ku MC, Hochedlinger K, Bernstein BE, Jaenisch R: In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state.
Nature 2007, 448(7151):318-U312. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
24. Maherali N, Sridharan R, Xie W, Utikal J, Eminli S, Arnold K, Stadtfeld M, Yachechko R, Tchieu J, Jaenisch R, Plath K, Hochedlinger K: Directly reprogrammed fibroblasts show global epigenetic remodeling and widespread tissue contribution.
Cell Stem Cell 2007, 1(1):55-70. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
25. Yu JY, Vodyanik MA, Smuga-Otto K, Antosiewicz-Bourget J, Frane JL, Tian S, Nie J, Jonsdottir GA, Ruotti V, Stewart R, Slukvin II, Thomson JA: Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells.
Science 2007, 318(5858):1917-1920. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
26. Dimos JT, Rodolfa KT, Niakan KK, Weisenthal LM, Mitsumoto H, Chung W, Croft GF, Saphier G, Leibel R, Goland R, Wichterle H, Henderson CE, Eggan K: Induced pluripotent stem cells generated from patients with ALS can be differentiated into motor neurons.
Science 2008, 321(5893):1218-1221. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
27. Hanna J, Markoulaki S, Schorderet P, Carey BW, Beard C, Wernig M, Creyghton MP, Steine EJ, Cassady JP, Foreman R, Lengner CJ, Dausman JA, Jaenisch R: Direct reprogramming of terminally differentiated mature B lymphocytes to pluripotency.
Cell 2008, 133(2):250-264. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
28. Shen CN, Slack JMW, Tosh D: Molecular basis of transdifferentiation of pancreas to liver.
Nat Cell Biol 2000, 2(12):879-887. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
29. Xie HF, Ye M, Feng R, Graf T: Stepwise reprogramming of B cells into macrophages.
Cell 2004, 117(5):663-676. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
30. Cobaleda C, Jochum W, Busslinger M: Conversion of mature B cells into T cells by dedifferentiation to uncommitted progenitors.
Nature 2007, 449(7161):473-477. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
31. Zhou Q, Brown J, Kanarek A, Rajagopal J, Melton DA: In vivo reprogramming of adult pancreatic exocrine cells to beta-cells.
Nature 2008, 455(7213):627-U630. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
32. Vierbuchen T, Ostermeier A, Pang ZP, Kokubu Y, Sudhof TC, Wernig M: Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors.
Nature 2010, 463(7284):1035-U1050. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
33. Ieda M, Fu JD, Delgado-Olguin P, Vedantham V, Hayashi Y, Bruneau BG, Srivastava D: Direct Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Functional Cardiomyocytes by Defined Factors.
Cell 2010, 142(3):375-386. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
34. Tursun B, Patel T, Kratsios P, Hobert O: Direct conversion of C. elegans germ cells into specific neuron types.
Science 2011, 331(6015):304-308. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
35. Zhou Q, Melton DA: Extreme Makeover: Converting One Cell into Another.
Cell Stem Cell 2008, 3(4):382-388. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
36. Yamanaka S: Elite and stochastic models for induced pluripotent stem cell generation.
Nature 2009, 460(7251):49-52. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
37. Graf T, Enver T: Forcing cells to change lineages.
Nature 2009, 462(7273):587-594. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
38. Huang S: Non-genetic heterogeneity of cells in development: more than just noise.
Development 2009, 136(23):3853-3862. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
39. Hochedlinger K, Plath K: Epigenetic reprogramming and induced pluripotency.
Development 2009, 136(4):509-523. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
40. Gardner TS, Cantor CR, Collins JJ: Construction of a genetic toggle switch in Escherichia coli.
Nature 2000, 403(6767):339-342. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
41. Strogatz S: Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: With Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering (Studies in Nonlinearity). Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books Group; 2001.
42. Huang S, Guo YP, May G, Enver T: Bifurcation dynamics in lineage-commitment in bipotent progenitor cells.
Dev Biol 2007, 305(2):695-713. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
43. Wilkinson DJ: Stochastic modelling for quantitative description of heterogeneous biological systems.
Nat Rev Genet 2009, 10(2):122-133. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
44. Kaern M, Elston TC, Blake WJ, Collins JJ: Stochasticity in gene expression: From theories to phenotypes.
Nat Rev Genet 2005, 6(6):451-464. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
45. Roeder I, Radtke F: Stem cell biology meets systems biology.
Development 2009, 136(21):3525-3530. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
46. Hasty J, Pradines J, Dolnik M, Collins JJ: Noise-based switches and amplifiers for gene expression.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97(5):2075-2080. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
47. Acar M, Becskei A, van Oudenaarden A: Enhancement of cellular memory by reducing stochastic transitions.
Nature 2005, 435(7039):228-232. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
48. Roeder I, Glauche I: Towards an understanding of lineage specification in hematopoietic stem cells: A mathematical model for the interaction of transcription factors GATA-1 and PU.1.
J Theor Biol 2006, 241(4):852-865. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
49. Chickarmane V, Enver T, Peterson C: Computational Modeling of the Hematopoietic Erythroid-Myeloid Switch Reveals Insights into Cooperativity, Priming, and Irreversibility.
PLoS Comput Biol 2009, 5(1):e1000268. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
50. Adalsteinsson D, McMillen D, Elston TC: Biochemical Network Stochastic Simulator (BioNetS): software for stochastic modeling of biochemical networks.
BMC Bioinformatics 2004, 5:24. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
51. Gillespie DT: A general method for numerically simulating the stochastic time evolution of coupled chemical reactions.
Journal of Computational Physics 1976, 22(4):403-434. Publisher Full Text
52. Gillespie DT: Exact Stochastic Simulation of Coupled Chemical-Reactions.
J Phys Chem 1977, 81(25):2340-2361. Publisher Full Text
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:20:24.000Z
|
aqhnzsxpu3bxdvmbfyso2dsxz55lg4ej
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70109",
"uncompressed_offset": 357126439,
"url": "www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/2/174/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/2/174/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Short Report
MRI assessment of cortical thickness and functional activity changes in adolescent girls following three months of practice on a visual-spatial task
Richard J Haier1*, Sherif Karama2, Leonard Leyba3 and Rex E Jung3,4
Author Affiliations
1 School of Medicine (Emeritus), University of California, Irvine CA, USA
2 McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
3 Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
4 Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:174 doi:10.1186/1756-0500-2-174
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/2/174
Received:14 April 2009
Accepted:1 September 2009
Published:1 September 2009
© 2009 Haier et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Neuro-imaging studies demonstrate plasticity of cortical gray matter before and after practice for some motor and cognitive tasks in adults. Other imaging studies show functional changes after practice, but there is not yet direct evidence of how structural and functional changes may be related. A fundamental question is whether they occur at the same cortical sites, adjacent sites, or sites in other parts of a network.
Findings
Using a 3 T MRI, we obtained structural and functional images in adolescent girls before and after practice on a visual-spatial problem-solving computer game, Tetris. After three months of practice, compared to the structural scans of controls, the group with Tetris practice showed thicker cortex, primarily in two areas: left BAs 6 and 22/38. Based on fMRI BOLD signals, the Tetris group showed cortical activations throughout the brain while playing Tetris, but significant BOLD decreases, mostly in frontal areas, were observed after practice. None of these BOLD decreases, however, overlapped with the cortical thickness changes.
Conclusion
Regional cortical thickness changes were observed after three months of Tetris practice. Over the same period, brain activity decreases were observed in several other areas. These data indicate that structural change in one brain area does not necessarily result in functional change in the same location, at least on the levels assessed with these MRI methods.
Findings
Plasticity of gray matter (GM) in adults has been demonstrated before and after practice of both motor and cognitive tasks [1-3]. Evidence points to plasticity effects for both novel learning of a task and for continued practice of a task once learned [4]. A fundamental question is whether GM increases after practice in a specific brain area are concomitant with functional changes in the same area (site specific), and/or whether different areas in the same network show changes. A secondary question is whether GM increases are associated with increased or decreased brain activity. Functional imaging studies show both directions [5-11]. With two exceptions, none of these included structural assessments so any overlap of functional and structural changes could not be determined. One exception [12] reported limited overlap for a mirror reading task; the other [13] reported no overlap for a simple visual-motor task.
We conducted a straightforward test of the site-specific hypothesis. We first examined whether cortical thickness (CT) increased after three months of practicing a visual-spatial game, Tetris. Then, in the same subjects, we determined blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) changes after practice. Finally, we examined the overlap of the structural and functional results. Since Tetris involves rapid visual-spatial rotation problem-solving and motor co-ordination, we hypothesized GM increases in pre-motor and post-central gyri and parts of the parietal and occipital lobes as shown in previous studies [5,14-16].
Methods
Ethics Statement
Each participant gave written assent and a parent gave written informed consent as approved by the University of New Mexico Institutional Review Board. This research was conducted in accord with the Helsinki Declaration.
Subjects and Procedure
Because developing brains are most likely to show potential changes, we studied adolescents. We chose girls to minimize bias based on previous video game experience.
Twenty-six girls aged 12-15 were recruited from advertisements and visits to schools. All were familiar with computers but none reported significant interest in computer game play (defined as playing any games requiring rapid visual-spatial puzzle solving on a regular basis) or significant exposure to Tetris (defined as playing more than one time, or watching someone else play more than three times). None had medical illness, brain injury, psychiatric history or were taking prescription medications. Girls were randomly assigned to either the Tetris practice group (n = 15) or the control group (n = 11). The groups did not differ on age (mean 13.1 +/- 1.1 vs. 12.9 +/- 1.0, respectively, t = .51, NS), or FSIQ (113.8 +/- 13.4 vs. 115.7 +/- 11.4, t = .40, NS).
The Tetris group got online access to a controlled web site where they logged in to play. Each login was tracked for duration and scores. Each girl received Tetris instruction and 15 minutes of practice when they entered the study. They were instructed to practice as their schedules permitted during a three-month period. On average, the girls practiced 1.5 hours per week (individual games take only a few minutes). The Control group had no access to the Tetris site and was instructed not to play Tetris during the three-month period. Both groups had a structural MRI at the start and end of the study. Both groups also had fMRI scans, while playing Tetris, at both MRI sessions. Before beginning fMRI, both groups received Tetris instructions and practiced 15 minutes.
