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{"id": 12966, "answer": 1, "text": "Household indebtedness, which some theorists regard as causing recession, was high preceding the recent recession, but so was the value of assets owned by households. Admittedly, if most of the assets were owned by quite affluent households, and most of the debt was owed by low-income households, high household debt levels could have been the cause of the recession despite high asset values: low-income households might have decreased spending in order to pay off debts while the quite affluent ones might simply have failed to increase spending. But, in fact, quite affluent people must have owed most of the household debt, since money is not lent to those without assets. Ttherefore, the real cause must lie elsewhere.", "question": "The argument is structured to lead to which one of the following conclusions?", "options": ["When people borrowed money prior to the recent recession, they did not use it to purchase assets.", "High levels of household debt did not cause the recent recession.", "Low-income households succeeded in paying off their debts despite the recent recession.", "High levels of household debt have little impact on the economy."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12271, "answer": 0, "text": "A recent report on an environmental improvement program was criticized for focusing solely on pragmatic solutions to the large number of significant problems that plague the program instead of seriously trying to produce a coherent vision for the future of the program. In response the report' s authors granted that the critics had raised a valid point but explained that, to do anything at all, the program needed continued government funding, and that to get such funding the program first needed to regain a reputation for competence.", "question": "The basic position taken by the report's authors on the criticism leveled against the report is that", "options": ["addressing the critics' concern now would be premature", "the notion of a coherent vision would be inappropriate to a program of the sort at issue", "giving the report a single focus is less desirable than the critics claim", "the critics' motives are self-serving"], "type": {"Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6937, "answer": 2, "text": "Compared with genes, man-made components (artifacts) have a more powerful intervention in human evolution. From the controlled use of fire to the invention of stirrups and even supercomputers, from rough utensils to artistic creations, from primitive worship to nirvana? The recognition of the realm, from the gathering and hunting of food to the exploration of the fate of the universe. Cultural components change people's behavior and thinking, and even change the natural track of human genetic inheritance.", "question": "Which of the following conforms to the context?", "options": ["The natural track of human genes", "The process of human evolution", "The influence of man-made components on human evolution", "The relationship between human genes and man-made components"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9553, "answer": 2, "text": "At present, there is no mainstream channel for the supply of low-rent housing in China, and many functions of low-cost leased housing are undertaken by informal villages in the city. In recent years, the gap between the urban development of the south and the north is getting wider and wider. In the study of explaining this phenomenon, the proportion of the village in the city to the whole urban built-up area should be a very explanatory variable. In the south, there are many villages in the city of the semi-illegal , which make the availability of low-cost rentable housing much higher than that in northern cities. It is these low-rent housing that enable manufacturing with meagre profits to survive in big cities where land prices are expensive.", "question": "Which of the following options is the most important part of this passage?", "options": ["The managers of the city should not restrict the violations of the existing villages in the city.", "It is difficult for the manufacturing industry with meagre profits to survive and develop in cities with high house prices.", "The availability of low-cost rentable housing determines the development of the manufacturing industry.", "The development of manufacturing industry in southern cities is closely related to the supply of low-rent housing."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11981, "answer": 2, "text": "Over the past twenty-five years the introduction of laborsaving technologies has greatly reduced the average amount of time a worker needs to produce a given output, potentially both reducing the number of hours each worker works each week and increasing workers' leisure time correspondingly. The average amount of leisure time per worker, however, has increased at only half the rate at which the average hourly output per worker has grown.", "question": "If the statements above are true, which one of the following is most strongly supported by them?", "options": ["The average hourly output per worker has not risen as much as had been anticipated when modern labor-saving technologies were first introduced.", "The percentage of the population that is in the work force has grown over the past twenty-five years.", "Twenty-five years ago the average weekly output per worker was less than it is today.", "Workers, on average, spend more money on leisure activities today than they did twenty-five years ago."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7997, "answer": 1, "text": "Every time the government introduces an economic policy, it will change the income expectations of some interest groups. Out of self-interest, these interest groups always try to offset the loss caused by the policy through various behavior choices. At this time, if the government really changes the original policy, the result will not only invalidate the policy issued by the government, but also make the government's ability of economic regulation and control decline continuously due to the loss of credibility.", "question": "Which of the following is the main statement of this passage?", "options": ["Obstacles encountered by the government in formulating economic policies", "The government must continue to implement the policies it has formulated", "Factors that must be considered when formulating economic policies", "The government's ability to regulate and control the macro economy"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14311, "answer": 3, "text": "Biologist: We know the following things about plant X. Specimens with fuzzy seeds always have long stems but never have white flowers. Specimens with curled leaves always have white flowers, and specimens with thorny seedpods always have curled leaves. A specimen of plant X in my garden has a long stem and curled leaves.", "question": "From the biologist's statements, which one of the following can be properly inferred about the specimen of plant X in the biologist's garden?", "options": ["It has fuzzy seeds and thorny seedpods.", "It lacks both white flowers and fuzzy seeds.", "It has white flowers and thorny seedpods.", "It has white flowers but lacks fuzzy seeds."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6966, "answer": 3, "text": "Needless to say, bringing economic development into the plan is conducive to maintaining socialist public ownership, preventing the imbalance of economic development, and avoiding periodic economic crises and the resulting waste. However, a perfect economic operation system depends on perfect people to ensure its perfection. For China, a large country with a population of 1.3 billion, these perfect people who make and implement economic plans must have absolutely superhuman wisdom and absolutely noble moral character, like the gods and saints that people worship.", "question": "Which of the following is the main argument supported in this paragraph?", "options": ["If wise people make and implement economic plans, the planned economy will be more effective than the market economy", "Market economy will inevitably lead to capitalist economic crisis", "Compared with market economy, planned economy has many advantages", "Do not approve of bringing the economy fully into the planned track"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10555, "answer": 2, "text": "Homesteads in rural my country are collectively owned and can only be used by farmers and cannot be bought, sold, leased or inherited. The homestead system guarantees the survival rights of farmers. The houses built by the farmers on the homestead are the assets of the farmers. If farmers are allowed to sell their houses, they are actually allowed to sell the right to use the homestead. If the right to use the homestead is bought by someone else, it will damage the survival rights of farmers. But if farmers are not allowed to sell their houses, it will infringe on farmers' asset rights.", "question": "If the above statements are true, which of the following statements must be true?", "options": ["Houses built by farmers on homesteads do not have property certificates.", "If migrant workers have purchased housing in cities, they should no longer occupy homesteads in their rural hometowns.", "If the rights and interests of farmers' survival are not damaged, the rights and interests of farmers' assets will be violated.", "For the vast majority of migrant workers, the homestead and responsible land in their rural hometown is their last guarantee of survival."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2253, "answer": 2, "text": "Code-switching: the use of more than one language or dialect to communicate in the same conversation.", "question": "Which of the following does not belong to code-switching?", "options": ["Mr. John has lived in China for many years. When talking with colleagues, he always insists on using Chinese. Sometimes he really does not know how to express his meaning accurately, and he sometimes has three or two English words mixed in", "Mr. Ma receives visiting customers and explains his company to them in Mandarin. Knowing that there are two shaanxi customers, immediately hold up the Shaanxi dialect and they talked about a few words", "At an international academic conference, Professor Chen gave a presentation in English with a strong Sichuan accent, which was barely understood by most of the foreign scholars attending the conference", "When they arrived at the dormitory, the head teacher, Mr. Fang, asked them about their daily life. When he found a student looking puzzled, he immediately explained it in English"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14391, "answer": 0, "text": "Educational Theorist: Recent editorials have called for limits on the amount of homework assigned to children. They point out that free-time activities play an important role in childhood development and that large amounts of homework reduce children' s free time, hindering their development. But the average homework time for a ten year old, for example, is little more than 30 minutes per night. Clearly, ttherefore, there is no need to impose the limits these editorials are calling for.", "question": "Which of the following is an assumption on which the educational theorist's argument relies?", "options": ["In most schools, if not all, the homework assignments given are of a length that does not diverge widely from the average.", "The free-time activities that ten year olds engage in most are all approximately equally effective at fostering development", "Individual teachers are not the best judges of how much homework to assign the children they teach", "Free-time activities rarely teach children skills or information that they can use in their academic work."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8751, "answer": 3, "text": "Ms. Zheng said that the GDP growth rate of Hengyuan City was higher than that of Yiyang City in the past decade, so the economic outlook of Hengyuan City was better than that of Yiyang City.Mr. Hu said, I don't agree with you. Although the GDP growth rate of Hengyuan City is higher than that of Yiyang City, the GDP value of Yiyang City is higher.", "question": "Which of the following options most accurately summarizes the focus of the dispute between Ms. Zheng and Mr. Hu?", "options": ["Is the GDP value of Yiyang really larger than that of Hengyuan?", "Is the GDP growth rate of Hengyuan really higher than that of Yiyang?", "If a city's GDP is large, does it have a good economic prospect?", "A city's GDP growth rate is high, whether the economic prospect must be good"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11121, "answer": 0, "text": "At Tromen University this semester, some students taking French Literature 205 are also taking Biology 218. Every student taking Biology 218 at Tromen is a biology major. Ttherefore, some of the students taking French Literature 205 are not French-literature majors.", "question": "The conclusion drawn above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed to be true at Tromen University?", "options": ["It is not possible to major in both biology and French literature.", "There are more biology majors than there are French-literature majors.", "French Literature 205 is a required course for French-literature majors.", "Only biology majors are allowed to take Biology 218."