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Saturday, July 14, 2012
The Selling of American Democracy: The Perfect Storm
by Robert Reich
Who’s buying our democracy? Wall Street financiers, the Koch brothers, and casino magnates Sheldon Adelson and Steve Wynn.
And they’re doing much of it in secret.
It’s a perfect storm:
The greatest concentration of wealth in more than a century — courtesy “trickle-down” economics, Reagan and Bush tax cuts, and the demise of organized labor.
Combined with…
Unlimited political contributions — courtesy of Republican-appointed Justices Roberts, Scalia, Alito, Thomas, and Kennedy, in one of the dumbest decisions in Supreme Court history, “Citizens United vs. Federal Election Commission,” along with lower-court rulings that have expanded it.
Combined with…
Complete secrecy about who’s contributing how much to whom — courtesy of a loophole in the tax laws that allows so-called non-profit “social welfare” organizations to accept the unlimited contributions for hard-hitting political ads.
Put them all together and our democracy is being sold down the drain.
With a more equitable and traditional distribution of wealth, far more Americans would have a fair chance of influencing politics. As the great jurist Louis Brandeis once said, “we can have a democracy or we can have great wealth in the hands of a comparative few, but we cannot have both.”
Alternatively, inequality wouldn’t be as much of a problem if we had strict laws limiting political spending or, at the very least, disclosing who was contributing what.
But we have an almost unprecedented concentration of wealth and unlimited political spending and secrecy.
I’m not letting Democrats off the hook. Democratic candidates are still too dependent on Wall Street casino moguls and real casino magnates (Steve Wynn has been a major contributor to Harry Reid, for example). George Soros and a few others have poured big bucks into Democratic coffers. So have a handful of trade unions.
But make no mistake. Compared to what the GOP is doing this year, Democrats are conducting a high-school bake sale. The mega-selling of American democracy is a Republican invention, and Romney and the GOP are its major beneficiaries.
And the losers aren’t just Democrats. They’re the American people.
You need to make a ruckus. Don’t fall into the seductive trap of cynicism. That’s what the sellers of American democracy are counting on. If you give up on our system of government, they win everything.
This coming Monday, for example, the Senate has scheduled a cloture vote on the DISCLOSE ACT, which would at least require that outfits like the Chamber of Commerce and Karl Rove’s “Crossroads GPS” disclose who’s contributing what. Contact your senators, and have your friends and relatives in other states — especially those with Republican senators (who have been united in their opposition to disclosure) — contact theirs. If the DISCLOSE ACT is voted down, hold accountable those senators (and, when and if it gets to the House, those House members) who are selling out our democracy for the sake of their own personal ambitions.
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adidas Chizzle Hi
Long gone are the days where a high top sneaker was strictly for basketball. Introducing the adidas chizzle hi, a shoe combining the legacy of adidas Originals with the technology and fashion of today. Worn with the tongue out, boasting the Metal trefoil shield, the chizzle hi is a for-real statement shoe for statement dudes. In black/black/red and army green/black colorways with details like patent leather trimmed overlays, a nubuck upper, vulcanized outsoles, and tiger camo lining—these are no longer sneakers, gentlemen, these are shoes.
The Chizzle Hi is available at select retailers including:
Villa
Shoe City
DTLR
City Gear
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Chromista
Jump to: navigation, search
The Chromista are a paraphyletic eukaryotic supergroup, which may be treated as a separate kingdom or included among the Protista. They include all algae whose chloroplasts contain chlorophylls a and c, as well as various colorless forms that are closely related to them. These are surrounded by four membranes, and are believed to have been acquired from some red alga. There are three different groups:
The name Chromista was introduced by Cavalier-Smith in 1981; the earlier names chromophyte and chromobiont correspond to roughly the same group. Molecular trees have had some difficulty resolving relationships between the different groups. It now appears that all three share a common ancestor with the alveolates (see chromalveolates), but it is possible that the Chromista themselves are paraphyletic.
References
• T. Cavalier-Smith (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?". Biosystems 14: 461-481.
External links
hu:Chromista no:Gulbrune algersk:Chromista
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ARTICLE
Tangled (2010)//
posted Tuesday, December 28th, 2010
by | Comments (6)
Release date: November 24, 2010
Director: Nathan Greno, Byron Howard
Story by: The Brothers Grimm (Jacob & Wilhelm Grimm)
Screenplay by: Dan Fogelman
Cast: Mandy Moore, Zachary Levi, Donna Murphy, Ron Perlman, Brad Garrett, Jeffrey Tambor
After the success — or not-success — of The Princess and the Frog, Disney decided to give the old fairy tale of Rapunzel a spin, called it Tangled and amped the male character. Call it a creative spin, or a marketing spin, it proved to work for Disney.
Tangled begins with the voice-over monologue of bandit Flynn (Levi), who tells us the movie is the story about how he dies. The story begins way back when the Queen was so ill that the only thing that could cure her was a magical flower, which was, at the time, in possession of Mother Gothel (Murphy) to keep herself from growing old.
The King’s men managed to find the flower and save the Queen, who eventually gave birth to a healthy, magical and very cute golden-locked baby, whom she named Rapunzel (later voiced by Moore). Mother Gothel tried stealing a lock of golden hair to discover it doesn’t work, so she kidnaps the baby, locks her in the tower… until the day she’s about to turn 18.
Well, that was pretty much the whole fairy tale aspect of Tangled, and it’s all in the introduction! My main problem with the film is that it doesn’t really feel like a princess film… Disney’s desperate attempt to market this to “boys” made it lose that aspect. Tangled has no magic, and by trying to make it more “modern” – admittedly fell for Pink’s Trouble on the trailer — it sounded too much like Saturday morning cartoon dialogue.
It had its moments of gorgeous possible memorable scenes, like the one when Rapunzel visits the kingdom. But like most Disney princess films, it’s more about the bad guys than the princesses sometimes, and Rapunzel’s relationship to Mother Gothel is one of the most interesting bits in the film. Messed up, and somewhat needing of a psychologist… but interesting.
Flynn, however, is quite forgettable… like most of the musical numbers, except for Mother Knows Best maybe.
If Disney really wanted to make a modern Disney princess film, they fared much better with Enchanted — it even has better songs!
Rating:
UPCOMING EVENTS//
EVENTS//
ADS//
POLLS//
Who is your reigning Queen or Princess of Pop? [choose up to 5]
Total Voters: 252
Loading ...
TWEETS//
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > News & Media > Media Releases by Release Date
Farmers in Far North Queensland to receive 2006 Agricultural Census forms (Media Release), Jun 2006
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MEDIA RELEASE
June 21, 2006
Embargoed 11:30am (AEST)
52/2006
Farmers in Far North Queensland to receive 2006 Agricultural Census forms
The 2006 Agricultural Census launch, held on Monday 19 June, coincided with the despatch of forms to agricultural businesses in Queensland and by now, farmers in Far North Queensland (FNQ) should also be receiving their forms.
Gemma Van Halderen, head of the ABS's Agriculture Program, said "The Agriculture Census is conducted every five years and is the largest business based collection undertaken by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). It continues a tradition of agricultural censuses and surveys that goes back over 150 years."
In fact the recording of agricultural data in Australia goes back to the First Fleet. On 1 May 1788 it was reported by Captain Phillip that in the Colony there were 7 horses, 29 sheep, 74 pigs, 18 turkeys, 29 geese, 35 ducks, 209 fowls and 5 rabbits.
The farming businesses in FNQ have been sent a different letter this year than that sent to the farmers in the rest of Australia. The letter recognises the farmers could still be facing problems following on from Cyclones Larry and Monica.
The FNQ region affected by the cyclones normally produces about $1.7 billion worth of agricultural commodities annually; around 23% of Queensland's agricultural output. According to the 2001 Agricultural Census, farms in the Johnstone Shire produced $246m of agricultural commodities. Bananas contributed $198m to this total.
Neil Clarke, Mayor of the Johnstone Shire Council, has endorsed the 2006 Agricultural Census. "I encourage each and every farmer to complete the form as best they can and as soon as they can.The numbers will go some way in helping the community through the recovery," he said.
Points to remember;
• Forms posted back by 14 July 2006
• Preliminary data will be available early 2007
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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1. Skip to navigation
2. Skip to content
3. Skip to sidebar
Source link: http://archive.mises.org/18174/interventionism-kills-every-day/
Interventionism Kills Every Day
August 22, 2011 by
The city of Salem, Oregon invoked a law that prohibits residents from having more than three yard sales per year to shut down a woman with terminal bone cancer who was trying to raise money to pay her medical bills.
The Reddit community is aghast at such heartlessness. Yet they do not realize that most of them support policies that result in similar tragedies on a daily basis.
This particular outrage is just the “seen”. Think of all the unseen. All the taxes and regulations on “greedy” business that preclude greater capital investment, and thereby, put a lid on real wages going up across the board. All the life-saving operations and treatment foregone because the marginal productivity of labor didn’t rise as much as it could have. Furthermore, think of all the sub-marginal peoples who might not have starved had the global marginal productivity of labor gone up.
Government intervention into the economy kills every day. The causal connections just aren’t generally as visible as they were in this case in Salem.
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Research article
Clinical significance of antibodies to Ro52/TRIM21 in systemic sclerosis
Marie Hudson1,2*, Janet Pope3, Michael Mahler4, Solène Tatibouet2, Russell Steele2, Murray Baron1,2, Canadian Scleroderma Research Group (CSRG) and Marvin J Fritzler5
Author Affiliations
1 Division of Rheumatology, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine, Montréal H3T 1E3, Quebec, Canada
2 Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine, Montréal H3T 1E3, Quebec, Canada
3 Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Western Ontario, St. Joseph's Health Centre, 268 Grosvenor Street, London N6A 4V2, Ontario, Canada
4 INOVA Diagnostics, Inc, 9900 Old Grove Rd, San Diego, CA 32131-1638, USA
5 Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada
For all author emails, please log on.
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2012, 14:R50 doi:10.1186/ar3763
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://arthritis-research.com/content/14/2/R50
Received:8 November 2011
Revisions received:7 February 2012
Accepted:6 March 2012
Published:6 March 2012
© 2012 Hudson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Introduction
Autoantibodies to Ro52 recently identified as TRIM21 are among the most common autoantibodies in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases, but their clinical association remains poorly understood. We undertook this study to determine the clinical and serologic associations of anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).
Methods
Detailed clinical data and sera from 963 patients with SSc enrolled in a multicenter cohort study were collected and entered into a central database. Antibodies to Ro52/TRIM21 and other autoantibodies were detected with an addressable laser-bead immunoassay and different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems. Associations between anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies and clinical and other serologic manifestations of SSc were investigated.
Results
Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies were present in 20% of SSc patients and overlapped with other main SSc-related antibodies, including anti-centromere (by immunofluorescence and centromere protein (CENP)-A and CENP-B ELISA), anti-topoisomerase I, anti-RNA polymerase III, and anti-Pm/Scl antibodies. Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies were strongly associated with interstitial lung disease (odds ratio (OR), 1.53; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11 to 2.12; P = 0.0091) and overlap syndrome (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.01 to 4.19; P = 0.0059).
Conclusions
Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies were the second most common autoantibodies in this SSc cohort. In SSc, anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies may be a marker of interstitial lung disease and overlap syndrome.
Introduction
Systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) is a disorder characterized by fibrosis of the skin and visceral organs. The pathogenesis of this disease is complex and remains incompletely understood. Nevertheless, autoantibodies represent a serologic hallmark of the disease and have proven value as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Indeed, up to 95% of SSc patients [1] have circulating autoantibodies directed against one or more autoantigens, including topoisomerase I (formerly called Scl-70), centromere proteins (CENPs), RNA polymerase III, and the PM/Scl complex, also known as the human exosome [2]. In SSc, the major disease-related autoantibodies tend to be mutually exclusive [3], suggesting unique pathways for the induction of the B-cell response in this condition. Evidence supporting this concept is extensive, given data indicating that each autoantibody is associated with specific demographic, clinical, genetic, and prognostic features [4,5]. In addition, a growing knowledge of the role of SSc autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of the disease is helping to gain a better understanding of potential novel modes of therapy [6-9].
Two main types of SS-A/Ro antibodies have been described in SSc. One is directed at a 60-kDa protein known as SS-A/Ro60, which is part of a small cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (scRNP) multiprotein complex. Another, which often coexists with the former SS-A/Ro60 antibodies, is directed against a 52-kDa (Ro52) protein that is not normally part of the scRNP complex but is an E3 ubiquity ligase and a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family of proteins known as TRIM21 [10]; hence, the preferred terminology of Ro52/TRIM21 is used in this report. The association of Ro60 antibodies with autoimmune conditions is well established, particularly in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), subacute cutaneous lupus, and Sjögren syndrome (SjS). Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies have also been reported in a wide variety of autoimmune diseases, although often overlapping with other autoantibodies. However, little is known of their clinical associations, and controversy still exists about whether they have an independent association with autoimmune diseases [11].
The Canadian Scleroderma Research Group (CSRG) is a pan-Canadian, multicenter group of researchers that has, since 2004, recruited more than 1,200 SSc patients. The exact prevalence of SSc in Canada remains unknown, but estimates range from 70 to 440 cases/million [12,13]. Thus, by using the most conservative numbers, the CSRG currently captures up to 8% of all Canadian SSc cases. Detailed demographic, clinical, and serologic data have been obtained on these patients and entered into a central database.
Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies have been identified in 20% of the CSRG cohort, making it the second most common autoantibody in this cohort of SSc patients (Table 1). Given its high prevalence and the paucity of data on its clinical significance, we undertook this study to determine whether Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies in SSc are associated with distinct disease manifestations in SSc.
Table 1. Frequency of selected autoantibodies in the CSRG cohort
Methods
Design
This is a cross-sectional study of a cohort of SSc patients.
Study subjects
The study subjects consisted of those enrolled in the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group (CSRG) registry. Patients in this registry are recruited from the practices of rheumatologists across Canada. They must have a diagnosis of SSc confirmed by a rheumatologist, be 18 years of age or older, be fluent in English or French, and be likely to be compliant with study procedures and visits. The patients available for this study were those whose baseline visit was between September 2004 and February 2011.
Certain features of our cohort, including age, female distribution, and proportion of patients with diffuse disease, suggest that the patients included in the CSRG registry are similar to patients included in other large SSc cohorts that have been assembled both in the United States and abroad [14]. Moreover, the cohort includes a mix of patients covering the spectrum of disease severity. The participating rheumatologists in the CSRG include both academic and community rheumatologists, but all have a particular interest in SSc, and thus all are perceived as "experts." They thus recruit patients with more severe disease. Conversely, because the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for SSc exclude many patients with limited cutaneous disease [15,16], the patients in the CSRG Registry do not have to meet those criteria to be included. Thus, participating rheumatologists also recruit patients with probably milder disease. Finally, the patients in the CSRG Registry are generally recruited as outpatients, and the mean disease duration is approximately 10 years. The cohort probably includes survivor patients with less aggressive disease, but who may have accumulated damage over time. In general, we believe that our patients are representative of the spectrum of SSc seen by the general rheumatology community in Canada.
Measurement of autoantibodies
Serum was collected from all patients recruited by the CSRG and sent to a central laboratory, Mitogen Advanced Diagnostics Laboratory, at the University of Calgary. Aliquots of sera were stored at -70°C until needed. Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 and other related autoantibodies (topoisomerase I, chromatin, Sm, U1-RNP, ribosomal P, Jo-1, SSA/Ro60, SSB-La) were assayed with an addressable laser-bead immunoassay (ALBIA) by using a commercially available kit (QUANTAPlex ENA 8; INOVA Diagnostics Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) in a Luminex 100 (Luminex Corp., Austin, TX, USA) platform, according to protocols previously described [17]. In addition, anti-CENP antibodies were assessed with indirect immunofluorescence on an HEp-2000 substrate (ImmunoConcepts Inc., Sacramento, CA, USA), and antibodies to RNA polymerase III were detected with ELISA (INOVA Diagnostics) [17], as were antibodies to PM/Scl (PM1 alpha; Dr. Fooke Laboratorien GmbH, Neuss, Germany) [18]. CENP-B ELISA (recombinant full-length CENP-B), and CENP-A ELISA (Dr. Fooke Laboratorien GmbH) were performed according to the manufacturer's AI-Line instructions for use, as previously described [19].
Study measures
Patients recruited into the Registry undergo an extensive medical evaluation with standardized reporting of history, physical evaluation, and laboratory investigations. Demographic information regarding age, sex, and ethnicity is collected by patient self-report. Disease duration determined from the onset of the first non-Raynaud disease manifestation is recorded by the study physician. Skin involvement is assessed by using the modified Rodnan skin score [20], a widely used clinical assessment in which the examining rheumatologist records the degree of skin thickening, ranging from 0 (no involvement) to 3 (severe thickening) in 17 areas (total score range, 0 to 51), and patients are classified into limited and diffuse cutaneous subsets, based on the definition of Leroy et al. [21]. Joint examinations are performed by a rheumatologist by using the simplified 28 swollen and tender joint count [22]. History of inflammatory myositis, thrombosis, scleroderma renal crisis, and overlap syndrome was recorded by the study physician. For the purposes of this study, overlap syndrome was defined as a patient with SSc and SLE, SjS, rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, and/or mixed connective tissue disease.
To assess gastrointestinal involvement, patients answered yes/no to a series of 14 questions concerning appetite loss, difficulty swallowing, regurgitation of acid, nocturnal choking, heartburn, early satiety, abdominal bloating, nausea and vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, need for antibiotics for diarrhea, greasy stools, fecal incontinence, and need for parenteral nutrition.
The presence of interstitial lung disease was determined by using a clinical decision rule that was recently published [23]. This algorithm relies on physical examination (presence of typical "Velcro-like crackles" indicative of interstitial lung disease on lung auscultation), chest radiograph, and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Interstitial lung disease is considered present if an HRCT lung study interpreted by an experienced radiologist shows interstitial lung disease or, in the case in which no HRCT was performed, if a chest radiograph is reported as showing either increased interstitial markings (not thought to be due to congestive heart failure) or fibrosis, and/or if a study physician reports the presence of typical Velcro-like crackles on physical examination.
Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) is measured by using the Doppler flow measurement of the tricuspid regurgitant jet on echocardiography. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) was defined as an estimated systolic SPAP ≥ 45 mm Hg (an estimate that correlates strongly with right-heart catheter studies [24]).
Disease severity is assessed by using physician and patient global assessments of disease severity recorded on a numeric rating scale ranging from 0, representing no disease, to 10, representing most-severe disease. Disease severity also is measured by using a modified Medsger Scleroderma Disease Severity Scale [25,26]. The scale assesses disease severity in nine organ systems: general health, peripheral vascular, skin, joint/tendon, muscle, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, heart, and kidneys. Each organ is scored separately from 0 to 4, depending on whether no, mild, moderate, severe, or end-stage involvement is present. For the purposes of this study, the worst category was scored for each system, and results of any investigation not requested by the physician, and therefore missing, were considered "normal." Scoring methods for general, peripheral vascular, skin, joint/tendon, lung, and kidney systems were identical to those proposed in the scale. Some adaptations were made to the other organ systems. To assign a score for the skeletal muscle system, physicians were asked to rate patients' muscle strength in five different areas of the body (neck flexors, as well as upper and lower proximal extremities, right and left) by using the British Medical Research Council scale. A severity score was then assigned depending on the total number of 5s, 4s, 3s, 2s, 1s, and 0s for a given patient. The HAQ-DI was used to assess the patient's use of ambulation aids needed to assign the worst severity level for the skeletal muscle system (that is, level 4, end stage).
To score the gastrointestinal system, in addition to an abnormal esophagogram, abnormal esophageal manometry, or abnormal small-bowel series, patients reporting difficulty swallowing, acid taste in their mouth, choking at night, burning sensation, feeling of being full shortly after eating, or taking gastroprotective or promotility agents were also given a score of 1 for mild. In addition to malabsorption syndrome and episodes of pseudo-obstruction, patients with an abnormal hydrogen breath test were given a score of 3 for severe.
To score the heart system, electrocardiogram results, percentage left ventricular ejection fraction values, presence of conduction abnormalities, distended neck veins, and arrhythmia diagnosed by a physician were used.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the baseline characteristics of the patients. χ2 tests, Yates χ2 tests, Fisher Exact tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used, as appropriate. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. A sensitivity analysis was performed in the subset of patients who met the 1980 American College of Rheumatology preliminary classification criteria [27], of which 852 (89%) were found. All of the results were similar. Thus, the results of the whole cohort are presented here.
All statistical analyses were performed with SAS v.9.2 (SAS Institute, San Diego, CA, USA).
Ethical considerations
Ethics committee approval for the CSRG data collection protocol was obtained at McGill University (Montreal, Ontario, Canada) and at all participating study sites. All subjects provided informed written consent to participate in the data-collection protocol.
Results
This study included 963 SSc patients with complete serologic data on anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies. Baseline characteristics of the study cohort are presented in Table 2. Mean age was 54.25 (± 12.04) years; 87% were female; 85% were White; mean disease duration (since the onset of the first non-Raynaud disease manifestation) was 11.04 (± 9.47) years; and 59% had limited, 37% had diffuse, and 3% had no skin involvement.
Table 2. Baseline characteristics of the study cohort, as a group and according to anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody status
Of the 963 SSc patients included in this study, 194 (20%) were positive for anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies. This represents the second most common autoantibody in this cohort with anti-centromere, anti-RNA polymerase III, and anti-topoisomerase I antibodies present in approximately 35%, 19%, and 16% of the patients, respectively (Table 1). Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody-positive patients were more likely to be older (57.16 versus 54.98 years; P = 0.0481), to have interstitial lung disease (44% versus 34%; P = 0.0091), and to have overlap syndrome (22% versus 14%; P = 0.0059) compared with anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody-negative patients (Table 2). In particular, anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody-positive patients were significantly more likely to have overlap with polymyositis/dermatomyositis (6% versus 3%; P = 0.0431) compared with anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody-negative patients. Also of note, two of 36 patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis overlap had anti-Jo-1 antibodies (6%), and both of these had anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies.
Disease severity measured by using the Medsger Disease Severity Scale was worse in two domains (range, 0 to 4): general (1.16 versus 0.82; P = 0.0061) and lung (1.56 versus 1.34; P = 0.0084) in anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody-positive compared with anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody-negative patients (Table 3).
Table 3. Association between Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies and disease severity (range, 0 to 4)
Antibodies to Ro52/TRIM21 overlapped with many other autoantibodies (Table 4). However, the association between anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies and other autoantibodies differed according to antibody. Indeed, whereas 16% of the overall cohort had anti-topoisomerase I antibodies, only 10% of anti-Ro52/TRIM21-positive patients had anti-topoisomerase I antibodies (P = 0.0129), and the titers of anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies were among the lowest measured (mean titer, 763.28 U/ml) in this subset of patients. Conversely, whereas 6% of the overall cohort had anti-Ro60 antibodies, 21% of anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody-positive patients were anti-Ro60 positive (P < 0.0001), and the titers of anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies were among the highest measured (mean titer, 5,530.66 U/ml). Similarly strong associations between anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies and anti-Ro60 were noted between anti-Ro52/TRIM21 and anti-U1 RNP (P = 0.0066; mean titer, 2,099.45 U/ml), anti-SS-B/La (P < 0.0001; mean titer, 6,003.88 U/ml), and anti-Jo-1 (P = 0.0171; mean titer, 4,412.83 U/ml), and to a lesser degree between anti-Ro52/TRIM21 and anti-CENP-B (P = 0.0372; mean titer, 1,098.86 U/ml) and anti-Sm (P = 0.0361; mean titer, 1,482.09 U/ml) antibodies.
Table 4. Association between anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies and other SSc-related autoantibodies
Finally, anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody titers were significantly higher in patients with compared to patients without overlap syndrome (mean titer, 1,330.40 versus 1,105.05 U/ml, respectively; P = 0.0026). A strong trend was noted toward higher titers in patients with compared to those without interstitial lung disease (mean titer, 1,542.65 versus 938.11 U/ml, respectively; P = 0.06).
Discussion
In this large, multicenter cohort study, we found that anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies were present in 20% of 963 patients, making them the second most common autoantibodies in this SSc cohort, and they overlapped with all of the major SSc-related antibodies. In addition, in this cohort of SSc patients, we found strong suggestions of an association between anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies and interstitial lung disease and overlap syndrome.
Several studies have demonstrated that anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies are present in several systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases [11,28-31]. In particular, anti-Ro52 antibodies are frequently found in the inflammatory myositides, often in the presence of anti-Jo1 and interstitial lung disease [32-34].
The largest study to date of anti-Ro52 in SSc (measured using an ELISA), a recent British report of 1,010 SSc patients, found an overall frequency of anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies of 27% [35]. We have shown that the ALBIA anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody has high concordance (> 95%) with an anti-Ro52/TRIM21 ELISA (unpublished data), suggesting that the higher prevalence in the British study is not related to interlaboratory assay variation. Although the majority of our patients were White (85%), the British study did not report on the ethnic profile or disease duration of their patients. The British study also showed that anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies overlapped with all of the major SSc-related antibodies, including anti-centromere, anti-topoisomerase I, and anti-RNA polymerase III antibodies (in their study, at frequencies of 28%, 19%, and 25%, respectively). In addition, they confirmed that anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody titers were particularly elevated in patients with anti-Ro60 and anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies (of whom four were anti-Jo1 positive). Although the authors did not present actual clinical data, they nevertheless concluded that Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies appeared to be general serum markers with limited linkage to distinct clinical manifestations of SSc.
In another recent study by Ghillani et al. [36], 155 patients positive for anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies but negative for anti-Ro60 antibodies were analyzed. The authors found that anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies were commonly found in the presence of other autoantibodies (in particular, Sm, chromatin, Jo-1, and CENP-B) and that 73% of patients had an autoimmune disease (in particular, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, SjS, SSc, and autoimmune hepatitis). Interestingly, the authors reported that the prevalence of pulmonary disease was particularly high among anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody-positive patients (22% of patients), including seven of 11 patients with SSc.
A recent article from the German Network for Systemic Sclerosis specifically examined the clinical correlates of a number of autoantibodies in SSc, including Ro52 [37]. They found that the prevalence anti-Ro52 antibody in their cohort (N = 863) was 21.7% and that 25% of patients with overlap syndrome were positive for anti-Ro52 antibody. Although they did not find any statistically significant association between anti-Ro52 antibodies and specific clinical features, it is interesting to note that their point estimate for an association with pulmonary fibrosis was 1.3. They also reported a statistically significant twofold increase in the rate of pulmonary fibrosis among patients who had anti-Ro60 antibodies (odds ratio (OR), 2.20; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.29 to 3.75; P = 0.004). In our study, the rate of interstitial lung disease among anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody-positive patients was significantly increased by 50% compared with anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody-negative patients (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.11 to 2.12; P = 0.0091). In addition, the association between anti-Ro60 antibody and interstitial lung disease was increased almost threefold (OR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.62 to 5.04; P = 0.0002; data not shown).
Thus, the findings of our study are generally consistent with the current literature. In addition to confirming the serologic associations between anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies and other autoantibodies, we found important associations between anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies, interstitial lung disease, and overlap syndrome.
Overlap syndrome is highly prevalent among patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases and is thought to suggest that these diseases share similar immunogenetic mechanisms [38-40]. The concept of "overlap" syndrome in SSc, however, remains elusive, with some of the common manifestations of the disease, including sicca and myositis, being possibly related to SSc itself or to a separate autoimmune disease. We believe that serologic associations could help to shape a better definition of overlap in SSc, and that anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies have the potential to be good biomarkers of overlap in this disease.
The Ro52 gene has been mapped to the end of the short arm of human chromosome 11 [29]. Evidence suggests that this chromosome segment may harbor genes important in the development and progression of solid tumors. Given this, we reviewed our data and found that 12.04% of anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody-positive patients compared with 7.24% of anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody-negative patients had a physician-reported history of malignancy (P = 0.03). These data have yet to be validated through chart review and remain preliminary.
Our understanding of how a number of SSc-related autoantibodies are generated (for example, through apoptosis, microbody release, molecular mimicry, or other mechanisms) and of their role in the pathogenesis of disease has increased remarkably over the past two decades (reviewed in [41,42]). The recently reported mechanism of intracellular immunity mediated by Ro52/TRIM21 in a cellular model of adenovirus infection has opened new perspectives for studying the effects of autoantibodies once they are inside cells [10]. The association between Ro52/TRIM21 and other proteins such as TRIB2, implicated in driving tumorigenesis [43], with Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and negatively regulating the IFN-α pathway in response to viral infection [44] and its interaction with virus-like particles and high-affinity IgG receptors affecting the intracellular fate of viruses, including degradation by the proteasomes [10,45,46] may provide important insights into the generation of the autoantibody response and its perpetuation in SSc. Further, the association of anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies with cytokine responses such as IFN-α [44] and Toll-like receptor-mediated NF-κB activation [47] provides some insight into its regulation of cytokine responses. Thus, despite clearer understanding of the physiological function of Ro52/TRIM21 in vitro, it is still unclear how anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies arise, particularly in vivo, and whether they have any pathologic significance in SSc or other systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Of note, though, is the fact that anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies are seen across a number of autoimmune diseases with significant prevalence (ranging from 1% to 63%) but are only rarely seen in normal controls; this suggests that they are markers of autoimmune dysfunction [29]. Further studies will be needed to shed greater insight into their precise role in autoimmune diseases.
Conclusions
We believe that this study makes a significant contribution to the literature on the clinical significance of anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies. Although consistent data show that SSc-specific antibodies are generally mutually exclusive, it is important to appreciate that a multiplicity of other nonspecific markers of humoral immune response exist in SSc, with Ro52/TRIM21 being one of the most common of these. In addition, Ro52/TRIM21 appears to have distinct clinical associations in SSc, in particular with interstitial lung disease and overlap syndrome. These data suggest that Ro52/TRIM21 may be of both diagnostic and prognostic importance in SSc.
Abbreviations
ALBIA: addressable laser bead immunoassay; CENP: centromere protein; CI: confidence interval; CSRG: Canadian Scleroderma Research Group; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FADD: Fas-associated death domain; GI: gastrointestinal; HAQ-DI: Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index; HRCT: high-resolution computed tomography; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IIF: indirect immunofluorescence; IFN: interferon; kDa: kiloDalton; MCTD: mixed connective tissue disease; NS: not significant; OR: odds ratio; PH: pulmonary hypertension; PM/DM: polymyositis/dermatomyositis; PM/Scl: polymyositis/scleroderma (exosome) autoantigen; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; RNA: ribonucleic acid; scRNP: small cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein; SD: standard deviation; SjS: Sjögren syndrome; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; Sm: Smith autoantigen; SPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure; SS-A: Sjögren syndrome antigen A or Ro; SS-B: Sjögren syndrome antigen B or La; SSc: systemic sclerosis or scleroderma; TRIM: tripartite motif.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
MH participated in the design of the study, the data collection, and the statistical analysis, and prepared the manuscript. JP participated in the design of the study, the data collection, the statistical analysis, and the interpretation of the data. MM participated in the design of the study and the interpretation of the data. ST and RS performed the statistical analysis. MB and MF participated in the design of the study, the data collection, and the interpretation of the data. All co-authors read and approved the final manuscript. The Investigators of the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group participated in the acquisition of the data and read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Investigators of the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group: M. Baron, Montreal, Quebec; J. Pope, London, Ontario; J. Markland, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; D. Robinson, Winnipeg, Manitoba; N. Jones, Edmonton, Alberta; N. Khalidi, Hamilton, Ontario; P. Docherty, Moncton, New Brunswick; E. Kaminska, Hamilton, Ontario; A. Masetto, Sherbrooke, Quebec; E. Sutton, Halifax, Nova Scotia; J-P. Mathieu, Montreal, Quebec; M. Hudson, Montreal, Quebec; S. LeClercq, Calgary, Alberta; S. Ligier, Montreal, Quebec; T. Grodzicky, Montreal, Quebec; C. Thorne, Newmarket, Ontario; M. Fritzler, Advanced Diagnostics Laboratory, Calgary, Alberta.
