wikipedia_id
stringlengths 2
8
| wikipedia_title
stringlengths 1
243
| url
stringlengths 44
370
| contents
stringlengths 53
2.22k
| id
int64 0
6.14M
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
74594
|
Lublin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin
|
Lublin
Theatre - with puppet programmes for children
Fringe theatres:
- Centrum Projekt Pracovnia Maat
- Centrum Kultury w Lublinie
- Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych – Gardzienice
- Ośrodek „Brama Grodzka - Theatre NN”
### Galleries.
There are numerous art galleries in Lublin; some are run by private owners, and some are municipal, government, NGO, or associations' venues. The Labyrinth Gallery, formerly "BWA", is the Artistic Exhibitions Office ("Biuro Wystaw Artystycznych").
## Old Town.
Lublin, by some tourists can be called "a little Krakow", and this is true by the citizens sharing a number of Lesser Poland traditions, historic architecture and a unique ambiance, especially in the Old Town.
| 7,300 |
74594
|
Lublin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin
|
Lublin
Catering to students, who account for 35% of the population, the city offers a vibrant music and nightclub scene Lublin has many theatres and museums and a professional orchestra, the Lublin Philharmonic. Old buildings, even ruins, create a magic and unique atmosphere of the renaissance city. Lublin’s Old Town has cobbled streets and traditional architecture. Many venues around Old Town enjoy an architecture applicable for restaurants, art galleries, and clubs. Apart from entertainment this area has been designed to place small businesses and prestigious offices. The Church of St. Josaphat was built in 1786.
### Pubs and restaurants.
The Old Town Hall and Tribunal in the Market Square is surrounded
| 7,301 |
74594
|
Lublin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin
|
Lublin
by burgher houses and winding lanes.
In the Old Town and the immediate environs there are over 100 restaurants, cafes, pubs, clubs and other catering outlets, with cuisine of all kinds, ranging from haut cuisine to takeaways
## City of festivals.
Lublin would like to be known as "the Capital of Festivals". Every year a new festival appears. The most significant of them include:
- Karnawał Sztuk-Mistrzów - Carnival Arts-Masters.
- Noc Kultury - Culture Night - usually the first Saturday night of June, hundreds of events in the whole city, cultural manifestation of city's potential; admission is free.
- OpenCity Festival - outdoor performances festival, international artists and performers,
| 7,302 |
74594
|
Lublin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin
|
Lublin
make art installations in public places in Lublin.
- Museum Night - like in whole world, Lublin's museums, are opened for visitors.
- Jarmark Jagielloński - "Jagiellonian Trades" - every year, about 100k tourists, arrive in Lublin to feel a middle-age atmosphere.
- Lubelskie Dni Kultury Studenckiej - an annual students' holiday, usually celebrated for about three weeks between May and June, students holiday in Lublin, are the longest in Poland.
- Słowo daję - Festiwal Opowiadaczy - "I give you my word. Storytellers Festival"
- Rozstaje Europy - "International Festival of Document Film"
- Mikołajki Folkowe - "International Folk Music Festival" ("St. Nicholas Folk Day") - organized by the
| 7,303 |
74594
|
Lublin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin
|
Lublin
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin.
- Strefa Inne Brzmienia "("Different Sounds Area" International Music Festival", which connects Lublin and Lviv citizens together.
- Lublin. Miasto Poezji - Poetry Festival organised by "Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN"" and Polish Literature Institute of Catholic University in Lublin.
- Noc z Czechowiczem - "A Night with Czechowicz" - walking the trace, from "Poem about the City of Lublin" written by Józef Czechowicz at first full moon in July, organized by "Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN""
- Najstarsze Pieśni Europy - "The oldest songs of Europe" - Festival of Muzyka Kresów Foundation.
- Future Shorts - World Short Film Label
- Międzynarodowe
| 7,304 |
74594
|
Lublin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin
|
Lublin
Spotkania Teatrów Tańca - International "Lublin Dance Festival"
- Międzynarodowy Festiwal Teatralny "Konfrontacje" - "International Theatre Festival "Confrontations""
- Festiwal Kultury Alternatywnej "ZdaErzenia" - Festival of Alternative Culture in Lublin
- Sąsiedzi - Festiwal Teatrów Europy Środkowej - "Neighbours - Central European Theatres Festival"
- Festiwal "Prowokacje" - Young Polish Fashion Creators Festival
- Studencki Ogólnopolski Festiwal Teatralny Kontestacje - Polish Students' Theatre Festival
- Międzynarodowe Spotkania Folklorystyczne im. Ignacego Wachowiaka - International Folk Dance Festival
- Lubelska Scena Rockowa - "Lublin Rock Scene"
- Taniec Znaku - first in Poland
| 7,305 |
74594
|
Lublin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin
|
Lublin
Internet Theatre, project of Lublin Maat Theatre,
- Scena Młodych - "Youth Scene", music festival
- Zwierciadła - "Mirrors" - High School Theatres Revision
- Zaduszki Jazzowe - "Jazz All Souls' Day" - it takes place in Dominican Order Monastery
- "Invitro" Scena Prapremier - ""Invitro" Pre-première Scene"
- Solo życia - Classical Music Festival - creator of this festival is composer Mieczysław Jurecki
- Letnia Strefa Muzyki - "Summer Music Area" - Young Polish musicians, promotion, on the small scene, organizers: Akwarela Cafe and Lublins' President Council
## European Capital of Culture.
In 2007, Lublin joined the group of Polish cities as candidates for the title of European Capital
| 7,306 |
74594
|
Lublin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin
|
Lublin
of Culture. Lublin won through to shortlisting and was considered a dark horse of that competition. Ultimately Wrocław was chosen.
Since 2007, there are special meetings, "enter2016", which anyone could take part in. The city's Marketing Office have created a website: Lublin2016.eu, available in Polish, English, Ukrainian, Spanish and Portuguese. Lublin is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities programme.
## Sports.
- Start Lublin – men's basketball team, 12th in Era Basket Liga in 2003–04 season.
- MKS Lublin – women's handball team playing in Polish Ekstraklasa Women's Handball League: 2nd place in 2003–04 season: also a winner of Women's
| 7,307 |
74594
|
Lublin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin
|
Lublin
EHF Cup in season 2000-01.
- Motor Lublin – professional football team competing in the Polish 3rd league ().
- Lublinianka – men's football team competing in the Polish 4th league ().
- Budowlani Lublin – a local rugby union team competing in the Polish, and surrounding district league.
- Speed Car Motor Lublin – speedway club competing in the Polish league (first division).
- LSKT – Lublin's Taekwon-do sport club.
- Tytani Lublin – semi-professional American football team
### International events.
- 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup
# Education.
There are five public schools of higher education:
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (UMCS)
- John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (KUL)
-
| 7,308 |
74594
|
Lublin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin
|
Lublin
Medical University of Lublin
- University of Life Sciences in Lublin
- Politechnika Lubelska
Lublin is home to private higher education establishments.
- University of Economics and Innovation in Lublin
- Lubelska Szkoła Biznesu
- Wyższa Szkoła Nauk Społecznych z siedzibą w Lublinie
- Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Administracji
- Vincent Pol University in Lublin
# Politics.
Members of Parliament elected from District 6 which consists of the City of Lublin.
- Joanna Mucha (43 459)
- Włodzimierz Karpiński (10 260)
- Wojciech Wilk (6 348)
- Jakub Kulesza (15 058)
- Elżbieta Kruk (43 432)
- Gabriela Masłowska (23 287)
- Sylwester Tułajew (17 289)
- Artur Soboń (16 643)
-
| 7,309 |
74594
|
Lublin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin
|
Lublin
Jarosław Stawiarski (15 807)
- Krzysztof Michałkiewicz (15 806)
- Lech Sprawka (15 713)
- Krzysztof Głuchowski (9 924)
- Krzysztof Szulowski (9 019)
- Jerzy Bielecki (8 510)
Notable Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Lublin constituency:
- Zyta Gilowska, PiS
- Stanisław Głębocki, Samoobrona
- Arkadiusz Kasznia, SLD-UP
- Elżbieta Kruk, PiS
- Grzegorz Kurczuk, SLD-UP
- Robert Luśnia, LPR
- Andrzej Mańka, PiS
- Gabriela Masłowska, LPR
- Krzysztof Michałkiewicz, PiS
- Wiktor Osik, SLD-UP
- Zdzisław Podkański, PSL
- Tadeusz Polański, PSL
- Izabella Sierakowska, SLD-UP
- Zygmunt Jerzy Szymański, SLD-UP
- Leszek Świętochowski, PSL
- Marian Widz, Samoobrona
- Józef Żywiec,
| 7,310 |
74594
|
Lublin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin
|
Lublin
Samoobrona
Members of the European Parliament elected from the Lublin constituency include Lena Kolarska-Bobińska.
