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Thymomas may be associated with all of the following, Except
|
Answer is B (Hypergammaglobulinemia): Thymoms may he associated with Hypogammaglobulinemia and not with Hypergammaglobulinemia. Thymoma is associated with Hypogammaglobulinemia and not with hypergammaglobulinemia Immune status with Thymoma T-cell number & cell medicated immunity are usually intact Q These patients are very deficient in circulating B lymphocytesQ & pre B cell in the bone marrow HypogammaglobulinemiaQ usually occurs relatively late in adult life. Bacterial infection & diarrhea usually reflect this antibody deficiency.Q Frequently have eosinopeniaQ May develop Red cell (Erythroid) Aplasia.Q
| 2 |
Myaesthania Gravis
|
Hypergammaglobulinemia
|
Panhypopituitarism
|
SLE
|
Medicine
| null |
5630cac2-c426-48e3-8ef2-f43a54b3d1c5
|
multi
|
Inorganic content of cementum is
| null | 1 |
45 to 50%
|
50 to 55%
|
55 to 60%
|
60 to 65%
|
Dental
| null |
0c09b184-949a-4905-b619-457ed2a054c7
|
single
|
Crown-Rump length of 120 mm means the gestational age is:
| null | 2 |
10 weeks
|
14 weeks
|
18 weeks
|
20 weeks
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
3c5fe267-1094-41c3-a6c9-23f937cf31f7
|
single
|
Use of folic acid to prevent congenital malformation should be best initiated:
|
Ans. is d, i.e. Before conceptionRef. Dutta Obs. 9/e, p 383; COGDT 10/e, p 197"Folic acid has been shown to effectively reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTD's). A daily 4 mg dose is recommended for patients who have had a previous pregnancy affected by neural tube defects. It should be started atleast 1 month (ideally 3 months) prior to pregnancy and continued through the first 6-12 weeks of pregnancy." Ref. COGDT 10/e, p 197Remember: Folic acid is used to reduce the risk of neural tube defect.More than half of NTDs could be prevented with daily intake of 400 mg of folic acid throughout the periconceptional period.Thus dose of folic acid which is given to all pregnant females = 0.4 mg, i.e. 400 mcg (also called as prophylactic dose).A woman with a prior pregnancy complicated by a neural tube defect can reduce the 23% recurrence risk by more than 70% if she takes 4 mg of folic acid for the month before conception and for the first trimester of pregnancy. This called a therapeutic dose of folic acid.Therapeutic dose of folic acid (to be given in females with previous history of baby with NTD)--4 mg.Duration: It should be started 1 month before conception and continued till first 6-12 weeks of pregnancy.Dose of folic acid given to pregnant women with megaloblastic anemia = 1 mg day.
| 4 |
During 1st trimester of pregnancy
|
During 2nd trimester of pregnancy
|
During 3rd trimester of pregnancy
|
Before conception
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Physiological changes during Pregnancy
|
08ae25c9-8fcc-4fc4-a76d-09e6445cf6bd
|
single
|
On Doppler studies which is an ominous sign for IUGR fetus :
|
Absence of end-diastolic frequencies or reverse diastolic flow patterns in the umbilical aery usually indicates poor perinatal outcome. Reference: Dutta's Textbook of Obstetrics 7th edition page no 227
| 2 |
Increase S/D ratio
|
Reverse diastolic flow
|
Diastolic notch
|
All of the above
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Diagnosis in obstetrics
|
aa9fc28c-f10c-411b-bbce-3ce36728d6b0
|
multi
|
Monteggia fracture is: (D. REPEAT 2012)
|
Ref: Aples's Svstem of Orthopaedics and Fractures, 9th edition, Pages 770 and 773Explanation:MONTEGGIA FRACTUREThe injury described by Monteggia in the early nineteenth century (without the benefit of X-rays!).Fracture of shaft of the proximal third of ulna associated with dislocation of the proximal radio-ulnar joint.The radio-capitellar joint is dislocated.Recently, the definition has been extended to embrace almost any fracture of the ulna associated with dislocation of the radio- capitellar joint, including trans-olecranon fractures with dislocation of proximal radioulnar joint (Hume fracture).If the ulnar shaft fracture is angulated with the apex anterior (the most common type) then the radial head is displaced anteriorly, if the fracture apex is posterior, the radial dislocation is posterior, and if the fracture apex is lateral then the radial head will he laterally displaced.In children, the ulnar injury may he an incomplete fracture (greenstick or plastic deformation of the shaft).Fractures of the distal third of radius with dislocation of the ulnar head from the distal radio-ulnar joint was described by Galeazzi in 1934 and named after him. It is commoner than Monteggia fracture dislocation.Note* Monteggia fracture - Fracture proximal one- third of ulna with dislocation of radial head* Galleazzi fracture - Fracture distal one-third of radius with disruption of the distal radioulnar joint
| 1 |
of proximal 1 /3rd ulna w ith dislocation of radioulnar joint
|
of distal 1 /3rd of ulna with dislocation of radioulnarJoint
|
of atlas
|
of distal l/3rd of radius with dislocation of radioulnar joint
|
Orthopaedics
|
Monteggia and Distal Radius Fracture
|
a4e12bb7-f2f8-4f2e-8fac-4841b7c658f0
|
single
|
Rx of choice for 'after cataract':
|
Ans. d (Nd- YAG Laser). (Ref: Ophthalmology by A K Khurana 2nd ed: 209)LASERNd-YAG USER# Thin membranous after cataract and thickened posterior capsule are best treated by YAG laser capsulotomy or discission with cystotome or Ziegler's knife.# Nd-YAG produces an infrared radiation with a wavelength of 1064nm.He-Ne LASER# is used to produce the red aiming beam. Doubling its frequency makes it suitable for photocoagulation.# It is usually Q-switched when used to treat the eye.# It is used to treat posterior capsular thickening following cataract surgery and iridotomy for narrow angle glaucomaARGON LASER# can produce both blue and green light.# The new argon laser limits the emission to green light which is not absorbed by the macular xanthophylls and therefore less damaging to the macula of both the patients and the doctors.# During photocoagulation, the laser should just blanch the retina instead of heavy or white burn which increases the risk of visual field loss and reduced dark vision.# Argon laser is well-absorbed by melanin and a pigmented fundus requires less power than a light fundus.
| 4 |
Repeat ECCE
|
Holmium laser
|
Argon Laser
|
Nd-YAG Laser
|
Ophthalmology
|
Lens
|
a7465937-6be3-441c-87af-9a3de4ded649
|
single
|
A characteristic feature of lingual surface of the mandibular first premolar is:
|
A characteristic of the lingual surface of the mandibular first premolar is the mesiolingual developmental groove. This groove acts as a line of demarcation between the mesiobuccal lobe and the lingual lobe and extends into the mesial fossa of the occlusal surface.
| 3 |
Rudimentary lingual cusp
|
Mesial marginal ridge
|
Mesiolingual developmental groove
|
Lingual triangular ridge
|
Dental
| null |
fe448a7b-377a-40be-8203-9d6e499ae0ee
|
single
|
40 yr old female presents with urine darkening on standing, joint pain and stiffness, and pigment deposition in joints. What is the probable diagnosis?
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Alkaptonuria * Individual presenting in 4th decade with joint pain and stiffness and urine darkening on standing and pigment deposition in joints, is suggestive of alkaptonuria.Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria):* Alkaptonuria is a rare, heritable disorder characterized by the appearance of homogentisic acid in the urine , darkpigmentation of the connective tissues (ochronosis ) and calcification of hyaline and fibrocartilage.* Inborn error is an absence of homogentisic acid oxidase in the liver and kidney. Those affected usually remainasymptomatic until the 3rd & 4th decade when they present with pain and stiffness of the spine & (later) larger joints.* Dark pigmentation of ear cartilage & sclera and staining of clothes by homogentisic acid in sweat. Urine turnsdark brown when it is alkalinized or if it is left to stand for some hours.* X- ray reveal narrowing & calcification of intervertebral discs. Peripheral joints show chondrocalcinosis &severe osteoarthritis.
| 3 |
Phenylketonuria
|
Tyrosinemia
|
Alkaptonuria
|
Tyrosinemia
|
Orthopaedics
|
Metabolic Bone Disease
|
e4ee9caa-f50e-4ec8-869a-402b65d3dc37
|
single
|
JG cells (Juxta glomerular apparatus) are ?
