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{"id": 115, "answer": 3, "text": "Evaporative heat dissipation: refers to a heat dissipation method in which the moisture of body fluids transforms from liquid to gas on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes (mainly respiratory mucous membranes), and at the same time takes away a large amount of heat.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings belongs to evaporative heat dissipation?", "options": ["Wipe the body with alcohol when one have a high fever", "Swimming to escape the heat under high temperature", "Cool down with ice cubes in summer", "Sweating profusely in the sweltering heat"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1244, "answer": 3, "text": "The genes responsible for the basic elements of durian flavor are the volatiles of sulfur compounds, which are activated during durian maturity, such as diallyl trisulfide. These sulfur compounds have a pungent taste, and also contain onions, garlic, leeks and so on, it is not difficult to understand that a considerable number of people can not stand the stink of durian. But the pericarp and pulp of durian are also rich in esters, which make durian chewy and have a mixed flavor of a variety of fruits.", "question": "Which of the following is the main content of this text?", "options": ["It shows the chemical principle of durian emitting pungent smell", "This paper introduces the chemical substances in durian and their nutritional value", "Emphasize that the pungent smell of durian is harmless to the human body", "Explain why durian smells pungent but tastes delicious"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14303, "answer": 1, "text": "Until recently, anthropologists generally agreed that higher primates originated about 30 million years ago in the Al Fayyum region of Egypt. However, a 40-million-year-old fossilized fragment of a lower jawbone discovered in Burma (now called Myanmar) in 1978 was used to support the theory that the earliest higher primates originated in Burma. However, the claim is premature, for __.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, is the most logical completion of the paragraph above?", "options": ["there are no more primate species in Burma than there are in Egypt", "higher primates cannot be identified solely by their lower jawbones", "several anthropologists, using different dating methods, independently confirmed the estimated age of the jawbone fragment", "other archaeological expeditions in Burma have unearthed higher-primate fossilized bone fragments that are clearly older than 40 million years"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1748, "answer": 1, "text": "Cost refers to the material or energy paid to achieve a certain goal, or a certain trade-off, payment, investment, and consumption. Such as doing more things with the least cost.", "question": "Which of the following fits the meaning of this price?", "options": ["The price seen in daily life", "People seek the greatest profit at the least cost in their economic life", "The price is a rational measure", "The price is the inherent inevitability of mankind based on historical development, and the main body of social practice in exchange for the realization of the dominant development goal and the further reasonable development of the entire society"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1762, "answer": 1, "text": "The term post-1980s, which first appeared in online forums in 2001, refers to a group of poets born in the 1980s who are active in online forums To refer to the entire group of young people born in the 1980s.", "question": "Which of the following is the best heading for this paragraph?", "options": ["The hopeful generation", "The origin of post-80s", "A Rational View of the post-80s Generation from a New Perspective", "The post-80s generation has aroused widespread concern in the society"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10852, "answer": 3, "text": "Certain bacteria that produce hydrogen sulfide as a waste product would die if directly exposed to oxygen. The hydrogen sulfide reacts with oxygen, removing it and so preventing it from harming the bacteria. Furthermore, the hydrogen sulfide tends to kill other organisms in the area, thereby providing the bacteria with a source of food. As a result, a dense colony of these bacteria produces for itself an environment in which it can continue to thrive indefinitely.", "question": "Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?", "options": ["The bacteria can continue to thrive indefinitely only in an environment in which the hydrogen sulfide they produce has removed all oxygen and killed other organisms in the area.", "Most organisms, if killed by the hydrogen sulfide produced by the bacteria, can provide a source of food for the bacteria.", "The hydrogen sulfide produced by the bacteria kills other organisms in the area by reacting with and removing oxygen.", "A dense colony of the bacteria can indefinitely continue to produce enough hydrogen sulfide to kill other organisms in the area and to prevent oxygen from harming the bacteria."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4162, "answer": 1, "text": "Peak experience: in the process of pursuing self-realization, after the pursuit of basic needs and satisfaction, a kind of psychological satisfaction and sense of accomplishment which is at the top and transcends space-time and self-realization.", "question": "Which of the following is not a peak experience?", "options": ["The excitement of the athletes when they finally made it to the championship podium.", "The viewers in front of the TV show their heroic mood when they see a Chinese-made rocket traveling through space.", "Scientists are in a happy mood after getting rid of difficulties and solving major scientific research problems.", "The joy after decades of hard work and finally success."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11056, "answer": 1, "text": "Editorial: The town would not need to spend as much as it does on removing trash if all town residents sorted their household garbage. However, while telling residents that they must sort their garbage would get some of them to do so, many would resent the order and refuse to comply. The current voluntary system, then, is to be preferred, because it costs about as much as a nonvoluntary system would and it does not engender nearly as much resentment.", "question": "The contention that the town would not have to spend as much as it does on removing trash if all town residents sorted their garbage plays which one of the following roles in the editorial's argument?", "options": ["It is a claim that the editorial is trying to show is false.", "It is a fact granted by the editorial that lends some support to an alternative to the practice that the editorial defends as preferable.", "It is an example of a difficulty facing the claim that the editorial is attempting to refute.", "It is a premise that the editorial's argument relies on in reaching its conclusion."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4990, "answer": 1, "text": "The crime of corruption is an intentional crime. A is not an intentional crime, so A is not a corruption crime.", "question": "Which of the following reasoning has the most similar logic to the above?", "options": ["If the defendant is a crime of injury, there should be a significant harmful result. The defendant's behavior has caused the obvious harmful result, therefore constitutes the injury crime.", "Hermaphroditic plants reproduce themselves. The terrestrial snail is hermaphroditic, but allogeneic, so the terrestrial snail is not the plant.", "The audience for the Korean drama are all married women. Han doesn't like Korean drama, so she's not a married woman.", "White-collar workers in the Golden Dragon building wear suits. Mr. Li wears casual clothes, so he doesn't work at the Golden Dragon Building."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9676, "answer": 0, "text": "It is undeniable that mathematics is widely used in economics and management research, and plays a positive role in promoting academic research and scientific decision-making. However, academic research should be problem-oriented, not technology-oriented. Mathematical methods are only tools and means, not ends. In research practice, some papers are only written or supplemented by simple charts, the academic level is still very high; some papers do not use mathematical models, clear and clear, even non-professionals can read. In the final analysis, papers are used to express ideas and opinions, and excellent papers should be enlightening, creative and readable.", "question": "According to this passage, which of the followings is most likely to be criticized by the author?", "options": ["Academic papers tend to pursue mathematical models unilaterally", "Research papers on economics and management lack depth, innovation and readability", "The achievements of academic research are out of touch with the actual needs to a certain extent", "The present situation of thesis only, quantity and utilitarianism in academic evaluation"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10907, "answer": 0, "text": "Business ethicist: Managers of corporations have an obligation to serve shareholders as the shareholders would want to be served. Ttherefore, corporate managers have an obligation to act in the shareholders' best interest.", "question": "The business ethicist's conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["Shareholders would want to be served only in ways that are in their own best interest.", "Corporate managers are always able to discern what is in the best interest of shareholders.", "All shareholders want to be served in identical ways.", "The shareholders have interests that can best be served by corporate managers."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12921, "answer": 0, "text": "It was once believed that cells grown in laboratory tissue cultures were essentially immortal. That is, as long as all of their needs were met, they would continue dividing forever. However, it has been shown that normal cells have a finite reproductive limit. A human liver cell, for example, divides 60 times and then stops. If such a cell divides 30 times and then is put into a deep freeze for months or even years, it remembers where it stopped dividing. After thawing, it divides another 30 times -- but no more.", "question": "If the information above is accurate, a liver cell in which more than 60 divisions took place in a tissue culture CANNOT be which one of the following?", "options": ["a normal human liver cell that had been frozen after its first division and afterward thawed", "a normal liver cell that came from an individual of a nonhuman species and had been frozen after its first division and afterward thawed", "a normal cell that came from the liver of an individual of a nonhuman species and had never been frozen", "an abnormal human liver cell"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3514, "answer": 2, "text": "Labor disputes: refers to the disputes between workers and employers due to the implementation of labor laws, regulations or the performance of labor contracts, collective contracts.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is labor dispute?", "options": ["Because of dissatisfaction with the quality of the decoration, the homeowner had a dispute with the decorator", "A dispute arose over wages between two firms producing the same goods", "A dispute between workers and their employer over non-payment of overtime pay", "The workers fell out with the manager because they were dissatisfied with his leadership style"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13319, "answer": 2, "text": "It has recently been found that job prospects for college graduates have never been better. The trend is likely to continue over the next decade. A recent survey found that most employers simply did not know that the number of students graduating would drop by 25 percent over the past ten years, and had not anticipated or planned for this trend. Most employers were not aware that, although the supply of graduates currently meets demand, this situation could change. The same survey revealed that the number of undergraduates choosing to study subjects in high demand, like mathematics and engineering, has dropped substantially. This trend is likely to continue over the next decade.", "question": "Which one of the following can properly be concluded from the passage above?", "options": ["Soon, fewer graduates are likely to be competing for fewer available jobs.", "Employers who are well-informed about future trends have anticipated and planned for them.", "Soon, there is likely to be a shortage of graduates to fill certain vacancies.", "Employers are aware of changing trends in subjects studied by undergraduates."