# International relations.
Lublin is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the EU Intercultural cities programme.
## Twin towns — sister cities.
Lublin is twinned with:
# Notable residents.
- Biernat z Lublina, (~1465-~1529) Polish poet, fabulist, translator and physician
- Franciszka Arnsztajnowa (1865-1942), nee Meyerson, poet, playwright, translator
- Jacek Bąk, Polish footballer and captain of Poland during World Cup 2006
- Józef Czechowicz, (1903-1939), poet, writer, editor
- Katarzyna Dolinska, contestant on Cycle 10 of "America's Next Top Model", came in 5th
| 7,311 |
74594
|
Lublin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin
|
Lublin
place
- Rabbi Jacob ben Ephraim (unknown-1648), "The Gaon Rabbi Jacob of Lublin"
- Rabbi Joshua Falk (1555–1614), also known as Joshua ben Alexander HaCohen Falk
- Rabbi Shneur Zalman Fradkin (1830-1902), "The Toras Chessed"
- Rabbi Aryeh Tzvi Frumer (1884-1943), "The Kozhiglover Rav", Holocaust victim
- Rafał Gan-Ganowicz (1932-2002), mercenary, journalist, and activist
- Jacob Glatstein (1896–1971), literary critic
- Alter Mojze Goldman (1909–1988), resistance fighter
- Rabbi Zadok HaKohen Rabinowitz (1823-1900)
- Kitty Hart-Moxon (1926-), Holocaust survivor
- Rabbi Moses Isserles (1520-1572), "Rema"
- Jozef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812-1887), Polish writer, publisher, historian, journalist,
| 7,312 |
74594
|
Lublin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin
|
Lublin
scholar, political activist, painter and author
- Anna Langfus (1920-1966), nee Anna Szternfinkiel, writer, Prix de Goncourt winner in 1966
- Felix Lembersky (1913-1970), artist, painter
- Janusz Lewandowski (1951-), MEP, former minister of privatisation
- Rabbi Solomon Luria (1510-1573), "The Maharshal"
- Wincenty Pol (1807-1872), poet and geographer
- Rabbi Jacob Pollak (1460-1541)
- Stanisław Kostka Potocki (1755–1821), Polish nobleman, politician and writer
- Rabbi Sholom Rokeach (1781-1855), "Sar Sholom", the first Belzer Rebbe
- Yitzhak Sadeh (born Isaac Landsberg; 1890-1952), a founder of the Israel Defense Forces
- Rabbi Shalom Shachna (unknown-1558)
- Rabbi Meir Shapiro
| 7,313 |
74594
|
Lublin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin
|
Lublin
(1887-1933), "The Lubliner Rav"
- Rabbi Joel Sirkis (1561-1640), also known as Joel ben Samuel Sirkis
- Henryk Wieniawski (1835–1880), violinist; born in Lublin
- Rabbi Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin (1745–1815), "The Seer of Lublin"
- Rabbi Mordecai Yoffe (1530-1612), "The Levush"
- Wladyslaw Zmuda, Polish footballer and four-time World Cup participant
- Johann Hermann Zukertort, chess grand master
- Henio Zytomirski (1933-1942), Holocaust victim
- Sylvia Buhajewska, Colleague at Sainsburys Supermarket in Colne
# See also.
- Lublin Department (Polish: "Departament Lubelski"): a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland's Duchy of Warsaw, 1806–15
- Lublin Holocaust
| 7,314 |
74594
|
Lublin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin
|
Lublin
d Cup participant
- Johann Hermann Zukertort, chess grand master
- Henio Zytomirski (1933-1942), Holocaust victim
- Sylvia Buhajewska, Colleague at Sainsburys Supermarket in Colne
# See also.
- Lublin Department (Polish: "Departament Lubelski"): a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland's Duchy of Warsaw, 1806–15
- Lublin Holocaust Memorial
- Old Jewish Cemetery, Lublin
- Tourism in Poland
- "Union of Lublin" (painting)
- Missionary Church and Monastery, Lublin
# External links.
- Lublin official website (in Polish) (in English)
- Official site Lublin the City of Inspiration (English version)
- Lublin Municipality official website (in Polish) (in English)
| 7,315 |
74608
|
Tychy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tychy
|
Tychy
Tychy
Tychy (former ) is a city in Silesia, Poland, approximately south of Katowice. Situated on the southern edge of the Upper Silesian industrial district, the city borders Katowice to the north, Mikołów to the west, Bieruń to the east and Kobiór to the south. The Gostynia river, a tributary of the Vistula, flows through Tychy.
Since 1999 Tychy has been located within the Silesian Voivodeship, a province consisting of 71 regional towns and cities. Tychy is also one of the founding cities of the Metropolitan Association of Upper Silesia, a pan-Silesian economic and political union formed with the eventual aim of bringing the most populous Silesian areas under a single administrative body.
Tychy
| 7,316 |
74608
|
Tychy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tychy
|
Tychy
is well known for its brewing industry and its international developed brand Tyskie, which dates back to the 17th century. Since 1950 Tychy has grown rapidly, mainly as a result of post-war socialist planning policies enacted to disperse the population of industrial Upper Silesia.
# Districts.
- Cielmice () (south)
- Czułów (, ) (north)
- Glinka, Tychy (west)
- Jaroszowice () (north-east)
- Mąkołowiec ( or "Monkolowitz") (north-west)
- Paprocany () (south)
- Śródmieście (city centre)
- Stare Tychy (centre)
- Suble
- Urbanowice, Tychy () (east)
- Wartogłowiec ( or "Wartoglowitz") (north)
- Wilkowyje () (north-west)
- Wygorzele () (north)
- Zawiść () (north-east)
- Zwierzyniec
| 7,317 |
74608
|
Tychy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tychy
|
Tychy
() (north)
- Żwaków () (west)
- Osiedle "A(nna)"
# History.
## Etymology.
The moniker Tychy is derived from the Polish word "cichy", meaning "quiet" or "still". Although appropriate for most of Tychy's history, the name is now somewhat ironic considering the growth of the city from 1950 onwards.
## Origins and development.
Originally established as a small agricultural settlement on the medieval trade route between Oświęcim and Mikołów, Tychy was first documented in 1467. In 1629 the first trace of serious economic activity was recorded in the shape of the Książęcy Brewery, which is now one of the largest breweries in Poland.
From 1526 onwards the area on which Tychy is built was part
| 7,318 |
74608
|
Tychy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tychy
|
Tychy
of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy. This situation came to an end when Prussia forcibly took the land in 1742, before itself becoming part of the German Empire between 1871 and 1918. For a short period between 1918 and 1921 Tychy was just inside the border of the newly formed Weimar Republic and still a part of the German Province of Silesia, only securing its place within the Second Polish Republic after the armed Silesian Uprisings (1919 to 1921).
Shortly after its cession to Poland, Tychy began to develop into a small urban settlement, acquiring a hospital, a fire station, a post office, a school, a swimming pool, a bowling hall and a number of shops and restaurants. Its population also grew
| 7,319 |
74608
|
Tychy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tychy
|
Tychy
between World War I and World War II, reaching a population of 11,000 at its highest point during this time.
### invasion and occupation.
Along with the rest of industrial Upper Silesia Tychy was occupied by Nazi Germany forces after the invasion of Poland and absorbed into the Third Reich, while many of its inhabitants who were not expelled or exterminated were forced to change their nationality to German in order to comply with the racist policies of Nazi Germany. The city received minimal damage during the invasion because most of the nearby fighting took place in the Mikołów-Wyry area.
## New Tychy.
The "New City" was designated by the Polish government in 1950 and deliberately located
| 7,320 |
74608
|
Tychy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tychy
|
Tychy
near to Katowice with the intention that it would not be a self-sustaining city. Tychy is the largest of the so-called "new towns" in Poland and was built from 1950 to 1985, to allow for urban expansion in the southeast of the Upper Silesian industrial region. By 2006, the population had reached 132,500.
The design and planning of New Tychy was entrusted to Kazimierz Wejchert and his wife Hanna Adamczewska-Wejchert.
In the administrative reforms which came into effect in 1999, Tychy was made a city with the status of a powiat (city county). Between 1999 and 2002, it was also the administrative seat of (but not part of) an entity called Tychy County ("powiat tyski"), which is now known as the
| 7,321 |
74608
|
Tychy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tychy
|
Tychy
Bieruń-Lędziny County.
Tychy is twinned with the town of Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.