|
B i.e., Smooth muscle cells of afferent aeriole
| 2 |
Macula densa
|
Smooth muscular cells of afferent aeriole
|
Smooth muscular cells of afferent aeriole
|
Islets of epithelial cells
|
Anatomy
| null |
3ed788f9-a49a-4ced-90c2-16fa96547d2f
|
single
|
Degeneration of periodontal tissue without inflammation is called
| null | 1 |
Periodontosis
|
Periodontitis
|
Pericorinitis
|
Desquamative gingivitis
|
Dental
| null |
671230fd-cc18-4d7c-9098-512916d7eec2
|
multi
|
In a human genome project, scientist notices that one strand of the DNA molecule contains 20 thymine (T), 25 cytosines (C), 30 guanines (G) and 22 adenine (A) residues. How many of each of the bases are found in the complete double-stranded molecule?
|
Base pairs occur when nitrogenous bases make hydrogen bonds with each other. Each base has a specific paner: guanine with cytosine, adenine with thymine (in DNA) or adenine with uracil (in RNA). The hydrogen bonds are weak, allowing DNA to 'unzip Reference satyanarayana 4e
| 3 |
T=44, C=60, G=50, A=40
|
T=22, C=30, G=25, A=20
|
T=40, C=50, G=60, A=44
|
T=42, C=55, G=55, A=42
|
Biochemistry
|
Metabolism of nucleic acids
|
4aac0710-fc8c-48e5-8f6e-6673143022e6
|
single
|
Sentinel node of gallbladder is
|
Lund's node, or Mascagni's lymph node (often erroneously referred to as Calot's node), is the sentinel lymph node of the gall bladder. It increases in size in cholecystitis and cholangitis. It is an anatomic landmark and is removed along with the gall bladder in cholecystectomy.It is situated within the Triangle of Calot, where it abides the space below the cystic aery. Ref:Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1482
| 4 |
Virchow's node
|
Iris node
|
Clouquet node
|
Lymph node of Lund
|
Anatomy
|
G.I.T
|
09b300a4-a5e5-4934-a2b4-665df654e18c
|
multi
|
Given below is an X ray of neonate, what is your diagnosis?
|
Chest X ray shows multiple air filled cysts in left hemithorax, shift of mediastinum to the right and the absence of outline of the left diaphragm- suggestive of Congenital diaphragmatic hernia Respiratory distress in neonate- With mediastinal shift Without mediastinal shift Congenital Diaphragmatic hernia Hyaline membrane disease Congenital mediastinal mass Meconium aspiration syndrome Pneumothorax Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Transient tachypnea of newborn
| 2 |
Malrotation
|
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
|
Pulmonary sequestration
|
Pneumatoceles
|
Pediatrics
|
Respiratory Disorders in neonates
|
ea1d08e6-6019-4af5-932d-243e2b334f5e
|
single
|
What is the order of pubey -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Thelarchy-Pubarchy-Menarchy
| 1 |
Telarchy - pubarchy - menarchy
|
Puberchy - telarchy - menarchy
|
Puberchy - menarchy - telarchy
|
Adrenarchy - telarchy - pubarchy
|
Pediatrics
| null |
1a5063e9-6bfa-4c40-9706-e40cde7968f3
|
single
|
Enzymes of Calvin cycle are
|
The Calvin cycle is regulated by light-dependent activation of at least 5 enzymes: Rubisco(Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase) NADP:glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase Sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate phosphatase Ribulose-5-phosphate kinase Of these 5 enzymes, all except rubisco are regulated by the ferredoxin-thioredoxin system. REF:DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY, EIGHTH EDITION,PG.NO.,304.
| 2 |
G-6-PD
|
Sedoheptulose-7-biphosphatase
|
Glycerol Kinase
|
Phosphoribulose kinase
|
Biochemistry
|
Metabolism of carbohydrate
|
29173d63-cce6-4bfd-aacf-bf206fcbcc7c
|
single
|
FEV1/ FEVC ratio is decreased in all, except
|
ParameterObstructive lung diseaseRestrictive lung diseaseTotal lung capacityNormal to increaseDecreaseResidual volumeIncreaseDecreaseVital capacityDecreaseDecreaseFEV1/ FVC (FEV1%)DecreaseNormal to increaseFEF 25-75% (Forced expiratory flow rate)Decrease NormalDiffusion capacityNormal (| in emphysema)decreased(Refer: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18thedition, pg no: 2163-2165)
| 4 |
Bronchiectasis
|
Emphysema
|
Chronic bronchitis
|
Tuberculosis
|
Anatomy
|
All India exam
|
b5d6d772-110a-4b35-980b-7f08ae0fcf12
|
multi
|
In a patient with head injury, eye opening is seen with painful stimulus, localizes the pain and there is inappropriate verbal response. What would be the score on Glasgow coma scale:
|
Ans is 'c' i.e. 10 Feature Score Eye opening to pain 2 Inappropriate words 3 Localizes pain 5 Total 10
| 3 |
8
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
Surgery
| null |
ac40cf34-0c78-4c56-bef0-f9aac369a7ba
|
single
|
Which of the following statements are true?
|
ACUTE FLANK PAIN Renal pain is a deep ache in the loin and is caused by stretching of the renal capsule. URETERIC COLIC Sudden severe agonizing colicky pain, staed at loin and radiating inferiorly and anteriorly caused by ureteral obstruction & its associated with nausea, vomiting, and urinary symptoms like hematuria or dysuria. There is No aggravating or relieving factors. The pain makes the patient rolling to get comfoable Bladder pain may take the form of wrenching discomfo at the end of micturition referred to as strangury.
| 4 |
Pain of renal origin is a deep-seated, sickening ache
|
Pain from a ureteric stone is colicky and the patient rolls around in agony
|
Pain from the urinary bladder is a suprapubic discomfo
|
All of the above
|
Surgery
|
Kidney and ureter
|
37b3e9d8-3657-42b8-b1be-e7da313d8ca4
|
multi
|
True about vitiligo are all except –
|
Leucotrichia (depigmented hair) is a poor prognostic factor.
| 2 |
Genetic predisposition is known
|
Leucotrichia is associated with good prognosis
|
PUVA is used for treatment
|
Topical steroids give good results
|
Dental
| null |
fe736b3e-8757-4e23-9fb6-867df7f75236
|
multi
|
'Peliosis hepatis' can be caused by the following except:
|
Ans. A. Analgesics. (Ref. H - 17th/pg. 988, 1950)Peliosis hepatis (blood cysts of the liver), has been observed in some patients treated with anabolic steroids.Certain drugs appear to be responsible for the development of chronic as well as acute hepatic injury. For example,:DRUGLiver-related Side-effects1 Oxyphenisatin, Methyldopa, and isoniazid- Moderate to severe chronic hepatitis, and cirrhosis.2 Halothane and methotrexate+3 Chlorpromazine, methyl testosterone, tolbutamide, etc- Syndrome resembling primary biliary cirrhosis (Biliary cholestatic jaundice)4 Vitamin A or arsenic intoxication, vinyl chloride, or othorium dioxide.- Portal hypertension in the absence of cirrhosis5 Arsenic intoxication, industrial exposure to vinyl chloride, or administration of thorium dioxide- angiosarcoma of the liver.6 Oral contraceptives- hepatic adenoma and, rarely,- HCC and hepatic vein occlusion (Budd-Chiari).7 Peliosis hepatis (blood cysts of the liver)anabolic steroids, OC pills and Danazol.Additional Educational points:B. henselae and B. quintana can cause a broad spectrum of disease in HIV-infected individuals, including bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, osteomyelitis, unexplained fever, bacteremia, and endocarditis. Bacillary angiomatosis is the most common of these manifestations.# Drug-induced cholestasis ranges from mild to increasingly severe:- (1) bland cholestasis with limited hepatocellular injury (e.g., estrogens, 17,?-substituted androgens);- (2) inflammatory cholestasis (e.g., phenothiazines, amoxicillin-clavu'anic acid, oxacillin, erythromycin estolate);- (3) sclerosing cholangitis (e.g., after intrahepatic infusion of the chemotherapeutic agent floxuridine for hepatic metastases from a primary colonic carcinoma);- (4) disappearance of bile ducts, "ductopenic" cholestasis, similar to that observed in chronic rejection following liver transplantation (e.g., carbamazepine, chlorpromazine, tricyclic antidepressant agents).# Cholestasis may result from some drugs with typical features like bridging hepatic necrosis (e.g., methyldopa), or hepatic granulomas (e.g., sulfonamides).0# Severe hepatotoxicity with steatohepatitis, a result of reversible mitochondrial toxicity, is known with antiretroviral agents like reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g., zidovudine, didanosine) or protease inhibitors (e.g., indinavir, ritonavir).# Potential target for idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity is sinusoidal lining cells as by high- dose chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, melphalan, busulfan), which can cause venoocclusive.
