texts
stringlengths 57
72.4k
| questions
stringlengths 4
60
| answers
dict |
|---|---|---|
Vivian Leona Mead Caver (June 13, 1928 – August 22, 2021) was an American politician in the state of Washington. Appointed to a 37th District vacancy, Caver was the third African-American woman to serve in the Washington House of Representatives, serving the 37th district from 1994 to 1995. An alumnus of Morgan State College and the University of Washington, she was a human rights activist.She directed the Seattle Human Rights Commission before her appointment to the Washington State House of Representatives.She died on August 22, 2021, in Seattle, Washington, at age 93.
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
371
],
"text": [
"human"
]
}
|
Vivian Leona Mead Caver (June 13, 1928 – August 22, 2021) was an American politician in the state of Washington. Appointed to a 37th District vacancy, Caver was the third African-American woman to serve in the Washington House of Representatives, serving the 37th district from 1994 to 1995. An alumnus of Morgan State College and the University of Washington, she was a human rights activist.She directed the Seattle Human Rights Commission before her appointment to the Washington State House of Representatives.She died on August 22, 2021, in Seattle, Washington, at age 93.
== References ==
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
335
],
"text": [
"University of Washington"
]
}
|
Vivian Leona Mead Caver (June 13, 1928 – August 22, 2021) was an American politician in the state of Washington. Appointed to a 37th District vacancy, Caver was the third African-American woman to serve in the Washington House of Representatives, serving the 37th district from 1994 to 1995. An alumnus of Morgan State College and the University of Washington, she was a human rights activist.She directed the Seattle Human Rights Commission before her appointment to the Washington State House of Representatives.She died on August 22, 2021, in Seattle, Washington, at age 93.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"politician"
]
}
|
Vivian Leona Mead Caver (June 13, 1928 – August 22, 2021) was an American politician in the state of Washington. Appointed to a 37th District vacancy, Caver was the third African-American woman to serve in the Washington House of Representatives, serving the 37th district from 1994 to 1995. An alumnus of Morgan State College and the University of Washington, she was a human rights activist.She directed the Seattle Human Rights Commission before her appointment to the Washington State House of Representatives.She died on August 22, 2021, in Seattle, Washington, at age 93.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
18
],
"text": [
"Caver"
]
}
|
Vivian Leona Mead Caver (June 13, 1928 – August 22, 2021) was an American politician in the state of Washington. Appointed to a 37th District vacancy, Caver was the third African-American woman to serve in the Washington House of Representatives, serving the 37th district from 1994 to 1995. An alumnus of Morgan State College and the University of Washington, she was a human rights activist.She directed the Seattle Human Rights Commission before her appointment to the Washington State House of Representatives.She died on August 22, 2021, in Seattle, Washington, at age 93.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Vivian"
]
}
|
Citra Putri Sari Dewi (born 2 August 1996) is an Indonesian-born Singaporean badminton player. Born in Jakarta, she started playing badminton at age 6, and in 2008, she was part of the Riau Islands province competed at the Indonesia National Games. She moved to Singapore to continue her studies, and graduated from the Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' School. She was the ASEAN School Games gold medalists in the mixed doubles in 2012 and in the girls' doubles in 2013.
Early life and family
Citra Putri Sari Dewi was born in a badminton family. Her father Sugeng Subagyo was a former Indonesia national badminton player, and the owner of Nusantara badminton club in Sleman. She was the eighth of nine siblings. The first and second of the siblings are Hengky Kurniawan Saputra and Anita Kartika Sari who played in the Indonesia national event tournament. After that the twin Wandry and Hendri Kurniawan Saputra, the twin was a former Singapore national player, and now works as a coach in Malaysia and Singapore respectively. The fifth and the sixth are Hendra Wijaya and Shinta Mulia Sari who were also a former Singapore national player, then Dian Permata Sari who played in the Indonesia national event, and now works as a badminton coach in Sydney, Australia. Her younger brother Frengky Wijaya Putra is an Indonesian national doubles player.
Achievements
BWF International Challenge/Series (3 titles, 3 runners-up)
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF International Challenge tournament
BWF International Series tournament
BWF Future Series tournament
References
External links
Citra Putri Sari Dewi at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"Jakarta"
]
}
|
Citra Putri Sari Dewi (born 2 August 1996) is an Indonesian-born Singaporean badminton player. Born in Jakarta, she started playing badminton at age 6, and in 2008, she was part of the Riau Islands province competed at the Indonesia National Games. She moved to Singapore to continue her studies, and graduated from the Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' School. She was the ASEAN School Games gold medalists in the mixed doubles in 2012 and in the girls' doubles in 2013.
Early life and family
Citra Putri Sari Dewi was born in a badminton family. Her father Sugeng Subagyo was a former Indonesia national badminton player, and the owner of Nusantara badminton club in Sleman. She was the eighth of nine siblings. The first and second of the siblings are Hengky Kurniawan Saputra and Anita Kartika Sari who played in the Indonesia national event tournament. After that the twin Wandry and Hendri Kurniawan Saputra, the twin was a former Singapore national player, and now works as a coach in Malaysia and Singapore respectively. The fifth and the sixth are Hendra Wijaya and Shinta Mulia Sari who were also a former Singapore national player, then Dian Permata Sari who played in the Indonesia national event, and now works as a badminton coach in Sydney, Australia. Her younger brother Frengky Wijaya Putra is an Indonesian national doubles player.
Achievements
BWF International Challenge/Series (3 titles, 3 runners-up)
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF International Challenge tournament
BWF International Series tournament
BWF Future Series tournament
References
External links
Citra Putri Sari Dewi at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Indonesia"
]
}
|
Citra Putri Sari Dewi (born 2 August 1996) is an Indonesian-born Singaporean badminton player. Born in Jakarta, she started playing badminton at age 6, and in 2008, she was part of the Riau Islands province competed at the Indonesia National Games. She moved to Singapore to continue her studies, and graduated from the Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' School. She was the ASEAN School Games gold medalists in the mixed doubles in 2012 and in the girls' doubles in 2013.