This study was funded in part by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Scleroderma Society of Canada, and educational grants from Actelion Pharmaceuticals and Pfizer Inc. Autoantibody diagnostic kits were a gift of INOVA Diagnostics Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA), ImmunoConcepts (Sacramento, CA, USA), and Dr. Fooke Laboratorien GmbH (Neuss, Germany). Dr. Hudson is a New Investigator funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec, and Dr. Fritzler holds the Arthritis Society Research Chair at the University of Calgary. The funding sources had no role in the design of the study, analysis of the data, preparation of the manuscript, and decision to submit for publication.
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Wednesday, November 28, 2007
What terms mean ...
Wow, it's amazing how something as publicly spirited as wikipedia can be used as a sales tool. I was looking up some stuff and noticed term wars, blatant marketing by groups and some really snide attacks.
Anyway, as I still dabble in the XaaS world I checked out a couple of terms and thought I'd better get involved.
First, Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is defined exactly the same as Hardware as a Service (HaaS) except it was invented afterwards. I was late to the party having borrowed the HaaS term from other people, most likely Nick Carr. Looks like some were even later, I've made some corrections.
[Added: I know I shouldn't but I cannot help myself. The thing about IaaS is that not only is it identical in concept to HaaS, it was invented significantly later and differed by only one letter. It's a bit like me running around saying I've just invented:-
• The Vheel - a circular device that is capable of rotating on its axis, facilitating movement or transportation or performing labour in machines
• The Selephone - a telecommunications device which is used to transmit and receive sound.
You get the picture ... it's just plain silly.]
SaaS Platform - missed this one, it is what I call FaaS or Framework as a Service. I prefer FaaS only because I've probably pinched it from someone else and it fits nicely into the XaaS terminology (see the video below) by Scott Maxwell from April'06.
SaaSu is not a term worth repeating - it's far better to use the phrase "utility computing" and let the term SaaSu be forgotten ... quickly.
[Added : Whilst I dislike the term SaaSu and prefer the term "utility computing", I am speaking of the term rather than the company - SaaSu.com. I also note that they have made a call recently for simplification back to the SaaS term. Thank you Peter for pointing that out.]
Now, as for who invented the term Software as a Service (SaaS). Well Tim O'Reilly used the term in "The Open Source Paradigm Shift" in 2004 but it had been used before by many others. It's worth noting that "SaaS" was used by Amy Mizoras Konary in a 2004 IDC report.
However it was a common term well before then.
Hmmm, XaaS must be a hot topic otherwise you wouldn't need so many rewrites of history.
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msm (0.9.1)
Multi-state Markov and hidden Markov models in continuous time.
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/msm
Functions for fitting general continuous-time Markov and hidden Markov multi-state models to longitudinal data. Both Markov transition rates and the hidden Markov output process can be modelled in terms of covariates. A variety of observation schemes are supported, including processes observed at arbitrary times, completely-observed processes, and censored states.
Maintainer: Christopher Jackson
Author(s): Christopher Jackson <chris.jackson@mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk>
License: GPL (>= 2)
Uses: Does not use any package
Reverse depends: BaSTA, Biograph, bscr, BVS, CatDyn, ctarma, eiPack, geiger, glmdm, GLMMarp, lordif, ltm, phytools, RM2, RMark, rriskDistributions, surveillance, trioGxE
Reverse suggests: oro.pet, surveillance
Released almost 4 years ago.
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"warc_url": "http://kk.org/cooltools/ask/questions/1718/best-tutorial-for-mastering-google-mapsearth"
}
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login ask-a-question questions unanswered tags faq
I'd like to make some interactive maps using Google Earth and/or Maps. It's gotten complicated as its gotten deeper. I want to do things as varied as tracing routes by hand, to printing out on large sheets. Is there a superior guide or website or tutorial in learning how to master Google's capabilities?
asked Jan 22 at 12:13
Kevin Kelly
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/27267/"
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Quotation added by staff
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The person is always happy who is in the presence of something they cannot know in full. A person as advanced far in the study of morals who has mastered the difference between pride and vanity. Chamfort, Sebastien-Roch Nicolas De
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{
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The trade of authorship is a violent, and indestructible obsession. Sand, George
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Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin, later Baroness Dudevant (July 1, 1804 June 8, 1876) was a French novelist and early feminist (prior to the invention of the word) who wrote under the pen name of George Sand.
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{
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One of the saddest lines in the world is, 'Oh come now - be realistic.' The best parts of this world were not fashioned by those who were realistic. They were fashioned by those who dared to look hard at their wishes and gave them horses to ride. Nelson, Richard A.
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{
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/2012/"
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
The worst thing about some men is that when they are not drunk they are sober. Yeats, William Butler
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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{
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quotes/tag/pollution/"
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Quotes about pollution
These are quotes tagged with "pollution". You can also search for quotes containing the word pollution.
"No witchcraft, no enemy action had silenced the rebirth of new life in this stricken world. The people had done it themselves."
Carson, Rachel on pollution
"Raise a million filters and the rain will not be clean, until the longing for it be refined in deep confession. And still we hear, If only this nation had a soul, or, Let us change the way we trade, or, Let us be proud of our region."
Cohen, Leonard on pollution
"The most important pathological effects of pollution are extremely delayed and indirect."
Dubos, Rene on pollution
"Pollution is nothing but the resources we are not harvesting. We allow them to disperse because we've been ignorant of their value."
Fuller, R. Buckminster on pollution
"Fresh air is good if you do not take too much of it; most of the achievements and pleasures of life are in bad air."
Holmes, Oliver Wendell on pollution
"Unfortunately, our affluent society has also been an effluent society."
Humphrey, Hubert H. on pollution
"Sanctions against polluters are feeble and out of date, and are rarely invoked."
Nader, Ralph on pollution
"Approximately 80 % of our air pollution stems from hydrocarbons released by vegetation, so let's not go overboard in setting and enforcing tough emission standards from man-made sources."
Reagan, Ronald on pollution
"I durst not laugh for fear of opening my lips and receiving the bad air."
Shakespeare, William on pollution
"The new American finds his challenge and his love in the traffic-choked streets, skies nested in smog, choking with the acids of industry, the screech of rubber and houses leashed in against one another while the town lets wither a time and die."
Steinbeck, John on pollution
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Rice University General announcements, vol. 2003/04
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Item Metadata
Title: Rice University General announcements, vol. 2003/04
Author: Houston, Tex. : Rice University
Description: v. : ill. ; 22 cm.
Citable link to this page: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/35978
Date Published: 2003
Rights and Usage
• This work is licensed under a Creative Commons attribution 2.5 License. This digital pubication is available courtesy of Rice University. Contact Woodson Research Center at Rice University with any questions.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Livorno
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
Livorno is in Tuscany.
Understand
Livorno is on the Tyrrhenian sea in Italy. It is the third-largest port on the western coast.
Get in
By plane
Pisa airport (code: PSA) Galileo Galilei.
By train
Main train station is Livorno Centrale. Take bus number 1 to go to town center and then to the port in about 20 minutes.
By car
Autostrada A12, uscita Livorno; for maps and tolls see: [1] (no pages in English as per 14 November 2004).
By bus
From Pisa, Piombino, Florence and other cities.
By boat
Direct ferry routes exist to Barcelona, Bastia, Golfo Aranci, Olbia, Palermo and Porto Vechio. It is best to book early to avoid over booking.
Many cruise ships stop here for at least a full day to allow guests to tour Florence and/or Pisa. Guests not taking cruise ship arranged tours can take a shuttle (supplied by the port) to the the downtown area. It offers a decent shopping experience, but not compared to Florence. A further 10-20 minute walk (or another bus ride) gets you to a train station. There you can take frequent departures for either Pisa or Florence. If hoping for the latter, ask for a train that goes to the Firenze Santa Maria Novella. Locals will happily help. If just stopping for the day and you wish to maximize your time in Florence, you should consider taking a cab from your ship to and from the Livorno train station.
Get around
Bus number 1 is a shuttle from train station to the port and vice-versa. Ticket for one hour of travel is 1,00 Euros, daily ticket is 3,20 Euros. For self-reliant cruise passengers, this is part of the most economical way to reach trains to Pisa and Florence. A map is online [2].
See
• Quattro Mori
• Museo Civico Giovanni Fattori [3]
• Acquario Comunale "D. Cestoni" [4] (closed: work in progress)
• Tuscan islands [5]
• Other museums: [6]
• Funicolare di Montenero [7] one of the few cable railways still in service (another one is in Montecatini Terme near Pistoia.
• San Giovanni's spa [8]: the San Giovanni Spa, overlooking the Gulf of Portoferraio, stands on an area of 5 hectares of marshland which yields a silt with high therapeutic potential, making this spa establishment the only Thalassotherapy centre in the Western Mediterranean.
Do
Spas
• Venturina's spa [9]: the thermal waters Venturina were known by the Etruscans and Romans, hence the name "Aquae Populoniae. Flow in 45 ° Celsius throughout the year, with constant flow, and are classified as calcium-magnesium-sulphate-bicarbonate-alkalines.
Learn
Work
Buy
Eat
• Cacciucco - fish stew
• Riso Nero - Black Rise-(Risotto darkened with squid ink)
Budget
Mid-range
• Trattoria Sottomarino, Via dei Terrazzini 48/50 - ph. +39 0586 887025 - Close to Piazza della Repubblica and Fortezza Nuova (Venezia District). Fish cuisine, don't miss the gorgeous cacciucco - Closed on MO and TU.
Cantina Senese in Borgo Cappucino famous for Caccucio and Black Rise
Splurge
Drink
"Ponce alla livornese" is optimal to finish a meal (warm drink with coffee and rum).
Sleep
Budget
Mid-range
• Hotel Hermitage, Via dei Melograni 13 57020, Marina di Bibbona, Tel. +39.0586.600218 Fax +39.0586.600760. [10]. 4-star modern and comfortable Hotel Hermitage in Marina di Bibbona near the splendid Etruscan coast
Splurge
Stay safe
Contact
Cope
Get out
Livorno is a good starting point and base for a tour of Tuscany. You can reach Pisa in half an hour, Lucca and Florence in about an hour. (See note under "Get in" "By Boat" above) In a well-organized day you can tour Chianti-side going to Monteriggioni, San Gimignano, Siena and Volterra and be back for dinner; return before cruise ship departure could be problematic.
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Sarnia
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
Sarnia is a city in Southwestern Ontario with a population of around 90,000.
Get in
By car
Sarnia is located across the Blue Water Bridge from Port Huron, Michigan. Sarnia is the eastern terminus of Highway 402 (Sarnia-London).
By train
VIA Rail runs two trains a day from Toronto to Sarnia. All trains arrive at Sarnia station [www.viarail.ca/en/stations/ontario/sarnia]
Get around
By Car
It would be best to have a car. Traffic is usually very light, and the roads are in good condition.
By foot/bike
Sarnia has a walkable downtown (Front St. area).
By Bus
Sarnia Transit operates a bus system throughout town [1]. Fare is $2 for single ride. Monthly passes are avaliable at various government offices throughout the city.
Do
In the warmer months go under the Bluewater bridge for fresh cut fries and to watch the boats in the St. Clair River.
Located on Lake Huron, there are many public-access beaches along the shore. Canatara Park has a large public beach with plenty of parking, although it is known to be somewhat rocky and the water is colder, due to the current of the St. Clair River. Beaches in Bright's Grove (the most North-East end of Sarnia) are generally sandier and warmer, and there are large areas of public access, notably at Mike Weir Park (the largest public park on Lake Huron, it has a large sandy beach, with parking, playground, baseball diamonds, and sheltered picnic areas) and Kenwick Park (which has tennis courts, a basketball court, playground and sheltered picnic area)
If you have children, The Animal farm in Canatara Park is a hit. This attraction is free of charge and the animals come right out to greet you. It's very safe and the whole family will have a ball.
Canatara Park also has a great beach, hiking trails, and a big park for barbecues or family picnics, sports fields, and a lot of bird wildlife.
Buy
• Lambton Mall, [2]. The largest mall in the area with a fantastic Canadian tire store and many clothing boutiques to meet most styles.
Eat
Lola's Martini Lounge on Christina is a very popular spot on the weekends for more upscale appetite.
Albert's in Point Edward is busy in the summer with their take-out style burger's and fries, along with a great selection of Ice Cream.
Salvatore's. A cute little Italian restaurant that is a hit with the locals. Will most likely need reservations, is located in Point Edward with a 4 minute walk under the Bluewater Bridge.
Stokes Inland, located down town and Stokes By the Bay, which is close to Bluewater Bridge are great for pub food, good beer and a great atmosphere.
• Wagg's Steak and Seafood, 420 Christina St N, Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, (519) 344-4422. One of Sarnia's best restaurants for quality food in a elegant environment. Located next to the Super 8. The house specialty is Prime Rib.
Drink
• Lazy Duck. Dance bar with a younger crowd, gets busy after 11 on the weekends
• Limbo Martini Lounge on Christina has a large menu of fun, delicious martinis. The service isn't the greatest but the drinks are.
Sleep
• Super 8 Sarnia, 420 N Christina St Front Street/Sarnia Dwtn Sarnia, ON N7T 5W1 CA, 519-337-3767, [3].
• Holiday Inn, 1498 Venetian Road Point Edward, ON N7T7W6 CANADA (519-3364130). The Holiday Inn in Point Edward is one of the major hotels in town and caters to both corporate and leisure travelers. The hotel is located on the waterfront and has convienent access to a marina
Contact
Phone
Sarnia, ON is serviced by Bell Canada for landline telephones, and is covered by the major Canadian celluar companies (Bell, Telus and Rogers).
Newspapers and Periodicals
The Sarnia Obsever [4] is the local daily newspaper serving Sarnia and Lambton county. Other national newspapers are avaliable (Globe and Mail, National Post)
Get out
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1350.0 - Australian Economic Indicators, Apr 2004
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 31/03/2004
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Help for : Adobe PDF.
Publications
1350.0 - Australian Economic Indicators
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5372.0.55.001 - International Merchandise Trade: Confidential Commodities List, Aug 2009
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 08/09/2009
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Help for : Excel File.
Data Cubes
Tables 1-4 International Merchandise Trade: Confidential Commodities List
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2003
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Contents >> Mining
This section contains the following subsection :
Introduction
Contribution to gross domestic product (GDP)
Mineral resources and geology
Mineral exploration
Summary of mining operations
Mineral production
Major commodities
Minerals processing and treatment
Exports
Imports
Administrative and financial arrangements
Research
Bibliography
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Research article
Tobacco use and nicotine dependency in a cross-sectional representative sample of 18,018 individuals in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Sathya P Manimunda*, Vivek Benegal, Attayuru P Sugunan, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Nagalla Balakrishna, Kandavelu Thennarusu, Dhanasekara Pandian and Kasturi S Pesala
BMC Public Health 2012, 12:515 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-515
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Incredible Hulk (2009 series) (Marvel) 606
This change adds to Incredible Hulk (2009 series) published by Marvel after issue Incredible Hulk (2009 series) #605 the following issue: Preview
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Year On Sale None
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On Sale Date Uncertain No
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Page Count Uncertain No
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Indexed Partially Indexed Pending Approval Reserved Skeleton Data Only
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Please disable AdBlock. CAN is an ad-supported site that takes hundreds of hours and thousands of dollars to sustain.
PSS Studie [Processing, Arduino]
PSS Studie by Daniel Franke attempts to question how we perceive images. The project is interested in sensory experience and how our distorted perception somewhat alters / duplicates the world we see. The moving image in the form of a “simulation” is the initial point – digital data generated by an animated movie are transformed back to the real world illustrated by a pointer moving through space.
Eight nylon – cords link to a mutual point that can only hold the position in space because of their interdependent movement. A loop occurs – a movement is simulated in a digitally reconstructed physical space and the resulting information of the position is transformed back to the physical space. The Outcome is form of spatial image, a kinetic plane which expands in three dimensions. As a Consequence the perception is changing, the moving image cannot only be seen from one fixed viewing angle or rather one unique viewer position. The observer is autonomous, moving around the sculpture and is thus controlling his/her own point of view of the spatial film. Consequently restrictions of the medium are scrutinised similar to that what the expanded cinema movement questioned. With that in mind the work follows the idea of the work “Spatial Soundsculpture”, but in contrast to the older work the Screen has completely vanished. The Interface that lead to the digital medium in form of a window is only visible by the edges of the mapped coordinate system.
Components: D-2011. acryl glas cube, acryl glas spools, PC, Screen, Servo Motors, Microcontroller, Processing Application, 130 cm x 60 cm x 30 cm.
Project Page
Previously:
Augmented Perspective [C++] – Transparent concrete cube sculpture
Not in Death [Scripts] – Custom AE scripts for ‘We are the World
Posted on: 17/06/2011
Posted in: Android, Processing
Post tags:
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< Previous
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: Quite belatedly, A. Cairns offers the following strategy for Deadly Onion Super Go!
To destroy planet deadly onion, shoot for section of red ball above turret foot in three strenghs. Press blue button to both attack either aim offscreen and fire to reload. Good lock! All up to yours!
[Main]
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Indicators / Land take / Land take (CSI 014) - Assessment published Feb 2011
Land take (CSI 014) - Assessment published Feb 2011
Created : Sep 27, 2010 Published : Feb 21, 2011 Last modified : Feb 12, 2013 02:33 PM
Generic metadata
Topics:
Land use (Primary topic)
Natural resources
Biodiversity
Tags:
terrestrial | LEAC | SOER2010 | biodiversity | natural | Assessment10 | CSI014 | ecosystem | land use | green economy | land take | urbanization | land cover | artificial sprawl | CSI | landuse | landscape | assessment10
DPSIR: Pressure
Typology: Descriptive indicator (Type A – What is happening to the environment and to humans?)
Indicator codes
• CSI 014
Dynamic
Temporal coverage:
2000-2006
Contents
Key policy question: How much and in what proportions is agricultural, forest and other semi-natural and natural land being taken for urban and other artificial land development?
Key messages
Land take by the expansion of residential areas and construction sites is the main cause of the increase in the coverage of urban land at the European level. Agricultural zones and, to a lesser extent, forests and semi-natural and natural areas, are disappearing in favour of the development of artificial surfaces. This affects biodiversity since it decreases habitats, the living space of a number of species, and fragments the landscapes that support and connect them. The annual land take in 36 European countries was 111 788 ha/year in 2000-2006. In 21 countries covered by both periods (1990-2000 and 2000-2006) the annual land take increased by 9 % in the later period. The composition of land taken areas changed, too. More arable land and permanent crops, forests, grasslands and open spaces and less pastures and mosaic farmland were taken by artificial development then in 1990-2000.
Relative contribution of land-cover categories to uptake by urban and other artificial land development
Note: Origin of land uptake as % of total uptake
Data source:
Downloads and more info
Key assessment
The largest land cover category taken by urban and other artificial land development was agriculture land. On the average, almost 46 % of all areas that changed to artificial surfaces were arable land or permanent crops during 2000-2006. However, compared to the previous decade (1990-2000) in 21 countries covered both by Corine Land Cover (CLC) 1990-2000 and 2000-2006 it increased to 53 %. This dominant land take was particularly important in Denmark (90 %), Slovakia (85 %), Italy (74 %), Poland (67 %), Germany (65 %) and Hungary (65 %).
Pastures and mixed farmland were, on average, the next category being taken, representing 30.5 % of the total. It was approximately 6 % less then in 1990-2000. However, in several countries or regions, these landscapes were the major source for land uptake (in a broad sense), i.e. in Luxembourg (77 %), Albania (74 %), Ireland (70%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (70 %) and the Netherlands (60%).
The proportion of forests and transitional woodland shrub taken for artificial development during the period was slightly above 14 %. It was significantly higher in Finland (79 %), Norway (70 %), Sweden (61 %), Slovenia (61 %), Portugal (50%), Croatia (46 %) and Estonia (45 %).
The consumption of natural grassland, heathland and sclerophylous vegetation by artificial land take was 7.6 % of the whole area, but in Iceland (76 %) it was the largest taken class and significant proportions occurred also in Cyprus (23 %), Belgium (21 %) and Austria (20 %).
Open space with little or no vegetation contributed to taken land with 1.3 %. Larger proportions were in Iceland (8 %), Montenegro (7 %), Turkey (5 %), Norway (5 %) and Spain (3 %).
The least taken classes were wetlands (0.3 %) and water bodies (0.2 %). However, wetlands’ contribution in Estonia (6 %), Iceland (5 %) and Norway (3 %) was rather high.
In general, more forests, grasslands and open spaces were taken by artificial land development then in the previous decade. This meant a higher loss of natural ecosystems in 2000-2006.
Land accounts 2000-2006: http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/PivotApp/pivot.aspx?pivotid=501
Specific policy question: What are the drivers of uptake for urban and other artificial land development?
Annual land take by several types of human activity (2000-2006)
Note: Drivers of urban land development ha/year In some large countries, dates of satellite images for regions may differ by several years
Data source:
Downloads and more info
Specific assessment
At the European level, housing, services and recreation made up a third of the overall increase in urban and other artificial area between 2000 and 2006. Compared to the previous decade (1990-2000), in 21 countries covered in both periods this driver decreased from 52 % to 31 %. However, the proportion of new land for housing was significantly higher in Albania (95 %), Kosovo (85 %), Bosnia and Herzegovina (75 %) and it was at least 50 % in Cyprus, Romania or Ireland. The building of new sport and recreation areas was an important driver in mountain or Nordic countries as Austria (43 %), Norway (43 %), Iceland (28 %), Finland (23 %) and Sweden (22 %), to less extent also in the Mediterranean countries as Cyprus (19 %) or Bulgaria (12 %).
The second largest area (29 %) was taken by construction sites. These sites represent transitional areas that will turn into other newly urbanised classes in future. Thus large coverage of construction sites indicates a potential of further artificial development. This driver increased almost 4 times compared to period 1990-2000 (in 21 countries). Construction was a dominant driver in the Netherlands (54 %), Lithuania (54 %), Slovakia (53 %), Slovenia (51 %), Spain (50 %) and Hungary (49 %).
Land take for industrial and commercial sites covered 16 % of the whole newly developed land. In 21 countries covered in both periods it decreased from 23 % (1900-2000) to 17 % (2000-2006). The construction of new industrial and commercial sites was particularly important driver in Luxembourg (43 %), Italy (41 %), Belgium (40 %), Latvia (33 %), Slovakia (30 %) and France (25 %).
The proportion on newly created mines, quarries and dumpsites was 15 % in 36 European countries, but it was significantly higher in Serbia (51 %), Bulgaria (50 %), the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (40 %), Estonia (47 %), Latvia (33 %) and Montenegro (33 %). In 21 countries it remained stable at 14 % during both periods.
Although land take for transport infrastructures is underestimated in surveys that are based on remote sensing as Corine Land Cover, a more than double increase (from 3 % to 7 % in 21 countries covered by both periods) of the total new artificial cover supports importance of this driver. In fact, the proportions of land taken for transport were rather high in countries as Croatia (53 %), Slovenia (17 %), Portugal (17 %), Poland (15 %) and Sweden (11 %). Land take by linear features with a width below 100 m (majority of roads and railways) is not included in the statistics, which focus mostly on areal infrastructures (airports, harbours...). Soil sealing and fragmentation by linear infrastructures therefore need to be observed by other means.
Specific policy question: Where have the more important artificial land uptakes occurred?
Mean annual urban land take 2000-2006 per country as a percentage of 2000 artificial land
Note: Land cover changes in Liechtenstein remained below the detection level of Corine Land Cover change methodology. In some large countries, dates of satellite images for regions may differ by several years
Data source:
Downloads and more info
Mean annual urban land take as a percentage of total urban land take 2000-2006
Note: Land cover changes in Liechtenstein remained below the detection level of Corine Land Cover change methodology. In some large countries, dates of satellite images for regions may differ by several years
Data source:
Downloads and more info
Distribution of land take 2000-2006
Note: Map shows spatial distribution and intensity of land take for urban and other artificial land (lcf2 Urban residential sprawl + lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures) over particular territory in 2000 - 2006.
Data source:
CLC2000-2006 changes database http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/corine-land-cover-2000-2006
Green Potential Background in a 5km radius (2008) http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/green-potential-background-1
Downloads and more info
Specific assessment
Considering the contribution of each country to new total urban and infrastructure sprawl in Europe, mean annual values range from 21.4 % (Spain) to 0.001% (Malta), with intermediate values in France (12.9 %), Germany (10.1 %) and Italy (7.4 %). Differences between countries are strongly related to their size and population density (Figure 3).
The pace of land take observed by comparing it with the initial extent of urban and other artificial areas in 2000 gives another picture (Figure 4). From this perspective, the average value in 36 European countries covered by CLC 2000-2006 ranges up to an annual increase of 0.6% (in 21 countries covered by both periods it remains also 0.6 %). Urban development is fastest in Albania (5.0 % increase in urban area per year), Iceland (3.3 %), Spain (2.7 %), Cyprus (2.6 %) and Ireland (2.4 %). Compared to the previous period 1990-2000, Spain speeded up by 0.8 %, Ireland slowed down by 0.5 %, Portugal by 1.2 % (now 1.6 %), and the Netherlands by 0.3 % (now 1.3 %).
Land uptake by urban and other artificial development in 36 European countries amounted to 686 414 hectares in 6 years. It represents 0.1% of the total territory of these countries. This may seem low, but spatial differences are very important and an artificial sprawl in many regions is very intense (Figure 5).
Data sources
More information about this indicator
See this indicator specification for more details.
Contacts and ownership
EEA Contact Info
Branislav Olah
Ownership
EEA Management Plan
2010 2.6.2 (note: EEA internal system)
Dates
First draft created: 2010/09/27 14:36:59.268000 GMT+2
Publish date: 2011-02-21T16:59:10+02:00
Last modified: 2013/02/12 14:33:21.393889 GMT+1
Commenting has been disabled.
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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1050 Copenhagen K
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Phone: +45 3336 7100
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Help:Contributor HelpEdit This Page
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Mobile Public LibraryEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Mobile Public Library
Ben May Main Library, Mobile Public Library, Mobile, Alabama, half a block from their Local History and Genealogy building.
Contents
Contact Information
E-mail:[1] lhgservices@mplonline.org
Address:[1]
Local History and Genealogy
753 Government Street
Mobile, AL 36602-1404
Telephone:[1] 251-208-7093
Hours and holidays:[1] Monday-Wednesday 9-5; Thursday-Saturday 9-3; Holiday schedule.
Map, and public transportation:[1]
Internet sites and databases:
Collection Description
Local history along the Gulf Coast from Pensacola FL to Pascagoula MS, southeastern U.S. genealogy, migration paths to AL, newspaper clippings, city directories, federal censuses, Dawes Commission Indian rolls, Index to Confederate pensions of AL and MS, roster of Confederate soldiers, and Mobile County Probate Court index 1819-1964, photos, Panton-Leslie trading company papers (est. during Spanish rule), CSS Alabama ship's log-journal and other papers.
Alternate Repositories
If you cannot visit or find a source at the Mobile Public Library, a similar source may be available at one of the following.
Overlapping Collections
• Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, local government files, newspapers, maps, church records, Civil War soldiers, photos, publications, historical quarterly, 1867 voter database, World War I Goldstar database, vertical files, personal history surname file, and AL city directories inventory.
• National Archives Southeast Region (Atlanta) federal censuses, Ancestry.com, military, pensions, bounty-land, photos, passengers arrival indexes, naturalizations, Native Americans, African Americans, workshops.
Similar Collections
• Family History Library, Salt Lake City, 450 computers, 3,400 databases, 3.1 million microforms, 4,500 periodicals, 310,000 books of worldwide family and local histories, civil, church, immigration, ethnic, military, Mormon records.
• Dallas Public Central Library 111,700 volumes, 64,500 microfilms, 89,000 microfiche, and over 700 maps, marriage, probate, deed, and tax abstracts in book form, or microfilm of originals for some states, and online databases.
Neighboring Collections
Sources
1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Main Library" at Mobile Public Library Alabama (accessed 28 August 2012).
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Aguascalientes Language and LanguagesEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 23:28, 20 March 2013 by Kimberlygailbrown (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Aguascalientes Language and Languages
Most materials used in Mexican research are written in Spanish. However, you do not need to speak or read Spanish to do research in Mexican records. However, you will need to know some key words and phrases to understand the records.
The official language of Mexico is Spanish, which is spoken by 90 percent of the people. Indian languages of the Aztecs, Mayans, and other tribes are still spoken throughout the country. Originally there may have been more than 200 roots of native languages.
In 1889, Antonio García Cubas estimated that 38% of Mexicans spoke an indigenous language, down from 60% in 1820. By the end of the 20th century, this figure had fallen to 6%.
In the early history of Mexico after the Spanish conquest, the spiritual leaders knew Latin, and where schools were established, Latin was a required subject. So you may find some Latin terms included in church records.
Hundreds of native languages and dialects existed although very few written records survived the European conquest. Of these the Náuatl language, spoken by the Aztecs of the Central Plateau region, is predominant, followed by the Mayan of the Yucatan Pennisula and Northern Central America. The Zapoteco, Mixteco, and Otomi languages, follow in importance.
In the early records a great many Indian words, especially names and localities, found their way into the Spanish language. Many of them were modified to make them more pronounceable to the Spanish conquerors.
Spanish phonetics may affect the way names appear in genealogical records. For example, the names of your ancestor may vary from record to record in Spanish. For help in understanding name variations, see Mexico Names, Personal.
Language Aids
The Family History Library provides the following aids:
The following English-Spanish dictionaries can also aid you in your research. You can find these publications listed below and similar material at many research libraries:
Cassell’s Spanish-English, English-Spanish Dictionary New York: Macmillan, 1978. (FHL book 743.21 C272c 1978.)
Velázquez de la Cadena, Mariano. A New Pronouncing Dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages New York: Appleton- Century-Crofts, 1942. (FHL book 463.21 V541n.) y también volumen 2 del mismo.
Diccionario de Autoridades (Dictionary of Authorities). 3 vols. Madrid: Edit. Gredos, 1963. (FHL book 463 D56ld.)
Additional language aids, including dictionaries of various dialects and time periods, are listed in the "Place Search" section of the Family History Library Catalog under:
MEXICO- LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES
They are also listed in the "Subject" section of the Family History Library Catalog under:
SPANISH LANGUAGE- DICTIONARIES
And remember that a great free resource is always translate.google.com.
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FamilySearch.orgEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 01:53, 28 February 2012 by Lembley (Talk | contribs)
For other uses, see FamilySearch.
FamilySearch.org is one of the most popular genealogical resources in the world. The site is sponsored by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and is free and available to the public. Since launching in May 1999, more than 150 million people have visited FamilySearch.org to learn more about their family heritage.
Online Records
Visitors to FamilySearch.org can search over a billion digital images and indexes of records from all over the world. These records include government and church records for births, marriages, and deaths; censuses; probate records, land records, draft cards; and so forth. Millions of new records are published on a weekly basis.
Many of the records on the FamilySearch website are indexed, making them easier to search. The indexes are created by volunteers. Currently, there over 125,000 active indexers around the world who complete about one million names a day. Anyone can help with this effort, regardless of their age, religion, or technical background; all that is needed is a computer and an Internet connection. The free online application is available in seven languages.
Research Help
FamilySearch.org features several resources to help people learn how to discover their family history. For example, the FamilySearch Wiki is an interactive online encyclopedia for family history research. This site contains research helps, guides, and advice from FamilySearch experts, but is also a place where anyone can share what they know about genealogy. Visitors to the site can search by geographic area or topic to get tips and helpful information on climbing their own family trees.
Through FamilySearch Forums, individuals can ask research questions online and FamilySearch staff or anyone from the genealogical community helps answer them.
Free online classes available on the FamilySearch website can be taken anytime from the comfort of home.
The length and format of the classes vary by subject, but usually include video of the presenter, a PowerPoint presentation, and class handouts. Many of these classes are taught by experts at the renowned Family History Library in Salt Lake City, but FamilySearch has also partnered with individual genealogists and facilities like the Midwest Genealogy Center in Independence, Missouri.
Quick Facts Here are some quick facts about FamilySearch.org:
Number of names in searchable databases: over 1 billion Number of hits per day: over 10 million Number of visitors per month: over 3 million Number of pages viewed per day: over 1 million Number of registered users: over 1 million Number of hits since launch: over 15 billion Number of visitors since launch: over 150 million
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
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Changes related to "Siskiyou County, California"
From FamilySearch Wiki
This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category). Pages on your watchlist are bold.