# Industry.
A large Fiat car factory is located in Tychy, that was opened in 1975, and is owned by the Italian manufacturer since 1992. In 2008, the factory had a production of nearly half a million cars. It produces the new Fiat 500 and the new Lancia Ypsilon. It was the exclusive manufacturing site for the second generation Fiat Panda until 2012, when it ended production , and of the 2nd generation Ford Ka (under an OEM agreement between the two manufacturers) until May 2016.
Also in Tychy is located the GM Powertrain Poland factory producing automobile engines for General Motors cars. This plant was
| 7,322 |
74608
|
Tychy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tychy
|
Tychy
opened by Isuzu as "Isuzu Motors Polska (ISPOL)" in 1996; 2002 GM took over 60% interest of that company, and in 2013 the remaining 40%.
The Tyskie beer is produced in Tychy, by Kompania Piwowarska, a subsidiary of the multinational brewing company SABMiller. It is reportedly one of the best selling brands of beer in Poland, with around 18% share of the Polish market .
# Transport.
In Tychy operates one of three remaining trolleybus systems in Poland.
## Roads.
- Expressway S1
- National road 1
- National road 44
- National road 86
# Sports.
Tychy is home to two major sporting teams, both named GKS Tychy. GKS stands for Górniczy Klub Sportowy, (), which is a common prefix for Polish
| 7,323 |
74608
|
Tychy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tychy
|
Tychy
sports teams situated near mines or in mining regions.
## Ice hockey.
GKS Tychy ice hockey club is among the most successful in Poland and plays in its premier league, the Ekstraliga. Established in 1971, the team won the Polish Championships in 2005 and has won the Polish Cup four times. The club is housed in the newly refurbished Tychy Winter Stadium (), which seats 2,700 people.
Several players from the club have gone on to play in the American and Canadian NHL. These include Mariusz Czerkawski and Krzysztof Oliwa.
## Football.
GKS Tychy football club football club was also established in 1971 and currently plays in the Polish Second League. Throughout a varied career the club reached
| 7,324 |
74608
|
Tychy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tychy
|
Tychy
a pinnacle between 1974 and 1977, making it into top Polish league Ekstraklasa. During those glory days GKS Tychy also participated in the 1976–77 UEFA Cup. Tychy City Stadium () is home to the club and seats 15,300 spectators.
A few notable footballers were either born in Tychy or spent some of their career at the club, the most famous being Real Madrid and Poland goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek. Ekstraklasa player Bartosz Karwan started his career there, as did retired player Radosław Gilewicz. Bayer Leverkusen defender Lukas Sinkiewicz was born in Tychy, but now holds German nationality.
Tychy will host several matches for the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
They are allied with Cracovia Krakow
## Other
| 7,325 |
74608
|
Tychy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tychy
|
Tychy
sporting teams.
Tychy is also home to several other sports teams, including basketball team Big Star Tychy, futsal team GKS Jachym Tychy and floorball team TKKF Pionier Tychy.
# Notable people.
Tychy has been the birthplace and home of notable people, both past and present. German sculptor August Kiss (1802–1865) was born in Paprotzan, Prussia, which is now situated within modern day Tychy. Most famous for his grand neoclassical works, Kiss also sculpted the fine pulpit of St. Adalbert's church in Tychy's neighbouring town of Mikołów. Augustyn Dyrda (b. 1926) is a sculptor who currently resides in the city and is best known for his socialist realist and modernist works, including several
| 7,326 |
74608
|
Tychy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tychy
|
Tychy
in Tychy itself.
Soldier Roman Polko (b. 1962) is one son of Tychy whose achievements hold national importance today. His distinguished career has led him to the post of acting chief in Poland's Bureau of National Security.
## People from the city.
- Adam Bielecki (born 1983), Polish alpine and high-altitude climber
- Michał Brzozowski (born 1988), footballer
- Arkadiusz Milik (born 1994), Polish footballer
- Adam Juretzko (born 1971), German wrestler
- August Kiß (1802–1865), German sculptor
- Bartosz Karwan (born 1976), Polish footballer
- Józef Krupiński (1930–1998), Polish poet and lyricist
- Krzysztof Oliwa (born 1973), Polish icehockey player
- Lucyna Langer (born 1956), Polish
| 7,327 |
74608
|
Tychy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tychy
|
Tychy
rzysztof Oliwa (born 1973), Polish icehockey player
- Lucyna Langer (born 1956), Polish female athlete
- Łukasz Sinkiewicz (born 1985), Polish-German footballer
- Mariusz Czerkawski (born 1972), Polish icehockey player
- Roman Ogaza (1952–2006), Polish footballer
- Ryszard Riedel (1956–1994), Polish musician, lead singer of blues-rock band Dżem
- Ireneusz Krosny (born 1968), Polish pantomime comedian
- Piotr Kupicha (born 1979), Polish musician, lead singer of pop-rock band Feel
# See also.
- TTC Tychy
# External links.
- Jewish Community in Tychy on Virtual Shtetl
- Makropix.com, 360° interactive view of a square in Old Tychy
- Breakdown Lorry KAMIL, emergency breakdown service
| 7,328 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
Bielsko-Biała
Bielsko-Biała (; ; ) is a city in southern Poland with a population of approximately 171,259 (in 2018). The city is a centre of the 325,000-strong and is an industrial (particularly automotive), transport, and tourism hub. Located north of the Beskid Mountains, Bielsko-Biała is composed of two former cities on opposite banks of the Biała River, Silesian Bielsko, that had been settled by German colonists, and Lesser Poland's Biała, which merged in 1951.
# History.
Both city names, Bielsko and Biała refer to the Biała River, with etymology stemming from either "biel" or "biała", which means "white" in Polish.
## Bielsko.
The remnants of a fortified settlement in what is now the
| 7,329 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
Stare Bielsko (Old Bielsko) district of the city were discovered between 1933 and 1938 by a Polish archaeological team. The settlement was dated to the 12th - 14th centuries. Its dwellers manufactured iron from ore and specialized in smithery. The current centre of the town was probably developed as early as the first half of the 13th century. At that time a castle (which still survives today) was built on a hill.
In the second half of the 13th century, the Piast dukes of Opole invited German settlers to colonize the Silesian Foothills. As the dukes then also ruled over the Lesser Polish lands east of the Biała River, settlements arose on both banks like "Bielitz" (now Stare Bielsko), "Nickelsdorf"
| 7,330 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
(Mikuszowice Śląskie), "Kamitz" (Kamienica), "Batzdorf" (Komorowice Śląskie) and "Kurzwald" in the west as well as "Kunzendorf" (Lipnik), "Alzen" (Hałcnów) and "Wilmesau" (Wilamowice) in the east. Nearby settlements in the mountains were "Lobnitz" (Wapienica) and "Bistrai" (Bystra).
After the partition of the Duchy of Oppeln in 1281, Bielsko passed to the Dukes of Cieszyn ("Teschen"). The town was first documented in 1312 when Duke Mieszko I of Cieszyn granted a town charter. The Biała again became a border river, when in 1315 the eastern Duchy of Oświęcim split off from Cieszyn as a separate under Mieszko's son Władysław. After the Dukes of Cieszyn had become vassals of the Bohemian kings
| 7,331 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
in 1327 and the Duchy of Oświęcim was sold to the Polish Crown in 1457, the Biała River for centuries marked the border between the Bohemian crown land of Silesia within the Holy Roman Empire and the Lesser Polish region of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
With Bohemia and the Upper Silesian Duchy of Cieszyn, Bielsko in 1526 was inherited by the Austrian House of Habsburg and incorporated into the Habsburg Monarchy. From 1560 Bielsko was held by Frederick Casimir of Cieszyn, son of Duke Wenceslaus III Adam, who due to the enormous debts his son left upon his death in 1571, had to sell it to the Promnitz noble family at Pless. With the consent of Emperor Maximilian
| 7,332 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
II, the Promnitz dynasty and their Schaffgotsch successors ruled the Duchy of Bielsko as a Bohemian state country; acquired by the Austrian chancellor Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz in 1752, the ducal status was finally confirmed by Empress Maria Theresa in 1754.
After the Prussian king Frederick the Great had invaded Silesia, Bielsko remained with the Habsburg Monarchy as part of Austrian Silesia according to the 1742 Treaty of Breslau.
In late 1849 Bielsko became a seat of political district. In 1870 it became a statutory city.
## Biała.
The opposite bank of the Biała River, again Polish since 1475, had been sparsely settled since the mid-16th century. A locality was first mentioned
| 7,333 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
in a 1564 deed, it received the name Biała in 1584, and belonged at that time to Kraków Voivodeship. Its population increased during the Counter-Reformation in the Habsburg lands, when many Protestant artisans from Bielsko (which did not belong to Poland) moved across the river. Though already named a town in the 17th century, Biała officially was granted city rights by the Polish king Augustus II the Strong in 1723.