Early life and family
Citra Putri Sari Dewi was born in a badminton family. Her father Sugeng Subagyo was a former Indonesia national badminton player, and the owner of Nusantara badminton club in Sleman. She was the eighth of nine siblings. The first and second of the siblings are Hengky Kurniawan Saputra and Anita Kartika Sari who played in the Indonesia national event tournament. After that the twin Wandry and Hendri Kurniawan Saputra, the twin was a former Singapore national player, and now works as a coach in Malaysia and Singapore respectively. The fifth and the sixth are Hendra Wijaya and Shinta Mulia Sari who were also a former Singapore national player, then Dian Permata Sari who played in the Indonesia national event, and now works as a badminton coach in Sydney, Australia. Her younger brother Frengky Wijaya Putra is an Indonesian national doubles player.
Achievements
BWF International Challenge/Series (3 titles, 3 runners-up)
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF International Challenge tournament
BWF International Series tournament
BWF Future Series tournament
References
External links
Citra Putri Sari Dewi at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"badminton player"
]
}
|
Citra Putri Sari Dewi (born 2 August 1996) is an Indonesian-born Singaporean badminton player. Born in Jakarta, she started playing badminton at age 6, and in 2008, she was part of the Riau Islands province competed at the Indonesia National Games. She moved to Singapore to continue her studies, and graduated from the Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' School. She was the ASEAN School Games gold medalists in the mixed doubles in 2012 and in the girls' doubles in 2013.
Early life and family
Citra Putri Sari Dewi was born in a badminton family. Her father Sugeng Subagyo was a former Indonesia national badminton player, and the owner of Nusantara badminton club in Sleman. She was the eighth of nine siblings. The first and second of the siblings are Hengky Kurniawan Saputra and Anita Kartika Sari who played in the Indonesia national event tournament. After that the twin Wandry and Hendri Kurniawan Saputra, the twin was a former Singapore national player, and now works as a coach in Malaysia and Singapore respectively. The fifth and the sixth are Hendra Wijaya and Shinta Mulia Sari who were also a former Singapore national player, then Dian Permata Sari who played in the Indonesia national event, and now works as a badminton coach in Sydney, Australia. Her younger brother Frengky Wijaya Putra is an Indonesian national doubles player.
Achievements
BWF International Challenge/Series (3 titles, 3 runners-up)
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF International Challenge tournament
BWF International Series tournament
BWF Future Series tournament
References
External links
Citra Putri Sari Dewi at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"badminton"
]
}
|
Citra Putri Sari Dewi (born 2 August 1996) is an Indonesian-born Singaporean badminton player. Born in Jakarta, she started playing badminton at age 6, and in 2008, she was part of the Riau Islands province competed at the Indonesia National Games. She moved to Singapore to continue her studies, and graduated from the Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' School. She was the ASEAN School Games gold medalists in the mixed doubles in 2012 and in the girls' doubles in 2013.
Early life and family
Citra Putri Sari Dewi was born in a badminton family. Her father Sugeng Subagyo was a former Indonesia national badminton player, and the owner of Nusantara badminton club in Sleman. She was the eighth of nine siblings. The first and second of the siblings are Hengky Kurniawan Saputra and Anita Kartika Sari who played in the Indonesia national event tournament. After that the twin Wandry and Hendri Kurniawan Saputra, the twin was a former Singapore national player, and now works as a coach in Malaysia and Singapore respectively. The fifth and the sixth are Hendra Wijaya and Shinta Mulia Sari who were also a former Singapore national player, then Dian Permata Sari who played in the Indonesia national event, and now works as a badminton coach in Sydney, Australia. Her younger brother Frengky Wijaya Putra is an Indonesian national doubles player.
Achievements
BWF International Challenge/Series (3 titles, 3 runners-up)
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF International Challenge tournament
BWF International Series tournament
BWF Future Series tournament
References
External links
Citra Putri Sari Dewi at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Indonesian"
]
}
|
Citra Putri Sari Dewi (born 2 August 1996) is an Indonesian-born Singaporean badminton player. Born in Jakarta, she started playing badminton at age 6, and in 2008, she was part of the Riau Islands province competed at the Indonesia National Games. She moved to Singapore to continue her studies, and graduated from the Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' School. She was the ASEAN School Games gold medalists in the mixed doubles in 2012 and in the girls' doubles in 2013.
Early life and family
Citra Putri Sari Dewi was born in a badminton family. Her father Sugeng Subagyo was a former Indonesia national badminton player, and the owner of Nusantara badminton club in Sleman. She was the eighth of nine siblings. The first and second of the siblings are Hengky Kurniawan Saputra and Anita Kartika Sari who played in the Indonesia national event tournament. After that the twin Wandry and Hendri Kurniawan Saputra, the twin was a former Singapore national player, and now works as a coach in Malaysia and Singapore respectively. The fifth and the sixth are Hendra Wijaya and Shinta Mulia Sari who were also a former Singapore national player, then Dian Permata Sari who played in the Indonesia national event, and now works as a badminton coach in Sydney, Australia. Her younger brother Frengky Wijaya Putra is an Indonesian national doubles player.
Achievements
BWF International Challenge/Series (3 titles, 3 runners-up)
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF International Challenge tournament
BWF International Series tournament
BWF Future Series tournament
References
External links
Citra Putri Sari Dewi at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
|
country for sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Indonesia"
]
}
|
Citra Putri Sari Dewi (born 2 August 1996) is an Indonesian-born Singaporean badminton player. Born in Jakarta, she started playing badminton at age 6, and in 2008, she was part of the Riau Islands province competed at the Indonesia National Games. She moved to Singapore to continue her studies, and graduated from the Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' School. She was the ASEAN School Games gold medalists in the mixed doubles in 2012 and in the girls' doubles in 2013.