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6086, "answer": 0, "text": "Chinese consumers' understanding and requirements for cars have changed greatly, and their values and understanding of cars will affect their intention to buy cars. In the survey of multiple car purchase indicators, we found that we no longer emphasize a single indicator, but safety performance is still the most concerned indicator for consumers to buy cars, accounting for 8.6% in our survey; Secondly, it focuses on the handling performance of the car; The third is quality durability; Then there are appearance, comfort, brand reputation, image, power performance and used car value. Even the index proportion of the brand behind has reached 8.1%.", "question": "Which of the following statements is consistent with the meaning of the text:", "options": ["Consumers' attention to vehicle safety performance has not changed", "Chinese consumers have little difference in the values of cars", "The composition of car mainstream consumer groups has changed greatly", "Consumers' attention to car brands shows a downward trend"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9117, "answer": 1, "text": "There are six singers: F, G, L, K, H, M. Three piano accompaniment: X, Y, W. Each piano accompanist happens to accompany two of the singers. The known conditions are as follows: (1) if X accompanies F, W accompanies L. (2) if X does not accompany G, Y accompanies M. (3) X or Y to accompany H. (4) F and G do not share the same accompanist; L and K do not share the accompanist; H and M do not share the accompanist.", "question": "If W accompanies F and M, which of the following options is the singer with X accompanied?", "options": ["G and H.", "G and K.", "L and H.", "L and K."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7206, "answer": 1, "text": "Adaptation refers to the process of reorganization and transformation of the subject's cognitive structure caused when the original cognitive structure cannot assimilate the information provided by the new environment, that is, the process of the individual's cognitive structure changes due to the influence of external stimuli.", "question": "According to the above definition, which one of the followings is adaptation?", "options": ["On the way home from school, Xiaofang ran into a stranger who said he was her uncle, and said to buy sweets for Xiaofang. Xiaofang remembered her mother's previous warning and refused the stranger's invitation.", "Three-year-old Xiaoqian was at home alone and opened her mother's mascara. She smelled it and thought she could eat it. She licked it with her tongue and felt very bitter, and never tried her mother's makeup again.", "Xiaojun went home from school to do his homework and got stuck on a question. Suddenly he remembered a similar question the teacher had said, so he solved the question smoothly.", "When Xiaohe was in college, he learned to skate in the first physical education class. Although he has never skated, he could skate soon because he has roller skating experience in middle school."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6343, "answer": 3, "text": "Since the Americas Summit was held in Miami in December last year, Latin American countries have accelerated the pace of establishing free trade zones, and the integration process has entered a new period.", "question": "Which of the following options can't be reflected?", "options": ["The venue of the Summit of the Americas.", "The role of the Summit of the Americas.", "The Latin American integration process has entered a new era.", "The integration of Latin America is formed."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1999, "answer": 0, "text": "The similarity between modern chemistry and alchemy (alchemy) is to create new things at the molecular level, but it is actually the task of nuclear physicists to create new elements. They use some cyclotron accelerators to blast out new elements and fill them into the periodic table as the winning fruit of chemists. Classical alchemy actually had the idea of elements and atoms, but it did not have rational thinking. For example, the Europeans in the Middle Ages believed that light, heavy, dry and wet were the basic physical properties, dry but light was fire and dry and heavy was soil. What is wet and light is gas and what is wet and heavy is water. Therefore, any substance is the result of different proportions of the four basic elements: water, fire, earth, and air, which is obviously different from the current concept of the world. At the same time, the understanding of the nature of matter in other civilizations is also between mystery and reason.", "question": "Which of the following options is most likely to be discussed next?", "options": ["The starting point of rational thinking in modern chemistry.", "How physicists create new elements.", "The influence of classical alchemy on european civilization.", "You can know all kinds of ideas about elements in the world."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6774, "answer": 3, "text": "The Ministry of Environmental Protection interviewed the city's top officials and opened a new model of environmental governance. But public interview is not a long-term environmental governance model. For now, public interviews are aimed at specific environmental issues. Specific environmental governance is important, but environmental governance is not only a solution to specific environmental problems, but also related to the whole environmental system, the goals and strategies of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and local environmental governance and the relationship between government environmental governance and public rights and interests. After the public interview, the superficial environmental problems may be solved quickly, but the deep-seated problems of local construction are not solved and the triggers of environmental problems always exist.", "question": "Which of the following options is an accurate understanding of this passage?", "options": ["Public interview can fundamentally control the problem of environmental pollution.", "The key to environmental governance depends on the top officials of prefectures and cities.", "The environmental governance goal of the Ministry of Environmental Protection is inconsistent with that of prefectures and cities.", "Environmental interviews should not be limited to solving specific environmental problems."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12789, "answer": 3, "text": "Terry: If You want to get a decent job, you should go to college. Mark: That is not true. There are other reasons to go to college than wanting to get a good job.", "question": "Mark's response shows that he interpreted Terry's remarks to mean that", "options": ["all people who want decent jobs go to college", "training for decent jobs is available only at colleges", "college is one of many places to get trained for a job", "wanting to get a decent job is the only reason for going to college"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12321, "answer": 1, "text": "Last year, pharmaceutical manufacturers significantly increased the amount of money they spent promoting new drugs, which they do mainly by sending sales representatives to visit physicians in their offices. However, two years ago there was an average of 640 such visits per representative, whereas last year that figure fell to 501. So the additional promotion must have been counterproductive, making physicians less willing to receive visits by pharmaceutical sales representatives.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument?", "options": ["Most pharmaceutical companies did not increase the amount of money they spend promoting drugs through advertising targeted directly at consumers.", "Most pharmaceutical manufacturers increased the size of their sales forces so that their sales representatives could devote more time to each physician.", "The more visits a physician receives from a pharmaceutical sales representative, the more likely he or she is to prescribe drugs made by that representative's company.", "Most physicians who agree to receive a visit from a pharmaceutical sales representative will see that representative more than once during a given year."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8550, "answer": 0, "text": "Canadian researchers tracked the weight gain of 757 3-to 4-month-old babies for three years. The results showed that children who were already overweight or even obese at the age of 3 had different intestinal flora from those of normal weight. After a further study of the living environment of the babies tested, the researchers found that the babies who grew up in the families with the highest use of disinfectants contained twice as many helicobacteria in their intestines as the average. Spirillaceae bacteria feed on undigested carbohydrate fiber in the human body, which is broken down to provide the body with extra calories. The increase of this kind of bacteria causes the child to produce too much heat in the body and begin to gain weight at an early age.", "question": "Which of the followings is the main content of this text?", "options": ["It reveals the relationship between household disinfection and infant weight", "It points out that it is necessary to control calorie intake in infants and young children", "It points out that maintaining the normal intestinal flora is of great significance to health", "It shows that carbohydrates are an important source of infancy"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3863, "answer": 0, "text": "A manager asked several employees to cut a 30-centimeter strip from each wrinkle tape, only use visual inspection, not measuring tools. Then, each listener was asked to cut a 150 cm and 600 cm tape. After everyone was cut, the manager took out a tape measure and carefully measured each piece of paper and announced the results: 30 cm group, the average error of less than 6%, 150 cm group, the average error rose to 11%; 600 cm group, the average error was as high as 19%, with individual differences of 100 cm.", "question": "Which of the following options can be derived?", "options": ["The smaller and more focused the target, the easier it is to get close to it", "The bigger and broader the goal, the less likely it is to stray from it", "The target is the right size and the easiest to get close to", "The size of the target is independent of the degree of proximity to the target"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14461, "answer": 3, "text": "In polluted environments, dolphins gradually accumulated toxins in their body fat, and the larger the dolphin the more accumulated toxin it can tolerate. Nearly 80 percent of the toxins a female dolphin has accumulated pass into the fat-rich milk her nursing calf ingests. Ttherefore, the unusually high mortality rate among dolphin calves in the industrially contaminated waters along Florida' s Gulf Coast is probably the result of their being poisoned by their mother' s milk.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?", "options": ["Dolphins, like other marine mammals, have a higher proportion of body fat than do most land mammals.", "As dolphins age, they accumulate toxins from the environment more slowly than when they were young.", "The rate at which adult dolphins living in the waters along Florida's Gulf Coast accumulate toxins is no higher than that of adult dolphins in comparably polluted waters elsewhere.", "The survival rate of firstborn dolphin calves in the area along Florida's Gulf Coast is highest for those whose mothers were killed before they were weaned."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 680, "answer": 3, "text": "Smuggled goods in the notebook computer market are now available in the Chinese mainland.A large number of parallel goods have impacted the sales of products in formal channels. Some analysts believe that the main reason for this phenomenon is the great price advantage of parallel goods", "question": "Which of the followings is the premise that the analyst must imply in his analysis?", "options": ["Market supervision department did not crack down on the phenomenon of parallel goods", "Many consumers cannot afford the price of products from formal channels", "Manufacturer's sales policy is unreasonable, leaving room for the rampant parallel goods", "Parallel goods are more cost-effective than products from formal channels"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6796, "answer": 0, "text": "At present, although China has signed bilateral trade agreements with many developed countries, China's exports are still the target of various discriminatory trade measures and still face various discriminatory quantitative restrictions. selective safeguard measures and anti-dumping and countervailing measures based on discriminatory standards.", "question": "Which of the following options is the main description of this passage?", "options": ["Many developed countries still adopt various discriminatory trade measures against China's exports.", "In the face of various discriminatory measures, we also have to establish anti-dumping and countervailing measures.", "China's exports are aimed at establishing opposition to all kinds of discriminatory measures.", "In view of all kinds of discriminatory trade, we should formulate all kinds of safeguard measures."