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5778, "answer": 3, "text": "Contract of gift refers to a contract in which one party to a contract gives its property to the other party without compensation. The party giving the property is called the giver and the party receiving the property is called the grantee.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following options may result in a contract of gift?", "options": ["During the period of studying abroad, A provides his residence for free to use by friend B", "A gave his own chicken farm to his son-in-law who promised to support him", "A invites B to run his own company and give the other party 80% of the shares", "A computer company gave 15 new computers to his alma mater on the occasion of the school celebration"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2964, "answer": 0, "text": "A scientific research institution studies a strange phenomenon reflected by citizens, which can not be explained by existing scientific theories. Assistant researcher Xiao Wang asserted that this phenomenon is an illusion.", "question": "Which of the following options, if correct, is most likely to be Xiao Wang's assertion that is not true?", "options": ["Illusions can be explained by existing scientific theories", "All illusions cannot be explained by existing scientific theories", "The existing scientific theories can not fully explain how the illusion is formed", "Some illusions can be explained by existing scientific theories"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11797, "answer": 2, "text": "Although this bottle is labeled vinegar, no fizzing occurred when some of the liquid in it was added to powder from this box labeled baking soda. But when an acidic liquid such as vinegar is added to baking soda the resulting mixture fizzes, so this bottle clearly has been mislabeled.", "question": "A flaw in the reasoning in the argument above is that this argument", "options": ["depends on the use of the imprecise term fizz", "assumes that the fact of a labeling error is proof of an intention to deceive", "fails to exclude an alternative explanation for the observed effect", "does not take into account the fact that scientific principles can be definitively tested only under controlled laboratory conditions"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7655, "answer": 2, "text": "After comparing bone changes in people living in Europe over the past 33,000 years, the researchers found that the strength of both leg bones continued to decline from the Middle Stone Age 10,000 years ago to the Roman Empire 2,000 years ago, but the strength of the upper arm bone, which was not related to running, remained stable. It was during this period that agriculture began to rise and human beings gradually changed to a settled way of life. The rise of agriculture has led to lighter bones in modern humans, but the strength of the two later leg bones has barely changed. The researchers concluded that the effects of mechanization and urbanization on bone strength were not significant.", "question": "Which of the following is the most likely hypothesis for the researchers' conclusion?", "options": ["Over the past 33,000 years, human weight has changed little overall.", "From 33,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago, the human way of life has not changed significantly.", "Mechanization and urbanization came after the rise of agriculture.", "A person's bones become lighter, which reduces the strength of their bones."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5229, "answer": 2, "text": "Export processing zones are a form of special economic zones. They are export-oriented special economic zones. They mainly use foreign capital, technology, and equipment, and take advantage of China's land, resources, labor and other advantages, and the products produced are mainly exported.", "question": "Which of the following areas belongs to the export processing zone?", "options": ["the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China", "The Salt Lake Economic Development Zone in Northwest Qinghai Province adopts a strategy of attracting investment and foreign investment. We provide manpower, land etc, and products are mainly sold in the five northwestern provinces and regions", "Shenzhen's Shekou Industrial Zone adopts the method of processing supplied materials to cooperate with foreigners, and the products are sold abroad", "The products of Founder Group, a university-run enterprise of Peking University, should first support the teaching and scientific research of the university, because it borrowings the intangible assets of Peking University"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13841, "answer": 0, "text": "Telomerase is an enzyme that is produced only in cells that are actively dividing. For this reason it is generally absent from body tissues in adults. Bone marrow is an exception to this rule, however, since even in adults, bone marrow cells continually divide to replace old blood cells. Cancers are another exception, because their cells are rapidly dividing.", "question": "The information provided most strongly supports which of the following?", "options": ["The presence of telomerase in bone marrow is no indication of bone marrow cancer.", "In children, the only body tissues from which telomerase is absent are those in which cells are not rapidly dividing.", "Cancer of the bone marrow develops more rapidly than cancer growing in any other kind of adult tissue.", "The level of telomerase production is always higher in cancerous tissue than in noncancerous tissue."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6714, "answer": 0, "text": "Chekhov famously said that puppies should not be flustered by the presence of large dogs. All dogs should bark loud, just as God gave them a loud voice.", "question": "Which of the following is the correct interpretation of this paragraph?", "options": ["The law gives people the right of expression, regardless of rank", "All are equal before the law", "People are naturally talkative", "Speaking is not only the ability of the people, but also the right conferred by the law"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 647, "answer": 3, "text": "Recently, the latest data analysis of the Aeronautics and Space Administration in a certain country confirmed that the signal detected by the Curiosity Mars rover on Mars in June 2013 was a methane signal. Based on this, some people inferred that the methane may come from organisms living in Gale crater, which indicates that there must be life on Mars.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, would most question the above inference?", "options": ["Methane has always been regarded as a sign of life on distant planets.", "It has been confirmed that the methane signal detected on Mars is continuously stable.", "Methane on Earth will quickly disappear into the atmosphere after being produced by organisms, which proves that methane on Mars must have just been released soon.", "Methane found on Mars may be caused by the impact of meteorites, causing the methane gas stored in the ground to be continuously released."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13135, "answer": 3, "text": "Book Review: When I read a novel set in a city I know well, I must see that the writer knows the city at least as well as I do if I am to take that writer seriously. If the writer is faking, I know immediately and do not trust that writer. When a novelist demonstrates the required knowledge, I trust the storyteller, so I trust the tale. This trust increases my enjoyment of a good novel. Peter Lee' s second novel is set in San Francisco. In this novel, as in his first, Lee passes my test with flying colors.", "question": "Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage?", "options": ["Peter Lee's first novel was set in San Francisco.", "The book reviewer enjoys virtually any novel written by a novelist whom she trusts.", "The book reviewer does not trust any novel set in a city that she does not know well.", "The book reviewer does not believe that she knows San Francisco better than Peter Lee does."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 15090, "answer": 3, "text": "Columnist: If you received an unsigned letter, you would likely have some doubts about the truth of its contents. But news stories often include statements from anonymous sources, and these are usually quoted with the utmost respect. It makes sense to be skeptical of these sources, for, as in the case of the writer of an unsigned letter, their anonymity makes it possible for them to plant inaccurate or slanted statements without ever having to answer for them.", "question": "The columnist's argument proceeds by", "options": ["calling into question the motives of those presenting certain information, and concluding for this reason that the information is likely to be false", "calling into question a certain type of evidence by drawing an analogy between that evidence and other evidence that the argument shows is usually false", "inferring that an attitude would be justified in all situations of a given type on the grounds that this attitude is justified in a hypothetical situation of that type", "pointing out that a certain attitude would presumably be adopted in one situation, in order to support the claim that a similar attitude would be justified in an analogous situation"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1480, "answer": 1, "text": "On the surface of the aircraft carrier, the personnel at each station are dressed in colorful clothing, which is very different from the dress code of the same color on traditional warships. The colors of the helmets, vests and long-sleeved shirts worn by the staff are also different ;Purple represents fuel supply; red represents danger and safety control; green represents takeoff and landing and aircraft maintenance; blue represents transportation and gas supply guarantee; brown stands for locomotive maintenance, The appearance looks like a rainbow of seven colors on the deck.", "question": "Which of the following is the source of the text?", "options": ["A piece of prose", "Popular science books", "A travel note", "Corporate advertising"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14235, "answer": 0, "text": "Critics have argued that because Freudianism holds that people have unconscious desires that can defeat their attempts to follow rational life plans, it is incompatible with the predominantly rationalistic spirit of Western philosophical and psychological thought. But it is a central tenet of Freudianism that through psychoanalysis one can become conscious of one' s previously unconscious desires, enabling one to avoid being defeated by them. Ttherefore, __.", "question": "Which one of the following most logically completes the argument?", "options": ["Freudianism does not run counter to the rationalistic mainstream of Western philosophical and psychological thought", "psychoanalysis provides one with a rational life plan", "Freudianism holds that people can always achieve happiness through psychoanalysis", "Freudianism reflects the predominantly rationalistic spirit of Western philosophical and psychological thought more than any other psychological theory"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4182, "answer": 3, "text": "At present, for the bio-processed food system to become a reality, there are still several things to do. First, it must be able to cultivate the tissues of vegetables and fruits in the culture medium. Second, it must be able to expand the production to meet the needs of the market.But to mass-produce economically,it is necessary to develop cheap raw materials and use the basic nutrients in them for mass production.", "question": "Which of the following can be inferred from this?", "options": ["The development of cheap raw materials is the key to the bio-processed food system.", "At present, it has been possible to cultivate tissues of vegetables or fruits in the culture medium.", "As long as there are cheap materials, we can expand production.", "The current raw materials are too expensive."