Early life and family
Citra Putri Sari Dewi was born in a badminton family. Her father Sugeng Subagyo was a former Indonesia national badminton player, and the owner of Nusantara badminton club in Sleman. She was the eighth of nine siblings. The first and second of the siblings are Hengky Kurniawan Saputra and Anita Kartika Sari who played in the Indonesia national event tournament. After that the twin Wandry and Hendri Kurniawan Saputra, the twin was a former Singapore national player, and now works as a coach in Malaysia and Singapore respectively. The fifth and the sixth are Hendra Wijaya and Shinta Mulia Sari who were also a former Singapore national player, then Dian Permata Sari who played in the Indonesia national event, and now works as a badminton coach in Sydney, Australia. Her younger brother Frengky Wijaya Putra is an Indonesian national doubles player.
Achievements
BWF International Challenge/Series (3 titles, 3 runners-up)
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF International Challenge tournament
BWF International Series tournament
BWF Future Series tournament
References
External links
Citra Putri Sari Dewi at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
|
name in native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Citra Putri Sari Dewi"
]
}
|
Citra Putri Sari Dewi (born 2 August 1996) is an Indonesian-born Singaporean badminton player. Born in Jakarta, she started playing badminton at age 6, and in 2008, she was part of the Riau Islands province competed at the Indonesia National Games. She moved to Singapore to continue her studies, and graduated from the Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' School. She was the ASEAN School Games gold medalists in the mixed doubles in 2012 and in the girls' doubles in 2013.
Early life and family
Citra Putri Sari Dewi was born in a badminton family. Her father Sugeng Subagyo was a former Indonesia national badminton player, and the owner of Nusantara badminton club in Sleman. She was the eighth of nine siblings. The first and second of the siblings are Hengky Kurniawan Saputra and Anita Kartika Sari who played in the Indonesia national event tournament. After that the twin Wandry and Hendri Kurniawan Saputra, the twin was a former Singapore national player, and now works as a coach in Malaysia and Singapore respectively. The fifth and the sixth are Hendra Wijaya and Shinta Mulia Sari who were also a former Singapore national player, then Dian Permata Sari who played in the Indonesia national event, and now works as a badminton coach in Sydney, Australia. Her younger brother Frengky Wijaya Putra is an Indonesian national doubles player.
Achievements
BWF International Challenge/Series (3 titles, 3 runners-up)
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF International Challenge tournament
BWF International Series tournament
BWF Future Series tournament
References
External links
Citra Putri Sari Dewi at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
|
sibling
|
{
"answer_start": [
1070
],
"text": [
"Shinta Mulia Sari"
]
}
|
Lophiotoma abbreviata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.
Subspecies
Lophiotoma abbreviata abbreviata (Reeve, 1843)
Lophiotoma abbreviata lifuensis (G. B. Sowerby III, 1907)
Lophiotoma abbreviata ustulata (Reeve, 1846)
Description
The fusiform shell reaches a length of 35 mm and a diameter of 12–15 mm. The shell is rather stout, with a prominent shoulder keel, composed of two approximate ribs, and less prominent revolving ribs and lines below it, articulated with dark chestnut spots. The shell is above the keel concave, with a strong rounded sutural rib, marked by large dark chestnut spots.
Distribution
This marine species occurs along the Mascarene basin and the Philippines.
References
Drivas, J. & M. Jay (1988). Coquillages de La Réunion et de l'île Maurice
External links
"Lophiotoma (Lophiotoma) abbreviata abbreviata". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
Reeve, L. A. (1843-1846). Monograph of the genus Pleurotoma. In: Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, vol. 1, pl. 1-40 and unpaginated text. L. Reeve & Co., London
Puillandre N., Fedosov A.E., Zaharias P., Aznar-Cormano L. & Kantor Y.I. (2017). A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 181: 243-271
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
1305
],
"text": [
"taxon"
]
}
|
Lophiotoma abbreviata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.
Subspecies
Lophiotoma abbreviata abbreviata (Reeve, 1843)
Lophiotoma abbreviata lifuensis (G. B. Sowerby III, 1907)
Lophiotoma abbreviata ustulata (Reeve, 1846)
Description
The fusiform shell reaches a length of 35 mm and a diameter of 12–15 mm. The shell is rather stout, with a prominent shoulder keel, composed of two approximate ribs, and less prominent revolving ribs and lines below it, articulated with dark chestnut spots. The shell is above the keel concave, with a strong rounded sutural rib, marked by large dark chestnut spots.
Distribution
This marine species occurs along the Mascarene basin and the Philippines.
References
Drivas, J. & M. Jay (1988). Coquillages de La Réunion et de l'île Maurice
External links
"Lophiotoma (Lophiotoma) abbreviata abbreviata". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
Reeve, L. A. (1843-1846). Monograph of the genus Pleurotoma. In: Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, vol. 1, pl. 1-40 and unpaginated text. L. Reeve & Co., London
Puillandre N., Fedosov A.E., Zaharias P., Aznar-Cormano L. & Kantor Y.I. (2017). A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 181: 243-271
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Lophiotoma abbreviata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.
Subspecies
Lophiotoma abbreviata abbreviata (Reeve, 1843)
Lophiotoma abbreviata lifuensis (G. B. Sowerby III, 1907)
Lophiotoma abbreviata ustulata (Reeve, 1846)
Description
The fusiform shell reaches a length of 35 mm and a diameter of 12–15 mm. The shell is rather stout, with a prominent shoulder keel, composed of two approximate ribs, and less prominent revolving ribs and lines below it, articulated with dark chestnut spots. The shell is above the keel concave, with a strong rounded sutural rib, marked by large dark chestnut spots.
Distribution
This marine species occurs along the Mascarene basin and the Philippines.