| 1 |
Analgesics
|
Anabolic steroids
|
OC pills
|
Danazol
|
Pharmacology
|
Adverse Drug Effect
|
22b1df88-a85e-4776-8504-634fb8e90d2b
|
multi
|
. In children MC type of polyp is -
| null | 1 |
Juvenile polyp
|
Solitary polyp
|
Familial polyposis
|
Multiple adenomatous polyp
|
Surgery
| null |
01a90f85-3e49-4a92-95c2-a97a745e1272
|
single
|
A high prevalence of CA cervix was found to be there in one of the tribal area of Pakistan. It was planned to have free facility of pap smear taken in the concerned rural health centre to screen the local population for the particular cancer. The program showed a lot of resistance as it lacked
| null | 1 |
Acceptability
|
Affordability
|
Accessibility
|
Effectiveness
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
616ee455-315b-4779-a373-c8573ead8252
|
single
|
A 50-year-old female complains of dry mouth and foreign body sensation in her eyes. It is difficult for her to speak for more than a few minutes. There is no history of diabetes mellitus or neurological disease. The patient is on no medications. During clinical examination the buccal mucosa appears dry and the salivary glands are enlarged bilaterally. The next step in evaluation would be?
|
Primary Sjogren's syndrome, an autoimmune disease with presenting symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth. Positive Schirmer test is an objective evidence of dry eyes. Autoantibodies are directed against non-organ-specific antigens such as immunoglobulins (rheumatoid factors) and extractable nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens (Ro/SS-A, La/SS-B). Lip biopsy also can prove the diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome. Noninvasive tests like Schirmer test and measurement of autoantibodies should be the first step in the evaluation of primary Sjogren's syndrome.
| 2 |
Use of coicosteroids
|
Schirmer test and measurement of autoantibodies
|
IgG antibody to mumps virus
|
Lip biopsy
|
Medicine
| null |
f55c62b7-58f4-42ad-95b5-0b6dc6febe60
|
multi
|
Abductor of vocal cords is -
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Posterior cricoarytenoid Abductors : Adductors :Posterior cricoarytenoidLateral cricoarytenoidInterarytenoid (transverse arytenoid)Thyroarytenoid (external part)CricothyroidTensors :CricothyroidVocalis (internal part of thyroarytenoid)
| 3 |
Thyroarytenoid
|
Lateral cricoarytenoid
|
Posterior cricoarytenoid
|
Cricothyroid
|
Anatomy
|
Larynx
|
c5333146-8cc9-4496-b9bb-176e2c77c5f0
|
single
|
Muscles that can cause external rotation of the hip include all of the following except:
|
Ans:D.)Gluteus Minimus. Many of the muscles of the gluteal region are external rotators of the hip. These muscles include the gluteus maximus, piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, quadratus femoris, superior gemellus, and inferior gemellus. The saorius is a flexor and external rotator of the hip. The gluteus minimus is an abductor and internal rotator of the hip.
| 4 |
Saorius
|
Obturator internus
|
Obturator externus
|
Gluteus minimus
|
Surgery
| null |
99440e93-6740-4f67-bf0b-464cc808aa9b
|
multi
|
A female presented with progressive loss of vision during night since few months. Fundoscopy shows "bone-spicule formation". Her two brothers and mother are also suffering with the same problem. Diagnosis is:
|
Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of heterogeneous hereditary retinal degenerations characterized by progressive dysfunction of the photoreceptors, associated with progressive cell loss and eventual atrophy of several retinal layers. Inheritance of the typical form can be autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked recessive. The hallmark symptoms of retinitis pigmentosa are night blindness (nyctalopia) and gradually progressive peripheral visual field loss as a result of increasing and coalescing ring scotomas. The most characteristic fundoscopic findings are attenuated retinal aerioles, waxy pale optic disk, mottling of the retinal pigment epithelium, and peripheral retinal pigment clumping, referred to as "bone-spicule formation". Ref: Fletcher E.C., Chong N., Augsburger J.J., Correa Z.M. (2011). Chapter 10. Retina. In P. Riordan-Eva, E.T. Cunningham, Jr. (Eds), Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 18e.
| 4 |
Papilledema
|
Macular edema
|
CRAO
|
Retinitis pigmentosa
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
58fcb961-ba2c-4752-a736-ee2dbf03f091
|
single
|
Effect of fetal hemoglobin on O, dissociation curve-
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Left shift Oxveen dissociation curveShifted to rightShifted to lefto Decreased oxygen affinity to hemoglobino Increased P50o Increased oxygen deliveryQ to tissueso Causes;* Decreased pH (Acidosis) Q* Increased temperatureQ* Increased PCO6* Increased 2,3 DPG(BPG)6i) Growth hormone, Androgen, thyroid hormoneii) ExerciseQiii) Tissue hypoxiaQiv) High altitudeQv) AnemiaQvi) Alkalosisvii) Cyanotic CHDviii) Pregnancyix) Chemicals: - InosineQ, Pyruvate. PEP, phosphate* Sickle hemoglobin (HbS) Q.o Increased oxygen affinity to hemoglobinQo Decreased P50o Decrease oxygen delivery Q to tissueso Causes;* Increased pH (alkalosis) Q* Decreased temperatureQ* Decreased PCO2Q* Decreased 2,3 DPG (BPG)Stored bloodQ* Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) Q
| 2 |
Right Shift
|
Left Shift
|
No effect
|
May be right or left
|
Physiology
|
Principles of Gas Exchange - Respiratory Membrane
|
33b98c2e-f284-417b-8251-fc0ff3574846
|
single
|
Nugent's scorefor bacterial vaginosis includes all except?
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., GonococcusNugent's score for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV)The Nugent Score is a system employed for diagnosing BV using microscopic examination of a Gram-stained smear of vaginal discharge.It is used primarily in research studies rather than clinical practice.Scores are calculated by assessing predominance of three types of bacteria morphology and staining:Large gram-positive rods (Lactobacillus spp.) decrease in lactobacillus scored as 0 - 4,Small gram-variable rods (G vaginalis or Bacteroides spp.) scored as 0 - 4, andCurved gram-variable rods (Mobiluncusspp.) scored as 0 - 2.A score of 7 to 10 is consistent with bacterial vaginosis.A score of 0-10 is generated from combining three other scores. The scores are as follows:0-3 is considered negative for BV4-6 is considered intermediate7+ is considered indicative of BV.Lactobacillus morphotypes -- average per high powered(1000x oil immersion) field. View multiple fields.Gardnerella / Bacteroides morphotypes -- average per high powered(1000x oil immersion) field. View multiple fields.Curved Gram variable rods -- average per high powered (1000x oil immersion) field.View multiple fields (note that this factor is less impoant -- scores of only 0-2 are possible)Score 0 for >30Score 1 for 15-30Score 2 for >= 1-14Score 3 for < 1 (this is an average, so results can be >0, yet <1)Score 4 for 0Score 0 for 0Score 1 for0, yet <1)Score 2 for 1-4Score 3 for 5-30Score 4 for > 30Score 0 for 0Score 1 for < 5Score 2 for >= 5
| 4 |
Lactobacillus
|
Gardnerellavaginalis
|
Mobiluncus
|
Gonococcus
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
a7556cd6-1cc1-4930-bdfa-b0278c3bd064
|
multi
|
Drug of choice in pertussis is :
| null | 3 |
Penicillin
|
Doxycycline
|
Erythromycin
|
Ciprofloxacin
|
Pharmacology
| null |
24ceefc3-9196-4fca-8367-6898027636db
|
single
|
Temperature for sintering of High fusing ceramic is
|
Classification of Dental Ceramics by Sintering Temperature
| 1 |
>2372 degree F
|
>1300 degree F
|
1101-1300 degree F
|
None of the above
|
Dental
| null |
77cae30d-f682-4ec6-9f5b-6260941a3d85
|
multi
|
Purkinje cells from the cerebellum end in:
|
Ans. C. Cerebellar NucleiCerebellar cortex consists of the following three distinct layers:a. Outer molecular layer.b. Intermediate Purkinje cell layer.c. Inner granular layer.Purkinje cells are large flask shaped cells. The outgoing Purkinje axons constitute the sole output from the cerebellar cortex and exert an inhibitory influence on the intracerebellar nuclei.
| 3 |
Extrapyramidal system
|
Cranial Nerve Nuclei
|
Cerebellar Nuclei
|
Cerebral Cortex
|
Anatomy
|
Cerebellum and Brainstem
|
15fe9fb5-fd54-4e16-9936-739019f45566
|
single
|
Which of the following is the first product of glycogenolysis?
|
Glycogenolysis involves three steps. First, the repetitive removal of glucose residues by phosphorylase breaking bonds between carbons 1 and 4, producing a glucose-1-phosphate molecule. Second, a glucan transferase enzyme moves three residues to the linear pa of the glycogen chain. Third, a debranching enzyme cleaves the carbons 1 and 6 bond. A final enzyme conves the resulting glucose-1-phosphate molecules into glucose-6-phosphate for entry into glycolysis. Ref: Janson L.W., Tischler M.E. (2012). Chapter 6. Carbohydrate Metabolism. In L.W. Janson, M.E. Tischler (Eds), The Big Picture: Medical Biochemistry.