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1064, "answer": 3, "text": "Induced motion refers to the illusion of motion of an adjacent stationary object due to the motion of an object.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is induced motion?", "options": ["Light a candle in front of the blackboard and watch the candle light. You will see the candle light moving.", "Multiple pictures are presented one after another according to a certain space interval and time distance to form a film.", "Look at a certain part of the waterfall and then look at the surrounding trees. You will feel that the trees are flying upward.", "When we look at the night sky, we can see the moon moving and the clouds stationary."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6378, "answer": 2, "text": "In order to solve a series of global problems such as food security and energy shortage, the scientific community is stepping up its research on projects such as genetically modified food and clean new energy, with a view to leading people out of the food and energy crisis. From this we can see that the development of science no longer strictly follows this conventional route: scientific problems no longer originate from simple, pictorial scientific curiosity. Science in the routine era is coming.", "question": "What does Science in the routine era in this passage mean?", "options": ["Scientific research on unconventional scientific problems", "Scientific research emerging to meet industry needs", "Scientific research that points to urgent, urgent, and high-risk issues", "Scientific research that can bring great benefits"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1203, "answer": 0, "text": "Since people are social animals and cannot do anything without the interpersonal environment, who can win the trust and cooperation of others fastest with the lowest communication cost per unit time has a great chance of success. At all times, at home and abroad, those who can achieve great things often win in the comprehensive quality of communication, organization and action. No matter socialized mass production in the industrial era, or the business competition in the market economy environment, it is necessary to put this kind of interpersonal knowledge through the behavior of every economic man.", "question": "Which of the following statements is consistent with the above words?", "options": ["Communication is important for success.", "Reduce communication costs to succeed.", "Communication, organization and action can achieve great things.", "The key to gaining trust from others is communication."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5132, "answer": 2, "text": "Administrative counterpart refers to a citizen, a legal person or other organization in a managed position in administrative management.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following options is correct?", "options": ["Public servant Li is an administrative counterpart to the administrative agency to which he is affiliated.", "Citizen A is an administrative counterpart in the notarization.", "A company is an administrative counterpart when it applies to the municipal government for administrative reconsideration.", "A county procuratorate was an administrative counterpart when it applied to the municipal construction committee to approve the construction of a staff dormitory building."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8301, "answer": 2, "text": "At present, there is no mainstream channel for the supply of low-rent housing in China, and many functions of low-cost leased housing are undertaken by informal villages in the city. In recent years, the gap between the urban development of the south and the north is getting wider and wider. In the study of explaining this phenomenon, the proportion of the village in the city to the whole urban built-up area should be a very explanatory variable. In the south, there are many villages in the city of the semi-illegal , which make the availability of low-cost rentable housing much higher than that in northern cities. It is these low-rent housing that enable manufacturing with meagre profits to survive in big cities where land prices are expensive.", "question": "Which of the following options is the most important part of this passage?", "options": ["The managers of the city should not restrict the violations of the existing villages in the city.", "It is difficult for the manufacturing industry with meagre profits to survive and develop in cities with high house prices.", "The availability of low-cost rentable housing determines the development of the manufacturing industry.", "The development of manufacturing industry in southern cities is closely related to the supply of low-rent housing."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14544, "answer": 1, "text": "When mercury-vapor streetlights are used in areas inhabited by insect-eating bats, the bats feed almost exclusively around the lights, because the lights attract flying insects. In Greenville, the mercury-vapor streetlights are about to be replaced with energy-saving sodium streetlights, which do not attract insects. This change is likely to result in a drop in the population of insect-eating bats in Greenville, since __", "question": "Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?", "options": ["bats use echolocation to catch insects and ttherefore gain no advantage from the fact that insects flying in the vicinity of streetlights are visible at night", "in the absence of local concentrations of the flying insects on which bats feed, the bats expend much more energy on hunting for food, requiring much larger quantities of insects to sustain each bat", "the bats do not begin to hunt until after sundown", "the bats are unlikely to feed on insects that do not fly"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3394, "answer": 3, "text": "Product positioning in management refers to the determination of the function, quality, price, packaging, sales channels and service methods of a product (or service) in order to satisfy the target market.", "question": "Based on the above definition, which of the following behaviors does not fall within the scope of product positioning in management science?", "options": ["Our products will serve the students in school.", "Considering the income of the consumers, our products will be priced at around 1000 yuan.", "Our service will be mainly through home maintenance to achieve.", "Our service will make you enjoy the beauty."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9728, "answer": 1, "text": "A foreign company buys insects such as pseudo-walkers and crickets from farmers, processes them into powder or oil, and then mixes them with other ingredients to make delicious food that makes people unable to eat insects. The company made a profit of millions of dollars by selling the food in 2019. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization affirmed the company's practice and pointed out that eating insects is conducive to dealing with worldwide food shortages and malnutrition.", "question": "Which of the following options can be used as the premise of the above argument?", "options": ["The shortage of world food supply will continue. The development of new food materials such as insects can effectively cope with the growth of food demand.", "Insects are rich in protein, fat, supplements vitamins and iron, and are large and low-cost supplementary foods.", "An authoritative foreign research institution said that in this century, eating insects is conducive to the growth of population and the increase of consumption of the protein.", "Insect breeding and processing industries are being vigorously developed in some areas of Asia and Africa that are short of food and whose population is malnourished."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8254, "answer": 0, "text": "In the face of a major epidemic, timely release of authoritative information and open and transparent response to public concerns can effectively solve the problem of information asymmetry, reduce the space for the spread of false information such as rumors, and better maintain social stability. For some time, relevant departments and relevant institutions have released data on confirmed, suspected, cured and dead people in a timely manner. Some Internet enterprises have used big data, cloud computing and visualization technology to launch products such as Real-time epidemic situation dynamic, Co-ride patient query system and Fever Clinic Map, which simultaneously popularize scientific protection knowledge, effectively meet the information needs of the public, and guide the masses to look at the epidemic rationally. Enhance self-prevention awareness and protection ability.", "question": "Which of the followings is the content that this text is meant to emphasize?", "options": ["Openness and transparency of information contribute to epidemic prevention", "Enhance the ability of self-protection by means of technology", "Popularize scientific protection knowledge by technical means", "Open and transparent information to meet the information needs of the people"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5706, "answer": 1, "text": "In economics, the emergence of individual organizations with higher efficiency within the system will destroy or inhibit the existence and development of other organizations with lower efficiency. People call this effect tIp effect. Due to the unbalanced development among individuals, regions and countries, the tIp effect is common.", "question": "According to the above definition, what are the following to help avoid the tip effect?", "options": ["The trade transaction costs between developed country A and economically backward country B have decreased, resulting in the outflow of funds from country B", "A certain place formulated a new policy to increase support for small and medium-sized enterprises, while regulating monopoly industries and limiting the scale", "A grain production enterprise has been in recession. After adopting advanced cultivation technology, the production scale of the enterprise expanded and the sales share began to increase", "According to local regulations, excellent returned students can be directly awarded professional and technical titles of corresponding levels with reference to their educational background or professional level, without any restrictions such as years"], "type": {"Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13231, "answer": 2, "text": "A recent poll of a large number of households found that 47 percent of those with a cat had at least one person with a university degree, while 38 percent of households with a dog had at least one person with a university degree. Clearly, people who hold university degrees are more likely to live in a household with a cat than one with a dog.", "question": "The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument", "options": ["fails to consider how many of the households have at least one person without a university degree", "ignores the possibility that a significant number of households might have both a cat and a dog", "takes for granted that there are not significantly more households with a dog than ones with a cat", "ignores the possibility that two things can be correlated without being causally connected"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3068, "answer": 0, "text": "When many people browse the Internet, once they encounter the content that goes directly to the heart, the first thing is to find the QR code for forwarding, scan the phone quickly, store it, and share it at any time, which has become an unimaginative rule. On social media, negative emotions are often triggered by retweeted content, such as jealousy, slowness, or even anger, and the more controversial opinions and claims are, the more likely they are to be forwarded. Wharton School professors found that anger tops the list of easily shared emotions on social media, a study of China's Weibo service found. Rage spreads faster than happiness, sadness and disgust. Reflex retweets make people become indiscriminate responders, thinking less and less independently.", "question": "Which of the following options is most suitable for the title of this paragraph?", "options": ["The negative retweet of social media", "The angry retweet of social media", "The inexplicable retweet of social media", "Deep thinking on the forwarding of Social Media"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6372, "answer": 3, "text": "The key exhibition hall of the museum basically has no divided space, which ensures the smooth and spacious exhibition hall as far as possible. And put the obvious specimens in the most eye-catching position in this exhibition hall, which allows the audience to see the most wonderful display as soon as they enter the exhibition