References
Drivas, J. & M. Jay (1988). Coquillages de La Réunion et de l'île Maurice
External links
"Lophiotoma (Lophiotoma) abbreviata abbreviata". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
Reeve, L. A. (1843-1846). Monograph of the genus Pleurotoma. In: Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, vol. 1, pl. 1-40 and unpaginated text. L. Reeve & Co., London
Puillandre N., Fedosov A.E., Zaharias P., Aznar-Cormano L. & Kantor Y.I. (2017). A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 181: 243-271
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Lophiotoma"
]
}
|
Lophiotoma abbreviata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.
Subspecies
Lophiotoma abbreviata abbreviata (Reeve, 1843)
Lophiotoma abbreviata lifuensis (G. B. Sowerby III, 1907)
Lophiotoma abbreviata ustulata (Reeve, 1846)
Description
The fusiform shell reaches a length of 35 mm and a diameter of 12–15 mm. The shell is rather stout, with a prominent shoulder keel, composed of two approximate ribs, and less prominent revolving ribs and lines below it, articulated with dark chestnut spots. The shell is above the keel concave, with a strong rounded sutural rib, marked by large dark chestnut spots.
Distribution
This marine species occurs along the Mascarene basin and the Philippines.
References
Drivas, J. & M. Jay (1988). Coquillages de La Réunion et de l'île Maurice
External links
"Lophiotoma (Lophiotoma) abbreviata abbreviata". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
Reeve, L. A. (1843-1846). Monograph of the genus Pleurotoma. In: Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, vol. 1, pl. 1-40 and unpaginated text. L. Reeve & Co., London
Puillandre N., Fedosov A.E., Zaharias P., Aznar-Cormano L. & Kantor Y.I. (2017). A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 181: 243-271
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Lophiotoma abbreviata"
]
}
|
Lophiotoma abbreviata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.
Subspecies
Lophiotoma abbreviata abbreviata (Reeve, 1843)
Lophiotoma abbreviata lifuensis (G. B. Sowerby III, 1907)
Lophiotoma abbreviata ustulata (Reeve, 1846)
Description
The fusiform shell reaches a length of 35 mm and a diameter of 12–15 mm. The shell is rather stout, with a prominent shoulder keel, composed of two approximate ribs, and less prominent revolving ribs and lines below it, articulated with dark chestnut spots. The shell is above the keel concave, with a strong rounded sutural rib, marked by large dark chestnut spots.
Distribution
This marine species occurs along the Mascarene basin and the Philippines.
References
Drivas, J. & M. Jay (1988). Coquillages de La Réunion et de l'île Maurice
External links
"Lophiotoma (Lophiotoma) abbreviata abbreviata". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
Reeve, L. A. (1843-1846). Monograph of the genus Pleurotoma. In: Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, vol. 1, pl. 1-40 and unpaginated text. L. Reeve & Co., London
Puillandre N., Fedosov A.E., Zaharias P., Aznar-Cormano L. & Kantor Y.I. (2017). A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 181: 243-271
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Lophiotoma abbreviata"
]
}
|
Cindy Acree was a legislator in the U.S. state of Colorado. Elected to the Colorado House of Representatives as a Republican in 2008, Acree represented House District 40, which encompasses Elbert County and eastern Arapahoe County from 2008 to 2012.
Biography
Early life and education
Acree is a small business owner and mother of three. She is a business development consultant and was the owner of Protektmark LLC. She sold the company and now owns Cindy Acree Enterprises In 1977, Acree received an AA in Fine Arts and Political Science from Cottey College. She then attended Southern Methodist University, graduating with a BA in History, Political Science & Social Science Research. In 1988, she received a Masters of Science in Justice Administration from the University of Denver.
Health and advocacy
Acree had epilepsy for 15 years starting at the age of 21, then had a stroke at age 34, which was triggered by the surgery that corrected her epilepsy. She is now an advocate on behalf of all stroke survivors.
Legislative career
At the height of her legislative career, Acree served as the Vice-Chair for the Health & Environment and the Chair for the Legislative Audit Committee. She also sat on the Finance Committee. She served on the Behavioral Health Transformation Council and Oversight of Mental Health in the Prison subcommittee. In 2012, she was appointed to serve on the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) Human Services and Welfare Commission. Acree has held numerous government appointments including: President of the Aurora City Budget Committee; Director, Cherry Creek School District Facility Planning Committee and an appointment by Governor Bill Owens to the Cardiovascular Health Coalition. Acree has been endorsed by the National Rifle Association and was given the "Colorado Lawmaker Award" by the Denver Women's Commission and Colorado Women's Chamber of Commerce. The Colorado Farm Bureau designated Acree as a friend of Farm Bureau for her work in the 67th General Assembly. The Civil Justice League recognized her with the Common Sense in the Courtroom Award and she was endorsed by the National Federation of Independent Business.
2008 election
Acree was unopposed in the 2008 Republican primary. In the general election, she faced Democrat Karen Wilde. Acree's candidacy was endorsed by the Aurora Sentinel and the Denver Post. Acree won the election with 58% of the popular vote.Before being sworn into office, Acree was approached by several individuals with ties to the Colorado Chiropractic Association, all of whom pressed her to support David Balmer in House leadership elections. Acree filed a complaint, which prompted an ethics-investigation against Balmer. Balmer subsequently denied any wrongdoing, while one of the lobbyists involved, claimed ignorance of the applicable legislative rules The allegations against Balmer were eventually dropped due to lack of evidence.
2009 legislative session
A highlight of her first year in office was a piece of legislation that required an interim legislative committee to study health insurance portability.For the 2009 legislative session, Acree was named to seats on:
House Health and Human Services Committee
House Local Government Committee
Local Government CommitteeLegislation sponsored:
HB 1020: Expedited Process for Reenrollment in Publicly Funded Medical Programs, signed by governor.
HB 1102: Study Health Insurance Portability, signed by governor.
HJR 1026: Interim Committee To Address Home And Community Based Services Waivers Waiting List For Children With Developmental Disabilities, signed by Speaker of House.
SB 070: Clarify Workers' Compensation Procedures, signed by governor.
SB 079: Post-adoption Contact Birth Siblings, signed by governor.
