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{"id": 7894, "answer": 2, "text": "Not all the elderly are suitable to participate in investment activities and the vast majority of investments require investors to have a wealth of professional knowledge. But most elderly people are so deficient in this respect that they can only be fooled by some swindlers. Compared with the stock market, funds and other securities investments, the elderly are more likely to be fooled into investing in works of art. If they do not have enough identification ability, they will be deceived and think that they have encountered the beauty of picking up leaks.", "question": "Based on the above statement, which of the following can be inferred?", "options": ["Some older persons have a wealth of expertise that makes them suitable for investment activities.", "Some elderly people do not have enough ability to identify, but will encounter the leakof the good things.", "If some old people do not want to be deceived, they must have sufficient discrimination ability.", "It is not suitable for the elderly to participate in investment activities, whether it is stock market, fund or art investment."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13080, "answer": 3, "text": "Two different dates have been offered as the approximate end point of the last ice age in North America. The first date was established by testing insect fragments found in samples of sediments to determine when warmth-adapted open-ground beetles replaced cold-adapted arctic beetles. The second date was established by testing pollen grains in those same samples to determine when ice masses yielded to spruce forests. The first date is more than 500 years earlier than the second.", "question": "The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following conclusions about the last ice age and its aftermath in North America?", "options": ["Ice masses continued to advance through North America for several hundred years after the end of the ice age.", "Toward the end of the ice age, warmth-adapted open-ground beetles ceased to inhabit areas where the predominant tree cover consisted of spruce forests.", "Among those sediments deposited toward the end of the ice age, those found to contain cold-adapted arctic beetle fragments can also be expected to contain spruce-pollen grains.", "Toward the end of the ice age, warmth-adapted open-ground beetles colonized the new terrain opened to them faster than soil changes and seed dispersion established new spruce forests."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12415, "answer": 3, "text": "Last year a chain of fast-food restaurants, whose menu had always centered on hamburger, added its first vegetarian sandwich, much lower in fat than the chain's other offerings. Despite heavy marketing, the new sandwich accounts for a very small proportion of the chain's sales. The sandwich's sales would have to quadruple to cover the costs associated with including it on the menu. Since such an increase is unlikely, the chain would be more profitable if it dropped the sandwich.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?", "options": ["An attempt by the chain to introduce a lower-fat hamburger failed several years ago, since it attracted few new customers and most of the chain's regular customers greatly preferred the taste of the regular hamburger.", "Although many of the chain's customers have never tried the vegetarian sandwich, in a market research survey most of those who had tried it reported that they were very satisfied with it.", "Many of the people who eat at the chain's restaurants also eat at the restaurants of competing chains and report no strong preference among the competitors.", "When even one member of group of diner's is a vegetarian or has a preference for low-fat food, the group tends to avoid restaurants that lack vegetarian or low-fat menu options."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4013, "answer": 2, "text": "The greatest protection against the ability of life on Earth's surface is that the Earth's magnetic field deflects large amounts of charged ions and isolates large amounts of harmful cosmic rays from the atmosphere. Recently, scientists found that the South Atlantic magnetic field began to flip the Earth's magnetic field is being weakened. They have studied the idea that if the Earth's magnetic field were reversed, all living things would be extinct without magnetic protection.", "question": "Which of the following options, if correct, best supports the above conclusion?", "options": ["Earth-like planets, mars lost its magnetic field, its atmosphere was completely destroyed by the solar wind, life is gone", "At present, in the South Atlantic, within the abnormal region, orbiting satellites pass by here, often with problems", "When the magnetic field is reversed, life on Earth is exposed to unprotected surfaces, resulting in a major outbreak of skin cancer", "In the last 200 years, the Earth's magnetic field has weakened by 15% as the South Atlantic magnetic field has begun to flip"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5177, "answer": 0, "text": "Researchers at the University of Kent in the United Kingdom asked two groups of volunteers to play puzzle games and watch documentaries about sports cars, and then asked them to perform indoor cycling endurance tests. As a result, the first group members who thought they were exhausted were more likely to give up than the second group. However, the researchers found that there was no difference in blood pressure, oxygen consumption, and cardiac output between the two groups of volunteers.", "question": "Which of the following options can be derived?", "options": ["The influence of mental activity on physical strength is just a sensory deviation.", "The physical fitness of the two groups of volunteers was very similar.", "Playing puzzle games and watching TV consume the same physical energy.", "Manual labor can stimulate the potential of mental workers."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6147, "answer": 2, "text": "The principle of visible light communication technology is very simple, light represents 1, light off represents 0, and the combination of light and off carries information. However, because the frequency of visible light is much higher than that of wireless network communication signals, its propagation is very linear, and a slight obstruction will cause communication interruption. Taking into account the development trend of technology and product practicability, visible light communication is not likely to replace wireless networks and be widely used in homes, but this does not mean that this technology has no practical value. This technology has exciting application prospects in broadcast-style public communications. Using visible light communication technology, LED signal lights can tell the driver that there is congestion going straight ahead, and it is recommended to turn right to take another road.", "question": "Which of the followings can we deduce from this text?", "options": ["The use of visible light communication technology will make cities truly become smart cities.", "At present, there has been a huge breakthrough in the core technology of visible light communication.", "Visible light communication technology will shine in public communication.", "Visible light communication technology will make earth-shaking changes in the home network."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14375, "answer": 2, "text": "People who do not believe that others distrust them are confident in their own abilities, so people who tend to trust others think of a difficult task as a challenge rather than a threat, since this is precisely how people who are confident in their own abilities regard such tasks.", "question": "The conclusion above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["Confidence in one's own abilities gives one confidence in the trustworthiness of others.", "People who are not threatened by difficult tasks tend to find such tasks challenging.", "People who tend to trust others do not believe that others distrust them.", "People tend to distrust those who they believe lack self-confidence."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14411, "answer": 3, "text": "A good way to get over one' s fear of an activity one finds terrifying is to do it repeatedly. For instance, over half of people who have parachuted only once report being extremely frightened by the experience, while less than 1 percent of those who have parachuted ten times or more report being frightened by it.", "question": "The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument", "options": ["neglects to consider those people who have parachuted more than once but fewer than ten times", "takes for granted that the greater the number of dangerous activities one engages in the less one is frightened by any one of them", "takes for granted that people do not know how frightening something is unless they have tried it", "overlooks the possibility that most people who have parachuted many times did not find it frightening initially"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11648, "answer": 2, "text": "Of 2, 500 people who survived a first heart attack, those who did not smoke had their first heart attack at a median age of 62. However, of those 2, 500, people who smoked two packs of cigarettes a day had their first heart attack at a median age of 51. On the basis of this information, it can be concluded that nonsmokers tend to have a first heart attack eleven years later than do people who smoke two packs of cigarettes a day.", "question": "The conclusion is incorrectly drawn from the information given because this information does not include", "options": ["the earliest age at which a person who smoked two packs a day had his or her first heart attack", "the relative severity of heart attacks suffered by smokers and nonsmokers", "data on people who did not survive a first heart attack", "how many of the 2, 500 people studied suffered a second heart attack"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 863, "answer": 2, "text": "American economist Malthus proposed: The trend of population growth is always faster than the growth of production. If it is not controlled, the population will always grow in a geometric progression, while the means of subsistence can only grow in arithmetic progression.When the population expands to the limit where the means of subsistence can only survive, hunger, war and disease will appear.", "question": "Which of the following can be inferred?", "options": ["As long as the population is effectively controlled, hunger, war and disease can be avoided fundamentally.", "Population growth is the direct cause of all wars and diseases.", "The incoordination between the rate of population growth and the rate of production growth will lead to follow-up problems such as wars.", "Mankind will never be able to avoid hunger, war and disease, because population growth is inevitable."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2593, "answer": 3, "text": "Xiaodong is playing the game of Warriors Wars. When he enters the second level, four options appear on the interface, the first option is you need to pay game currency if you choose any option, the second option is you can get additional game reward after choosing this option, the third option is the game will not continue after choosing this game, and the fourth option is you don't have to pay game currency when you choose an option.", "question": "If one of the statements in the four options is true, which of the following must be true?", "options": ["If you choose any option, you have to pay the game currency", "You don't have to pay the game currency if you choose any option", "If you choose any option, you will not get an additional reward for the game", "After selecting the third option, the game can continue"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12058, "answer": 0, "text": "Computers perform actions that are closer to thinking than anything nonhuman animals do. But computers do not have volitional powers, although some nonhuman animals do.", "question": "Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?", "options": ["Having volitional powers need not involve thinking.", "It is necessary to have volitional powers in order to think.", "Things that are not animals do not have volitional powers.", "Computers will never be able to think as human beings do."