area. In every big space. Appropriate use of the wrong layer of the way to open up an interactive area. Special introduction of relevant scientific knowledge, at the same time, this wrong layer is also a good watch viewing point of view.", "question": "According to the article, which of the following is a characteristic of museum exhibits?", "options": ["The combination of tradition and modernity", "The combination of art and science", "The combination of individuality and commonness", "The combination of space and interaction"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3272, "answer": 2, "text": "A German scientist did a study in which he showed a group of 6-month-old babies pictures of the same size and color. Some pictures showed flowers or fish, and others showed spiders or snakes. They found that the babies did not respond significantly to pictures of flowers or fish, but all had significantly larger pupils when shown pictures of spiders or snakes. As a result, the scientist believes fear of dangerous animals is something we are born with, not learned.", "question": "Which of the following is the premise of the above argument?", "options": ["Everyone expresses fear in different ways", "All babies have seen real flowers or fish", "Dilated pupils are a sign of stress or fear", "Most adults have a fear of spiders or snakes"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8546, "answer": 0, "text": "Recently, scientists have confirmed for the first time that lizards sleep in two states: rapid eye movement (REM) and slow wave sleep (SWS). In REM, the brain produces high-frequency electric waves and rapid eye movements, which are associated with dreaming. Scientists speculate that lizards, like humans, dream during sleep.", "question": "Which of the following should be added as a premise for scientists to speculate?", "options": ["Human dreams occur in the stage of rapid eye movement", "Lizards and humans share some common biological characteristics", "During sleep, rapid eye movement and slow wave sleep are carried out alternately", "Researchers have confirmed that people often dream during sleep"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7881, "answer": 0, "text": "Jianghai District of a certain city decided to renew the appearance of four roads in Dongfeng Road, Xihe Road, Nantang Road and Beihai Road. In order to understand the opinions of the masses and formulate a new plan in line with public opinion, four comrades A, B, C and D from the relevant departments of the district government work together to carry out research. It is known that each person chooses two roads and there are exactly two people who choose each road: in the survey of each road, B and C are never in the same group. In addition, we also know: (1) if A chooses Dongfeng Road, D also chooses Dongfeng Road; (2) if C chooses Nantang Road, D also chooses Nantang Road; (3) A does not choose Nantang Road.", "question": "Based on the above information, which of the following can be inferred?", "options": ["A choose Xihe Road and Beihai Road.", "B choose Xihe Road and Nantang Road.", "C choose Dongfeng Road and Xihe Road.", "Ding Xuan Dongfeng Road and Beihai Road."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12883, "answer": 1, "text": "Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle. A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used. It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little. Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the experts' prediction?", "options": ["When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.", "Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever.", "Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides.", "It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4427, "answer": 3, "text": "Technological innovation is a complete process from the generation of new products or processes to market application. It includes a series of activities from the generation of new ideas, research, development, commercial production to promotion; From commercial production to promotion, it is the process of promoting the creation of brand intellectual property rights.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings belongs to technological innovation?", "options": ["In the 1990s, a Danish hearing aid company implemented a new organizational model: there was no formal hierarchy and reporting relationship, the resource allocation was carried out around the project team, and the organization was completely open. This innovation achieved great success", "By introducing international advanced technology, the iron and steel company has built an ultra-thin tropical production line, realizing the production mode of focusing on thin and replacing cold with heat, filling the gap in China", "After research and practice, an agricultural scientist in China put forward a new technology of fruit tree grafting, and achieved the goal of quadrupling the yield", "Technicians have introduced and absorbed foreign developed technologies, designed and produced high-speed EMUs with independent intellectual property rights, and have been applied to Beijing Tianjin, Wuhan Guangzhou and other lines"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12586, "answer": 3, "text": "Columnist: Almost anyone can be an expert, for there are no official guidelines determining what an expert must know. Anybody who manages to convince some people of his or her qualifications in an area -- whatever those may be -- is an expert.", "question": "The columnist's conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["Every expert has convinced some people of his or her qualifications in some area.", "Convincing certain people that one is qualified in an area requires that one actually be qualified in that area.", "Some experts convince everyone of their qualifications in almost every area.", "Almost anyone can convince some people of his or her qualifications in some area."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8127, "answer": 0, "text": "A certain group company has six departments: production department, sales department, R & D department, personnel department, finance department and legal department. There are six office buildings from front to back: Wu ,Ji, Geng , Xin , Ren and Gui . Each department has a building, and the arrangement of each department meets the following requirements: (1) the sales department is in front of the finance department and the production department. (2) the personnel department is immediately after the R & D department or the production department; (3) the legal department is followed by the R & D department or the sales department.", "question": "The office buildings of each department are arranged from front to back. Which of the following meets the above requirements?", "options": ["Legal Department, R & D Department, sales Department, Finance Department, production Department, personnel Department", "Finance Department, legal Department, Research and Development Department, personnel Department, sales Department, production Department", "Legal Department, sales Department, R & D Department, production Department, Finance Department, personnel Department", "Research and Development Department, personnel Department, sales Department, legal Department, Finance Department, production Department"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3535, "answer": 3, "text": "In the face of the energy crisis, some countries are looking for alternative energy sources,using corn to process ethanol gasoline for vehicles is no longer new, Therefore, many people believe that using corn to produce energy can not only digest the aged grain in stock, but also develop oil as an alternative energy, which will be one of the trends of energy development in the future and a policy of benefiting the nation and the people.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, can't weaken the above conclusion?", "options": ["At present, it seems that the production of ethanol gasoline for vehicles will consume a lot of water resources", "Ethanol gasoline can cause severe corrosion to key components such as the engine of a vehicle", "It takes 3.3 tons of corn to produce 1 ton of ethanol. As a result, nearly 10,000 tons of corn are consumed every year, which will endanger the country's grain reserves", "Using corn as energy for production can appropriately increase the price of corn, thereby increasing farmers' income and farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4276, "answer": 2, "text": "A long time ago, potatoes were called ghost apples in France, and farmers were reluctant to introduce them. An agronomist came up with a way to plant potatoes on a piece of land and was guarded by an armed King's guard in military dress. At night, the guard deliberately withdrew. As a result, people came to steal potatoes and introduced them into their own fields. In this way, potato planting has been rapidly promoted in France.", "question": "Which one of the followings is the most appropriate conclusion that can be inferred?", "options": ["Some things can arouse people's interest if they are forbidden. For example, some movies and books become more and more popular because they are forbidden.", "People are curious.", "People tend to break rules and restrictions.", "The emergence of new things is unpopular at first."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14682, "answer": 0, "text": "On the surface, Melville' s Billy Budd is a simple story with a simple theme. However, if one views the novel as a religious allegory, then it assumes a richness and profundity that place it among the great novels of the nineteenth century. However, the central question remains: Did Melville intend an allegorical reading? Since there is no textual or historical evidence that he did, we should be content with reading Billy Budd as a simple tragedy.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the principle underlying the argument?", "options": ["Without relevant evidence as to a novel's intended reading, one should avoid viewing the work allegorically.", "Given a choice between an allegorical and a nonallegorical reading of a novel, one should choose the latter.", "The only relevant evidence in deciding in which genre to place a novel is the author's stated intention.", "In deciding between rival readings of a novel, one should choose the one that is most favorable to the work."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1783, "answer": 1, "text": "People have free will, which is subjective judgment, personal preference and choice. Psychological studies show that the more people work hard to achieve success, the happier they feel; The more reflective things are, the happier they are; The more self-controlled the satisfaction is, the happier it is. Psychologists have tracked that children who tolerate their urges more often as adults are more likely to get into college, get married and earn PHDS, while those who resist immediate gratification are more likely to drop out, divorce and suffer more frustration.", "question": "Which of the following is the text main idea?", "options": ["People's efforts to succeed are in direct proportion to their happiness", "The degree of control over free will determines how happy people are", "Happiness as a subjective experience can be explored by psychological methods", "It is very important for a child to develop self-control from an early age"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3208, "answer": 3, "text": "The Dai bamboo buildings in Xishuangbanna use square columns to raise their houses to prevent moisture and mosquito blood harassment. The reason why square columns are used instead of circular columns is to prevent snakes from climbing into the bamboo buildings.", "question": "Which of the following is most likely to be the assumption of the above statement?", "options": ["Dai people like to make things square.", "Snakes like to climb round pillars.", "There are many snakes in the tropical rain forest of Xishuangbanna.", "Snakes cannot crawl around square posts."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10831, "answer": 0, "text": "In the paintings by seventeenth-century Dutch artist Vermeer, we find several recurrent items: a satin jacket, a certain Turkish carpet, and wooden chairs with lion' s head finials. These reappearing objects might seem to evince a dearth of props. Yet we know that many of the props Vermeer used were expensive. Thus, while we might speculate about exactly why Vermeer worked with a small number of familiar objects, it was clearly not for lack of props that the recurrent items were used.", "question": "The conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["If a dearth of props accounted for the recurrent objects in Vermeer's paintings, we would not see expensive props in any of them.", "The props that recur in Vermeer's paintings were always available to him.", "The satin jacket and wooden chairs that recur in the paintings were owned by Vermeer's sister.", "The several recurrent items that appeared in Vermeer's paintings had special sentimental importance for him."