Tetris Task
In random order, pieces with different shapes constructed from 4 squares, appear one at a time at the top of the computer screen. As the piece falls to the bottom, the player uses four buttons to move and/or rotate the piece so it fits in with previous pieces to form rows with no gaps. When a row is completed, it disappears from the screen, and all the remaining pieces drop down, changing the configuration of the play space. This requires rapid analysis of the best way to place each piece into the existing pattern. The version used here was scored as time it took to complete 40 rows.
MRI Acquisition
Images were obtained on a 3 T Siemens TrioTim scanner. Structural (sMRI) images were collected using a 5 echo mprage sequence [TE1 = 1.64 ms, TE2 = 3.5 ms, TE3 = 5.36 ms, TE4 = 7.22 ms, TE5 = 9.08 ms; TR = 2530 ms; FOV = 256 mm; total acquisition time = 6:03]. 192 3D 1 mm thick slices (0 mm skip) were selected to provide coverage of the entire brain (voxel size: 1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm). Functional echo planar (fMRI) images were collected using a single-shot sequence [TE = 29 ms; TR = 2000 ms; FOV = 24 cm; matrix size = 64 × 64; 32 axial 3.5 mm slices (1.05 mm skip); voxel size: 3.75 × 3.75 × 4.55].
MR Image Processing
Cortical thickness
Structural images were submitted to the CIVET pipeline (1.1.9) http://wiki.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/index.php/CIVET webcite for fully automated analysis. Steps, detailed elsewhere [17], include: 1) Registering to MNI space. 2) Producing high-resolution hemispheric surfaces with 40962 vertices each. 3) Registering surfaces to a high-resolution template. 4) Applying a reverse of step 1 allowing CT estimations in native space of each subject. 5) Smoothing using 20-milimeter kernel [18]. 6) Calculating CT at each vertex.
Brain function
Subjects alternated between playing Tetris (ON) for 30 seconds using an MRI compatible device and keeping their eyes fixed (OFF) on a (+) sign for 20 seconds. Each run consisted of 11 ON/OFF cycles totalling 9 minutes 10 seconds per run. On both visits, subjects performed two runs, averaged together for analyses. fMRI images were motion corrected, and normalized to the MNI stereotaxic space using SPM http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk webcite and re-sampled to 4 × 4 × 4 mm. Data for which motion parameters deviated >3 S.D. from the mean were excluded leaving 11 Tetris and 9 control subjects. Deconvolution determined the hemodynamic response function (HRF) corresponding to the 50-second ON/OFF period and was converted to percent signal change versus baseline. Empirical examination of this 50 second HRF in responsive regions showed large percent signal changes from 4 to 36 seconds into the ON/OFF period. The mean percent signal change from 4-36 seconds, encompassing the theoretical peak of the hemodynamic response [19], was used as a single measure of percent signal change per voxel.
Statistical Analyses
sMRI
Analyses used SurfStat created for MATLAB 7 (The MathWorks, Inc.). Baseline cortical thickness maps were subtracted, for each subject, from the 3-month cortical thickness maps, yielding subject-specific maps of change in cortical thickness. These maps for the Tetris group were compared to those for the Control group. Results are shown at p < .05 using the Family Wise Error (FWE) correction (Figure 1); trends are noted at p < .005, uncorrected. For all tables, Brodmann areas (BA) were determined as best estimates based on the Talairach and Tourneau atlas [20,21].
Figure 1. Cortical Thickness Changes. Cortical thickness changes after practice showing Tetris follow-up minus baseline versus Controls follow-up minus baseline, p < .005. Upper left is left hemisphere; arrows show cluster level p < .05 FWE corrected.
fMRI
Individual subject voxel-wise percent BOLD signal change in response to Tetris was passed on to level 2 group analysis. One sample t-tests (df = 10 for Tetris group, df = 8 for controls, SPM) against the null hypothesis showed areas significantly modulated by Tetris (p < 0.05; Figure 2, top two panels). Practice effects in the Tetris group were assessed using a paired two-sample t-test contrasting the follow-up vs. baseline visits (Figure 2, lower panel). Group-by-visit interactions were assessed using an unpaired t-test (df = 18) contrasting (Percent signal change at 3 months - Baseline Percent signal change in Experimental Group) Minus (Percent signal change at 3 months - Baseline Percent signal change in Experimental Group). Stereotaxic coordinates of peak statistical significance were converted from ICBM-152 to Talairach compatible coordinates [21].
Figure 2. BOLD Signal Changes. BOLD signal increases (green) and decreases (blue) in cortex during the Tetris task (top row is at baseline; middle row is at follow-up; p < .05, FWE) and after practice (follow-up minus baseline; bottom row; p < .05, FDR). Left column is left hemisphere. Template is ICBM-152.
We limit discussion to the more conservative FWE results since the chance of Type I error is greater for results based on more lenient threshold methods of FDR or uncorrected p values. Nonetheless, we included these findings in the tables to increase the chance of replication by other studies.
Results
Changes in CT following practice led to a significantly thicker cortex in the experimental compared to the control group [Tetris follow-up minus baseline] minus [control follow-up minus baseline], in two Brodmann areas (BA), left BA 6 and left BA 22/38, (p < .05, FWE corrected); these are shown in Figure 1 along with other areas where there was a trend of increases after practice (p < .005, uncorrected). These areas were distributed throughout the brain (Table 1) and were most significant (p < .0005, uncorrected) in BA 6 and 44 (left frontal lobe), BA 40 (bilateral parietal lobe), BA 4 (left paracentral lobule), BA 20 and 22 (left temporal lobe), and BA 38 (right temporal pole). There was no evidence of any areas of thinner cortex after practice.
Table 1. Peak vertex coordinates (MNI) and brain areas where change over three months showed greater cortical thickness in the Tetris group than in the controls (p < 0.005, uncorrected; * p < .05 cluster level, FWE corrected).
Tetris-induced BOLD signal increases (p < 0.05, FWE corrected) are similar for both visits (Figure 2, top two panels; Additional Files 1, 2, 3 &4). Most are in frontal and parietal lobes including parts of BAs 6, 7, 40, although the follow-up visit showed additional activations in occipital BAs 17, 18, and 19. For both visits, only a few small clusters (<20 voxels each) showed a significantly decreased BOLD signal during task performance. The same comparisons for the control group showed similar results.
Additional file 1. Brain areas of increased BOLD signal during task in the Tetris group at baseline (p < .05 FWE). Functional activations while playing Tetris before practice period.
Format: DOC Size: 58KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Word Viewer
Additional file 2. Brain areas of decreased BOLD signal during task in the Tetris group at baseline (p < .05 FWE). Functional deactivations while playing Tetris before practice period.
Format: DOC Size: 41KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Word Viewer
Additional file 3. Brain areas of increased BOLD signal during task in the Tetris group at follow-up (p < .05 FWE). Functional activations while playing Tetris after practice period.
Format: DOC Size: 56KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Word Viewer
Additional file 4. Brain areas of decreased BOLD signal during task in the Tetris group at follow-up (p < .05 FWE). Functional deactivations while playing Tetris after practice period.
Format: DOC Size: 32KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Word Viewer
For the Tetris group, no activation changes over the 3-month practice period were significant after FWE correction. However, changes based on statistical false discovery rate control (FDR) [22,23] are shown in Figure 2 (lower panel) and Table 2. These were all decreases after practice and were mostly in the right hemisphere; the most significant were in frontal BAs 32, 8, 9, 6, 46, and in parietal BA 40.
Table 2. Brain areas with decreases in BOLD signal after practice (follow-up minus baseline; p < .05 FDR).
Figure 3 shows both CT change and BOLD signal during Tetris play. For baseline and follow-up, overlap was limited to a few small areas of BAs 6, 7, 22, and 19 (arrows in Figure 3, top and middle rows). The areas with decreased activation over the practice period (follow-up minus baseline) showed no overlap with CT increases (bottom row). To increase statistical power, we did additional analyses, first restricting the CT analyses to regions that showed BOLD changes; and second, restricting the BOLD analyses to regions that showed CT changes. Neither analysis identified any new regions of overlap (p < .005, uncorrected).
Figure 3. Cortical Thickness and BOLD Changes. Both cortical thickness change after practice (red) and BOLD signal increases (green) or decreases (blue) during Tetris task are shown. Top row is at baseline, middle row is at follow-up, bottom row is follow-up minus baseline. Left column is left hemisphere. Template is Surfstat MNI. Arrows indicate small areas of overlap.
Discussion
We found no apparent overlap between structural and functional findings to support the site-specific hypothesis. Interpreting fMRI data has important limitations. For example, the BOLD signal reflects neuronal mass activity. It does not distinguish between excitatory and inhibitory activity, and a marked change in processing strategies involving an anatomical area does not necessitate a change in BOLD [24]. It is possible that practiced-subjects developed a more sophisticated approach, but if this did not invoke novel brain areas, it might not be detectable using fMRI.
The frontal eye fields in left BA 6 showed the most significant CT change, consistent with other imaging studies of visual-spatial tasks. The same area also showed increased activity while the subjects played at baseline, but there was no additional change after practice. Notably, BA 6 is at a critical juncture between "intention" and "action" [25], linking memory of previous responses and the rewards associated with them [26], and is active when motor plans are altered [27]. The left temporal pole (BA 22/38) also showed change. The temporal poles integrate visual, auditory, tactile, and internal physiological information, suggesting a critical role in multimodal perceptual analysis [28]. Moreover, there are lateralizing differences, with right more associated with emotion and socially relevant episodic memories, and left associated with semantic memory[29]. We interpret the temporal pole changes as reflecting increased multisensory integration to support visual, spatial, and tactile input necessary to succeed at Tetris. That greater cortical change was seen in the left temporal pole, suggests Tetris play is processed as a general cognitive puzzle rather than a discrete episodic memory. Whether practiced Tetris play and associated cortical changes generalize to performance changes in other cognitive domains (e.g. working memory, processing speed, spatial reasoning) is not yet determined.
Conclusion
These data indicate that structural and functional brain changes after practice do not necessarily occur in the same location, at least on the levels assessed with these MRI methods.
Competing interests
This project was funded at the MIND Research Network, Albuquerque, N.M. by Blue Planet Software (BPS), Inc., the company holding exclusive licensing rights to Tetris. REJ was the PI and LL received partial salary support. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. RJH is a paid consultant to Blue Planet Software.
Authors' contributions
RJH and REJ conceived and designed the experiment. REJ performed the experiment. SK and LL analyzed the data. All authors approved and helped write the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Ranee Barrow (partial salary supported by the BPS funding) for invaluable help in data collection and Alan Evans for supporting cortical thickness analyses done at MNI.