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9332, "answer": 3, "text": "Statistics are divided into qualitative data and quantitative data. Qualitative data includes categorical and ordinal data. Categorical data refers to non-numeric data that can only be assigned to a certain category, which is the result of classifying things and expressed in words; sequential data refers to non-numeric data that can be assigned to an ordered category. Quantitative data are data that represent specific numerical observations. \u2460Cities can be divided into megacities, large cities, medium cities and small cities according to the size of the city; \u2461Marital status: 1-unmarried, 2-married, 3-divorced, 4-widowed; \u2462The distance from place A to place B is 200 kilometers, 320 kilometers to C and 100 kilometers to D; \u2463 A hospital has a construction area of 50,000 square meters, 3,182 open beds and 687 clinicians.", "question": "Based on the above definition, which one of the following statements about the above 4 sets of data is correct?", "options": ["\u2461\u2463 are classified data", "\u2461\u2462\u2463 are all quantitative data", "\u2460\u2461 are all sequential data", "Only \u2461 is classified data"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7455, "answer": 3, "text": "Chemical regulation means that the way to solve the problem is not direct, but to transform the problem into a problem to be solved or a problem that is easy to solve, and then go back to get the answer to the original problem.", "question": "Which of the following options does not belong to reduction?", "options": ["By decomposing the polygon into several triangles, Xiao Zhang obtains the sum of the interior angles of the polygon", "Xiao Wu and Xiao Wen were at odds. Xiao Wu wanted to apologize and couldn't save face, so he told Xiao Cai the causes and consequences and asked Xiao Cai to explain to Xiao Wen on behalf of Xiao Wu. After Xiao Cai explained, Xiao Wu took the initiative to greet Xiao Wen, and the two were reconciled", "Xiao Li and Xiao Jiang have different methods to solve the same kind of problems. Xiao Li first studies the special situation and finally solves the general problem, while Xiao Jiang first solves the general problem and then studies the special situation", "Xiao Zhao adopted the principle of easy before difficult, and soon completed a lot of physics homework assigned by the teacher"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8563, "answer": 3, "text": "More than 400 East Asian languages, including Chinese, Tibetan, Qiang and Burmese, are considered to share a common ancestral language, collectively known as the Sino-Tibetan language family, whose mother tongue is second only to the Indo-European family. For a long time, linguists have long disputed the genetic relationship, the time of differentiation and the place of origin of each language branch within the Sino-Tibetan language family. Recently, the research team of Fudan University announced that, using analytical methods such as linguistics and genetics, they found that the Sino-Tibetan language family originated in northern China in the Neolithic Age and was divided for the first time about 6,000 years ago. The results were recently published online in the British journal Nature in the form of original research papers.", "question": "Which of the following options is not likely to be introduced in this passage next?", "options": ["The team's research process and detailed conclusions.", "The research paradigm provided by this study.", "The evaluation of the results of this research from all walks of life.", "The relationship between the Sino-Tibetan language family and the Indo-European language family."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11878, "answer": 0, "text": "Until about 400 million years ago, fishes -- the first true swimmers -- were jawless. Their feeding methods were limited to either sucking in surface plankton or sucking in food particles from bottom mud. With the development of biting jaws, however, the life of fishes changed dramatically, since jaws allowed them actively to pursue prey, to seize it in their jaws, and to manipulate it between their teeth. The jawed fishes then developed along two main lines: one retained cartilage for its skeletons, for example, sharks and rays; the other adopted bone as its principal skeletal material. From the latter group evolved the most abundant and diverse of all of today' s vertebrate groups, the teleosts, some 21, 000 species, which vary from barracudas to sea horses.", "question": "If all of the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following must also be true?", "options": ["The jawless fishes did not prey upon other fish.", "Fish are the primary prey of all jawed fishes.", "Jawless fishes did not have cartilage as their skeletal material.", "Teleosts do not feed upon particles found in bottom mud."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10416, "answer": 0, "text": "After all the cold dishes of a banquet table are served, there are a total of 7 hot dishes. Among them, 3 Sichuan dishes: K, L, M: 3 Cantonese dishes: Q, N, P: one Shandong cuisine: X. Only one hot dish is served at a time, and the order of serving must meet the following conditions: (1) Sichuan cuisine and Cantonese cuisine cannot be served continuously. (2) P cannot go before Q unless the second goes on Q. (3) P must go before X. (4) M must go before K, and K must go before N.", "question": "Which of the following lists the order of serving from first to seventh, and which one is eligible?", "options": ["Q, M, P, L, X, K, N", "Q, M, X, P, K, N, L", "L, P, M, Q, X, K, N", "M, Q, K, L, P, X, N"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2914, "answer": 0, "text": "Kong Zhi, Meng Rui, Xun Hui, Zhuang Cong, Mo Ling, Han Min and other six people formed a representative team to participate in a chess competition, including two to participate in the game of Go, two to participate in the Chinese chess competition, and two to participate in the international chess competition. The following conditions should also be met regarding their participation in specific events :(1) each participant can only participate in one event; (2) Kong Zhi participates in weiqi competition, if and only if Zhuang Cong and Meng Rui both participate in Chinese chess competition; (3) If Han Min does not participate in the chess competition, Mo Ling will participate in the Chinese chess competition; (4) If Xun Hui participates in Chinese chess match, Zhuang Cong does not participate in Chinese chess match; (5) At least one of Xun Hui and Mo Ling will not participate in Chinese chess matches.", "question": "Which of the following can be true according to the above information?", "options": ["Mo Ling and Meng Rui take part in the go competition.", "Zhuang Cong and Han Min take part in the Chinese chess competition.", "Han Min and Xun Hui take part in the Chinese chess competition.", "Han Min and Kong Zhi take part in the go competition."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9936, "answer": 3, "text": "In the recruitment examination for the open selection of deputy section chiefs in a certain department, a total of 7 people signed up, including A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. According to statistics, the highest academic qualifications of the seven people are bachelor's degree and doctor's degree respectively. Among them, there are 3 PhD graduates and 3 women. It is known that the educational levels of A, B and C are the same, while those of F and G are different; the genders of E, F and G are the same, and the genders of A and D are different. In the end, a female doctor was hired.", "question": "According to the above statement, which of the followings can be inferred?", "options": ["An is a male doctor.", "F is a female doctor.", "G is not a male doctor.", "D is a female doctor."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9460, "answer": 1, "text": "The family intends to travel to Northern Europe together, and each expresses the following wishes: Father: If they go to Norway, they will not go to Denmark and Iceland; Mother: If they do not go to Iceland, they will go to Norway and Denmark; Son: If they do not go to Norway, they will go to Sweden and Iceland. Finland.", "question": "The final solution fulfills the wishes of each of the above. From the above statement, which of the followings can be concluded?", "options": ["To Sweden, Finland and Denmark", "To Sweden, Finland and Iceland", "To Sweden, Denmark and Iceland", "To Finland, Denmark and Iceland"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11165, "answer": 2, "text": "Often patients with ankle fractures that are stable, and thus do not require surgery, are given follow-up x-rays because their orthopedists are concerned about possibly having misjudged the stability of the fracture. When a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed, however, all the fractures that had initially been judged stable were found to have healed correctly. Ttherefore, it is a waste of money to order follow-up x-rays of ankle fracture initially judged stable.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?", "options": ["The healing of ankle fractures that have been surgically repaired is always checked by means of a follow-up x-ray.", "Doctors who are general practitioners rather than orthopedists are less likely than orthopedists to judge the stability of an ankle fracture correctly.", "X-rays of patients of many different orthopedists working in several hospitals were reviewed.", "Many ankle injuries for which an initial x-ray is ordered are revealed by the x-ray not to involve any fracture of the ankle."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3796, "answer": 1, "text": "Thinking: refers to the human brain's reflection of objective and indirect generalizations. Thinking can be divided into (1) action thinking, which refers to the thinking supported by actual actions in the thinking process according to the object or the state of thinking in the thinking process. Its characteristic is that the task is intuitive, given in a concrete form, and the solution is actual action; (2) Thinking in images refers to the process of analyzing, synthesizing, abstracting, and summarizing appearances. It is characterized by vivid , vivid and objective Image; (3) Abstract thinking refers to the process of using concepts, judgments, reasoning and other forms to reflect the law of movement of objective things, and to recognize the essential characteristics and internal connections of things.", "question": "Which of the following options meets the definition of action thinking?", "options": ["Holmes, by finding no other exit in the house, concluded that the murderer must have exited the chimney on the roof, even though the chimney was small", "From an early age, Hong's son was required to watch his father practice kung fu every day.Gradually, he could follow his father's lead", "Professor Liu likes to illustrate the problem by enumerating a large number of examples in his articles", "When designing architectural plans, students in the Department of Architecture sometimes need to make a model based on the architectural drawings first, which seems to be more helpful to discover the flaws in the architectural design"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5459, "answer": 1, "text": "Post-traumatic stress response refers to the psychological disorder sequelae after encountering or resisting major stress, but this phenomenon is the reasonable result of experiencing trauma, not the original problem of the patient's psychological state.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is not a post-traumatic stress response?", "options": ["Xiao Wang often suffers from insomnia, irritability, excessive alertness, amnesia and easily frightened after continuous interview failures.", "A World War II veteran had a bleak evening, separated his wife and children, and was diagnosed with a life-threatening illness not long ago.", "Xiao Wu narrowly escaped death in the earthquake. As soon as he heard the sound of the floor, he was very nervous and worried that he would fall and hit himself.", "In the Middle East, people suffering from war are scared to hide when they talk about flying bombers."