SB 237: Grounds for Mandatory Expulsion, signed by governor.
2010 legislative session
Committee appointments:
Legislative Audit, Vice-Chair
House Health & Environment, Vice-Chair
House FinanceLegislation sponsored:
HB 1029: HBState Negotiated Prices Medical Goods, signed by governor.
HB10-1041: Universal Application Children's Medicaid, signed by governor.
HB10-1213: Individualized Plans Developmentally Disabled Walk List, signed by governor.
HB10-1255: Colorado Commission Deaf and Hard of Hearing, signed by governor.
SB10-053: Metro Sewer District Board of Directors Weighted Voting, signed by governor.
2010 election
After the 2010 Census, Acree was redistricted, into House District 40. In the general election, she defeated Libertarian James W. Phelps and Independent Pervaiz Kaiser.
2011 legislative session
Committee appointments:
Legislative Audit, Chair
House Health & Environment, Vice-Chair
House FinanceLegislation sponsored:
HB 1010: Incidental Use of Tax-exempt Property, signed by governor.
HB 1105: Hospital Worker Assault Protection, signed by governor.
HB 1110: Residential Nonprofit Corp Meetings Refunds, signed by governor.
HB 1149: Identity Verification of Lawful Presence, lost in House.
HB 1217: Expand Access Health Care, lost in House.
SB 082: OSA Security Audits IT Systems, signed by governor.
2012 legislative session
Committee appointments:
Legislative Audit, Chair
Health & Environment, Vice Chair
FinanceLegislation sponsored:
HB 1008: Require agencies to present regulatory agenda, define adequate stakeholder participation & provide more notice when want to change in rules/regulations, signed by governor.
HB 1206: Renew Cold Case Task Force and add a Forensic Pathologist, signed by governor.
HB 1268: Medical Facility Inspections: moves inspections from the Dept. of Public Health to Fire Safety, signed by governor.
HB 1320: Rename GEO to Co. Office of Energy Dev. Remove unfunded, underutilized or duplicated programs & renew focus on all natural resources, lost.
HB 1326: Concerning Assistance to the Elderly with the Old Age Pension Fund (OAP), signed by governor.
SB 118: Repeals restrictions on hotels that require 25% of sales to be from food to maintain liquor license, signed by governor.
SB 134: Hospital Payment Assistance Program, awaiting signature by governor.Legislation co-sponsored:
HB 1088: Allowing the use of deadly force for protection in a business.
HB 1096: Extend Make-A-Wish foundation tax check off.
HB 1104: Colorado Cancer fund tax check off.
HB 1130: Creates criminal penalty First Degree murder of an unborn child.
HB 1149: Parents request action on Low-Performing Schools.
HJR 1003: Tuskegee Airmen Memorial Trail designation on I-70.
SJR 008: Support locating U.S. Patent & Trademark office in Colorado
HJR 1003: Call for a Federal Convention to repeal Federal Health Law.
2012 election
Acree faced Democrat John W. Buckner in the 2012 race for House District 40's legislative seat. The Aurora Sentinel declined to endorse either candidate, but did praise Acree saying she "has a strong understanding of medical issues, making her a solid asset in how best to implement the federal Affordable Care Act. She has proved herself to be dedicated listener and faithful advocate for those having to navigate the medical insurance industry."In the 2012 General Election, Democratic challenger Buckner defeated Acree by a margin of 56% to 44%.
References
External links
Campaign website
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
547
],
"text": [
"Cottey College"
]
}
|
Cindy Acree was a legislator in the U.S. state of Colorado. Elected to the Colorado House of Representatives as a Republican in 2008, Acree represented House District 40, which encompasses Elbert County and eastern Arapahoe County from 2008 to 2012.
Biography
Early life and education
Acree is a small business owner and mother of three. She is a business development consultant and was the owner of Protektmark LLC. She sold the company and now owns Cindy Acree Enterprises In 1977, Acree received an AA in Fine Arts and Political Science from Cottey College. She then attended Southern Methodist University, graduating with a BA in History, Political Science & Social Science Research. In 1988, she received a Masters of Science in Justice Administration from the University of Denver.
Health and advocacy
Acree had epilepsy for 15 years starting at the age of 21, then had a stroke at age 34, which was triggered by the surgery that corrected her epilepsy. She is now an advocate on behalf of all stroke survivors.
Legislative career
At the height of her legislative career, Acree served as the Vice-Chair for the Health & Environment and the Chair for the Legislative Audit Committee. She also sat on the Finance Committee. She served on the Behavioral Health Transformation Council and Oversight of Mental Health in the Prison subcommittee. In 2012, she was appointed to serve on the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) Human Services and Welfare Commission. Acree has held numerous government appointments including: President of the Aurora City Budget Committee; Director, Cherry Creek School District Facility Planning Committee and an appointment by Governor Bill Owens to the Cardiovascular Health Coalition. Acree has been endorsed by the National Rifle Association and was given the "Colorado Lawmaker Award" by the Denver Women's Commission and Colorado Women's Chamber of Commerce. The Colorado Farm Bureau designated Acree as a friend of Farm Bureau for her work in the 67th General Assembly. The Civil Justice League recognized her with the Common Sense in the Courtroom Award and she was endorsed by the National Federation of Independent Business.
2008 election
Acree was unopposed in the 2008 Republican primary. In the general election, she faced Democrat Karen Wilde. Acree's candidacy was endorsed by the Aurora Sentinel and the Denver Post. Acree won the election with 58% of the popular vote.Before being sworn into office, Acree was approached by several individuals with ties to the Colorado Chiropractic Association, all of whom pressed her to support David Balmer in House leadership elections. Acree filed a complaint, which prompted an ethics-investigation against Balmer. Balmer subsequently denied any wrongdoing, while one of the lobbyists involved, claimed ignorance of the applicable legislative rules The allegations against Balmer were eventually dropped due to lack of evidence.