Recent changes options Show last 50 | 100 | 250 | 500 changes in last 1 | 3 | 7 | 14 | 30 days
Hide minor edits | Show bots | Hide anonymous users | Show logged-in users | Hide my edits
Show new changes starting from 09:31, 18 May 2013
Page name:
No changes on linked pages during the given period.
New to the Research Wiki?
In the FamilySearch Research Wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others.
Learn More
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User:WilliamsDa/Sandbox7Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 17:28, 1 November 2012 by WilliamsDa (Talk | contribs)
Contents
Find children missing from a family by using the 1900 & 1910 Census
Certain census records identified the number of children born and how many were still living. This information may help you verify that all children in a family are accounted for.
Step 1. Find the family in the first census after their marriage
Use information you know to search for them at:
• FamilySearch
• Ancestry
• Findmypast
Step 2. Find the family in each following census (every ten years)
This will help you learn more about the family. Some children only appear in one census year.
Step 3. Verify all census information with another record
• church records
• cemetery records
• vital records
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Disk image
From Forensics Wiki
Revision as of 09:44, 16 July 2008 by Rgautier (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
A disk image is a full disk copy of the data making up the partition table, file allocation tables and data partitions without regard for operating system.
A disk image should be made prior to performing any forensic analysis of the disk. Creating a disk image is important in forensics for several reasons:
1. Ensure that disk information is not inadvertantly changed during analysis.
2. By performing an original disk image and storing the original disk, it is possible to reproduce forensic test results with an exact reproduction of analysis methods on the original evidence.
3. Disk imaging will capture information invisible to the operating system in use *E.g. hidden partitions, ext3 partitions on a Windows machine, etc.
Software Popular software used to create disk images includes Norton Ghost
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation:
About forensicswiki.org:
Toolbox
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Locking of tables
Light Poster
15Sep2006,01:01 #1
Can any body help me out with describing the Difference between implicit and explicit locking?I have very much doubt in this topic.so kindly elaborate it with example(if possible) please.
Thanking you
Dillip
Go4Expert Founder
15Sep2006,08:03 #2
Both implied and explicit read locks are still a read lock, however a read lock that had been obtained will prevent any writes to the table.
Difference between implicit and explicit locks.
A select statement will cause an implicit read lock within the execution of the select, release after the select completes. If there are multiple selects, the read lock is obtained for each select separately, so writes is possible in between the multiple selects.
An explicit read lock will keep the lock until it is released. You can do multiple select between the LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES and you are sure that no data in the tables you have read locked is changed in between the multiple selects.
Take an example:
LOCK TABLE t1 READ, t2 READ;
SELECT * FROM t1;
SELECT * FROM t2;
UNLOCK TABLES;
With the explicit LOCK TABLES, you can be sure that there is no changes to the tables in between your selects. So, the data you read is consistent.
Assuming you do not have the Lock Tables, what happened is that another connection is able to update the 2 tables in between your select, example, after you complete the 1st select, another connection is able to update the table t1 and t2 before you execute the 2nd select, in this case the data you have obtained from the 2 selects may no longer be consistent since the data had been changed between your 1st and 2nd select.
Therefore, you need the explicit Read Lock to get a consistant view of the data for the 2 selects.
Light Poster
17Sep2006,01:01 #3
Hi Shabbir, I have again a little prob in implicit cursor.Lets take a example...
If 'A' and 'B' are two user requesting a same Database table
User 'A' is first Transmitting a command : Select emp_no from emp where emp_no=211 for update;
Update sal
set sal=sal+500
from emp where empno=211;
and not commited
Then User 'B' is transmitting a command :Select emp_no from emp where emp_no=211 for update;
Update sal
set sal=sal+1000
from emp where empno=211;
Then User 'A' is transmitting a command :Select emp_no from emp where emp_no=212 for update;
Update sal
set sal=sal+500
from emp where empno=212;
commit;
Now can u tell me what will be the output??
Go4Expert Founder
18Sep2006,10:30 #4
Are all the transaction done using the same connection. I assume if thats the case then
A will have Salary + 1000 and B Salary + 500
Light Poster
2Nov2007,14:53 #5
i think user B will get an error while trying to update coz the table emp will be locked after user A made an update and didnt use commit the table will stay locked until user A commits or rollback
Newbie Member
4May2008,08:58 #6
Where I Can Find Oracle Dba Exam Dump?
Mentor
30Jul2008,00:37 #7
> If 'A' and 'B' are two user requesting a same Database table...
OK let's break this down into a step by step sequence of events.
I should probably check this with two SQL*Plus sessions but I'm pretty sure of myself here. If you get different behaviour let me know and I'll run an explicit test.
1. User 'A': Select emp_no from emp where emp_no=211 for update;
User A gets a lock on emp_no=211
2. User 'A': Update sal set sal=sal+500 from emp where empno=211;
Empno 211's salary is increased by 500
3. User 'B': Select emp_no from emp where emp_no=211 for update;
Since you haven't specified NOWAIT, this will wait, because empno 211's row is locked. User B cannot continue until the lock is released
4. User 'A': Select emp_no from emp where emp_no=212 for update;
User A gets a lock on emp_no=212
User B is still waiting for the lock on 211
5. User 'A': Update sal set sal=sal+500 from emp where empno=212;
Empno 212's salary is increased by 500
User B is still waiting for the lock on 211
6. User 'A': commit;
So empno 211's sal+=500 and empno 212's sal+=500 are committed
Locks on empno=211 and 212 rows are released
B is now able to proceed and the SELECT FOR UPDATE statement on empno 211's row locks the row and returns the data, which is now 500 higher than it was when B issued the command
7. User 'B': Update sal set sal=sal+1000 from emp where empno=211;
This increases empno 211's sal by another 1000. So it's now 1500 higher than it was before step 1.
This may not have been User A and User B's joint intention when they both attempted to update 211's salary so it's important that the application should allow for this scenario and make sure the users are notified when data they are trying to change has been updated by someone else.
Mentor
30Jul2008,00:42 #8
Explicit locking is where you lock the data explicitly with SELECT FOR UPDATE or LOCK TABLE. Implicit locking is where Oracle acquires the locks automatically.
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The free office suite
Download LibreOffice
LibreOffice Mac OS X (PPC), version 3.6.2, Konkani. Not the version you wanted? Change System, Version or Language
You need to download and install these files in order:
• Source code
LibreOffice is an open source project and you can therefore download the source code to build your own installer.
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HFT Thought Leaders Perez, Pierron, Skinner and Tyfield at High-Frequency Trading Leaders Forum 2013
Printer-friendly versionPDF version
Golden Networking hosts the World’s Most Influential High-Frequency Trading Conference Series, High Frequency Trading Leaders Forum 2013 London "Strategic and Tactical Insights for Investors, Speed Traders, Brokers and Exchanges", March 21
- (PressReleasePoint) -
Golden Networking hosts the World’s Most Influential High-Frequency Trading Conference Series, High Frequency Trading Leaders Forum 2013 London "Strategic and Tactical Insights for Investors, Speed Traders, Brokers and Exchanges", March 21 (http://www.High-Frequency-Trading-Conference.com)
(February 12, 2013, New York) High-Frequency Trading Leaders Forum 2013, "Strategic and Tactical Insights for Investors, Speed Traders, Brokers and Exchanges", is the unique forum that will provide attendees in London (March 21) with the most up-to-date review of the present and future of the industry coming directly from recognized thought leaders:
• Mr. Edgar Perez, Author, The Speed Traders and forthcoming Knightmare on Wall Street
• Mr. Axel Pierron, Sr. VP, Securities & Investments, Celent
• Mr. Chris Skinner, Chairman, Financial Services Club
• Mr. Sam Tyfield, Partner, Vedder Price, P.C.
High-Frequency Trading Leaders Forum 2013 (http://www.High-Frequency-Trading.info) "Strategic and Tactical Insights for Investors, Speed Traders, Brokers and Exchanges" is bringing the insights for investors and speed traders, who need to protect and refine their competitive advantage in a world dominated by algorithmic and high-frequency trading. Who better than Perez, Pierron, Skinner and Tyfield to provide their insights to the hundreds of attendees to High-Frequency Trading Leaders Forum 2013.
Mr. Perez is widely regarded as the preeminent global expert in the specialized area of high-frequency trading. He is author of The Speed Traders, An Insider’s Look at the New High-Frequency Trading Phenomenon That is Transforming the Investing World, published in English by McGraw-Hill Inc. (2011), in Mandarin by China Financial Publishing House (2012) and currently being translated into Bahasa Indonesia. He is course director of The Speed Traders Workshop 2012, How High Frequency Traders Leverage Profitable Strategies to Find Alpha in Equities, Options, Futures and FX (Hong Kong, Sao Paulo, Seoul, Kuala Lumpur, Warsaw, Kiev, New York, Singapore, Beijing, Shanghai, Jakarta, London, Mexico City, Moscow, Ho Chi Minh, New York, Dubai and Chicago), and was Adjunct Professor at the Polytechnic Institute of New York University, where he taught Algorithmic Trading and High-Frequency Finance. He contributes regularly to The New York Times and China’s International Finance News. Mr. Perez has been engaged to present to the CME Group‘s Global Financial Leadership Conference 2012, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (Washington DC), CFA Singapore, Hong Kong Securities Institute, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University, University of International Business and Economics (Beijing), Hult International Business School (Shanghai) and Pace University (New York), among other public and private institutions. In addition, Mr. Perez has spoken at a number of global conferences, including Harvard Business School’s Venture Capital & Private Equity Conference (Boston), High-Frequency Trading Leaders Forum (New York, Chicago), MIT Sloan Investment Management Conference (Cambridge), Institutional Investor’s Global Growth Markets Forum (London), Technical Analysis Society (Singapore), TradeTech Asia (Singapore), FIXGlobal Face2Face (Seoul) and Private Equity Convention Russia, CIS & Eurasia (London). Mr. Perez was a vice president at Citigroup, a senior consultant at IBM, and a strategy consultant at McKinsey & Co. in New York City. Mr. Perez has an undergraduate degree from Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru (1994), a Master of Administration from Universidad ESAN, Lima, Peru (1997) and a Master of Business Administration from Columbia Business School, New York, with a dual major in Finance and Management (2002). He belongs to the Beta Gamma Sigma honor society.
Mr. Pierron, based in the firm's Paris office, is a Senior Vice President for Celent's Securities & Investments group. Mr. Pierron's expertise lies in electronic bond trading, derivatives and FX markets, market infrastructure, trade finance, and claim management automation. Most recently Mr. Pierron was featured in the Financial News 40 Under 40 Rising Stars of Trading and Technology, published September 2011. Mr. Pierron is also quoted regularly in the media, including the Financial Times, Reuters, Les Echos, Le Monde, CNBC, BBC, Financial News, France 2, Daily Telegraph, and European Banker. He is a frequent speaker on technology’s impact on strategy and market organization. Mr. Pierron was a member of the Mission Ecoter within the French Senate and of the Association pour le commerce et les services en ligne (ACSEL). Before joining Celent, Mr. Pierron was an Internet research analyst for BNP Paribas, where he conducted a variety of market research and projects in fields such as e-finance, global B2B operations, knowledge management, and CRM. He was a member of several strategic Internet units within BNP Paribas, including those focused on financial markets. Previously, Mr. Pierron was an internal auditor for Leclerc, the second largest supermarket chain in France. His duties there included management of an EDI implementation project. Mr. Pierron holds an MA in financial markets from the CERAM business school in Nice, France. He is fluent in English and French and proficient in German.
Mr. Skinner is Chair of the European networking forum the Financial Services Club. He is best known as an independent commentator on the financial markets through the Finanser and Chair of the European networking forum the Financial Services Club, which he founded in 2004. The Financial Services Club is a network for financial professionals, and focuses on the future of financial services through the delivery of research, analysis, commentary and debate and has regular meetings in London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Vienna. He is the author of nine books covering everything from European regulations in banking through the credit crisis to the future of banking. Mr. Skinner is also Chief Executive of Balatro Ltd, a research company, and a co-founder of the website Shaping Tomorrow, as well as a regular commentator on BBC News, Sky News and Bloomberg about banking issues. He is a Judge on many awards programs including the Card Awards and the Asian Banker’s Retail Excellence Awards, as well as having worked closely with leading banks such as HSBC, the Royal Bank of Scotland, Citibank and Société Générale and the World Economic Forum. More can be discovered about Mr. Skinner here: http://thefinanser.co.uk/fsclub/chris-skinner.
Mr. Tyfield is a partner in Vedder Price, P.C.. Mr. Tyfield focuses his practice on all aspects of financial services firms' business, including acting for alternative investment funds and managers and, in particular, proprietary trading firms (especially those in the high frequency or algorithmic trading space). In addition, he has significant experience in acting in European and international mergers and acquisitions (with a particular emphasis on private equity and venture capital transactions). In addition, Mr. Tyfield has significant experience in European and international mergers and acquisitions (with a particular emphasis on private equity and venture capital transactions). He has acted on some of the largest and most ground-breaking M&A transactions in the Russian market, including Societe Generale’s acquisition of the insurer NASTA. Mr. Tyfield has been commended by clients for this "tireless professionalism" as highlighted in The Legal 500: Europe, Middle East, & Africa and was named a European Legal Expert by Legal Business for Private Equity, Corporate and M&A (2009) in its directory and for Investment Funds (2012). He formerly was a partner at Katten Muchin Rosenman UK LLP and served as chief operating officer and general counsel for a high frequency proprietary trader based in London, with operations in Southeast Asia. Prior to joining the firm, Mr. Tyfield worked at Hogan & Hartson in London. Before that, he was with White & Case and CMS Cameron McKenna. Mr. Tyfield is heavily involved with industry bodies, providing guidance to member firms on upcoming regulation and "best practice" policies and procedures; in particular, he is assisting the Futures and Options Association (FOA) on clarifying what firms should do to comply with the ESMA Guidelines on systems and controls in an automated environment.
High Frequency Trading Leaders Forum 2013 (http://www.hft-leaders-forum.com) is produced by Golden Networking (http://www.goldennetworking.net), the premier networking community for business executives, entrepreneurs and investors. Panelists, speakers and sponsors are invited to contact Golden Networking by calling +1-414-FORUMS0 or sending an email to info@goldennetworking.net.
Press Contact:
Rebecca Zhang
529 East Drive
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Google Enables URL Submissions Via Webmaster Tools
Aug 4, 2011 • 9:35 am | (4) by | Filed Under Google Search Engine Optimization
Google announced they have added a new way to submit URLs to Google for crawling and consideration into Google's index.
Under the Diagnostics and Fetch As Googlebot area of Webmaster Tools, after you use the fetch feature and GoogleBot fetches it successfully, Google will allow you to click "Submit to index." Google will then consider the content on that URL and if it passes it's test, it will include the content in it's index within a day or so.
Google explains that you have a maximum limit of 50 submissions per week; when submitting URLs with all linked pages, the limit is 10 submissions per month. You can see how many submissions you have left on the Fetch as Googlebot page.
Here is how it works in Google Webmaster Tools:
Google has also crawl URL form for those who do not login and want to submit URLs to Google. That form was lost several months ago because of a bug but it returned shortly after.
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld & DigitalPoint Forums.
Previous story: Google's Logger Popup
blog comments powered by Disqus
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1/15/11
How The Japanese Multiply (Numbers)
MLK On Poverty, Re-post
Forty years ago smart people knew that poverty was not a symptom of something else, but rather, the problem itself, exacerbated by the rich and the controllers of wealth. Eliminate poverty, and you are on your way to a decent, fair, art-filled society. MLK knew it, and preached it, and wrote about it in his last book. The Seattle Times published this from MLK's last book:
Where We Are Going
King's 1967 book "Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community?"
In the treatment of poverty nationally, one fact stands out: There are twice as many white poor as Negro poor in the United States. Therefore I will not dwell on the experiences of poverty that derive from racial discrimination, but will discuss the poverty that affects white and Negro alike.
Up to recently we have proceeded from a premise that poverty is a consequence of multiple evils: lack of education restricting job opportunities; poor housing which stultified home life and suppressed initiative; fragile family relationships which distorted personality development. The logic of this approach suggested that each of these causes be attacked one by one. Hence a housing program to transform living conditions, improved educational facilities to furnish tools for better job opportunities, and family counseling to create better personal adjustments were designed. In combination these measures were intended to remove the causes of poverty.
While none of these remedies in itself is unsound, all have a fatal disadvantage. The programs have never proceeded on a coordinated basis or at a similar rate of development. Housing measures have fluctuated at the whims of legislative bodies. They have been piecemeal and pygmy. Educational reforms have been even more sluggish and entangled in bureaucratic stalling and economy-dominated decisions. Family assistance stagnated in neglect and then suddenly was discovered to be the central issue on the basis of hasty and superficial studies. At no time has a total, coordinated and fully adequate program been conceived. As a consequence, fragmentary and spasmodic reforms have failed to reach down to the profoundest needs of the poor.
In addition to the absence of coordination and sufficiency, the programs of the past all have another common failing -- they are indirect. Each seeks to solve poverty by first solving something else.
I am now convinced that the simplest approach will prove to be the most effective -- the solution to poverty is to abolish it directly by a now widely discussed measure: the guaranteed income.
Earlier in this century this proposal would have been greeted with ridicule and denunciation as destructive of initiative and responsibility. At that time economic status was considered the measure of the individual's abilities and talents. In the simplistic thinking of that day the absence of worldly goods indicated a want of industrious habits and moral fiber.
We have come a long way in our understanding of human motivation and of the blind operation of our economic system. Now we realize that dislocations in the market operation of our economy and the prevalence of discrimination thrust people into idleness and bind them in constant or frequent unemployment against their will. The poor are less often dismissed from our conscience today by being branded as inferior and incompetent. We also know that no matter how dynamically the economy develops and expands it does not eliminate all poverty.
We have come to the point where we must make the nonproducer a consumer or we will find ourselves drowning in a sea of consumer goods. We have so energetically mastered production that we now must give attention to distribution. Though there have been increases in purchasing power, they have lagged behind increases in production. Those at the lowest economic level, the poor white and Negro, the aged and chronically ill, are traditionally unorganized and therefore have little ability to force the necessary growth in their income. They stagnate or become even poorer in relation to the larger society.
The problem indicates that our emphasis must be two-fold. We must create full employment or we must create incomes. People must be made consumers by one method or the other. Once they are placed in this position, we need to be concerned that the potential of the individual is not wasted. New forms of work that enhance the social good will have to be devised for those for whom traditional jobs are not available.
In 1879 Henry George anticipated this state of affairs when he wrote, in Progress and Poverty:
"The fact is that the work which improves the condition of mankind, the work which extends knowledge and increases power and enriches literature, and elevates thought, is not done to secure a living. It is not the work of slaves, driven to their task either by the lash of a master or by animal necessities. It is the work of men who perform it for their own sake, and not that they may get more to eat or drink, or wear, or display. In a state of society where want is abolished, work of this sort could be enormously increased."
We are likely to find that the problems of housing and education, instead of preceding the elimination of poverty, will themselves be affected if poverty is first abolished. The poor transformed into purchasers will do a great deal on their own to alter housing decay. Negroes, who have a double disability, will have a greater effect on discrimination when they have the additional weapon of cash to use in their struggle.
Beyond these advantages, a host of positive psychological changes inevitably will result from widespread economic security. The dignity of the individual will flourish when the decisions concerning his life and in his own hands, when he has the assurance that his income is stable and certain, and when he know that he has the means to seek self-improvement. Personal conflicts between husband, wife and children will diminish when the unjust measurement of human worth on a scale of dollars is eliminated.
Two conditions are indispensable if we are to ensure that the guaranteed income operates as a consistently progressive measure. First, it must be pegged to the median income of society, not the lowest levels of income. To guarantee an income at the floor would simply perpetuate welfare standards and freeze into the society poverty conditions. Second, the guaranteed income must be dynamic; it must automatically increase as the total social income grows. Were it permitted to remain static under growth conditions, the recipients would suffer a relative decline. If periodic reviews disclose that the whole national income has risen, then the guaranteed income would have to be adjusted upward by the same percentage. Without these safeguards a creeping retrogression would occur, nullifying the gains of security and stability.
This proposal is not a "civil rights" program, in the sense that that term is currently used. The program would benefit all the poor, including the two-thirds of them who are white. I hope that both Negro and white will act in coalition to effect this change, because their combined strength will be necessary to overcome the fierce opposition we must realistically anticipate.
Our nation's adjustment to a new mode of thinking will be facilitated if we realize that for nearly forty years two groups in our society have already been enjoying a guaranteed income. Indeed, it is a symptom of our confused social values that these two groups turn out to be the richest and the poorest. The wealthy who own securities have always had an assured income; and their polar opposite, the relief client, has been guaranteed an income, however miniscule, through welfare benefits.
John Kenneth Galbraith has estimated that $20 billion a year would effect a guaranteed income, which he describes as "not much more than we will spend the next fiscal year to rescue freedom and democracy and religious liberty as these are defined by 'experts' in Vietnam."
The contemporary tendency in our society is to base our distribution on scarcity, which has vanished, and to compress our abundance into the overfed mouths of the middle and upper classes until they gag with superfluity. If democracy is to have breadth of meaning, it is necessary to adjust this inequity. It is not only moral, but it is also intelligent. We are wasting and degrading human life by clinging to archaic thinking.
The curse of poverty has no justification in our age. It is socially as cruel and blind as the practice of cannibalism at the dawn of civilization, when men ate each other because they had not yet learned to take food from the soil or to consume the abundant animal life around them. The time has come for us to civilize ourselves by the total, direct and immediate abolition of poverty.
John Meachum, Gun Owner, On Gun Control: We Need It
I am not a huge John Meachum fan, but I respect his intelligence and this intelligent, reasonable, short, to the point, video. Basically, we need to reinstate the assault weapons ban. Duh. Too bad he needs to say it.
Watch the full episode. See more Need To Know.
Saturday Bonus Cartoon Fun: Blood Libel Edition
Saturday Cartoon Fun: Hello, Everybody Edition
To All Those EduExperts Out There (AKA Ignoramus's)...
This may be the best take-down of "the business model of education" that has ever been written.
Mike Jacobson says:
01/15/2011 at 10:55 am
To all of those experts out there:
The business world is always trying to hold the world of education to their standards. As educators we believe that it is time to hold businesses to the same standards that we are responsible for upholding.
So from this moment on, this is what we expect from the business world! We would like your business to be held accountable for the success of other businesses that purchase your product.
When you are selling your product to other businesses we demand that you are accommodating the needs of your customers so that you can meet the demands that each of your customers have. We would like you to design your sales presentations to fit the needs of nonreaders, visual buyers, auditory buyers, kinesthetic buyers, deaf people, blind people, people in wheel chairs, people with all physical and mental handicaps, people that speak every other language other than English.
We would like to base your pay and your compensation on how successful the people that use your product are! It is your job to prove your success with real sales data and numbers.
We would like you to find a way to sell your product to all customers regardless of their income, their intelligence, and how successful they are in using your product. And we are mandating that you must do this for all of the above mentioned people and make it against the law if you do not fulfill these conditions.
We would also like to hold you accountable for selling your product to people that have no use for your product, and that have told you right up front that they have no use for your product. And we mandate that you must make up your sales presentation to all customers that do not show up to your sales meeting regardless of the excuse such as family emergencies, personal health issues, or any other reason even including that they just didn’t feel like it!
We demand that you must try to sell your product to other companies even if the boss of their company thinks that you are a complete joke and have no value to anyone! We also demand that you try to sell your product to customers that have unrealistic expectations as to how your product should work or actually does work.
We demand that you must consider the input of your customers even if they tell you how to run your company and you know their ideas are bad ideas!
We demand that you have no choice who you can sell your product to.
We say that it will be OK if the public distorts the truth about how your company works and that it is OK to put these distortions all over the media in anyway that the public chooses and they may release these opinions for every one to see. There shall be no connection to reality when it comes to spreading opinions and it should make no difference how inaccurate these opinions are because that is the freedom of speech and it is exactly what our forefathers would have wanted!
If someone with no knowledge of how your product actually works or is produced, you must let their opinion take priority over what you know as an expert on your product even if you have been building and selling your product for more than 20 years!
We demand that you must try to sell your product to customers that are not even having their basic needs met. You must try to sell your product to starving people, people with no shelter, and to people living in horrific living conditions. We demand that you sell your product to people that are abusive, that are criminals, that could care less about anything but drugs and alcohol!
Your performance rating on all of the above conditions will depend on how you well you meet all of the above stated conditions! And lastly your pay will be determined by your success! In addition, any additional costs that may be incurred meeting these conditions shall not be reimbursed, you must take it out of the company budget!
This is the world as an educator sees it and maybe people would have compassion for educators if they could see the world through the eyes of a teacher!
A concerned teacher in 2011!
How Ed-Reformers Lie, Cheat, And Lie Some More
To justify their campaign, ed reformers repeat, mantra-like, that U.S. students are trailing far behind their peers in other nations, that U.S. public schools are failing. The claims are specious. Two of the three major international tests—the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study and the Trends in International Math and Science Study—break down student scores according to the poverty rate in each school. The tests are given every five years. The most recent results (2006) showed the following: students in U.S. schools where the poverty rate was less than 10 percent ranked first in reading, first in science, and third in math. When the poverty rate was 10 percent to 25 percent, U.S. students still ranked first in reading and science. But as the poverty rate rose still higher, students ranked lower and lower. Twenty percent of all U.S. schools have poverty rates over 75 percent. The average ranking of American students reflects this. The problem is not public schools; it is poverty. And as dozens of studies have shown, the gap in cognitive, physical, and social development between children in poverty and middle-class children is set by age three. [emphasis mine]
Dissent Magazine
CDC Report Indicates Doctors Suck As Much As Teachers
From the new CDC Report (PDF):
¶Babies born to black women are up to three times as likely to die in infancy as those born to women of other races.
¶American Indians and Alaska Natives are twice as likely to die in car crashes as any other group.
¶More than 80 percent of all suicides are committed by whites, but young American Indian adults have the highest suicide rates by far — 25 per 100,000 population at age 21, compared with 14 for whites, 10 for blacks and 8 for Asians and Hispanics.
¶Overdoses of prescription drugs now kill more Americans than overdoses of illegal drugs, the opposite of the pattern 20 years ago. Overdose death rates are now higher among whites than blacks; that trend switched in 2002, after doctors began prescribing more powerful painkillers, antidepressants and antipsychotics — more easily obtained by people with health insurance.
¶Blacks die of heart disease much more commonly than whites, and die younger, despite the availability of cheap prevention measures like weight loss, exercise, blood-pressure and cholesterol drugs, and aspirin. The same is true for strokes.
¶High blood pressure is twice as common among blacks as whites, but the group with the least success in controlling it is Mexican-Americans.
¶Compared with whites, blacks have double the rate of “preventable hospitalizations,” which cost about $7 billion a year.
NYT h/t Teacher Sabrina
Brian Jones Discusses Martin Luther King's Advice For Eliminating Achievement Gap
GRITtv: Brian Jones: Following King's Lessons for Students
Uploaded by grittv. - Up-to-the minute news videos.
It Gets Better (Or, F*ck Those Guys!)
1/13/11
Arne Duncan Is A Liar, And Mike Klonsky Found Proof!
Writing in Bloomberg BusinessWeek, [Vivek] Wadhwa argues:
"Much is made of the PISA test scores and rankings, but the international differences are actually quite small. Most of the U.S. ranking lags are not even statistically significant. The U.S. falls in the second rank on some measures and into the first on others. It produces more highest-performing students in science and reading than any other country does; in mathematics, it is second only to Japan. Moreover, one has to ask what the test results actually mean in the real world. Do high PISA rankings make students more likely to invent the next iPad? Google? I don't think so."
1/10/11
Michelle Rhee's Policy Agenda Translated
The above is part of the introduction page to Students First's "Pretty Policy Agenda." I have no idea why the file has such a silly name. Perhaps "pretty" is all the good they could claim it contains? Weird.
I will translate the bullet points for you:
1. Value is a euphemism for (or did she just shorten) evaluating teachers based on the test scores of students.
2. Real choices means vouchers.
3. Spending taxpayer's money wisely means make states change laws to allow for more charters, which have been shown to be no better, and often worse than traditional public schools.
Her job is to privatize education for her benefactors.
1/9/11
Sunday Cartoon Fun: The Republican Mindset Edition
I Can't Let It Go (*Updated)
*Thanks to H.Hertzberg
Last Friday night I was in a debate on The Total Tutor's radio show along with a fellow liberal and a couple conservatives. I want to talk about one of the conservatives, A Conservative Teacher, and what I see on his blog as well as on some other right-wing blogs. U.S. passport applications have substituted "Parent 1" and "Parent 2" for "mother" and "father" to the consternation of the religious right, and A Conservative Teacher:
People who voted for Obama and the Democrats did indeed vote for a change in America- they voted for a brave new world where it is 'old' to have a mother and father, and where it is an 'improvement' to instead have 'parent 1' and 'parent 2'. The attack on the traditional family continues, and rather than a family structure built as God intended with a mother and a father parenting children who honor them we are having the government (provided for by taxpayers like you) push for a family structure where parent 1 and parent 2 have children who call them impersonal names like parent 1 and parent 2.
Back in the late 1980's and early 1990's I ran a small summer day camp for a local temple. It was considered (and still is) one of the premier day camps in town. It was a temple camp, so it was affiliated with the congregation, but it was not a religious camp experience. Not at all, especially during my time there, as the Jewish atheist director.
Anyhoo, the applications had a space for the names of the parents--mother and father. The problem was that I knew of more than a couple gay families where there were two fathers or two mothers. I knew these people, liked them, respected them, and felt it was a rather silly thing to have an application where an assumption was made that was wrong--that a particular child had a mother and a father raising them.
So, without fanfare (or committee approval) I changed the wording on the application to Parent 1 and Parent 2. Nobody seemed to care--until one of the gay families came to me to say thank you for my sensitivity, to tell me it was unnecessary, but very much appreciated. That was the end of it, and it remains to this day, 20 years later.
A Conservative Teacher is clearly a right-wing religious fanatic, and he teaches children. Let's hope his intolerance doesn't seep into his instruction (you know it does).
In another post, and on a different topic, ConTeach (as I will now call him) is up in arms about Obama's lack of "natural grace, dignity, and energy" that apparently was on display during the Bush administration.
Is this guy for real? He is a union buster. He is a right-to-lifer. He is intolerant. He teaches children.
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Surveillance Camp III: On the Expanding Online Security Market in Latin America
This post also available in:
Español · Taller de Vigilancia III: El mercado de seguridad en línea en América Latina
Français · Atelier de la Surveillance III: Le marché de la cybersécurité en Amérique Latine
This is the third in a series of posts mapping global surveillance challenges discussed at EFF’s Surveillance Camp in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Earlier posts can be found here and here.
Recently, we wrote about how companies throughout the world increasingly face political and legal pressures to assist governments in their surveillance efforts and the many ways in which the private sector is increasingly playing a role in state surveillance. In December 2012, EFF's Surveillance and Human Rights Camp in Brazil built upon this discussion and focused a spotlight on the privatization of public security, government-funded surveillance initiatives, and the lack of quantifiable research on security markets in Latin America. Here is what we learned:
Image by Alan Clever (CC BY 2.0)
Many countries, especially in Central and South America, have witnessed the privatization of public security functions. This is particularly true of those countries with a history of internal wars and military regimes, and later democratization. In these contexts, state security operations have sometimes been funded by governments (both international and national) and delegated to private sector companies.
Global studies researcher Otto Aragueta has argued persuasively that in Guatemala,
the transition to democracy produced a formal institutional reform of the security sector, which, in turn, allowed former military personnel to maintain informal mechanisms of control through the private sector.
This is why the proliferation of companies providing security services has increased alongside the transition to democracy and state security sector reform.
At the EFF Camp, Guatemalan Human Rights lawyer and Global Voices Author Renata Avila pointed out that the problem in Guatemala falls not only in the privatization of security services, but also in the lack of regulation of these private companies or enforcement of existing law:
“Private security companies have no accountability in this regard. There is no oversight on the invasive data they collect: In any residential area or building, the private guards can ask to scan your ID. They can photograph your car, and try to record where you go, who you visit, and any other personal details they can get. With a mandatory biometric ID—as Guatemalans have— combined with the hundreds of cameras and over two thousand private security companies storing and sharing data, the future of privacy for activists and citizens in general is compromised.