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4827, "answer": 3, "text": "A certain city TV station launched a health program for elderly viewers. This program was organized for many elderly people to watch during the trial broadcast, and it was well received. However, after the official broadcast, the ratings were very unsatisfactory.", "question": "Which one of the following can best explain the above contradiction?", "options": ["Some elderly people think that the content of the program has little effect on health preservation", "The packaging of the show is too entertaining and does not meet the needs of the elderly", "Watching TV for too long is not good for the health of the elderly", "The show was broadcast late, at this time most of the elderly have rested"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9378, "answer": 3, "text": "An animal's eggs hatch through the heat generated by microbes in the soil and compost when they decompose organic matter, but these microbes (including bacteria) can also penetrate the eggshell and infect the embryo, which is naturally more than 20%. However, in Australia, there is a bird called the clump pheasant, whose eggs are only 9% likely to be infected, and the researchers found that their eggshells contain lysozyme, which the researchers believe is likely to be a key factor in defending against bacterial invasion.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, does not undermine the above conclusion?", "options": ["The amount of lysozyme in the eggshell of Cong Tsui pheasant is about the same as that of other animals", "The eggshell of Cong Tsui pheasant is wrapped in a layer of nanometer calcium carbonate, which has stronger water resistance and resistance to bacterial invasion", "Cong Zhong pheasant emits a special smell, which reduces the number of bacteria attached to its eggshell", "Compared with the eggshell of other animals, the eggshell of Cong Tsui pheasant is 1/3 thinner and more vulnerable to microbial invasion"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4179, "answer": 2, "text": "Under the conditions of a market economy, each operator of commodity production is an independent economic entity and has full autonomy.Therefore, what they produce and how they produce are their own decisions.", "question": "Which of the following most weakens this conclusion?", "options": ["The operators of commodity production are independent economic entities, which means that they decide their own destiny.", "The operators of commodity production enjoy full autonomy, which means that they decide what to produce.", "The operators of commodity production must understand the market conditions and consumer needs, so that they can produce products suitable for sale.", "Although the operators of each commodity production are independent economic entities, they must also take into account the interests of others in their operations."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8276, "answer": 2, "text": "Unmanned banks, using intelligent devices instead of tedious manual operations, of course, is the trend of the future. Reducing manpower expenditure and allowing limited manpower to give full play to the value of limited manpower may be the biggest driving force for banks to actively promote unmanned technology.However, banks can not reduce the level of service in order to reduce costs, ignore the actual needs of some groups, nor can they shirk their responsibility to protect the safety of customers' assets in the uninhabited future. In the application of technology, we can find the common pain point of users in order to better play with unmanned banks. After all, the purpose of the application of intelligent technology, in the final analysis, is to improve the service level of the banking industry, so that every user can enjoy better service.", "question": "Which of the followings is the main content of this text?", "options": ["The unmanned bank accords with the trend of technological development in the new era", "The adoption of intelligent technology by banks cannot sacrifice service and security", "The development of unmanned banks should be based on the actual needs of users", "Better service quality should be the goal of banks"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8384, "answer": 0, "text": "Peer pressure refers to the psychological pressure caused by people of similar age who are worried about being despised and excluded because of the gap in life, work, social status and so on.", "question": "Which of the following options belongs to peer pressure?", "options": ["Lao Wang's friends all bought a wedding house for their children, and he also wanted to buy one for his son, but his financial strength was far from being reached, so he was very upset about it.", "Most of the teachers introduced into a college in recent years have been promoted to senior professional titles. Mr. Zhao, who has taught for more than 20 years, is still a lecturer. He is often too worried to sleep.", "When Xiaoding, a salesman, saw that everyone else had completed the company's annual sales task, he only finished 60%. In order to prevent being transferred from the sales department next year, he contacts customers day and night.", "The workshop director requires the new employee Xiao Li to be familiar with the equipment and be able to operate independently within a week. Worried that he would not pass the test, he worked overtime to practice his skills."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14021, "answer": 2, "text": "Music professor: Because rap musicians can work alone in a recording studio, they need not accommodate supporting musicians' wishes. Further, learning to rap is not as formal a process as learning an instrument. Thus, rap is an extremely individualistic and nontraditional musical form. Music critic: But rap appeals to tradition by using bits of older songs. Besides, the themes and styles of rap have developed into a tradition. And successful rap musicians do not perform purely idiosyncratically but conform their work to the preferences of the public.", "question": "The music critic's response to the music professor's argument", "options": ["challenges the grounds on which the music professor generalizes from the particular context of rap music to the broader context of musical tradition and individuality", "challenges each of a group of claims about tradition and individuality in music that the music professor gives as evidence in his argument", "challenges its conclusion concerning rap music by offering certain additional observations that the music professor does not take into account in his argument", "challenges it by offering evidence against one of the stated premises on which its conclusion concerning rap music is based"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11487, "answer": 2, "text": "On the Discount Phoneline, any domestic long-distance call starting between 9 A. M. and 5 P. M. costs 15 cents a minute, and any other domestic long-distance call costs 10 cents a minute. So any domestic long-distance call on the Discount Phoneline that does not cost 10 cents a minute costs 15 cents a minute.", "question": "The pattern of reasoning in which one of the following arguments is most similar to that in the argument above?", "options": ["If a university class involves extensive lab work, the class will be conducted in a laboratory; otherwise, it will be conducted in a normal classroom. Thus, if a university class does not involve extensive lab work, it will not be conducted in a laboratory.", "If a university class involves extensive lab work, the class will be conducted in a laboratory; otherwise, it will be conducted in a normal classroom. Thus, if a university class is not conducted in a normal classroom, it will involve extensive lab work.", "If a university class involves extensive lab work, the class will be conducted in a laboratory; otherwise, it will be conducted in a normal classroom. Thus, if a university class is not conducted in a normal classroom, it will be conducted in a laboratory.", "If a university class involves extensive lab work, the class will be conducted in a laboratory; otherwise, it will be conducted in a normal classroom. Thus, if a university class involves extensive lab work, it will not be conducted in a normal classroom."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11560, "answer": 2, "text": "On the basis of the available evidence, Antarctica has generally been thought to have been covered by ice for at least the past 14 million years. Recently, however, three-million-year-old fossils of a kind previously found only in ocean-floor sediments were discovered under the ice sheet covering central Antarctica. About three million years ago, ttherefore, the Antarctic ice sheet must temporarily have melted. After all, either severe climatic warming or volcanic activity in Antarctica' s mountains could have melted the ice sheet, thus raising sea levels and submerging the continent.", "question": "Which one of the following is the main conclusion of the argument?", "options": ["What caused Antarctica to be submerged under the sea was the melting of the ice sheet that had previously covered the continent.", "It is not the case that ancient fossils of the kind recently found in Antarctica are found only in ocean-floor sediments.", "The ice sheet covering Antarctica has not been continuously present throughout the past 14 million years.", "Antarctica is no longer generally thought to have been covered by ice for the past 14 million years."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2182, "answer": 1, "text": "The lack of legal aid makes it difficult for the legislative and judicial progress in the protection of criminal human rights to benefit all or even most of the criminal suspects and defendants, resulting in a binary imbalance. Because lawyers can make use of the advantages of resources such as legal knowledge and litigation experience to guide the handling of cases in a direction that is beneficial to their clients, the acceptance rate of their defense opinions such as voluntary surrender and meritorious service is relatively high, so criminal suspects with defense lawyers, defendants are more qualified and likely to enjoy the institutional dividend brought about by the progress of the rule of law than those without defense lawyers. Get more opportunities for leniency and even acquittal.", "question": "Which of the following options is what the author intends to explain through this passage?", "options": ["It is difficult for legal aid to benefit most criminal suspects and defendants", "The lack of legal aid may affect the realization of the rights and interests of criminal suspects and defendants", "With the help of defense lawyers, some suspects and defendants were given leniency", "The resource advantage of legal aid lawyers should be brought into full play in the trial"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12892, "answer": 0, "text": "The cities of Oldtown and Spoonville are the same in area and size of population. Since certain health problems that are caused by crowded living conditions are widespread in Oldtown, such problems must be as widespread in Spoonville.", "question": "The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument", "options": ["fails to take into account that having identical overall population density is consistent with great disparity in living conditions", "fails to distinguish between the size of the total population of a city and the size of the geographic region covered by that city", "presupposes without warrant that the health problems that are widespread in any particular city cannot be caused by the living conditions in that city", "fails to indicate whether average life expectancy is lowered as a result of living in crowded conditions"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12936, "answer": 1, "text": "In discussing the pros and cons of monetary union among several European nations, some politicians have claimed that living standards in the countries concerned would first have to converge if monetary union is not to lead to economic chaos. This claim is plainly false, as is demonstrated by the fact that living standards diverge widely between regions within countries that nevertheless have stable economies.", "question": "In attempting to refute the politicians' claim, the author does which one of the following?", "options": ["presents an earlier instance of the action being considered in which the predicted consequences did not occur", "gives an example of a state of affairs, assumed to be relevantly similar, in which the allegedly incompatible elements coexist", "argues that the feared consequence would occur regardless of what course of action was followed", "argues that those making the claim are mistaken about a temporal relationship that has been observed"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1515, "answer": 1, "text": "The defect of cell outer wall is called wall deficient or L-type bacteria in medicine. Taking penicillin for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus as an example, when the dose is sufficient