In the course of the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and incorporated into the crownland of Galicia. The Protestant citizens received the right to establish parishes according to the 1781 Patent of Toleration by Emperor Joseph
| 7,334 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
II. "BIALA" was head of the district with the same name, one of the 78 "Bezirkshauptmannschaften" in the Galicia crownland.
# Modern times.
With the dissolution of Austria–Hungary in 1918 according to the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, both cities became part of the reconstituted Polish state, though the majority of the population was ethnic German, forming a German language island. The ethnic German citizens formed an aggressively anti-Polish, rabidly racist and anti-Jewish "Jungdeutsche Partei" sponsored financially by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Third Reich and trained in propaganda, sabotage and espionage activities against the Polish state. Its members smuggled military weapons,
| 7,335 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
and waged a campaign of intimidating other members of the community to leave for Nazi Germany, with tangible incentives. A considerable number of young ethnic Germans joined the rank-and-file of the Party during the mid-1930s as a result of the Nazi indoctrination and aggressive recruitment. During World War II the city was annexed by Nazi Germany. Many of its Jewish population was sent aboard Holocaust trains to nearby Auschwitz extermination camp never to return. After the defeat of Germany in 1945, the remaining German population, which had formed the majority of the town's population, fled westward or were expelled their homes by the Soviet-installed communist government. The town was polonized
| 7,336 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
and new Polish settlers replaced the previous German-speaking inhabitants of the town.
Several well-known Holocaust survivors from Bielsko-Biała are Roman Frister, Gerda Weissmann Klein and Kitty Hart-Moxon. All have written autobiographies about their experiences during World War II.
The combined city of Bielsko-Biała was created administratively on 1 January 1951 when the two cities of Bielsko, and Biała (known until 1951 as Biała Krakowska), were unified.
# Geography.
The city is situated on the border of historic Upper Silesia and Lesser Poland at the eastern rim of the smaller Cieszyn Silesia region, about south of Katowice. Administrated within Silesian Voivodeship since 1999, the
| 7,337 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
city was previously capital of Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship (1975–1998).
Bielsko-Biała is one of the most important cities of the Beskidy Euroregion and the main city of the Bielsko Industrial Region (), part of the Upper Silesian metropolitan area.
## Climate.
Bielsko-Biała has a transitional humid continental/oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification "Cfb"/"Dfb") with cold, damp winters and warm, wet summers.
# Economy and Industry.
Bielsko-Biała is one of the most business friendly medium size cities in Poland. In the 2014 ranking of the 'Most Attractive Cities for Business' published yearly by Forbes the city was ranked 3rd in the category of cities with 150,000–300,000 inhabitants.
| 7,338 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
About 2% of people are unemployed (compared 5.8% for Poland). Bielsko-Biała is famous for its textile, machine-building, and especially automotive industry. Four areas in the city belong to the Katowice Special Economic Zone. The city region is a home for several manufacturers of high-performance gliders and aircraft.
# Transport.
## Road transport.
Bielsko-Biała is located within a short distance to Czech and Slovakian borders on the crossroads of two Expressways (S1 and S52) connecting Poland with Southern Europe:
- Expressway S1 connects the city with Slovakia via the border town Zwardoń.
- Expressway S52 connects the city with Czech Republic via the border town Cieszyn.
Bielsko-Biała
| 7,339 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
is connected with the rest of Poland by the dual carriageway DK1 road running to Tychy where it intersects the Expressway S1 and further to Katowice where it intersects the Motorway A4.
It is planned to extend S1 north along the existing dual carriageway DK1 from Bielsko-Biała to Tychy and Katowice, thus building an expressway connection of the city with the national motorway network of Poland. National Road DK52 connects Bielsko-Biała with Kraków in the east. The most important interchange in the area is the cloverleaf north of Bielsko-Biała where S1, DK1 and S52 meet.
## Rail transport.
Bielsko-Biała is connected by direct train services with the following large Polish cities (November
| 7,340 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
2014):
Bydgoszcz, Gdańsk, Gdynia, Katowice, Kraków (Cracow), Łódź, Olsztyn, Opole, Szczecin, Toruń, Warszawa (Warsaw), Wrocław.
## Airports.
There are 3 international airports within the 90 km distance from Bielsko-Biała, all serving connections with major European cities:
Katowice International Airport, Kraków John Paul II International Airport, Ostrava Leoš Janáček Airport.
# Sights.
Bielsko-Biała is a beautiful city, as are the surrounding landscapes. It is abundant in stunning Art Nouveau architecture and is often referred to as Little Vienna. It is also a vibrant student city with enjoyable nightlife, rich in both historical and natural sights, some of them listed below:
- The Bielsko-Biała
| 7,341 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
Museum, housed in the castle of the Dukes of Cieszyn from 15th century, later Castle of the Sułkowski princes
- built in 1897
- built in 1888
- BWA Bielsko-Biała Gallery of Art
- built in 1890
- St. Nicholas Cathedral built in 1447 and rebuilt in 1909 - 1910
- Jewish Cemetery founded in 1849
- The House of Frogs, an Art Nouveau mansion
- Weaver's House Museum, Dom Tkacza, reconstructed workshop of a draper
- mountain located within the city borders and the
- Dębowiec ski slope
Apart from being an attractive destination itself the city is a convenient base for hiking in Silesian Beskids and Żywiec Beskids as well as for skiing in one of the most popular Polish ski resorts Szczyrk (located
| 7,342 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
from the city centre) and in a couple of smaller nearby ski resorts.
# Boroughs.
- Aleksandrowice
- Biała
- Hałcnów
- Kamienica
- Komorowice Śląskie i Komorowice Krakowskie
- Leszczyny
- Lipnik
- Mikuszowice Śląskie and Mikuszowice Krakowskie
- Olszówka Dolna and Olszówka Górna
- Stare Bielsko
- Straconka
- Wapienica
# Education.
- University of Bielsko-Biała
- Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomiczno-Humanistyczna
- Teacher Training College of Bielsko-Biała
# Politics.
## Bielsko-Biała constituency.
Senators from Bielsko-Biała constituency:
- Sławomir Kowalski (Civic Platform)
- Rafał Muchacki (Civic Platform)
Members of Sejm from Bielsko-Biała constituency:
- Jacek Falfus (Law and
| 7,343 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
Justice)
- Tadeusz Kopeć (Civic Platform)
- Bożena Kotkowska (Democratic Left Alliance)
- Kazimierz Matuszny (Law and Justice)
- Mirosława Nykiel (Civic Platform)
- Stanisław Pięta (Law and Justice)
- Stanisław Szwed (Law and Justice)
- Tomasz Tomczykiewicz (Civic Platform)
- Adam Wykręt (Civic Platform)
## Municipal politics.
- Mayor - Jarosław Klimaszewski
- Deputy Mayor - Waldemar Jędrusiński
- Deputy Mayor - Przemysław Kamiński
- Deputy Mayor - Adam Ruśniak
- President of the Council - Janusz Okrzesik (N.BB)
- Deputy Chairwoman - Agnieszka Gorgoń-Komor (PO)
- Deputy Chairman - Przemysław Drabek (PiS)
- Deputy Chairman - Jacek Krywult (KWW JK)
# Sports.
The city will host
| 7,344 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
some matches for the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup taking Lubin's place.
## Major teams and athletes.
- TS Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała - men's football team playing in Polish I liga.
- - men's futsal team playing in Polish Futsal Ekstraklasa, Polish Champions 2013/2014, Polish Cup and Supercup winners 2012/2013.
- BKS Stal Bielsko-Biała - women's volleyball team playing in Polish , Polish Champions 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1996, 2003, 2004, 2010; Polish Cup winners 1955, 1979, 1988, 1989, 1990, 2004, 2006, 2009.
- BBTS Siatkarz Original Bielsko-Biała - men's volleyball team playing in Polish Plus Liga.
- Sebastian Kawa, member of the local aeroclub, is the eight times World Champion, World's
| 7,345 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
most accomplished glider competition pilot in history, World's (FAI) leading glider competition pilot (currently number two in the world rankings of the FAI Gliding Commission) and the current World Champion in Standard Class and 15m Class.
- Trauda (Gertruda) Dawidowicz married Fuchs, pre-war multichampion swimmer free-style.