Another danger is that there is some degree of popular support due to the high level of criminality in several countries in Central America. Citizens see surveillance technologies as a way to tackle crime and reason that ‘if you have done nothing wrong, then you have nothing to keep from the state’. However, there is a lack of research based evidence that shows that the high levels of surveillance leads to a decrease in crime.”
This increasing demand for private security services has attracted security contractors armed with new surveillance technologies to the region, and is expanding the security industry in Latin America. Yet much research has yet to be done on the impact of the security market: how security markets compare across countries, the quantity of products sold to governments versus private individuals, and the impact on civil liberties need further investigation. EFF Camp participants called attention to the need for further research into the privatization of public security and the impact of security markets in Latin America and other countries.
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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/12690/a-greek-tragedy-in-the-making/
A Greek Tragedy in the Making
May 12, 2010 by
The bailout of the PIIGS sets the stage for similar bailouts of bankrupt US states and cities. The world is firmly ensconced on the path to an inflationary depression. FULL ARTICLE by Ganesh Rathnam
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Ask Your Question
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How can I export .ods files with conditional formatting without losing most of it?
asked 2012-02-21 02:44:49 +0200
Anonymous
updated 2013-02-03 10:34:33 +0200
Anonymous
Now I want to switch from LibreOffice (for several reasons) to WordPerfect Office. As the latter does not understand .ods, I'd need to convert my .ods files into another format. My problem is that I use conditional formatting in some of them, and it would be quite an effort to restore it "from scratch". When I export to .xlsx, it is completely lost. Is there a way to keep these formats when saving in another format than .ods?
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answered 2012-02-21 14:14:44 +0200
cloph
2792 4 17 43
for document with software that doesn't support OpenDocument Formats, it is best to use the binary Microsoft Office formats - those have years of history whereas the xml-based Microsoft formats are rather new and hence is not on par with the older formats yet.
Of course it also depends on what the other software package supports...
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answered 2012-02-21 02:57:06 +0200
Hikari
31 3 5 8
Well unfortunately features like that are less used and therefore less tested and receive less attention from devs.
What import features WordPerfect offer to import? If it's paid software, you should ask them for support. Say you have a ODS with conditional formatting you wanna import, that it doesn't support ods, so how can you move those formattings to a file format their software supports. If they answer it's not possible, well... ODS is OpenSource and it's just a matter of their well paid devs do some work.
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This article is part of the supplement: 23rd International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine
Meeting abstract
Lactic versus nonlactic metabolic acidosis: outcomes in critically ill patients
KJ Gunnerson, M Saul and JA Kellum
Author Affiliations
CRISMA Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
Critical Care 2003, 7(Suppl 2):P017 doi:10.1186/cc1906
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at:
Published:3 March 2003
©
Introduction
Critical care physicians associate lactic acidosis (LA) with higher morbidity and mortality. Other forms of metabolic acidosis are generally regarded as less dangerous and any association with adverse outcomes in critically ill patients is poorly understood. We sought to compare differences in mortality and length of stay (LOS) between LA and other forms of metabolic acidoses.
Methods
In this observational pilot study, we reviewed records of 9799 patients admitted to the ICUs at our institution between 1 January 2001 and 30 June 2002. This cohort of patients had an inpatient mortality of 14%, a hospital LOS of 12 days and an ICU LOS of 5.8 days. We selected cases on the following criteria: 1) clinicians caring for each patient suspected the presence of LA; 2) arterial blood gas (ABG) and lactate were measured; 3) Na+, K+, Cl-, and CO2- were drawn within 4 hours of the referenced ABG, Ca, Mg, Phos within 24 hours, and albumin any time during the hospitalization. When multiple data sets were available, the set with the highest lactate was used. We classified patients into four groups: A) no metabolic acidosis, standard base excess (SBE) ≥ -2; B) lactic acidosis, lactate accounted for > 50% of SBE; C) strong ion gap (SIG) acidosis, SIG accounted for > 50% of SBE (and not LA); D) hyperchloremic acidosis, absence of A, B, or C.
Results
We identified 862 patients (8.9% of ICU admissions). Of these, 546 patients (63.3%) had a metabolic acidosis. LA occurred in 43% of acidemic patients and was associated with a 57% mortality. Table 1 presents the unadjusted relative mortality and LOS. Other forms of acidosis were collectively associated with a 37% mortality. There was no difference in ICU or hospital LOS between all groups.
Conclusions
In patients suspected of having LA, LA was more commonly associated with hospital mortality than non-LA. However, all forms of metabolic acidosis, even hyperchloremic, appear to be associated with high mortality and increased ICU and hospital LOS.
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Amelia Township, South CarolinaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States South Carolina Amelia Township
Contents
History
Amelia Township became [counties]. The settlement is currently within the bounds of Calhoun County.
A map identifying the location of colonial Amelia Township is available at Carolana.com.
Resources
Cemeteries
• Calhoun County Museum and Cultural Center (St. Matthews, South Carolina). Cemeteries of Families: of Amelia Township and Calhoun County, South Carolina, Volume 1. Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Co., 1999. FHL Book 975.772 V3c.
Genealogy
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References
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• This page was last modified on 17 October 2012, at 23:13.
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"warc_url": "http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Dallas_Genealogical_Society"
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Dallas Genealogical SocietyEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Adopt-a-wiki page
This page adopted by:
Dallas Genealogical Society
who welcome you to contribute.
Adopt a page today
Contents
Purpose
The object of this Society shall be to educate by creating, fostering, and maintaining interest in genealogy; to assist and support the genealogy section of the J. Erik Jonsson Central Library in Dallas, Texas or to its legal successor; and to collect, preserve, copy, and index information relating to Dallas County and its early history.
Educate
• The society meets monthly providing quality, genealogical speakers. These meetings are open to the general public as well as to members.
• The society offers 2 -3 special lectures or institutes each year
Support
• The society raises funds to the acquistion of books and materials for the Genealogy Section of the J. Erik Jonsson Central Library
• Society members volunteer at the library
Collect and Preserve
• Society members have collected records of significance to Dallas County.
• The Society publishes these collected records
• After publishing quarterly and annual journals since 1957, in 2013 the Society is launching a new scholarly publication, Pegasus: the Journal of the Dallas Genealogical Society" that expands its area of genealogical interest to North Texas.
Web Site
The DGS manages a web site that contains the following information:
www.dallasgenealogy.org
Facebook
Dallas Genealogical Society, non-profit organization
Other Dallas Recources
City of Dallas, Texas
Dallas County, Texas, Societies
[[]]
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 4 March 2013, at 17:12.
• This page has been accessed 832 times.
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NOTE: If you are a developer, please use a private wiki based on foswiki/trunk on a daily base ...or use trunk.foswiki.org to view this page for some minimal testing.
Use Item9693 for docu changes for 1.2 and 2.0.
Item9706: Upgrade to TinyMCE 3.3.9.2
Priority: CurrentState: AppliesTo: Component: WaitingFor:
Enhancement Closed Extension TinyMCEPlugin Main.PaulHarvey
3.3.9 is out; according to the release notes, a couple of IE bugs squashed, but most of the fixes address problems with nested HTML tables - something Foswiki users won't notice.
Will commit to Release01x10 when 1.1.0 is done, unless we think the IE caret (cursor) problems are highly visible.
-- PaulHarvey - 17 Sep 2010
3.3.9.1 had some issues. 3.3.9.2 seems stable.
-- PaulHarvey - 04 Nov 2010
Topic revision: r9 - 10 Nov 2010, KennethLavrsen
The copyright of the content on this website is held by the contributing authors, except where stated elsewhere. see CopyrightStatement.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:70987",
"uncompressed_offset": 116044979,
"url": "genomebiology.com/2001/2/8/spotlight-20010824-02",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:34:02.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:57a2e52c-ec1c-4850-a761-ce3906b4d9ec>",
"warc_url": "http://genomebiology.com/2001/2/8/spotlight-20010824-02"
}
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Research news
African elephants
Jonathan B Weitzman
Genome Biology 2001, 2:spotlight-20010824-02 doi:10.1186/gb-spotlight-20010824-02
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at:
Published:24 August 2001
© 2001 BioMed Central Ltd
Research news
African elephants are often considered to represent a single species, Loxodonta africana, which is distinct from the Asian elephant genus Elephas. In the August 24 Science, Alfred Roca and colleagues from the US National Cancer Institute challenge this assumption by presenting their results of a phylogenetic analysis of African elephants (Science 2001, 293:1473-1477). They collected dart-biopsy samples from almost two hundred free-ranging elephants from 21 populations and sequenced 1732 nucleotides from four nuclear genes. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences demonstrated that African elephants can be divided into distinct forest and savannah populations. Savannah populations were genetically closer to each other than to any of the forest populations. The genetic distance between forest and savannah elephants was 9.0, which corresponds to 58% of the distance between African and Asian elephant genera. The results suggest that the two African populations split approximately 2.63 million years ago. Roca et al. propose that African elephants should therefore be considered as two species, Loxondonta africana (savannah elephants) and Loxondonta cyclotis (forest elephants).
References
1. [http://www.nature-wildlife.com/eletxt.htm] webcite
Loxodonta africana
2. [http://www.sciencemag.org] webcite
Science
3. [http://web.ncifcrf.gov] webcite
US National Cancer Institute
4. Comparative anchor tagged sequences (CATS) for integrative mapping of mammalian genomes.
PubMed Abstract
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{
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"warc_url": "http://issuepedia.org/Banking"
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Banking
From Issuepedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
[edit] Overview
Banking is a concept which is basic to modern civilization and which has become mind-bogglingly complex, for reasons which may be in need of re-examination, since the time of its original invention. At the very least, there needs to be a better documented understanding of the basic concepts as well as the current complexity and the reasons behind it.
This is a growing seedling article. You can help Issuepedia by watering it.
[edit] Related Pages
[edit] Links
[edit] Video
• Money as Debt: explains how the banking business got from its simple origins as a necessary and useful tool to the complex and somewhat iffy behemoth we are familiar with today. I am not at all sure that the conclusion "money=debt, and therefore if all debts were paid off, the economy would have no money" holds water; an elaborate understanding of the nuances of these two concepts is built up, but then all the nuances are ignored in this simple equivalence. One might similarly prove that 1=2 by multiplying both sides of the equation by zero... or it may have some validity. Further analysis needed. However, the proposal to create a bartering system, as an emergency backup so that commerce may proceed even if the current banking system collapses, mirrors my own thinking. -W.
Personal tools
bookmarking
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"warc_url": "http://lists.maemo.org/pipermail/maemo-users/2009-December/014964.html"
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[maemo-users] Maemo different from GNU/Linux?
From: Clemens Eisserer linuxhippy at gmail.com
Date: Thu Dec 31 13:10:57 EET 2009
Hi Andre,
>> Well, its just like Linux next door, with the exception that there's a
>> lot of proprietary stuff arround, even for hardware support.
>> I still have to run my Nokia-770 on a (buggy and unstable!!)
>> 2.6.16.27-kernel, with a quite buggy closed-source wlan driver.
>
> 770 was four years ago, and for the N800 and N810 there is
> http://stlc45xx.garage.maemo.org/ as an open-source wlan driver.
> I really prefer to discuss the present state of Maemo as I assume that
> this was the intention of the original post.
Nice that you mention the present state of maemo.
N900 has closed source 2D/3D drivers, so you can't even get
accelerated 2D without using binary blobs.
I am not an oss fanatic, but it hinders flexibility. You are forced
to use this or that patched kernel, this or that version of xorg and
so on.
Of course, for now who cares about running on linux-2.6.27 or 2.6.32,
but I for example only wait till the day when glibc drops support for
2.6.16 running on my nokia 770.
- Clemens
More information about the maemo-users mailing list
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Park Jalan Ayer Kuning is on Ayer Kuning 4, L; is on Ayer Kuning 5, J; is on Ayer Kuning, J; is near Ayer Kuning 3, J; is near Ayer Biru, J; is near Ayer Kuning 2, J; is near Ayer Kuning 1, J; is near Mata Ayer, Lk; Park Jalan Ayer Kuning is geographically located at latitude(3.1929 degrees) 3° 11' 34" North of the Equator and longitude (101.7142 degrees) 101° 42' 51" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Kuala Lumpur.
The locations related to Park Jalan Ayer Kuning are represented by the path the bullet takes from the muzzle of the gun to the target and may not be nearest by road. For example, Park Jalan Ayer Kuning is located 154 metres from Field Jalan Ayer Biru. Park Jalan Ayer Kuning is located 198 metres from Park Jalan Ayer Biru. Park Jalan Ayer Kuning is located 298 metres from SMK (p) Ayer Panas. Park Jalan Ayer Kuning is located 303 metres from Chinese Temple Ayer Jernih. Park Jalan Ayer Kuning is located 323 metres from Chinese Temple Ayer Chetek.
Vistana Residential 3km, Vistana Hotel 3.2km, Grand Seasons Hotel 3.2km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near Park Jalan Ayer Kuning.
Shops Taman P Ramlee 0.4km, Wet Market Prima Setapak 0.6km, Market Taman Ayer Panas 0.6km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near Park Jalan Ayer Kuning.
P Ramlee Memorial 0.7km, Yayasan Seni Art Gallery 4.8km, Shell Taman Greenwood 4.8km, are places of interest (attraction) located near Park Jalan Ayer Kuning.
SMK (p) Ayer Panas 0.3km, SJK Jalan Air Panas 0.4km, SJK (c) Mun Yee 0.7km, are places of learning (school, college, university) located near Park Jalan Ayer Kuning.
Field Jalan Ayer Biru 0.2km, Park Jalan Ayer Biru 0.2km, Park L Mata Ayer 0.4km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near Park Jalan Ayer Kuning.
Park Jalan Ayer Kuning
Field Jalan Ayer Biru
Park Jalan Ayer Biru
SMK (p) Ayer Panas
Chinese Temple Ayer Jernih
Chinese Temple Ayer Chetek
KFC Taman P Ramlee
Good Shepard Catholic Church
Parking Taman P Ramlee
Indoor Football Centre
SJK Jalan Air Panas
Shops Taman P Ramlee
Park L Mata Ayer
Chinese Temple Perusahaan 3
Field Taman Ayer Panas
Park L Ayer Sungai
Park Jalan Dedap
BHP Jalan Genting Kelang (n)
Hawker Centre Ayer Panas
Click here to zoom in
Where do you want to go?
Location Information
Latitude °
Longitude °
PlaceName
Category
Park Jalan Ayer Kuning
Hindu Temple Jalan Ayer Telaga is about 0.5 km away.
Wet Market Prima Setapak is about 0.6 km away.
Chinese Temple Ayer Panas Baru is about 0.6 km away.
Esso Jalan Genting Klang (s) is about 0.6 km away.
TAMAN AYER PANAS 53200 is about 0.6 km away.
Shell Jalan Genting Klang (n) is about 0.6 km away.
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/book/arm815/"
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arm815's bookmarks
"Everyone is necessarily the hero of his own life story."
Barth, John on heroes and heroism
"The center that I cannot find is known to my unconscious mind."
Auden, W. H. on mind
4 fans of this quote
"What impresses men is not mind, but the result of mind."
Bagehot, Walter on mind
4 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"Where there is an open mind, there will always be a frontier."
Brande, Dorothea on mind
3 fans of this quote
"Cure the disease and kill the patient."
Bacon, Francis on doctors
8 fans of this quote
"Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died."
Bombeck, Erma on doctors
5 fans of this quote
"Nature, time and patience are the three great physicians."
Bohn, H. G. on doctors
5 fans of this quote
"God heals and the doctor takes the fee."
Franklin, Benjamin on doctors
23 fans of this quote
"Any fool can tell the truth, but it requires a man of some sense to know how to lie well."
Butler, Samuel on lies and lying
8 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"The best liar is he who makes the smallest amount of lying go the longest way."
Butler, Samuel on lies and lying
6 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"I do not mind lying, but I hate inaccuracy."
Butler, Samuel on lies and lying
9 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"Someone who always has to lie discovers that every one of his lies is true."
Canetti, Elias on lies and lying
3 fans of this quote
"Your mind is what makes everything else work."
Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem on mind
11 fans of this quote
"I am a part of all that I have met."
Tennyson, Lord Alfred on life
6 fans of this quote
"Being is. Being is in-itself. Being is what it is."
Sartre, Jean-Paul on life
3 fans of this quote
"If you think your boss is stupid, remember: you wouldn't have a job if he was any smarter."
Grant, Albert A. on bosses and employees
3 fans of this quote
"I would be a billionaire if I was looking to be a selfish boss. That's not me."
Gotti, John on bosses and employees
"True valor lies between cowardice and rashness."
Cervantes, Miguel De on valor
5 fans of this quote
"Sometimes we need to remind ourselves that thankfulness is indeed a virtue."
Bennett, William John on gratitude
5 fans of this quote
"Nobody can be exactly like me. Sometimes even I have trouble doing it."
Bankhead, Tallulah on uniqueness
8 fans of this quote
"In order to be irreplaceable one must always be different."
Chanel, Coco on uniqueness
15 fans of this quote
"I may not be better than other people, but at least I'm different."
Rousseau, Jean Jacques on uniqueness
10 fans of this quote
"Men tire themselves in pursuit of rest."
Sterne, Laurence on pursuit
"The rapture of pursuing is the prize the vanquished gain."
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth on pursuit
"Darkness within darkness. The gateway to all understanding."
Lao-Tzu on life
4 fans of this quote
"How could drops of water know themselves to be a river? Yet the river flows on."
Saint-Exupery, Antoine De on life
5 fans of this quote
"A lie with a purpose is one of the worst kind, and the most profitable."
Dunne, Finley Peter on lies and lying
4 fans of this quote
armand's quote collection
I'm male and made my book on 22nd February 2007.
My book as a pdf
My feed
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Some men are wise, and some are otherwise. Smollett, Tobias G.
This quote is about wisdom · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Smollett, Tobias G. ...
We don't have a biography.
These people bookmarked this quote:
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This quote around the web
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
When a man's stomach is full it makes no difference whether he is rich or poor. Euripides
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
Choose something popular ...
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A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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{
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}
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Peace is our gift to each other. Wiesel, Elie
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
Choose something popular ...
Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
Make custom holiday cards ...
Make custom t-shirts ...
Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
Make custom holiday gifts for girls ...
Make custom holiday gifts for men ...
A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Thread Tools Search this Thread
Posts: 2,272 | Thanked: 4,041 times | Joined on Jan 2010
#1
After the discussions about the missing icons on the qtComponents thread and the Meecolay thread, I made a crappy little web interface to help with the creation of icons, here http://play.oob.gr/annasIconMaker/toolbaricons/
You can download the reference inkscape file, edit the "icon" layer, rename the file accordingly and upload it back. The system applies two filters, one for selected and one for disabled, so that we don't have to create 3 of each kind of icons. You have to resize the inkscape canvas manually to the required size.
I also made a page in the wiki (http://wiki.maemo.org/QtComponents/missing_icons) where everybody interested should help reorder the list so that the most needed icons are at the top, and completely unneeded ones are removed. I will update the list on the webapp once in a while to reflect changes in the wiki.
Question. Is there a free service where one can upload a php script to be collaboratively edited and used? ImageMagick is a requirement.
DISCLAIMER: This little script is very hastily coded, because it is a one-off utility to help us gather most needed icons. If anybody is interested in the code I can share it, but don't expect something nice. Also there is no error-checking whatsoever, the script will probably fail silently if it's fed an svg, not based on the one I provide. Also if you upload something with the same name as something existing, it will overwrite it.
Please give feedback and start drawing some icons. You can have a look at how they are today by looking at your N9 /usr/share/themes/blanco/icons folder or, by downloading the QtSDK and looking into the harmattan sysroot at the same location.
Have fun!
__________________
Proud coding competition 2012 winner: ρcam
My other apps: speedcrunch N9 N900 –– contactlaunch –– timenow
Nemo UX blog: Grog
My website: qwazix.com
My job: oob
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6291.0.40.001 - Labour Force, Selected Summary Tables, Australia, Nov 1998
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 17/12/1998
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6291.0.40.001 - Labour Force, Selected Summary Tables, Australia
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
7307.0 - Wheat Use and Stocks, Australia, December 2010 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 08/02/2011
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NOTES
FORTHCOMING ISSUES
ISSUE Release Date
January 2011 10 March 2011
February 2011 7 April 2011
March 2011 16 May 2011
ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION
This publication provides monthly estimates of stocks and use for wheat, and quarterly estimates for barley as well as selected other grains and pulses for selected manufacturing and agricultural businesses, licensed exporters and bulk grain handlers. These estimates are compiled from various surveys conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), including the Grain Handlers Stocks Survey, Wheat Use Survey, Wheat Export Sales Survey, and from administrative data relating to wheat grain exports. Estimates from the surveys are combined with export trade data to provide monthly estimates of the volume of wheat grain stored, used, or committed for use.
The Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) uses these data to compile a monthly report on the Australian wheat industry. The current scope and coverage of the collections is understood to account for the majority of Australia's grain stored, used and committed.
For more information on stocks of grain held by bulk grain handlers, including barley and selected other grains, see Stocks of Grain Held by Bulk Handling Companies and Grain Traders, Australia (cat.no. 7122.0.55.001).
The ABS welcomes any comments from readers regarding the usefulness, range and quality of the statistics presented in this publication. Comments can be forwarded to: The Environment and Agriculture Business Statistics Centre, Australian Bureau of Statistics, GPO Box 66, Hobart TAS 7001. Alternatively, email <agriculture.statistics@abs.gov.au> or phone (03) 6222 5939.
Further information may be obtained by emailing <agriculture.statistics@abs.gov.au> or by calling (03) 6222 5909.
EFFECT OF QUEENSLAND FLOODS ON FUTURE PUBLICATIONS
Extensive flooding began in late December 2010 in Queensland and was more extensive in both Queensland and other states in January 2011. It is expected that the first significant impact of these floods and those in other states, will be reflected in the next few months, starting with the January 2011 release of this publication. Notes will be provided in the January 2011 issue of this publication with further detail.
Wheat Use Survey and Wheat Export sales Survey collections for December 2010 were not affected by the floods.
INQUIRIES
For further information about these and related statistics, contact the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6302.0 - Average Weekly Earnings, States and Australia, Nov 1999
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 02/03/2000
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• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Previously: Average Weekly Earnings, States and Australia (ISSN: 1301-0592)
Contains estimates of average weekly ordinary time earnings and average weekly total earnings for full-time adult employees and average weekly total earnings for all employees, classified by sector and state or territory and by industry at the Australian level, for males, females and persons.
Replaces the series previously published in ABS Reference Number 6.18 (June 1967 to June 1977). Unpublished estimates by industry groups at state and territory level are available on request.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6321.0.55.001 - Industrial Disputes, Australia, Sep 2012 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 12/06/2012
Future Releases
• Next Issue: Mar 2013 expected for release on 06/06/2013
Past Releases
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/02/2008
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Contents >> Crime and justice >> Deaths in custody
DEATHS IN CUSTODY
In 1991 the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody investigated the deaths of 99 Indigenous people that occurred in police or prison custody between January 1980 and May 1989. One of the outcomes was the establishment of a National Deaths in Custody Monitoring and Research Program at the Australian Institute of Criminology.
During 2006, 54 people died in all forms of custody in Australia. The largest number of deaths in custody recorded since 1990 was in 1997 (105), while the largest number of deaths of Indigenous persons was in 1995 (21) (table 13.32).
Previous PageNext Page
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2003
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 24/01/2003
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Feature Article - 11 September 2001 - consequences for Defence
On 11 September 2001, two civilian passenger aircraft were flown into the World Trade Center in New York, a third into the Pentagon in Washington and a fourth crashed into a field in Pennsylvania. This terrorist attack claimed over 3,000 lives, and caused a shift in the worldwide focus on security. Australia, like most of the international community, was left feeling shocked and insecure, forcing a rethink of both security and national defence.
In Australia, national security has been reviewed and tightened with a focus on deterring and detecting terrorist attempts. Defence has been involved in this process in concert with other government agencies, through both individual and cooperative measures and task forces. The incident response regiment, an army unit originally created for the 2000 Olympics, has been reconstituted and is designed to help detect and react to explosives and chemical, biological and radiological threats. The Government has also increased Australia's military counter-terrorist capability, with two new counter-terrorist units based at Holsworthy Barracks in Sydney, which have the capability to respond to national security threats. These units are the incident response regiment, which will be able to respond to chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear or explosive incidents both domestically and in support of Australian forces deployed overseas, and an east coast based tactical assault group which is an elite unit able to deploy at short notice to respond to a terrorist incident, such as a hostage siege.
The most obvious repercussion of 11 September 2001 has been the war against terrorism. Australia was one of the first nations to offer assistance in the emerging coalition against terrorism. The ANZUS Treaty was invoked for the first time in its 50-year history, not only to demonstrate Australia’s support and commitment to our major ally, but also in recognition of the common threat represented by terrorism. Australia will remain involved in the coalition against terrorism into the future, as the threat posed by terrorism and transnational crime will require vigilance and perseverance for an indeterminate period.
Australia deployed over 1,550 personnel to contribute to the war against terrorism. These forces were committed to combined operations against the terrorist groups responsible for the 11 September attacks, to support the forces of the United States of America and other coalition partners in the campaign, and to provide protection for key coalition forward bases.
The Australian Defence Forces have performed conspicuously well within the international coalition. Australian special forces deployed to fight in Afghanistan have proved to be a welcome and highly effective contribution. Navy and Air Force units have played a less visible but important and successful role in supporting the land forces and participating in related coalition operations.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Topic
Statistics by Topic
Frameworks Concepts and Standards
Economic
Social
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1104.0 - CURF Microdata News, Feb 2011
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 25/02/2011
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CONTENTS
In this issue
Includes: A note from our Director
New and upcoming CURF releases
Includes: New CURFs and those coming soon
2010 Annual renewals - update
Includes: 2010 renewals
Stop, think and don't share!
Includes: Bob and Jane discuss access to microdata
Short Cuts
Answers to RADL frequently asked questions
Consultancies and CURF use
Includes: How consultants and third party organisations may access CURFs
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Please disable AdBlock. CAN is an ad-supported site that takes hundreds of hours and thousands of dollars to sustain.
project mapping
18/06/2012 / Environment
File this one under better late than never: Olivier Ratsi's White Roads in the Red Matrix (Deconstruction Time, Again project) was one of the cleverest installations CAN encountered at the International Digital Arts Biennial (BIAN) in Montreal several weeks ago. ...
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< Previous
Next >
: It occurs to me that you might want to know something about Foucalt's Pendulum the book. It's pretty good. In the same vein as Illuminatus, but less off-the-wall 60s and more cereberal.
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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05-Barcelona
Leonard's trip to Barcelona for the Canonical all-hands meeting.
This document (source) is part of Crummy, the webspace of Leonard Richardson (contact information). It was last modified on Wednesday, December 23 2009, 23:22:13 Nowhere Standard Time and last built on Saturday, May 18 2013, 09:00:07 Nowhere Standard Time.
Crummy is © 1996-2013 Leonard Richardson. Unless otherwise noted, all text licensed under a Creative Commons License.
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http://www.fides.org
Dossier
2007-08-03
Dossier - Drugs in Africa: a global problem
In Africa drugs are a problem and one more obstacle to development. This is the opinion of international bodies charged with fighting international drugs trafficking. “After experience in hashish and heroine smuggling West African drug cartels are looking for new contacts in Latin America to expand cocaine trafficking to the entire sub-Saharan region of Africa” the International Drugs Control Body said in a report in 2001.
This is a fundamental turning point in international drug trafficking which sees Africa as one of the world's “key” drug distribution areas. Up to the 1990s Africa was on the margins of the drugs route. The change came in 1993, when the Nigerian police confiscated 300 kg of heroine coming from Thailand. This was the sign of a change which transformed many small African smugglers, mostly Nigerians, from carriers for third parties into members of gangs led by Africans capable of negotiating on equal terms with similar organisations on the other continents.
The presence of these criminal organisations, widespread urbanisation, loss of traditional African value, diffusion of a hedonistic culture are factors which created the premises for an African drugs market. So Africa is no longer a transit point for drugs it is also a 'virgin' terrain for drug peddling.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Pathogens
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 408604, 5 pages
doi:10.4061/2011/408604
Research Article
Leptospirosis Prevalence in a Population of Yucatan, Mexico
1Coordinación de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Apoyo en Contingencias, IMSS, México, DF, Mexico
2Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
Received 16 June 2011; Accepted 22 August 2011
Academic Editor: Mariela A. Segura
Copyright © 2011 Navarrete Espinosa Joel et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Objective. To measure the prevalence of leptospirosis with two techniques in inhabitants of Izamal, Yucatan and to determine its relation with some exposure factors. Material and Methods. Transversal study in populations belonging to the HR62—IMSS-Opportunities working force in Izamal, Yucatan. Population, including 6 years of age or more, was randomly selected to participate in the study. A questionnaire was applied for personal ID and exposure factors; blood samples were taken for leptospirosis diagnosis. Simple frequencies, proportions, tendency and dispersion measures, prevalence and odd ratios and confidence intervals (CI) of 95%, and logistic regression model were obtained. Results. 204 patients, between 9 and 80 years old were included; 180 were positive (88.2%) with the dark-field technique; using MAT cutoff at , 178 patients (87.3%) were positive, while at there were 103 positive (50.5%). The predominant serovar was Hardjo (94%). The highest prevalence was in women (96.3%) and in the >45-year-old group (95.7%); feminine gender (RM = 2.31 IC 95% 3.59–28.6), housewife (RM = 22.8 IC 95% 4.9–106.1), being in contact with stagnant water (RM = 5.2 IC 95% 1.7–15.9), and being in contact with domestic animal feces (RM = 5.1 IC 95% 1.9–13.1), these being the most significant variables in the final logistic regression model. Conclusions. The prevalence found was higher than the one nationally and internationally reported, representing an important finding, being in turn a local public health, maybe nationally. It is urgent to reinforce this research as well as to establish preventive and control measure to avoid exposure and health damages.
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Bibliography: Die grüne Bestie
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Title: Die grüne Bestie
Author: H. G. Ewers
Year: 1968
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: novella
Series: PR Zyklus 6: M 87
Series Number: 364
Language: German
ISFDB Record Number: 1204400
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Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Tick Tock Clock
From the Super Mario Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Tick Tock Clock
How to unlock Opening 50 Power Stars Star Door.
Boss(es) None
Level(s) Super Mario 64
Roll Into the Cage
The Pit and the Pendulums
Get a Hand
Stomp On the Thwomp
Timed Jumps on Moving Bars
Stop Time For Red Coins
Super Mario 64 DS
Luigi in the Cage
The Pendulum Switch Star
Get a Hand
Stomp On the Thwomp
Timed Jumps on Moving Bars
Stop Time For Red Coins
Tick Tock Silver Stars
Stars Super Mario 64:
Super Mario 64 DS:
This article is about the course from Super Mario 64 and its remake. For information about the racetrack from Mario Kart DS, see here.
“There's something strange about that clock. As you jump inside, watch the position of the big hand.”
Toad, Super Mario 64
Map of Tick Tock Clock in Super Mario 64 DS.
Tick Tock Clock is the fourteenth course in Super Mario 64 and its remake Super Mario 64 DS. It takes place inside a giant clock. Mario must deal with the clock's moving gears, pendulums, and other obstacles that change speed depending on what position the clock's minute hand is in when he jumps into the level. Tick Tock Clock is the second to last level in both games and is found on the third floor of Peach's Castle. It also was remade into a race course that appears in the Star Cup of Mario Kart DS. The entrance to the level is an old grandfather clock shaped like a tree, and the minute hand controls the time inside. Enter when the hand points at 12, and all moving parts will freeze. Enter at 3 to make them move slowly, and at 9 to make them move quickly. Entering at 6 makes them move at random speeds, in random directions. In order to open the star door in front of it, Mario will need at least fifty Power Stars.
Tick Tock Clock appears to be changed more than any other level in the DS remake.
Contents
[edit] Levels
Tick Tock Clock entrance.
The level titles and numbers correspond to Super Mario 64 unless otherwise noted.
[edit] Star 1: Roll Into the Cage
From the entrance, Mario should head past the fist swing pendulum over the conveyor belt and then pass the shifting blocks. After, Mario should pass by the large plane where the moving hand may pass. Continuing on, Mario should see the Power Star near a conveyor belt underneath the cage-like grid. He then must jump on the conveyor belt and grab the Power Star.