and the action time is sufficient, the synthesis of Staphylococcus cell wall is seriously blocked, resulting in the failure of reproduction and death; If the antibiotic dose is insufficient or the course of treatment is too short, some of the Staphylococcus with strong endurance can be preserved in the form of cell wall defect. This cell is called Staphylococcus aureus L-form. These flawless bacteria can still reproduce and repair into the original bacteria sooner or later.", "question": "The correct understanding of the meaning of incomplete skin in the text is which of the followings:", "options": ["The epidermis of bacteria is damaged", "Bacterial cell wall damage", "Bacteria lose their epidermis", "Bacteria lose cell wall"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8483, "answer": 2, "text": "The level of governance of a city is often measured not by how many high-rise buildings it has built, but also by how much dignity the vulnerable groups have and whether their lives can be basically guaranteed. This is usually the case, and the same is true during the prevention and control of the epidemic. The task of prevention and control is arduous, and it is not easy to take care of all aspects and every group. But the more under these conditions, the more we should pay attention to the people who need the most attention: the more the public's life is pressed the pause button, the more we should pay attention to those who do not have a sustainable life, and provide them with warmth and confidence.", "question": "Through this passage, which of the following options is intended to be emphasized by the author?", "options": ["The level of urban hardware facilities is secondary to urban governance.", "Ensuring the basic livelihood of vulnerable groups is particularly important for urban governance.", "More attention should be paid to the vulnerable groups in the society during the prevention and control of the epidemic.", "It is particularly important to protect people's livelihood during the prevention and control of the epidemic."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12700, "answer": 3, "text": "For years, university administrators, corporations, and government agencies have been predicting an imminent and catastrophic shortage of scientists and engineers. But since there is little noticeable upward pressure on the salaries of scientists and engineers, and unemployment is as high in these fields as any other, these doomsayers are turning out to be wrong.", "question": "Which one of the following would, if true, most strengthen the argument above?", "options": ["The proportion of all research in science and engineering being carried out by corporations is larger than it was five years ago.", "The knowledge and skills acquired during university programs in science and engineering need to be kept current through periodic retraining and professional experience.", "Most students choose fields of study that offer some prospect of financial success.", "The number of students in university programs in science and engineering has increased significantly in the last five years."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12410, "answer": 1, "text": "The best jazz singers use their voices much as horn players use their instruments. The great Billie Holiday thought of her singing voice as a horn, reshaping melody and words to increase their impact. Conversely, jazz horn players achieve their distinctive sounds by emulating the spontaneous twists and turns of an impassioned voice. So jazz consists largely of voicelike horns and hornlike voices.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the argument by the claim that the best jazz singers use their voices much as horn players use their instruments?", "options": ["It is a statement used to support a conclusion that in turn is used to support the argument's main conclusion.", "It is a statement for which some evidence is provided and which in turn is used to provide support for the argument's main conclusion.", "It is the argument's only conclusion, and each of the other statements in the argument is used to support it.", "It is the argument's main conclusion and is supported by another statement, which is itself supported by a further statement."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13632, "answer": 3, "text": "Spectroscopic analysis has revealed the existence of frozen nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide on the surface of Pluto. Such ices have a tendency to vaporize, producing an atmosphere. Since the proportion of any gas in such an atmosphere depends directly on how readily the corresponding ice vaporizes, astronomers have concluded that the components of Pluto' s atmosphere are nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane, in order of decreasing abundance.", "question": "The astronomers' argument relies on which one of the following assumptions?", "options": ["There is no more frozen nitrogen on the surface of Pluto than there is either frozen carbon monoxide or methane.", "Until space probes reach Pluto, direct analysis of the atmosphere is impossible.", "A mixture of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane is characteristic of the substances from which the Solar System formed.", "There is no frozen substance on the surface of Pluto that vaporizes more readily than methane but less readily than carbon monoxide."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1248, "answer": 0, "text": "The researchers found that the stem structure and growth pattern of ancient branch ferns were significantly different from those of living trees. In common living trees, the tissue vascular bundles that play the role of support and transportation are often a single whole. Through continuous secondary growth, it thickens the stems of trees and produces rings. In Devonian branch ferns, there are at least dozens of independent vascular bundle systems intertwined into a network. On the whole, they are cylindrical and form a three-dimensional grid system with other dredging organizations. in this grid system composed of vascular bundles, each single vascular bundle can grow thicker and produce growth rings, and at the same time, by splitting and proliferating each other, the vascular bundle system is constantly expanded to achieve the thickening of the plant as a whole.", "question": "Which of the following is the most suitable title for this passage?", "options": ["Reveal how ancient plants grow", "The long evolution of trees", "Teach you how to know the age of the tree by looking at the annual ring", "Identify branch ferns at a glance"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11446, "answer": 2, "text": "Plant species differ in that renewed growth in spring can be triggered by day length or by temperature or else by a combination of both. Day length is the same, year after year, for any given date. Ttherefore, any plant species that starts to grow again on widely different dates in different years resumes growth at least in part in response to temperature.", "question": "Which one of the following arguments is most similar in its pattern of reasoning to the argument above?", "options": ["In Xandia, medical assistant trainees must either complete a formal training course or work for one year under the close supervision of a physician. Since few physicians are willing to act as supervisors, it must be true that most medical assistant trainees in Xandia take the training course.", "Depending on volume of business, either one or two or three store detectives are needed for adequate protection against shoplifting. Ttherefore, if on any particular day store management has decided that three detectives will be needed, it must be because business that day is expected to be heavy.", "Some landfills charge garbage companies by volume only, some charge by weight only, and all others use a formula sensitive to both volume and weight. So if at a particular landfill the charges for two particular loads of equal volume dumped on the same day are different, weight must determine, or help determine, charges at that landfill.", "In the Crawford area, easterly winds mean rain will come and westerly winds mean dry weather will come; winds from other directions do not occur. Ttherefore, since it is currently raining in Crawford, there must be an easterly wind blowing there now."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7087, "answer": 3, "text": "A batch of new products are not up to standard. After inspection, the reason is not due to the poor quality of raw materials or the design error of the products. From this we conclude that the sub-standard products are due to the low skill level of the workers.", "question": "Which of the following best supports the above conclusion?", "options": ["There are many factors that affect the quality of products.", "The factory did not provide the necessary training to the workers.", "There are always twists and turns when a new product comes out.", "The product does not meet the requirements, either because of the poor quality of raw materials, or because of product design errors, or because of the low level of skill of the workers."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8551, "answer": 1, "text": "Researchers at Temple University in the United States used computers to rank the determinants of future wealth among more than 2500 volunteers. These factors include age, occupation, education, race, gender, height, location, and the ability to delay immediate gratification (self-control). The results show that occupation and education are the most important factors for predicting high income, followed by geographical location and gender, followed by self-control, which is significantly more predictive of income than age, race, height and other factors. Researchers believe that attaching importance to the cultivation of children's self-control will help tap children's potential for making money in the future.", "question": "Which of the followings is the most suitable title for this passage?", "options": ["Character determines destiny", "People with strong self-control are richer", "Wealth begins with children", "A magical wealth hunter"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 112, "answer": 1, "text": "Xiao Zhang asked Xiao Li to go to the shopping mall the next day. Xiao Li said, If it doesn't rain tomorrow, I will go climbing. The next day, it started to drizzle. Xiao Zhang thought Xiao Li would not go climbing anymore, so he went to Xiao Li's dormitory for him, but he knew that Xiao Li was still going to climb the mountain. When the two met again, Xiao Zhang blamed Xiao Li for breaking his promise, since it was raining, why did you still go climbing? Xiao Li said that he did not break his promise, and Xiao Zhang's assertion is illogical.", "question": "Regarding the argument between the two, which of the following statements is appropriate?", "options": ["This argument between Xiao Zhang and Xiao Li is meaningless.", "Xiao Zhang's assertion is illogical.", "The two people have different understandings of the word drizzle.", "The controversy arose because Xiao Li broke his promise."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4853, "answer": 0, "text": "Mr. Zhao, Mr. Qian, Mr. Sun and Mr. Li took part in a skills competition and won the first four places in the competition. It is understood that their relationship is as follows. First, Mr. Sun and Mr. Li often meet to play basketball together. Second, the first and third place just met in this competition; Third, the second can't ride a bike, nor play basketball; Fourth, Mr. Zhao's rank is higher than That of Mr. Qian. Fifth, Mr. Qian and Mr. Li ride bicycles to work together every day.", "question": "According to the above conditions, which of the following options is correct to judge the winner of the first, second, third and fourth places in this competition?", "options": ["Mr. Sun, Mr. Zhao, Mr. Qian, Mr. Li", "Mr. Li, Mr. Zhao, Mr. Sun, Mr. Qian", "Mr. Li, Mr. Sun, Mr. Zhao, Mr. Qian", "Mr. Sun, Mr. Li, Mr. Zhao, Mr. Qian"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5110, "answer": 3, "text": "Industrial property rights refer to the possession of intellectual achievements such as inventions and remarkable marks used in production and circulation within a certain period and region as stipulated by law.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following belongs to industrial property rights?", "options": ["Ownership of workshop and other real estate of a state-owned enterprise", "Ownership of foreign advanced assembly line production equipment recently purchased by an enterprise", "Property rights of High-Tech Research Institute of a chemical plant", "The right of an electrical appliance manufacturer to a brand created after years of hard work"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10991, "answer": 0, "text": "Studies reveal that most people select the foods they eat primarily on the basis of flavor, and that nutrition is usually a secondary concern at best. This suggests that health experts would have more success in encouraging people to eat wholesome foods if they emphasized how flavorful those foods truly are rather than how nutritious they are.