2009 legislative session
A highlight of her first year in office was a piece of legislation that required an interim legislative committee to study health insurance portability.For the 2009 legislative session, Acree was named to seats on:
House Health and Human Services Committee
House Local Government Committee
Local Government CommitteeLegislation sponsored:
HB 1020: Expedited Process for Reenrollment in Publicly Funded Medical Programs, signed by governor.
HB 1102: Study Health Insurance Portability, signed by governor.
HJR 1026: Interim Committee To Address Home And Community Based Services Waivers Waiting List For Children With Developmental Disabilities, signed by Speaker of House.
SB 070: Clarify Workers' Compensation Procedures, signed by governor.
SB 079: Post-adoption Contact Birth Siblings, signed by governor.
SB 237: Grounds for Mandatory Expulsion, signed by governor.
2010 legislative session
Committee appointments:
Legislative Audit, Vice-Chair
House Health & Environment, Vice-Chair
House FinanceLegislation sponsored:
HB 1029: HBState Negotiated Prices Medical Goods, signed by governor.
HB10-1041: Universal Application Children's Medicaid, signed by governor.
HB10-1213: Individualized Plans Developmentally Disabled Walk List, signed by governor.
HB10-1255: Colorado Commission Deaf and Hard of Hearing, signed by governor.
SB10-053: Metro Sewer District Board of Directors Weighted Voting, signed by governor.
2010 election
After the 2010 Census, Acree was redistricted, into House District 40. In the general election, she defeated Libertarian James W. Phelps and Independent Pervaiz Kaiser.
2011 legislative session
Committee appointments:
Legislative Audit, Chair
House Health & Environment, Vice-Chair
House FinanceLegislation sponsored:
HB 1010: Incidental Use of Tax-exempt Property, signed by governor.
HB 1105: Hospital Worker Assault Protection, signed by governor.
HB 1110: Residential Nonprofit Corp Meetings Refunds, signed by governor.
HB 1149: Identity Verification of Lawful Presence, lost in House.
HB 1217: Expand Access Health Care, lost in House.
SB 082: OSA Security Audits IT Systems, signed by governor.
2012 legislative session
Committee appointments:
Legislative Audit, Chair
Health & Environment, Vice Chair
FinanceLegislation sponsored:
HB 1008: Require agencies to present regulatory agenda, define adequate stakeholder participation & provide more notice when want to change in rules/regulations, signed by governor.
HB 1206: Renew Cold Case Task Force and add a Forensic Pathologist, signed by governor.
HB 1268: Medical Facility Inspections: moves inspections from the Dept. of Public Health to Fire Safety, signed by governor.
HB 1320: Rename GEO to Co. Office of Energy Dev. Remove unfunded, underutilized or duplicated programs & renew focus on all natural resources, lost.
HB 1326: Concerning Assistance to the Elderly with the Old Age Pension Fund (OAP), signed by governor.
SB 118: Repeals restrictions on hotels that require 25% of sales to be from food to maintain liquor license, signed by governor.
SB 134: Hospital Payment Assistance Program, awaiting signature by governor.Legislation co-sponsored:
HB 1088: Allowing the use of deadly force for protection in a business.
HB 1096: Extend Make-A-Wish foundation tax check off.
HB 1104: Colorado Cancer fund tax check off.
HB 1130: Creates criminal penalty First Degree murder of an unborn child.
HB 1149: Parents request action on Low-Performing Schools.
HJR 1003: Tuskegee Airmen Memorial Trail designation on I-70.
SJR 008: Support locating U.S. Patent & Trademark office in Colorado
HJR 1003: Call for a Federal Convention to repeal Federal Health Law.
2012 election
Acree faced Democrat John W. Buckner in the 2012 race for House District 40's legislative seat. The Aurora Sentinel declined to endorse either candidate, but did praise Acree saying she "has a strong understanding of medical issues, making her a solid asset in how best to implement the federal Affordable Care Act. She has proved herself to be dedicated listener and faithful advocate for those having to navigate the medical insurance industry."In the 2012 General Election, Democratic challenger Buckner defeated Acree by a margin of 56% to 44%.
References
External links
Campaign website
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Acree"
]
}
|
Cindy Acree was a legislator in the U.S. state of Colorado. Elected to the Colorado House of Representatives as a Republican in 2008, Acree represented House District 40, which encompasses Elbert County and eastern Arapahoe County from 2008 to 2012.
Biography
Early life and education
Acree is a small business owner and mother of three. She is a business development consultant and was the owner of Protektmark LLC. She sold the company and now owns Cindy Acree Enterprises In 1977, Acree received an AA in Fine Arts and Political Science from Cottey College. She then attended Southern Methodist University, graduating with a BA in History, Political Science & Social Science Research. In 1988, she received a Masters of Science in Justice Administration from the University of Denver.
Health and advocacy
Acree had epilepsy for 15 years starting at the age of 21, then had a stroke at age 34, which was triggered by the surgery that corrected her epilepsy. She is now an advocate on behalf of all stroke survivors.
Legislative career
At the height of her legislative career, Acree served as the Vice-Chair for the Health & Environment and the Chair for the Legislative Audit Committee. She also sat on the Finance Committee. She served on the Behavioral Health Transformation Council and Oversight of Mental Health in the Prison subcommittee. In 2012, she was appointed to serve on the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) Human Services and Welfare Commission. Acree has held numerous government appointments including: President of the Aurora City Budget Committee; Director, Cherry Creek School District Facility Planning Committee and an appointment by Governor Bill Owens to the Cardiovascular Health Coalition. Acree has been endorsed by the National Rifle Association and was given the "Colorado Lawmaker Award" by the Denver Women's Commission and Colorado Women's Chamber of Commerce. The Colorado Farm Bureau designated Acree as a friend of Farm Bureau for her work in the 67th General Assembly. The Civil Justice League recognized her with the Common Sense in the Courtroom Award and she was endorsed by the National Federation of Independent Business.