# International relations.
## Twin towns - Sister cities.
Bielsko-Biała is twinned with the following cities:
# Notable residents.
Zaneta Wille - formerly of Bielsko-Biala
# See also.
- Bielsko-Biała Museum
- Bolek and Lolek
- Jews in Bielsko-Biała
- Sfera shopping mall
- Silesian Metropolitan Area
# External links.
- Bielsko-Biała - Municipal website
-
| 7,346 |
74603
|
Bielsko-Biała
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Biała
|
Bielsko-Biała
(currently number two in the world rankings of the FAI Gliding Commission) and the current World Champion in Standard Class and 15m Class.
- Trauda (Gertruda) Dawidowicz married Fuchs, pre-war multichampion swimmer free-style.
# International relations.
## Twin towns - Sister cities.
Bielsko-Biała is twinned with the following cities:
# Notable residents.
Zaneta Wille - formerly of Bielsko-Biala
# See also.
- Bielsko-Biała Museum
- Bolek and Lolek
- Jews in Bielsko-Biała
- Sfera shopping mall
- Silesian Metropolitan Area
# External links.
- Bielsko-Biała - Municipal website
- Bielsko - Aerial photos
- Bielsko-Biała Museum
- Jewish Community in Bielsko-Biała on Virtual Shtetl
| 7,347 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
Kielce
Kielce () is a city in south central Poland with 195,774 inhabitants. It has been the capital city of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Holy Cross Province) since 1999, and was previously the capital of the predecessor Kielce Voivodeship (1919–1939, 1945–1998). The city is located in the middle of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Holy Cross Mountains), on the banks of the Silnica River, in northern part of the historical Polish province of Lesser Poland.
The history of Kielce dates back over 900 years and the exact date when the town was founded remains unknown. The name of the city derives from the migrating Celts, who once stopped here during their journey across the European continent.
| 7,348 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
The area was later inhabited at the beginning of the 11th century by hunters and beekeepers, who bartered the fruit of their work for seed grain. It was then that a marketplace was established, where forest products were exchanged for agricultural produce. At the turn of the 12th century, the bishops of Kraków became the owners of the settlement and began constructing a castle on a nearby hill. Under the influence of Vincent Kadłubek, a parish school was established in the town. Kielce was mentioned in medieval documents for the first time in 1212 and obtained a city charter sometime before the year 1295. In the 13th century, Tatar raids on Poland destroyed the city completely, but it was soon
| 7,349 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
rebuilt and surrounded by a high defensive wall, equipped with firing slots for archers.
At the end of the 15th century, Frederick Jagiellon granted the town its official symbols: a golden crown on a red shield with the letters "CK" - "Civitas Kielcensis"; Latin for the City of Kielce. Between 1637 and 1642, due to the initiative of bishop Jakub Zadzik, a Renaissance palace was erected, which survived to the present day and remains an icon. The city was burned to the ground during the Swedish Deluge in the 17th century. After the Partitions of Poland, Kielce became part of the Austrian Empire. In 1809, the city was incorporated into the Duchy of Warsaw and after 1815 into the Congress Kingdom
| 7,350 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
of Poland. During World War II, Kielce was the site of German Nazi atrocities and executions carried out on the Jewish population in the ghetto. After the war the city saw a massacre of the Jews that had survived the Nazi death camps. One of those murdered was a three-week-old baby. They had returned, hoping to rebuild their lives. which later became known as the Kielce pogrom.
Kielce was once an important centre of limestone mining and the vicinity is famous for its natural resources like copper, lead and iron, which, over the centuries, were exploited on a large scale. There are several fairs and exhibitions held in Kielce throughout the year; the city and its surroundings are also known
| 7,351 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
for their historic architecture, green spaces and recreational areas such as the Świętokrzyski National Park.
# History.
The area of Kielce has been inhabited since at least the 5th century BC. Until the 6th or 7th century the banks of the Silnica were inhabited by Celts. They were driven out by a Slavic tribe of Vistulans who started hunting in the nearby huge forests and had settled most of the area now known as Lesser Poland and present-day Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. The lands of Wiślanie were at first subdued by Bohemia, however they soon came under the control of the Piast dynasty and became a part of Poland. According to a local legend, Mieszko, son of Boleslaus II of Poland dreamt
| 7,352 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
he was attacked by a band of brigands in a forest. In the dream he saw a vision of Saint Adalbert who drew a winding line which turned into a stream. When Mieszko woke up, he found the Silnica River whose waters helped him regain strength. He also discovered huge white tusks of an unknown animal. Mieszko announced he would build a town and a church to St. Adalbert at that site. According to this legend, the town's name Kielce commemorates the mysterious tusks ("kieł" in Polish).
Various other legends exist to explain the name's origin. One states that the town was named after its founder who belonged to the noble family of Kiełcz, while another claims that it stems from the Kelts who may have
| 7,353 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
lived in the area in previous centuries. Other theories connect the town's name to occupational names relating to mud huts, iron tips for arrows and spears, or the production of tar ("pkielce", a settlement of tar makers). The earliest extant document referring to the settlement by the name of Kielce dates to 1213.
The area of the Holy Cross Mountains was almost unpopulated until the 11th century when the first hunters established permanent settlements at the outskirts of the mountains. They needed a place to trade furs and meat for grain and other necessary products, and so the market of Kielce was formed. In the early 12th century the new settlement became a property of the Bishops of Kraków,
| 7,354 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
who built a wooden church and a manor. In 1171 a stone church was erected by bishop Gedeon Gryf. During the times of Wincenty Kadłubek a parochial school in Kielce was opened in 1229. By 1295 the town was granted city rights. In the mid-13th century the town was destroyed by the Mongol invasion of Ögedei Khan, but it quickly recovered.
The area around Kielce was rich in minerals such as copper ore, lead ore, and iron, as well as limestone. In the 15th century Kielce became a significant centre of metallurgy. There were also several glass factories and armourer shops in the town. In 1527 bishop Piotr Tomicki founded a bell for the church and between 1637 and 1642 Manierist palace was erected
| 7,355 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
near the market place by Bishop Jakub Zadzik. It is one of the very few examples of French Renaissance architecture in Poland and the only example of a magnate's manor from the times of Vasa dynasty to survive World War II.
During The Deluge the town was pillaged and burnt by the Swedes. Only the palace and the church survived, but the town managed to recover under the rule of bishop Andrzej Załuski. By 1761 Kielce had more than 4,000 inhabitants. In 1789 Kielce were nationalised and the burgers were granted the right to elect their own representatives in Sejm. Until the end of the century the city's economy entered a period of fast growth. A brewery was founded as well as several brick factories,
| 7,356 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
a horse breeder, hospital.
## Foreign partitions of Poland.
As a result of the 3rd Partition the town was annexed by Austria. During the Polish-Austrian War of 1809 it was captured by prince Józef Poniatowski and joined with the Duchy of Warsaw, but after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815 it was joined with the Kingdom of Poland. For a brief period when Kraków was an independent city-state (Republic of Kraków), Kielce became the capital of the Kraków Voivodeship. Thanks to the efforts by Stanisław Staszic Kielce became the centre of the newly established Old-Polish Industrial Zone ("Staropolski Okręg Przemysłowy"). The town grew quickly as new mines, quarries and factories were constructed.
| 7,357 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
In 1816 the first Polish technical university was founded in Kielce. However, after Staszic's death the Industrial Zone declined and in 1826 the school was moved to Warsaw and became the Warsaw University of Technology.
In 1830 many of the inhabitants of Kielce took part in the November Uprising against Russia. In 1844, priest began organizing a local revolt to liberate Kielce from the Russian yoke, for which he was sent to Siberia. In 1863 Kielce took part in the January Uprising. As a reprisal for insubordination the tsarist authorities closed all Polish schools and turned Kielce into a military garrison city. The Polish language was banned. Because of these actions many gymnasium students
| 7,358 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
took part in the 1905 Revolution and were joined by factory workers.
## Sovereign Poland.
After the outbreak of World War I, Kielce was the first Polish city to be liberated from Russian rule by the Polish Legions under Józef Piłsudski. After the war when Poland regained its independence after 123 years of Partitions, Kielce became the capital of Kielce Voivodeship. The plans to strengthen Polish heavy and war industries resulted in Kielce becoming one of the main nodes of the Central Industrial Area ("Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy"). The town housed several big factories, among them the munitions factory "Granat" and the food processing plant "Społem".
## Second World War.
During the Polish
| 7,359 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
Defensive War of 1939, the main portion of the defenders of Westerplatte as well as the armoured brigade of General Stanisław Maczek were either from Kielce or from its close suburbs. During the occupation that lasted for most of the Second World War, the city was an important centre of resistance. There were several resistance groups active in the town, including Armia Krajowa (AK) and Gwardia Ludowa (GL).