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2691, "answer": 2, "text": "A local talent market is looking for practitioners in four positions of cleaning, property, network management and sales. Four young people from A, B, C and D come to apply. It was learned afterwards that each person only chose one kind of position to apply for and one of them applied for each kind of position. In addition, we also know: (1) if D applies for network management, then A applies for property; (2) if B does not apply for cleaning, then A applies for cleaning and C applies for sales; (3) if B applies for cleaning, then C applies for sales. D also applied for cleaning.", "question": "According to the above statement, which of the following can be inferred?", "options": ["D applied for a sales position.", "A apply for a property position.", "B apply for the position of network management.", "A apply for the position of network management."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5287, "answer": 3, "text": "Social values are the concept of helping others held by social workers. It is a kind of altruism and respects the rights and choices of recipients. It believes that social work is a real service process, not the power of social workers in their hands.", "question": "Which of the following values does not belong to social values?", "options": ["Views on helping activities", "Views on oneself", "Views on recipients", "Views of society"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13047, "answer": 2, "text": "Literary critic: A folktale is a traditional story told in an entertaining way, which may lead some to think that folktales lack deeper meaning. But this is not the case. A folktale is passed along by a culture for generations, and each storyteller adds something of his or her own to the story, and in this way folktales provide great insight into the wisdom of the culture.", "question": "The main conclusion of the literary critic's argument can be properly inferred if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["A story that is told primarily for entertainment does not necessarily lack deeper meaning.", "Not every tale that lacks deep meaning or beauty is told solely for entertainment.", "Any tale that provides insight into the wisdom of a culture is deeply meaningful in some respect.", "Any tale that is passed along by a culture for generations can provide great insight into the wisdom of that culture."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9053, "answer": 3, "text": "Demand always changes in the opposite direction to the price. If the price change causes the total income to change in reverse with the price, then the demand is elastic. In 2007, although the tuition fees of W University were reduced by 20%, the total tuition fees received by W University were higher than in 2006. In this case, the demand for W University is flexible.", "question": "If the above statement is true, which of the following statements must be true?", "options": ["If the change in price causes the total income to change in the same direction as the price, then demand is elastic", "Compared with 2006, a 20% reduction in tuition fees will bring better economic benefits to W University", "If the demand is elastic, then the price change will cause the total income to change in the same direction as the price", "Compared with 2006, the enrollment of W University increased by more than 20% in 2007"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9068, "answer": 1, "text": "There are seven recruits in a university: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one is a signal soldier, three are engineers, and the other three are transport soldiers. The conditions for the distribution of arms for recruits are as follows: H and Y must be assigned to the same arms. F and G cannot be assigned to the same arms. If X is assigned as a transport soldier, W is assigned as an engineer. F was assigned to be an engineer.", "question": "Which of the following listed recruits cannot be assigned as transporters together?", "options": ["G and I", "G and X", "G and Y", "H and W"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 849, "answer": 2, "text": "Consumer supervision right refers to the right of consumers to supervise goods and services and the protection of consumer rights.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following belongs to consumer supervision right?", "options": ["Xiao Zhao bought sham and shoddy commodities in the store to obtain compensation.", "In order to defeat the rival, a roast chicken shop told consumers that the rival's supply was unqualified.", "Xiao Zhang found a safety hazard in an elevator in a shopping mall and immediately reported it to the relevant department.", "Lao Wang bought the spoiled food in a store and immediately went back to request a return."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14840, "answer": 1, "text": "Scientist: Given the human tendency to explore and colonize new areas, some people believe that the galaxy will eventually be colonized by trillions of humans. If so, the vast majority of humans ever to live would be alive during this period of colonization. Since all of us are humans and we have no reason to think we are unrepresentative, the odds are overwhelming that we would be alive during this period, too. But, because we are not alive during this period, the odds are slim that such colonization will ever happen.", "question": "The scientist's argument proceeds by", "options": ["taking for granted that dependable predictions about the future cannot ever be made simply on the basis of the present facts", "inferring that since an event that is taken to be likely on a given hypothesis has not occurred, the hypothesis is probably false", "reasoning that because an event has not occurred, that event has a low probability of occurring", "making a prediction far into the future based on established human tendencies"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9751, "answer": 2, "text": "In recent years, people's living conditions are getting better and better, and the requirements for tourism ---are getting higher and higher. In the past, the way of tourism ---- has been gradually replaced by the way of in-depth experience and paying attention to culture and interaction. it is under this background that the development of the integration of culture and tourism --- has become a hot spot.", "question": "Which of the following options is the most appropriate to fill in the underlined part?", "options": ["Quality, a glimpse of the surface, stands out from the crowd.", "The environment, dabbling in it, has become a common practice.", "Quality, just looking at the flowers, came into being at the historic moment.", "Ecology, scratching the surface, rich and colorful, has become a grand scene."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14516, "answer": 2, "text": "Pro-Tect Insurance Company has recently been paying out more on car-theft claims than it expected. Cars with special antitheft devices or alarm systems are much less likely to be stolen than are other cars. Consequently Pro-Tect, as part of an effort to reduce its annual payouts, will offer a discount to holders of car-theft policies if their cars have antitheft devices or alarm systems.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest indication that the plan is likely to achieve its goal?", "options": ["The number of policyholders who have filed a claim in the past year is higher for Pro-Tect than for other insurance companies.", "Currently, Pro-Tect cannot legally raise the premiums it charges for a given amount of insurance against car theft.", "In one or two years, the discount that Pro-Tect is offering will amount to more than the cost of buying certain highly effective antitheft devices.", "The amount Pro-Tect has been paying out on car-theft claims has been greater for some models of car than for others."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2838, "answer": 1, "text": "A lottery sales station has been selling an anonymous, unreported scratch-and-read lottery ticket in the past six months. The lottery ticket has 2 hidden two-digit numbers on the left and 6 hidden two-digit numbers on the right. Customers can scratch the lottery ticket after purchase. If a certain number scratched on the right is the same as a certain number on the left, the smaller number _____ scratched under the right number is the winning amount. According to the information provided by the Welfare Lottery Center: The possible winning amounts for this kind of lottery are: 60 yuan, 800 yuan, 6000 yuan, 8000 yuan, 60,000 yuan, 100,000 yuan, and each lottery ticket has at most one winning number. Zhang San bought a lottery ticket at a Welfare Lottery sales station after get off work. After scratching it off, he found that the number on the right was 15, which was the same as the number scratched out on the left. Looking at the number in the small font below it was 8,000 yuan. He was extremely happy. Li Si, who sells lottery tickets, immediately gave him 8,000 yuan, and Zhang San happily went to the restaurant to have a big meal with his friends. After the conflict broke out, the two started a lawsuit.", "question": "Which of the following statements is the least likely to happen?", "options": ["Zhang Sanzhen thinks he won 8,000 yuan", "Li Si really thinks that Zhang San won the prize of 8,000 yuan", "Zhang San thinks he really won the lottery", "Li Si thinks Zhang San really won the lottery"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9687, "answer": 1, "text": "The researchers recruited 697 smokers who wanted to quit and divided them into two groups. The first group quit smoking quickly, that is, stop smoking on the day of quitting smoking; the second group quit smoking gradually, set a date to stop smoking, and gradually reduce the number of smoking within a month. A month later, the success rate of quitting smoking was 49% in the quick quitting smoking group, compared with 39% in the gradual quitting smoking group. As a result, the researchers believe that the success rate of quitting smoking quickly is higher than that of quitting smoking gradually.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, can best support the above conclusion?", "options": ["Quitting smoking quickly is less harmful to the heart than quitting smoking gradually", "Six months after quitting smoking, the desire for smoking in the quick quitting group was lower than that in the gradual quitting group", "The mental stress in the process of quitting smoking in the rapid quitting group was less than that in the gradual quitting group", "The risk of stroke in the quick quitting group will be reduced to that of non-smokers after 5 to 15 years"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11691, "answer": 1, "text": "Travel agent: Studies show that people who travel frequently normally earn substantially more money, enjoy more time with their family, and have better physical health than people who do not travel often. Traveling is often described as a pleasurable experience. It is wonderful to see that traveling also increases a person' s quality of life.", "question": "The conclusion above is unwarranted because", "options": ["the travel agent erroneously assumes that earning more money, spending time with family, and having better physical health are the only things that increase a person's pleasure while not traveling", "people who have more money, time to spend with their families, and better physical health are more likely to travel frequently", "traveling might not itself be a pleasurable experience; instead, it might be done solely to earn more money, enjoy time with family, and have better physical health", "people who do not travel frequently often do not find traveling a pleasurable experience"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 652, "answer": 2, "text": "Contract: It is an agreement between the parties to establish, modify, and terminate civil relations. A contract established in accordance with the law is protected by law. The establishment of a contract must follow two principles: 1. the principle of legality; 2. the principle of equality and mutual benefit, consensus, and equal compensation.