2008 election
Acree was unopposed in the 2008 Republican primary. In the general election, she faced Democrat Karen Wilde. Acree's candidacy was endorsed by the Aurora Sentinel and the Denver Post. Acree won the election with 58% of the popular vote.Before being sworn into office, Acree was approached by several individuals with ties to the Colorado Chiropractic Association, all of whom pressed her to support David Balmer in House leadership elections. Acree filed a complaint, which prompted an ethics-investigation against Balmer. Balmer subsequently denied any wrongdoing, while one of the lobbyists involved, claimed ignorance of the applicable legislative rules The allegations against Balmer were eventually dropped due to lack of evidence.
2009 legislative session
A highlight of her first year in office was a piece of legislation that required an interim legislative committee to study health insurance portability.For the 2009 legislative session, Acree was named to seats on:
House Health and Human Services Committee
House Local Government Committee
Local Government CommitteeLegislation sponsored:
HB 1020: Expedited Process for Reenrollment in Publicly Funded Medical Programs, signed by governor.
HB 1102: Study Health Insurance Portability, signed by governor.
HJR 1026: Interim Committee To Address Home And Community Based Services Waivers Waiting List For Children With Developmental Disabilities, signed by Speaker of House.
SB 070: Clarify Workers' Compensation Procedures, signed by governor.
SB 079: Post-adoption Contact Birth Siblings, signed by governor.
SB 237: Grounds for Mandatory Expulsion, signed by governor.
2010 legislative session
Committee appointments:
Legislative Audit, Vice-Chair
House Health & Environment, Vice-Chair
House FinanceLegislation sponsored:
HB 1029: HBState Negotiated Prices Medical Goods, signed by governor.
HB10-1041: Universal Application Children's Medicaid, signed by governor.
HB10-1213: Individualized Plans Developmentally Disabled Walk List, signed by governor.
HB10-1255: Colorado Commission Deaf and Hard of Hearing, signed by governor.
SB10-053: Metro Sewer District Board of Directors Weighted Voting, signed by governor.
2010 election
After the 2010 Census, Acree was redistricted, into House District 40. In the general election, she defeated Libertarian James W. Phelps and Independent Pervaiz Kaiser.
2011 legislative session
Committee appointments:
Legislative Audit, Chair
House Health & Environment, Vice-Chair
House FinanceLegislation sponsored:
HB 1010: Incidental Use of Tax-exempt Property, signed by governor.
HB 1105: Hospital Worker Assault Protection, signed by governor.
HB 1110: Residential Nonprofit Corp Meetings Refunds, signed by governor.
HB 1149: Identity Verification of Lawful Presence, lost in House.
HB 1217: Expand Access Health Care, lost in House.
SB 082: OSA Security Audits IT Systems, signed by governor.
2012 legislative session
Committee appointments:
Legislative Audit, Chair
Health & Environment, Vice Chair
FinanceLegislation sponsored:
HB 1008: Require agencies to present regulatory agenda, define adequate stakeholder participation & provide more notice when want to change in rules/regulations, signed by governor.
HB 1206: Renew Cold Case Task Force and add a Forensic Pathologist, signed by governor.
HB 1268: Medical Facility Inspections: moves inspections from the Dept. of Public Health to Fire Safety, signed by governor.
HB 1320: Rename GEO to Co. Office of Energy Dev. Remove unfunded, underutilized or duplicated programs & renew focus on all natural resources, lost.
HB 1326: Concerning Assistance to the Elderly with the Old Age Pension Fund (OAP), signed by governor.
SB 118: Repeals restrictions on hotels that require 25% of sales to be from food to maintain liquor license, signed by governor.
SB 134: Hospital Payment Assistance Program, awaiting signature by governor.Legislation co-sponsored:
HB 1088: Allowing the use of deadly force for protection in a business.
HB 1096: Extend Make-A-Wish foundation tax check off.
HB 1104: Colorado Cancer fund tax check off.
HB 1130: Creates criminal penalty First Degree murder of an unborn child.
HB 1149: Parents request action on Low-Performing Schools.
HJR 1003: Tuskegee Airmen Memorial Trail designation on I-70.
SJR 008: Support locating U.S. Patent & Trademark office in Colorado
HJR 1003: Call for a Federal Convention to repeal Federal Health Law.
2012 election
Acree faced Democrat John W. Buckner in the 2012 race for House District 40's legislative seat. The Aurora Sentinel declined to endorse either candidate, but did praise Acree saying she "has a strong understanding of medical issues, making her a solid asset in how best to implement the federal Affordable Care Act. She has proved herself to be dedicated listener and faithful advocate for those having to navigate the medical insurance industry."In the 2012 General Election, Democratic challenger Buckner defeated Acree by a margin of 56% to 44%.
References
External links
Campaign website
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Cindy"
]
}
|
Cindy Acree was a legislator in the U.S. state of Colorado. Elected to the Colorado House of Representatives as a Republican in 2008, Acree represented House District 40, which encompasses Elbert County and eastern Arapahoe County from 2008 to 2012.
Biography
Early life and education
Acree is a small business owner and mother of three. She is a business development consultant and was the owner of Protektmark LLC. She sold the company and now owns Cindy Acree Enterprises In 1977, Acree received an AA in Fine Arts and Political Science from Cottey College. She then attended Southern Methodist University, graduating with a BA in History, Political Science & Social Science Research. In 1988, she received a Masters of Science in Justice Administration from the University of Denver.
Health and advocacy
Acree had epilepsy for 15 years starting at the age of 21, then had a stroke at age 34, which was triggered by the surgery that corrected her epilepsy. She is now an advocate on behalf of all stroke survivors.