Notable acts of resistance included theft of 2 tons of TNT from the "Społem" factory run by the Nazis, which were then used by the partisans to make hand grenades. Also, the daring escape from jail in Kielce of a dozen or so AK members, organized in November 1942 by Stanisław Depczyński.
| 7,360 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
Not to mention, a grenade attack by a unit of the GL on the Smoleński coffee shop, killing 6 Germans including a major in the SS (February 1943), as well as the assassination of the noted Gestapo informant Franz Wittek on 15 June 1944, by a unit under Second Lt. Kazimierz Smolak on the corner of Solna and Paderewski Streets. One of the attackers died during the attack and a further four lost their lives not long afterwards. This was not the first assassination attempt against Wittek. In 1942, Henryk Pawelec fired at him in the market square, but his pistol misfired. In February 1943, a unit under the command of Stanisław Fąfar shot at Wittek by the Seminarium building. Wittek, though wounded
| 7,361 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
by 14 bullets, survived. Successful assassinations of local collaborators, including the shooting of Jan Bocian took place in broad daylight at a shop in Bodzentyńska Street. Similar was the attack on the factory of C. Wawrzyniak in March 1943, terrorizing and disarming the "volksdeutscher" workers and destroying the machinery, as well as the attack on the HASAG factory in May 1943 and the takeover of the Kielce Herbskie railway station.
Moreover, the hills and forests of Holy Cross Mountains became a scene of heavy partisan activity. A small town of Pińczów located some from Kielce became the capital of the so-called "Pinczów Republic", a piece of Polish land controlled by the partisans. The
| 7,362 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
"Jodla" Świętokrzyskie Mountains Home Army fought against the Germans long before Operation Tempest inflicted heavy casualties on the occupying forces and later took part in the final liberation of their towns and cities in January 1945. During the war, many of inhabitants of Kielce lost their lives. Today, Kielce is a rapidly developing city of growing regional importance.
## Jewish history.
Until World War II, like many other cities across the Second Polish Republic, Kielce had a significant Jewish population. Before the rebirth of sovereign Poland according to the Russian census of 1897 among the total population of 23,200 inhabitants, there were 6,400 Jews in Kielce (around 27 percent).
| 7,363 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
On the eve of the Second World War there were about 18,000 Jews in the city. Between the onset of war and March 1940, the Jewish population of Kielce expanded to 25,400 (35% of all residents), with trains of dispossessed Jews arriving under the escort of "Ordnungspolizei" from the Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany.
Immediately after the German occupation of Poland in September 1939, all Jews were ordered to wear a Star of David on their outer garments. Jewish–owned factories in Kielce were confiscated by the Gestapo, stores and shops along the main thoroughfares liquidated, and ransom fines introduced. The forced labour and deportations to concentration camps culminated in mass extermination
| 7,364 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
of Jews of Kielce during the Holocaust in occupied Poland.
### Kielce Ghetto.
In April 1941, the Kielce Ghetto was formed, surrounded by high fences, barbed wire, and guards. The gentile Poles were ordered to vacate the area and the Jews were given one week to relocate. The ghetto was split in two, along Warszawska Street (Nowowarszawska) with the Silnica River "" running through it. The so-called large ghetto was set up between the streets of Orla, Piotrkowska, Pocieszka, and Warszawska to the east, and the smaller ghetto between Warszawska on the west, and the streets of Bodzentyńska, St. Wojciech, and the St. Wojciech square. The ghetto gates were closed on 5 April 1941; the Jewish Ghetto
| 7,365 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
Police was formed with 85 members and ordered to guard it. Meanwhile, expulsions elsewhere and deportations to Kielce continued until August 1942 at which time there were 27,000 prisoners crammed in the ghetto. Trains with Jewish families arrived from the entire Kielce Voivodeship, and also from Vienna, Poznań, and Łódź.
The severe overcrowding, rampant hunger, and outbreaks of epidemic typhus took the lives of 4,000 people before mid-1942. During this time, many of them were forced to work at a nearby German munition plant run by Hasag. In August 1942, the Kielce Ghetto was liquidated in the course of only five days. During roundups, all Jews unable to move were shot on the spot including
| 7,366 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
the sick, the elderly, and the disabled; 20,000–21,000 Jews were led into waiting Holocaust trains, and murdered in the gas chambers of Treblinka. After the extermination action only 2,000 Jews were left in Kielce, lodged in the labour camp at Stolarska and Jasna Streets "" within the small ghetto. Those who survived were sent to other forced labour camps. On May 23, 1943, the Kielce cemetery massacre was perpetrated by the German police; 45 Jewish children who had survived the Kielce Ghetto liquidation, were murdered by Orpo.
### Kielce pogrom.
On July 4, 1946, the local Jewish gathering of some 200 Holocaust survivors from the Planty 7 Street refugee centre of the Zionist Union became the
| 7,367 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
target of the Kielce pogrom in which 37 (40) Polish Jews (17–21 of whom remain unidentified) and 2 ethnic Poles were killed, including 11 fatally shot with military assault rifles and 11 more stabbed with bayonets, indicating direct involvement of Polish troops.
During Cold War, many Jewish historians theorized that the pogrom became the cause of outward Jewish emigration from Poland immediately following the opening of the borders in 1947. Nevertheless, the true reasons behind the dramatic increase of the Jewish emigration from Poland were far more complex. The new government of the Communist Poland signed a repatriation agreement with the Soviet Union helping over 150,000 Holocaust survivors
| 7,368 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
leave the Gulag camps legally. Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free and unrestricted Jewish aliyah to the nascent State of Israel, upon the conclusion of World War II. After the Kielce pogrom Gen. Spychalski of PWP signed a legislative decree allowing the remaining survivors to leave Poland without visas or exit permits. Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to do so, at war's end. Britain demanded from Poland (among others) to halt the Jewish exodus, but their pressure was largely unsuccessful.
# Geography.
## Climate.
Kielce is one of the relatively cooler cities in Poland. It experiences four distinct seasons and has a warm summer subtype humid continental climate
| 7,369 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
("Dfb"), typical of this part of Europe. It has cool, cloudy winters with almost daily light snowfall and generally moderate temperatures within a few degrees of the freezing point, and moderately warm and sunny summers, with frequent but brief hot spells and abundant rainfall falling mostly during numerous and occasionally severe thunderstorms. Surrounded by the Holy Cross Mountains, however, the summer night time temperatures are somewhat cooler and the thunderstorms somewhat more frequent and severe than in surrounding areas of Poland.
Both continental and maritime air masses can enter the area undergoing little modification, resulting in striking differences in the seasons from year to
| 7,370 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
year, particularly in winter when the contrast between maritime and continental air is at its greatest. Maritime influences from the Atlantic typically bring cool, cloudy, damp and often foggy weather both in summer and in winter, whereas continental air masses often result in long periods of sunny and dry weather, hot in summer and on occasion, extremely cold in winter.
The highest temperature recorded in Kielce since 1971 is and the lowest is , giving the city a temperature range of 70.3 °C (126.5 °F), the second highest in Poland. The city receives 1720 to 1829 hours of sunshine annually, depending on the source, with a notably sunny spring and summer, and a cloudy late autumn and winter.
| 7,371 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
Winds are generally very light throughout the year, with an abundance of calm days, and as a result, cool temperatures often feel much milder than expected due to a relative lack of windchill, especially during sunny spells in early spring, as well as during severe winter cold snaps, which are typically dominated by calm, anticyclonic weather. Föhn winds from the Carpathian mountains do occasionally reach the city, resulting in unusually mild temperatures for a semi-continental location at this latitude, on rare occasions reaching approximately in the winter months.
Winter conditions are highly dependent on the source region of the air mass that dominates during a particular month, resulting
| 7,372 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
in tremendous variability from one year to the next. For example, in January 2006, the city experienced typically continental winter weather, resulting in an average daytime high of , recording a nighttime low of on the 24th. The very next year, in January 2007, the weather was predominantly of the Atlantic type, resulting in an average high of and occasional days above , more typical of coastal locations in Western Europe. As a result of this variability, severe cold with temperatures below can be completely absent during some winters, and in others, it can occur with regularity, even as late as March. Heavy snowfall is rare, and significant snow accumulations typically occur gradually, a few
| 7,373 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
centimeters at a time over a protracted cold spell.
Summer is warm and lasts from June to early September, and is characterized by abundant sunshine, but also severe weather, particularly early in the season. Though temperatures average in the low-to-mid 20s (70s Fahrenheit), they are rather variable with frequent hot spells reaching approximately interrupted by cold fronts, which frequently bring violent thunderstorms and several days of cool and sometimes chilly weather. Although hot weather is frequent and many summers experience a few oppressively hot days of around , summer temperatures in the city are never extreme and have not exceeded in recent decades.