In Super Mario 64 DS, the name of this level has been changed to Luigi in the Cage, as Luigi is the only member of the group that can turn invisible. When Luigi reaches the cage, there will be no entrance but a ? Block will be available. Opening it will reveal a Power Flower which grants Luigi invisibility. Luigi will then be able to walk through the cage and get the star.
Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Spanish (NOE) Luigi en la jaula Luigi in the cage
French Roulements dans la cage Bearings in the cage
[edit] Star 2: The Pit and the Pendulums
For this mission, Mario should follow the same path as in the previous mission. This time however, Mario should continue past the cage. Once Mario reaches the top of the pole, he should head left. Eventually he'll come to a place that contains two pendulums. Navigating his way through, he'll reach the next power star. It's easier to enter Tick Tock clock when the clock minute hand is on "12" and make the pendulums and other parts freeze. In the DS remake, Super Mario 64 DS, the star is called The Pendulum Switch Star, since it requires stepping on a Star Switch and going through the pendulums to reach the Star in the Star Sphere before it disappears. "The Pit and the Pendulums" is a pun on the short story The Pit and the Pendulum by Edgar Allan Poe.
Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Spanish (NOE) El interruptor del péndulo The peundulum's switch
French Les trous et le pendule The holes and the pendulum
[edit] Star 3: Get a Hand
This time, Mario should re-enter the stage making sure not to have the clock's minute hand on "12". He will need to have the clock moving. The player should have Mario travel up to the large platform and wait for the large hand to to pass by. Mario will need to jump onto it and ride it until it brings him to the little alcove with the Power Star in it. There is another (easier) way to get the star. The player can see this star from the cage with the first star. Just jump off, slide down and the player can drop into the alcove. A third but harder and faster way is stepping onto a Heave Ho in the right position. The Heave Ho will directly fling Mario into the star.
Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Spanish (NOE) Una manilla, por favor A manacle, please (Pun with "Echar una mano"(Help someone) and Manilla (manacle and little hand))
French Chevauchez l'aiguille Ride the hand
[edit] Star 4: Stomp On the Thwomp
The Thwomp at the top of the clock.
For Mario to acquire this star, Mario will need to ascend up the path to the flagpole. Once he has climbed it, Mario should head left and follow his way up around the clock. Eventually he'll reach the top, where there is another clock hand. Riding it will take him to a conveyor belt with a Thwomp at the end. Jumping atop it will take Mario high enough to jump the next star.
It is possible (but not mandatory) for a skilled player to get this Power Star with the clock stopped. To do so, the player must rely on a series of high jumps and wall jumps, requiring even the use of Triple Jumps at times.
Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Spanish (NOE) Pica a Roca Picuda Angry the Thwomp (Pun with "picar"(mess someone) and Roca Picuda)
French L'écrabouilleur
[edit] Star 5: Timed Jumps on Moving Bars
In order to find the star for this mission, Mario must go to the right (above the 2 pendulums in the pit and the pendulums mission) and jump on a series of bars that jut out and sink back in to the wall. After clearing these bars Mario will come to a platform with the power star on it. In Super Mario 64 DS, a black Block is added, making Wario have to do the mission.
Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Spanish (NOE) Las barras y barreras del tiempo Time´s bars and barriers
French Sauts synchronisés Synchronized jumps
[edit] Star 6: Stop Time For Red Coins
Heading right from the entrance, Mario should see many green bars and a bunch of Red Coins. Normally the platforms would be rotating but if Mario was to enter the level when the minute hand was on "12", they will be stationary (making it much easier to get the coins). After the last coin is found, the power star will appear above the Star Marker.
Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Spanish (NOE) Para el tiempo de Monedas Rojas Stop the Red Coin´s time
French L'heure pile pour les pièces The time for the coins
[edit] Star 7 (DS): Tick Tock Silver Stars
At the Starting point, Mario and the gang will have to go to the right. Silver Stars will, at some point, fall and bounce around. After collecting five of these, the Power Star will appear. Some Bob-ombs fall from the platforms overhead, with their fuses already ignited, so the player will have to avoid being caught in the explosions and losing Silver Stars in the process.
Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Spanish (NOE) Tic tac, estrellas de plata Tik tok Silver Stars
[edit] Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Japanese チックタックロック
Chikkutakkurokku
Tic-Taclock
Spanish Reloj Tictac Ticktock Clock
French Horloge Tic-Tac Tick Tock Clock
German Ticktack-Trauma Tick Tock Trauma
Italian Pendolo Tictoccato (64DS)
Pista Tictac (MKDS)
Tick-Tocked Pendulum
Tick Tock Track
Korean 똑딱시계 (64, 64DS)
똑딱시계 코스 (MKDS)
Ttokttak Sigye
Ttokttak Sigye Koseu
Tick-tock Clock
Tick-tock Clock Course
[edit] Trivia
Personal tools
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Tubba Blubba's Heart
From the Super Mario Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Paper Mario Enemy
Tubba Blubba's Heart
Max HP 50
Attack 6, 12 when charged
Defense 0
Location(s) Windy Mill
Moves Body Slam (6), Charge Up (ATK +6); Particle Attack (12)
“Hey, you! Lady ghost! You look quite tasty. Stick around after the battle. Fighting makes me hungry.”
Tubba Blubba's Heart, Paper Mario
Tubba Blubba's Heart is, as the name implies, Tubba Blubba's heart. Tubba Blubba becomes invincible when his heart is magically removed by Bowser. Hiding in the Windy Mill, the heart controls Tubba Blubba as if he is a puppet. However, Mario discovers Tubba Blubba's heart, and the two battle. It is the first half of Chapter 3's boss. It has 50 HP, 0 Defense, and a 6-Damage Attack that doubles when charged.
When Tubba Blubba's Heart HP reaches around 5 HP, he runs away from Mario and escapes the undergrounds of Windy Mill. When he reaches the surface, he sees Tubba Blubba outside and reunites with him. Tubba Blubba eats his Heart and becomes vulnerable with his heart inside his body.
Tubba Blubba's Heart is seen in the parade after the player beats the final boss, chasing his body when three Boos carry Tubba Blubba away.
[edit] Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Japanese ドガボンのしんぞう
Dogabon no Shinzō
Tubba Blubba's Heart
French Coeur de Tubba Blubba
German Tubbas Herz Tubba's heart
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2006, 7(11), 469-484; doi:10.3390/i7110469
Article
Full Analytic Progress Curves of Enzymic Reactions in Vitro
1 Laboratory of Computational and Structural Physical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street No.16, Timisoara, RO-300115, Romania 2 Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street No.16, Timisoara, RO-300115, Romania
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 30 August 2006 / Accepted: 18 October 2005 / Published: 2 November 2006
Download PDF Full-Text [169 KB, uploaded 20 June 2008 16:51 CEST]
Abstract: Assuming the in vitro conditions for the enzyme-catalyzed reactions, the basic Michaelis-Menten description is modified in a logistic (mathematical) manner such that the inherent limitations that appear in the previous method are removed. Beside its generality, the reliability of the present approach is proved through applications on the competitive multi- and bi- substrate enzyme catalyses.
Keywords: Michaelis-Menten mechanism; W-Lambert function; Logistic function; multi- substrate kinetics; and fully competitive inhibition.
Article Statistics
Click here to load and display the download statistics.
Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Putz, M.V.; Lacrama, A.-M.; Ostafe, V. Full Analytic Progress Curves of Enzymic Reactions in Vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2006, 7, 469-484.
AMA Style
Putz MV, Lacrama A-M, Ostafe V. Full Analytic Progress Curves of Enzymic Reactions in Vitro. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2006; 7(11):469-484.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Putz, Mihai V.; Lacrama, Ana-Maria; Ostafe, Vasile. 2006. "Full Analytic Progress Curves of Enzymic Reactions in Vitro." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 7, no. 11: 469-484.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. EISSN 1422-0067 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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DIYbio/FAQ/Projects
From OpenWetWare
< DIYbio | FAQ(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Longevity)
Current revision (23:27, 23 August 2012) (view source)
(Longevity Research: Fix Link)
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can be found here:
can be found here:
http://www.fightaging.org/archives/2012/02/enthusiasm-for-the-slow-road.php
http://www.fightaging.org/archives/2012/02/enthusiasm-for-the-slow-road.php
-
http://www.fightaging.org/archives/2008/09/the-scientific-debate-that-will-d
+
http://www.fightaging.org/archives/2008/09/the-scientific-debate-that-will-determine-how-long-we-all-live.php
-
etermine-how-long-we-all-live.php
+
And for more in-depth coverage of the biology and present work, you might
And for more in-depth coverage of the biology and present work, you might
look at the SENS Foundation's research report for 2011:
look at the SENS Foundation's research report for 2011:
Current revision
Intro In The News Educational Equipment Projects Kits Methods DIYbio.org DIYbio googlegroup FriendFeed - DIYbio
DIYbio FAQ v1.5: "The biohacker's FAQ"
This FAQ for DIYbio is actively maintained by it's editors, and by you! Edit your contributions directly or email updates to the DIYbio email list, diybio@googlegroups.com.
Major contributors (in alphabetical order):
The contents of this FAQ are copyright under the OpenWetWare Copyright policy (Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported). When quoting any content of this FAQ elsewhere, include a full hypertext link back to the main FAQ page.
This topic DIYBio Projects is part of the DIYBio FAQ
Contents
IMPORTANT FAQ
• Regardless of whatever article you've read in Wired magazine, or other publication, written by journalists who don't do proper fact checking and who sensationalize, most of the questions regarding engineering "new living organisms" or "replacement organs" or what have you, is currently not possible (and won't be for decades). Sorry to have to point out the obvious. -- Jonathan Cline on the DIYbio google group
Due to continual hype by the media regarding technologies which aren't yet accessible (or don't even exist), and reported without proper journalistic objectivity, resulting in subsequent FAQ'ing on the DIYbio group, the following FAQ answer is offered:
> is it possible to use (organovo or any companies) bioprinter to print
> living organisms that are visible to the naked eye (that doesn't mean
> it has a brain and moves around and everything, just be alive)?
Depends on your definition of 'naked eye'. For example, you
could spray pigmented/glowing bacteria as graffiti, which
eventually grow and create a portrait. Or using a larger
liquid handling device you might be able to spray plant cells
onto a substrate which then grow into moss, etc.
Organisms, no. A single organ, yes: can be printed, that's
the current limit of today's technology.
"Ink jet printer spray" of bacteria has previously been
discussed on this group so check the archives.
-- Jonathan Cline on the DIYbio google group
External Links
Project Ideas
The following are project ideas (brainstorming) which have been discussed on DIYbio google group. Research papers or existing products similar to these ideas can be found, with the DIYbio aspect of lowering the cost, open sourcing the design, and allowing latest technology (such as USB or network, for electronics devices) to be added as enhancements.
• Comparing various inexpensive reagents to the purified commercial counterparts; for example, food-grade agar-agars to commercial agaroses.
• Using LEDs as spectrophotometer, colorimeter, etc. Some projects already exist around the web.
• Using USB/networkable microcontrollers for thermocyclers.
• Fabricating microfluidic devices and using USB microcontrollers for microfluidics (pump/valve/syringe) control.
• Printing, patterning, synthesizing various substances or microbes with inkjet printers. Modifying gene expression with inkjet dispensing.
• Several other fields are also very engaged in modifying inkjet printers: for making electronics circuit boards (inkjet PCB); for making physical objects (inkjet fabrication), for printing on objects (inkjet handhelds). Check these projects for how to modify inkjet printers for Bio projects as well.
• Making a spin coater (from DC motors or computer drives) - which can be used for building microfluidics, etc
• Imaging system for Electrophoresis Agarose Gels (or Gel Box that includes the imaging system built-in)
• Modifying one's own biology through diet, and quantifying medical change by common and/or special medical tests, as compared to prior results and standardized results.
• Distributed testing foods sold in grocery stores or restaurants by genetic sequencing or low-cost field tests, and publishing results based on geographic region.
• Distributed Sample collection and sequencing system + protocols, with long-term archival and open source database.
• Bioengineering (Metabolic Engineering) of a microbe for harvesting organic solar voltaic panel conductors and printed with a future RepRap model. -- Giovanni Lostumbo on the DIYbio google group
Computing Technology (Microcontrollers, etc)
The following product is from Microchip. Microchip has grown in
interesting ways: they now have a cross-platform software development
environment (Win, Mac, Linux) based on NetBeans (called MPLAB X). The
original MPLAB is one of the best microcontroller dev environments,
especially for the cost (free), though previously limited to Windows.
They are moving to the GNU compiler for their 32 bit
microcontrollers. They have an iPhone dev kit (which requires an
Apple hardware license, since Apple is closed hardware, which some
here don't like) and now recently announced an Android dev kit: with
"Arduino footprint compatible for prototyping", even. I don't want to
stir up a big hooplah between microcontroller choice, but I will say
that Arduino using AVR is a more expensive choice any time I've looked
at it. A typical microcontroller + board + periphery should not cost
more than $60 for wired internet-capable designs and within $10-30 for
standalone designs.
This kit below (quite new, so docs still forthcoming) might satisfy
some people's needs. Who here is designing smartphone-biotech-related
devices? Why have a lab device if it can't connect to a smart phone,
that's my thought. The smart phone app is the new user interface;
don't waste $ or time building user interface LCD/touch screen/buttons
into a lab equipment box (unless there are clean-room restrictions).
http://www.microchip.com and search for DM240415
""Approach to Develop Android Accessories ($79.99)
* Buy the PIC24F Accessory Development Starter Kit for Android
($79.99)
* Download the no-fee, royalty-free licensed software library
* Contact androidsupp...@microchip.com for additional support
PIC24F Accessory Development Starter Kit for Android (DM240415)
* PIC24F 16-bit PIC® MCU with USB OTG
* Type A USB connector
* User interface buttons
* LEDs and potentiometer
* Device charger circuitry up to 500mA
* Arduino footprint compatible for prototyping""
Perhaps compare to a CUI32 PIC32MX Development Stick ($40):
http://www.sparkfun.com/products/9645
or to Ethernet Mini-Web PIC18 Development Board ($42)
http://www.sparkfun.com/products/7829
To do that on Arduino, you'd need the main board plus ethernet shield
board ($30 + $45.00 at Adafruit).
I've played with a Teensy board (AVR, was $20, but not
Arduino) and it's cheap and useful as a USB device (not USB
host). It is comparable but less scalable than the USB Bit
Whacker - 18F2553 Development Board ($25),
http://www.sparkfun.com/products/762
Jonathan Cline on DIYbio google group
I was at the Google I/O conference all day yesterday.
One of the featured talks was about the new Android Open
Accessory Development Kit, that allows hardware hackers to
attach microcontrollers to the USB port and controll them with
the phone:
http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/usb/adk.html
I will be connecting my Droid to one of these:
http://focus.ti.com/docs/toolsw/folders/print/ez430-t2012.html
Simon Quellen Field on DIYbio google group
Take a look at some low cost boards not Arduino branded by John Luciani.
http://wiblocks.luciani.org/ZB1/index.html
John Griessen on DIYbio google group
Engineered Microbiology
Culturing Yeast
Question:
I want to learn some biology experiment at home for fun. I wonder
is there any yeast culturing protocol that can be done without a
research grade laboratory but a simple bench, a light microscope,
micro pipette and syringe, etc. May I know where are the potential
sources where can I get them? Thanks.
Answer:
Bakers yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is just as easy to work with as E. coli,
keeping in mind a few things. One minor complication is that they grow slower and
most antibiotics don't work as selections. What that means from a practical
standpoint is that contamination becomes a slightly greater problem then when
working with E. coli, and the media is a bit more complex to make. However if you
keep a clean environment and use good aseptic techniques you shouldn't have much
of a problem.
The background yeast strain used for most genetic experiments is one known as S288C.
Other strains and backgrounds are used for a variety of industrial, brewing and
baking purposes but S288C is the one most often used in genetic experiments. It has
the advantage that it does not have a lot of chromosomal duplications and gene
amplifications that are found in most industrial strains, plus a wide variety of
different strain types are avaiilable.
There are a number of repositories that have collections of yeast strains-alas I
do not know how willing they would be to send something to a home biologist. You
could search on the internet for biological repositories or if you have access the
latest issue of journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology has a review
on yeast culture collections (Boundy-Mills, K. 2012. Yeast culture collections of
the world: meeting the needs of industrial researchers. JIMB 39:673).
Like I said earlier working with yeast is just as easy as E. coli with a few
caveats. First of all because most antibiotics don't work the most often used
selections are nutritional selections. What this means is that the starting strain
is unable to make a particular nutrient (usually an amino acid or a nucleotide
precursor) because of a mutation in a single gene. The selectable marker carried on
the plasmid has an unmutated copy of the same gene. Therefore cells carrying the
plasmid can grow in the absence of the nutrient but cells that do not have the
plasmid cannot-just like E. coli cells with a plasmid can grow in the presence of
ampicillin but cells that don't have the plasmid cannot. From a practical
standpoint it means that the media used is a bit more complex so instead of growing
cells in rich media (which is relatively simple) you need to select for recombinant
cells on media that lacks only that single nutrient. You can but the media known as
drop-out media or you can make it yourself but it is more complex to make from
scratch. Cells are transformed similar to E. coli cells although the method used to
make the cells competent to take up DNA is different. With yeast Li salts (Li
acetate for cerevisiae and LiCl for Pichia ) are used. You can also electroporate
yeast like you can E. coli, and there is a method based on digesting away the outer
cell wall.
A number of different plasmid vectors exist for use in yeast and a number of
different inducible promoters are available as well. So you can make use of high oor
low copy episomal vectors or you can use integrating vectors. Promoters, such as the
GAL promoter, can be turned on just by shifting the carbon source from glucose to
galactose (making sure the glucose is used up). One really cool thing about yeast
is that it is relatively easy to make genome modifications either by knocking out
certain genes or adding new ones. Plus you can do some nice genetic experiments
through simple mating and sporulation.
Working with yeast is fun, pretty easy to do, and they smell a lot better than
E. coli!
shamrock on DIYbio google group
Culturing Bacteria
Answer:
In the interest of promoting DIYBIO, I have an offer to make to those
of you who have yet to set up a lab/do hands on stuff.
I want to give you FREE PLASMIDS/consumables for producing GFP in
e coli. I will even ship you most of the buffers you need. This will
cut down costs on things that you only need a tiny amount of, and would
otherwise make this procedure expensive. The caveats are:
- It will come dry, on paper, You will need to elute it with TE, which
will come with the DNA. I haven't used this method before, but the
literature (any many people) report that it will work.
- You have to send me photos of your results and procedure. I am going
to trust that you will do this.
- You have to send me a receipt/picture of the rest of the stuff you need
to do the experiment (listed below) before I ship
- I will only ship 5 of these packages
If you are interested, email me back with pictures/a receipt showing you
bought the stuff, and your address/name/shipping info.
What you get:
50 mM CaCl2, enough for 2 transformations
Some TE for to elute the pDNA off the paper
A piece of paper with the pDNA on it
LB broth, enough for 2 transformations
Instructions on how to do the transformation
What I need pictures of:
your ice bath (some kind of cup you can fill with ice)
your hot water bath (water with some way of showing it is 42 C, think thermometers)
some source for e. coli (Carolina sells these for like, $10)
petri dishes (another Carolina item)
LB agar media
ampicillin antibiotic (Carolina, goldbio)
sterile pippettors of some kind
sterile loops or a wire loop (and a way to sterilise your loop, like fire)
a microwave or stove for melting the agar
The price of this stuff from Carolina is ~$50:
http://www.carolina.com/nav/i/category/living+organisms/prokaryotes/bacteria+cultures+and+sets/mm294+slant+culture/r/price+range/under+%2425/n/214.do?sortby=ourPicks
http://www.carolina.com/product/living+organisms/biological+media/biological+media/luria+broth+agar+ready-to-pour+media+set.do?sortby=ourPicks (lb + ampicillin)
http://www.carolina.com/product/nichrome+wire+inoculating+loop.do?keyword=loop&sortby=bestMatches
http://www.carolina.com/product/disposable+plastic+needle-point+pipets.do?keyword=transfer+pippete&sortby=bestMatches
Avery on DIYbio google group
Human Biology Projects
"The Experimental Man" and similar ideas are based on the recent availability and affordability of personalized medical tests which expose and quantify one's own health factors. Some biohackers are monitoring these themselves, far beyond the scope of traditional modern medicine. Based on quantitative measurements, these biohackers are modifying their own biology using diet, vitamins, etc.
These related topics, especially diet, are highly controversial and it is generally not a good idea to attempt to convince others that you're "on to something."
Personal Medical Monitoring
If I want to completely measure my biology, this is the list of
everything I can think of which can be measured (non-invasively), on a
daily basis, for uploading to a PC with a smart measurement device and
tracking/logging. Are there others? Listed in no particular order..
* Body mass - with typical weight scale
* Body temperature - probably using ear thermometer
* Body fat - this would use calipers; not sure if there's an
electronic method.
* Height - though this shouldn't change normally
* Blood pressure
* Heart rate
* Cholesterol test - LDL, HDL, triglycerides, uses pin prick (also
quite pricey, and painful, for every day testing). If pin prick is
done for this, then should test ketone levels at the same time.
* Walking cadence / Pedometer
* Standing weight distribution - using smart body weight scale,
similar to Wii Fit module, detect center of gravity from standing on
the sensor, to detect structural imbalances
* Hearing - with simple audio test
* Blood glucose - more important for diabetics, of course
* Breath analysis - chemical sensing: read ketones for diet
monitoring. Read nitric oxide to detect inflammation (I haven't
checked if this test is low-cost-able, these are very expensive
units).
Other detectors are summarized here:
http://www.chestnet.org/accp/pccsu/medical-applications-exhaled-breat...
* Respiration - breathing flow, with a peak flow meter
* Mental ability - a while back the experiment used simple math
problems with a timed computer quiz, with the same math questions
every time, to judge some aspect of mental ability.
* Brain activity - SoCal DIYbio is actively doing this with EEG. Not
sure what kind of "daily health metric" might be possible to generate.
* Sympathetic nervous system state - from galvanic response (as I
posted previously, and FYI, Cornell has a great project write-up with
software here, although the "professor's preference" of using Begin
and End statements in C is something from outer space:
http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/FinalProjects/s2006/hm...
* Voice recording - Although simple to record voice, I'm not sure
there's any information which can be extracted from this.
-- Jonathan Cline on DIYbio google group
Others:
pH
typing ability
blood oxygen saturation level via a cheap Pulse Oximeter
(which uses a cool/clever optical sensing mechanism);
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_oximeter
For vision, intraocular pressure:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonometer
Use GE's InBody Unit. It measures percent body fat using
electrical impedance ... tells you the fat, muscle, and water
composition of your torso and each limb.
Grip strength ; well correlated with all sorts of things:
http://www.fightaging.org/archives/2010/12/age-accumulation-correlates-with-a-common-measure-of-frailty.php
Brain Wave Measurement
"DIY electrophysiology Brain Recording Kits" http://www.backyardbrains.com/
Brain-Computer Interfacing
Subject: Brain computer interface experience
After last year workshop in Paris and London, this sunday at
Macval (museum of contemporary art at Vitry/Seine near Paris),
La Paillasse presents a brain computer interface experience.
Thanks to a simple headset your brainwaves will be captured
and rendered in color and sound spaces. In the light
spectrum, red stands for a very low mental activitity, (up to)
purple for an high activity mental state. At the same time a
generative music translate mental acitvity by using different
octaves.
As technology moves to non contact EEG sensors, this
experience allows to see others mental activity and raise
questions about intimacy and everyone's control of it.
Between knowledge and fun experience, "Mind processing" is
also a start to ask what use of biotech you want.
The code of "Mental processing" is open source and available
on github : tmpbci
Sam @La paillasse
-- Samynosor on the DIYbio google group
Subject: Re: Brain computer interface experience
Any of the tinkerers here can manage this for themselves with
the Neurosky SDK, and some combination of arduino/iPhone and
one of the headsets to use the Neurosky chips. The Brainwave
Analyzer tech demo that comes with the headset kit is a nice
tech demonstration, but I've found the hardware to be very
flaky, however - the manufacturing side of the technology
needs a couple of years to bake more, and the presently
leading companies need to find their feet to a point at which
they can fix their SDKs to require less groundwork to use.
-- Reason on the DIYbio google group
Subject: Re: Brain computer interface experience
... or you can just use OpenViBE and stop making things
hard for yourself.
-- Bryan Bishop on DIYbio google group
Diet and Food
Please contribute to this section.
• See Calorie Restriction below.
Measure Food Effects or Quality
Edibles and Medicines: Yeasts, Kombucha, Tea, Mushrooms, Others
Kitchen only -> play with yeast. Make bread by hand. Make
cheese by hand. Make beer (with a simple kit). Make kimchi.
Easily doable and is the basis for microbial biology. Exotic
stuff such as tempeh is simple as well. Kombucha is also
interesting. I haven't found red yeast for purple pork, still
looking for it. The anti-bacterial effects of some of these
foods is under scientific investigation and also they're very
tasty. Studies of chinese medicine were prominently featured
at the last synthetic biology conference in Hong Kong.
By the way, if you brew your own beer or Kombucha, you will
suddenly find that you have a lot of friends. That's more of
a sociology experiment at that point. :-D
-- Jonathan Cline on the DIYbio google group
Kombucha is interesting stuff, definitely an acquired taste.
Big thing to bear in mind though is that Kombucha *needs* that
30C growth temperature, moreso than most cultures. If you have
pure yeast, perhaps they'll be ok at cooler temperatures and
just grow more slowly. But Kombucha is a mix of up to 7
species, and if the temperature is wrong some species will
dominate more than normal, making for a bizarre and
potentially disgusting brew.
Interesting tidbit: I was researching Gluconacetobacter
xylinum, the species that produces the most prodigious amounts
of microbial cellulose in culture, and found that the highest
quality cellulose to be isolated so far appears to have been
from a strain of G.xylinum isolated from... Kombucha. Because,
Kombucha has been selected for boyant, homogenous "SCOBY"
pancakes of cellulose for generations, so we've effectively
domesticated the strain to make the perfect cellulose. I
imagine if you were to play with the mix of yeasts and
G.xylinum, and feed them a bland sugar-nutrient mix to avoid
colours, you could make some great premium paper! :)
-- Cathal Garvey on the DIYbio google group
Have tried making kombucha on both fruit juices and herbal
teas, so it doesn't have to be Camellia sinensis extract
to work.
-- Rikke Rasmussen on the DIYbio google group
I did see some mention of caffeine being an antifungal.
Specifically inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus, which is
known to be one of the potentially more toxic contaminants
when brewing Kombucha.
So black tea may actually be a safer starting material for
brewing Kombucha than juice or plain sugar water, given the
same amount of sugar and the same pH. Interesting...
I still wonder about the concentration of caffeine before and
after though. It's also possible that a more diverse SCOBY may
have caffeine- metabolizing organisms, even if the minimal
combination of G.xylinum and S.cereviciae used in commercial
Kombucha doesn't.
-- Patrik on the DIYbio google group
Longevity
Please contribute to this section.
DIYbio - Growing movement takes on aging: http://hplusmagazine.com/articles/bio/diy-bio-growing-movement-takes-aging
Add Years to Your Life: What the anti-aging experts are doing now to live longer, better http://www.methuselahfoundation.org/files/newsletters/february2010/topstory.html Please note this is controversial research not yet quantitatively proven.
Longevity Research
The Campaign Against Aging is interested in condensing and simplifying
the vast amount of information that exists about the biology of aging
and the work being done to combat age related damage.
Below is a list of books that we think may be useful. If you can add
to the list, please do. http://www.campaignagainstaging.org/
Aging at the Molecular Level (Biology of Aging and its Modulation)
Modulating Aging and Longevity (Biology of Aging and its Modulation)
Aging of Cells In and Outside the Body (Biology of Aging and its
Modulation)
Aging of the Organs and Systems (Biology of Aging and its Modulation)
Molecular Biology of Aging, Guarente
Cellular Aging and Cell Death (Modern Cell Biology)
Biology of Aging: Observations and Principles, Arking
Biogerontology: Mechanisms and Interventions
-- Anonymous Poster on DIYbio google group
Open Cures, a volunteer initiative to build a bridge between laboratory
biotechnologies demonstrated to slow or repair aspects of aging and the
developers who can bring this new medicine to the clinic. You can read about
our aims at the Open Cures website: overview, background, and roadmap for
future development: https://www.opencures.org
-- Reason on DIYbio google group
This is far from being a good summary of the possible lines of research. The
present work on interventions into aging fall into two broad camps:
1) Metabolic, genetic, and epigenetic manipulations to slow aging
Researchers working on calorie restriction and exercise mimetic drugs fall
into this category, and form the majority of that small part of the aging
research community that does work on interventions. They are following the
traditional drug discovery process in search of targets that shift
metabolism into a state where aging proceeds more slowly. The obvious paths
here are things like boosting the operation of autophagy or trying to
recapitulate some of the epigenetic changes caused by calorie restriction in
the hopes of capturing some of its effects. The challenge here is that the
biochemistry of these states is exceedingly complex.
Evidently this is going slowly - a billion dollars have been sunk into work
on sirtuins alone, for example, with very little to show for it.
Structurally and strategically this is evidently an expensive path to a poor
end result. It is being taken because it is an easy evolution of the
existing drug development methodology, and therefore something that can be
shoehorned into the straightjacket regulatory process and sold to funding
sources. But it will take another few decades and a great deal of time and
money to obtain even a moderately good CR or exercise mimetic drug, or
something that works along similar lines, by following the present
regulatory path to approval. That drug will do next to nothing for people
already old, as slowing further damage has limited utility at that point,
and will in any case not be approved for use for anything other than
treating end stage diseases of aging.
(Absent regulatory changes, the FDA will not approve treatments for aging
and there is no present path short of revolution in that area of government
to declare aging a disease in the regulatory sense - this essentially
ensures that any commercial development must happen overseas, and that any
work in the US will be diverted to developer not-so-useful applications such
as incrementally better diabetes therapies or the like).
This is the path to wasting a great deal of time in generating nothing but
knowledge. If this path dominates over the next twenty years, we will let
the opportunity to extend human life slip through our fingers.
2) Repair the damage that forms aging
Aging is the accumulation of cellular and molecular damage, and evolved
reactions to that damage, some of which are the flailing of systems that
cause more issues in the old and damaged - because natural selection favored
front-loaded effectiveness in the young at the expense of later operation.
The immune system is a great example; at the most fundamental levels its
structure leads it to be both highly effective in the young and cause harm
in the old. Another is the way in which stem cells shut down in the old due
to changes in signaling in their niche tissues, reactions to rising levels
of cellular damage and dysfunction, most likely to damp the risk of cancer.
But at root it is damage that drives aging: mitochondrial mutations,
accumulated byproducts of metabolism that cannot be broken down (like
lipofuscin), cross-linked proteins, and so forth. These all happen as a
consequence of the operation of metabolism, build up, and kill you in the
end. It's like complicated rust - a metal structure left out in the rain can
fail in a thousand ways, but it's all down to the one root cause.
So it's possible to develop biotechnologies that can repair these forms of
damage. This is considerably better envisaged than attempts to slow aging -
there's a list and a roadmap. It shouldn't be any more expensive. It's hard
to imagine it to be any more expensive - that billion dollars spent on
sirtuins and a decade of time could give an even chance shot at repairing
all of the known fundamental forms of damage that drive aging in mice.
At the end of this road lies a package of therapies that will be of great
utility to the old, because they directly attempt to reverse the damage they
have suffered - not just slow down the final spiral, but reverse its course.
Yet as yet only a tiny - but growing! - minority of the research community
are working on this sort of thing, and as yet there is no regulatory path to
making the logical end result of once-a-decade preventative repair therapies
for the healthy easily available in the US or Europe.
Some reading material on the difference between these two opposed strategies
can be found here:
http://www.fightaging.org/archives/2012/02/enthusiasm-for-the-slow-road.php
http://www.fightaging.org/archives/2008/09/the-scientific-debate-that-will-determine-how-long-we-all-live.php
And for more in-depth coverage of the biology and present work, you might
look at the SENS Foundation's research report for 2011:
http://sens.org/files/pdf/2011_Research_Report.pdf
-- Reason on DIYbio google group
Calorie Restriction
Extracting, Growing Human Tissue Cells
No, you can't.