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10839, "answer": 3, "text": "Insect infestations in certain cotton-growing regions of the world have caused dramatic increases in the price of cotton on the world market. By contrast, the price of soybeans has long remained stable. Knowing that cotton plants mature quickly, many soybean growers in Ortovia plan to cease growing soybeans and begin raising cotton instead, thereby taking advantage of the high price of cotton to increase their income significantly, at least over the next several years.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the plan's chances for success?", "options": ["The cost of raising soybeans has increased significantly over the past several years and is expected to continue to climb.", "In the past several years, there has been no sharp increase in the demand for cotton and for goods made out of cotton.", "The species of insect that has infested cotton plants has never been known to attack soybean plants.", "Tests of a newly developed, inexpensive pesticide have shown it to be both environmentally safe and effective against the insects that have infested cotton crops."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14950, "answer": 3, "text": "The journalistic practice of fabricating remarks after an interview and printing them within quotation marks, as if they were the interviewee' s own words, has been decried as a form of unfair misrepresentation. However, people' s actual spoken remarks rarely convey their ideas as clearly as does a distillation of those ideas crafted, after an interview, by a skilled writer. Ttherefore, since this practice avoids the more serious misrepresentation that would occur if people' s exact words were quoted but their ideas only partially expressed, it is entirely defensible.", "question": "Which one of the following is a questionable technique used in the argument?", "options": ["claiming that the prestige of a profession provides ample grounds for dismissing criticisms of that profession", "answering an exaggerated charge by undermining the personal authority of those who made that charge", "concluding that a practice is right on the grounds that it is necessary", "offering as an adequate defense of a practice an observation that discredits only one of several possible alternatives to that practice"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11238, "answer": 0, "text": "On the nights immediately following the mysterious Tunguska event, which destroyed a tract of Siberian wilderness in 1908, eyewitnesses reported seeing noctilucent clouds -- brilliant night-visible clouds made up of ice particles that form rarely and only at very high altitudes. Recently, noctilucent clouds have been observed on the nights following launches of rockets that release large amounts of water vapor into the upper atmosphere. This shows that it was a comet impact and not the impact of an asteroid that caused the destruction in Siberia.", "question": "The argument depends on assuming which one of the following?", "options": ["Comets but not asteroids release large amounts of water vapor into the upper atmosphere when they collide with Earth.", "The fact that noctilucent clouds are made of ice particles in the upper atmosphere was only recently discovered.", "Comets collide with Earth more frequently than asteroids do.", "Noctilucent clouds are visible for many consecutive nights following the release of water vapor into the upper atmosphere."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12137, "answer": 3, "text": "Lobsters and other crustaceans eaten by humans are more likely to contract gill diseases when sewage contaminates their water. Under a recent proposal, millions of gallons of local sewage each day would be rerouted many kilometers offshore. Although this would substantially reduce the amount of sewage in the harbor where lobsters are caught, the proposal is pointless, because hardly any lobsters live long enough to be harmed by those diseases.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?", "options": ["Lobsters, like other crustaceans, live longer in the open ocean than in industrial harbors.", "Lobsters breed as readily in sewage-contaminated water as in unpolluted water.", "Contaminants in the harbor other than sewage are equally harmful to lobsters.", "Humans often become ill as a result of eating lobsters with gill diseases."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8760, "answer": 1, "text": "Crimes involving the use of guns are more likely to lead to homicides than other types of crimes, but most crimes involving the use of guns do not lead to homicides.Therefore, it is not necessary to distinguish the illegal use of guns as a serious criminal offence from other criminal offences in criminal law.", "question": "According to the logical loopholes in the above argument, which of the following options is the most similar?", "options": ["Obese people are more likely to suffer from heart disease than normal weight people. However, obesity accounts for only a small proportion of China's population. Therefore, in China, there is no need for medical and health circles to emphasize the risk of heart disease", "Promiscuous sex is more likely to be infected with AIDS than regular sex. However, only a small proportion of people who have promiscuous sex are infected with AIDS. Therefore, there is no need to emphasize the harm of promiscuous sex in the publicity of AIDS prevention", "The popular view is that smoking is more likely to cause lung cancer than non-smoking. However, in some countries, the proportion of lung cancer patients with smoking history is not higher than that of the total population. Therefore, the above popular view is likely to be a prejudice", "High-income people are more able to enjoy life than low-income people. But many high-income people claim to be unhappy. Therefore, the pursuers of a happy life do not have to pay attention to the level of income"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2103, "answer": 3, "text": "Industrial waste gas emissions are an important reason for the increase in greenhouse gases, but there are also a large amount of greenhouse gases coming from underwater. The bottom sediments of water bodies such as lakes, ponds and rivers will produce methane, which mainly emerges from the water surface in the form of bubbles and enters the atmosphere. It has been found that nutrient-rich water sediments will release more methane. Therefore, some experts suggest that in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from water bodies, the abuse of chemical fertilizers should be restricted.", "question": "Which of the following is the premise of the above argument?", "options": ["The amount of methane emitted by water sediments is more than that of industrial waste gas", "Methane is the most important component of greenhouse gases", "Fertilizers can easily pollute the environment through water bodies", "Misuse of chemical fertilizers can easily bring too much nutrients to water sediments"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11110, "answer": 3, "text": "The proposed change to the patent system is bound to have a chilling effect on scientific research. Under current rules, researchers have one full year after the initial publication of a new discovery to patent the discovery. This allows research results to be shared widely prior to the patent application. The proposed change would have the application precede initial publication, which would delay the communication of discoveries.", "question": "The conclusion drawn above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["The proposed change will encourage more patent applications to be filed.", "The current rules for patent applications facilitate progress in scientific research by rewarding the communication of discoveries.", "Most researchers oppose the proposed change to the patent system.", "Delays in the communication of discoveries will have a chilling effect on scientific research."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9069, "answer": 2, "text": "There are seven recruits in a university: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one is a signal soldier, three are engineers, and the other three are transport soldiers. The conditions for the distribution of arms for recruits are as follows: H and Y must be assigned to the same arms. F and G cannot be assigned to the same arms. If X is assigned as a transport soldier, W is assigned as an engineer. F was assigned to be an engineer.", "question": "Which of the following statements may be true if X is not assigned as an engineer?", "options": ["W and G are assigned as engineers", "H and W are assigned as transport soldiers", "F and Y are assigned as engineers", "H and W are assigned as engineers"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11414, "answer": 0, "text": "Factory manager: One reason the automobile parts this factory produces are expensive is that our manufacturing equipment is outdated and inefficient. Our products would be more competitively priced if we were to refurbish the factory completely with new, more efficient equipment. Ttherefore, since to survive in today' s market we have to make our products more competitively priced, we must completely refurbish the factory in order to survive.", "question": "The reasoning in the factory manager's argument is flawed because this argument", "options": ["shifts without justification from treating something as one way of achieving a goal to treating it as the only way of achieving that goal", "fails to recognize that the price of a particular commodity can change over time", "recommends a solution to a problem without first considering any possible causes of that problem", "fails to make a definite recommendation and instead merely suggests that some possible course of action might be effective"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10692, "answer": 3, "text": "Real estate agent: Upon selling a home, the sellers are legally entitled to remove any items that are not permanent fixtures. Legally, large appliances like dishwashers are not permanent fixtures. However, since many prospective buyers of the home are likely to assume that large appliances in the home would be included with its purchase, sellers who will be keeping the appliances are morally obliged either to remove them before showing the home or to indicate in some other way that the appliances are not included.", "question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the real estate agent's argumentation?", "options": ["A home's sellers are morally obliged to include with the sale of the home at least some of the appliances that are not permanent fixtures but were in the home when it was shown to prospective buyers.", "A home's sellers are morally obliged to ensure that prospective buyers of the home do not assume that any large appliances are permanent fixtures in the home.", "If a home's sellers have indicated in some way that a large appliance is included with the home's purchase, then they are morally obliged not to remove that appliance after showing the home.", "If a home's sellers will be keeping any belongings that prospective buyers of the home might assume would be included with the purchase of the home, the sellers are morally obliged to indicate clearly that those belongings are not included."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9074, "answer": 0, "text": "weeds originally means useless or unbeautiful herbs, while the so-called useful and beautiful actually depend on people's perspective. The word weed is a convenient label with a strong subjective color, so it is not a scientific classification term.", "question": "Which of the following statements is the hypothesis that makes the above conclusion valid?", "options": ["All words with strong subjective color are not scientific classification terms", "All words with strong subjective color are not scientific classification terms", "Some convenient labels with strong subjective color are not scientific classification terms", "Words with strong subjective color are convenient labels"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12396, "answer": 1, "text": "Computer manufacturers and retailers tell us that the complexity involved in connecting the various components of personal computers is not a widespread obstacle to their use, but this is wrong. Customers who install accessories to their personal computers have to take full responsibility for the setting of jumpers and switches to satisfy mysterious specifications. Many accessories require extra software that can cause other accessories to stop working; adding a modem, for instance, may disable a printer.