The transitional seasons of
| 7,374 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
spring and autumn are highly unpredictable and experience large temperature swings with periods of fine weather and temperatures around as early as March and late into October, alternating with much colder periods. Sharp nighttime frosts can occur as early as September and as late as May, though on calm, clear days, it often warms up rapidly to approximately , especially in April. Occasionally, significant, accumulating snow can occur in October and April, though mild weather rapidly returns. The springtime month of May is notably the sunniest month of the year.
## Tourist attractions.
- Palace of the Kraków Bishops in Kielce (1637–1641): summer residence of Bishops of Kraków, built in early
| 7,375 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
baroque style by Giovanni Battista Trevano and Tomasz Poncino; houses a museum with an important gallery of Polish paintings
- Baroque Cathedral (12th century, rebuilt 1632–1635 and again in the 19th century)
- Holy Trinity Church (1640–1644)
- Tomasz Zieliński romantic manor (1846–1858)
- Old Town market (18th century) with the best, traditional bakery in Kielce, famous for its bagels
- Sienkiewicza Street
- Stefan Żeromski museum
- Synagogue built in 1902
- Geopark Kielce with the Center of Geoeducation
- 5 geological nature reserves in town area
- Kadzielnia Gorge (a former quarry where many of the East German westerns were filmed)
- Holy Cross Mountains Article with photo gallery
| 7,376 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
about Holy Cross
- Monastery of Karczówka-An interesting article and photo gallery of the Monastery on Karczówka
# Education.
- Kielce University of Technology ("Politechnika Świętokrzyska")
- Jan Kochanowski University ("Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego")
- Świętokrzyska Szkola Wyzsza
- Wszechnica Świętokrzyska
- Wyzsza Szkola Administracji Publicznej
- Wyzsza Szkola Ekonomii i Prawa im. prof. Edwarda Lipinskiego
- Wyzsza Szkola Handlowa im. Boleslawa Markowskiego
- Wyzsza Szkola Umiejetnosci
- Wyzsza Szkola Technik Komputerowych i Telekomunikacji
- Wyzsza Szkola Zarzadzania Gospodarka Regionalna i Turystyka
- Wyzsza Szkola Telekomunikacji i Informatyki
- Towarzystwo Wiedzy Powszechnej
| 7,377 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
OR, Kielce
- Juliusz Słowacki High School
- Stefan Żeromski High School
- Jan Śniadecki High School
# Culture.
## The arts.
### Cinemas.
- "Fenomen"
- "Helios" www
- "Moskwa" www
- "Multikino" www
### Theatres.
- Stefan Żeromski Theatre www
- Kieleckie Centrum Kultury - KCK www
- Teatr Lalki i Aktora "Kubuś" - Puppet and Actor Theatre "Kubuś" www
- Kielecki Teatr Tańca - Kielce Dance Theatre
## Sports.
- Korona Kielce - men's football team, currently plays in Poland's top football league, Ekstraklasa.
- Vive Tauron Kielce (Iskra Kielce) men's Handball team playing in Polish Ekstraklasa Men's Handball League, winner of the 2015-16 EHF Champions League, thirteen-time Polish Champion
| 7,378 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
(1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016), thirteen-time winner of the Polish Cup
- KKL Kielce (athletics) - Official website of KKL Kielce
- Oficina da Capoeira Kielce - Capoeira Club in Kielce
- Muay Thai Kielce
- Żak Kielce (judo club)
- Kielecki Klub Karate Kyokushin
- Rushh Kielce (boxing club)
- Gwardia Kielce (boxing club)
- Effector Kielce (volleyball club)
- Orlęta Kielce (football club, IV league)
- Polonia Białogon Kielce (football club)
- Czarnovia Kielce (football club)
- AZS Politechnika Kielce (football club)
- AZS WSU Kielce (football club)
- Jokers Kielce (American football)
- Tęcza Kielce
- Tor Kielce circuit in Miedziana
| 7,379 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
Góra
- Mountain biking in Kielce
- Contact Kielce billiards club from Kielce, Champion of Poland and medalist of Polish League
# Transport.
Kielce is an important transport hub, and is on international and domestic routes:
- Gdańsk – Elbląg – Warszawa – Radom – Kielce – Kraków – Chyżne
- Wiśniówka – Kielce – Tarnów – Pilzno – Jasło
- Sulejów – Kielce – Opatów – Szczebrzeszyn – Zamość – and from there to the Ukraine
Provincial roads:
- Dąbrowa – Masłów – Radlin
- Kielce – Piekoszów
- Kielce – Chęciny – Małogoszcz
- Kielce – Suków – Raków – Staszów – Połaniec
- Kielce – Ruda Strawczyńska – Łopuszno – Włoszczowa – Koniecpol – Święta Anna – Częstochowa
In addition, Kielce has a network
| 7,380 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
of district roads, covering 109 streets with a total length of and a network of roads covering 446 streets with a total length of . 57.5% of roads in the city has an improved hard surface, 8.4% of hard surface is not improved, while 34.1% are dirt.
## Railways.
Rail transport came to Kielce in 1885, when the construction of the line linking Iwanogród (Dęblin) and Dąbrowa Górnicza was completed. Currently, Kielce is an important intersection of railway lines, running to Częstochowa and Lubliniec, Warsaw, Kraków and Sandomierz. Within the administrative boundaries of the city there are the following railway stations: Kielce, Kielce Piaski, Kielce Białogon, Kielce Herbskie, Kielce Ślichowice.
##
| 7,381 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
Air travel.
At present, air services are only available to the residents of Kielce at Kielce-Masłów Airport, a civilian airport located in nearby Masłów. It is not able to accommodate large passenger planes, because its runway is only 1,200 m. Its reconstruction is seen as not viable and in June 2006 the decision was made about the location of a new airport near the village of the Obice Morawica, able to handle regular airlines. At present, land has been purchased for the investment. The nearest international airports are located in Kraków-Balice, Warsaw-Okecie and Rzeszów-Jasionka.
## Local transport.
Official transport services were first established on 22 July 1951, when the local transport
| 7,382 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
department was created.
After many changes today, the city operates 49 regular bus lines (1-53 without 34, 46, 50, 51), 13 new low-decked bus lines with text&audio passenger-information system (102-114), 5 hybrid bus lines with text&audio passenger-information system (34, 46, 50, 51, 54) four lines of special constants (C, F, Z, 100) and two night lines (N1, N2). The lines are operated by the Municipal Transport Company (MPK Kielce) and Kielce Bus Company Workers (KASP) under an agreement signed with the Management of Urban Transport (ZTM Kielce). In Kielce, there are two depots. The rolling stock is composed of about 165 buses.
In 2009/10 the Transport Authority in Kielce released the Polish
| 7,383 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
Operational Programme Development of Eastern 2007 - 2013 project "Development of public transport system in Kielce Metropolitan Area." They bought 20 new buses - MAZ-203s and Solaris Urbino 12s, and another 20 were bought in 2010. These buses will support new lines. Part of the project, envisages installation of 24 electronic boards for bus departure times and 20 stationary ticket vending machines.
## Long-distance travel.
The history of communication dates back to coaches from Kielce in 1945, when the District was set up. Already in 1946, there were regular routes to Kraków, Warsaw, Jelenia Góra, Teplice and neighbouring towns.
After 1990, the Kielce Bus Station was renamed the "PKS Station
| 7,384 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
in Kielce", and has maintained regular passenger long-distance routes.