References
1. Boyke J, Driemeyer J, Gaser C, Buechel C, May A: Training-induced brain structure changes in the elderly.
Journal of Neuroscience 2008, 28(28):7031-7035. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
2. Draganski B, Gaser C, Busch V, Schuierer G, Bogdahn U, May A: Neuroplasticity: changes in grey matter induced by training.
Nature 2004, 427(6972):311-312. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Draganski B, Gaser C, Kempermann G, Kuhn HG, Winkler J, Buchel C, May A: Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Brain Structure Changes during Extensive Learning.
J Neurosci 2006, 26(23):6314-6317. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
4. Driemeyer J, Boyke J, Gaser C, Buchel C, May A: Changes in gray matter induced by learning--revisited.
PLoS ONE 2008, 3(7):e2669. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
5. Haier RJ, Siegel BV Jr, MacLachlan A, Soderling E, Lottenberg S, Buchsbaum MS: Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study.
Brain Res 1992, 570(1-2):134-143. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
6. McNab F, Varrone A, Farde L, Jucaite A, Bystritsky P, Forssberg H, Klingberg T: Changes in cortical dopamine D1 receptor binding associated with cognitive training.
Science 2009, 323(5915):800-802. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
7. Goodyear BG, Douglas EA: Decreasing task-related brain activity over repeated functional MRI scans and sessions with no change in performance: implications for serial investigations.
Exp Brain Res 2009, 192(2):231-239. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
8. Little DM, Klein R, Shobat DM, McClure ED, Thulborn KR: Changing patterns of brain activation during category learning revealed by functional MRI.
Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2004, 22(1):84-93. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
9. Landau SM, Schumacher EH, Garavan H, Druzgal TJ, D'Esposito M: A functional MRI study of the influence of practice on component processes of working memory.
Neuroimage 2004, 22(1):211-221. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
10. Wu T, Kansaku K, Hallett M: How self-initiated memorized movements become automatic: a functional MRI study.
J Neurophysiol 2004, 91(4):1690-1698. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
11. Karni A, Meyer G, Jezzard P, Adams MM, Turner R, Ungerleider LG: Functional MRI evidence for adult motor cortex plasticity during motor skill learning.
Nature 1995, 377(6545):155-158. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
12. Ilg R, Wohlschlager AM, Gaser C, Liebau Y, Dauner R, Woller A, Zimmer C, Zihl J, Muhlau M: Gray matter increase induced by practice correlates with task-specific activation: a combined functional and morphometric magnetic resonance imaging study.
J Neurosci 2008, 28(16):4210-4215. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
13. Thomas AG, Marrett S, Saad ZS, Ruff DA, Martin A, Bandettini PA: Functional but not structural changes associated with learning: An exploration of longitudinal Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM).
Neuroimage 2009, 48(1):117-125. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
14. Alivisatos B, Petrides M: Functional activation of the human brain during mental rotation.
Neuropsychologia 1997, 35(2):111-118. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
15. Cohen MS, Kosslyn SM, Breiter HC, DiGirolamo GJ, Thompson WL, Anderson AK, Bookheimer SY, Rosen BR, Belliveau JW: Changes in cortical activity during mental rotation - A mapping study using functional MRI.
Brain 1996, 119:89-100. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
16. O'Boyle MW, Cunnington R, Silk TJ, Vaughan D, Jackson G, Syngeniotis A, Egan GF: Mathematically gifted male adolescents activate a unique brain network during mental rotation.
Cognitive Brain Research 2005, 25(2):583-587. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
17. Karama S, Ad-Dab'bagh Y, Haier RJ, Deary IJ, Lyttelton OC, Lepage C, Evans AC: Positive association between cognitive ability and cortical thickness in a representative US sample of healthy 6 to 18 year-olds.
Intelligence 2009, 37:145-155. Publisher Full Text
18. Lerch JP, Evans AC: Cortical thickness analysis examined through power analysis and a population simulation.
Neuroimage 2005, 24(1):163-173. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
19. Cohen MS: Parametric analysis of fMRI data using linear systems methods.
NeuroImage 1997, 6(2):93-103. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
20. Talairach J, Tournoux P: Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain: a 3-dimensional proportional system, an approach to cerebral imaging. Stuttgart; New York: New York: G. Thieme; Thieme Medical Publishers; 1988. PubMed Abstract
21. Lancaster JL, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Martinez M, Salinas F, Evans A, Zilles K, Mazziotta JC, Fox PT: Bias between MNI and Talairach coordinates analyzed using the ICBM-152 brain template.
Hum Brain Mapp 2007, 28(11):1194-1205. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
22. Chumbley JR, Friston KJ: False discovery rate revisited: FDR and topological inference using Gaussian random fields.
Neuroimage 2009, 44(1):62-70. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
23. Genovese CR, Lazar NA, Nichols T: Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate.
Neuroimage 2002, 15(4):870-878. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
24. Logothetis NK: What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI.
Nature 2008, 453(7197):869-878. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
25. Lau HC, Rogers RD, Haggard P, Passingham RE: Attention to intention.
Science 2004, 303(5661):1208-1210. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
26. Nakamura K, Sakai K, Hikosaka O: Neuronal activity in medial frontal cortex during learning of sequential procedures.
Journal of Neurophysiology 1998, 80(5):2671-2687. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
27. Nachev P, Rees G, Parton A, Kennard C, Husain M: Volition and conflict in human medial frontal cortex.
Current Biology 2005, 15(2):122-128. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
28. Olson IR, Plotzker A, Ezzyat Y: The Enigmatic temporal pole: a review of findings on social and emotional processing.
Brain 2007, 130(Pt 7):1718-1731. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
29. Markowitsch HJ: Which brain regions are critically involved in the retrieval of old episodic memory?
Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1995, 21(2):117-127. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:19:04.000Z
|
llnn22p43sfa22agxqtymvh6dhko5v2w
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70110",
"uncompressed_offset": 358022884,
"url": "www.bizsugar.com/Marketing/7-tips-to-help-you-write-conversationally/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://www.bizsugar.com/Marketing/7-tips-to-help-you-write-conversationally/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
7 Tips to Help You Write Conversationally
Posted by copyjuice under Marketing
From http://copyjuice.com 142 days ago
Made Hot by: SJC on December 30, 2012 7:22 pm
Discover easy-to-understand methods and suggestions to make you a better conversational writer so you can communicate effectively.
Subscribe
Ian Smith @IanDSmith Builds a Remarkable Business
Ian Smith likes to say that your business is either remarkable or invisible, and that which one it is depends on … More
Editor's Picks
Add BizSugar buttons and plugins to your small biz toolkit!
See if you're one of our Top 10 Members this week!
Shazam! Meet Contributor of the Week Paul Cox...Congrats, Paul!
Got small business blog posts? Register and submit them today!
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:59:07.000Z
|
dy6mvqvteifbc3i7kmbvwa2aiuxjzjpu
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70111",
"uncompressed_offset": 358038623,
"url": "www.bizsugar.com/user/commented/SkipAnderson",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://www.bizsugar.com/user/commented/SkipAnderson"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
SkipAnderson commented on the following stories on BizSugar
Subscribe
Steve Chou: BizSugar Contributor of the Week
We're pleased to welcome Steve Chou, BizSugar "Contributor of the Week" on Facebook to the list of BizSugar members … More
Editor's Picks
See if you're one of our Top 10 Members this week!
Add BizSugar buttons and plugins to your small biz toolkit!
Got small business blog posts? Register and submit them today!
Shazam! Meet Contributor of the Week Paul Cox...Congrats, Paul!
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:59:23.000Z
|
24ig44v2fozjm2vhqidnyutlutdcjezn
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70129",
"uncompressed_offset": 449036448,
"url": "www.envirolink.org/resource.html?catid=3&itemid=20020607025725573705",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://www.envirolink.org/resource.html?itemid=20020607025725573705&catid=3"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
advanced search
Category: General Information > Sustainable Development > Sustainable Technology
Environmental Forum
A place to come and discuss the latest environmental issues.
Ratings/Review of this resource:
Address:
36 Hefford Road
East Cowes , IoW
United Kingdom
Contact Person: Adi Gaskell
Phone: 01983 200069
E-Mail: admin@adigaskell.org
Website: http://www.adigaskell.org/Forum/default.asp?CAT_ID=3
Detailed Information:
The forum enables enthralling discussions of the latest environmental issues. We also provide the latest environmental events and a links library of local charities.
Resources that may be related:
Home | Site Map | About EnviroLink | Advanced Search | Suggest a Resource
All content on this website is governed by a Creative Commons license.
This site powered by WebDNA
Community Information Systems provided by Rhiza Labs
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:48:19.000Z
|
o2mfef732nt2xcjwhuix772looaijrvg
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70130",
"uncompressed_offset": 458176909,
"url": "www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?oldid=447447&title=Marin_County%2C_California",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?title=Marin_County,_California&oldid=447447"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Marin County, CaliforniaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 18:30, 7 October 2010 by Lynng (Talk | contribs)
United States > California > Marin County
Contents
County Courthouse
Quick Facts
Wikipedia has more about this subject: Marin County, California
Parent County
18 February 1850: Marin County was created as an original county. County seat: San Rafael [1]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Archives and Libraries
Cemeteries
Church History and Records
LDS Ward and Branch Records
• San Rafael
Court Records
History
Land and Property
Maps
Military History and Records
Newspapers
Probate Records
Taxation
Vital Records
Societies, Libraries and Museums
Websites
References
1. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:48:22.000Z
|
5pdxsttx7eq5mm5vq3jdbojlszjj7xo4
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70131",
"uncompressed_offset": 458193136,
"url": "www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?hidelinks=1&title=Special%3AWhatLinksHere%2FCategory%3AAdair_County%2C_Missouri",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Category:Adair_County,_Missouri&hidelinks=1"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Pages that link to "Category:Adair County, Missouri"
From FamilySearch Wiki
What links here
Filters Hide transclusions | Show links | Hide redirects
No pages link to Category:Adair County, Missouri.
New to the Research Wiki?
In the FamilySearch Research Wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others.
Learn More
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:12:20.000Z
|
44sgy43v7ya3342rsnhag3zyestoduud
|
{
"content_type": "application/xhtml+xml",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70143",
"uncompressed_offset": 515192586,
"url": "www.hindawi.com/journals/aa/2012/893984/abs/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://www.hindawi.com/journals/aa/2012/893984/abs/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Advances in Astronomy
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 893984, 2 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/893984
Erratum
Erratum to “Are Nuclear Star Clusters the Precursors of Massive Black Holes?”