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?", "options": ["Computer manufacturers rarely take into account ease of installation when they are designing programs or accessories.", "A personal computer is usually sold as part of a package that includes accessories and free installation.", "Software for accessories can often be obtained for free.", "Personal computer instruction manuals usually explain the purposes of the jumpers and switches."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13066, "answer": 1, "text": "Lopez: Our university is not committed to liberal arts, as evidenced by its decision to close the classics department. The study of classical antiquity is crucial to the liberal arts, and it has been so since the Renaissance. Warrington; Although the study of classical works is essential to the liberal arts, a classics department isn' t, since other departments often engage in that study.", "question": "Warrington's argument proceeds by", "options": ["responding to a possible objection to the reasoning in Lopez's argument", "presenting a consideration in order to undermine the reasoning in Lopez's argument", "offering additional reasons in favor of the conclusion of Lopez's argument", "claiming that the reasoning in Lopez's argument rests on an illicit appeal to tradition"], "type": {"Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3147, "answer": 2, "text": "On New Year's day in 1990, the total sales volume of social goods in China increased by 1.3% over the same period of last year. The sales volume of color TV sets increased, the clothing was basically flat, and the products such as tape recorders and refrigerators decreased in varying degrees. We should take into account the fact that the Spring Festival in 1989 was in February, while the Spring Festival and new year's day in 1990 were in January. We know that the Spring Festival is the most valued Festival by the Chinese people, It is also the peak of consumption in a year.", "question": "Therefore, we can infer that by the end of January 1990:", "options": ["We have achieved certain results in controlling price increases", "China's weak market situation has taken an obvious turn for the better", "China's market sales situation has not improved significantly", "The problem of inflation in China's economy has not been effectively solved"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8653, "answer": 2, "text": "The Chinese surname has a very big characteristic, that is, it is the same Han surname, but it is likely to have a very big difference in consanguinity. Generally speaking, taking Wuyishan-Nanling as the boundary, the consanguinity of Chinese surnames is obviously divided into two branches: the north and the south.The consanguinity of the Han nationality between the two places is quite different, even greater than that between the Han nationality in the north and south and the local ethnic minorities. This shows that with the expansion of the population, the Han nationality continued to go south and crossed the Yangtze River into Huguang more than 2000 years ago, and finally crossed the strait to Hainan Island. During this process, the Han people who moved south continued to integrate with many ethnic minorities who spoke Dong-Tai, South Asian and Miao languages, thus diluting the consanguinity of the Han nationality in the north.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, can best refute the above argument?", "options": ["The ethnic minorities in the south may have been the northerners who migrated to the south a long time ago.", "Feudal emperors once sealed some of the ethnic minorities with the surnames of emperors.", "The north and south branches with the same surname may not come from the same ancestor.", "In history, there have also been cases in which ethnic minorities moved northward."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6673, "answer": 1, "text": "The molecular structure of DNA is not immutable, under the influence of various physical and chemical factors or environmental factors.The sequence of several pairs of DNA, that is, the genetic code, may change, resulting in gene mutations, even if very low frequency mutations occur in the process of DNA replication under normal circumstances.", "question": "According to the above conclusion, which of the following options is correct?", "options": ["DNA molecular structure is highly variable", "DNA may mutate", "DNA is very prone to gene mutation", "DNA can mutate only under special circumstances"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 15208, "answer": 2, "text": "A certain moral system holds that performing good actions is praiseworthy only when one overcomes a powerful temptation in order to perform them. Yet this same moral system also holds that performing good actions out of habit is sometimes praiseworthy.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, does the most to reconcile the apparent conflict in the moral system described above?", "options": ["Most people face strong moral temptation from time to time but few people have to endure it regularly.", "It is far more common for people to perform good actions out of habit than for them to do so against strong temptation.", "People who perform good actions out of habit have often acquired this habit after years of having resisted temptation.", "People virtually always perform actions they think are good, regardless of what other people may think."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4922, "answer": 2, "text": "Practice is the only criterion for testing truth.", "question": "According to this sentence,which of the following statements is incorrect", "options": ["Practice can test truth", "Only practice can test truth", "There must be other criteria for testing truth", "No other criterion can test truth"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13653, "answer": 3, "text": "Professor: It has been argued that freedom of thought is a precondition for intellectual progress, because freedom of thought allows thinkers to pursue their ideas, regardless of whom these ideas offend, in whatever direction they lead. However, it is clear that one must mine the full implications of interrelated ideas to make intellectual progress, and for this, thinkers need intellectual discipline. Ttherefore, this argument for freedom of thought fails.", "question": "The conclusion drawn by the professor follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["Without intellectual discipline, thinkers can have no freedom of thought.", "Thinkers who limit their line of thought to a particular orthodoxy are hindered in their intellectual progress.", "Freedom of thought engenders creativity, which aids the discovery of truth.", "In societies that protect freedom of thought, thinkers invariably lack intellectual discipline."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 15098, "answer": 0, "text": "Caterpillars of all species produce an identical hormone called juvenile hormone that maintains feeding behavior. Only when a caterpillar has grown to the right size for pupation to take place does a special enzyme halt the production of juvenile hormone. This enzyme can be synthesized and will, on being ingested by immature caterpillars, kill them by stopping them from feeding.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the view that it would NOT be advisable to try to eradicate agricultural pests that go through a caterpillar stage by spraying croplands with the enzyme mentioned above?", "options": ["Many agriculturally beneficial insects go through a caterpillar stage.", "Since caterpillars of different species emerge at different times, several sprayings would be necessary.", "Many agricultural pests do not go through a caterpillar stage.", "Although the enzyme has been synthesized in the laboratory, no large-scale production facilities exist as yet."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5460, "answer": 0, "text": "Legal evil interest refers to the thing generated from the original thing according to a certain legal relationship. It is the legal income that the owner of the original thing should obtain from specific civil legal activities such as leasing and investment.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is a legal evil interest?", "options": ["Dividends from investing in treasury bonds", "Fruit from an orchard contracted by a farmer", "A puppy bred from a purebred dog in a pet store", "With the money lent by a to B, B bought the lottery and won the grand prize of 100,000 yuan"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10803, "answer": 3, "text": "Sabina: The words used in expressing facts affect neither the facts nor the conclusions those facts will support. Moreover, if the words are clearly defined and consistently used, the actual words chosen make no difference to an argument' s soundness. Thus, how an argument is expressed can have no bearing on whether it is a good argument. Emile: Badly chosen words can make even the soundest argument a poor one. After all, many words have social and political connotations that influence people' s response to claims expressed in those words, regardless of how carefully and explicitly those words are defined. Since whether people will acknowledge a fact is affected by how the fact is expressed, the conclusions they actually draw are also affected.", "question": "The point at issue between Emile and Sabina is whether", "options": ["a sound argument in support of a given conclusion is a better argument than any unsound argument for that same conclusion", "a word can be defined without taking into account its social and political connotations", "it would be a good policy to avoid using words that are likely to lead people either to misunderstand the claims being made or to reason badly about those claims", "a factor that affects neither the truth of an argument's premises nor the logical relation between its premises and its conclusion can cause an argument to be a bad one"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13718, "answer": 3, "text": "Politician: Governments should tax any harmful substance that is available to the general public at a level that the tax would discourage continued use of the substance.", "question": "Which one of the following is an application of the politician's principle of taxation?", "options": ["The tax on products that emit fluorocarbons, substances that have proven to be harmful to the earth's ozone layer, is lowered to stimulate the development of new, less environmentally harmful ways of using these substances.", "The tax on certain pain relievers that, even though harmful, are available over the counter is raised, since studies have shown that the demand for these products will not be affected.", "The tax on domestically produced alcoholic beverages is not raised, since recent studies show that the tax would have a negative impact on the tourist industry.", "The tax on a pesticide that contains an organic compound harmful to human beings is raised to give people an incentive to purchase pesticides not containing the compound."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7025, "answer": 1, "text": "The leader of the British Conservative Party personally solicited young people in advertisements. The Labour Party has a National Committee of the youth Labour Party, and pointed out in the revised Party Constitution in 2005 that young people should resonate with the ideas and propositions of the Labour Party; The Liberal Democratic Party even relaxed the age, and even 12-year-old children can join its youth organization, which also promoted the younger trend of party leaders and brought vitality to British politics; Former Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair took office at the age of 44, and current Prime Minister Cameron became Conservative leader at the age of 39.", "question": "This paragraph is intended to illustrate that:", "options": ["Britain has a good culture and environment to encourage children to enter politics", "Britain's three major political parties attach importance to the absorption of young members", "British young people have a strong sense of political participation", "The trend of young leaders of British political parties is becoming more and more obvious"], "type": {"Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13144, "answer": 3, "text": "Manufacturers are now required to make all cigarette lighters child-resistant by equipping them with safety levers. But this change is unlikely to result in a significant reduction in the number of fires caused by children playing with lighters, because children given the opportunity can figure out how to work the safety levers and__.