| 3 |
Glucose-6 phosphate
|
Glucose- 1-6 diphosphate
|
Glucose-1-phosphate
|
Fructose-1-phosphate
|
Biochemistry
| null |
f36b0549-6a22-4e00-a488-6937ea780d39
|
single
|
Fatal dose of arsenic in adults -
|
fatal dose of arsenic trioxide is 100-200mg REF;THE SYNOPSIS OF FORENSIC MEDICINE:KS NARAYANA REDDY;28th EDITION;PAGE NO303
| 4 |
40-60 mg
|
20-30 mg
|
60-80 mg
|
100-200 mg
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Poisoning
|
d5d44b80-95a9-4afd-b203-8a7be49bce42
|
single
|
CSF rhinorrhoea is due to the fracture of which of the following March 2008
|
Ans. B: Cribriform Plate CSF rhinorrhoea can follow a head injury. CSF from anterior cranial fossa reaches the nose by way of cribriform plate, ethmoid air cells or frontal sinus. CSF from middle cranial fossa reaches the nose sphenoid sinuses. Sometimes, injuries of the temporal bone result in leakage of CSF into the middle ear and thence the Eustachian tube into the nose (otorhinorrhoea). The meninges are torn and cerebrospinal fluid leaks down the nose. Ascending infection may cause meningitis
| 2 |
Nasal bones
|
Cribriform plate
|
Temporal bone
|
Maxillary bone
|
ENT
| null |
66501023-82b2-4aba-9753-f24bdfd5bb84
|
single
|
Which of the following is a topical vit. D analogue?
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Calcipotriol o Topical calcipotriol (Calcipotriene) is a Vitamin D analogue used in psoriasis.
| 3 |
Cholecalciferol
|
Doxercalciferol
|
Calcipotriol
|
Paricalcitol
|
Pharmacology
| null |
3fa8c21a-ebb5-43d3-b8f5-42396a78d5b5
|
single
|
In systemic circulation, 2/3rd of resistance to the flow of Blood is offered by
| null | 2 |
Small arteries
|
Arterioles
|
Capillaries
|
Venules
|
Physiology
| null |
f6cf9a64-9b02-48c9-b29f-689d0db278dc
|
multi
|
The quantity of hormone released by Progestase per day is?
|
Progestase is a commonly used IUCD which carries 38 mg of progesterone in silicone oil reservoir. It releases 65 ug of hormone per day. It acts by forming a thick plug of mucus at the cervical os which prevents penetration by the sperm. Ref: Shaw's Textbook of Gynaecology, 18th edition, p227.
| 3 |
25 ug
|
45 ug
|
65 ug
|
85 ug
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
All India exam
|
dea33a1e-024f-4299-a401-33c2b5da1d9b
|
single
|
Which of the following factors is responsible for deciding whether an antibody or immunoglobulin will remain membrane bound or get secreted?
|
Differential RNA processing decides whether an immunoglobulin will remain membrane bound or secreted. Ref: Textbook of biochemistry by DM Vasudevan3rd edn/page 354.
| 3 |
RNA Splicing
|
Class Switching
|
Differential RNA Processing
|
Allelic Exclusion
|
Biochemistry
| null |
66c4e49e-9ba4-4aab-9dd6-e7887bb5af00
|
multi
|
Plasma cells are activated:
|
Ans: a (B cells) Ref: Robbins,7th ed, p. 199; Ananthanarayan, 7th ed, p. 125When B lymphocytes are activated by antigens (protein/non-protein) they get differentiated into antibody secreting cells, called plasma cells.Plasma cells:Cartwheel appearanceLifespan-2-3 daysMakes Ab of single specificity, single Ig clan & allotype.Immune mechanism: Produce only a single light chain only.B lymphocytes-plasma cells- ImmunoglobulinT lymphocytes- lymphokine production - Cell mediated immunity.Differentiation between B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte.* T cells form E rosette/SRBC rosette; B cells form EAC rosette* B cells carry Ig on their surface; T cells have T cell receptors (TCR)* B cell blast transformation with bacterial endotoxin, staph, aureus, EBV; T cell blast transformation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A
| 1 |
B cells
|
T cells
|
Macrophages
|
Monocytes
|
Pathology
|
Immunity
|
9f5270d9-5b7e-47ee-baf9-b1a497f5f00a
|
single
|
Incompetent lips refer to
| null | 1 |
Inability of the Lips to cover the incisors in the mandibular relaxed position
|
Inability of the lips to cover the incisors in occlusion
|
The lips come in between the upper and lower incisors
|
Tongue thrusts against the Lips during swallowing
|
Dental
| null |
5c886b61-a35a-4d8d-833d-d5c276b82558
|
multi
|
A major source of Von Willebrand factor (vWF) -
|
Circulating factor VIII has two components.
(a) Factor VIII c (Procoagulant protein)
This is the smaller component
It is synthesized in the liver (main source) and kidney.
It is an intrinsic pathway component required for activation of factor X.
(b) Von willebrand factor (vWF)
This is the larger component
It is produced by endothelial cells (main source) and megakaryocytes.
It has two major functions.
Helps in platelet adhesion by interacting platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib-IX.
Stabilizes factor VIIIc.
| 3 |
Erythrocytes
|
Neutrophils
|
Endothelial cells
|
Monocytes
|
Pathology
| null |
5cb42e93-1379-4611-8a5a-6f1ca411cc4b
|
single
|
Association fibers are -a) Uncinate fasciculusb) Cingulumc) Superior longitudinal fasciculusd) Corpus callosum
| null | 4 |
ab
|
bc
|
acd
|
abc
|
Anatomy
| null |
4a0cb656-4a3d-4c3c-a2e0-efcc9d4561fb
|
multi
|
Bevelling of the skull is seen in the :
|
C i.e. Exit point bullet
| 3 |
Bevelling of the skull is seen in the :
|
Narrow end of the entry point in bullet injury
|
Exit point of bullet
|
Depressed fracture of the skull
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
633e168e-388a-45b1-a1c2-557ff729b810
|
single
|
Common organism causing liver abscess in biliry sepsis is:
|
Source of infection MC organism 1.Biliary Enteric gram negative organisms (enterococci) 2.Other intraperitoneal source Mixed aerobic/anaerobic organisms (e.g. B. fragilis) 3.Haematogenous seeding Staphylococcus, Streptococcus 4.Immunocompromised Candida species 5.Parasitic Ascaris lumbricoides Ref: Heneghan et al. BMC Research Notes 2011, 4:80.
| 1 |
Enterococci
|
Bacteroids
|
Staphylococcus
|
Klebsiella
|
Medicine
| null |
6ca20ec6-78c2-4298-b25b-2201e381e4ff
|
single
|
A 25-year-old man presents to rheumatologist with complaints of joint pain involving large joints of legs which exacerbates frequently accompanied by diarrhea. Which of the following gastrointestinal diseases is most likely to be implicated as the cause of the patient's joint problems?
|
- Most frequent GIT disorder associated with sacroiliitis (related to HLA-B27) or lower limb ahritis is chronic inflammatory bowel diseases like ulcerative colitis & Crohn's disease. - Other GI diseases associated with ahropathy are Whipple's disease, Behcet's syndrome, and celiac disease.
| 4 |
Amebic colitis
|
Chronic appendicitis
|
Diveiculosis
|
Ulcerative colitis
|
Pathology
|
Systemic Pathology
|
fc08a21f-56ac-4248-a49d-2e0da591bcc8
|
single
|
Frey's syndrome is caused by ?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Post traumatic nerve fibres of facial nerve with parasympathetic of auriculotemporal nerve Frey's syndrome (gustatory sweating) Gustatory sweating or Frey's syndrome involves post-parotidectomy facial sweating and skin flushing while eating. The symptoms usually occur several months or even years after parotid surgery. The likely pathophysiology is aberrant regeneration of postganglionic secretomotor parasympathetic nerve fibres (originating from the otic ganglion) misdirected through several axonal sheaths of post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres feeding the sweat glands. These sympathetic fibres are to the sweat glands of the skin in the dissected field. The frey's syndrome is likely due to injury to auriculotemporal nerve with faulty regeneration, therefore Frey's syndrome is also known as Auriculotemporal syndrome. A variant of Frey's syndrome in which there is gustatory facial flushing but not sweating, occurs following facial paralysis due to faulty regeneration following injury to the facial nerve. So, Frey's syndrome is not limited to parotid surgery with injury to auriculotemporal nerve.