1European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
2Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmann Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
3Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
Received 2 May 2012; Accepted 16 May 2012
Copyright © 2012 Nadine Neumayer and C. Jakob Walcher. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
This article has no abstract.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:48:25.000Z
|
avoqnttqqlzl67ixcg74hi4ut2wf65id
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70150",
"uncompressed_offset": 541145934,
"url": "www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?1219393"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Bibliography: A Look at John Schoenherr
You are not logged in. If you create a free account and sign in, you will be able to customize what is displayed.
Title: A Look at John Schoenherr
Author: Sandra Miesel
Year: 1978
Type: ESSAY
ISFDB Record Number: 1219393
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:28:39.000Z
|
secjykiwkowqjduitf2do3bbqjd6hmjr
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70165",
"uncompressed_offset": 642384613,
"url": "www.ohloh.net/accounts/mmeeks",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://www.ohloh.net/accounts/mmeeks"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Contributions
LibreOffice 3814 commits Jul 2003 to Present
Apache OpenOffice 23 commits Aug 2004 to Oct 2009
GNOME 106 commits Jul 2001 to Nov 2005
Developer at Novell, Inc.
DiaUnknown Dates
EvolutionUnknown Dates
Eye of GNOMEUnknown Dates
GTK+Unknown Dates
GnomeVFSUnknown Dates
openSUSE Linux 18 commits Aug 2006 to Feb 2007
GnumericUnknown Dates
Go OpenOffice.OrgUnknown Dates
at Novell, Inc.
LibgladeUnknown Dates
NautilusUnknown Dates
bootchart2 203 commits Nov 2009 to Feb 2011
at Novell, Inc.
gconfUnknown Dates
Location
Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8, UK
Ohloh Activity
Joined Ohloh 05 Sep 2007
2 Ohloh website edit(s)
No forum posts.
No project reviewed.
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:22:09.000Z
|
whyvhrjedsbjvdb4c674p66ee4kn52ps
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70175",
"uncompressed_offset": 646950333,
"url": "www.openwetware.org/index.php?oldid=596405&title=Talk%3ACH391L%2FS12%2FRefactoring_Genomes",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://www.openwetware.org/index.php?title=Talk:CH391L/S12/Refactoring_Genomes&oldid=596405"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Talk:CH391L/S12/Refactoring Genomes
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
• Jeffrey E. Barrick 17:01, 2 April 2012 (EDT):Did they replace the telomeres? With what?
• Jeffrey E. Barrick 10:11, 6 April 2012 (EDT):General note: I don't like the trend of pasting summary boxes from papers into these Wiki pages. The point of making this page is to digest information into important points and bring together different papers, not reproduce existing information. You already have much of the information in your description, anyway.
• Jeffrey E. Barrick 10:11, 6 April 2012 (EDT):Why don't you cite a paper from sequencing T7?
• Jeffrey E. Barrick 10:11, 6 April 2012 (EDT):Can you describe in more detail the method of genome construction they used for T7? They put the segment in a plasmid and changed it, or they PCRed each gene with primers that changed the endpoints like you have pictured? How do they recombine the genomes? Is it by infecting a cell carrying a plasmid with wild-type T7 and screening for recombinants?
• Jeffrey E. Barrick 10:11, 6 April 2012 (EDT):There is a 2009 book on genome refactoring that is available for online reading through the library. It describes refactoring the phage M13 genome in an undergraduate lab course at MIT, and actually has some other sections of general interest for teaching synthetic biology. Definitely a good one to cite and maybe mention M13. Are there any other efforts to refactor out there, or has interest waned in this?
Personal tools
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:28:54.000Z
|
fcrxhtwo4mlicyauayband4z2sh332bi
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70176",
"uncompressed_offset": 652244580,
"url": "www.panarmenian.net/eng/foreign/news/119038/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/foreign/news/119038/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Armenian soldier lost in Syria, sources say
PanARMENIAN.Net - It’s already 8 days Kessab-based Armenian soldier of Syrian armed forces, has been lost without trace, he founder of “Outreach to Syrian Armenians” Facebook page, writer/publicist said.
“Khajak Abelyan currently serves in Aleppo army unit,” Anahit Adamyan told a PanARMENIAN.Net reporter, adding that Syrian army representatives refused to comment on the incident.
Aleppo-based Syrian Armenians are afraid to leave their homes, the founder of “Outreach to Syrian Armenians” Facebook page, writer/publicist Anahit Adamyan told PanARMENIAN.Net
According to a Syrian Armenian, who wrote to Facebook page administrators, the situation in Aleppo is very serious, with his family hiding in the cellar of their house to escape shelling.
“Electricity and phone service outage are common in the city, with no municipal service operating. The family would like to leave Aleppo for Armenia, yet are unable to in view of the danger of leaving the city,” Ms Adamyan said.
Partner news
Top stories
The Turkish government aggressively pushed for Turkey's inclusion in Investment Partnership between the U.S. and EU.
Possible ways to advance the peaceful settlement of Nagorno Karabakh conflict were in the focus of the discussion.
A meeting between Edward Nalbandian and Azerbaijani FM Elmar Mammadyarov will be held on the sidelines of the event.
Bergen began by recounting his 1997 meeting with Bin Laden in Afghanistan after a long process of negotiations.
Partner news
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T10:00:58.000Z
|
tfdwqssxq3tzag6d6fuilv2fovd3thx4
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70177",
"uncompressed_offset": 652255144,
"url": "www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/143276/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/143276/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands abdicating in favor of son
PanARMENIAN.Net - Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands has announced she is abdicating in favor of her son, Prince Willem-Alexander, BBC News reported.
In a pre-recorded address broadcast on TV, she said she would formally stand down on April 30.
The queen, who is approaching her 75th birthday, said she had been thinking about this moment for several years and that now was "the moment to lay down my crown". Queen Beatrix has been head of state since 1980, when her mother abdicated.
In the short televised statement, the queen said it was time for the throne to be held by "a new generation", adding that her son was ready to be king.
Prince Willem-Alexander, 45, is married to Maxima Zorreguieta, a former investment banker from Argentina, and has three young children. He is a trained pilot and an expert in water management. He will become the Netherlands' first king since Willem III, who died in 1890.
Queen Beatrix is the sixth monarch from the House of Orange-Nassau, which has ruled the Netherlands since the early 19th century. She is extremely popular with most Dutch people, but her abdication was widely expected and will not provoke a constitutional crisis.
Under Dutch law, the monarch has few powers and the role is considered ceremonial.
In recent decades it has become the tradition for the monarch to abdicate.
Queen Beatrix's mother Juliana resigned the throne in 1980 on her 70th birthday, and her grandmother Wilhelmina abdicated in 1948 at the age of 68.
Queen Beatrix will be 75 this week. She has remained active in recent years, but her reign has also seen traumatic events. In 2009 a would-be attacker killed eight people when he drove his car into crowds watching the queen and other members of the royal family in a national holiday parade. In March last year her second son, Prince Friso, was struck by an avalanche in Austria and remains in a coma.
Partner news
Top stories
Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
Partner news
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T10:00:08.000Z
|
at2mjnkninvxekho6u6mokxgnvrit6b2
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70205",
"uncompressed_offset": 819818731,
"url": "www.windley.com/archives/2009/05/cto_breakfast_this_thursday_2.shtml",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:38:36.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b35ab5c5-8bd6-4b1c-80c1-2cdc54df57ac>",
"warc_url": "http://www.windley.com/archives/2009/05/cto_breakfast_this_thursday_2.shtml"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
CTO Breakfast This Thursday
We'll be holding the CTO Breakfast this Thursday (May 28th) at 8am in the usual place (Novell Cafeteria). Despite it's name, you don't have to be a CTO to attend--just interested in technology, where it's headed, and the problems of starting and building a high-tech business in Utah. All are welcome.
Here's a list of future breakfasts.
• May 28, 2009 (Thursday)
• June 26, 2009
• No breakfast in July
• August 28, 2009 (Friday)
• September 24, 2009 (Thursday)
Be sure to put them on your calendar. I have also created a Google Calendar with dates for the CTO breakfast that you can subscribe to.
I hope to see you there even though @fulling won't come.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:48:25.000Z
|
xiilweah3m3nduleikutxkrapz62cubh
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70214",
"uncompressed_offset": 2199833,
"url": "abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/ProductsbyReleaseDate/0CED2373AE39B2B2CA2579F80013587D",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyReleaseDate/0CED2373AE39B2B2CA2579F80013587D?OpenDocument"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
7307.0 - Wheat Stocks and Exports, Australia, Feb 2012 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 04/04/2012
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Wheat Grain Stored
Includes: Stocks of wheat grain stored by bulk grain handlers at month end for Australia and states and territories.
Wheat Grain Exported
Includes: Wheat grain exports during the month for Australia and states and territories.
Wheat Grain Committed
Includes: Wheat grain committed for export at the month end for Australia and states and territories.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T10:00:54.000Z
|
giljpao5ks7prahxeuw2spgupmrapjqf
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70215",
"uncompressed_offset": 2207070,
"url": "abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/ProductsbyReleaseDate/AE1954C27CB09FCFCA2570AC0083CFE7",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyReleaseDate/AE1954C27CB09FCFCA2570AC0083CFE7?OpenDocument"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6401.0 - Consumer Price Index, Australia, Dec 1999
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 28/01/2000
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Previously: Consumer Price Index (ISSN: 1031-0207)
Movements in retail prices of goods and services commonly purchased by metropolitan households. The goods and services are divided into the following groups: food; alcohol and tobacco; clothing and footwear; housing; household furnishings, supplies and services; health; transportation; communication; recreation; education; and miscellaneous. Indexes for each of these groups and for 'All Groups' are published for each of the State capitals along with Canberra and Darwin, and for the weighted average of the eight capital cities. Details are also shown for about 54 sub-groups and special and analytical series, for the weighted average of the eight capital cities.