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the argument below?", "options": ["approximately 5, 000 fires per year have been attributed to children playing with lighters before the safety levers were required", "unlike child-resistant lighters, lighters that are not child-resistant can be operated by children as young as two years old", "many of the fires started by young children are quickly detected and extinguished by their parents", "adults are more likely to leave child-resistant lighters than non-child-resistant lighters in places that are accessible to children"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5408, "answer": 2, "text": "All foreign students from China live on campus; All students living on campus must participate in the sports meeting; Some Chinese students have joined the student union; Some students majoring in psychology have also joined the student union; None of the psychology majors took part in the sports meeting", "question": "Which of the following conclusions cannot be drawn?", "options": ["All Chinese students took part in the sports meeting", "No psychology major lives on campus", "Some Chinese students majored in psychology", "Some members of the student union did not take part in the sports meeting"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9267, "answer": 3, "text": "A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.", "question": "Which of the followings can be true if both M and W go to the England?", "options": ["G and L both go to the England", " G and U both go to the United States", "H and Z both go to the England", "L and U both go to the United States"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13639, "answer": 1, "text": "Mayor McKinney' s policies have often been criticized on the grounds that they benefit only wealthy city residents, but that is not a fair evaluation. Some of McKinney' s policies have clearly benefited the city' s less affluent residents. McKinney actively supported last year' s proposal to lower the city' s high property taxes. Because of this tax decrease, more development is taking place in the city, helping to end the housing shortage and stabilize the rents in the city.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument?", "options": ["The decrease in property taxes that McKinney supported caused more development to take place in the city.", "The criticism that McKinney's policies benefit only the wealthy is unjustified.", "McKinney's efforts helped end the housing shortage and stabilize the rents in the city.", "McKinney's policies have often been criticized for benefiting only wealthy city residents."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7363, "answer": 2, "text": "Huaguang high-tech company in the recruitment, there are Xiao Zhang, Xiao Li, Xiao Wang, Xiao Zhao, Xiao Qian and other five finalists. In terms of academic qualifications, 2 of them are master's degree and 3 are doctor's degree; in terms of age, 3 of them are less than 30 years old and 2 are older than 30 years old. It is known that Xiao Zhang and Xiao Wang belong to the same age group, while Xiao Zhao and Xiao Qian belong to different age groups. Xiao Li has the same degree as Xiao Qian, while Xiao Wang and Xiao Zhao have different degrees. In the end, only one master over 30 years old succeeded in applying for the job.", "question": "Based on this, can deduce which of the following is the successful applicant?", "options": ["Xiao Zhang", "Xiao Wang", " Xiao Zhao", "Xiao Qian "], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8341, "answer": 2, "text": "China's relevant laws stipulate that large and medium-sized hazardous chemical production enterprises and residential buildings should maintain a safety red line of at least 1000 meters. However, with the rapid development of the city, many previously remote hazardous chemical production enterprises are gradually surrounded by residential areas. Once an accident occurs, it will cause immeasurable losses to the lives and property of the surrounding residents. In order to prevent the risks brought by hazardous chemical production enterprises to nearby residents, some experts suggest setting up a chemical park in the suburbs of the city to focus on the resettlement of hazardous chemical production enterprises originally scattered throughout the city, and strictly abide by the provisions of the 1000 meter safety red line.", "question": "Which of the followings, if correct, can best question the advice of the above experts?", "options": ["Hazardous chemicals cannot be far away from residential areas in the links such as sales and abandonment, and accidents may also occur in these links", "The newly-built chemical park has advanced equipment and strict management, and the early operation cost of settled enterprises will be greatly increased", "Centralized resettlement of chemical enterprises is easy to cause chain accidents, which may threaten the safety of residents thousands away", "Considering the convenience of transportation and sales, many hazardous chemical production enterprises are unwilling to move to the suburbs"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11026, "answer": 1, "text": "Dead, rotting logs on the forest floor provide the habitat for a small mammal, the red-backed vole, which subsists almost entirely on the portion of certain specialized fungi which grows aboveground. The fungi-spores are deposited on the forest floor by the voles. Some of the fungi that develop from these spores form underground sheaths around the fine roots of growing trees, and assist the trees by processing and sharing nutrients and producing an antibiotic which protects the trees from disease.", "question": "The information above provides the most support for which one of the following conclusions?", "options": ["The red-backed vole is usually able to derive nutrients from the spores of the fungi it eats.", "The presence of rotting logs on a forest floor can have beneficial effects on the trees around them.", "The spores of certain fungi cannot remain viable above the ground but must be deposited near the roots of trees.", "Dead and decaying trees are the ideal environment for the growth of certain fungi."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6166, "answer": 0, "text": "The photosynthesis of plants is the most effective process of fixing solar light energy on earth. The oil and natural gas consumed by humans are actually the direct or indirect products of plant photosynthesis in ancient times. The earth produces 173 billion to 220 billion tons of materials each year through photosynthesis, and the energy contained therein is equivalent to 10 to 20 times the total energy consumption of the world, but the current utilization rate is less than 3%. Photosynthesis is the best example of the efficient use of solar energy. Deciphering the mysterious mechanism of photosynthesis will lay the foundation for the establishment of an artificial photosynthesis system and the development of clean and efficient new energy.", "question": "What does this passage mainly say?", "options": ["Decipher the importance of photosynthesis mechanism", "The mysterious mechanism of plant photosynthesis", "Ways to improve the utilization rate of photosynthesis", "The relationship between solar energy and plant photosynthesis"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10583, "answer": 2, "text": "Researcher: Research has shown that inhaling the scent of lavender has measurable physiological effects tending to reduce stress. It is known that intense stress can impair the immune system, making one more susceptible to illness. Ttherefore, it is likely that the incidence of illness among those who regularly inhale the scent of lavender is reduced by this practice.", "question": "Which one of the following is an assumption that the researcher's argument requires?", "options": ["Many, if not all, of the scents that have a tendency to reduce susceptibility to illness do so, at least in part, by reducing stress.", "At least some people who use the scent of lavender to induce relaxation and reduce stress are no more susceptible to illness than average.", "Some people who regularly inhale the scent of lavender would otherwise be under enough stress to impair their immune systems.", "Reduced stress diminishes susceptibility to illness only for people who are under enough stress to impair their immune systems to at least some degree."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 911, "answer": 3, "text": "There are many drugs that can clear away heat in modern medicine, such as aspirin. Aspirin can reduce fever because prostaglandin E2 is the messenger that tells the brain to hypothermia, and aspirin can inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin E2. So aspirin is a good medicine for clearing away heat.", "question": "If the above argument is to be established, which of the followings can be supplemented as a premise?", "options": ["Aspirin can prevent influenza virus.", "Prostaglandin E2 can affect body temperature.", "The heat-clearing effect of aspirin has been clinically proven.", "If the temperature is too low, the brain will direct the body to heat up."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9353, "answer": 0, "text": "Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe, and about 75 percent of the sun today is hydrogen. This suggests that hydrogen was the main component of the solar system when it formed. With the formation of the Sun, most of the solar system's material was concentrated in the Sun, while outside the sun, the elements were stratified: close to the Sun, the temperature was very high, leaving only the relatively heavy elements such as silicon, iron, oxygen, these elements together to form mercury, Venus, Earth and other rocky planets; Farther away from the Sun, as temperatures cool, the proportions of these elements decrease, and the planet's atmosphere becomes dominated by hydrogen, with some nitrogen, such as Jupiter and Saturn; At the edge of the solar system, there are few heavy elements, mostly water ice, methane and so on.", "question": "Which of the followings is the main text introduction?", "options": ["The influence of temperature on the solar system's material composition", "Hydrogen's significance for the formation of the solar system", "The distribution of different elements in the solar system", "The elemental composition of the planets in the solar system"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9463, "answer": 2, "text": "The gray rhino growing on the African savannah has a huge body, giving people the illusion of being slow and safe and harmless, so they often ignore the existence of danger-when the gray rhino is provoked and attacked, it will show amazing Explosive force, the probability of stopping it is close to zero, and eventually it will cause a very destructive disaster. High probability and strong destructive power are the most important features of the grey rhino event. Many crisis events are more like grey rhino than black swans. They do not originate from unpredictable, small-probability events (black swans), but are the result of the continuous evolution of high-probability, high-risk events (grey rhino) whose existence has long been known to exist, but is due to institutional or cognitive Limitations, not actively prevented and responded to, and eventually escalated into a comprehensive systemic crisis.", "question": "According to the above text, which of the following statements is correct?", "options": ["Both black swan and grey rhino events are serious and unpreventable crisis events", "As opposed to grey rhino, black swan refers to a small probability event that is not very destructive", "Behind many black swan events is the grey rhino crisis", "There is no obvious difference between grey rhino and black swan events, and they can be transformed into each other under certain conditions"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4571, "answer": 2, "text": "Literary works are inseparable from real life. It is impossible for people without in-depth experience of life to write excellent works.", "question": "So?", "options": ["Poets and novelists cannot be young", "It's all the old people's business to write novels", "To create a novel, you must have enough life experience", "Writing novels depends on luck"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11167, "answer": 2, "text": "It is illegal to advertise prescription medications in Hedland except directly to physicians, either by mail or in medical journals. A proposed law would allow general advertising of prescription medications. Opponents object that the general population lacks the specialized knowledge to evaluate such advertisements and might ask their physicians for inappropriate medications. But since physicians have the final say as to whether to prescribe a medication for a patient, inappropriate prescriptions would not become more common.", "question": "Which of the following would it be most useful to establish in order to evaluate the argument?", "options": ["Whether advertisements for prescription medications are currently an important source of information about newly available medications for physicians", "Whether some people might go to a physician for no reason other than to ask for a particular medication they have seen advertised", "Whether physicians would give in to a patient's demand for a prescription medication chosen by the patient when the one originally prescribed by the physician fails to perform as desired", "Whether advertising for prescription medications might alert patients to the existence of effective treatments for minor ailments that they had previously thought to be untreatable"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4720, "answer": 2, "text": "Reduction refers to the reduction of resource consumption and waste generation in the process of production, circulation and consumption. It is a kind of circular economy.