Subject: How to extract living cells from my skin?
> I would like to know how to extract living cells from my own skin to
> culture them.
That's the easy part--large gauge needle, razor blade, etc.
> I would also like to know what equipment do I need to grow human
> tissue.
Basically you can't and shouldn't. It requires quite a lot of
dedicated equipment for sterile handling, cell growth, and autoclaving
waste. The cells are maintained in media with buffers, antibiotics,
and growth factors and require regular attention, every day or three.
If you tried it, you would go $20k+ in getting set up and still mostly
grow mold and bacteria. It's not DIY biology this decade.
-- Jim Lund on the DIYbio google group
Subject: How to extract living cells from my skin?
Also, just so you know, it has been suggested that any human cell cultures
be handled as BSL levels 2 or greater. In order to work with them you should
gain a knowledge of asceptic technique and familiarity with Biological
safety cabinets, and antibiotics.
-- General Oya on the DIYbio google group
Plants, Fungi
Grow plants and fungi for fun.
Fungi
• The Glow Fungi Project. Panellus stipticus is a non edible bioluminescent fungus, naturally occurring in Europe and North America. http://www.glowfungi.com/
Microscopes, Colorimeters, Spectrophotometers, "Cheaposcopes"
Spectrophotometers
Cheaposcope
Laser Projection Microscope
"Basically, they are just pointing a laser through a drop of water suspended from the tip of a syringe."
Microscope Heater
Objective heater. http://www.instructables.com/id/Objective-heater/
Microfluidics, Controller Boards, building Related Equipment
Introduction to Microfluidics
Using Jell-O for Hands-On Microfluidics chips
Yes, store-bought Jello. "Lemon-flavored Jell-O jelly powder was used
because it
produced chips with the best optical transparency."
Yes, microfluidics.
Yes, a good DIYbio introductory-to-microfluidics project.
Open access article! http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ac902926x
Anal. Chem., 2010, 82 (13), pp 5408¿5414
DOI: 10.1021/ac902926x
Cheng Wei T. Yang, Eric Ouellet and Eric T. Lagally
University of British Columbia (Canada)
Publication Date (Web): May 25, 2010
Copyright © 2010 American Chemical Society
"Using the Jell-O fabrication technique, microfluidics may be more
easily demonstrated in a hands-on approach to convey current research
topics to younger students and the general public. Our experience is
that when students learn about science at a young age, they will
become more attracted to pursuing an engineering or science degree in
their post-secondary education. To encourage this process, three types
of Jell-O chips have been fabricated: a ¿JELLO¿ chip, a Y-channel
chip, and a pH sensor chip. Using these demonstrations, elementary and
high school students, as well as the general public can learn about
how microfluidic chips are made; learn microfluidics concepts,
including dimensionless scaling factors, diffusion coefficients, and
pH sensing; make the connection to current microfluidics research; and
become excited about scientific research.
The fabrication method is fast, simple, and inexpensive, allowing Jell-
O chip demonstrations to enter a wide variety of learning environments
not accessible to current microfluidics methods. Other types of chips
(including bubble and droplet generators, not shown) can also be
fabricated, suggesting that this technique possesses an enormous
educational potential. Experiments with other naturally-occurring gels
also indicate that this method could be extended to developing regions
of the world to provide microfluidic technology both for education and
diagnostics. Finally, we are also currently developing fabrication
techniques for bonded and functional multilayer Jell-O chips to
further extend the applications of this fabrication method. We hope
that this work will serve as a model for future educational endeavors
in science."
Figure 1. Scheme for producing Jell-O chips using soft lithography.
(A) A negative mold is made with desired features. (B) Liquid chip
material is poured onto the mold. (C) Mold with liquid material is
cured. (D) Solidified chip is peeled off and (E) placed on a rigid
substrate for experiments.
Figure 2. General workflow for producing Jell-O chips using soft
lithography approach. (A) Foam plate and wooden coffee stirrers are
starting materials for making the mold. (B) A negative mold is made
with desired features using double-sided tape. (C) Jell-O and gelatin
liquid mixture is poured onto the mold. (D) The molds with liquid
material are left to cure in a 4 °C refrigerator. Solidified chips are
peeled off and placed on aluminum pans for experiments at room
temperature.
Figure 4. (A) A Jell-O Y-channel chip with a Reynolds number of 30.
The injection of colored water to one inlet and clear water to the
second results in the classic laminar flow profile, in which both
streams remain separate and mix solely by diffusion along the length
of the channel. (B) Diagram of laminar flow diffusive mixing occurring
at the interface between two different fluids along the channel
length. This phenomenon is governed by the Pclet number (adapted from
Kamholz).(25)
Figure 5. Dual Jell-O chip pH sensor. (A) Two different pH sensing
regions per channel can be used to detect different solutions. (B) The
addition of either acidic or basic solutions to each channel results
in a distinct pattern of color change visible to the naked eye. (C) pH
indicator chart for reference (adapted from EM-Reagents).
"SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Detailed Chip Fabrication Protocol
List of Materials Required for Jell-O® Chip Fabrication
* Two 85g boxes of lemon-flavored Jell-O jelly powder (Kraft Canada)
* One pouch (7g) of unflavoured (the Original) Knox Gelatine
(Associated Brands
LP)
* 2 beakers of 120mL of purified water for dissolving Jell-O® and Knox
Gelatine
* Six 6¿ foam plates, round (Safeway Limited Canada)
* One drinking straw, round (Safeway Limited Canada)
* PAM® Original no-stick cooking spray (ConAgra Foods Canada Inc.)
* Several 7¿ wooden coffee stirrers (Starbucks Coffee Company Canada)
* Food-grade colour dye, green (McCormick Canada)
* Single- and double-sided tape (3M Canada)
* Six 5¿ aluminum weighing pan (Cat No. 12175-001, VWR International)
Sources of Chemicals and Materials
Lemon-flavored Jell-O Jelly Powder, unflavoured gelatin, round foam
plates (6),
drinking straws, no-stick cooking spray, wooden coffee stirrers (7),
food-grade colour
dyes, and single- and double-sided tape were obtained from local
convenience stores."
Continuous Flow Microfluidics
Microfluidic Flow Device
• ""Soft Lithography is a microfabrication process in which a soft polymer (such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) ) is cast onto a mold that contains a microfabricated relief or engraved pattern. Using this technique, membrane microvalves can be produced. To design your own microfluidic device, please follow the Basic Design Rules and Mask Design Rules and make use of all the design information and reference articles provided on our website. "" http://thebigone.stanford.edu/foundry/services/designyourown.html
Controllers
• USB 24-Valve Controller Assembly Guide, Rafael Gómez-Sjöberg, QuakeLab–Stanford University. ""This document briefly describes the assembly of a USB-based controller for 24 solenoid pneumatic valves that can be used to drive a microfluidic chip fabricated by Multilayer Soft Lithography. You can build a computer-based electronic valve controller to allow you to control the opening and closing of valves and pressure in the flow lines of your chip. The controller is comprised of 1) an electronic controller box and 2) a set of electronic valves. "" Project at http://thebigone.stanford.edu/foundry/testing/own_controller.html and main page at http://thebigone.stanford.edu
DIY Spin Coater
On Dec 3, 1:06 am, Nathan McCorkle <nmz...@gmail.com> wrote:
> I want to make a spin coater using a highly UNMODIFIED cd or dvd rom.
> Meaning I want to keep the laser mechanisms in place, and try to keep all
> the moving parts as free from nasty buildup and grime.
The electronics will have to be replaced or bypassed, for sure. The
couple times I've seen spin coaters used, the dispensing didn't seem
critical (i.e. scoop polymer onto disc during spin up) and the
rotation seemed to even everything out. Does your protocol require
baking the result, if so, better add some heat to the device right?
References:
Spin-Coating of Polystyrene Thin Films as an Advanced Undergraduate
Experiment
http://www.jce.divched.org/Journal/Issues/2003/Jul/abs806.html
Abstract
A simpler version of the well-established technique of spin-coating
thin polymer films on glass slides is described. Starting with simple
instrumentation and using an ordinary, commercially available cooling
fan (a "CPU cooler"), a method of spin-coating an expanded polystyrene
foam on glass slides is described. Making thin films of commercially
available polystyrene on glass slides is also included for comparison.
An interferometric technique is used to measure the film thickness
employing a UV¿vis spectrophotometer. FTIR spectroscopy is used to
verify the identity of the polymer on the glass slide. Using the Beer¿
Lambert law of absorbance, the film thickness is also calculated from
the FTIR spectra of films. A comparison is made between the
interferometric and FTIR methods for thickness measurements. An
organic dye is doped into a film and a UV¿vis spectrum is used to
identify the dye.
http://nathan.instras.com/projects/spin-coater/index.html
Spin Coater System
This was my attempt to build a low cost spin-coater system that does
both horizontal and vertical spin coating. For about $70.00 dollars
in parts and some ingenuity, I was able to put together the system
shown below. Ironically, we latter purchased a commercial spin-coater
for $5000.00, but I saw little difference in the sample prepared using
the one I built and it. In my opinion, the only reason to even buy
one of those things is to get better control of the overall spinning
process. However, most people just need something that goes around
fast. As you can see, it's basically just an aluminum base that holds
two small DC motors (RadioShack). Power is supplied by a 1-10V DC
power supply. CDR cases serve as the spin chamber.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2006.05.004
Spin coater based on brushless dc motor of hard disk drivers
Abstract
We have developed a novel programmable, low cost, spin coater to be
used for applications where flat substrates are coated with an uniform
thin layer of a desirable material. The equipment is built with dc
brushless motor present in most of the hard disk drivers (HDDs). The
system offers manual control, wide speed range (from 0 to 10,000 rpm),
spin speed stability and compact size. The paper also describes the
use of such equipment for the fabrication of thin poly(o-
methoxyaniline) (POMA) films, which are of particular interest for
design organic electronic devices, such as diodes, transistor, sensors
and displays.
http://www.chemistry-blog.com/2007/01/13/pimp-my-spin-coater/
Pimp My Spin Coater
If you're going to start making your own lab equipment you might as
well trick out the new hardware. In that spirit, my spin coater has 3
light emitting diodes: a green one, a red one, and a blue one. I can
vary the revolution per minute from ~500rpm to ~2500rpm by varying the
voltage I supply to the spin coater. The sample is mounted in the
center and is stuck to the spin coater by Velcro, this can be more
easily seen in the next photo. As can also be seen in the photo, my
spin coater is just a regular pc fan I bought at CompUSA this past
Wednesday. I monitor the speed of the spin coater with a laser mounted
above the spin-coater that shines through the fan's blades and strikes
one of our group's alpha detectors. The nice thing about the alpha
detector is that I don't even have to supply any power to it. There is
enough current generated, I presume by the photoelectric effect, to
carry a signal to an oscilloscope which I can use to monitor the fan's
speed. A picture of the laser, which is my boss's laser pointer he
uses for talks, is seen in the next photo at the top of our group's
only non-radioactive chemistry hood. It took me 2 days to build my
spin coater, Wednesday and Thursday, and one more day to make sure it
calibrates properly, Friday. The total amount in extra costs was $20
for the spin-coater(pc fan) all the rest of the equipment we had lying
around.
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:R929V8Bup34J:www.ccmr.corne...
Title: Engineering Organic Light-Emitting Devices
Appropriate Level: High School Regents Chemistry, or any advanced high
school
Chemistry course
Using a spin coater is the ideal method for applying this ruthenium
layer. A simple
device can be made using an 80mm fan and simple circuitry. If a spin
coater is not
available, Q-tips and a heat gun can work to a certain degree:
Use a Q-tip to apply some of the Ruthenium-tris(2,2¿-bipyridyl)
tetrafluoroborate to the glass slide and then dry with a heat gun for
3-5 minutes.
-- Jonathan Cline, on DIYbio google group
Fermentors, Bioreactors, Photo Bioreactors
• "Biosynthesis of organic conductors provides an alternative route for renewable energy that would not require a fuel as a carrier for kinetic energy, where instead, electricity could be directly transferred to organic batteries/capacitors through solar voltaic panels allowing for passive energy generation and storage." -Giovanni Lostumbo
For Yeast
• DIY CO2 Injection: The Yeast Method. This article gives instructions for a cheap Do-It-Yourself CO2 injection system. The CO2 is produced by a mixture of sugar, yeast and water, and the setup is constructed entirely from cheap and readily available materials. http://www.thekrib.com/Plants/CO2/co2-narten.html
For Algae
• A Photo Bio Reactor (PBR) is a system that provides an artificial environment for photosynthetic organisms (Algae) to perform a chemical conversion. Scientists and engineers have been developing several types of photo-bio reactors (PBR’s) over the past fifty years to grow microorganisms that are used in a wide variety of applications. Cultivated algae cultures can be used to produce human food, animal feed, health food, therapeutics, chemicals, fuel, hormones, and fertilizer. A prototype PBR was built at SDSU in 1998 that had a reactor capacity of 1 gallon. The prototype was inoculated with algae obtain from Argonne National Laboratory and produced an algae biomass in excess of 25g. The success of the prototype led to the decision to scale up the prototype PBR to capacity of 500 gallons. The 500 gallon PBR is large enough to study the feasibility of commercial production algae. In the summer of 2000 research was initiated to evaluate the feasibility of scaling up the prototype PBR. Research revealed that little is known quantitatively about how the different subsystems interact and affect algal biomass production in PBR. The scaled up PBR design was then modified to allow for the testing of the effect the different subsystems have on algal biomass production independently as well as interactions of the subsystems. Test variables may be light type (wavelength), intensity of light, mixing intensity, nutrient requirements, control strategies, etc. http://abe.sdstate.edu/faculty/garyanderson/website/pbr_home.html
• An Algae Bioreactor from Recycled Water Bottles. In this instructable, we describe how to build a photo-bioreactor that uses algae to convert carbon dioxide and sunlight into energy. The energy that is produced is in the form of algae biomass. The photo-bioreactor is built from plastic recycled water bottles. By designing the apparatus to be compartmentalized, we are able to do many experiments in parallel. http://www.instructables.com/id/An_Algae_Bioreactor_from_Recycled_Water_Bottles/
• How To Make an Algae Test Photo Bioreactor...Part One. This gives a step-by-step instructions on making an algae test photo bioreactor. This can be used in any application that calls for testing and/or growing algae, to determine maximum growth rates, best nutrients, etc., such as... Making algae biodiesel, Animal feed, Organic fertilizer, Cosmetics, Health food supplements and many more. http://www.instructables.com/id/How-To-Make-an-Algae-Photo-BioreactorPart-One/
• Inventgeek Photo Bio Reactor V.2 This design has many improvements that make it far more sustainable and practical for long-term use. I really focused on making it highly modular and insuring it was rugged for prolonged outdoor use that is easier to fill and harvest from. While the array is smaller for this project it can be scaled to any size or requirement.http://inventgeek.com/Projects/Photo-Bio-reactor-V2/overview.aspx
• I got interested in the idea of growing Spirulina at home after I obtained a breeding pair of Bristlenose Pleco’s. What better food source than fresh Spirulina, I thought to myself. I wondered around Google for days, which turned into weeks, then months. No where could I find a single source that could easily explain how to grow Spirulina at home. If you are interested in growing Spirulina at home, I hope you find this method useful. I’ll give you a quick run down of my version of “Growing Tubes”, both in expensive and easy to build in a day. I went to Home Depot.... http://gpasi.org/forums/index.php?topic=64.0
• In-Home Photosynthetic Bioreactor - 1997-98. Invented by Lee Robinson, the founder of the British biotechnological company Biotechna, the Biocoil is a "photosynthetic bioreactor that provides an environment for biological organism to grow in a controlled manner." The frame is built and clear PVC tubing is wrapped around it to form a circular model so that it is easier for photosynthesis to occur. Sunlight or artificial light is then put in at an angle to shine on the tubing while the algae flows through. Chlorella algae was used in the Sewage Sister Biocoil to remove nutrients from the sewage flowing along with the algae. The tubing of the Biocoil consists of several sections of tubing rather than one piece wrapped all of the way around. Compressed air pumps are used to push the algae and water through the Biocoil and to prevent anoxic conditions in the water. http://web.archive.org/web/20071009122237/http://advbio.cascadeschools.org/97-98/minicoil.html
The Biocoil Operations Manual (The Trip From the Algae's Point of View). The Biocoil is a tertiary sewage treatment system which utilizes light and algae to remove phosphates and nitrates from secondary effluent. The Biocoil is a round unit eight feet tall and six of those feet are surrounded by 1600 feet of clear one inch inside diameter food grade tubing. This tubing is exposed to light 24 hours a day, either by natural sunlight or artificial light. The inside of the Biocoil is composed of three tanks, the contact, holding, and settling tank. The manifold which distributes water from the tanks to the tubes is also located inside the Biocoil. http://web.archive.org/web/20070520071350/advbio.cascadeschools.org/95-96/biomanual.html
The Biocoil Project - 1994-95 http://web.archive.org/web/20080330070953/advbio.cascadeschools.org/94-95/biocoil.html
The Biocoil Project - 1996-97 http://web.archive.org/web/20080314163104/advbio.cascadeschools.org/96-97/biocoil.html
The Biocoil Project - 1997-98 http://web.archive.org/web/20080216032605/advbio.cascadeschools.org/97-98/biocoil.html
Images http://web.archive.org/web/20070207033743/advbio.cascadeschools.org/97-98/images/morepic2.html
Basics of Growing Algae
"How to get started growing algae at home."
Needed:
• a space that can be easily heated or cooled depending on the weather.
• cool white flourescent lights 35-40 watts.
• aquarium aereation pump. tubing, and airstones... tees(all this from walmart.)
• shelves depending on how many cultures you want to grow
• glass jars one quart, and one gallon for as many cultures as you plan to grow
• aquarium sea salts (Instant ocean) I cup per gallon of distilled water.
• dial thermometers
• graduated measuring cups
• Ph. papers
• Nutrient solution
• algae cultures( often come in 50 ml tubes )
• growing instructions come with the cultures.
Setup:
• when you receive the culture add the contents of the tube to 250 ml of water (salt or fresh)
• keep lights on 24/7
• keep aereation on 24/7
• once the 250 ml turns green add another 250 ml and so on untill you have a liter of green algae
• take the green liter and add it to a gallonglass jar,
• once you have a gallon you can seed a ten gallon aquarium or you can add the gallon to larger tanks or to a closed loop ecosystem
• and in two weeks, voila! youll have algae growing.
• unenclosed ponds are unstable and prone to contamination by outside influences such as acid rain, water fowl that carry wild algae on thier feathers , animals , temperature variations.windbourne pollutants. night time temperature variations.etc
The above is from http://www.ecogenicsresearchcenter.org/biodiesel.htm (lots of pictures there)
Stirrer, Hot Plate
"DIY Stirrer/Hot Plate". http://www.instructables.com/id/DIY-StirrerHot-Plate with video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKWimlx2_44
Incubator, Shaking Incubator
You can make a 30C incubator really easily using
pet-shop-bought thermostats and heat mats designed for
reptiles, and a polystyrene box. Not all species will thrive
at 30C, but for me it works great with B.subtilis. They grow
more slowly, but according to the literature they retain their
competence for longer at this temperature rather than 37,
anyway. A battery-powered mini-fan or some such would
probably even out the temperature nicely
-- Cathal Garvey on the DIYbio google group
Bob Horton's Shaking Incubator
Note the date on this project.
• Bob Horton horto005 at maroon.tc.umn.edu
• Wed Mar 6 11:06:24 EST 1996
Bob's Homemade Shaking Incubator Design
This is my design for an easy-to-build and inexpensive laboratory shaker/shaking incubator. It will undoubtedly remind many readers of something they may have built for the Science Fair in the 5th grade, but as far as I know, the use of record-player power and the hanging platform are original. And, hey, you can't argue with the price.
Three figures are attached. The attachments are MIME-encoded, and should be decodable with any MIME-compliant newsreader, including the one built into NetScape 2.0. The figures are small, black and white drawings in GIF format, and should be viewable from any web browser, once they are decoded.
Figure 1: Parts for the Home-Made Shaker.
Figure 2: Additional Parts for the Shaking Incubator.
Figure 3: Portrait of the Final Product.
The shaking platform is cut from a particleboard sheet the same size as the top of the box; the rest of the sheet is used to reinforce the top of the box. The platform is suspended from the edge of the top opening with strings. Slipknots are used in the strings to make them easy to adjust until the platform is more-or-less level. Then the knots are secured in place with tape. The strings and holes are arranged so that the strings hang as vertically (i.e., parallel to one another) as possible. This way the platform will remain essentially level as it swings around in a circle.
A bolt is mounted on the turntable, and passed through a hole in the platform, so that when the turntable spins, the shaker moves in an orbital motion. Note that it takes very little work on the part of the record palyer motor to move the platform in a horizontal circle, even if it carries significant weight.
The heat source (light bulb), fan, and thermostat are mounted on a particleboard base, and wired so that the fan is always on, but the light bulb is turned on and off by the thermostat in classic Jr. High School Science Fair fashion. The whole heat-control unit is placed in the incubator box, and a thermometer is used to calibrate the thermostat. The thermostat I use keeps the box somewhere 35 and 38 degrees centigrade. I think a regular home thermostat would work better, but the bugs don't seem to mind.
The fan blows air around fast enough that air in the whole box is very close to the same temperature. But I put the thermostat probe behind the fan so it would not detect radiant heat, and the light is below the platform so it doesn't shine right on the cultures.
I covered the areas of the cardboard walls and the portion of the bottom of the platform that come close to the light bulb with foil, to reflect some heat so they wouldn't be quite as likely to catch fire. If you fold several thicknesses of slightly wrinkled foil together, they make a nice shield against radiant heating (this was the suggestion of Mike Herron, from the lab across the hall).
The box is sealed with masking tape, except for the top opening. A lid (not shown) is made of an additional cardboard sheet, edged with soft foam weather stripping. This type of flat lid limits the height of culture flasks to the distance between the shaking platform and the top of the box; alternatively, a raised lid made of a second box would allow more room.
This shaker has three speeds; 33, 45, and 78 rpm. The fastest setting is still somewhat slower than typical bacterial culture conditions, but it works OK if you leave plenty of air in your flasks. A faster motor could be substituted for the record player, but it wouldn't be as cute.
The heating unit and the record player can both be plugged into a power strip, so a single convenient switch can be used to turn the whole thing on and off.
The tools required are fairly simple:
• wrench, pliers, screwdriver, etc. to remove any parts of the record
player that stick up too high.
• drill to mount the bolt on the turntable, and make holes for the
strings.
• knife to cut cardboard and strip insulation on the wires.
• jigsaw to cut the platform from the particleboard.
My estimate of the cost of materials is as follows:
• cardboard box, string, tape, etc.: $0.00
• record player: $0.75 (yes, I can get them in Minneapolis for 75 cents
at the "Digger's Delight" behind Goodwill on Como Avenue near Highway 280. Otherwise they may run you 5 bucks apiece at a garage sale).
• thermostat: $3.50 from AxMan surplus, University Ave., St. Paul. At a
hardware store, these cost about $12.
• fan: $7.50. I used a 120V AC box fan, about 4 inches in diameter
(AxMan Surplus). I couldn't find one the right size at Digger's, but keep your eyes peeled.
• light socket: $0.85 (hardware store)
• weather stripping: ~$3
• power strip: ~$3.50 (only used for the Shaker Deluxe).
• thermometer: $1.19
• I scrounged the light bulb and the particleboard. (Retail ~$3?)
So I have over $20 invested in my shaking incubator, and it could easily cost over $23 if you had to buy particleboard and stuff. Old record players also make great sample rotators, if you set them at a steep angle, or they can be used to wash gels and blots, if you put your pan on the turntable and slightly raise one end of the record player. The only shaking incubator I have in my current lab is of this design (serial number 00000001). I have used it to grow 50 ml E. coli cultures in LB, in regular 500ml Erlenmeyers, and 1.5ml cultures in TB in 15 ml snap-cap tubes. I have recently used this incubator to clone a cDNA sequence for a novel human neurotransmitter receptor subunit. But I'll try not to let Real Science interfere too much with inventin' stuff. :)
Happy shakin'!
Bob Horton
DNA
Simple DNA Extraction
Extract DNA from your Halloween pumpkin! http://sci-toys.com/scitoys/scitoys/biology/pumpkin_dna/halloween.html
HOW TO EXTRACT DNA FROM ANYTHING LIVING! http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/extraction/howto/
How to Extract DNA From Human Cheek Cells! http://biology.about.com/c/ht/00/07/How_Extract_DNA_Human0962932481.htm
Thermocycler / PCR
Light Bulb PCR - http://vimeo.com/18827627
Laser Tools
Inexpensive laser shutters using common electronics!
"DIY Laser Shutter" http://www.instructables.com/id/DIY-Laser-Shutter/
Pranav's air freshener laser shutter. http://openwetware.org/wiki/User:Pranav_Rathi/Notebook/OT/2010/10/31/Laser_Shutter_.1
Laser Tweezer Enclosure
http://openwetware.org/wiki/User:Anthony_Salvagno/Notebook/Research/2010/09/17/Tweezer_Enclosure_Creation
Gene Gun
You can make your own gene gun using either a modified pellet
gun, or by turning a diaphragm valve on a lathe and pulsing a
low-density high-pressure gas to a small aperture, or by
shooting a prepped wall of a vacuum chamber to disperse a
prepared nug of DNA coated fine metal particles with a small
arm (don't do this).
Here's a video that'll give you a good idea of how they can be
used, they're good for transforming most things.
Also be aware the video contains a rat brain being autopsied.
http://www.jove.com/details.php?id=675
The manufacture of the ammunition is the tricky part, it
involves engineering the DNA payload and binding it to very
small tungsten or gold particles. The process is outlined in
the video, note the part where the plastic tube is filled with
dried metal-bound dna and cut up to make bullets.
-- Forrest Flanagan on the DIYbio google group
Homebrew Centrifuge
Warning: Building a high speed device is dangerous. Take appropriate measures to ensure safety.
Physics
Jonathan Cline: A basic equation of physics, for those out there building their own centrifuges: What are RPM, RCF, and g force and how do I convert between them? The magnitude of the radial force generated in a centrifuge is expressed relative to the earth’s gravitational force (g force) and known as the RCF (relative centrifugal field). RCF values are denoted by a numerical number in “g” (ex. 1,000 x g). It is dependent on the speed of the rotor in revolutions per minute (RPM) and the radius of rotation. Most centrifuges are set to display RPM but have the option to change the readout to RCF. To convert between the two by hand, use the following equation: RCF = 11.18 (rcm) (rpm/1000)^2 Where rcm = the radius of the rotor in centimeters. http://88proof.com/synthetic_biology/blog/archives/380
Dremelfuge
Cathal Garvey has designed a simple centrifuge using open source hardware technology, and you can order one yourself! Dremelfuge is a rotor designed to fit standard lab microcentrifuge tubes and miniprep/purification columns, to be spun by either a powerdrill or other chuck-loading machine or by a popular rotary tool. Dremelfuge features an easy click-in loading system which holds tubes parallel to the plane of rotation for optimum pelleting and delivery of force. Intended basic applications of Dremelfuge include column purification (tested to work with miniprep columns) and bacterial/cell debris pelleting (under testing). With standard microcentrifuge tubes, the average rotary distance is 4cms. Results are shown with the Dremelfuge used to pellet E. Coli samples. Dremelfuge is open-source hardware. Source files are available on Thingiverse, linked from the items on Shapeways. The Creative Commons license used entitles copying, sharing and remixing for any non commercial purpose. Please consider that professional printing services qualify as commercial use.
Two editions of Dremelfuge are available for purchase at http://www.shapeways.com/shops/labsfromfabs
Open Source Gel Boxes
• Hosted on OpenWetWare, Open Gel Box 2.0 is now available to buy; includes transilluminator. Contact Tito.
Electrophoresis Gel Box Power Supply
• See Open Gel Box 2.0 Power Supply on OpenWetWare. Working unit has been constructed.
3D Printed Gel Boat and Comb Set
To: DIYBio google group
From: Cathal <cathalgar...@gmail.com>
Date: Sep 17, 10:07 am
I've just published my first designs on Shapeways, for a $100 Gel Boat
and Comb set.
Sit these into a plastic container with some graphite electrodes at
either end, and you have a complete gel electrophoresis kit.
I intend to make more designs and share them both on this shop and
with the open-source community in the near future!
http://www.shapeways.com/shops/labsfromfabs
The designs are open source, and are available on Thingiverse.com for
those with access to a 3D printer.. just be sure and let me know the
results please! I'm awaiting my own 3D printer right now so I'm
itching to see results.
Note: Because of the opaque nature of the printed plastic, UV
visualisation will have to be Top-down.
Gel Box from Tupperware or other
• THE MACGYVER PROJECT: GENOMIC DNA EXTRACTION AND GEL ELECTROPHORESIS EXPERIMENTS USING EVERYDAY MATERIALS. By Yas Shirazu, Donna Lee, and Esther Abd-Elmessih. DNA extraction and separation by agarose gel electrophoresis is a simple and exciting process that anyone can perform. However, the high cost of specialized equipment and chemicals often hinder such an experiment from being carried by members of the high school community. Here, we describe a cost effective way of extracting and electrophoresing DNA under a prescribed MacGyver limitation – that is using only materials available from a grocery store or shopping mall. http://www.scq.ubc.ca/the-macgyver-project-genomic-dna-extraction-and-gel-electrophoresis-experiments-using-everyday-materials/
• add your gel box project here
Inkjet Printer Hacking for Bio Projects
Many papers over the years involve using either EPSON inkjet printers (piezoelectric print head) or HP/etc inkjet printers (thermal print head) to dispense very small amounts of biomaterial or biochemicals.
EPSON Printers
Epson is the only brand which uses piezoelectric print heads. Epson printers also have CD-printing, which provides a mechanical method to feed larger objects into the printer.
• Epson R280
• Open Access research paper: "This paper presents a low-cost inkjet dosing system capable of continuous, two-dimensional spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression via delivery of diffusible regulators to a custom-mounted gel culture of E. coli. A consumer-grade, inkjet printer was adapted for chemical printing; E. coli cultures were grown on 750 µm thick agar embedded in micro-wells machined into commercial compact discs. Spatio-temporal regulation of the lac operon was demonstrated via the printing of patterns of lactose and glucose directly into the cultures; X-Gal blue patterns were used for visual feedback. We demonstrate how the bistable nature of the lac operon's feedback, when perturbed by patterning lactose (inducer) and glucose (inhibitor), can lead to coordination of cell expression patterns across a field in ways that mimic motifs seen in developmental biology."
Cohen DJ, Morfino RC, Maharbiz MM, 2009 A Modified Consumer Inkjet for Spatiotemporal Control of Gene Expression. PLoS ONE 4(9): e7086. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007086 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0007086
As discussed on the DIYbio google group: http://groups.google.com/group/diybio/browse_thread/thread/8d3462454d81611e/96541b1fde01225d?lnk=gst&q=DIY-bioprinting
HP, Canon, .... Printers
• Add inkjet printer projects here
Personal tools
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Payne Lab:News
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 10:34, 28 August 2012 by Christine Payne (Talk | contribs)
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Research People Publications Funding News Seminars Positions Available Outreach Contact
Contents
2012
August
--Learn about Georgia Tech's BioEngineering Graduate Program!
--We celebrated Jairo's graduation and wished him well as he leaves the lab and moves to Austin. Goodbye, Jairo!
--Quachel gave her final NNIN talk at Georgia Tech. Her official talk will be webcast from Washington D.C. Her talk is Tuesday Minnesota Session 1 (8:35 AM).
--Welcome to Molly Flanagan, our new Lab Technician!
--Midtown Book Club visits the lab as part of their discussion of "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks." To see more, check out our outreach page!
June
--Welcome to Ryan Lannan and Quachel Bazile, our new REU students!
May
--Rachel Candace Law will be doing summer research in the Payne and Potter (Biomedical Engineering) labs as a LINCR Fellow. Congratulations to Candace on her acceptance into the LINCR program!
February
--Candace and Jairo will be presenting posters at the Biophysical Society Annual Meeting in San Diego, Feb. 25-29.