See also 6454.0.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:59:41.000Z
|
hzcjcdktsbno3653hxkgszy3s3e2qxri
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70224",
"uncompressed_offset": 13220300,
"url": "archive.mises.org/14496/john-locke-vs-the-mercantilists-and-inflationists/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://archive.mises.org/14496/john-locke-vs-the-mercantilists-and-inflationists/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
1. Skip to navigation
2. Skip to content
3. Skip to sidebar
Source link: http://archive.mises.org/14496/john-locke-vs-the-mercantilists-and-inflationists/
John Locke vs. the Mercantilists and Inflationists
November 4, 2010 by
John Locke, the Protestant Scholastic, was essentially in the hard-money, metallist, anti-inflationist tradition of the Scholastics; his opponents, on the other hand, helped set the tone for the inflationist schemers and projectors of the next century. FULL ARTICLE by Murray Rothbard
Previous post:
Next post:
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:10:07.000Z
|
jqpoba3bi6hvd7e74pptkwloai5rwcsf
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70243",
"uncompressed_offset": 47898459,
"url": "ccforum.com/content/16/6/469",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://ccforum.com/content/16/6/469"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Letter
Effect of recruitment maneuver on hypoxemia during apnea test: after or before?
Evren Senturk* and Nahit Cakar
Author Affiliations
Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Anesthesiology, Capa-Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
For all author emails, please log on.
Critical Care 2012, 16:469 doi:10.1186/cc11873
See related research by Paries et al., http://ccforum.com/content/16/4/R116
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://ccforum.com/content/16/4/R116
Published:11 December 2012
© 2012 BioMed Central Ltd
Letter
We read with interest the article entitled 'Benefit of a single recruitment maneuver after an apnea test for the diagnosis of brain death' by Paries and colleagues [1].
The 'ideal' apnea test (AT) should permit an increase in PaCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood) but prevent a detrimental decrease in PaO2 (partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood). We agree that a recruitment maneuver (RM) after the AT can improve oxygenation and result in protection of donor organs. However, we have two comments.
First, changes in PaCO2 are not reported in the article. It has been shown that RM can affect CO2 elimination in different ways [2]. We think that the course of - already elevated - PaCO2 after RM would be of interest, and may also have clinical consequences. The structure of the study is appropriate to report the changes in PaCO2.
Second, we have shown in an animal model that a RM prior to AT followed by apneic oxygenation was associated with an increase in PaO2 without affecting the increase in PaCO2[3]. RM plus apneic oxygenation also improved the survival time during AT, and there was no change in PaCO2 (which is a warranted result).
We think that the 'optimal' method for the AT should also consider changes in PaCO2. A RM before (likewise after) the AT could prevent hypoxemia. Whether a 'combination' of RM's before and after the AT would have additive effects should also be examined in further clinical studies.
Abbreviations
AT: apnea test; PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood; PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood; RM: recruitment maneuver.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
References
1. Paries M, Boccheciampe N, Raux M, Riou B, Langeron O, Nicolas-Robin A: Benefit of a single recruitment maneuver after an apnea test for the diagnosis of brain death.
Crit Care 2012, 16:R116. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text
2. Tusman G, Bohm SH, Suarez-Sipmann F, Scandurra A, Hedenstierna G: Lung recruitment and positive end-expiratory pressure have different effects on CO2 elimination in healthy and sick lungs.
Anesth Analg 2010, 111:968-977. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Senturk E, Tanju S, Ziyade S, Ozcan PE, Tugrul S, Cakar N: A recruitment maneuver improves apneic oxygenation.
Minerva Anestesiol 2011, 77:598-603. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:10:46.000Z
|
a64abqezaetnmlsm66ywnrmbjunrwbyr
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70272",
"uncompressed_offset": 80214065,
"url": "dotnetkicks.com/stories/11776/Getting_Started_with_Test_Driven_Development",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://dotnetkicks.com/stories/11776/Getting_Started_with_Test_Driven_Development"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Error!
Success!
Getting Started with Test Driven Development
0
kicks
Getting Started with Test Driven Development (Unpublished)
"Few days ago I started a poll on www.KoffeeKoder.com where I asked which tool do you use for testing your applications. Surprisingly, most of the people are not using any tool for testing. This means that there are more and more applications being developed which are destined to be failed. In this article I will talk about test driven development hoping that more and more developers start using TDD and see how it benefits the application."
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:49:09.000Z
|
tsgkg2yefyvmdi6mlexbocupmmixhzzl
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70275",
"uncompressed_offset": 87410271,
"url": "elinux.org/index.php?oldid=82994&title=Android_Mainlining_Project",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://elinux.org/index.php?title=Android_Mainlining_Project&oldid=82994"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Android Mainlining Project
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 22:28, 4 January 2012 by Bhairavi (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This page is for organizing the Android Mainlining Project. It has information and resources associated with this project.
Contents
Goal
The goal of this project is to ultimately mainline all patches required to run the current released version of Android. The purpose of mainlining these patches is 3-fold:
1. to allow a developer to use the latest released version of the Linux kernel to run an Android system, without requiring patches to their kernel
2. to make it possible to develop drivers and board support features against either an Android kernel release or a kernel.org kernel release, with little or no modifications or conditional code
3. to reduce or eliminate the burden of maintaining independent patches from release to release for Android kernel developers
To "mainline" a patch means to have it included in Linus Torvalds kernel.org kernel, in a released (non-rc) version.
Process
[This is a draft section, up for discussion]
Overall:
• identify all patches/features, and categorize into core or non/core
• core = feature is required or strongly desired for Android operation on a platform
• non-core = Most of the Android system can run without the feature
Per feature or patch:
• research any previous submission feedback
• incorporate feedback, as appropriate
• negotiate any interface changes with Google Android team
• submit updated patches to mainline
• repeat until accepted
Resources
People
People who have expressed interest in this:
• Tim Bird
• John Stultz
• Paul McKenney
• Deepak Saxena
• Arnd Bergmann
• Thomas Gleixner
• Arjan Van de Ven
• Brian Swetland
• Tetsuyuki Kobayashi
• Andy Green
• Victor M. Jaquez
• Jesse Barker
• Anton Vorontsov
• Greg Kroah-Hartman
• Shuah Khan
roles/expertise
This section has miscellaneous notes on roles, capabilities and expertise of group's members
John Stultz is the owner of the Linaro blueprint for mainlining Android features. Tim Bird is the owner of the CE Workgroup project for mainlining Android features. Deepak and Jesse can help make arrangements for a meeting at Linaro Connect. Tim can help make arrangements for a meeting at Android Builders Summit.
• John Stultz has worked on POSIX Alarm timers
• Jesse is working on shared memory buffers related to pmem/CMA/parts of ion
• Anton Vorontsov is looking at the lowmemory killer
• Greg has put some Android patches into mainline (under drivers/staging/android) previously
• Greg put some Android patches in mainline under drivers/staging/android in Dec. 2011
• Paul McKenney - kicking around ideas for dealing with wakelocks single global lock (dec. 2011)
Plans
• Set up mailing list - Tim is working on it - probable name: ce-android-mainline@list.linuxfoundation.org
• Set up meeting at Linaro Connect or ABS - Tim (with Deepak and/or Jesse's help)
• Update this page with latest info (for December 2011) - Tim
• Make a general announcement of the project to celinux-dev and linux-embedded - Tim
Patch/Feature Status Chart
Feature/Patch Description Status Part of core? Owner/Interested parties Notes
logger kernel support for Android system logging not mainlined (but see linux-next staging as of 12/19/11) yes Tim Bird should be non-controversial (though I'm always surprised)
See Mainline Android logger project for a list of ideas, issues and a project plan for this feature Also see this LKML discussion thread
wakelocks Power management locking mechanism to prevent opportunistic suspend not mainlined yes Rafael Wysocki Is important due to impact on board support and drivers by 3rd parties
Android alarm timers Timers that count down during suspended operation, and can wake from suspend Partial: Posix alarm timers were mainlined in kernel version 2.6.38 - see https://lwn.net/Articles/429925/ yes John Stultz Mending patches to convert Android Alarm Timers to utilize the upstreamed alarm timer work are still pending.
ashmem Shared memory implementation that allows unpinned pages to be marked, which can be dropped by the kernel under memory pressure not mainlined yes John Stultz Working on fadvise volatile alternative implementation that handles part of the ashmem functionality. However, there are additional aspects of ashmem design that need to be addressed(no tmpfs mounts, atomic create/unlink behavior,etc).
network security special permission checks for secure access to network operations not mainlined ? (can run without it, but network security won't be enforced) no one May be very difficult to mainline, as the code is extremely Android-specific with hardcoded GIDs and capabilities.
binder Android inter-process communication mechanism not mainlined (but see linux-next staging as of 12/19/11) yes no one Generated a fair amount of discussion on last submission. See http://elinux.org/Android_Binder#obstacles_to_mainlining
Android pmem driver manages large (1-16+MB) contiguous physical memory regions to be shared between userspace and kernel drivers (dsp, gpu etc.) not mainlined yes Shuah Khan Investigating existing alternatives. Can CMA (Contiguous Memory Allocator) fill the need?
Android USB gadget driver
wireless features (more specific please?)
timed gpio perform gpio operations as a result of specified timeouts not mainlined (but see linux-next staging as of 12/16/11)
low memory killer feature to manage application lifecycle in low memory conditions not mainlined (but see linux-next staging as of 12/16/11) yes (but system might work without it) Anton Vorontsov See https://lkml.org/lkml/2011/12/18/173 for discussion about these patches
ram console ability to save console output to a reserved ram area for diagnostics on a subsequent boot not mainlined (but see linux-next staging as of 12/16/11) no Shuah Khan No lkml submission history found so far.
timed output
ion graphics memory driver graphics memory drivers thingie not mainlined yes (for 4.0 and later?) Jesse Barker
Progress Chart
This section is intended to show our progress, by showing the patch set size over time. With any luck, as we get features into mainline, the difference between the Android kernel and the legacy Linux kernel will shrink.
• diff of 2.6.29 kernel.org tree versus kernel
Kernel Version Files changed insertions deletions hunks bytes in diff
2.6.29 187 123506 0 187 3291827
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:49:06.000Z
|
a2xmef5256go64rnrf7p4rd3xumipam5
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70288",
"uncompressed_offset": 101020701,
"url": "familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Mashpee,_Massachusetts",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Mashpee,_Massachusetts"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Mashpee, MassachusettsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States > Massachustts > Barnstable County > Mashpee
Town of Mashpee in Barnstable County, Massachusetts.
Contents
Town Hall
Quick Facts
Establishment and former town name(s)
Historical data relating to counties, cities, and towns in Massachusetts (Boston, Massachusetts: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1997), [FHL book 974.4 H2h 1997].