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following does not belong to reduction?", "options": ["A motor vehicle manufacturing enterprise adopts fuel-saving technology in accordance with the national motor vehicle fuel economy standard.", "According to the spirit advocated by the municipal government, an enterprise eliminated its energy consuming production technology.", "An agricultural production base makes comprehensive utilization of crop straw, livestock manure and waste agricultural film.", "A company strictly implements product packaging standards to prevent excessive packaging."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11988, "answer": 3, "text": "Raising the tax rate on essential goods -- a traditional means of increasing government revenues -- invariably turns low- and middle-income taxpayers against the government. Hence government officials have proposed adding a new tax on purchases of luxury items such as yachts, private planes, jewels, and furs. The officials claim that this tax will result in a substantial increase in government revenues while affecting only the wealthy individuals and corporations who can afford to purchase such items.", "question": "The answer to which one of the following questions would be the most relevant in evaluating the accuracy of the government officials' prediction?", "options": ["Will luxury goods be taxed at a higher rate than that at which essential goods are currently taxed?", "Will the revenues generated by the proposed tax be comparable to those that are currently being generated by taxes on essential goods?", "Will purchases of luxury items by corporations account for more of the revenue generated by the proposed tax than will purchases of luxury items by wealthy individuals?", "Will sales of the luxury items subject to the proposed tax occur at current rates once the proposed tax on luxury items has been passed?"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4500, "answer": 3, "text": "Distributed Energy is a new type of power generation system built in or near the user's place. It can generate electricity and other forms of energy and satisfy the needs of local users first.It is managed and controlled by users.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is the distributed energy?", "options": ["The power generation of the Gezhouba Hydropower Project meets the electricity demand of nearby provinces and cities.", "The electricity produced by a nuclear power station is integrated into the state grid.", "A farmer uses biogas from his septic tank for lighting.", "A wind power station was built in a township in the western region to generate electricity for the production and living of the village."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7957, "answer": 3, "text": "According to the current laws and regulations, all workers who have formed a labor relationship with the employer, whether they sign a labor contract or have a de facto labor relationship, whether they are the original so-called internal employees or the so-called informal personnel. For example, migrant workers and temporary workers are all regular employees of the company, what is different is into the unit sooner or later different or the length of the employment contract is different.", "question": "Which of the following is an aspect where there is no difference between workers?", "options": ["Identity", "Treatment", "Right", "Relationship with the company"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8731, "answer": 0, "text": "An evaluation agency conducted a social survey to evaluate the popularity of books. The results show that the sales volume of life books exceeds that of science and technology books, so the popularity of life books is higher than that of science and technology books.", "question": "Which of the followings can best refute the above argument?", "options": ["Sales only partly reflect the popularity of books", "People who buy science and technology books tend to be highly educated", "The types of life books far exceed those of science and technology books", "Some of the books sold may not have been read"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8520, "answer": 2, "text": "Linguistics is a discipline that studies the patterns and evolutional laws of language structure. The search for pattern and law is the common goal of linguistics and other sciences. However, scientific goals are far from enough. The common methodological features of modern science, such as deduction and induction, qualitative and quantitative, description and interpretation, hypothesis and testing, are exactly what Chinese traditional linguistics lacks. At the same time, Chinese linguistics is also faced with the problem of internationalization. Our voice in the international academic community of linguistics is still very weak. The reason for this situation can not be completely attributed to the different objects of study, and the international academic language is the language barrier of English, and there are also problems of research ideas and research methods.", "question": "Which of the followings is the main content of this text?", "options": ["The study of Chinese linguistics has a long way to go towards scientization and internationalization", "In the past, there were some misunderstandings about the direction of linguistic research in the field of linguistics in China", "The problems of research ideas and methods restrict the scientization and internationalization of Chinese linguistics", "The exploration of the pattern of language structure and the law of evolution is the ultimate pursuit of modern linguistics"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10636, "answer": 3, "text": "Kim: Some people claim that the battery-powered electric car represents a potential solution to the problem of air pollution. But they forget that it takes electricity to recharge batteries and that most of our electricity is generated by burning polluting fossil fuels. Increasing the number of electric cars on the road would require building more generating facilities since current facilities are operating at maximum capacity. So even if all of the gasoline-powered cars on the roads today were replaced by electric cars, it would at best be an exchange of one source of fossil-fuel pollution for another.", "question": "The main point made in Kim's argument is that", "options": ["gasoline-powered cars will probably remain a common means of transportation for the foreseeable future", "a significant reduction in air pollution cannot be achieved unless people drive less", "replacing gasoline-powered cars with battery- powered electric cars will require building more generating facilities", "battery-powered electric cars are not a viable solution to the air-pollution problem"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10395, "answer": 0, "text": "Thomas Paine discusses the question of whether monarchy and hereditary system are reasonable in Common Sense. To those who believe that hereditary system is reasonable, Paine asks and answers, how did the original king come into being? There are only 3 possibilities either by lottery, or by election, or by usurpation, and if the first king was chosen by lot or by election this would set a precedent for later kings, thus denying hereditary practice. If the first king had been usurped, no one would have been so bold as to defend the hereditary throne.", "question": "Which of the following best describes the technique used in Paine's argument?", "options": ["Arguing that a proposition does not hold by showing that it contradicts an established proposition", "Arguing that a proposition does not hold by deriving a false conclusion", "Arguing that the proposition holds by showing that all possible explanations lead to the same proposition", "Arguing that the remaining explanation is true by excluding all other possible explanations"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10378, "answer": 2, "text": "In 2014, many stars were arrested by the police for drug-related activities. On August 13, Beijing performance industry associations and major performance companies signed the Anti-Drug commitment of Beijing Performing Arts, promising not to hire or organize drug-related artists to participate in performing arts activities. In response to the query that this practice is suspected of discrimination in employment, a lawyer replied: there is no discrimination in employment, because there are many other occupations to choose from.", "question": "Which of the following options indicates the logical problem in the lawyer's answer?", "options": ["According to the lawyer, anyone who discriminates in employment can defend himself as he did.", "The lawyer did not take into account that it would be difficult for a person who had received years of professional training and was only good at acting to change careers.", "The answer of the lawyer is inconsistent with the stipulation of the regulations of the State Council on detoxification that drug addicts shall not be discriminated against in terms of re-employment.", "The lawyer mistakenly assumed that the entertainment industry should have a higher standard of professional ethics than other industries."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14796, "answer": 3, "text": "An ancient Pavonian text describes how an army of one million enemies of Pavonia stopped to drink at a certain lake and drank the lake dry. Recently, archaeologists discovered that water-based life was suddenly absent just after the event was alleged by the text to have occurred. On the basis of reading the text and an account of the archaeological evidence, some students concluded that the events described really took place.", "question": "Which one of the following is a questionable technique used by the students to reach their conclusion?", "options": ["rejecting a hypothesis because it is seemingly self-contradictory", "considering people and locations whose existence cannot be substantiated by modern historians", "ignoring available, potentially useful counterevidence", "taking evidence that a text has correctly described an effect to show that the text has correctly described the cause"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5665, "answer": 1, "text": "Achieved-status refers to a person's social status obtained by going through some kind of open and competitive struggle or having some special ability.", "question": "According to the above definition, the following options are consistent with the statement of achieved-status:", "options": ["Have son like Sun Zhongmou", "Do those gentry have bule blood certainly", "To be faithful, you must be at the door of filial piety", "The top grade free of poor, low grade no aristocracy"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10820, "answer": 1, "text": "Biologist: Humans have five fingers because we descended from a fish with five phalanges in its fins. Despite our prejudices to the contrary, our configuration of fingers is no more or less useful than several other possible configurations, e. g. , six per hand. So, if humans had descended from a fish with six phalanges in its fins and had six fingers on each hand, then we would be just as content with that configuration.