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings is not part of a contract?", "options": ["The school needs to requisition land to expand its campus. After negotiation, it will sign a contract with the property owners around the school to purchase at a price of 2500 yuan per square meter. The payment will be paid first and then the demolition will be carried after that. If the contract is not fulfilled within one month, liquidated damages will be paid.", "A company has established a one-year cooperative relationship contract with its raw material supplier. The company provides the raw material factory with a one-time fund of 100,000 yuan for its turnover, and the raw material factory guarantees to provide the company with a certain amount of raw materials every month.", "Before committing the crime, two thieves made a life-and-death agreement. Once one of the two persons is caught, the second person must never be confessed.", "A publisher signs a cooperation agreement with a writer. The writer writes a 150,000-word documentary novel. After the book is completed, the publisher pays him a manuscript fee of 10,000 yuan.If the delivery is overdue, the money will be deducted on a daily basis"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13945, "answer": 2, "text": "The school principal insisted that student failures are caused by bad teaching. In a relatively short time failing grades disappeared from the school. The principal happily recognized this as evidence that the teaching had improved at the school.", "question": "The flawed pattern of reasoning in the above is most similar to that in which one of the following?", "options": ["The nutritionist insisted that the weight gain that team members complained of was caused by overeating. In a brief time all the members stopped overeating. The nutritionist was pleased to conclude that they had stopped gaining weight.", "The nutritionist insisted that the weight gain that team members complained of was caused by their thinking of food too often. The nutritionist was happy to conclude that the weight gain had stopped once the team members reported that they had stopped thinking of food so often.", "The manager insisted that the workers who filed complaints did not have enough to do. Soon there were no more complaints filed. The manager was pleased to conclude that the workers were now productively filling their time.", "The nutritionist insisted that the weight gain that team members complained of was merely in their imagination. Members were given weight charts for the last three months. The nutritionist was pleased to conclude that the complaints of weight gain had stopped."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2980, "answer": 3, "text": "All of Cuizhu's college classmates work in a German-funded enterprise. Xi Lan is a university classmate of Cuizhu, and Jian Song is the department manager of the German-funded enterprise. Some of the employees of the German-funded company are from Huai'an. The employees of the German-funded company have gone to Germany to study, and they all speak German.", "question": "Which of the following options can be derived from the following statements?", "options": ["Jian Song and Xilan are university classmates", "Some of Cuizhu's college classmates are department managers", "Cuizhu and Jiansong are university classmates", "Xilan can speak German"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4206, "answer": 2, "text": "The refraction of light is an optical phenomenon, which refers to the phenomenon of deflection of direction when light is shot in by one medium, another medium, or propagated in the same uneven medium.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following options is not a refraction of light?", "options": ["A seaside often appears the phenomenon of the sea market", "The fish swim in the clear water, you can see clearly. But in the direction you see the fish, use a harpoon to fork it, but not a fork", "The sun shines on the mirror, and the students will feel very glare when they shine on the student's face from the mirror", "When you stand on the shore and see the clear water, don't go down, because the actual depth is deeper than you see"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 23, "answer": 0, "text": "In a restaurant, all the dishes belong to Sichuan cuisine or Cantonese cuisine. There is Sichuan cuisine in Mr. Zhang's order. Therefore, Mr. Zhang ordered no Cantonese cuisine.", "question": "Which of the following should be added to make the above argument true?", "options": [" The restaurant rule: you cannot order Sichuan cuisine if you order Cantonese cuisine, and vice versa", " The restaurant rule: you don't need to order Cantonese cuisine if you order Sichuan cuisine; but if you order Cantonese cuisine, you must also order Sichuan cuisine.", " Mr. Zhang is from Sichuan and only likes Sichuan cuisine", " Mr. Zhang is from Canton, and he likes Cantonese cuisine"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3089, "answer": 3, "text": "For me, in 50 years of spring, summer, autumn and winter, flowers bloom and fall, never give up and follow each other. When I was a teenager, I was obsessed with chasing her, and she always left me far behind; When I was young, I walked with her hand in hand, warm, bitter, and dreams echoed in each other's hearts; When we were middle-aged, we were on each side of the sky, lovesickness, love and nostalgia, which were dense in our strong memory; When I was old, I unconsciously ran ahead of Nian. Although I slowed down again and again, as soon as I looked back, Nian's shadow lay on me. I couldn't pull it down and throw it away. Since then, I no longer love Nian, love Nian and think about Nian. I began to fear Nian and even hate Nian.", "question": "Which of the following options is correct according to the above materials?", "options": ["Nian is a hungry pursuit, like a brilliant dream of mountain flowers", "Nian, is a real nostalgia, down-to-earth family affection", "If you ignore Nian more and more, she will follow you. If you don't pay attention, she will suddenly cross in front of you, block your way and trip your feet", "Nian in catching up with each other, let's race with the old area, which also verifies the process and quality of our life"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11088, "answer": 2, "text": "Between 1951 and 1963, it was illegal in the country 25. of Geronia to manufacture, sell, or transport any alcoholic beverages. Despite this prohibition, however, the death rate from diseases related to excessive alcohol consumption was higher during the first five years of the period than it was during the five years prior to 1951. Ttherefore, the attempt to prevent alcohol use merely made people want and use alcohol more than they would have if it had not been forbidden.", "question": "Each of the following, if true, weakens the argument EXCEPT:", "options": ["Death from an alcohol-related disease generally does not occur until five to ten years after the onset of excessive alcohol consumption.", "The diseases that can be caused by excessive alcohol consumption can also be caused by other kinds of behavior that increased between 1951 and 1963.", "Many who died of alcohol-related diseases between 1951 and 1963 consumed illegally imported alcoholic beverages produced by the same methods as those used within Geronia.", "The death rate resulting from alcohol-related diseases increased just as sharply during the ten years before and the ten years after the prohibition of alcohol as it did during the years of prohibition."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1365, "answer": 3, "text": "Just look at the growing machine replacement craze, in the current tight labor supply background, it has not seen an obvious negative impact on employment. Moreover, the deepening of the industry and the refinement of the division of labor brought about by the scientific and technological revolution may lead to more job opportunities. But the categorical denial that there is no contradiction between machine replacement and full employment is overly optimistic. At present, employees who engage in repetitive, routine and high-risk jobs are most likely to be eliminated in the man-machine competition. In the face of the renewal of science and technology, we should not easily give up the traditional manufacturing industry which is conducive to increasing employment in the structural reform, and we also need to speed up the development of modern service industries that are conducive to absorbing the employed population.", "question": "Which of the following tells the gist of the passage?", "options": ["The development of traditional manufacturing industry and modern service industry is beneficial to employment", "The growing upsurge of machine replacement should be rationally evaluated", "Scientific and technological renewal can provide new ideas for alleviating the current employment pressure", "In the structural reform, attention should be paid to taking measures to alleviate the impact of machines on employment"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12286, "answer": 3, "text": "Scientific and technological discoveries have considerable effects on the development of any society. It follows that predictions of the future condition of societies in which scientific and technological discovery is particularly frequent are particularly untrustworthy.", "question": "The argument depends on assuming which one of the following?", "options": ["It is not as difficult to predict scientific and technological discoveries in a technologically more advanced society as it is in a technologically less advanced society.", "The development of a society requires scientific and technological discoveries.", "Predictions of scientific and technological discoveries or predictions of their effects have harmful consequences in some societies.", "Forecasts of scientific and technological discoveries, or forecasts of their effects, are not entirely reliable."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4852, "answer": 0, "text": "Pharmaceutical companies that produce drugs for rare diseases suffer financial losses because sales are too small to recoup the development and production costs.", "question": "Which of the following options best weakens the above conclusions?", "options": ["Some drugs for rare diseases also have good effects on other diseases", "The development of drugs to treat rare diseases will promote the progress of medicine", "Relative to economic benefits, some pharmaceutical factories pay more attention to social benefits", "The larger the number of drugs produced, the smaller the average cost of each unit of drugs"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11419, "answer": 2, "text": "Baking for winter holidays is a tradition that may have a sound medical basis. In midwinter, when days are short, many people suffer from a specific type of seasonal depression caused by lack of sunlight. Carbohydrates, both sugars and starches, boost the brain' s levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that improves the mood. In this respect, carbohydrates act on the brain in the same way as some antidepressants. Thus, eating holiday cookies may provide an effective form of self-prescribed medication.", "question": "Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage?", "options": ["Lack of sunlight lowers the level of serotonin in the brain.", "Seasonal depression is one of the most easily treated forms of depression.", "Some antidepressants act by changing the brain's level of serotonin.", "People are more likely to be depressed in midwinter than at other times of the year."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10086, "answer": 1, "text": "The 12th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science was held in Spain, and at least one of Prof. Hacker, Prof. Maas and Prof. Reger attended the conference. Known: (1) Those who sign up for the conference must submit an English academic paper, and the invitation letter will be issued after expert review. (2) If Prof. Hacker attends this conference, then Prof. Maas must attend. (3) Prof. Reger submitted a German academic paper to the conference.", "question": "Based on the above, which of the followings must be true?", "options": ["Prof. Hacker attended the conference.", "Prof. Maas attended the conference.", "Prof. Reger attended the conference.", "Both Prof. Hacker and Prof. Maas attended the conference."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12645, "answer": 3, "text": "The suicide wave that followed the United States stock market crash of October 1929 is more legend than fact. Careful examination of the monthly figures on the causes of death in 1929 shows that the number of suicides in October and in November was comparatively low. In only three other months were the monthly figures lower. During the summer months, when the stock market was flourishing, the number of suicides was substantially higher.