14 June 1763: Lands belonging to the Indians...in Mashpee be and hereby are erected into a district by the name of Mashpee..." for three years. (Prov. Laws, Vol. IV, p. 639)
20 March 1767: Act of June 14, 1763, revived, to be in force until July 1, 1770.
9 February 1776: Act of June 14, 1763, revived, to be in force until the end of the session of the general Court enxt after Nov. 1, 1779.
25 November 1779: Act of June 14, 1763, revived, to be in force until Nov.1, 1785
12 June 1788: Act of June 14, 1763, repealed; in this act the spelling is "Marshpee". The act provides that three presons be appointed as Guardians at Marshpee, for ten years.
30 January 1789: All former laws respecting Marshpee Indians repealed and a board of overseers established.
7 March 1797: Act of June 12, 1788, made perpetual until repealed by the Legislature.
28 May 1870: Incorporated as a town, by the name of Mashpee, formerly the district of Marshpee.
Archiac name: Marshpee, Popponesset, South Sea, Waquoit
Section/Villages within the town: Aquashenet, Chimquist, East Mashpee, Indian Meeting House, Maushop Village, Poponesset, Seconnet, Segreganset, South Mashpee, Succonesset, Wakeby
Wikipedia: Mashpee, Massachusetts
Boundary Changes
22 January 1795: Bounds between "Marshpee" and Barnstable established.
26 February 1811: Part of the "plantation of Marshpee" annexed to Sandwich.
31 March 1834: the plantation of Marshpee established as the District of Marshpee.
17 March 1841: A tract of land formerly in the plantation of Marshpee annexed to Falmouth.
1 April 1859: Part of the district of Marshpee annexed to Sandwich.
13 March 1860: Part of the district of Marshpee annexed to Sandwich
19 March 1872: Part of Sandwich re-annexed.
18 June 1885: Bounds between Mashpee and Falmouth established.
27 May 1887: Bounds between Mashpee and Sandwich established and part of Sandwich annexed.
28 March 1894: Bounds between Mashpee and Barnstable established.
20 April 1905: Bounds between Mashpee and Sandwich established and part of Sandwich annexed.
24 April 1916: Bounds between Mashpee and Barnstable established.
Neighboring Towns
Barnstable | Falmouth | Sandwich | Nantucket Sound to the south
Resources
Biography
Cemeteries
Ancient Cemetery aka Lakewood Cemetery (1805)
Lakewood Dr
Avant-Amos-Coomb Cemetery (1838)
Rte 130
Attaquin Cemetery (1849)
Rte 130 near Ashumer Rd
Francis Family Cemetery (1798)
Pimlico Pond Rd
Hicks Cemetery
Falmouth-Sandwich Rd (no stones)
Jones-Johnson-Fowler Cemetery (1851)
South Sandwich St and Rte 30 (no stones)
Roxanna C. Mye Cemetery
Highview Ave (no stones)
Pocknett-Stevens (1871)
Meetinghouse Rd
Punkhorn Point aka Skipper-Simon-Holland Cemetery (1835)
Great Neck Rd
Tobey Cemetery Site
Summit Pond Estate Development
Town Cemetery - Old Indian Cemetery (1770)
Rte 28
Church History and Records
History
Maps
1. USGS GNIS FID 618256
2. Google
3. Hometown Locator
Minorities
Newspapers
Societies, Libraries and Museums
Websites
References
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 6 November 2012, at 20:52.
• This page has been accessed 383 times.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:39:44.000Z
|
guzcdms7lpadrk6g4cii4xtoe6x3jnre
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70289",
"uncompressed_offset": 101039135,
"url": "familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?limit=100&target=Tracing_Immigrants_Origin_Record_Types&title=Special%3ARecentChangesLinked",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?title=Special:RecentChangesLinked&limit=100&target=Tracing_Immigrants_Origin_Record_Types"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Changes related to "Tracing Immigrants Origin Record Types"
From FamilySearch Wiki
This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category). Pages on your watchlist are bold.
Recent changes options Show last 50 | 100 | 250 | 500 changes in last 1 | 3 | 7 | 14 | 30 days
Hide minor edits | Show bots | Hide anonymous users | Hide logged-in users | Hide my edits
Show new changes starting from 09:39, 18 May 2013
Page name:
No changes on linked pages during the given period.
New to the Research Wiki?
In the FamilySearch Research Wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others.
Learn More
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:38:20.000Z
|
ssjrymumlx2jfnz2tct56bua36crh2lk
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70371",
"uncompressed_offset": 230697089,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/book/meganks/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/book/meganks/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
meganks's bookmarks
"A friend is one that knows you as you are, understands where you have been, accepts what you have become, and still, gently allows you to grow."
Shakespeare, William on friends and friendship
38 fans of this quote
"Only those who have learned the power of sincere and selfless contribution experience life's deepest joy: true fulfillment."
Robbins, Anthony on fulfillment
8 fans of this quote
"In real love you want the other person's good. In romantic love, you want the other person."
Anderson, Margaret on love
108 fans of this quote
"The best kind of friend is the one you could sit on a porch with, never saying a word, and walk away feeling like that was the best conversation you've had. "
Unknown on friendship
139 fans of this quote
megan summers's quote collection
I'm female and made my book on 31st January 2010.
My book as a pdf
My feed
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:09:36.000Z
|
5crlslfxj22e74kbtn4ufc4a63oavads
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70372",
"uncompressed_offset": 230702756,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/10002/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/10002/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Good God! how often are we to die before we go quite off this stage? In every friend we lose a part of ourselves, and the best part. Pope, Alexander
This quote is about death · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Pope, Alexander ...
Alexander Pope (May 22, 1688 May 30, 1744) is considered one of the greatest English poets of the eighteenth century.
These people bookmarked this quote:
More on the author
This quote around the web
Loading...
Search Quotations Book
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:11:56.000Z
|
cxooyakphvmp5rzp5dogs5gl5vdqs7ka
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70373",
"uncompressed_offset": 230709238,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/1385/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/1385/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
One's age should be tranquil, as childhood should be playful. Hard work at either extremity of life seems out of place. At midday the sun may burn, and men labor under it; but the morning and evening should be alike calm and cheerful. Arnold, Thomas
This quote is about age and aging · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Arnold, Thomas ...
We don't have a biography.
These people bookmarked this quote:
More on the author
This quote around the web
Loading...
Search Quotations Book
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:19:06.000Z
|
dxtuh3idwarxqx5xubtmpdv2s7s3bwtz
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70374",
"uncompressed_offset": 230715530,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/39434/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/39434/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
It's not the tragedies that kill us, it's the messes. Parker, Dorothy
This quote is about tragedies · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Parker, Dorothy ...
Dorothy Parker (August 22, 1893 June 7, 1967) was an American writer and poet best known for her caustic wit, wisecracks, and sharp eye for 20th century urban foibles. Also known as Dot or Dottie, Parker was born Dorothy Rothschild in the West End district of Long Branch, New Jersey.
These people bookmarked this quote:
More on the author
This quote around the web
Loading...
Search Quotations Book
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:37:35.000Z
|
xpucmvoijewsrp5y6h6exiactzox7ncs
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70378",
"uncompressed_offset": 239614796,
"url": "roughlydaily.com/tag/first-atlas/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://roughlydaily.com/tag/first-atlas/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
(Roughly) Daily
Posts Tagged ‘first atlas
Starry, starry night (with jam)…
Sticking with the “handmade” theme of yesterday’s post, the extraordinary work of Catherine McEver, “Embroidered Wonder Bread“:
Catherine volunteers answers to two questions sure to be on readers’ lips:
How do you embroider Wonder Bread? Very, very carefully. How long do they last? I have a couple of slices that are over four years old that look just like new.
See more of her beautified bread here– and browse a wide variety of “art, textiles, and oddities” on her site Stuff You Can’t Have.
(TotH to GMSV)
As we try to find those thimbles, we might recall that it was on this date in 1570 that Gilles Coppens de Diest at Antwerp issued Flemish cartographer Abraham Ortelius’ Theatrum Orbis Terrarum– a collection of 53 maps that is generally agreed to have been the first modern atlas.
The World, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
Abraham Ortelius
Follow
Get every new post delivered to your Inbox.
Join 566 other followers
%d bloggers like this:
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:48:32.000Z
|
zzw2o3pszsngbtxl5bege4cstopbaxc7
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70401",
"uncompressed_offset": 272564645,
"url": "talk.maemo.org/showthread.php?p=1229314",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://talk.maemo.org/showthread.php?p=1229314"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Posts: 177 | Thanked: 56 times | Joined on May 2010 @ Croatia
#1
that thingy when i swipe up a bit and shortcut appear on the button... well... they dont!?
device is up to date...
has been incepted and overclocked...
thats about it...
did try classic reboot but didnt help...
Posts: 177 | Thanked: 56 times | Joined on May 2010 @ Croatia
#2
got it all back... did a full device reset... guess it was related to that rotate problem...
Thread Tools Search this Thread
Search this Thread:
Advanced Search
Forum Jump
All times are GMT -4. The time now is 05:48 AM.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:30:47.000Z
|
znebkngnkdylwgs332smkf2plqtpsb7y
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70432",
"uncompressed_offset": 306058472,
"url": "wikitravel.org/en/Fayum",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://wikitravel.org/en/Fayum"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Fayum
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
Fayum is a city in Lower Egypt to the west of the Nile.
[edit] Get in
From Cairo , By microbus
[edit] Get around
[edit][add listing] See
Whale valley Rayan valley
[edit][add listing] Do
[edit][add listing] Buy
[edit][add listing] Eat
[edit][add listing] Drink
[edit][add listing] Sleep
[edit] Get out
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation
feeds
Destination Docents
Toolbox
In other languages
other sites
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T10:02:51.000Z
|
qax6j5zu4674yjhe327nljewtuxre7hq
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70439",
"uncompressed_offset": 317125276,
"url": "www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/DOSSbyTopic/4B13E543F5C027D5CA256BD00026E2A8",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DOSSbyTopic/4B13E543F5C027D5CA256BD00026E2A8?OpenDocument"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Methods & Standards > Directory of Statistical Sources by Topic
Labour Force Status and Other Characteristics of Families
Page tools: RSS Search this Product
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)
OVERVIEW
Family data are collected as part of the monthly Labour Force Survey. Information is collected for civilians aged 15 and over who were usual residents of private dwellings where all the usual residents were present and within the scope of the Labour Force Survey.
While relationship in household and family type data are collected each month in the Labour Force Survey and published in Labour Force, Australia (ABS Cat. No. 6203.0), the June survey also collects information about the number of children aged 0 to 4, 5 to 9, and 10 to 14 in families.