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the biologist's argument?", "options": ["Everyone is equally content with our present configuration of fingers.", "Humans are always equally content with two things of equal usefulness.", "The perceived usefulness of our configuration of fingers is an illusory result of our prejudices.", "Humans are never equally content with two things of unequal usefulness."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3090, "answer": 0, "text": "Substitution effect means that when the collection of a certain tax and the change of tax rate affect the relative price or relative benefit, people choose another consumption or activity to replace the original consumption or activity.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following does not involve substitution effect?", "options": ["After China's entry into WTO, the tax rate of many imported goods has been reduced, and people buy more of these goods.", "After the wage progressive tax rate was raised, many white-collar workers chose to use rest instead of part of their working hours.", "In 1747, Britain imposed a window tax. In order to avoid paying taxes, most people blocked their own windows.", "After the state began to tax the crude oil burned by industrial boilers, many enterprises have updated their equipment or changed to other raw materials."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13331, "answer": 1, "text": "Driver: My friends say I will one day have an accident because I drive my sports car recklessly. But I have done some research, and apparently minivans and larger sedans have very low accident rates compared to sports cars. So trading my sports car in for a minivan would lower my risk of having an accident.", "question": "The reasoning in the driver's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that this argument", "options": ["misinterprets evidence that a result is likely as evidence that the result is certain", "infers a cause from a mere correlation", "relies on a source that is probably not well-informed", "mistakes a condition sufficient for bringing about a result for a condition necessary for doing so"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3362, "answer": 3, "text": "American philosophers Cohen and Arato divide modern society into three parts. On the one hand, they distinguish civil society from a political society composed of parties, political organizations and political public bodies. On the other hand, they distinguish civil society from an economic society composed of production and distribution organizations. When discussing China's social transformation, we should also choose the theoretical framework of modern society as the coordinate.", "question": "From the above words, which of the following can be inferred?", "options": ["China's social transformation needs to play the role of cooperative organizations.", "The government should consistently carry out economic restructuring.", "The social transformation of contemporary China is to bid farewell to the planned society.", "China's social transformation is related to political organizations, enterprises and citizens."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11685, "answer": 1, "text": "Winston: The Public Transportation Authority (PTA) cannot fulfill its mandate to operate without a budget deficit unless it eliminates service during late-night periods of low ridership. Since the fares collected during these periods are less than the cost of providing the service, these cuts would reduce the deficit and should be made. Transit law prohibits unauthorized fare increases, and fare-increase authorization would take two years. Ping: Such service cuts might cost the PTA more in lost fares than they would save in costs, for the PTA would lose those riders who leave home during the day but must return late at night. Thus the PTA would lose two fares, while realizing cost savings for only one leg of such trips.", "question": "The relationship of Ping's response to Winston's argument is that Ping's response", "options": ["carefully redefines a term used in Winston's argument", "questions Winston's proposal by raising considerations not addressed by Winston", "introduces detailed statistical evidence that is more persuasive than that offered by Winston", "supplies a premise that could have been used as part of the support for Winston's argument"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7513, "answer": 3, "text": "Although a few people verbally advocate that everyone is equal, they still strive to pursue privileges in real life.", "question": "Based on this, which of the following can be inferred?", "options": ["All people are equal", "All people should be equal", "Some people strive for equality in real life", "Some people's words are not consistent with actual behavior"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14547, "answer": 2, "text": "Speaker: Like many contemporary critics, Smith argues that the true meaning of an author' s statements can be understood only through insight into the author' s social circumstances. But this same line of analysis can be applied to Smith' s own words. Thus, if she is right we should be able, at least in part, to discern from Smith' s social circumstances the true meaning of Smith' s statements. This, in turn, suggests that Smith herself is not aware of the true meaning of her own words.", "question": "The speaker's main conclusion logically follows if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["There is just one meaning that Smith intends her work to have.", "Smith's theory about the relation of social circumstances to the understanding of meaning lacks insight.", "Smith lacks insight into her own social circumstances.", "The intended meaning of an author's work is not always good evidence of its true meaning."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14277, "answer": 3, "text": "Behind the hope that computers can replace teachers is the idea that the student' s understanding of the subject being taught consists in knowing facts and rules, the job of a teacher being to make the facts and rules explicit and convey them to the student, either by practice drills or by coaching. If that were indeed the way the mind works, the teacher could transfer facts and rules to the computer, which would replace the teacher as drillmaster and coach. But since understanding does not consist merely of knowing facts and rules, but of the grasp of the general concepts underlying them, the hope that the computer will eventually replace the teacher is fundamentally misguided.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the author's conclusion that computers will not eventually be able to replace teachers?", "options": ["Computers are as good as teachers at drilling students on facts and rules.", "The job of a teacher is to make students understand the general concepts underlying specific facts and rules.", "It is not possible for students to develop an understanding of the concepts underlying facts and rules through practice drills and coaching.", "It is possible to program computers so that they can teach the understanding of general concepts that underlie specific facts and rules."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1418, "answer": 0, "text": "After the industrial revolution in the 18th century, the massive development and utilization of energy has become the mainstream of the economic development of various countries, and the scale of its development degree directly determines the economic growth of a country. In particular, the large-scale development and utilization of coal and the supply of a large amount of cheap oil have rewritten the economic development history of industrialized countries. The energy strategy studied by economics is mainly how to ensure the increasing demand of economic and social development with the increasing energy supply, and any research and development to improve the level of energy consumption is considered uneconomical and uneconomical. This energy strategy has played a positive role in encouraging people to develop and utilize energy and ensuring the rapid growth of infrastructure and industry in industrialized countries, but there is no restriction on the development of energy, resulting in the destruction and waste of energy resources. it has formed environmental pollution and public hazards that can not be cured up to now.", "question": "Based on this, it can be concluded that which of the following is correct?", "options": ["The economic significance of energy strategy is far from offsetting its harm to the environment", "The strategy of energy development after the 18th century pursues the unlimited development and utilization of energy", "The degree of development of coal and oil is a sign of a country's economic development", "The lack of reasonable planning for energy development has led to the disorder of energy development after the industrial revolution"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2934, "answer": 3, "text": "Professor Zhang pointed out that during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the imperial examination was divided into four levels, namely, the college examination, the township examination, the imperial examination and the palace examination. Hospital test held in the county, the examination of the said members; Township test held every three years in the provinces and cities, students are eligible to participate in the examination, known as juren, the first name of Jieyuan; The test was held in the second year after the test in the capital of the ministry of Rites. Those who won the test were called gongshi, the first name of gongshi was Huiyuan; The temple examination was held in the year of the examination, presided over by the emperor, gongshi to be eligible to participate in, admission points three jia, a three, two, three a a number of each, collectively referred to as Jinshi, a first name Zhuangyuan.", "question": "According to professor Zhang's statement, which of the following is impossible?", "options": ["Not in the Jieyuan, will not be in the Huiyuan", "Those who are in the juren are never in the jinshi", "The Zhuangyuan was once a member and a juren", "In the Huiyuan, never in all present"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13450, "answer": 1, "text": "A recent study proves that at least some people possess an independent sixth sensethat allows them to detect whether someone is watching them. In the study, subjects were seated one at a time in the center of a room facing away from a large window. On average, subjects decided correctly 60 percent of the time whether or not they were being watched through the window.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most supports the conclusion drawn from the study mentioned above?", "options": ["The room in which the subjects were seated was not soundproof.", "A similar result was found when the subjects were watched from another room on a video monitor.", "The person recording the experimental results was careful not to interact with the subjects after the experiment ended.", "Most of the time, subjects said they were being watched."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9579, "answer": 2, "text": "Digital dilemma refers to the phenomenon that the elderly are not familiar with the use of digital products because of their living habits, cultural level and other factors, which brings trouble to their daily life.", "question": "Which of the following options is not a digital dilemma?", "options": ["Xiao Gao installed the Internet TV for his parents. Because the operation was too complicated, the parents always couldn't find the channel they wanted to watch, so they had to move out the old TV again.", "Health codes must be shown in all kinds of public places during the epidemic. Because Lao Sun can't use a smartphone, he will encounter a lot of trouble every time he goes out.", "Lao Chen's mobile phone has enabled the function of mobile payment, but he has never used it. Although he will encounter some trouble occasionally, he doesn't think it's a big deal.", "The hospital has already opened an online appointment registration, but the Lao Qian who has been suffering from chronic diseases for many years does not know how to go online, so he gets to queue up at the window of the hospital every time."