| 1 |
Post traumatic nerve fibres of facial nerve with parasympathetic of auriculotemporal nerve
|
Greater auricular with auriculotemporal nerve
|
Facial nerve with greater auricular nerve
|
None
|
ENT
| null |
bb6af731-7c4f-4443-8e05-170d92d03271
|
multi
|
All are true about obsession, except: PGI 10, 14
|
Ans. Associated with dim light
| 2 |
Recurrent foolish thoughts
|
Associated with dim light
|
Attempts to resist intrusive ideas
|
Associated depression
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
802e5405-e400-4ebb-9859-a7e1c3c7bf6a
|
multi
|
Delirium can occur from poisoning of which of the
following:
| null | 4 |
Lead
|
Copper
|
Arsenic
|
Digitalis
|
Medicine
| null |
d968e652-9a60-4e8d-8328-ea27cd435c26
|
single
|
Which of the following is most useful for sex determination?
|
Ans: C (Pelvis) Ref: The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by KS Moray an Reddy. 29th edition. 2010. Pg. 57-6/Explanation:According to Krogman theory, the degree of accuracy in sexing adult skeletal remains is:Entire Skeleton100 %Pelvis alone95 %Skull alone90 %Pelvis + Skull98 %Long bones alone80 %Some Important Difference Between Male and FemalePelvis (See Table-5)
| 3 |
Skull
|
Femur
|
Pelvis
|
Tibia
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Misc.
|
f9bc21c2-544e-4b47-9968-ae7ade883595
|
single
|
Structure formed from Mesonephric duct is?
|
A diveiculum called Ureteric bud which arises From the lower pa of the mesonephric duct(wolffian duct) Ureter develops from pa of the Ureteric bud that lies between the pelvis of the kydney and the vesico urethral canal HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY-INDERBIR SINGH TENTH EDITION-PAGE NO:285,290
| 2 |
Ovary
|
Ureter
|
Uterus
|
Uterine tubes
|
Anatomy
|
General anatomy
|
8c475dc0-74b2-46d2-af46-18b46ebd18c3
|
single
|
The best marker to diagnose thyroid related disorder is:
|
Ans. (c) TSHRef: Schwartz 10th edition Page 1349* TSH assay is the most sensitive and Specific test for diagnosis of hyper and hypothyroidism for optimizing T4 therapy.
| 3 |
T3
|
T4
|
TSH
|
Thyroglobulin
|
Surgery
|
Thyroid Gland
|
097dcb3c-4695-4fdb-b6ed-8f44e19be70d
|
single
|
Primary motor area (Area no. 4) of brain is supplied by:
|
- lateral surface of cerebrum receives supply from middle cerebral aery. -medial surface of cerebrum is majorly supplied by anterior cerebral aery. - The upper limb and head are represented on the lateral surface of the coex in homunculus, whereas pelvis and lower limb are on the medial surface of the hemispheres.
| 3 |
Anterior cerebral aery
|
Middle cerebral aery
|
Anterior and middle cerebral aery
|
Anterior and posterior cerebral aery
|
Anatomy
|
Brainstem lesions and blood supply of CNS
|
1c61e947-0b87-43ac-ac25-df620e8c5072
|
single
|
Which is true abt primary sclerosing cholangitis-
|
In primary sclerosing cholangitis, Liver enzymes are elevated, Bilirubin levels increase during acute cholangitis. Reference: Davidson, 23rd edition, page 889
| 2 |
Alkaline phosphatase levels are normal
|
Bilirubinm levels are increased
|
Liver enzymes are not increased
|
No risk of malignancy
|
Medicine
|
G.I.T
|
981fc04d-3084-46fb-8e20-cd9dde9c0d87
|
multi
|
Aggrecan in:
|
D i.e. Impoant component of cailage
| 4 |
Receptor over platelets
|
A molecule present in osteoid tissue
|
Granules in leukocytes
|
Impoant component of cailage
|
Physiology
| null |
e76b9599-0c18-4c79-888e-be5875820810
|
single
|
Antibody found in myositis
|
Refer Harrison 17th/2038
| 1 |
Anti jo 1
|
Anti scl 70
|
Anti Sm
|
Anti ku
|
Anatomy
|
Musculoskeletal system
|
1cbad5d6-430c-476a-bfb7-1ddef6540a04
|
single
|
Short chain fatty acid produced by bacteria are maximally absorbed in
|
Acetate, propionate and butyrate are short chain fatty acids formed in the colon by action of bacteria. They are reabsorbed in the colon itself.
| 2 |
Duodenum
|
Colon
|
ileum
|
Jejunum
|
Physiology
| null |
fd4c2ff8-0c16-4cd8-bd93-7a5b9cf4170a
|
multi
|
All are added to PCR, except:
|
Ans. B. Dideoxynucleotide(Ref: Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry 4fe page1446)Pre requisites of PCRSample DNA to be amplifiedDeoxynucleotides.Thermostable Polymerase--Taq Polymerase obtained from Thermus Aquaticus found in hot springs.Primer.Mgcl2 , KCl
| 2 |
Deoxynucleotide
|
Dideoxynucleotide
|
Thermostat DNAP
|
Template DNA
|
Biochemistry
|
Molecular Biology Techniques
|
f312e29f-c42b-42fb-973e-48df7aecacf9
|
multi
|
Curlings ulcer is seen in -
| null | 1 |
Burn patients
|
Patients with head injuries
|
Zollinger Ellison syndrome
|
Analgesic drug abuse
|
Surgery
| null |
1c4cad85-1f67-4fcf-b287-2369e220d3f1
|
single
|
Wallarian degeneration is seen in -
|
Ans. is 'a- i.e., Distal to injuryo Part distal to the injury - Wallarian degeneration or secondary degeneration,o Part proximal to the injury - Primary degeneration or retrograde degeneration.Degeneration of the distal part (Antegrade)Degeneration of proximal part (Retrograde)Stage of regenerationo Degeneration of distal part (distal to cut) is called Wallerian degeneration.o Within 24 hours histological and chemical changes occur.o The axon cylinder swells up and breaks down into small rodlets.o Myelin sheath breaks down into oily droplets, It occurs 8-32 days after injury.o Cells of the sheath of Schwann-divide mitotically and form cords of cells lying within the endoneurial tube (neurilemma) - macrophages remove the degenerating myelin and axis cylinder - thus schwann cell cytoplasm gradually fills the neurilemma, this process is completed by 3 months.o Hollow tube of neurilemma remains Intact and known as ghost tube.o Same as distal generation but unto nearest node of ranvier (nearest collateral),o Changes in the cell body:# Within 48 hours of injury the nissl grannies begins to disintegrate (known as chromatolysis).# Golgi apparatus fragments.# Cells swell.# Neurofibril disappear and nucleus displaced to cell margin.o Axis cylinders from stumps grows and sprout out (pseudopod like structure of fibril).o After 2-3 weeks peripheral endoneural tube, contian varying number of developing fibril.oMedullary sheath begins to develop in about 15 days and completed within one year.o Repair of cell body (i.e. Nissl granules and golgi apparatus) - begins about 20 days after nerve section and is completed in 80 days.1st change in cut nerve is - Axonal degeneration2nd change in cut nerv e is - Myelin degeneration
| 1 |
Distal to injury
|
Proximal to injury
|
At both ends
|
In cell body (soma)
|
Physiology
|
Nerve Physiology
|
f9f8f49a-bb3f-4584-b942-a5eaa4beb70c
|
multi
|
Flaky paint appearance of skin is seen in?
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Kwashiorkor
| 4 |
Dermatitis
|
Pellagra
|
Marasmus
|
Kwashiorkor
|
Pediatrics
| null |
0837ce94-f7e1-4402-b32d-f4fda64ca633
|
single
|
To diagnose anemia in age group 2 years to 5 years, level of hemoglobin should be?
|
ANEMIAS IN CHILDREN (WHO DEFINITION): - Children of age - Hb < 11 g/dl - Children of age - Hb < 11.5 g/dl - Children of age - Hb < 12 g/dl
| 2 |
< 14g/dl
|
< 11g/dl
|
< 12g/dl
|
< 13g/dl
|
Pediatrics
|
Nutritional anemia
|
fc3ae81f-3e4b-46d8-9c6e-0df68118f22d
|
single
|
All of the following are viral inclusion bodies, EXCEPT:
|
Psammoma bodies are nonrefractile calcified concretions with concentric lamellations that are sometimes found in association with papillary adenocarcinoma, both primary and metastatic. Molluscum bodies or Henderson-Patterson bodies are seen in molluscum contagiosum which is caused by a pox virus. They are intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions. Negri bodies are intracytoplasmic inclusions that are pathognomonic of rabies. They are found in the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Bollinger bodiesare intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in epithelial cells, seen in fowlpox.