Candace's poster: "Cellular Binding and Transport of Protein-Nanoparticle Complexes"; Sunday, Feb. 26; Poster # B775, Hall FGH
Jairo's poster: "Intracellular Dynamics of Lysosomes following the destruction of LAMP"; Sunday, Feb. 26; Poster #B843, Hall FGH
--Candace has advanced to candidacy!
--Steve will be part of a discussion panel on Nanomedicine on February 28th at the Georgia Institute of Technology Library.
Link to Video
January
--Two new undergrads have joined the Payne Lab. Welcome to Patrick and Kelsey!
2011
December
--Jairo graduates!
--Umesh Kumar has joined the Payne Lab as a postdoc. Welcome Umesh!
October
--After successfully defending his thesis, Chip Humphries becomes Dr. Chip Humphries.
--Eddy Shin, a biochemistry graduate of the University of Georgia, joined the lab as our first Lab Technician. Welcome Eddy!
August
--Joseph Kim, a GT undergraduate biochemistry major joined the Payne Lab. Welcome Joseph!
--Christine's DARPA award and the Payne Lab are featured in a GT Sciences Video.
--Steve Hira has joined the Payne Lab as a postdoc. Welcome Steve!
--The Payne Lab's research on single particle tracking of vesicles is featured in the Emerging Investigator issue of the Analyst.
-- The Payne lab will be attending and presenting at the ACS National Meeting in Denver, Colorado from August 28th - September 1st.
- Christine will be presenting "Overview of the Advances in Microscopy Symposium for Undergrads" on Sunday (time TBD). She will also present "Imaging chemical reactions inside living cells: Two-color single particle tracking of the enzymatic degradation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)" (Paper ID 10953) on Monday, August 29th in the session beginning at 8:20 am (Colorado Convention Center, Room 1B, Talk time: 11:40-12:10pm).
- Ger will be giving a talk on Tuesday, August 30th in the 8:20 am session (Convention Center, Room 4B, Talk time: 9:40-10:00 am); "Cellular binding and internalization of nanoparticles in the presence of serum proteins."
- Candace will be presenting her poster, "Imaging cellular internalization of nanoparticles with serum proteins using two-color fluorescence microscopy," on Monday, August 29th from 12-1 pm (Convention Center, Rooms 406/407) and on Wednesday, August 31st from 6-9 pm (Convention Center, Hall D, Poster #12038).
- Khalilah Reddie, our colaborator from the Murthy lab at Georgia Tech, will also be presenting her poster on Monday, August 29th from 12-1pm, "Aromatic Thiols: A New Family of Probes for Reversible Ratiometric Imaging of Thiols and Disulfides in Living Cells" (Convention Center, Rooms 406/407).
-Congratulations to Candace on her GAANN Fellowship for 2011-2012!
-Syeda presented her research at the REU poster session
July
-Christine received a DARPA Young Faculty Award.
-Congratulations to Hursh on his President's Undergraduate Research Award (PURA) for Fall 2011!
June
-Congratulations to Chip who now has a "real job" at B&B Microscopes in Pittsburgh!
-Joseph Bell, a physics major at Morehouse College, will be doing research in the Payne Lab this summer. Welcome Joseph!
May
-Syeda Anum, a biochemistry major from Northeastern University, has joined the Payne Lab as an NSF-REU student. Welcome Syeda!
April
-Saheli Sarkar joined the Payne and Kemp Labs!
March
-The Payne Lab will attend the Biophysical Society Annual Meeting in Baltimore, MD March 5-9, 2011. Following are details for our presentations.
Ger's poster, #1719, will be presented as part of the Imaging and Optical Microscopy II poster session March 7th at 1:45 in position B629. It is titled "Cellular Binding of Nanoparticles in the Presence of Serum Proteins".
Craig will present "Dynamic Behavior of Intracellular Vesicles Probed with Two-Color Single Particle Tracking" as part of the Intracellular Cargo Transport poster session on March 9th at 10:30. His poster, #3251, can be found at board B356.
Chip's poster, "Investigation of Lysosomes as Enzyme Storage Vesicles using Single Particle Tracking Fluorescence Microscopy", will be presented as part of the Imaging and Optical Microscopy III poster session on March 9th at 10:30. His poster, #3339, will be on board B444. He will also be presenting as part of the Student Research Achievement Award Poster Competition on Sunday night at 6pm, board #S164.
February
-Jairo passed his Naturalization Examination to become an American citizen!
Jairo downs his very American burger.
January
-Two new undergraduates, Jessica and Hursh, join the Payne Lab.
-Christine was featured as an "Emerging Investigator" in Chemical Communications.
2010
December
-The annual Payne-Brown-Curtis Lab Christmas Party was a great success.
Candace opens a grab bag gift.
November
-Chip presented a poster at the Second Academia/Industry Forum at Kennesaw State University. This was sponsored by the Georgia Section of the American Chemical Society and Kennesaw State University.
August
-Congratulations to Candace on being named a Molecular Biophysics trainee!
July
-Candace joins the Payne Lab.
April
-Congrats to Jairo and Heather on winning PURA fellowships for Summer 2010!
-Dr. Gerard Doorley joins the Payne Lab.
-Update on Past Members:
Solaire will be attending the University of Minnesota to pursue a Ph.D. in Chemistry.
Nicole, now at UC Berkeley, received an NSF Graduate Fellowship. Congratulations!
Jenna has joined the O'Brien Lab at the University of Michigan.
March
-The Payne Lab hosted a number of visitors from local high schools. Please see our Outreach page for photos.
February
-Chip presented a poster at the Biophysical Society Annual Meeting in San Francisco. His poster was titled Late Endosomal Degradation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Probed with Multi-Color Single Particle Tracking Fluorescence Microscopy.
-Chip won a student travel grant from the Georgia Tech Research and Innovation Conference. Congrats to Chip!.
January
-Heather joined the Payne Lab.
2009
December
-At the Georgia Tech Holiday Party, Chip won a Chemmy for the "Best Actor Portraying Chip"! The Payne Lab submitted this video as part of the holiday activities.
November
-Jairo received a President’s Undergraduate Research Award for Spring 2010. Great job Jairo!
-Don won a Young Investigator Award for his poster presentation at the Society for Free Radical Biology and Medicine annual meeting in San Francisco!
-Chip was awarded a 2010 Student Travel Award from the Biophysical Society to attend the 54th Annual Meeting in San Francisco, CA.
October
-As part of National Chemistry Week, the Payne Lab was featured on Georgia Tech's radio station, WREK, as part of Inside the Black Box's program "Chemistry - It's Elemental".
-Chip earned third place in the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry's Graduate Research Symposium with his oral presentation, “Late Endosomal Degradation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Probed with Two-Color Fluorescence Microscopy”.
September
-Congratulations to CKP for being named a recipient of the 2009 NIH Director’s Young Innovator award.
-Jairo and Chip's proposal to the Georgia Tech Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program was funded! This will provide funding for Jairo's automation of Chip's image analysis.
-Craig joined the group as a post-doc after completing his Ph.D. with Prof. Jason McNeill at Clemson.
-Amy was named a Georgia Tech Molecular Biophysics Trainee for 2009-2010. This award includes a salary supplement and a chance to give a Molecular Biophysics seminar. Only two awards were made this year. Congrats Amy!
-The Brown, Curtis, and Payne labs hosted first-year students from Physics, Chemistry, and Computational Science & Engineering for an open house. Open House Flyer
-Jairo, Josh and Paul joined the Payne Lab.
July
-Solaire participated in the REU poster session and research symposium before returning to Minnesota for her senior year of college. We wish her luck!
June
-The Payne Lab went to Chip's Wedding
May
-Solaire joined the Payne Lab as a summer REU student.
-Kevin and Mindi gradutate! Mindi has completed her Masters and is looking forward to becoming a high school teacher. Kevin earned his B.S. in Chemistry and is looking to continue his education in a MD/PhD program.
Kevin and Mindi enjoy the celebration.
April
-Kevin was awarded Best Oral Presentation in the College of Sciences at the 2009 Undergraduate Research Spring Symposium!
Kevin and Georgia Tech President Bud Peterson.
March
-Amy and Chip presented posters at the Biophysical Society Meeting in Boston, MA. Amy's poster was number B50 and is titled Non-Invasive Pyrenebutyrate-mediated Delivery of Quantum Dots to the Cytosol of Living Cells. Chip's poster was number B57 and is titled Probing the Intracellular Degradation of Low Density Lipoprotein Using Single Particle Tracking Fluorescence Microscopy.
January
-Amy's paper "Pyrenebutyrate-Mediated Delivery of Quantum Dots across the Plasma Membrane of Living Cells" was published in the 113th volume of The Journal of Physical Chemistry B.
-Ashlee was awarded a Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies award to work on "Delivery of nanomaterials across the blood-brain barrier: Three-dimensional tracking of transcytosis" at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
2008
November
-Aaron and Emily joined the Payne Lab
-Kevin won a PURA fellowship!
August
-Kevin joined the Payne Lab
July
-Dr. Ashlee St John joined the Payne Lab as our first Post-Doc
-Mindi was named a Georgia Tech Molecular Biophysics Trainee for 2008-2009
May
-Jenna joined the lab as an REU student for the summer, Nicole heads off to the University of California at Berkeley for graduate school, the Payne lab went to dinner to welcome Jesse and Jenna and to say 'goodbye' to Nicole.
-Nicole graduated with a B.S in Biology and a B.S. in Biochemistry with highest honors.
-Amy was awarded a Center for Drug Design, Development and Delivery GAANN fellowship for the 2008-2009 academic year.
April
-Nicole was awarded the Williams-Walls Award. This is an award given to a graduating woman in the life sciences at Georgia Tech with an outstanding academic record and who has plans to continue her education at the graduate level.
-Payne Lab research was highlight in Drug Discovery and Design Magazine[1]
March
-Nicole was named the College of Sciences Top Undergraduate Researcher!
-Jesse won a PURA fellowship!
-Christine traveled to Tunisia for the 1st North Africa-USA Regional Workshop on Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology.[2]
February
-Jesse joined the Payne Lab
-Christine traveled to the 52nd Annual Biophysical Society Meeting in Long Beach, California.[3]
January
-Christine was awarded an ACS PROGRESS/Dreyfus Lectureship.
2007
November
-Mindi and Amy joined the Payne Lab
July
-Christine won a NIH Research Scholar Development Award.
-Chip was named a Georgia Tech Molecular Biophysics Trainee for 2007-2008.
May
-Nicole won PURA and Merck fellowships.
-Payne Lab complete.
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From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
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(GLOSSARY)
(GLOSSARY)
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'''Remediation''':
'''Remediation''':
-
Involves remedy - which is not a solution but an inflection toward the goal of the good) and mediation - both change of medium and attention to how hoped for future actualities are mediated relative to the present.
+
Involves remedy - which is not a solution but an inflection toward the goal of the good and mediation - both change of medium and attention to how hoped for future actualities are mediated relative to the present.
== COURSES ==
== COURSES ==
Revision as of 12:43, 30 March 2007
Contents
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN PRACTICES
Goals
We see developments in synthetic biology as an opportunity to invent new forms of collaborative practice. Standard approaches have sought to anticipate how new scientific developments will impact “society,” positioning themselves external to, and “downstream” of, the scientific work per se. This positioning, for example, was mandated by the Human Genome Initiative and the so-called ELSI project (ethical, legal, and social implications). By contrast, we are committed to an approach that fosters a co-production among disciplines and perspectives from the outset. The value of collaboration is that its goal is to build a synergistic and recursive structure within which significant challenges, problems, and achievements are more likely to be clearly formulated and successfully evaluated. Synthetic biology already represents a highly innovative assemblage of multiple scientific sub-disciplines, diverse forms of funding, complex institutional collaborations, serious forward-looking reflection, intensive work with governmental and non-governmental agencies, focused legal innovation, imaginative use of media, and the like. We begin with the assumption that from the outset, Thrust IV must be an integral, if distinctive, part of this overall effort. It is a principle goal of Thrust IV to invent and sustain this form of collaboration.
Thrust IV takes as its goal the articulation of a different model. If the scientific aims of synthetic biology can be summarized as the effort to make living things better and to make better living things, then the principle question that orients the four modules of Thrust IV is: How should complex assemblages bringing together a broad range of diverse actors be ordered so as to make it more rather than less likely that their near-future goals will be realized? This question and the challenge it poses to standard arrangements involves a number of key principles; Uncertainty, Adaptation and Recursivity
learn more about Thrust 4: Media:Thrust_4_alpha.doc
excerpts from the SynBERC Official Strategic Plan Media:Human_Practices_excerpts.doc
Ethics
Rethink the relationship of ethics and science in view of the highly innovative assemblage of objectives and practices in synthetic biology; analysis of the limitations and advantages of recent bio-ethics projects, including Belmont, Asilomar, ELSI, and Presidential Commissions; empirical research on evolving ethical practices in synthetic biology (including IP and security), monitoring differences in context and practical experience; design and develop collaborative ethical practices that reconfigure science and ethics for synthetic biology; stabilization and transfer of these collaborative practices.
Berkeley Human Practices Lab: Media:Ethics_Module_Paragraphs.doc
Ontology
Reflect on the form and essence of the parts, devices, chassis, and systems being created by synthetic biology; analyze the differences between the objects created in older recombinant technologies and those projected in synthetic biology; empirical research tracking how these parts, devices, chassis, systems, and test beds are designed and the ways that evolution and contemporary synthetic approaches differ from and enforce each other; observe and design new institutional arrangements and interventions appropriate to the new objects being brought into the world; stabilization and transfer of new modes of productively assembling scientific, technological, economic, cultural, ethical, and security components.
Berkeley Human Practices Lab: Media:Ontology_Module_Paragraphs.doc
DOMAINS
Security
Here is BHPL Response to the Draft Sloan Report: Synthetic Genomics, Options for Governance Media:Response to Draft Governance Report.pdf
Health
Energy
Environment
NSF Site Visit Reaction
The Berkeley Human Practices Lab power point presentation is here:Media:Sitevisit.ppt
Reaction to site visit here: Media:BHPL_site_visit_reaction.doc
GLOSSARY
Collaboration:
Results from co-laboring. Cooperation is people with the same skills, working on something together. Whereas collaboration is people with different skills, practices, etc working on something together.
ELSI:
Ethical, Legal, Social Implications model of regulating science. It was designed for specific ends - to limit scientific excess through audit and regulation. It makes sure that wider human practices are considered outside of and “downstream” from scientific practices. Insensitive to: mutually formative relations; real time identification of emergent problems
Emergence:
That which can only be partially explained or comprehended by previous modes of analysis or existing practices. The emergent stylizes old and new elements and practices
Equipment:
practices linking truth claims, affects, ethical orientations
Ethics:
inquiry into contemporary forms of flourishing. We understand ethics to be what the Greeks thought ethics to be, the question of the practices around the “good life” and what the good life means today. What does it mean to be a scientist today? In a public university or national lab? To work on the projects of security, health, energy, environment that you are working on? And how does that fit together in more than careerism and stock options?
Flourishing (eudaemonia):
a way of thinking about the “good” which does not presuppose moral limits nor operate solely on a logic of cost/benefit.
Ontology:
inquiry into objects, techniques, logics, relationships; their significance
Practices:
Problematization:
Problematization designates a dynamic process whereby difficulties, blockages, or uncertainties are formulated as problems to which diverse solutions can be proposed. Problematization as a process is closely related to remediation as a practice. In light of problematization, remediation can be thought of as a set of practices whereby a set of difficulties and blockages are identified, rendered in the form of problems (a change of medium from tacit blockage to explicit problem), and thereby made available to remedy.
Problem Space:
recognition that all involved in SynBERC are contributing to critical domains of human life: energy, health, security, environment.
Remediation:
Involves remedy - which is not a solution but an inflection toward the goal of the good and mediation - both change of medium and attention to how hoped for future actualities are mediated relative to the present.
COURSES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WORK SCHEDULE
BHPL-Potter St Meeting Schedule
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ISCB-SC:Position:Secretary
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Home Contact Organization Activities Resources Regional Groups
Don't forget to visit the Student Council Website
ISCB-SC:Position:Secretary
History
Mallika Veeramalai, since June 2005
Responsibilities
The secreary understands the fundamental technique of completing minutes, being concise without omitting important information. S/he must take a physical roll at every teleconference or any other meeting and knowing the % of attendance for for organising voting motions/proceadures. S/he is responsible for maintaining an accurate active SC-Leaders list.
Relevant Resources
http://www.diycommitteeguide.org About the role of the secretary.
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Flickr user locked out of accounts, get Yahoo error message
PanARMENIAN.Net - Many Flickr users appeared to be locked out of their accounts and were getting a Yahoo error message when they tried to submit their details, The Next Web reports.
Along with the log in errors, attempts to contact Flickr via its site also returned the same message.
The response from users varied from the informative to the panicky – but as the Internet goes, this is to be expected when any service faces a glitch.
Meanwhile, visitors to the Flickr site were still able to browse images, but of course with no means to log in, favoring, commenting and the usual account activities were not accessible. Attempts to log in via Facebook or Google were also not working, TNW says.
Partner news
Top stories
It’s not the first time Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer has been interested in the New York-based hipster blogging service.
The number of new smartphones delivered with Android jumped to 162.1 million in the first three months in 2013.
“We believe Samsung generates more revenue and profit from the Android platform than Google does,” Neil Mawston said.
The service now also makes it easier for users to add new contacts sent to them by friends, and has support for Simplified Chinese.
Partner news
Employers and job seekers: how to find each other
Arpine Grigoryan։ each job seeker should understand why to apply for this “x” job in this “x” company but not for “y” job in “y” company.
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SEO Project Management Software Tools
Jan 13, 2005 • 5:41 pm | (5) by | Filed Under Search Engine Optimization Tools
A thread on Highrankings today asked about available SEO project management applications that can help manage a wide variety SEO clients and projects. I had spent 6 months last year developing a web-based SEO project management tool that is currently being used internally by an SEO company. Unfortunately it's not currently available to the public. However there are some available tools out there that could help SEO's better manage their clients and ongoing projects.
One of the members Bernard, goes into detail about the various project management systems out there. He recommends that you need to "define the features that you require and then search for the package that addresses those needs". Now considering the following to define the type of application you need:
Critical Path / Critical Chain Scheduling - These are designed to define logic networks for planned tasks and produce time phased schedules for organizing/prioritizing the work. MS Project falls in this group.
Calendar Based Systems - These are calendar based task organizers like electronic versions of a Franklin Planner.
Collaboration Based Systems - These often resemble a mix of calendar based systems, a forum and a document management system. They are designed to allow a project team to coordinate projects where the scope of work is more fluid.
Once you define your type of software, try searching some of the available project management applications and directories with lists of those available.
http://www.web-based-software.com/ - Directory of Web-Based Project Management Software http://home.houston.rr.com/interplan/ - Comprehensive directory of windows based project management software http://www.basecamphq.com - Specific recommended web-based project management software
Previous story: Google Directory Updated
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Is Google Testing Google Checkout Icons on AdSense Ads?
Jan 4, 2007 • 8:09 am | (0) by | Filed Under Google AdSense
There is unclear speculation at WebmasterWorld that Google is placing the Google Checkout Icon it uses on AdWords ads also on AdSense ads.
For example, Dicks Sporting Goods uses Google Checkout and a search for a keyword they are bidding on has the special shopping cart icon on their AdWords ads. It looks like this:
Google AdWords Ad
After a few minutes of tracking down a site that had an AdSense ad for Dicks Sporting Good, I was unable to verify that Google is placing the checkout icon on the AdSense ads. Here is an ad I pulled from one site.
Google AdSense Ad
I was wondering if anyone has seen the icon on a contextual Google AdSense ad?
There is speculation at WebmasterWorld that this is a limited test.
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: Wishing AdWordsAdvisor & Family Good Health
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Place:Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Germany
Watchers
NameNeubrandenburg
Alt namesNew Brandenburgsource: Canby, Historic Places (1984) p 2:647
TypeIndependent City
Coordinates53.55°N 13.267°E
Located inMecklenburg-Strelitz, Germany
Also located inMecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (1000 - )
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Neubrandenburg (New Brandenburg) is a city in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is located in the southeastern part of the state, on the shore of a lake called the Tollensesee (18 km²).
The city is famous for its rich medieval heritage of Brick Gothic. It belongs to the famous European Route of Brick Gothic, a route which leads through seven countries along the Baltic Sea coast. A former district-free town, it is the capital of the new district of Mecklenburgische Seenplatte since the September 2011 district reforms.
The city got a nickname because of the four medieval city gates - "Stadt der Vier Tore" ("City of Four Gates"). Neubrandenburg was the location of both of the world record throws in Discus, by Jürgen Schult in 1986 and by Gabriele Reinsch in 1988.
History
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
The first settlers at the place were Premonstratensian monks in Broda Abbey, a monastery at the shore (about 1240). The foundation of the town of Neubrandenburg took place in 1248, when the Margrave of Brandenburg decided to build a town in the northern part of his fief. In 1292 the town and the surrounding area became part of Mecklenburg.
The town flourished as a trade center until the Thirty Years' War (1618–48), when this position was lost. During the dramatic advance of the Swedish army of Gustavus Adolphus into Germany, the town was garrisoned by Swedes, but it was retaken by Imperial-Catholic League forces in 1631. During this operation it was widely reported that the Catholic forces killed many of the Swedish and Scottish soldiers while they were surrendering. Later, according to the Scottish soldier of fortune Robert Munro, 18th Baron of Foulis, when the Swedes themselves adopted a "no prisoners" policy, they would cut short any pleas for mercy with the cry of "New Brandenburg!". The town, therefore, played an unconscious role in the escalation of brutality of one of history's most brutal wars.
During World War II, a large prisoner-of-war camp Stalag II-A was located close to the town. In 1945, few days before the end of World War II, 80% of the old town was burned down by the Red Army in a great fire. In that course, about 600 people committed suicide. Since then, most buildings of historical relevance have been rebuilt.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Neubrandenburg. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
Statistics by Release Date
October, 1992
30/10/1992 The Labour Force, Australia, Sep 1992 (cat no. 6203.0)
28/10/1992 Consumer Price Index, Sep 1992 (cat no. 6401.0)
10/10/1992 Labour Mobility, 1991 (cat no. 6202.0.30.005)
08/10/1992 National Health Survey: Cancer Screening, Australia, 1989-90 (cat no. 4378.0)
07/10/1992 Tourist Accommodation, Australia, Jun 1992 (cat no. 8635.0)
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Monday, 24 December 2012
Boiling over - Africa's counterfeit drug problem highlighted again
The Guardian newspaper in the UK has published a piece on how counterfeit drugs from Asia are endangering lives in Africa. The information is not significantly different from that contained in posts already on this blog. However, it is a reminder that counterfeiting is Africa's single biggest IP problem:
"It's a massive problem that people have simply ignored. It's not like a boil that's beginning to burst because it's been a problem for a long time. What has happened is we are beginning to recognise it more." (Nick White quoted)
Of course it is much wider than just an IP problem but effective IP policies and enforcement are key steps to managing and combating this issue. A number of countries in Africa (eg Kenya) are adopting specific anti-counterfeit legislation. Kenyan AC laws have had to endure scrutiny from the their Courts because they were perceived to restrict access to legitimate drugs. Getting the legislation right is not an easy task and requires considerable thought, consultation and discussion. However, the need for that is glaringly urgent not just on the African continent but also in places where the counterfeit drugs are produced.
The Guardian article, like many, places much blame on China for allowing such vast numbers of counterfeit products to be made for sale on the continent.
"Patrick Lukulay, vice president of the US Pharmacopeial Convention's global health impact programmes, said it was no secret that the majority of dangerous medications came from China and India, as those countries had the world's largest production bases for both active ingredients and finished drugs."
There is a perception that Chinese laws are completely ineffective in halting the problem. Whilst that may not be entirely correct it is interesting that China's approach to drug smuggling (as opposed to the more dangerous illicit drug production) is extreme - a year ago, Janice Linden (an African) was executed in China for the deed. Afro Leo is not calling for the death penalty for producers of fake drugs in China but if the effect of fake drugs from China in Africa is any indication of how seriously China should be treating the problem in its own country, then Afro Leo would welcome much more effort from them in dealing with it. Perhaps, with the increasing number of Chinese companies and people living in Africa, the effect of counterfeit drugs will become more notable.
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Saturday, April 21, 2007
Emotional Roller Coaster - Living With Autism
The following excerpts are from the first of a six part Vancouver Sun series Faces of Autism by columnist Peter McMartin and photographer Glenn Baglo. The author is correct to point out the uniqueness of each person with autism. It is also true though, that life with an autism family member and loved one, is an emotional roller coaster with considerable stress. Parents of severely autistic children will be able to relate to much of what is portrayed in this article.
http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/features/autism/index.html
Autistic 14-year-old Kristi Jansen swings from crying to laughing to screaming in a matter of seconds. Her body, home and family members -- especially her mother -- bear the scars of her violent outbursts that have only been calmed through years of expensive therapy. Kristi isn't a typical autistic child -- in fact, there is no such thing, as Pete McMartin and photographer Glenn Baglo discover. What families struggling with the disorder do have in common, however, is intense physical, emotional and financial stress.
http://tinyurl.com/2yctck
t is 3:30 p.m. on a Tuesday and Kristi Jansen, 14, of Langley, is just home from high school. She is tall and blond, with the long-limbed athletic build of a middle-distance runner. She is wearing a short jacket, leggings and a camouflage print skirt -- an outfit of combat chic that gives her an artful, edgy look, as if she were the kind of young woman who would gravitate toward the high school drama club. Her mother, Sandy, gives Kristi a Popsicle. Kristi settles on the den couch to watch television and Sandy turns on cartoons for her. Her mother and I go into the living room at the front of the house to talk.
And then, without warning, Kristi is screaming.
That is not quite right. Kristi is screaming and laughing and crying, one outburst after the other. They come within seconds of each other, intermingled, without pause, as if she were channel-surfing her emotions. ...... .....
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You are here: Home » Content
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About: Filter Design for Multirate Systems
Module by: Douglas L. Jones. E-mail the author
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Name: Filter Design for Multirate Systems
ID: m12773
Language: English (en)
Subject: Science and Technology
Keywords: Multirate Signal Processing
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 2.0
Authors: Douglas L. Jones (dl-jones@uiuc.edu)
Copyright Holders: Douglas L. Jones (dl-jones@uiuc.edu)
Maintainers: Douglas L. Jones (dl-jones@uiuc.edu), Charlet Reedstrom (charletr@gmail.com), Kyle Clarkson (kclarks@gmail.com)
Latest version: 1.3 (history)
First publication date: Jan 31, 2005 2:52 pm -0600
Last revision to module: Jun 3, 2009 3:47 pm -0500
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Version: 1.3 Jun 3, 2009 3:47 pm -0500 by Connexions
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Version: 1.2 Jun 19, 2005 8:45 pm -0500 by Charlet Reedstrom
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Version: 1.1 Apr 28, 2005 2:47 pm -0500 by Charlet Reedstrom
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The Academy - Schedule (5)
Author: LK Bradford I am just an ordinary girl, living in an ordinary town. There is nothing really remotely special about me. When I was younger, I used to make up a bunch of stories that I have forgotten over the years, but, when I'm l... Read Bio
I guess I should tell you a little about what goes on at The Academy. Well we (the kids) over 11 are assigned a job, or jobs depending on age. Here’s the basic schedule for 11-17 year olds:
5:ooam Wake up
6:ooam Breakfast
7:ooam Training
8:ooam School
3:oopm Training
7:oopm Dinner (everyone eats at the same time)
8:oopm Chill after chores of course
9:3opm Catch some Z’s
You’re probably wondering what happens when someone turns eighteen. Well, after the student turns 18, well, I don’t really know what happens. I guess I’ll find out in about 3 years.
Yeah, I know, we train a lot. We train so that we are able to protect and defend ourselves if some one were to break into the school, it would be the duty of the older kids to look after the younger kids while the teachers try and defend our home.
My job at The Academy is to watch over a group of little kids (or munchkins as I perfer to call them). I am responsable for a group of 5, as do other girls my age. John and I take care of them. We always will.
View this story's details
Inspired by
I should probably explain to you what The Academy is, what it looks like. Well, it’s much like a big castle, well heck, it is a big cas...
The Academy - Responsabilities (4) by LK Bradford
This story's tags are
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Natalie Farny
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 19:15, 27 April 2008 by Natalie G. Farny (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
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I am excited to be the head Teaching Fellow for the Harvard iGEM team this year! I am a 5th year graduate student in Pam Silver's lab, studying the ways in which the various aspects of mRNA metabolism - transcription, nuclear processing, export, proofreading, translation and decay - are coupled to one another and affect the ultimate expression of genes. When I am not teaching or in the lab, I am generally outside hiking, kayaking, running, gardening or cross-country skiing (or even, very rarely, fly fishing). My e-mail address is natalie_farny(at)hms.harvard.edu
Personal tools
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1218.0.55.002 - Information Paper: Implementation of the Market/Non-Market Boundary in ABS Statistics, 2009
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 14/05/2009
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
This information paper presents two options for implementing the market/non-market boundary in ABS statistics. The paper builds upon the Discussion Paper: Proposed Standard Economic Sector Classifications of Australia (SESCA), (cat.no.1218.0.55.001) which was released in March 2009 and outlined the proposed revisions to the existing SESCA classifications.
The ABS is seeking user comment on this Information Paper, which will be used to make an on-balance decision on the implementation of the market/non-market boundary. This will be published in the final version of the SESCA which is due for release in June 2009.
Written submissions on this Information Paper should be forwarded to <economic.classifications@abs.gov.au> by 10 June 2009. These should include the preferred option of users and the impact that this preferred option may have on the use of statistical classifications or data compiled on this basis.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
6524.0.55.002 - Estimates of Personal Income for Small Areas, Time Series, 2009-10 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 28/11/2012
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Influence of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Alpha-Methacrylic Acid as Capping Agents on Particle Size of ZnS Nanoparticles
Amah Alexander Nwabueze, Echi Idugba M., Kalu Onyekachi
Abstract
ZnS nanoparticles were synthesized successfully by wet chemical route using two capping agents, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and alpha-methacrylic acid (MA) to control particle growth. Optical property and the morphology of the synthesized ZnS nanoparticles revealed the influence of the capping agents in the formation of nanosize ZnS semiconductor. Particle sizes estimated from X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis are 3.75 nm and 2.60 nm for ZnS/PVA and ZnS/MA respectively. The estimated energy band gap of the capped ZnS nanoparticles showed blue shift of 0.60 eV and 1.00 eV for ZnS/PVA and ZnS/MA respectively. The vibrational modes associated with OH-stretching and –COOH from the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements confirm the presence of the capping agents.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/apr.v4n4p26
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Applied Physics Research ISSN 1916-9639 (Print) ISSN 1916-9647 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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<D <M <Y
Y> M> D>
Downhill From Here: Here's the thing: Downhill. It's basically an Oracle of Bacon for weblogs. It uses the weblog ecosystem data to find the shortest path between any two weblogs, measured by outgoing and incoming links. I was surprised not to find a preexisting implementation of this, but now it's been done. Just my contribution to the LazyWeb.
: If you need to jump-start your personal slang dictionary, try Kevan's Infinite Teen Slang Dictionary. Works especially well if you have catchphrases you use but you've been holding off writing a dictionary because the catchphrases have no meaning. Works not at all unless you're a high school student, and not the nerdy kind of high school student all of us reading this were, either.
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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Sound and independent information
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You are here: Home / Signals — every breath we take / Signals 2012 / Articles / Living in a consumer society
Living in a consumer society
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Published : Jun 05, 2012 Last modified : Jun 28, 2012 11:53 AM
Decades of relatively steady growth in Europe have changed the way we live. We produce and consume more goods and services. We travel more and live longer. But the environmental impacts of our economic activities at home and abroad have become bigger and more visible. Environmental legislation, when implemented thoroughly, achieves results on the ground. After taking a look at what has changed in the last twenty years, however, can we say that we are doing our best
Consumer choices Image © Thinkstock
When Carlos Sánchez was born in 1989, almost 5 million people lived in the larger Madrid metropolitan area. Carlos’s family lived in a two-bedroom flat in the city centre; they did not have a car but had a television.
Carlos’s family was not the only Spanish family not to own a car then. In 1992, six years after joining the European Union, Spain counted 332 passenger cars per 1 000 inhabitants. Nearly two decades later, in 2009, 480 out of 1 000 Spaniards had cars, slightly above the European Union average.