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, would best challenge the conclusion of the passage?", "options": ["Because of seasonal differences, the number of suicides in October and November of 1929 would not be expected to be the same as those for other months.", "During the years surrounding the stock market crash, suicide rates were typically lower at the beginning of any calendar year than toward the end of that year.", "October and November have almost always had relatively high suicide rates, even during the 1920s and 1930s.", "The suicide rate in October and November of 1929 was considerably higher than the average for those months during several preceding and following years."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3536, "answer": 3, "text": "Mental illness is not a pathological concept, but a sociological concept. If a person is forcibly committed to a mental hospital by a family member or authority, that person can almost only be diagnosed as a Mental patient. The description of his symptoms by his family and authority is an important piece of information for judging whether he is mentally ill or not. And if he says he was persecuted and fought back, he fits the criteria of the psychiatric diagnosis of Paranoia, Maniaand the like. His right to self-defense is also nullified by this invincible logic: you say that you are not mentally ill, and you are, precisely at this time, because you refuse to admit that you are mentally ill -- a manifestation of mental illness; And you admit it, of course you are.", "question": "Which of the following options can be inferred?", "options": ["The diagnostic criteria for Mental illness are only accusations made by the family members of the mental patient or related authority", "Family members or authorities send someone to a mental hospital just to get him timely and effective treatment", "Most mental patients treated in mental hospitals are not mentally ill", "The expression of individuals who have been forced into a mental hospital is pale and feeble on the question of whether they have a mental illness"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 465, "answer": 0, "text": "Psychological research abroad has shown that when someone offends you, if you choose to forgive the offender, the offender will be more likely to feel remorse and have inner guilt. Therefore, the possibility of similar offenses happening again will be greatly reduced.", "question": "According to the above point of view, which of the followings can be inferred?", "options": ["If the offended person forgive the offender, it may help to reform the offender.", "If you do not forgive the offender, similar offenses will inevitably increase.", "If you often forgive offenders, you may reduce your chances of being offended.", "When you encounter an offender, forgiveness is the only way to avoid the offense again."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10069, "answer": 0, "text": "There are 7 heart disease patients E, F, G, H, I, J, K to be assigned to 4 doctors for treatment, they are Dr. Zhang, Dr. Li, Dr. Wang and Dr. Liu. Only one doctor can be responsible for each patient, and each doctor is responsible for the treatment of up to two patients. Among the patients, J and K are children, and the remaining 5 are adults; E, F, and J are male, and the remaining 4 are female. The following conditions must be met: (1) Dr. Zhang is only responsible for treating male patients. (2) Dr. Li can only be responsible for the treatment of 1 patient. (3) If a doctor is responsible for the treatment of a child, he must be responsible for the treatment of an adult of the same sex as the child.", "question": "According to the above, which of the followings is definitely true?", "options": ["Dr. Wang treats at least one female patient.", "Dr. Wang treats at least one child.", "Dr. Liu treats at least one male patient.", "Dr. Liu treats at least one child."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7056, "answer": 3, "text": "In the face of earthquakes, science is still promising. Through the study of seismic waves, it is found that seismic waves include P-waves and S-waves. The former propagates faster but has less destructive power, while the latter is the opposite. Therefore, through the seismic monitoring network, people monitor the P-waves of seismic waves with faster propagation speed and send signals to the monitoring center, The monitoring center can send an alarm to the public and key facilities by radio waves through the client. In other words, the earthquake alarm is a race between radio waves and seismic shear waves, which can warn people when the seismic shear waves have not yet arrived.", "question": "Is this passage intended to explain that?", "options": ["The monitoring difficulty of seismic shear wave is higher than that of longitudinal wave", "The accuracy and speed of earthquake warning system need to be improved", "The development of radio wave technology is the prerequisite for realizing pre earthquake prediction", "Scientific use of the time difference between two kinds of seismic waves can send out effective earthquake alarm"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4740, "answer": 3, "text": "The extinction of biological clusters refers to the sudden death of a large number of organisms within more than one geographic area in a relatively short geological period, causing the number of biological species to suddenly and drastically drop in a short time.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings belongs to the extinction of biological clusters?", "options": ["After the death of the last black puffin on June 6, 1987, this South American songbirds disappeared forever from the earth.", "In the past 40 years, the number of native British bird species has decreased by 54%, the native wild plant species have decreased by 28%, and the species of native butterflies have decreased by an astonishing 71%.", "Studies have shown that more than 70% of the 163 species of trees in the savannah areas of central and western Brazil will become extinct", "At the end of the Permian period, about 250 million years ago, 96% of the species on the earth became extinct, of which 90% of marine life and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4535, "answer": 2, "text": "As a new thing, bike sharing has developed rapidly recently. The shadow of bike sharing can be seen almost everywhere in the streets and alleys of the city. Bike sharing constitutes a new and beautiful scenery in the city and also provides convenience for people's travel. However, some citizens are worried about the whole bicycle production industry. They believe that the emergence of bike sharing and a large number of bikes are put into use.This makes many individuals who plan to buy Bicycles no longer buy bicycles. As a result, the production and sales of the whole bicycle industry decreased", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, weakens the conclusion of these citizens", "options": ["Bicycle manufacturers of different brands will face more fierce market competition. Some manufacturers will produce and sell more bicycles in cooperation with shared bicycle operation companies", "There are also many problems with sharing bicycles. For example, there are potential safety hazards, which can not be found in time when there is demand. Some people are still willing to buy their own bicycles", "Shared bicycles are produced by bicycle manufacturers entrusted by the company to which they belong. The number of shared bicycles far exceeds the purchase volume due to personal needs", "To use shared bicycles, you need to apply for an account online and scan the wechat code. Many middle-aged people don't surf the Internet, so they prefer to buy bicycles by themselves"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12895, "answer": 1, "text": "Critic: It is common to argue that there is a distinction between literary and genre fiction. The first should be interpreted, so this argument goes, while the second is merely a source of easy pleasure. But this is a specious distinction -- not because every work should be interpreted, but because no work should be. When we evaluate a work principally for its themes and ideas, we cut ourselves off from the work' s emotional impact.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the critic's argument by the claim that when we evaluate a work principally for its themes and ideas, we cut ourselves off from the work's emotional impact?", "options": ["It states the conclusion.", "It is offered as support for the conclusion.", "It attempts to explain the nature of the distinction that the critic considers.", "It attempts to anticipate an objection to the critic's conclusion."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10673, "answer": 3, "text": "An instructor presented two paintings to a class. She said that the first had hung in prestigious museums but the second was produced by an unknown amateur. Each student was asked which painting was better. Everyone selected the first. The instructor later presented the same two paintings in the same order to a different class. This time she said that the first was produced by an unknown amateur but the second had hung in prestigious museums. In this class, everyone said that the second painting was better.", "question": "The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following?", "options": ["None of the claims that the instructor made about the paintings was true.", "Each of the students would like most of the paintings hanging in any prestigious museum.", "Most of the students would not like any work of art that they believed to have been produced by an unknown amateur.", "In judging the paintings, some of the students were affected by what they had been told about the history of the paintings."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5306, "answer": 2, "text": "In judicial trials, positive misjudgment refers to the conviction of the innocent as guilty, which is the so-called wrong judgment; negative misjudgment refers to the conviction of guilt as innocence, which is the so-called wrong release. And the fundamental principle of judicial justice is that don't let a bad person go, and don't wrong a good person. A jurist believes that the current measurement of whether a court has implemented the principle of judicial justice in handling cases is sufficiently good should depend on whether its positive misjudgment rate is low enough.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, can most strongly support the above-mentioned jurist's point of view?", "options": ["The accuracy of handling cases in various courts has generally improved significantly.", "Wrong release means letting go of the bad guys; wrong judgment means letting go of the bad guys and wronging the good guys.", "Most of the losses caused by wrong release are reparable; while the harm caused by the wrong judgment to the victim is irreparable.", "The rate of negative misjudgment in each court is basically the same."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6637, "answer": 0, "text": "The well-being of the people in the current sense is different from the simple state of food and clothing in the history, but includes extremely rich contents: not only the rights and dignity of the people, but also the income and consumption of the people, as well as freedom, security, social security and spiritual life.", "question": "According to the above text, which of the following is the main statement?", "options": ["The connotation of people's well-being has changed greatly compared with the past", "The people are no longer satisfied with just food and clothing", "The meaning of people's well-being will be enriched in the course of history", "People's well-being has shifted from material to spiritual"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11804, "answer": 1, "text": "Half a dozen Q40 airliners have crashed in the past two years. The manufacturer has countered claims that the Q40' s design is faulty by pointing out that, in each of the accidents, investigations indicated pilot error as the cause.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the manufacturer's position?", "options": ["One of the crashes occurred in very poor visibility when the pilot was attempting to land.", "In four of the crashes, the pilot's error involved disregarding instructions or information supplied by air-traffic control", "Each of the investigations identified several factors other than pilot error as subsidiary causes.", "Like most modern airliners, the Q40 was designed with the goal that it should be highly tolerant of pilot error."