| 1 |
Psamomma bodies
|
Molluscum
|
Negri
|
Bollinger
|
Microbiology
| null |
d9d059c4-e8bd-48cf-ac58-c922203e49b0
|
multi
|
Not true about superior vena cava
|
SVC opens in to right atrium (not right ventricle).Superior vena-cava SVC collects blood from the upper half of the body and drains into the right atrium. It is formed by the union of two brachiocephalic veins at the level of lower border of 1" right costal cailage. It passes veically downwards behind the right border of sternum and piercing the pericardium at the level of the second costal cailage, enters the upper border of the right atrium to end in the upper and posterior pa of sinus venorum at the lower border of third right costal cailage (opposite Ts veebra).Behind the sternal angle (T4 veebral level), SVC receives the azygos vein.SVC is divided into two pas -i) Upper half (extrapericardial) ii) Lower half (intrapericardial)
| 1 |
Opens into right ventricle
|
Enters the hea at level of 3rd costal
|
Pierces paricardium at 2nd costal cailage
|
Receives azygos vein behind sternal angle
|
Anatomy
| null |
ce6f75b0-ba37-42e2-a885-9406fcf9a555
|
multi
|
Most common malignancy in a longstanding goiter is -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Follicular Carcinoma "An increased incidence of cancer (usually follicular) has been reported from endemic areas. Dominant or rapidly growing nodules in longstanding goiters should always be subjected to aspiration cytology." - Bailey & LoveAbout Follicular Carcinoma (FTC)o FTC are second most common thyroid malignancies, more common in iodine-deficient areaso More common in women (Female: Male ratio of 3:1)o Mean age of presentation is later than papillary Ca (~ 50 yrs)o Multiple foci are rarely seen and lymph node involvement is much less common than in papillary carcinomao Blood borne metastasis is common with spread to bone, lungs, liver and elsewhere.o In less than 1% of cases, follicular cancers may be hyperfunctioning (warm nodule on scintiscan), leading to symptom of thyrotoxicosis.
| 1 |
Follicular Carcinoma
|
Pappilary Carcinoma
|
Medullary Carcinoma
|
Colloid Carcinoma
|
Surgery
|
Thyroid Malignancies
|
2096f158-15cb-47f3-adf5-20f20e51ffd5
|
single
|
Which is not a method of gene therapy?
|
Ans. A. FISHa. FISH is fluorescent -in-situ hybridization and is a method of detection and not related with gene therapyb. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a very sensitive technique that is also used for this purpose.c. This often places the gene at a location on a given band or region on the chromosome.d. Some of the human genes localized using these techniques are listed.e. This table represents only a sampling, since thousands of genes have been mapped as a result of the recent sequencing of the human genome.f. Once the defect is localized to a region of DNA that has the characteristic structure of a gene, a synthetic gene can be constructed and expressed in an appropriate vector and its function can be assessed--or the putative peptide, deduced from the open reading frame in the coding region, can be synthesized.g. Antibodies directed against this peptide can be used to assess whether this peptide is expressed in normal persons and whether it is absent in those with the genetic syndrome.
| 1 |
FISH
|
Transfection
|
Electroporation
|
Bacteriophage
|
Biochemistry
|
Molecular Genetics
|
c71541df-2887-4f75-a1c8-01d33462b397
|
single
|
The side effects of clomiphene because of which its use should be immediately stopped :
|
Visual symptoms are rare; 1-2%; but if present treatment with clomiphene should be stopped immediately Ref: Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infeility; Eighth Edition; Chapter 27
| 4 |
Hot flashes
|
Multiple pregnancy
|
Teratogenic
|
Visual symptoms
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Reproductive physiology and hormones in females
|
7f539d0d-4688-436d-8f81-4fee7093badd
|
single
|
Which of the following presents with macronodular cirrhosis
|
Wilson's disease presents with macronodular cirrhosis.
(Nodules size > 3 mm is diameter)
Option a,b,c presents with micronodular cirrhosis.
| 4 |
Primary biliary cirrhosis
|
Indian childhood cirrhosis
|
Hemochromatosis
|
Wilson's disease
|
Pathology
| null |
bd77838f-c197-4623-a89a-8ea232fce016
|
single
|
Opsoclonus is -
| null | 1 |
Arryhthmic conjugate eye movements
|
Conjugate chaotic movements
|
Conjugate, chaotic, continuous movements
|
Chaotic, disconjugate movements
|
Medicine
| null |
92da56f4-c137-461b-b6b8-c70e2e51b34c
|
single
|
Which compound shifts the Oxygen dissociation curve to the right:
|
B i.e. 2,3, DPG
| 2 |
1, Phosphoglycerate
|
2, 3 DPG
|
1, 3 DPG
|
Glyceraldehyde
|
Physiology
| null |
7c3814f0-bcac-45c1-97f0-e543481eb7ea
|
single
|
Which diagram represents the changes (after osmotic equilibrium) in extracellular and intracellular fluid volumes and osmolarities after the infusion of 3% NaCl?
|
A 3% solution of NaCl is hypeonic, and when infused into the extracellular fluid, it would raise osmolarity, thereby causing water to flow out of the cells into the extracellular fluid until osmotic equilibrium is achieved. In the steady state, extracellular fluid volume would increase, intracellular fluid volume would decrease, and osmolarity of both compaments would increase.
| 3 |
A
|
B
|
C
|
D
|
Physiology
|
Body fluid compaments
|
c35a9af4-05ce-4ef5-aa31-fd9f8fdc8dd9
|
single
|
All of the following structures press over the oesophagus, EXCEPT?
|
Anteriorly the normal esophagus is indended from above downwards by three impoant structures that cross it, the arch of aoa, left bronchus and left atrium. Various structures that may press on the oesophagus and cause obstruction are:Enlarged left atriumBronchial carcinomaEnlarged lymph nodes at the hilum of lungDilated aoaCongenital abnormalities of the main thoracic aeriesThe 4 constrictions of the oesophagus are:First constriction is at the pharyngoesophageal junctionSecond constriction is produced by the arch of aoa as it crosses the anterior and lateral aspects of oesophagusThird constriction is produced by the left bronchus as it crosses the oesophagusFouh constriction is at the oesophageal opening in the diaphragm.
| 4 |
Aoic arch
|
Left atrium
|
Left bronchus
|
Right bronchus
|
Anatomy
| null |
4f856fe4-b82e-4c50-ae6e-f6b55c9b5caf
|
multi
|
Bone age is best estimated by
| null | 4 |
History from the patient
|
X-ray of the teeth
|
Heredity
|
X-ray of the wrist
|
Dental
| null |
2447d61b-d4d2-4c56-a7bf-ff5c2d3d4d98
|
single
|
Most impoant clinical feature of primary biliary cirrhosis
|
Primary biliary cirrhosis Believed to be an autoimmune etiology, leading to progressive destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts More common in females Associated with autoimmune disorders (CREST, Sicca syndrome, Autoimmune thyroiditis, Renal tubular acidosis) Clinical features Most patients are asymptomatic, pruritus the commonest and earliest symptom. Pruritus precedes jaundice in PBC, Pruritus is most bothersome in evening Jaundice, fatigue, melanosis (gradual darkening of exposed areas of skin), deficiency of aft soluble vitamins due to malabsorption Xanthomas and xanthelesmas due to protracted elevation of serum lipids Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno : 639
| 1 |
Generalised pruritus
|
Jaundice
|
Clubbing
|
Hematemesis
|
Anatomy
|
G.I.T
|
bdcce9f5-e780-44aa-84c6-9f81e2b11c66
|
single
|
A person get infected in a hospital and clinical manifestation appear after he is discharged this is called -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Nosocomial infection . The term hospital infection, hospital -acquired infection or nosocomial infection are applied to infections developing in hospitalized patients, not present or in incubation at the time of their admission. . Such infections may become evident during their stay in hospital or, sometimes, only after their discharge.
| 1 |
Nosocomial infection
|
Oppounistic infection
|
Epizootic infection
|
Physician induced
|
Microbiology
| null |
4db83c49-e5bf-419f-b089-a5790352f9e6
|
multi
|
Which of the following condition is not associated with elevated serum total lactate dehydrogenase level?
|
Acute MI causes an increase in LDH in 12-24 hours, attains peak value in 48 hours and returns to normal in 1-2 weeks. Because of high concentration of LDH in the RBC, lysis of RBCs causes elevation of LDH levels. Muscle injuries and liver diseases like hepatitis can also cause raised LDH levels. Stroke is not associated with raised LDH levels. Ref: Pocket Guide to Diagnostic Tests By Diana Nicoll, 5th Edition
| 2 |
Hemolysis
|
Stroke
|
Myocardial infarction
|
Muscle crush injury
|
Medicine
| null |
00d26c08-111d-4657-91f2-316145a8eea7
|
single
|
Pigment seen in malarial parasite is formed from which of the following?