PURPOSE
Information is provided about the labour force status of usual residents of private dwellings and types of families to which they belonged. Information is also provided on the number and age of children in the household.
SCOPE
This survey is conducted as part of the Labour Force Survey.
SCOPE - Labour Force Survey
The Labour Force Survey includes all persons aged 15 and over except:
• members of the permanent defence forces;
• certain diplomatic personnel of overseas governments, customarily excluded from census and estimated populations;
• overseas residents in Australia; and
• members of non-Australian defence forces (and their dependants) stationed in Australia.
From July 1993 Jervis Bay Territory is also excluded from the scope of the survey. Before July 1993 it was included in estimates for the Australian Capital Territory.
SCOPE - Families
Since July 1983 family data is restricted to usual residents of private dwellings and those households where it was possible to obtain information relating to all the usual residents.
COVERAGE - Labour Force Survey
In the Labour Force Survey, coverage rules are applied which aim to ensure that each person is associated with only one dwelling, and hence has only one chance of selection. The chance of a person being enumerated at two separate dwellings in the one survey is considered to be negligible.
Persons who are away from their usual residence for six weeks or less at the time of interview are enumerated at their usual residence (relevant information may be obtained from other usual residents present at the time of the survey).
DATA DETAIL
Conceptual framework
The concepts of families and households are fundamental in the collection and dissemination of both social and labour statistics. A household can be thought of, in its broadest sense, as a group of people who live and eat together as a single unit within a dwelling. Notions of what constitutes a family vary. However, it is operationally defined within ABS collections as two or more related (by blood, marriage, adoption, step or fostering) persons, one of whom is at least 15 years of age, who are usually resident in the same household. While the concept of household is broader than the concept of family, in practice both often refer to the same set of people.
Main outputs
All families; Couple families; One parent families;
Relationship in household
Labour force status
Family type
Number of dependants
Number of family members
Full-time and part-time status of employed persons
Hours worked
Unemployed persons
Duration of unemployment
Classifications
Demographics: State, Area, Region, Sex, Marital Status, Relationship in Household, Period of Arrival and Age.
Country of Birth: The Standard Australian Classification of Countries (SACC).
Changes have occurred over the years to the classifications 'Relationship in household' and 'Family type'. See the publication 'Labour Force Status and Other Characteristics of Families (ABS Cat. No. 6224.0) for further information.
Other concepts (summary)
Not Applicable
GEOGRAPHIC DETAIL
Australia
New South Wales
Victoria
Queensland
South Australia
Western Australia
Tasmania
Northern Territory
ACT
Part of State Metropolitan
Part of State Extra-Metropolitan
Comments and/or Other Regions
Not all data available for all areas.
COLLECTION FREQUENCY
Monthly
Frequency comments
Additional data on ages of children are collected annually.
COLLECTION HISTORY
POPULATION AND FREQUENCY
Labour Force Status and Other Characteristics of Families (ABS Cat. No. 6224.0), Nov 1974 (irregular), July 1979 and 1980, June 1981, July 1982, 1983, 1984, and 1985, then annually in June since 1986. See the Labour Force Survey for further information.
DATA AVAILABILITY
Yes
Data availability comments
Data available in publication form, as well on request.
DATE OF LAST UPDATE FOR THIS DOCUMENT
30/01/2002 04:54 PM
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:32:07.000Z
|
kv4why5ej2gu5j7fsotxigz4g2vlxyvv
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70440",
"uncompressed_offset": 317133339,
"url": "www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/5220.0Main%20Features99992011-12?issue=2011-12&prodno=5220.0&tabname=Summary",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/5220.0Main%20Features99992011-12?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=5220.0&issue=2011-12&num=&view="
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
5220.0 - Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2011-12 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 21/11/2012
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Dissections of various national accounting aggregates by state and territory including gross state product using the expenditure, production and income measures, household income, household final consumption expenditure, government final consumption expenditure, private gross fixed capital formation, public gross fixed capital formation, international trade in exports and imports of goods and services, state final demand, industry gross value added, total factor income by industry, compensation of employees, gross operating surplus and gross mixed income by industry, agricultural income, and various measures of household income. Data are presented in current price and chain volume measures.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:20:50.000Z
|
i745sn4tnwizpeihg34fqmg2m7aybhau
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70457",
"uncompressed_offset": 392063094,
"url": "www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jps/article/view/12346",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jps/article/view/12346"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Pleurotus ostreatus and Ruscus aculeatus Extracts Cause Non-Apoptotic Jurkat Cell Death
Naji M Bassil, Roula Abdel-Massih, Nisrine El-Chami, Colin A Smith, Elias Baydoun
Abstract
We tested the effect of ethanol extracts from Ruscus aculeatus (Asparagaceae) and Pleurotus ostreatus (Agaricales) on the survival and proliferation of the Jurkat cell line, a model of human acute T-cell lymphocytic leukemia. R. aculeatus extracts were toxic to both Jurkat cells and human primary lymphocytes. P. ostreatus extracts were significantly more toxic to Jurkat cells than primary lymphocytes, as seen by LDH release and MTT assays. Annexin-V detection as well as Bax, Bcl-2, Smac/Diablo, and Caspase-8 expression were largely unchanged by P. ostreatus extracts. Cell cycle analysis and CDK-4 expression revealed stop of Jurkat cell proliferation. Interestingly, both extracts cause a strong, dose-dependent decrease in p53 levels in Jurkat cells, consistent with toxicity and cell death occurring via an unknown, non-apoptotic mechanism.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/jps.v1n1p14
Refbacks
• There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Plant Studies ISSN 1927-0461 (Print) ISSN 1927-047X (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:47:24.000Z
|
334ahy6rzmdp65tyq7tm2fcwkw6fi2yz
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70471",
"uncompressed_offset": 470765496,
"url": "www.fightaging.org/archives/2009/08/there-is-no-overpopulation-only-waste-corruption-and-inhumanity.php",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://www.fightaging.org/archives/2009/08/there-is-no-overpopulation-only-waste-corruption-and-inhumanity.php"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
There is No Overpopulation: Only Waste, Corruption, and Inhumanity
Permalink | View Comments (12) | Post Comment | | Posted by Reason
Advocates for rapid and widespread development of engineered longevity are making some progress in dismissing the Tithonus Error - the common and mistaken belief that longevity-enhancing medicine would make a person spend more years as a frail and decrepit elder rather than more years in the prime of life. As more people come to see a future of longevity therapies as personally beneficial, however, a more insidious form of opposition will come to the fore.
By far and away the most common reason I see given these days in opposition to engineered longevity is fear of overpopulation. Environmentalism has become almost a religion in its own right now, and many strands of that religion are essentially death cults: loose networks of like-thinking people who fervently believe, for whatever reasons, that the world is dying, that humans already live too long, and that people should be forced to relinquish technology and return to a simpler era. Extreme fringe variants of the environmentalist death cult really do stand for the complete destruction of humanity, but even supposedly reasonable, middle of the road people are influenced by deathist environmentalism to the point at which it is seen as reasonable to say that (a) too many people exist, and therefore (b) the unending horror, pain, and suffering of death by aging is necessary.
Death cult environmentalism of the "too many people" variety is, fundamentally, a failure of understanding. It is to look at the undeniably bad situations and unpleasant regions of the world and say "this is because too many people are using too many resources," rather than to see that in fact it's all due to misallocation of existing resources and the failure to develop new resources - a grand procession of waste, corruption, and the inhumanity with which human beings treat one another. These situations are problems that can be solved through development and tearing down corrupt systems of rulership - they are not immutable facts of life that must lead to the deaths of millions.
I've spoken of this in the past, so I won't rehash it at great length here:
Overpopulation: Not a Problem Now, and Never Will Be
What some presently view as "overpopulation" is more accurately described as crushing poverty amidst the potential for plenty and resources left unused. This is the result of despotism, corruption, economic ignorance, short-sighted greed and the inhumanity of man unto man - it is not a matter of counting heads. ... Here, then, is a short guide for kleptocrats and egalitarians who want to keep their countries poor. All of these policies have stood the test of time as techniques for creating and maintaining poverty. The list is by no means exhaustive, but it will give would-be political leaders a good idea of how to start their countries on the road to ruin.
Malthusians are Deathists, and Decentralization is the Better Way
And yet, alongside the ethos of human rights and the development of heroic medicine, contemporary society appears estranged from its own humanity. To put it bluntly: it is difficult to celebrate human life in any meaningful way when people - or at least the growth of the number of people - are regarded as the source of the world’s problems. Alongside today’s respect for human life there is the increasingly popular idea that there is too much human life around, and that it is killing the planet. ... today’s Malthusians share all the old prejudices and in addition they harbour a powerful sense of loathing against the human species itself. Is it any surprise, then, that some of them actually celebrate non-existence? The obsession with natural limits distracts society from the far more creative search for solutions to hunger or poverty or lack of resources.
What I do want to direct your attention to, as the 4th Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence conference drawns near, is recent work by Leonid Gavrilov and Natalia Gavrilova on demographic models for scenarios of enhanced longevity. For all that everyone and their dog seems willing to stand up in casual conversion and predict Soylent Green the moment that greatly enhanced human life spans are mentioned, there hasn't in fact been much in the way of full-on scientific work done on predicting the demographic results of radical life extension. Over the past year or two the Methuselah Foundation, and now SENS Foundation, have been trying to remedy this state of affairs, and this work by the Gavrilovs is one of the first results of this strategy:
Analysis of already existing computer programs for population projections revealed that many of them are based on short-sighted assumptions of small incremental changes in human life span, and they do not allow making detailed projections for the oldest age groups of the population (which are often collapsed into one single 85+ year category). For this reason, many already existing computer programs of population projections are not well suited for the purpose of this project. Therefore, with the support of the Methuselah/SENS foundation, a new demographic projection software has been developed in this study, which was then validated for consistency of results with traditional approaches. This new demographic software is based on generally accepted cohort-component method of population projections. A number of different demographic projections is considered in this project, assuming several scenarios of life extension.
A general conclusion of this study is that population changes are surprisingly slow in their response to a dramatic life extension. For example, we applied the cohort-component method of population projections to 2005 Swedish population for several scenarios of life extension and a fertility schedule observed in 2005. Even for very long 50-year projection horizon, with the most radical life extension scenario (assuming no aging at all after age 50), the total population increases by 35 percent only (from 9.1 to 13.3 million). Moreover, if some members of the society reject to use new anti-aging technologies for some religious or any other reasons (inconvenience, non-compliance, fear of side effects, costs, etc.), then the total population size may even decrease over time. Thus, even in the case of the most radical life extension scenario, population growth could be relatively slow and may not necessarily lead to overpopulation.