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11546, "answer": 1, "text": "Editorial: A recently passed law limits freedom of speech in order to silence dissenters. It has been said that those who are ignorant of history will repeat its patterns. If this is true, then those responsible for passing the law must be ignorant of a great deal of history. Historically, silencing dissenters has tended to promote undemocratic policies and the establishment of authoritarian regimes.", "question": "The editorialist's reasoning is flawed in that it fails to take into account that", "options": ["certain freedoms might sometimes need to be limited in order to ensure the protection of certain other freedoms", "even those who are not ignorant of history may repeat its patterns", "the law may have other purposes in addition to silencing dissenters", "some historical accounts report that legal restrictions on freedom of speech have occasionally undermined the establishment of authoritarian regimes"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2799, "answer": 0, "text": "The pollution problem caused by the burial of industrial waste is most prominent in the moderately developed countries, while it is not prominent in the developed and underdeveloped countries. Underdeveloped countries are because there is not much industrial waste that can be processed. Developed countries are either because they have effectively reduced industrial waste, or because they have effectively processed industrial waste. Country H is a moderately developed country. Therefore, the pollution caused by the burial of industrial waste will be substantially changed in five years.", "question": "Which of the following is most likely to be assumed by the above argument?", "options": ["Country H will become a developed country within five years.", "Country H will not regress to underdevelopment after five years.", "Country H will effectively dispose of industrial waste within five years.", "Country H will maintain its development level unchanged for five years."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6928, "answer": 1, "text": "For more than one hundred years, modern language science has experienced three important periods, which are represented by historical comparative linguistics, structural linguistics and transformational generative linguistics.", "question": "Which of the following is the most accurate retelling of this paragraph?", "options": ["Modern linguistics has developed for more than one hundred years", "Modern linguistics has gone through three periods: historical comparative linguistics, structuralist linguistics and transformational generative linguistics", "Historical comparative linguistics, structuralist linguistics and transformational generative linguistics are modern linguistics", "Historical comparative linguistics, structuralist linguistics and transformational generative linguistics have all experienced more than 100 years of development"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12735, "answer": 0, "text": "In Teruvia, the quantity of rice produced per year is currently just large enough to satisfy domestic demand. Teruvia' s total rice acreage will not be expanded in the foreseeable future, nor will rice yields per acre increase appreciably. Teruvia' s population, however, will be increasing significantly for years to come. Clearly, ttherefore, Teruvia will soon have to begin importing rice.", "question": "Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?", "options": ["No pronounced trend of decreasing per capita demand for rice is imminent in Teruvia.", "There are no populated regions in Teruvia in which the population will not increase.", "Not all of the acreage in Teruvia currently planted with rice is well suited to the cultivation of rice.", "There are no major crops other than rice for which domestic production and domestic demand are currently in balance in Teruvia."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3533, "answer": 2, "text": "Household consumption refers to the total value of material and service products consumed directly by residents. It includes material consumption such as food and clothing in personal life, as well as all kinds of labor consumption.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is household consumption?", "options": ["Raw materials purchased by enterprises", "The government buys library equipment", "Cultural and educational supplies purchased by families", "Cultural and educational supplies purchased by the school"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2512, "answer": 2, "text": "Recently, students at Peking University and Tsinghua University issued an initiative calling on college students to boycott unhealthy online games.", "question": "Which of the following must be preset for this initiative?", "options": ["College students should not play unhealthy online games", "There are many college students playing online games", "There are unhealthy online games", "College students should give priority to study"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14430, "answer": 1, "text": "Researcher: The use of the newest drug in treating this disease should be discontinued. The treatment usually wreaks havoc with the normal functioning of the human body, causing severe side effects such as total loss of hair, debilitating nausea, and intense pain in the joints.", "question": "The argument's reasoning is flawed because the argument", "options": ["does not acknowledge that the effects of the treatment may not be of the same severity in all cases", "fails to consider the consequences of not administering the treatment", "does not consider the length of time needed for the treatment to begin taking effect", "fails to specify what is meant by normal functioning of the human body"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12260, "answer": 3, "text": "For the average person who needs a transfusion, blood from a relative is more likely to be infected with hepatitis than is blood from a blood bank. Ttherefore, the risk of contracting hepatitis from a transfusion is higher for people receiving blood from relatives than for people receiving blood from blood banks.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?", "options": ["Blood transfusions only rarely result in the recipient being infected with hepatitis.", "Donors to blood banks are always asked whether they have ever been infected with hepatitis.", "Blood taken from a relative is highly likely to match a transfusion recipient's blood type.", "Blood that is to be used in a transfusion is always screened for hepatitis."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1189, "answer": 1, "text": "After the second World War, the administrative focus of many countries gradually shifted to social welfare management, and their basic population management generally formed a new system based on population services.This system does not give up the control of population, but the core goal of this control is that the basic means of population service is the form of population service, and it is also population service.It will control services, not vice versa, and the population management of China's social transformation is obviously facing similar adjustments.", "question": "Which of the following does not correspond to the meaning of this passage?", "options": ["China's population management should establish the management purpose of population service", "Population control and population service are two completely different models", "The transformation of population management in leading countries is the result of the transfer of administrative focus", "The new system of population management realizes population control through population services"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 556, "answer": 0, "text": "Emotional blackmail is a powerful means of emotional manipulation, that is, controlling others with fear, responsibility and guilt in life. Emotional blackmailers are divided into four types. The first is punisher. Such people say, unless you do what I mean, I will punish you. The second is self-punisher. Such people say: unless you do what I mean, I will punish myself. The third kind is victim. Such people say: if you don't meet my requirements, then I suffer, which is caused by you. The fourth is the teaser. Such people adopt the carrot strategy, but never let the person who meets their requirements really eat the carrot.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is emotional blackmail?", "options": ["After a male college student was lovelorn, he shouted at the dormitory building of the girl he loved, climbed up a big tree in front of the dormitory building, and threatened that if she didn't come out again, he would jump down and commit suicide. At this time, the girl suddenly opened the window. She cried and said I love you to the boy. Then the two met and hugged each other tightly.", "In order to encourage his son to learn English, Xiao Zhang rewarded him with a five pointed star every time his son learned five words. If he collected enough five, he could exchange for a chocolate. If he collected enough 100, he could also get his favorite robot model. This method really improved the child's enthusiasm to learn English.", "A man begged his past lover to come back to him. After being rejected, he went into the family of three of his past lovers, detonated explosives, killed the woman and her 3-year-old daughter, and himself was killed on the spot.", "The employee attendance system of a unit is very strict. The leader of the unit said at the meeting: you must ask for leave in advance. If the employee is two hours late, the employee's salary for the whole day will be deducted. If the employee is absent for one day without reason, the employee's salary for one week will be deducted."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8670, "answer": 0, "text": "The company sent three young staff to the south on a business trip, and they happened to be sitting in a row. At least one of the two people sitting on the right side of the 24-year-old is 20 years old, and the two people sitting on the left side of the 20-year-old also happen to be 20 years old. At least one of the two people sitting on the left side of the accountant is a salesman, and one of the two people sitting on the right side of the salesman happens to be a salesman.", "question": "Which of the followings is the correct answer to the identity of the three young people on the business trip?", "options": ["A 20-year-old accountant, a 20-year-old salesman, a 24-year-old salesman.", "A 20-year-old accountant, a 24-year-old salesman, a 24-year-old salesman.", "A 24-year-old accountant, a 20-year-old salesman, a 20-year-old salesman.", "A 20-year-old accountant, a 20-year-old accountant, a 24-year-old salesman."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11407, "answer": 2, "text": "Midlevel managers at large corporations are unlikely to suggest reductions in staff in their own departments even when these departments are obviously overstaffed.", "question": "Each of the following, if true, supports the claim above EXCEPT:", "options": ["Staff morale and productivity often suffer when workers are laid off.", "Midlevel managers have less work to do when their departments are overstaffed.", "Many large corporations allow managers to offer early retirement as a means of reducing staff.", "Departmental workloads at most large corporations increase and decrease significantly and unpredictably."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1306, "answer": 3, "text": "Sometimes poverty is not only a low income, but also a lack of ability. The root of ability is quality. Civilization is also a quality, and it is a more important quality. Researchers of poverty culture have proposed that we should pay attention not only to the living conditions of the poor, but also to their values, life attitudes and behavior patterns. Once this subculture is formed, it will affect them to change the situation of poverty, Yan Yangchu, the pioneer of the rural construction movement of the Republic of China, believed that the fundamental policy of rural construction was to deal with ignorance, poverty, weakness and privacy, so as to cultivate farmers' knowledge, productivity, strong construction and unity.", "question": "Which of the following is the purpose of the above words?", "options": ["The improvement of national quality lies in the development of civilization.", "We should vigorously enhance the development capacity of the poor.", "The root of personal ability development is civilized quality.", "It is of great significance to improve the civilized quality of the poor people."