|
Hematin globin is formed as a result of incomplete metabolism of hemoglobin by malarial parasite. Malaria parasites are from the genus Plasmodium, malaria is caused by P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax. Among those infected, P. falciparum is the most common species identified (~75%) followed by P. vivax (~20%). P. falciparum accounts for the majority of deaths.
| 3 |
Bilirubin
|
Biliverdin
|
Hemoglobin
|
Melanin
|
Microbiology
| null |
49833b1b-7977-4153-97d3-5e7dc46a33b6
|
single
|
Sinus venosus receives blood from all EXCEPT
|
Right & left sinus venosus each receives the union of the corresponding: Umbilical vein Vitelline vein Common cardinal vein Right vitelline vein forms the poal venous circulation and the hepatic poion of IVC. Common cardinal veins - forms neck veins. The umbilical veins degenerate.
| 4 |
Vitelline vein
|
Umbilical vein
|
Common cardinal vein
|
Subcardinal vein
|
Anatomy
|
Bronchopulmonary Segments, Embryonic veins
|
ffd98fe8-7745-4420-9ddb-603da74beaf3
|
multi
|
Which of the following is an example of learned tolerance?
|
Learned tolerance refers to the reduction of the effect of a drug due to compensatory mechanisms that are learned. An example is walking a straight line despite the motor impairment caused by alcohol. This likely represents both acquisition of motor skills and the learned awareness of one's deficit; thus the person walks more carefully.
| 3 |
avoiding alcohol when feeling unsteady
|
drinking alcohol only with food
|
walking a straight line when intoxicated
|
not driving when drunk
|
Medicine
|
Miscellaneous
|
4faa2d05-9508-4db7-b7f3-054c68ed30f6
|
single
|
The most common adverse effect with ticlopidine is :
| null | 2 |
Neutropenia
|
Diarrhea
|
Hemorrhage
|
Thrombocytopenic purpura
|
Pharmacology
| null |
1f500752-0678-46b5-a042-52c7e35a99ff
|
single
|
A 20-year-old man suffered a significant closed head injury after a diving accident. He is left with minor memory impairment but makes a full recovery. A few months later, he has a witnessed loss of consciousness with some arm and leg twitching. After the event, he is disoriented for 2 hours and then gradually returns to baseline. There was no incontinence or tongue biting, and his examination is normal. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
|
This man had a generalized posttraumatic seizure. The prolonged confusion after the event suggests seizure rather than syncope. In the majority of cases, seizures do not develop until several months after the injury, 6-18 months being the most common interval. The more severe the injury, the greater the likelihood of seizures. For severe injuries, some authorities recommend prophylactic anticonvulsants for 1-2 years. There is no firm evidence for this, however.
| 2 |
syncope
|
generalized seizure
|
focal seizure
|
cardiac arrhythmia
|
Medicine
|
C.N.S.
|
28d5272c-833c-4647-b1fd-59b585aa235c
|
multi
|
Most common cause of psoriasis
|
Ans A (autoimmune) Ref IADVL text book of Dermatology P1022, Harrisons 17th ed pg 315,It is a T cell mediated autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease.The evidence implicating a key role for an immune pathogenesis relates to:*the association with certain HLA groups (HLA Cw6)*the success of certain immunosuppressive drugs (such as cyclosporin) in improving the clinical state of the disease*reports of the development of psoriasis in recipients of bone marrow transplants from donors with a history of psoriasis.Over 50% of patients with psoriasis report a positive family history.Psoriatic lesions demonstrate infiltrates of activated T cells that are thought to elaborate cytokines responsible for keratinocyte hyperproliferation, which results in the characteristic clinical findings.The etiology of psoriasis is still poorly understood, but there is clearly a genetic component to the disease.Type I (Heriditary)Strong HLA association (HLA CW6)Severe course and early onset, arthropathy more common.Type IISporadicHLA unrelatedMild course and late onsetThe number of cycling cells are increased 7 fold in psoriasis. There is no shortening of the cell cycle.The most important locus for psoriasis susceptibility is Psors 1 (psoriasis susceptibility locus on chr 6p 21.3.T cells(helper) are fundamental in activating the disease process.The trigger to their activation may be conventional antigens or bacterial superantigens.Clinical features of psoriasis-imp featuresMost common clinical type is chronic plaque type.Salmon coloured papules and plaques with silvery scales.Auspitz sign- multiple bleeding points on scraping of psoriatic plaques.Candle sign- charecteristic coherence of scales in psoriasis causes a feeling as if scraping on a candle.The halo ring ofworonoff- around the psoriaric plaque due to deficiency of pgE2.Annulus migrans-mucus membrane lesion in psoriasis.Most common nail change is pitting.Pustular psoriasis- most severe type is von-zumbushtype of generalized pustular psoriasis. It gets precipitated by treatment with irritants& sudden withdrawal of corticosteroids.Skin gets studded with minute sterile pustules which later may fuse to form lakes of pus.Histopathology of psoriasisParakeratosisMicro munro abscess- collection of neutrophils in stratum comeumSpongiform pustules of kogoj- aggregates of neutrophil in stratum spinosum.Acanthosis with regular elongation of rete ridges- camel foot appearance.Edema of dermal papillae with dilated& tortuous capillaries.Treatment of choice for generalized pustular psoriasis & psoriatic erythroderma is-AcetretinBiological therapy of psoriasisDirected at selected targets integral to the pathogenesis of psoriasis.The hyperproliferation seen in psoriasis is due to activated T cells & their cytokines. Biological agents are also used in rheumatoid arthritis, crohn's disease.T cell targetingAlefacept,Efalizumab,Daclizumab,BasiliximabCytokine blockersInfliximab, EtanerceptEtanercept-Human dimenc fusion protein -Anti TNF agentInfliximab-Chimeric monoclonal antibody.For further explanation refer PG HUNT p183, 2008 skin, 2005 Q258
| 1 |
Autoimmune
|
Hereditary
|
Psychosomatic
|
Infective
|
Skin
|
Papulosquamous Disorders
|
c5bc03f3-b6e9-4b4e-9323-fbaa3c4cc5f5
|
single
|
Homer Trantas nodules are seen in:
|
Vernal conjunctivitis
| 2 |
Blepharoconjunctivitis
|
Vernal conjunctivitis
|
Phlyctenular conjunctivitis
|
Herpetic keratitis
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
2184cf3b-ddc2-428f-8488-8571b11bc9ea
|
single
|
True statement of Buerger’s disease is/are
| null | 1 |
Small and medium sized vessels involved
|
Commonly involves upper limb than lower limbs
|
Common in male
|
Common in female
|
Surgery
| null |
0d0ee2fe-8bef-41d5-a8ac-5bc63eba912d
|
multi
|
In community acquired pneumonia out patient treatment Is: (PGI June 2007)
|
Ans,: A (Azithromycin) As Q is mentioned only simple community acquired pneumonia (Not MRS A or Pseudomonas; so aminoglycosides & vancomycin are not given in answer), so give outpatient treatment given in Harr/son tableTable (Harrison 17th/1623): Empirical Antibiotic Treatment of Community'-Acquired PneumoniaOutpatientsPreviously healthy and no antibiotics in past 3 monthsA macrolide orDoxycycline (100 mg PO bid)Comorbidities or antibiotics in past 3 months: select an alternative from a different classA respiratory' fluoroquinolone orAb lactam plus a macrolideQIn regions with a high rate of "high-level" pneumococcal macrolide resistance/ consider alternatives listed above for patients with comorbidities.Inpatients, non-ICUA respiratory fluoroquinolone , gemifloxacin (320 mg PO od), levofloxacin (750 mg PO or IV od)]A biactam' plus a macrolidet Inpatients, ICUA biactam' (cefotaxime (1-2 g IV q8h), ceftriaxone (2 g IV od], ampicillin-sulbactam (2 g IV q8h}] plusAzithromycin or a fluoroquinolone (as listed above for inpatients. non-ICU)Special concernsIf Pseudomonas is a considerationAn antipneumococcal, antipseudomonal p lactam plus either ciprofloxacin (400 mg IV ql2h] or levofloxarin (750 mg IV od)The above piactams plus an aminoglycoside The above piactamsf plus an aminoglycoside plus an antipneumococcai fluoroquinoloneIf Community acquired -SIRSA is a considerationAdd Einezolid (600 mg IV ql2h) or vancomycin (1 g IV ql2h)
| 1 |
Azithromycin
|
Cepfotaxime
|
Ampicillin
|
Gentamicin
|
Medicine
|
Pneumonia, Bronchiectasis, and Lung Abscess
|
9ad9bf88-fb32-403b-9b5b-d441b22020ed
|
single
|
Maggots in a dead body do not appear before:
|
D i.e. 48 hours
| 4 |
4 hours
|
12 hours
|
24 hours
|
48 hours
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
1f979ddf-18f7-4f9c-b3c9-e87374ac81d2
|
single
|
In severe acute malnutrition, arm circumference is less than (in cm):
|
In children who are 6-59 months of age, severe acute malnutrition is defined asWeight-for-height <= -3 Z-score, orMid-upper-arm circumference <11.5 cm, orPresence of bilateral edema(Refer: Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics, SAE, 1st edition, pg no. 301)
| 1 |
11.5
|
12
|
12.5
|
13
|
Pediatrics
|
All India exam
|
cfcd1b7e-4c33-4276-8c27-d34be0278d7d
|
single
|
Obesity is associated with decreased risk of -
|
The major factors considered in past for obesity as protective factor for osteoporosis include increased load on the coical skeleton, direct stimulation of bone formation by leptin, greater aromatase activity, increased estradiol leading decrease bone resorption, and stimulation of bone formation . The ongoing debate regarding the previous concept, that obesity is protective for osteoporosis may not stand same in view of the new concept of obesity of bone (adipogenesis), which is considered detrimental for bone health. ref - ref Davidson 23rd edition pg 987
| 3 |
Hypeension
|
Hyperuricemia
|
Osteoporosis
|
Hea disease
|
Medicine
|
Miscellaneous
|
7c2d4bba-715e-4707-a447-03f43bcc59f3
|
single
|
The CNS tumor present with calcification ?