## Kielce constituency.
Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Kielce constituency in 2005 included:
- Przemysław Gosiewski, PiS (votes: 31253)
- Konstanty Miodowicz, PO (14505)
- Włodzimierz Stępień, SLD (12655)
- Małgorzata Olejnik, Samoobrona (12398)
- Józef Cepil, Samoobrona (10526)
- Krzysztof Grzegorek, PO (8730)
- Radosław Parda, LPR (7856)
- Leszek Sułek, Samoobrona (7590)
- Mirosław Pawlak, PSL (6684)
- Halina Olendzka, PiS (5386)
- Henryk Milcarz, SLD (5251)
- Andrzej Pałys, PSL (5055)
- Krzysztof Lipiec, PiS (4697)
- Jarosław Rusiecki, PiS (4009)
- Zbigniew Pacelt, PO (3982)
- Maria Zuba, PiS
| 7,385 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
(3397)
# Notable people.
- Thomas Buergenthal (born 1934), American judge, lived in Kielce Ghetto, an author of "A Lucky Child"
- Czeslaw Biezanko (1895–1986), Polish entomologist
- Gustaw Herling-Grudzinski (1919−2000), Polish writer, journalist and essayist; World War II underground fighter, and political dissident abroad during the communist system in Poland
- Stefan Żeromski (1864–1925), Polish novelist and dramatist, known as the "conscience of Polish literature"
- Adolf Dygasiński (1839–1902), Polish novelist
- Edmund Niziurski (1925–2013), popular Polish writer
- Rafał Olbiński (born 1943), Polish graphic artist, stage designer and surrealist painter
- Stanisław Staszic (1755–1826),
| 7,386 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
Polish priest, philosopher, statesman, poet and writer, a leader of the Polish Enlightenment, one of principal authors of Constitution of 3 May 1791 – Europe's oldest written constitution
- Krzysztof Klicki (born 1962), president of Kolporter Holding, former owner of Korona Kielce
- Michał Sołowow (born 1962), Polish businessman, billionaire and rally driver, shareholder of Cersanit S.A., Echo Investment, Barlinek, "Życie Warszawy", one of the richest Poles
- Leszek Drogosz (1933–2012), Polish boxer, three-time European Champion, Olympic medalist
- Piotr Marzec better known as Liroy (born 1971), Polish rapper
- Włodzimierz Pawlik (born 1958), Polish Grammy Award-winning jazz pianist and
| 7,387 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
composer
- Andrzej Piaseczny (born 1971), popular Polish vocalist
- Wiesław Gołas (born 1930), Polish actor
- Dagmara Dominczyk (born 1976), Polish-American actress and author
- Marika Dominczyk (born 1980), Polish-American actress
- Gershon Iskowitz (1921–1988), Canadian artist
- Karol "Danye" Szcześniak, professional Overwatch player for the Paris Eternal
## Sportsmen.
- Paweł Brożek (born 1983), Polish footballer (Polonia Białogon, GKS Katowice, Wisła Kraków, Trabzonspor, Celtic F.C.)
- Piotr Brożek (born 1983), Polish footballer (Górnik Zabrze, Wisła Kraków, Trabzonspor)
- Leszek Drogosz (1933–2012), Polish boxer, Olympic medallist
- Zbigniew Piątek (born 1966), Polish cyclist
-
| 7,388 |
74598
|
Kielce
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kielce
|
Kielce
, Olympic medallist
- Zbigniew Piątek (born 1966), Polish cyclist
- Piotr Stokowiec (born 1972), Polish football manager
- Michał Sołowow (born 1962), Polish rally driver
# Twin Towns - Sister Cities.
Kielce is twinned with:
# External links.
- Website of Korona Kielce
- Municipal website
- WICI Portal of Culture in Kielce - Polish language only
- Website about new constructions in Kielce - Polish language only
- Historic gallery of Kielce - Old Kielce on photos (Pl, En)
- Trade Fair Kielce
- Kielce Travel Guide
- XVII century historical re-enactment group: Kompania Wolontarska
- Our Kielce - Information and Entertainment site
- Kielce City (Polish)
- English guide to Kielce
| 7,389 |
43719
|
Sport of athletics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sport%20of%20athletics
|
Sport of athletics
Sport of athletics
Athletics is a collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running, and race walking.
The results of racing events are decided by finishing position (or time, where measured), while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts. The simplicity of the competitions, and the lack of a need for expensive equipment, makes athletics one of the most commonly competed sports in the world. Athletics is mostly an individual sport, with the exception of relay races
| 7,390 |
43719
|
Sport of athletics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sport%20of%20athletics
|
Sport of athletics
and competitions which combine athletes' performances for a team score, such as cross country.
Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC. The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century, and were then spread to other parts of the world. Most modern top level meetings are conducted by the International Association of Athletics Federations and its member federations.
The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics. The foremost international athletics meeting is the IAAF World Championships in Athletics, which incorporates track and field, marathon running
| 7,391 |
43719
|
Sport of athletics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sport%20of%20athletics
|
Sport of athletics
and race walking. Other top level competitions in athletics include the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships.
The word athletics is derived from the Ancient Greek (, "combatant in public games") from (, "prize") or (, "competition"). Initially, the term was used to describe athletic contests in general – i.e. sporting competition based primarily on human physical feats. In the 19th century, the term athletics acquired a more narrow definition in Europe and came to describe sports involving competitive running, walking, jumping and
| 7,392 |
43719
|
Sport of athletics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sport%20of%20athletics
|
Sport of athletics
throwing. This definition continues to be the most prominent one in the United Kingdom and most of the areas of the former British Empire. Furthermore, foreign words in many Germanic and Romance languages which are related to the term athletics also have a similar meaning.
In much of North America, "athletics" is synonymous with sports in general, maintaining a more historical usage of the term. The word "athletics" is rarely used to refer to the sport of athletics in this region. "Track and field" is preferred, and is used in the United States and Canada to refer to most athletics events, including racewalking and marathon running (although cross country running is typically considered as
| 7,393 |
43719
|
Sport of athletics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sport%20of%20athletics
|
Sport of athletics
a separate sport).
# History.
## Ancient.
Athletic contests in running, walking, jumping and throwing are among the oldest of all sports and their roots are prehistoric. Athletics events were depicted in the Ancient Egyptian tombs in Saqqara, with illustrations of running at the Heb Sed festival and high jumping appearing in tombs from as early as of 2250 BC. The Tailteann Games were an ancient Celtic festival in Ireland, founded circa 1800 BC, and the thirty-day meeting included running and stone-throwing among its sporting events. The original and only event at the first Olympics in 776 BC was a stadium-length running event known as the "stadion". This later expanded to include throwing
| 7,394 |
43719
|
Sport of athletics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sport%20of%20athletics
|
Sport of athletics
and jumping events within the ancient pentathlon. Athletics competitions also took place at other Panhellenic Games, which were founded later around 500 BC.
## Modern era.
The Cotswold Olimpick Games, a sports festival which emerged in 17th century England, featured athletics in the form of sledgehammer throwing contests. Annually, from 1796 to 1798, L'Olympiade de la République was held in revolutionary France, and is an early forerunner to the modern Olympic Games. The premier event of this competition was a running event, but various ancient Greek disciplines were also on display. The 1796 Olympiade marked the introduction of the metric system into the sport.
Athletics competitions were
| 7,395 |
43719
|
Sport of athletics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sport%20of%20athletics
|
Sport of athletics
held about 1812 at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and in 1840 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire at the Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt. The Royal Military Academy at Woolwich held an organised competition in 1849, and a regular series of closed meetings open only to undergraduates, was held by Exeter College, Oxford from 1850. The annual Wenlock Olympian Games, first held in 1850 in Wenlock, England, incorporated athletics events into its sports programme.
The first modern-style indoor athletics meetings were recorded shortly after in the 1860s, including a meet at Ashburnham Hall in London which featured four running events and a triple jump competition.
The Amateur Athletic Association (AAA)
| 7,396 |
43719
|
Sport of athletics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sport%20of%20athletics
|
Sport of athletics
was established in England in 1880 as the first national body for the sport of athletics and began holding its own annual athletics competition – the AAA Championships. The United States also began holding an annual national competition – the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships – first held in 1876 by the New York Athletic Club. Athletics became codified and standardized via the English AAA and other general sports organisations in the late 19th century, such as the Amateur Athletic Union (founded in the US in 1888) and the Union des sociétés françaises de sports athlétiques (founded in France in 1889).
An athletics competition was included in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 and
| 7,397 |
43719
|
Sport of athletics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sport%20of%20athletics
|
Sport of athletics
it has been as one of the foremost competitions at the quadrennial multi-sport event ever since. Originally for men only, the 1928 Olympics saw the introduction of women's events in the athletics programme. Athletics is part of the Paralympic Games since the inaugural Games in 1960. Athletics has a very high-profile during major championships, especially the Olympics, but otherwise is less popular.
An international governing body, the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF), was founded in 1912; it adopted its current name, the International Association of Athletics Federations, in 2001. The IAAF established separate outdoor World Championships in 1983. In modern times, athletes can
| 7,398 |
43719
|
Sport of athletics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sport%20of%20athletics
|
Sport of athletics
receive money for racing, putting an end to the so-called "amateurism" that existed before.
The Comité International Sports des Sourds had been formed by 1922, to govern international deaf sports, including athletics.
The first organized international competitions for athletes with a physical disability (not deaf) began in 1952, when the first international Stoke Mandeville Games were organized for World War II veterans. This only included athletes in a wheelchair. This inspired the first Paralympic Games, held in 1960. Competitions would over time be expanded to include mainly athletes with amputations, cerebral palsy and visual impairment, in addition to wheelchair events.
# Events.
The
| 7,399 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.