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?", "options": ["In a study, subjects who were told that a given food was very flavorful were more willing to try the food and more likely to enjoy it than were subjects who were told that the food was nutritious.", "Few people, when given a choice between foods that are flavorful but not nutritious and foods that are nutritious but not flavorful, will choose the foods that are nutritious but not flavorful.", "Most people currently believe that wholesome foods are more flavorful, on average, than unwholesome foods are.", "The studies that revealed that people choose the foods they eat primarily on the basis of flavor also revealed that people rated as most flavorful those foods that were least nutritious."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4873, "answer": 1, "text": "One housewife discarded a pair of old sofas. Another housewife picked them back from the outside and repaired them, so that the sofas are not only practical but also beautiful at home.", "question": "Based on the above conclusions, which of the following options is correct?", "options": ["Everything has a certain value", "Whether a thing is useful depends largely on people's judgment", "A broken sofa can usually be repaired", "Some housewives are smarter, while others are slower"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7385, "answer": 2, "text": "Technical error refers to the error caused by technical reasons such as slip of tongue, eye or hand in the operation process due to busy business and high work intensity under the premise of compliance with the system.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is technical error?", "options": ["An enterprise director suggested that the accounting in the enterprise accounts of inventory costs using high retention low transfer bookkeeping, accounting understood, soon completed the work", "A certain magazine stipulates that a manuscript must be thoroughly read and audited once or three times after the completion of writing and editing. However, the overall quality is affected by the lack of political literacy and limited knowledge of some authors or editors", "A few days after an online draw for a Chinese open badminton tournament, the INTERNATIONAL Badminton Federation (BWF) suddenly informed the BWF that the original draw was flawed and the seeded players were incorrectly placed", "After 2008, some multinational enterprises due to the reduction of Chinese customs personnel, in the management of vacuum; Facing the possibility of customs inspection this year, some companies even gave up self-inspection and preparation and gave up the opportunity to improve"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12069, "answer": 1, "text": "A customer returning defective merchandise should be given an immediate refund if the merchandise was defective when purchased and was not on sale; if the customer is returning merchandise that is not defective or was damaged by customer negligence or customer abuse, the customer should be referred to the manager.", "question": "Which one of the following judgments conforms most closely to the principle stated above?", "options": ["A customer purchased a lawn mower, which became inoperative after the customer used it only five times. Even though the lawn mower was not on sale when purchased, the customer should be referred to the manager.", "A customer purchased a set of wrought-iron patio furniture at the regular price. The welding on two of the chairs was faulty, causing both to collapse during their first use. The customer should be given an immediate refund.", "A customer purchased a microwave oven that stopped working after the customer accidentally dropped it. The oven was not on sale and was not damaged by abuse, so the customer should be given an immediate refund.", "A customer purchased twelve bags of cement at the regular price, to build a walkway. The walkway was completed with only ten bags and the customer wishes to return the two remaining bags. The customer should be given an immediate refund."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7055, "answer": 1, "text": "In the long traditional agricultural society, mankind has been unable to get rid of the shortage of production and basic materials, and the total social wealth is relatively constant, and the wealth mainly depends on limited natural resources. This means that international relations are more centered on the acquisition of limited natural resources. However, with the development of modern industry and commerce, With the progress of science and technology, the total amount of social wealth has increased explosively. Countries all over the world have increasingly realized that jointly establishing a fair and reasonable world order is the best way to realize everyone's interests.", "question": "Is this passage intended to explain that?", "options": ["The growth of total social wealth mainly depends on the utilization of natural resources", "The change of social wealth acquisition has a profound impact on international relations", "There is a close link between international relations and natural resources", "Mankind is gradually getting rid of the constraints of the supply of natural resources"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 543, "answer": 0, "text": "The threshold effect refers to the phenomenon of putting forward a small request before putting forward a larger request, so as to increase the possibility of others accepting a larger request.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings belongs to the threshold effect?", "options": ["A survey shows that 48% of urban residents are willing to donate to save endangered species. If people are asked to sign the petition for saving endangered species (almost everyone will agree to sign) and then ask them to donate, the number of people willing to donate will increase by 20%.", "Smart merchants often set the price far more than the actual due price when selling goods, and then let customers accept a relatively low price when bargaining. In fact, this low price is still higher than the due price of goods, but customers often enjoy it.", "A brand of notebook computer has a low market share due to its low cost performance. Therefore, the manufacturer has formulated a promotion plan. When buying this notebook computer, it will give away a mouse, MP3 and USB flash disk. As a result, the sales volume of this notebook computer has increased significantly.", "A certain company successfully developed a whitening toothpaste for removing smoke stains. It was well received by the market due to its better effect on removing smoke stains. The company took the opportunity to launch several whitening toothpastes with different tastes. Improved, but still a best-selling product."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2068, "answer": 1, "text": "A man was traveling to Russia. When he was shopping, he found two strange people: one was digging a hole in the front, and the other was filling the dirt with a shovel at the back. The man thought it strange, so he asked them what they were doing. They replied that they were planting trees. The man found it even weirder. The two men explained that the man in charge of planting the saplings was ill and did not come.", "question": "Which of the following enlightenments does this passage give us?", "options": ["You don't have to pay attention to other people's opinions when you work.", "There should be a sense of responsibility in the work.", "We should talk about ways and methods in our work.", "No result of work is equal to no work done."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4140, "answer": 2, "text": "A semiconductor is a substance that conducts electricity between a metal and an insulator.", "question": "According to this definition, which of the following statements is wrong?", "options": ["A solution is less conductive than a metal and is not an insulator. So, the solution is a semiconductor.", "Dry Wood blocks do not conduct electricity. When wet, the wood conducts electricity, but not nearly as well as aluminum or copper. Some people say that it is wrong to say that moisture changes a block of wood from an insulator to a semiconductor.", "Mercury is much less conductive than metals such as aluminum, copper, and iron, so it's a semiconductor.", "The pure crystalline silicon will change from non-conducting to conducting when some element atoms are added. But it conducts electricity more easily in one direction than the other, and its conductivity is greatly influenced by external factors such as voltage. These are not as conductive as metals, so silicon is a semiconductor."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2211, "answer": 3, "text": "It is necessary to pay attention to avoid the hollowing out of the industry in the development of the service industry. However, it is wrong and dangerous to think that the rapid development of modern service industry in China's economic growth must lead to industrial hollowing out. Holding this view in practical work will make China's economy lose an important window for the rapid development of modern service industry. In fact, the formation of an industrial structure dominated by the service industry does not mean the decline of the status of the manufacturing industry, nor does it represent deindustrialization, let alone start the process of industrial hollowing out.", "question": "Which of the following options is the main emphasis in this passage?", "options": ["The rapid development of modern service industry can not lead to industrial hollowing out", "How to objectively evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the rapid development of modern service industry", "Whether it will lead to industrial hollowing out depends on the rise and fall of the manufacturing industry", "We should not miss the opportunity to develop the service industry by worrying about the hollowing out of the industry"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3793, "answer": 1, "text": "An enterprise refers to an independent commodity production unit that has the status of a legal person, creates value, increases utility, and pursues maximum profit.", "question": "Which of the following options belongs to the enterprise?", "options": ["A family that mainly cooks for family members or guests", "Family business engaged in the production of small household commodities", "Company in the army", "Farmers engaged in self-sufficient production"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11076, "answer": 2, "text": "Pediatrician: Swollen tonsils give rise to breathing problems during sleep, and the surgical removal of children' s swollen tonsils has been shown to alleviate sleep disturbances. So removing children' s tonsils before swelling even occurs will ensure that the children do not experience any breathing problems during sleep.", "question": "The pediatrician's argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it", "options": ["fails to consider the possibility that there may be other medical reasons for surgically removing a child's tonsils", "infers from the fact that an action has a certain effect that the action is intended to produce that effect", "fails to consider the possibility that some breathing problems during sleep may be caused by something other than swollen tonsils", "relies on an inappropriate appeal to authority"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5857, "answer": 1, "text": "Successis only a local anesthetic. Those artists should realize that they can only succeed Thereand not Here, which in it self is ridiculous and absurd. This in itself is a kind of Failure. What's more, they thought of coming back with laurel crowns, which is a kind of stale emotion, which shows that they are not free at heart and they are still slaves of Here.", "question": "Which of the following is the most likely to weaken this view?", "options": ["It is not ridiculous for an artist to be successful in his field and not be well in other fields.", "Artists are not only successful in their fields, but they are also successful in other fields. They are free in heart.", "While an artist succeeds in his own field, he also wants to succeed in other fields.", "It is not hackneyed for an artist to engage in a field other than his own."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12394, "answer": 2, "text": "Mall owner: Our mall' s occupancy rate is so low that we are barely making a profit. We cannot raise rents because of an unacceptably high risk of losing established tenants. On the other hand, a mall that is fully occupied costs about as much to run as one in which a rental space here and a rental space there stands empty. Clearly, ttherefore, to increase profits we must sign up new tenants.