|
Ans. is 'a' Oligodendroglioma Although many intracranial tumors show calcification, oligodendroglioma shows calcification in 70-90% of cases.
| 1 |
Oligodendroglioma
|
Astrocytoma
|
Medulloblastoma
|
Pheochromocytoma
|
Surgery
| null |
d37c3edb-7bf6-41b8-876e-9e351b89b6fc
|
single
|
Tritanopes have defective assessment of whichcolor ?
|
Ans. is `b' i.e., Blue Colour Defective Absent GreenRedBlue DeuteranomalousProtanomalousTritsnomalous DeuteranoPtaProtanopiaTritanopia
| 2 |
Red
|
Blue
|
Green
|
Yellow
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
51561362-650b-4e53-917e-0b2e08f2bbec
|
single
|
Burst abdomen is seen after how many days of surgery
|
In 1-2% of cases, mostly between the sixth and eighth day after operation, an abdominal wound bursts open and viscera are extruded. This is called burst abdomen or abdominal wound dehiscence. The sutures apposing the deep layers (peritoneum, posterior rectus sheath) tear through or even become untied.Reference : page 986 Bailey and Love's sho practice of surgery 25th edition
| 3 |
1-4 days
|
3-5 days
|
6-8 days
|
10-12 days
|
Surgery
|
Urology
|
c6573f16-26ad-4b1b-890b-a278e7ad7b8e
|
single
|
Fasciculation are caused by –
|
Fasciculation is characteristic of depolarizing block (sch).
| 1 |
Suxamethonium
|
Pancuronium
|
d-TC
|
Vecuronium
|
Anaesthesia
| null |
af0f3d51-5db1-4d5d-bb14-80e6e4ad2be6
|
single
|
All of the following are true about Duret hemorrhage, EXCEPT:
|
Duret haemorrhage: "Progressive rise in ICP cause fuher downward herniation into the foramen magnum or coning. This result in shearing of perforators supplying the brain stem causing haemorrhage known as duret haemorrhage. Tractional damage to pituitary stalk can result in diabetes insipidus. With progressive herniation the pupils become midsize & non reacting. These are invariably irreversible events leading to brainstem death". In case of increased ICP downward herniation of brainstem occur, which cause stretching of perforators of basilar aery & may results in bleed (duret haemorrhage). The local syndrome may include cushing's triad (aerial hypeension, bradycardia & respiratory irregularity). Duret haemorrhage is small area of bleeding in ventral & paramedian pa of upper brainstem (midbrain and pons). It usually indicates a fatal outcome, however survival has been repoed. Diagnosis is made on CT or MRI". Ref: Love & Bailey, 24th Edition, Page 611; Operative Neurological Techniques by Henry, 5th Edition, Page 35
| 1 |
Seen in conjunctiva
|
ICT increase
|
Cushing's triad
|
Seen in brain
|
Surgery
| null |
01a0317d-a09c-4d2a-af34-6132bdd61ab1
|
multi
|
In a monkey temporal lobectomy was done. What is not seen?
|
Memory and language problems after temporal lobectomy. Temporary double vision after temporal lobectomy. Increased number of seizures after corpus callosotomy, but the seizures should be less severe. Reduced visual field after a hemispherectomy. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 835,836,837
| 4 |
Sexual desire
|
Visual agnosia
|
Oral tendency
|
Fearfulness
|
Physiology
|
Nervous system
|
f4fdc619-707b-4790-ac13-6e93cef4bff4
|
single
|
All the following signs could result from infection within the right cavernous sinus except -
|
In CST, there is loss of direct and consensual light reflex on the same side. So, there will be no pupillary constriction in response to light.
Retinal veins are engorged and congested in later stages.
Ptosis (due to 3rd nerve involvement) and opthalmoplegia (due to 3rd, 4th, 6th nerve involvement) occur in CST.
| 1 |
Constricted pupil in response to light
|
Engorgement of the retinal veins upon ophthalmoscopic examination
|
Ptosis of the right eyelid
|
Right Ophthalmoplegia
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
37fbccb7-6dcd-4c69-ae6c-0bbda79d79b3
|
multi
|
What are the objectives of furcation therapy:
|
The objectives of furcation therapy are to
Facilitate maintenance
Prevent further attachment loss and
Obliterate the furcation defects as a periodontal maintenance problem. The selection of therapeutic mode varies with the class of furcation involvement, the extent and configuration of bone loss, and other anatomic factors.
| 4 |
Facilitate maintenance.
|
Prevent further attachment loss.
|
Obliterate the furcation defects as a periodontal maintenance problem.
|
All of the above.
|
Dental
| null |
db388ff5-5a78-4955-821b-e8c57e0a9103
|
multi
|
Emysema aquosum is found in: NEET 13
|
Ans. Dry drowning
| 1 |
Dry drowning
|
Wet drowning
|
Immersion syndrome
|
Secondary drowning
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
7b088542-1300-41b2-8309-1ad853a691ed
|
single
|
Insect in ear can be killed by:
|
Removal of Insect from ear canal Tilt the person's head so that the ear with the offending insect is upward. Try to float the insect out by pouring mineral oil, olive oil or baby oil into the ear. The oil should be warm but not hot. While pouring the oil, ease the entry of the oil by straightening the ear canal. Pull the earlobe gently backward and upward for an adult, backward and downward for a child. The insect should suffocate and may float out in the oil bath. Don't use oil to remove any object other than an insect. Do not use this method if there is any suspicion of a perforation in the eardrum -- pain, bleeding or discharge from the ear.
| 1 |
Oil
|
H2O2
|
H2O
|
Petrol
|
ENT
| null |
6d434bbf-76f1-4cc6-94b3-a4d5b73292df
|
single
|
A 27-year-old man and his 24-year-old wife have been trying to conceive a child for 6 years. Physical examination shows he has bilateral gynecomastia, reduced testicular size, reduced body hair, and increased length between the soles of his feet and the pubic bone. A semen analysis indicates oligospermia. Laboratory studies show increased follicle-stimulating hormone level and slightly decreased testosterone level. Which of the following karyotypes is this man most likely to have?
|
Klinefelter syndrome is a relatively common chromosomal abnormality that occurs in about 1 of 660 live-born males. The findings can be subtle. The 46, X, i (Xq) karyotype is a variant of Turner syndrome (seen only in females), caused by a defective second X chromosome. The 47, XYY karyotype occurs in about 1 in 1000 live-born males and is associated with taller-than-average stature. A person with a mosaic such as 46, XX/47, XX, +21 has milder features of Down syndrome than a person with the more typical 47, XX, +21 karyotype. The 22q11 deletion syndrome is associated with congenital defects affecting the palate, face, and heart and, in some cases, with T cell immunodeficiency.
| 3 |
46, X, I (Xq)
|
47, XYY
|
47, XXY
|
46, XX/47, XX, +21
|
Pathology
|
Genetics
|
2250a94e-d34c-46fa-a4fd-fd16e72ad143
|
single
|
One TB unit is recommended for how much population in Hilly areas -
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., 250,000Infrastrucilure in RNTCPOne microscopy center100,000 population in planes50,000 population in hilly/mountain areasOne Tuberculosis unit500,000 population in planes250,000 population in hilly/tribai areasOne district tubercular center (DTC)Per revenue districtOne state drug store (SDS)50 million populationOne senior TB laboratory supervisor (STLS)Every 5 microscopy centers (5 lac population)
| 4 |
50
|
100,000
|
150,000
|
250,000
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Health Planning and Management
|
febd98eb-3480-4655-9318-7e04c1f54236
|
single
|
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