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2505, "answer": 2, "text": "Zhang Jing said: only official representatives can speak. Liu Qiang said: no! Li Gui is also the official representative, but he did not speak.", "question": "Liu Qiang's answer is to misinterpret Zhang Jing's words as which of the following?", "options": ["All speakers are official representatives", "Li Gui wants to speak", "All the official representatives spoke", "No official representative spoke"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8438, "answer": 3, "text": "A team from a foreign university studied 102 different kinds of venomous snakes, investigated their venom, food and habitat, and found that snakes living in a three-dimensional environment such as trees or water are less toxic than snakes in a two-dimensional environment (that is, ground). The researchers speculate that this is because snakes living in a three-dimensional environment encounter more things, encounter prey more frequently, and do not need highly toxic venom to ensure that each hunt is successful.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, is the most likely to question the researchers' conjecture?", "options": ["The venom secreted by different poisonous snakes varies greatly in toxicity", "Animals in a three-dimensional environment are more flexible and more difficult to capture than those in a two-dimensional environment", "The venom secreted by the same poisonous snake in different seasons has different toxic components", "The prey encountered in the trees or in the water is much smaller than that on the ground, and snakes need to hunt more to feed"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11609, "answer": 0, "text": "One adaptation that enables an animal species to survive despite predation by other species is effective camouflage. Yet some prey species with few or no other adaptations to counteract predation have endured for a long time with black-and-white coloration that seems unlikely to provide effective camouflage.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most contributes to a resolution of the apparent discrepancy mentioned above?", "options": ["Animals of many predatory species do not perceive color or pattern in the same manner as humans do.", "Conspicuous black-and-white areas help animals of the same species avoid encounters with one another.", "Most species with black-and-white coloration are more populous than the species that prey upon them.", "Black-and-white coloration is not as great a liability against predators at night as it is during the day."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10567, "answer": 3, "text": "A committee works for two years and is composed of 4 members each year, 2 of which are from the following 4 judges: F, G, H and I, and the other 2 members are from the following 3 scientists: V, Y and Z. Each year, the committee is chaired by one member. A member who chairs the first year must retire from the committee during the second year. The person who chairs the second year must be a member of the committee during the first year. The committee members must meet the following conditions: G and V cannot be members of the committee in the same year. H and Y cannot be members of this committee in the same year. Each year, only one of I and V is a member of this committee.", "question": "If V chairs the committee in the first year, which of the following options lists two people who must be members of the committee in the second year?", "options": ["G and Y", "V and Y", "H and I", "I and Y"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 803, "answer": 0, "text": "In an experiment, the researcher asked college students to recall their grades in high school and told them that the researcher would get their real grades from high school, so it didn't make any sense to lie. The results showed that the participants recalled five-fifths of their grades. All of them are inconsistent with the actual situation, and the probability of being mistakenly recorded for different grades is also different. The higher the score, the less likely to be mistaken: when you get an A. It can always be accurately recalled, but when you get an F, it is hard to remember.", "question": "According to the above information, which of the following options can be concluded?", "options": ["The grades that people can remember may be better than the real grades.", "Generally speaking, what people are best at is forgetting details.", "False memories can protect our belief in fairness and justice.", "Wrong memories make us feel good about ourselves, which is good for our health."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7148, "answer": 3, "text": "Compound fertilizer refers to the chemical fertilizer containing three or two elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which is directly synthesized by chemical methods or processed by adding other nutrients on this basis.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is not a compound fertilizer?", "options": ["Ammonium phosphate", "potassium nitrate", "Potassium nitrate phosphorus", "potassium chloride"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7343, "answer": 2, "text": "Some countries in the Alliance of Small Island States are located in tropical regions. The small island countries in these tropical regions have beautiful scenery and rich products. In recent years, these beautiful small island countries have been paid more and more attention by the world, and have gradually become the first choice for tourists from all over the world. Driven by the tourism boom in island countries, the economies of these small island countries are developing rapidly.", "question": "Based on this, it can be concluded that which of the following is correct?", "options": ["The Alliance of Small Island States are all located in the tropics", "Countries in the tropics have beautiful scenery and rich products", "Some countries with rapid economic development have beautiful scenery and rich products", "The economies of the Alliance of Small Island States are developing rapidly"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1939, "answer": 1, "text": "Inheritance refers to the personal property left by the decedent at the time of death and other property rights and interests that can be inherited by law. According to the relevant provisions of the inheritance Law of our country, the estate must conform to three characteristics: it must be the estate left by the citizen at the time of death; it must be all the property of the citizen; it must be legitimate property.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following options is correct?", "options": ["One year after Li was declared missing by the court, there is still no news and his personal property can be regarded as a legacy.", "After Zhang's death, the common property of his husband and wife is not all Zhang's legacy.", "When Zhao was critically ill, he told his family that the gambling debt of more than 10,000 yuan owed by Qian could be used as his legacy.", "If Wang dies as a result of a work-related injury, his death grant can be allocated as an inheritance."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3405, "answer": 2, "text": "Trade secret refers to the technical information and business information which is not known to the public, can bring economic benefits to the obligee and has practicability and is kept secret by the obligee.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is a trade secret?", "options": ["Details of promotional activities in shopping malls.", "Regulations for the administration of school logistics groups.", "The secret recipe of Tianfu Restaurant's signature dish Dongpo pork.", "Method of animation."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11416, "answer": 1, "text": "A proposed amendment would allow the city council to decide that certain city elections be conducted solely by mail. But voting is a sacred right in democracies, one that has always been exercised by voting in person and not by mail. Ttherefore, voting by mail should not be allowed, and the proposed amendment should be rejected.", "question": "The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument", "options": ["presumes, without providing justification, that if citizens have always had a certain legal right, they will continue to have that right in the future", "presents an appeal to tradition as the only reason for rejecting the proposal", "presumes, without providing justification, that the right to vote is not violated unless elections are conducted solely by mail", "fails to consider the possibility that, even if it gains the power to do so, the city council might never require voting by mail"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 26, "answer": 0, "text": "A recent study by an insurance company showed that those who work in a comfortable working environment are 25% more productive than those who work in an uncomfortable working environment. This shows that the ever-improving working environment can increase the productivity of workers.", "question": "Which of the following assumptions challenges most to the above causal connection?", "options": [" On average, employees with low productivity spend less time daily in the workplace than those with high productivity", " A comfortable environment can motivate employees to work harder than an uncomfortable environment", " A comfortable working environment is usually a reward for highly productive employees", " In a crowded, uncomfortable environment, the pressure of colleagues hinders the work of employees"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3953, "answer": 3, "text": "A study shows that young people in their 80s and 90s prefer popular songs to songs that are less interested in bel canto and national singing and so on. Bel Canto, national and other singing methods are gradually eliminated by the times.", "question": "Which of the following is the most valid rebuttal to the above conclusion?", "options": ["Many middle aged people like Bel canto and national singing.", "Some young people with formal music education prefer Bel canto and national singing.", "Popular music not only entertains young people, but also expresses their thoughts and wishes more vividly.", "Surveys show that bel canto and national singing have steadily increased in popularity since the 1980s."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4863, "answer": 1, "text": "Xiao Zhang is going to watch a game next week, but he forgot the specific day. He asked A, B, C, D and E respectively. Their answers are as follows. A said it must be a weekend. B said it must be one of Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. C said it must be Monday. D said it must be one of Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday. E said it must be Friday. A, B, C, D and E are only one person right.", "question": "Based on the above conclusions, which of the following options is correct?", "options": ["Monday", "Wednesday", "Friday", "Saturday"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13594, "answer": 3, "text": "Scientists, puzzled about the development of penicillin-resistant bacteria in patients who had not been taking penicillin, believe they have found an explanation. The relevant group of patients have dental fillings made of mercury-containing amalgam, and the bacteria the patients develop are immune to mercury poisoning. Scientists have concluded that the genes causing resistance to penicillin are closely bundled on the chromosomes of bacteria with the gene that produces immunity to mercury poisoning. Exposure to the mercury kills off bacteria that lack the relevant immunity gene, and leaves room for those that possess both the mercury-immunity gene and the penicillin-resistance gene to flourish.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately characterizes the role played in the passage by the unstated assumption that some patients who take penicillin develop bacteria with an immunity to penicillin?", "options": ["It is the tentative conclusion of previous research that appears to be falsified by the scientists' discovery of the mechanism by which bacteria become resistant to mercury poisoning.", "It is a generalization that, if true, rules out the possibility that some people who do not take penicillin develop bacteria resistant to it.", "It is a generalization assumed by the scientists to conclusively prove that the explanation of their problem case must involve reference to the genetic makeup of the penicillin-resistant bacteria.", "It is a point that, in conjunction with the fact that some patients who do not take penicillin develop penicillin-resistant bacteria, generates the problem that prompted the research described in the passage."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}

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