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?", "options": ["The mall is located in a geographic area in which costs incurred for air-conditioning in the hot summers exceed those incurred for heating in the mid winters by a wide margin.", "The mall's occupancy rate, though relatively low, has been relatively stable for several years.", "The mall's operating costs could be cut by consolidating currently rented spaces in such a way that an entire wing of the mall could be closed up.", "None of the mall's established tenants is likely to need additional floor space there in the foreseeable future."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10092, "answer": 2, "text": "Seven security guards, Zhao, Qian, Sun, Li, Wu, Zheng, and Wang, take turns on the night shift every week. In terms of duty hours, it is now known that Zhao is one day behind Sun; Li is two days behind Wu; Qian is three days ahead of Wang; Zheng is between Qian and Sun, on Thursday.", "question": "Based on the above question, which of the following options regarding night shift is true?", "options": ["Wu is on Sunday.", "Qian is on Tuesday.", "Li is on Tuesday.", "Sun is on Friday."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4959, "answer": 2, "text": "A school's Lei Feng team decided to water the current small trees on the campus, but when they arrived at the school, they found that there were exactly three students in the school, and the small trees had been watered. A said,B did it. B said: I didn't do it. C said, It wasn't me. Two of the three people told a lie, and one told the truth.", "question": "From this, it can be seen that which of the following is watering the tree?", "options": ["A", "B", "C", "Other people"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13288, "answer": 3, "text": "In the past year Harborville has had an unusually high rate of new cases of a certain disease. An investigation revealed that over the past five years Harborville' s public water supply has had a high level of pollutants. Medical researchers have hypothesized that Harborville' s water is responsible for the high rate of new cases of the disease.", "question": "Each of the following, if true, provides additional support for the researchers' hypothesis EXCEPT:", "options": ["The rate of new cases of the disease among residents of Harborville who get their water from private sources is not unusually high.", "The same type of pollutants that were found in Harborville's water have independently been linked to occurrences in other towns of high rates of the disease.", "Most of the people afflicted with new cases of the disease had regularly drunk larger quantities of Harborville's water than had other Harborville residents.", "Some of the people with newly diagnosed cases of the disease began to develop the disease before Harborville's water became polluted."], "type": {"Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14296, "answer": 2, "text": "It is generally believed that people receiving frequent medical checkups are likely to need hospitalization less frequently than they would otherwise; after all, many things can be done following a checkup to prevent problems that, if ignored, might become acute and then require hospitalization. But for people with chronic illnesses, frequent medical checkups are likely to lead to more frequent hospitalization since __.", "question": "Which of the following most logically completes the passage?", "options": ["the average length of a hospital stay is the same for those who receive frequent checkups as for those who do not", "medical checkups sometimes do not reveal early symptoms of those chronic illnesses that are best treated in a hospital", "the recommended treatments for complications of many chronic illnesses involve hospitalization even if those complications are detected while barely noticeable", "people with chronic illnesses generally receive medical checkups more frequently than people who are not chronically ill"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5862, "answer": 3, "text": "Previous studies have suggested that volcanic eruptions release large amounts of heat and cause the global warming, but recent studies have found that volcanic eruptions not only do not cause the global warming, but can also reduce its impact.", "question": "Which of the following is true to support the above conclusion?", "options": ["Studies have shown that when the volcano erupts, the underground magma ejects the ground, contacts with the air to produce the oxidation reaction,causing local temperatures to rise.", "Volcanic eruptions inhibit certain bacteria that break down organic matter, which contains methane, a combustible gas that produces heat.", "Volcanic eruptions can lead to large-scale acid rain, which in the short term can lower the temperature of volcanic areas, but also caused crop pests.", "The study found that Sulfur dioxide, a volcanic substance, can form water particles with atmospheric material and reflect sunlight, reducing heat radiation to the ground and slowing global warming."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1488, "answer": 0, "text": "In recent years, with the influx of capital, the value of web comic content and platforms has risen, as if from the original cheap virgin land to an upscale community full of luxury villas. According to reports, as of the end of 2016, major websites in China The total number of comic works is about 150,000. There are more than 90,000 webcomic authors, 200 billion clicks on the comics, and 70 million users. However, it should be noted that the content creation level of webcomics does not match the increase in market value. , User stickiness and consumption conversion rate are not as high as imagined. In other words, these luxury villas held up by capital are likely to become haunted houses. When things are traded at prices far exceeding their value, It creates a bubble.", "question": "Which of the following is this text trying to express?", "options": ["At present, the value of domestic web comics is overestimated", "A lot of money poured into the web comic market", "The current content creation level of Chinese web comics does not match the market", "The user stickiness and consumption conversion rate of domestic web comics can be rapidly improved in a short period of time"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6993, "answer": 2, "text": "Chinese TV people must face up to the fact that it is not the institutions and channels of these entities that pose a real challenge to television, no matter whether they are mobile phones, networks or other mobile terminals. it is the audience who is slowly changing under the immersion of these media environment. These audiences, they may be TV masses, netizens, or hand-shot mobs. The TV content has been out of the control of the producers from the moment it is delivered to them. What kind of information, fun and values these audiences will get from TV programs, and how they will interpret, derive and alter TV programs, all keep TV people awake at night.", "question": "Which of the following is the most likely content of this passage?", "options": ["The reasons for the change in the taste of TV audience", "How do TV producers guide the aesthetic orientation of the audience", "How to adapt TV production to the change of audience's taste", "How does the audience use mobile phones, the Internet and other media to express their opinions?"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9939, "answer": 1, "text": "Five stations have been set up in a section of the high-speed railway along the river from west to east. It is known that Fu Yi Station is located in the east of Hao Yun Station and west of Hu Yao Station, and adjacent to Hu Yao Station; Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.", "question": "If Hao Yun Station is on the east side of the station, which of the following options can be inferred?", "options": ["Yin Ling Station is adjacent to Hao Yun Station and is to the west of Hao Yun Station.", "Hao Yun Station is adjacent to Fu Yi Station and is to the west of Fu Yi Station.", "Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Hao Yun Station and is to the west of Hao Yun Station.", "Yin Ling Station is adjacent to Fu Yi Station and is to the west of Fu Yi Station."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4635, "answer": 1, "text": "Domestic violence: refers to the physical abuse of one family member to another or some other family members.", "question": "Which of the following categories is domestic violence?", "options": ["Wang's father often criticized Wang severely. Sometimes his language is very rude", "Shen was kept in his room by his mother for three days without eating because he did not enter a key middle school", "Wei, 13, accidentally broke the only hot water bottle in his family and was punished by his father to wash his clothes", "Shang's 80 year old mother suffered from an unknown disease. Shang was afraid of being a malignant infectious disease. He took her to see a doctor and lost her on the way, causing her to live on the street for three days"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5674, "answer": 1, "text": "The results showed that after heating sweet corn for 10 minutes, 25 minutes and 50 minutes at 115 degree, its anti free radical activity increased by 22%, 44% and 53% respectively. Therefore, the longer the heating time, the better the anti-aging effect of corn.", "question": "Which of the following items, if true, cannotweaken the above conclusion:", "options": ["After heating for 65 minutes, the anti free radical activity of maize decreased", "Compared with sweet corn, the increase of anti free radical activity of waxy corn after heating for the same time is very small", "Sweet corn is a rare kind of corn, which is not representative", "For maize, it is not that the higher the activity of anti free radical, the better its anti-aging effect"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1632, "answer": 1, "text": "There are many and complex reasons that affect climate change in a region for a long time or in a certain period of time. So far, people have been unable to explain the impact of various factors on climate change. However, it can be asserted that even with the development of human society, on the whole, natural factors are still the leading factors affecting climate. Human activities are still not enough to affect the basic attributes of regional climate. It is not enough to cause huge climate changes such as glacial period or interglacial period.", "question": "Which of the following is mainly explained in this paragraph?", "options": ["The climate of a region is the result of the joint action of many factors.", "The basic attributes of regional climate mainly depend on natural factors.", "Human activities are not enough to have an impact on the climate of a region.", "Human understanding and analysis of climate influencing factors are not enough."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3544, "answer": 2, "text": "Serpentine rock soil is dry and low in nutrients, and usually contains heavy metal elements such as nickel and chromium that are toxic to most species. Researchers have found that a population of Arabidopsis plants grow in serpentine rock soil, which is bad for them. It is said that it is a very extreme environment. Some researchers have analyzed the genes of this Arabidopsis plant and believe that they have borrowed some beneficial genes from the relatives that grow nearby to help them cope with the extreme environment. However, some opponents believe that this Arabidopsis plant adapts to the environment by obtaining genetic variation through the original genetic variation.