When Carlos was five years old, the Sánchez family bought the flat next door and merged the two together. When he was eight, they bought their first car but it was second hand.
Ageing societies
It is not only our modes of transport that have changed. Our societies have changed too. With few exceptions, the number of children borne per woman has not changed significantly in the EU Member States with data spanning the last 20 years. Spanish women had 1.32 children on average in 1992 and in 2010 the figure had risen slightly to 1.39 - far below the generally accepted replacement level of 2.1 children per woman. The total fertility rate in EU-27 was around 1.5 in 2009.
Yet, the EU population is growing, mainly due to immigration. We also live longer and better. In 2006, EU life expectancy at birth stood at 76 years for men and 82 for women. At the end of October 2011, the world population reached 7 billion. Despite the decline in fertility rates in the last two decades, the world population is expected to continue growing until stabilising at around 10 billion in 2100.
There is also an upward trend in urbanisation rates. More than half of the global population now lives in urban areas. In the EU, around three quarters live in urban areas. The effects are also visible in many European cities, including Madrid. The population in the greater Madrid area reached 6.3 million in 2011.
We grow our food in petrochemical fertilisers and pesticides. Most of our construction materials - cement, plastics and so on - are made of fossil fuels, as are most of our pharmaceutical products. Our clothes, for the most part, are made of petrochemical synthetic fibres. Our transport, power, heat, and light are all reliant on fossil fuels as well. We have built an entire civilisation on the exhumed carbon deposits of the Carboniferous Period.
…future generations living fifty thousand years from now… will likely characterise us as the fossil fuels people and this period as the Carbon Era, just as we have referred to past periods as the Bronze and Iron Ages.
Jeremy Rifkin, President of the Foundation on Economic Trends and adviser to the European Union. An excerpt from his book ‘The Third Industrial Revolution’
Growth everywhere
In these last two decades, Spain, very much like many other European countries, experienced steady economic growth, increased incomes and, until recently, what looked like a real solution to Spain’s unemployment problem. The economic boom was fuelled by readily available loans - public and private - an abundance of raw materials and an inflow of immigrants from Central and South America and Africa.
When Carlos was born, besides a few interconnected IT networks, the Internet (as we know it today) did not exist. Mobile telephones were rare, cumbersome to carry around and unaffordable for most people. Online communities or social networks were unheard of. For many communities across the planet, ‘technology’ stood for reliable provision of electricity. Telephone was costly and not always accessible. Holidays abroad were only for the privileged few.
Despite several downturns in the last 20 years, the European Union economy grew by 40 %, with slightly higher averages in countries that joined the European Union in 2004 and 2007. Construction linked to tourism was a particularly important driver in the Spanish case. In other European countries, economic growth was also triggered by sectors such as services and manufacturing.
Today, Carlos lives with his parents at the same address. They each have a car and a mobile phone. The Sanchez family’s life style is not unusual by European standards.
Bigger global footprint
Europe’s impact on the environment has grown in parallel with economic growth both in Europe and the world. Trade has been instrumental in fostering prosperity in both Europe and developing countries, as well as in spreading the environmental impacts of our activities.
In 2008, in terms of weight, the European Union imported six times more materials than it exported. The difference is almost entirely due to the high level of imports of fuel and mining products.
Policy works, if well designed and implemented
Growing global recognition of the urgent need to tackle environmental issues started much earlier than the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. EU environmental legislation dates back to the early 1970s and experience since then has demonstrated that, when implemented effectively, environmental legislation pays off.
For example, the EU Birds Directive (1979) and the Habitats Directive (1992) provide a legal framework for Europe’s protected areas. The European Union has now designated more than 17 % of its land area and more than 160 000 km2 offshore as part of its nature protection network, ‘Natura 2000’. Although many European species and habitats are still threatened, Natura 2000 is a vital step in the right direction.
Other environmental policies have also had a positive impact on Europe’s environment. Ambient air quality has generally improved significantly in the last two decades. But long-range air pollution and some local air pollutants continue to affect our health. The quality of European waters has also improved substantially thanks to European legislation, but most pollutants released into air, water and land do not easily disappear. On the contrary, they accumulate.
The European Union has also started to break the link between economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions. Global emissions, however, continue to increase, contributing to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the oceans.
There is a similar trend in material use. The European economy produces more with less resource input. But we are still using far more resources than the European land mass and seas can provide us. The EU is still generating large amounts of waste but is recycling and re-using a growing share.
Unfortunately, when we try to address one environmental problem, we realise that environmental issues cannot be tackled in isolation and one-by-one. They have to be integrated in economic policies, urban planning, fisheries and agricultural policies, so on.
Water extraction, for example, affects the quality and quantity of water at the source and downstream. As the water quantity at the source goes down because of higher extraction, pollutants released into water are less diluted and have a larger negative impact on species dependent on that water body. To be able to design and achieve significant improvements to water quality, we also need to address why the water is extracted in the first place.
Change in small steps
Despite the gaps in our knowledge, the environmental trends we see today call for decisive and immediate action involving policymakers, businesses and citizens. Under a business as usual scenario, global deforestation will continue at critical rates and average global temperatures could increase by as much as 6.4 °C by the end of the century. Sea level rise will put at risk one of our most valuable resources - land - in low lying islands and coastal zones.
International negotiations often take years to conclude and to implement. Well designed national legislation works when implemented fully but is limited by geopolitical boundaries. Many environmental issues are not confined within national borders. Ultimately, we may all feel the impacts of deforestation, air pollution or marine litter.
Trends and attitudes can be changed - step by step. We have a good understanding of where we were 20 years ago and where we stand today. We might not have one miraculous solution that will remedy all our environmental problems instantly, but we have an idea, actually a package of ideas, tools and policies, to help us transform our economy into a green one. The opportunity to build a sustainable future in the next 20 years is there for us to seize.
Seizing the opportunity
Seizing the opportunity in front of us depends on our common awareness. We can create enough momentum to transform the way we live only by understanding what is at stake. Awareness is increasing but is not always sufficient. Economic insecurity, fears of unemployment and health concerns seem to dominate our day to day concerns. And it is no different for Carlos or his friends, especially given the economic turbulence in Europe.
In between worries about his biology studies and career prospects, Carlos is not sure how aware his generation is of the environmental problems in Europe and the world. As an urban resident, however, he does recognise that his parents’ generation had a closer link to nature because, in most families, at least one of the parents was raised in the countryside. Even after they moved to the city for work, they maintained a closer relationship to nature.
Carlos may never have a similar connection to nature but he is quite keen on doing at least something — bicycling to his university. He has even convinced his father to cycle to work.
The fact is that economic insecurity, health, quality of life and even tackling unemployment all depend on ensuring a healthy planet. Rapid depletion of our natural resources and destroying the ecosystems that provide us so many benefits will hardly provide a secure and healthy future for Carlos or his generation. A green, low carbon economy remains the best and most viable option for ensuring economic and social prosperity in the long term.
More information
Filed under: ,
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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Mount Vernon Virginia Family History CenterEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
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"url": "www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Saint_James_Parish,_Barbados",
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Changes related to "Saint James Parish, Barbados"
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"url": "www.fides.org/en/news/32887-AMERICA_VENEZUELA_The_Church_Vote_the_people_closest_to_the_problems_of_the_population",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:36:13.000Z",
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http://www.fides.org
America
2012-12-15
AMERICA/VENEZUELA - The Church: "Vote the people closest to the problems of the population"
Caracas (Agenzia Fides) - The upcoming elections are "really important because we are going to elect the people who are closest to the problems of the population and have in their hands the solution to these problems." This is why "there has to be an attitude of serenity in all environments and one must actively participate. With God's help, we hope everything goes well in this event and so the country will be able to take the path of stability." Is what His Eminence Cardinal Jorge Urosa Savino, Archbishop of Caracas said on the eve of the vote in the provinces, a delicate step for the Venezuelan society. As reported to Fides the Cardinal - who also asked to pray for the health of the President of the Republic, Hugo Chávez - said: "There needs to be an active and strong presence at the polling stations in each state. We are going to vote and to participate as a demonstration of one’s commitment for the good of the country."
On Sunday, the Bishops sent a statement to all parishes in the country, saying: "We ask everyone to actively participate, we asked the National Electoral Council (CNE) to fulfill its duty to monitor, so that there is no opportunism, and everything is done according to the law. We also reminded the Bolivarian National Armed Forces (fanb) to guarantee public order and fairness in the elections."
The request of the Church is right, as confirmed by the Archbishop of Caracas, due to the low participation of the last regional elections. Venezuela will elect tomorrow, December 16, 23 governors, 237 legislative council members and eight indigenous representatives. (CE) (Agenzia Fides 15/12/2012)
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{
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"url": "www.ga.gov.au/about-us/news-media/media/media-archive/media-2003/satellite-imagery-reveals-scars-of-bushfire.html",
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Satellite imagery reveals scars of bushfire
04 February 2003
Geoscience Australia acquired satellite images over south-eastern NSW in the period before and immediately after the firestorm that ravaged through Namadgi National Park in NSW and into the south-western suburbs of Canberra on January 18.
Geoscience Australia acquired three Landsat ETM+ images at approximately 11:00 am (AEST) on 7 November 2002, 10 January 2003 and 26 January 2003.
These remarkable images show land cover across the ACT and southern NSW, and offer a stark contrast. Vast areas of healthy vegetation in the November 7 image appear in the last image as burnt out, these areas consuming much of the ACT and Kosciuszko area. Scarring from the December 2002 bushfires at Mittagong, approximately 80km southwest of Sydney, is also evident.
Plumes of smoke in southern NSW appear in the January 10 image - their small extent providing no indication of the devastation they would cause in the following weeks.
Ian Shepherd, from Geoscience Australia explains, "Satellite imagery is a useful tool in managing fires and their effects. In the lead-up to the fire season, images are used to assess fuel loads and plan access points and fire breaks." He continues, "After fire events, satellite images are also useful in assessing damage and mapping the extent of fire scars."
Topic contact: media@ga.gov.au Last updated: May 31, 2012
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:71539",
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"url": "www.go4expert.com/forums/covert-psd-html-t16189/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:36:13.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b5e498aa-036f-4031-9963-3da0176c38f7>",
"warc_url": "http://www.go4expert.com/forums/covert-psd-html-t16189/"
}
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Covert PSD to HTML
Ambitious contributor
14Feb2009,21:39 #1
How can I convert a PSD into an html?
Dreamweaver ? ImageReady ? .....
Go4Expert Founder
14Feb2009,21:49 #2
Imageready can do it to an extent but its best done manually for XHTML complaints and other coding involved.
Newbie Member
23Sep2010,14:13 #3
To convert your psd to html page, open up your psd in imageready & use the slice tool to cut out your layout. The click save optimized as html and that's that.
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:71540",
"uncompressed_offset": 486223729,
"url": "www.go4expert.com/forums/sp-with-tomcat-t494/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:36:13.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b5e498aa-036f-4031-9963-3da0176c38f7>",
"warc_url": "http://www.go4expert.com/forums/sp-with-tomcat-t494/"
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SP with TOMCAT
Contributor
4Nov2005,13:15 #1
hi all,
what is SP related to TOMCAT web container, what is it's full form and what is it's use
Go4Expert Member
4Nov2005,13:27 #2
hi,
SP related to ANYTHING refers to Service Pack. Service Packs are addon programs that need to be applied to base softwares or apps to cover certain vulnerabilities or add extra features. For Tomcat, installing its SP would be very necessary as it is a web server and any loophole therein should be immediately fixed so that it is not exploited. Hence the Tomcat SP.
A good explanation
Hope this is what you were looking for.
Contributor
4Nov2005,13:32 #3
thx for reply naveen,
but I have a doubt with it, is there some thing like Service Provider relating TOMCAT or any other web container...
Go4Expert Member
4Nov2005,14:10 #4
hi prashant,
With the little information that you have provided , i assume you mean to look for Web Host providers who offer to host JSP websites. Tomcat converts JSP into servlets and acts as a web server and is required to host java powered sites. An example of Tomcat Sevice provider is http://www.oxxus.net/hosting_java.htm .
Tomcat on Wiki
Apart from these two kinds of SP, i cant figure out any.
Naveen
Last edited by naveen; 4Nov2005 at 14:13..
Contributor
4Nov2005,15:54 #5
thx for the reply,
I think it would be Service Pack only, because this question was asked in the interview, like he asked which SP do you use for your Tomcat but when I asked what is SP he din't told it clearly like he said Service and I could not catch the word he pronouced with P.
any way thx.....
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"url": "www.hindawi.com/journals/ijce/2012/609486/",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b5e498aa-036f-4031-9963-3da0176c38f7>",
"warc_url": "http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijce/2012/609486/"
}
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Chemical Engineering
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 609486, 9 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/609486
Research Article
CFD Simulation of Transonic Flow in High-Voltage Circuit Breaker
Interrupter Development, ABB Switzerland Ltd, 5401 Baden, Switzerland
Received 25 October 2011; Revised 23 January 2012; Accepted 8 February 2012
Academic Editor: Nandkishor Nere
Copyright © 2012 Xiangyang Ye and Mahesh Dhotre. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
A high-voltage circuit breaker is an indispensable piece of equipment in the electric transmission and distribution systems. Transonic flow typically occurs inside breaking chamber during the current interruption, which determines the insulating characteristics of gas. Therefore, accurate compressible flow simulations are required to improve the prediction of the breakdown voltages in various test duties of high-voltage circuit breakers. In this work, investigation of the impact of the solvers on the prediction capability of the breakdown voltages in capacitive switching is presented. For this purpose, a number of compressible nozzle flow validation cases have been presented. The investigation is then further extended for a real high-voltage circuit breaker geometry. The correlation between the flow prediction accuracy and the breakdown voltage prediction capability is identified.
1. Introduction
High-voltage gas circuit breakers are one of the most important and complex components in the electric transmission and distribution systems, with main function of opening the circuit under fault conditions and interrupt currents from very small values up to the maximum rated short-circuit current. The current interruption process in such device is quite complex and involves interaction of electric arc, gas flow, ablation, and radiation.
In typical self-blast high-voltage circuit breaker (schematic is shown in Figure 1), the plasma arc is ignited after arcing contacts (1, 2) separate from each other and breaker uses arc energy to create pressure inside a chamber (3) and to blow the arc, at current zero crossing of the alternating current (ac), inside a PTFE nozzle (4). The clearing of hot gas, after arcing contact (2) leaves the nozzle (4) strongly depends on flow pattern inside the nozzle-diffuser system (4-5) which is complex and contains the formation and location of supersonic flow regions, shock fronts, and flow separation and reattachment regions. Design of such system is important for current interruption and subsequent dielectric recovery (better hot gas clearing), as the flow varies strongly throughout the nozzle diffuser system and its interaction with the electric field generates critical regions characterized by low density and high electric field. The probability of electrical breakdown is higher in such regions.
Figure 1: Schematic representation of self-blast circuit breaker geometry.
In capacitive switching, the current interruption occurs at high voltages but low current (no-arc), represents one of the important tests that the breaker needs to pass. During the diffuser design process refered to capactive switching, since the electrical field distribution does not change much with different diffuser shapes, the dielectric performance of the gas can be evaluated only from the fluid dynamic characteristics. That is, for given electric field distribution, it is desirable to attain highest possible flow density in the diffuser (while not blocking the gas flow from the nozzle, which would eventually lead to the failure in thermal interruption), for better dielectric capability. Since the local flow property determines the dielectric strength of insulating gas, it is important to understand the dynamics of the transonic gas flow, in the design and development of high-voltage circuit breakers.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) offers a great advantage for simulating and visualizing the processes in high-voltage circuit breakers. The application of CFD simulation can save a number of expensive tests and significantly accelerate the prototyping, which is directly connected to reduction in cost of breaker development. Since flow in breaker is highly complex and nonlinear transonic compressible flow which allows discontinuous shock structure and complicated flow detachments from the diffuser, a high degree of accuracy of flow calculation is required.
In the present work, a benchmark validation study of two solvers for predicting the breakdown voltages in capacitive switching tests in high-voltage circuit breaker geometry is presented. The semi-implicit pressure correction (SIMPLEC) method [1], which is widely adopted in many commercial CFD tools, and the density-based Jameson scheme with explicit Runge-Kutta time marching method [2] are compared. The in-house code has been used for all simulations and two-dimensional axisymmetric simulations are carried out for performance comparison of the two algorithms.
The paper is organized as follows: the main issues in compressible flow simulations are presented in Section 2. Further, the role of the turbulence modeling for transonic nozzle flow simulations, by presenting a validation case based on a 2D nozzle, is demonstrated. In Section 3, CFD validation study for the transient transonic flow in a simple diffuser geometry with different position of electrode (In Figure 1 contact (2)) is presented. In Section 4, validation study of a compressible flow field with the measured transient flow data from a real high-voltage circuit breaker capacitive switching test duty is performed. In Section 5, influence of the different compressible flow solvers on the prediction of dielectric breakdown voltages in capacitive switching tests is presented. In Section 6, final conclusions are drawn.
2. Main Concerns in Transonic Flow Simulations
There are several features that the ideal CFD simulation tool must possess for the high-voltage circuit breaker application. Since the mechanical or arc-induced pressure build-up in the heating volume generates transonic flow in the diffuser area, the CFD simulation must be able to capture the key physical features of the transonic nozzle flow. These are characterized by the qualities of capturing exact shock location, shock-induced flow separation from the diffuser wall, and the extension of the recirculation zone; see for illustration Figure 2.
Figure 2: Transonic nozzle simulations for typical diffuser geometries for (a) non-conservative method and (b) conservative method.
The CFD solves the algebraic difference equations which are derived from the partial differential equations, using different space and time discretization methods. One of the widely used methods is to solve a locally elliptic equation for and determines other primitive flow variables iteratively. This pressure-correction-based algorithm is widely used in many of the commercial tools. On the other hand, one can make use of the hyperbolic characteristics of the Navier-Stokes equations. Since the flow speed cannot exceed the sonic velocity relative to the background flow velocity, the explicit time marching based on CFL condition [3] can be used. In this case, the solver is based on conserved variables which has an advantage in implementing conservation law constraints on the numerical level.
Conservative and Nonconservative Methodologies
The conservative CFD methods solve the Navier-Stokes equation for conservative variables, the gas density , the flow momentum density , and the total energy density : Here, is the flow velocity vector, is the static pressure, and the vector represents the viscous stress and heat conduction per unit volume. The system of the equation is closed by equation of state which is given by for thermally ideal gas, where is temperature in Kelvin and is the specific gas constant. For a calorically ideal gas, the internal energy is given by , where is the adiabatic exponent. On the contrary, the non-conservative numerical scheme solve the Navier-Stokes equation for nonconservative primitive variables, , , and the enthalpy .
In order to compare these methods, simulations are presented in Figure 2 for simple diffuser geometry with inlet-to-outlet pressure ratio typically occurring in the high-voltage circuit breaker. Figure 2 illustrates the difference in shock capturing capabality of non-conservative and conservative methods. Note that the simulation based on non-conservative method does not capture the shock bottle system after the flow detachment, whereas it is clearly captured by the one based on conservative method.
Turbulence Modeling
The prediction capability of the shock induced flow separation and the trailing recirculation zone is dependent on the detailed modeling of the shock and the boundary layer interaction. In order to investigate the effect of turbulence modeling, simulations are carried out for “Sajben diffuser,’’ flow experiments [4]. The tested 2D nozzle in these experiments consists of converging and then diverging nozzle (Figure 3, details about experimental set-up is given in [4]). This realizes the supersonic flow which is terminated by a vertical shock located in the downstream area of the throat, for sufficiently high inlet pressures. The vertical shock induces a flow separation with the trailing recirculation zone. The vertical shock position depends on the ratio of the inlet-to-outlet pressures, and the so-called “strong shock’’ and the “weak shock” cases are examined in the literature. Here, the steady state simulations are only for the strong shock case.
The two turbulence models have been tested, the widely used and RNG . The size of computation gird used for simulation is in range of 0.1–0.5 mm and has been selected after careful grid sensitivity study. The strong shock case is characterized by the steady inlet-to-outlet pressure ratio given by , and the compressible flow features are more dominant than the weak shock case. For the strong shock case, measurements show that the shock is located at approximately 2.5 throat heights into the downstream region of the throat (Figure 4). Figure 5(a) shows the simulated and measured pressure distributions along the top wall. It can be observed that there is a difference in predicted shock locations between the two turbulence models. The RNG model captures the shock better compared to model. Figure 5(b) shows the simulated and measured velocity profiles along a vertical line located slightly in the downstream region of the shock. Again, the RNG -based simulation predicts the velocity profile better. As the -model predicts the shock position further in the downstream region than measurement, the velocity at monitoring line is predicted to be in the upstream region of the shock. This results in the supersonic velocity profile, whereas the RNG -based simulation predicts subsonic flow along the monitor line. Also, note from Figure 5 that the negative velocities are measured and to a certain extent also better predicted by RNG -based simulation. This is due to the presence of recirculation region after the flow separation.
Figure 3: The transonic nozzle flow configuration which consists of vertical shock, shock-induced flow separation, and recirculation zone (Sajben Diffuser test case).
Figure 4: The strong shock flow configuration in Sajben nozzle.
Figure 5: Simulated and measured (a) pressure profile along the top wall of Sajben nozzle, (b) velocity profiles along the vertical monitoring line at a slightly downstream of the vertical shock.
3. Flow Simulation in Presence of a Plug
The transient transonic flow in a typical diffuser geometry (Figure 6) is often adopted for high-voltage circuit breakers, in the presence of a plug. The measurements are available at given locations and for different plug positions and can be used for good CFD validation; details of measurements are given in [5]. For the measurements, three pressure sensors were installed, two along the fixed wall in the diffuser region and the one on the plug. The chosen plug positions in experiment, respectively, represent the plug in the main nozzle area (the 42 mm case), at the nozzle opening (the 72 mm case), and at the fully open position (the 92 mm case) during the high-voltage circuit breaker operation.
Figure 6: Transonic flow configuration at nozzle opening (72 mm case).
The transient CFD simulations for the rising inlet pressure from 1 to 3 bars in 25 ms are performed. The compared benchmark flow simulation algorithms are the SIMPLEC-based solver and the Jameson-method-based solver with turbulence model. Note that the former is a pressure-correction-based non-conservative solver and the latter is based on conservative method.
Among the three different plug positions, the plug at the nozzle opening (the “72 mm” case) provides the most challenging case for the solver quality evaluations, in terms of capturing the shock. Figure 7 shows the simulated and measured pressure at three different sensor locations. It can be observed that the Jameson-method-based solver with explicit time marching shows better agreement with the measured data. There are two reasons for this. First, because the Jameson method is a conservative scheme, which in principle should have better shock capturing capability, than the non-conservative-method-based SIMPLEC scheme. Second, the Jameson method is based on explicit time marching where the time step size is limited by the sonic speed which transmits local flow information. This explicit scheme should predict better dynamic transient flow phenomena than the SIMPLEC scheme which is based on implicit method.
Figure 7: Comparison of the predicted pressure ratio and measurement for two different turbulence model.
It can be observed from Figure 7(b) that the SIMPLEC-scheme-based solver overestimates the supersonic flow expansion along the diffuser than real and predict the shock located farther in the downstream region. Of particular interest is the pressure on the plug (Figure 7(c)). The SIMPLEC-scheme-based solver overestimates the compressibility on the plug for lower inlet pressure.
4. Real Circuit Breaker Simulation
In this section, the comparison of two numerical algorithms (the pressure-correction-based semi-implicit SIMPLEC scheme and the density-based explicit Jameson’s method), in predicting transonic flow field configuration inside the high-voltage circuit breaker, is presented. The real breaker geometry as shown in Figure 8 is used. For the validation, a no-load switching test has been performed, and the transient pressure data at three different locations in the transonic diffuser area have been monitored.
Figure 8: The illustrative sketch of the main flow region of the tested high-voltage circuit breaker and the locations of the three pressure sensors.
Figure 8 shows the sketch of the main flow region and locations of pressure sensors of the tested high-voltage circuit breaker. The pressure build-up measurement at the heating chamber has been applied as the inflow boundary of the flow region. The initial filling pressure is set to be 6 bar. As the heating volume compresses, the inlet pressure reaches up to 12 bar, and the big difference between the inflow pressure and the filling pressure generates transonic flow in the diffuser area where the pressure sensors are implemented. Figure 9 shows the comparison of the simulated and the measured pressure data at different sensor locations. For the simulations, the second-order space accuracy and the first-order time accuracy have been adopted for the SIMPLEC-based solver. The time steps are chosen to be small enough to guarantee that the flow solver shows consistent transient behavior. In order to simulate the moving contacts, a deformable mesh has been used. Note that the simulated pressure curve at time zero does not start with the filling pressure, 6 bar. The reason for this is that the deformable mesh option in the used solver does not allow completely closed contact position. Therefore, the initial configuration of the transient simulation has been calculated by a steady simulation for a very small contact opening and a very small pressure build-up at the inlet.
Figure 9: Comparison of measurement (black) with simulation with Jameson method (blue) and SIMPLEC (red) for three different monitor points.
For the CFD simulations with the algorithm based on Jameson’s method, the explicit Range-Kutta time marching with the second-order accuracy has been used. The space resolution is the standard 2nd-order central difference. In order to stabilize the shock discontinuities, an artificial damping has been applied where necessary. For the moving contacts, CHIMERA mesh is used such that the transient simulation can start from the completely closed contact positions; see [5] for details of the simulation method.
Though not shown in Figure 9, we observed that the SIMPLEC-based simulation well predicts the pressure values in the region beginning from the pressure inlet up to the stagnation point on the symmetry axis, where subsonic flow features dominate. However, as it is shown in Figure 9, it fails to predict the transient pressure values at the monitoring points 1, 2, and 3, both in quantitative and qualitative sense. Note that compressible flow features dominate at these monitoring points. On the other hand, Figure 9 shows that the density-based explicit solver captures the qualitatively correct transient flow behavior, though it shows a deviation from the measured quantitative pressure value at each monitoring point. The reason why it captures the transient dynamics better than the semi-implicit SIMPLEC method is that it resolves the sonic wave which transports the flow information, by restricting time step sizes small enough to obey CFL constraints. The big difference between the two tested algorithms is manifested at time near ms. The simulated Mach number configurations at ms are compared in Figure 10.
Figure 10: Comparison of simulated Mach number configurations at ms with algorithm of (a) SIMPLEC (b) Jameson.
There is a qualitative difference in transonic nozzle flow features between the two solvers. The SIMPLEC-method-based solver predicts the supersonic flow attached to the diffuser wall. As the diffuser cross-section area increases, the supersonic flow expands fully before it is terminated by the vertical shock in front of the plug tip. The sensors 1 and 2 are located in the upstream of the shock, where the pressure of the fully expanded supersonic flow is very much low. This is why the SIMPLEC-based solver underestimates the pressure at sensor points 1 and 2. The simulated supersonic flow predicted more expanded supersonic flow with much stronger vertical shock than real. The simulated overexpanded supersonic flow in the diffuser also has an influence on the calculated pressure at the stagnation point just in front of the plug. The SIMPLEC-based simulation underestimates the pressure value at sensor 3, because it suffers from the higher total pressure loss across the strong shock.
On the other hand, the Jameson-method-based solver predicts the supersonic flow which is already detached at the diffuser inlet. The detached jet flow forms a shock bottle system. Sensors 1 and 2 are definitely located at the downstream region after the vertical shock, where the flow is subsonic. The overexpanded subsonic flow then results in higher pressure. This is why the Jameson-method-based solver slightly over-estimates the pressure at sensor points 1 and 2.
To summarize, the Jameson-method-based CFD simulation shows better shock capturing capability than the SIMPLEC-method-based solver. The transient shock movement is also better captured by the Jameson-method-based explicit solver, since the semi-implicit SIMPLEC-based solver intrinsically introduces additional numerical viscosity.
5. Influence of Solver Algorithm on Breakdown Voltage Prediction
The prediction of breakdown voltages in capacitive switching tests of high-voltage circuit breaker is a challenging engineering issue. The breakdown voltage is estimated from the known dielectric breakdown criterion in SF6 gas, which is based on inputs from local flow and electrostatic field configurations. Particularly, the dielectric breakdown voltage is Here, is the local flow density, and is the local electric field strength when a unit voltage is applied to both contacts. The coefficient contains the information of influences from the surface roughness, area, and voltage frequency on breakdown voltage. The measurements from cold dielectric experiments determine the contents of . From (2), for the reliable prediction of dielectric breakdown voltage, it is required to know local distribution of flow and electrostatic fields in the breaking chamber for given nozzle and diffuser geometry.
The electrostatic potential can be calculated by solving the following elliptic equation: Here, is the permittivity of the material, and the field strength is calculated by . Equation (2) can be solved either by a finite element or finite volume methods, with a high accuracy. Figure 11 shows typical equipotential lines of the electrical field E for a chosen contact separation. While the electric fields can be accurately computed with most of the commercial tools, the prediction of the flow fields poses a more difficult problem.
Figure 11: Typical electrostatic field distribution for a chosen contact separation.
The breakdown voltages of two capacitive switching test duties of real high-voltage circuit breaker have been estimated. The local flow density is calculated by two different solver algorithms. The electrostatic field is calculated by a third electromagnetic simulation tool. The value of density to electrical field ratio in (2) is estimated by the superposition of the electric field and gas density field distribution as function of time. Figure 12 shows the comparison of the simulated breakdown voltages with the measurements. It can be observed that the CFD calculation with the SIMPLEC method underestimates the breakdown voltage by 10%. This is due to the overestimation of the compressibility of the flow, which expands the supersonic flow at the diffuser area than in reality. This trend is amplified at nozzle opening. Note that the dielectrically most critical point in general is on the plug surface which is located in the diffuser region. On the other hand, the Jameson-method-based CFD tool shows smaller numerical uncertainty. This is mainly due to more precise capturing of the nonlinear flow structure, since the solver controls the conservation law better than the SIMPLEC method.
Figure 12: Comparison of the measured breakdown voltages with simulation with (a) SIMPLEC (b) Jameson algorithm.
6. Conclusions
The conservative-density-based explicit flow solver algorithm is superior to SIMPLEC-pressure-correction-method-based CFD solver, in predicting dielectric breakdown voltages in capacitive switching test duties of high-voltage circuit breakers with over-critical pressure ratio.
The SIMPLEC-based simulation shows higher numerical uncertainties than the density-based one, in predicting highly dynamic transonic flow configuration inside the circuit breaker diffuser. The main reason is that while the SIMPLEC scheme is optimal in simulating steady incompressible flow dynamics, it often fails to capture correct nonlinear wave structure of the compressible flow. However, the advantage of SIMPLEC method is that it allows larger computational time step with better numerical stability. But, it diffuses fine time scale transient dynamics away, even if the solution is well converged.
There is significant influence of turbulence model. The shock-induced flow separation has been shown to be governed by the detailed modeling of the shock and the boundary layer interaction. The modeling issues should be further investigated and the optimal modeling concept should be accordingly identified.
The presented study shows that adopting optimal CFD algorithm for dynamic transonic flow simulation inside the breaking chamber of high-voltage circuit breaker can substantially improve the prediction power of dielectric breakdown voltage in capacitive switching of high-voltage circuit breaker. The conservative-density-based solver with advanced turbulence modeling such as RNG is recommended.
References
1. A. Jameson, W. Schmidt, and E. Turkel, “Numerical solutions of the Euler equations by finite volume methods using Rung-Kutta time—stepping schemes,” in Proceedings of the 14th Fluid and Plasma Dynamic Conference, Palo Alto, Calif, USA, June 1981.
2. J. P. Van Doormaal and G. D. Raithby, “Enhancements of the SIMPLE method for predicting incompressible fluid flows,” Numerical Heat Transfer, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 147–163, 1984. View at Scopus
3. R. Courant, K. Friedrichs, and H. Lewy, “Über die partiellen Differenzengleichungen der mathematischen Physik,” Mathematische Annalen, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 32–74, 1928. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
4. M. Sajben, T. J. Bogar, and J. C. Kroutil, “Forced oscillation experiments in supercritical diffuser flows,” AIAA Journal, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 465–474, 1984. View at Scopus
5. X. Ye, K. Muller, and J. Stechbarth, “Progress in the flow simulation of high voltage circuit breakers,” Finite Volumes for Complex Applications II, 1998.
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