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5033, "answer": 2, "text": "Unlike consumer goods, which are priced on a cost basis, luxury brands typically set retail prices in three different regions, Europe, the United States and Asia according to different market expectations. In Europe, where France and Italy are the main places of origin, luxury prices are often the lowest. When European brands enter the U.S. market, they typically raise prices only slightly, as the consumer psychology for luxury goods has matured there. Luxury brands are the most expensive in Asia.", "question": "Which of the following best explains the phenomenon of luxury brands pricing the most in the Asian market?", "options": ["Asia is far from the origin of luxury brands, so its logistics costs are high.", "Operating costs, such as labour and shop rentals, are relatively high in Asia.", "Consumers in the Asian market have high expectations of luxury brands.", "Asia has a much larger luxury consumer base than Europe or the United States."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 627, "answer": 2, "text": "Man-made environmental anomaly refers to a phenomenon in which one or more environmental elements of the natural environment have changed significantly due to human behavior within a certain geographic area, which disrupts the relative balance of the ecosystem.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings is human-made environmental abnormaly?", "options": ["There are abundant oil resources stored underground in a certain place. Recently, the well water in nearby villages has become turbid and accompanied by a pungent smell. It has been tested to contain a large amount of heavy metals and is not suitable for drinking.", "The ground subsidence occurred in a certain place due to an earthquake. After a heavy rain, some areas were seriously flooded, which causes the crops in the farmland and the fruit trees in the orchards to suffer from root decay and wither in these areas.", "Recently, an industrial park along the river in a certain place has a large number of orders, and the amount of discharged wastewater has also increased sharply. As a result, a large number of fish and shrimps in the lower reaches of the river have died, and the crops along the coast have died in vast stretches. ", "Toxic elements ejected from a volcanic eruption in a certain place are scattered on the ground surface, change the original chemical composition of the soil, form a soil with high fluorine and high mercury, which affects the growth of crops."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10970, "answer": 2, "text": "The dwarf masked owl, a rare migratory bird of prey, normally makes its winter home on the Baja peninsula, where it nests in the spiny cactus. In fact, there are no other suitable nesting sites for the dwarf masked owl on the Baja peninsula. But a blight last spring destroyed all of the spiny cacti on the Baja peninsula. So unless steps are taken to reestablish the spiny cactus population, the dwarf masked owl will not make its home on the Baja peninsula this winter.", "question": "The argument depends on assuming which one of the following?", "options": ["If the Baja peninsula contains spiny cacti, then the dwarf masked owl makes its winter home there.", "On occasion the dwarf masked owl has been known to make its winter home far from its normal migratory route.", "Suitable nesting sites must be present where the dwarf masked owl makes its winter home.", "No birds of prey other than the dwarf masked owl nest in the spiny cactus."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10671, "answer": 1, "text": "Editorial: Supporters of the proposed law that would require bicyclists to wear helmets are seriously misguided. The number of pedestrians who die yearly as a result of accidents involving automobiles is five times the number of deaths resulting from bicycle accidents, and drunken driving exacts a much higher toll than both combined. Yet there are no calls for a ban on alcohol or walking down the street.", "question": "Which one of the following exhibits a pattern of flawed reasoning most similar to that in the argument above?", "options": ["The proposal to introduce foreign language study to students in their first years of school is misguided. Young students should master their own language first and learn basic mathematics before studying a foreign language. No one suggests teaching calculus before arithmetic.", "It is foolish to require lab workers to wear safety goggles when working with acids and other dangerous liquids. No one suggests that people stop eating or socializing, even though more people become ill due to food poisoning and contagious diseases than are injured in laboratory accidents.", "The recommendation that this company replace the radio communication system in our fleet of trucks with an entirely new system is unwise. Most of our trucks are scheduled to be replaced by the end of next year, so updating the communication system then would be more cost effective.", "It is silly to recommend that test pilots give up cigarette smoking. Their risk of death from other causes is so high that it is unlikely they will live long enough to develop lung cancer."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14216, "answer": 2, "text": "A small car offers less protection in an accident than a large car does, but since a smaller car is more maneuverable, it is better to drive a small car because then accidents will be less likely.", "question": "Which one of the following arguments employs reasoning most similar to that employed by the argument above?", "options": ["Although it is important to limit the amount of sugar and fat in one's diet, it would be a mistake to try to follow a diet totally lacking in sugar and fat. It is better to consume sugar and fat in moderation, for then the cravings that lead to uncontrolled binges will be prevented.", "For this work, vehicles built of lightweight materials are more practical than vehicles built of heavy materials. This is so because while lighter vehicles do not last as long as heavier vehicles, they are cheaper to replace.", "A person who exercises vigorously every day has less body fat than an average person to draw upon in the event of a wasting illness. But one should still endeavor to exercise vigorously every day, because doing so significantly decreases the chances of contracting a wasting illness.", "An artist's best work is generally that done in the time before the artist becomes very well known. When artists grow famous and are diverted from artistic creation by demands for public appearances, their artistic work suffers. So artists' achieving great fame can diminish their artistic reputations."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12121, "answer": 3, "text": "A major chemical spill occurred five years ago at Baker' s Beach, the world' s sole nesting ground for Merrick sea turtles, and prevented nearly all the eggs laid that year from hatching. Yet the number of adult female Merricks returning to lay their eggs at Baker' s Beach has actually increased somewhat since five years ago. Clearly, environmentalists' prediction that the world' s Merrick population would decline as a result of the spill has proven unfounded.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument offered in refutation of the environmentalists' prediction?", "options": ["Under normal conditions, only a small proportion of hatchling female Merrick sea turtles survive in the ocean until adulthood and return to lay their eggs at Baker's Beach.", "Environmental pressures unrelated to the chemical spill have caused a significant decline in the population of one of the several species of sea birds that prey on Merrick sea turtle eggs.", "The chemical spill five years ago occurred at a time when there were neither Merrick sea turtles nor Merrick sea turtle eggs on Baker's Beach.", "Female Merrick sea turtles begin returning to Baker's Beach to lay their eggs when they are ten years old."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10576, "answer": 0, "text": "Firms adopting profit-related-pay (PRP) contracts pay wages at levels that vary with the firm' s profits. In the metalworking industry last year, firms with PRP contracts in place showed productivity per worker on average 13 percent higher than that of their competitors who used more traditional contracts.", "question": "If, on the basis of the evidence above, it is argued that PRP contracts increase worker productivity, which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken that argument?", "options": ["Many firms in the metalworking industry have modernized production equipment in the last five years, and most of these introduced PRP contracts at the same time.", "Under PRP contracts costs other than labor costs, such as plant, machinery, and energy, make up an increased proportion of the total cost of each unit of output.", "Because introducing PRP contracts greatly changes individual workers' relationships to the firm, negotiating the introduction of PRP contracts in complex and time consuming.", "In firms in the metalworking industry where PRP contracts are in place, the average take-home pay is 15 percent higher than it is in those firms where workers have more traditional contracts."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8549, "answer": 2, "text": "Mr. Zhang intends to buy several kinds of flowers, and his intention is as follows: (1) buy at most one kind of rose and tulip; (2) buy at least one kind of peony, rose and daisy; (3) buy at least two kinds of tulips, daisies and lilies; and (4) if you buy tulips, do not buy peonies.", "question": "According to the above intention, which of the following items did Mr. Zhang buy?", "options": ["Must have bought lilies", "Must have bought at least one kind of tulips and peonies", "At least one kind of daisies and roses has been bought", "Bought at least three kinds of flowers"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 521, "answer": 0, "text": "The study found that people aged 20 to 39 are more keen on using sports applications in smart phones. The main reason is that most of them have participated in work, and sub-health is more common in this group, so more and more white-collar workers and young people pay more attention to physical health. At the same time, the obesity rate of young people is relatively high, and young people's pursuit of beauty is far more than that of middle-aged and elderly people, so they care more about sports. In addition, users in this age group are also more familiar with the operation of smart phones.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, weakens the above findings?", "options": ["Many young people are addicted to games in smart phones.", "Many young people work overtime for a long time and sleep is far from enough.", "Young people who do not insist on exercise are prone to sub-health problems.", "Contemporary young people are too nutritious and fat."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13784, "answer": 2, "text": "Sea turtle hatchlings leaving their hatching grounds on Florida beaches reach ocean currents by swimming to the northeast, as defined by the north of the Earth' s magnetic field. Florida hatchlings placed in a large indoor tank also swim toward the northeast. But when the tank is surrounded by an artificial magnetic field twice as strong as the Earth' s field and opposite in direction, the hatchlings swim in the direction opposite to that in which they swim without the artificial magnetic field.", "question": "The information in the statements above most strongly supports which one of the following?", "options": ["If a sea turtle hatches on the coast of Africa, it will swim toward the southwest.", "Once baby sea turtles reach the open sea, they join groups of adults in the North Atlantic.", "Baby sea turtles are able to sense the magnetic field of the Earth.", "The direction in which ocean currents flow is determined by the magnetic field of the Earth."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6804, "answer": 3, "text": "Fortiga also pointed out that in early April, Poland said it was prepared to change its veto position on launching negotiations on a new EU-Russia agreement, which deserved a response from Russia.", "question": "Which of the following options is Poland's attitude towards launching negotiations on a new EU-Russia agreement?", "options": ["Support.", "Veto.", "Neutral.", "Not specified."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7380, "answer": 1, "text": "Golden collar refers to the advanced scientific and technical personnel who master modern science and technology and can create a lot of wealth and thus have a higher income.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is golden collar?", "options": ["Owner of a computer marketing company", "Microsoft programmer", "Doctoral student in Computer Science", "Accounting in state-owned enterprises"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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