If you're interested in more details, there's a powerpoint version of the SENS conference presentation that can be downloaded from the Gavrilovs' site.
Sadly none of this seems likely to change the minds of those folk emotionally vested in a Malthusian view of the world's ills - they already choose to reject plenty of very straightforward, easily demonstrated forms of data that refute their position. Once more study is just one more study, and removing Malthusianism from its place of great and malicious influence over the minds of billions is likely to be a long struggle.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:29:43.000Z
|
tb3vvfy23akcw6ljmwajb4bfctl57zb7
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70485",
"uncompressed_offset": 543352242,
"url": "www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?779"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Bibliography: Wyrd Sisters
You are not logged in. If you create a free account and sign in, you will be able to customize what is displayed.
Title: Wyrd Sisters
Author: Terry Pratchett
Year: 1988
Type: NOVEL
Series: Discworld
Series Number: 6
Language: English
Wikipedia Entry: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyrd_Sisters
ISFDB Record Number: 779
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: humorous fantasy (1) Add Tags
Variant Titles:
Awards:
Publications:
Reviews:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:48:12.000Z
|
q4zdbhn57u2tnp6wi3xsgd42o7wjdrii
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70501",
"uncompressed_offset": 640726529,
"url": "www.ohloh.net/p/bb-mystique/enlistments",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://www.ohloh.net/p/bb-mystique/enlistments"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
× You must be logged in to change this data. If you don't have an account, Please join.
Settings : Code Locations
Analyzed 7 days ago based on code collected 7 days ago.
Showing page 1 of 1
Repository URL SCM Type Update Status Ignored Files
http://bb-mystique.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/ Subversion (via SvnSync) Ohloh update completed 7 days ago. All files included.
About Code Locations
• Ohloh's statistics are derived from analysis of the project's source code history as maintained by the project's repository. Accordingly, it is crucial that this information be maintained accurately.
• Ohloh currently supports repositories maintained using Git, Mercurial, Bazaar, Subversion, and CVS.
• For Subversion repositories, submit only the trunk subdirectory. Don't submit the tags or branches directories.
• As soon as you add a new repository, Ohloh will immediately verify settings and successful connection to the source control server. The repository will then be added to a queue for later processing. Depending on the load on Ohloh's crawlers and the size of the repository, it may be several hours before the project's statistics have been updated to reflect the new repository.
• If a repository requires login credentials, those credentials will become public information. Do not submit a username and password to Ohloh unless you are certain that it is safe for this information to become public.
• Ohloh can combine data from multiple code lcoations to create a composite and complete set of statistics for a project. This means that a project:
• can consist of multiple sub-projects, each with its own repositories
• can include both a read-only historical repository and a newer, active repository that accurately reflect the entire history of a project even if its code has been moved or its SCM has been changed.
• A code location (repository) can be part of multiple projects. The code in such a repository will be counted for each project, so please consider carefully how to organize Ohloh's view of a project and its sub-projects, to prevent double-counting while still reflecting the chosen organizational structure for the project.
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:38:48.000Z
|
ud764bdlqlyadlzdqrplriyscyj6aa4v
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70502",
"uncompressed_offset": 640733211,
"url": "www.ohloh.net/p/do4/factoids",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://www.ohloh.net/p/do4/factoids"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Project Summary : Factoids
Analyzed 4 days ago based on code collected 4 days ago.
Mature, well-established codebase
The first lines of source code were added to DataObjects.Net in 2004. Projects with recent activity, and a code base more than five years old are likely solving vital problems and delivering consistent value, and may be organized to reward sustained effort by an engaged team of contributors.
Such a lengthy source control history in conjunction with recent activity may indicate that this code base and community are important enough to attract long-term commitment, and may also indicate a mature and relatively bug-free code base.
Note: The source code for DataObjects.Net might actually be older than the source control history can reveal. Many new projects begin by incorporating a large amount of source code from existing, older projects. You might be able to tell whether this is the case by looking for a rapid rise in the amount of code early in the project's history.
Average number of code comments
DataObjects.Net is written mostly in C#.
Across all C# projects on Ohloh, 22% of all source code lines are comments.
This holds true for DataObjects.Net as well. It contains the same ratio of comment lines to code lines as the majority of C# projects in Ohloh.
A high number of comments might indicate that the code is well-documented and organized, and could be a sign of a helpful and disciplined development team.
Stable Y-O-Y development activity
Over the last twelve months, DataObjects.Net has not seen any change in activity. This may be a good sign, and an indication that development is continuing at the same pace and not dropping off.
Ohloh makes this determination by comparing the total number of commits made by all developers during the most recent twelve months with the same figure for the prior twelve months. The number of developers and total lines of code are not considered.
No recent development activity
The source code for DataObjects.Net has not been changed in over a year.
Over 75% of all projects on Ohloh have no recent activity. Open source has a "long tail" of projects whose developers have moved on. But the code is still there for all to benefit from!
For this measurement, Ohloh considers only recent changes to the code. Over the entire history of the project, 14 developers have contributed.
See all possible factoids
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T10:01:01.000Z
|
mnmcn63xe4twcgjcyu47tce3osr2xard
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70511",
"uncompressed_offset": 650451063,
"url": "www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/119625/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/119625/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Armenian Defense Ministry denies reports on wounded Azeri soldier
PanARMENIAN.Net - Armenian Defense Ministry spokesman refuted Azerbaijan’s Defense Ministry report suggesting an Azeri soldier was wounded by Armenian side in the direction of Gedabek.
“No ceasefire violation by Armenian side has been recorded,” Artsrun Hovhannisyan told a PanARMENIAN.Net reporter.
As AZE.az reports citing Azeri Defense Ministry, soldier of Azerbaijani armed forces Almazov Orkhan Aladdin (born in 1993) was wounded in the leg. His condition is reported as satisfactory. -s-t Armenian Defense Ministry denies reports on wounded Azeri soldier
Partner news
Top stories
Dwelling on the hike in gas prices, Iskandaryan said the change also affected other countries importing Russian gas.
Armen Martirosyan noted that the price rise will further deteriorate the situation in the country, fostering emigration.
In this connection, Foreign Minister Edward Nalbandian left for Strasbourg to attend CoE foreign ministers meeting.
Orinats Yerkir party held a political council meeting on May 15, chaired by party leader Artur Baghdasaryan.
Partner news
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:20:21.000Z
|
m7fm43b37lkz6piiufmwhx7qda7havt4
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70512",
"uncompressed_offset": 650461416,
"url": "www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/126672/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/126672/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Armenia mustn’t pin hopes on CoE in Safarov case – official
PanARMENIAN.Net - The majority of PACE members supported Armenia’s stance during the Assembly debate on Azeri axe-killer Ramil Safarov case, slamming Baku’s promotion of xenophobia, according to the head of Armenian delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.
As Davit Harutyunyan stated, even the Hungarian MPs condemned the criminal’s release, criticizing their country’s government for the blunder committed.
“The PACE committee on legal affairs plans to work out a report envisaging mechanisms of prevention of such incidents in future,” Harutyunyan said.
When asked about the reason behind PACE’s failure to adopt a resolution on Safarov case, Harutyanyan noted that the Assembly’s regulations don’t envisage passing resolutions following current debates.
“The statements on Safarov case were made by the most influential PACE structures, including the Assembly chair, secretary and the commissioner for human rights,” Haturyunyan told a PanARMENIAN.Net reporter.
“We mustn’t expect anything - Armenia has its own way to follow. We demanded a response – we got it, we raised a legal issue – it’s being discussed. We mustn’t pin our hopes on the Council of Europe in expectation of its verdict,” Harutyunyan said.
Partner news
Top stories
Dwelling on the hike in gas prices, Iskandaryan said the change also affected other countries importing Russian gas.
Armen Martirosyan noted that the price rise will further deteriorate the situation in the country, fostering emigration.
In this connection, Foreign Minister Edward Nalbandian left for Strasbourg to attend CoE foreign ministers meeting.
Orinats Yerkir party held a political council meeting on May 15, chaired by party leader Artur Baghdasaryan.
Partner news
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:48:12.000Z
|
qafqvtank76kjswsu3c7or2u7nmtlim2
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70513",
"uncompressed_offset": 650472160,
"url": "www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/147778/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/147778/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Parliament speaker: coalition with Prosperous Armenia possible
PanARMENIAN.Net - Armenian parliament speaker Hovik Abrahamyan doesn’t rule out the possibility of forming a new coalition with Prosperous Armenia party.
“The political forces, ready to back our programs, may hold a discussion, led by President Serzh Sargsyan,” he said.
Partner news
Top stories
Dwelling on the hike in gas prices, Iskandaryan said the change also affected other countries importing Russian gas.
Armen Martirosyan noted that the price rise will further deteriorate the situation in the country, fostering emigration.
In this connection, Foreign Minister Edward Nalbandian left for Strasbourg to attend CoE foreign ministers meeting.
Orinats Yerkir party held a political council meeting on May 15, chaired by party leader Artur Baghdasaryan.
Partner news
|
v0
|
2024-06-03T21:29:50.578Z
|
2013-05-18T09:29:22.000Z
|
jlutfgpljax7isw2nd2fmboiskoq5k2a
|
{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70524",
"uncompressed_offset": 707132460,
"url": "www.seroundtable.com/archives/000652.html",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:29.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:cf3b9648-7919-40cf-bc70-8f8fcabcb7d5>",
"warc_url": "http://www.seroundtable.com/archives/000652.html"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
Spam Checking Tool
Jul 14, 2004 • 8:15 am | (0) by | Filed Under Search & Web SEO Spam
Imagine that, an army of bots that crawl the Web for pages that look to be spamming the search engines. This kind of makes me scratch my head and want to build this myself.
Some of the downsides or challenges: - Would these bots need to comply with the robot.txt file? So if someone excludes "spam bot" can it crawl anyway? - How is spam defined? I guess we can have some sort of level of spam and chart it from green to red. That can work (thinking out loud). - If the search bots can't pick up the spam, then how can my army of spam bots pick them up? Do the spam bots need to wear camouflage? :)
This topic is currently being discussed over at the Search Engine Watch Forums.
Previous story: SEO Radio Archives Available
blog comments powered by Disqus
|
v0
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.