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, weakens the opponent's point of view?", "options": ["Other plants that grow in serpentine soil are completely independent and adaptively evolved through natural selection", "It has not been seen that this species of Arabidopsis plant grown in non-serpentine rock soil has obtained genetic variation through genetic modification to adapt to the environment", "A characteristic gene fragment from nearby relatives was detected in Arabidopsis plants growing in serpentine soil, which enhanced tolerance to heavy metals", "No genetic alterations have been found in plants growing in nearby non-serpentine soil"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3019, "answer": 0, "text": "A recent survey in a key middle school shows that high school students in this school have a special preference for playing football, far more than other balls. The survey also found that students who regularly play football do better than those who do not. It can be seen that playing football regularly can improve students' academic performance.", "question": "Which of the following options weakens the above conclusion most?", "options": ["With the consent of the students' parents, the school has made a rule that only high school students whose academic performance is in the top 30% of the grade can often play football", "Playing football regularly can exercise your body and keep your study energetic", "Playing football often leads to the loss of study time", "Scientific research has not proved that playing football regularly contributes to intellectual development"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10917, "answer": 1, "text": "Marcus: For most ethical dilemmas the journalist is likely to face, traditional journalistic ethics is clear, adequate, and essentially correct. For example, when journalists have uncovered newsworthy information, they should go to press with it as soon as possible. No delay motivated by the journalists' personal or professional interests is permissible. Anita: Well, Marcus, of course interesting and important information should be brought before the public -- that is a journalist' s job. But in the typical case, where a journalist has some information but is in a quandary about whether it is yet important or newsworthy, this guidance is inadequate.", "question": "The point made by Anita's statements is most accurately expressed by which one of the following?", "options": ["There are common situations in which a journalist must make a decision and in which no principle of journalistic ethics can be of help.", "The ethical principle that Marcus cites does not help the journalist in a typical kind of situation in which a decision needs to be made.", "Marcus' claim that traditional journalistic ethics is clear for most ethical dilemmas in journalism is incorrect.", "A typical case illustrates that Marcus is wrong in claiming that traditional journalistic ethics is essentially correct for most ethical dilemmas in journalism."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6849, "answer": 0, "text": "With the increasing scale of modern enterprises, there is less and less direct connection between managers and managed. To a large extent, managers of today's large enterprises deal with their subordinates through reports to obtain information and manage.", "question": "Which of the following supports the view that the growing size of a business is a reflection of this?", "options": ["Cause tension in the relationship between managers and worker", "Created some different classes in the enterprise", "It brings some better methods of enterprise management", "So that managers can evaluate the work of the supervised more objectively"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 413, "answer": 3, "text": "DM advertising is direct mail advertising, that is, sending promotional materials to consumers themselves, their homes or company locations by mail, gift, etc.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings does not belong to DM advertising?", "options": ["Trial products of sunscreen lotion presented at the cosmetics counter of the department store.", "Commercial real estate leaflets distributed on crowded streets.", "Coupons of a large fast-food restaurant chain received in the e-mail box.", "Two free mobile phone stickers when buying mobile phones in the appliance store."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6723, "answer": 0, "text": "During the four hundred years of Qin and Han dynasties, politics and culture promoted each other and formed a complementary mechanism. the effect was that unity was considered reasonable and normal, while division was considered unreasonable and abnormal. This stereotype caused by Qin and Han culture has a profound impact on Chinese history in the year 2000. National unity strengthens the speed and intensity of multicultural integration, while the integrated unified culture has strong cohesion and centripetal force, which in turn increases political unity.", "question": "Which of the following is the content that this text is meant to emphasize?", "options": ["There is a close relationship between politics and culture", "The culture of Qin and Han dynasties has a far-reaching influence on later generations", "Chinese culture has a strong centripetal force", "The premise of national unity is the integration of culture"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11808, "answer": 2, "text": "Critics: Not so. The farms the academy selected to study were the ones that seemed most likely to be successful in using natural methods. What about the farmers who have tried such methods and failed? Which one of the following is the most adequate evaluation of the logical force of the critics' response?", "question": "Science Academy study: It has been demonstrated that with natural methods, some well-managed farms are able to reduce the amounts of synthetic fertilizer and pesticide and also of antibiotics they use without necessarily decreasing yields; in some cases yields can be increased.", "options": ["The critics demonstrate that natural methods are not suitable for the majority of farmers.", "The critics show that the result of the study would have been different if twice as many farms had been studied.", "The issue is only to show that something is possible, so it is not relevant whether the instances studied were representative.", "Success and failure in farming are rarely due only to luck, because farming is the management of chance occurrences."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9619, "answer": 2, "text": "A study of grass-roots workers in an enterprise shows that grass-roots workers who use social software are significantly less likely to suffer from diabetes, mental illness and ischemic heart disease than those who do not use social software. Accordingly, the managers of the company believe that the use of social software is beneficial to the health of grass-roots workers.", "question": "Which of the following options, if true, will most weaken the above managers' conclusions?", "options": ["Long-term use of computers or mobile phones can cause a variety of health problems, including mental illness.", "The grass-roots workers of the enterprise do not have enough time and energy to exercise.", "The grass-roots workers of the enterprise are under great pressure, and people with physical and mental health use social software after work.", "The grass-roots workers of the enterprise are generally over the age of 40, and a considerable number of people do not use social software."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10581, "answer": 2, "text": "On average, American consumers buy a new computer every four years even though older computers are still perfectly capable of basic operations such as word processing and surfing the Internet. This is the case despite the fact that most computers are designed to work for approximately ten years.", "question": "The statements above, if true, best support which of the following as a conclusion?", "options": ["Computers ought to be designed to break down more quickly than is presently the case.", "Computers utilizing the latest technology represent substantial functional upgrades from earlier computers.", "American consumers are motivated to purchase new computers by some combination of factors other than their current computer's ability to perform basic functions.", "Improved manufacturing techniques have led to computers lasting longer than was possible in the past."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 15008, "answer": 3, "text": "Anderson maintains that travel writing has diminished in quality over the last few decades. Although travel writing has changed in this time, Anderson is too harsh on contemporary travel writers. Today, when the general public is better traveled than in the past, travel writers face a challenge far greater than that of their predecessors: they must not only show their readers a place but also make them see it anew. That the genre has not only survived but also flourished shows the talent of today' s practitioners.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the argument by the statement that the general public is better traveled today than in the past?", "options": ["It is cited as evidence that contemporary travel writing is intended for a wider readership.", "It is claimed to be a result of good travel writing.", "It is cited as a reason that travel writing flourishes more today than it has in the past.", "It is cited as a condition that has transformed the task of the travel writer."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7301, "answer": 2, "text": "There are four balls of the same size and weight, red, yellow, blue and green. Take a scale. If you put the red and yellow balls on one end of the balance, and put the blue and green balls on the other end of the balance, the scale will remain balanced. If you put the red and green balls on the left side of the scale, and the yellow and blue balls on the right side, the left side sinks. If you put a red ball and a blue ball on the left and a yellow ball on the right, the right side sinks.", "question": "Which of the following is in light-to-heavy order?", "options": ["Blue, red, green, yellow.", "Red, blue, green, yellow.", "Blue, red, yellow, green.", "Yellow, blue, red, green."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10917, "answer": 2, "text": "The true scientific significance of a group of unusual fossils discovered by the paleontologist Charles Walcott is more likely to be reflected in a recent classification than it was in Walcott' s own classification. Walcott was, after all, a prominent member of the scientific establishment. His classifications are thus unlikely to have done anything but confirm what established science had already taken to be true.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes a questionable technique used in the argument?", "options": ["It analyzes the past on the basis of social and political categories that properly apply only to the present and uses the results of this analysis to support its conclusion.", "It cites two pieces of evidence, each of which is both questionable and unverifiable, and uses this evidence to support its conclusions.", "It draws conclusions about the merit of a position and about the content of that position from evidence about the position's source.", "It bases a conclusion on two premises that contradict each other and minimizes this contradiction by the vagueness of the terms employed."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7152, "answer": 0, "text": "Technical standards refer to the technical regulations on the quality, specifications and inspection methods of industrial and agricultural products and engineering construction, as well as the commonly used graphics and symbols in technical documents. They are a common basis for production and construction.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is a technical standard?", "options": ["Provisions of the state on the quality standards of infant milk powder", "Detailed rules of the state on the evaluation of hygienic cities", "National regulations on recall of defective products", "Industrial bureau's test standard for smoke and dust emission of equipment in metallurgical machinery plant area"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3186, "answer": 0, "text": "In the past three years, the sales volume of Jetta brand computers has increased rapidly. During the same period, the cost of TV advertising of the brand has also increased significantly. Therefore, some people believe that the growth of Jetta brand computer sales is due to the promotional role of TV advertising.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, weakens the above conclusion most?", "options": ["Few buyers of Jetta brand computers have noticed the brand's TV advertisements", "Hongyuan brand computer is the main competitor of Jetta, and it invests more in TV advertising", "Few people who have noticed Jetta brand computer TV advertisements buy the product", "In the last three years, the total demand for computers has increased significantly"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6409, "answer": 0, "text": "The anonymity of communication seems to be inherent in the Internet. There was a time when a cartoon by Peter Steiner, published in The New Yorker in 1993 with the jokey title On the Internet, No One Knows You're a Dog, was taken as a truism by Internet users.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is wrong about on the Internet, no one knows you are a dog?", "options": ["This is a strong question about the humanity of netizens", "This is the status quo because of anonymity", "On the Internet, no one knows who you really are", "Most netizens accept the anonymity of communication on the Internet"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
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