Legislative career
At the height of her legislative career, Acree served as the Vice-Chair for the Health & Environment and the Chair for the Legislative Audit Committee. She also sat on the Finance Committee. She served on the Behavioral Health Transformation Council and Oversight of Mental Health in the Prison subcommittee. In 2012, she was appointed to serve on the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) Human Services and Welfare Commission. Acree has held numerous government appointments including: President of the Aurora City Budget Committee; Director, Cherry Creek School District Facility Planning Committee and an appointment by Governor Bill Owens to the Cardiovascular Health Coalition. Acree has been endorsed by the National Rifle Association and was given the "Colorado Lawmaker Award" by the Denver Women's Commission and Colorado Women's Chamber of Commerce. The Colorado Farm Bureau designated Acree as a friend of Farm Bureau for her work in the 67th General Assembly. The Civil Justice League recognized her with the Common Sense in the Courtroom Award and she was endorsed by the National Federation of Independent Business.
2008 election
Acree was unopposed in the 2008 Republican primary. In the general election, she faced Democrat Karen Wilde. Acree's candidacy was endorsed by the Aurora Sentinel and the Denver Post. Acree won the election with 58% of the popular vote.Before being sworn into office, Acree was approached by several individuals with ties to the Colorado Chiropractic Association, all of whom pressed her to support David Balmer in House leadership elections. Acree filed a complaint, which prompted an ethics-investigation against Balmer. Balmer subsequently denied any wrongdoing, while one of the lobbyists involved, claimed ignorance of the applicable legislative rules The allegations against Balmer were eventually dropped due to lack of evidence.
2009 legislative session
A highlight of her first year in office was a piece of legislation that required an interim legislative committee to study health insurance portability.For the 2009 legislative session, Acree was named to seats on:
House Health and Human Services Committee
House Local Government Committee
Local Government CommitteeLegislation sponsored:
HB 1020: Expedited Process for Reenrollment in Publicly Funded Medical Programs, signed by governor.
HB 1102: Study Health Insurance Portability, signed by governor.
HJR 1026: Interim Committee To Address Home And Community Based Services Waivers Waiting List For Children With Developmental Disabilities, signed by Speaker of House.
SB 070: Clarify Workers' Compensation Procedures, signed by governor.
SB 079: Post-adoption Contact Birth Siblings, signed by governor.
SB 237: Grounds for Mandatory Expulsion, signed by governor.
2010 legislative session
Committee appointments:
Legislative Audit, Vice-Chair
House Health & Environment, Vice-Chair
House FinanceLegislation sponsored:
HB 1029: HBState Negotiated Prices Medical Goods, signed by governor.
HB10-1041: Universal Application Children's Medicaid, signed by governor.
HB10-1213: Individualized Plans Developmentally Disabled Walk List, signed by governor.
HB10-1255: Colorado Commission Deaf and Hard of Hearing, signed by governor.
SB10-053: Metro Sewer District Board of Directors Weighted Voting, signed by governor.
2010 election
After the 2010 Census, Acree was redistricted, into House District 40. In the general election, she defeated Libertarian James W. Phelps and Independent Pervaiz Kaiser.
2011 legislative session
Committee appointments:
Legislative Audit, Chair
House Health & Environment, Vice-Chair
House FinanceLegislation sponsored:
HB 1010: Incidental Use of Tax-exempt Property, signed by governor.
HB 1105: Hospital Worker Assault Protection, signed by governor.
HB 1110: Residential Nonprofit Corp Meetings Refunds, signed by governor.
HB 1149: Identity Verification of Lawful Presence, lost in House.
HB 1217: Expand Access Health Care, lost in House.
SB 082: OSA Security Audits IT Systems, signed by governor.
2012 legislative session
Committee appointments:
Legislative Audit, Chair
Health & Environment, Vice Chair
FinanceLegislation sponsored:
HB 1008: Require agencies to present regulatory agenda, define adequate stakeholder participation & provide more notice when want to change in rules/regulations, signed by governor.
HB 1206: Renew Cold Case Task Force and add a Forensic Pathologist, signed by governor.
HB 1268: Medical Facility Inspections: moves inspections from the Dept. of Public Health to Fire Safety, signed by governor.
HB 1320: Rename GEO to Co. Office of Energy Dev. Remove unfunded, underutilized or duplicated programs & renew focus on all natural resources, lost.
HB 1326: Concerning Assistance to the Elderly with the Old Age Pension Fund (OAP), signed by governor.
SB 118: Repeals restrictions on hotels that require 25% of sales to be from food to maintain liquor license, signed by governor.
SB 134: Hospital Payment Assistance Program, awaiting signature by governor.Legislation co-sponsored:
HB 1088: Allowing the use of deadly force for protection in a business.
HB 1096: Extend Make-A-Wish foundation tax check off.
HB 1104: Colorado Cancer fund tax check off.
HB 1130: Creates criminal penalty First Degree murder of an unborn child.
HB 1149: Parents request action on Low-Performing Schools.
HJR 1003: Tuskegee Airmen Memorial Trail designation on I-70.
SJR 008: Support locating U.S. Patent & Trademark office in Colorado
HJR 1003: Call for a Federal Convention to repeal Federal Health Law.
2012 election
Acree faced Democrat John W. Buckner in the 2012 race for House District 40's legislative seat. The Aurora Sentinel declined to endorse either candidate, but did praise Acree saying she "has a strong understanding of medical issues, making her a solid asset in how best to implement the federal Affordable Care Act. She has proved herself to be dedicated listener and faithful advocate for those having to navigate the medical insurance industry."In the 2012 General Election, Democratic challenger Buckner defeated Acree by a margin of 56% to 44%.
References
External links
Campaign website
|
work location
|
{
"answer_start": [
783
],
"text": [
"Denver"
]
}
|
Cindy Acree was a legislator in the U.S. state of Colorado. Elected to the Colorado House of Representatives as a Republican in 2008, Acree represented House District 40, which encompasses Elbert County and eastern Arapahoe County from 2008 to 2012.
Biography
Early life and education
Acree is a small business owner and mother of three. She is a business development consultant and was the owner of Protektmark LLC. She sold the company and now owns Cindy Acree Enterprises In 1977, Acree received an AA in Fine Arts and Political Science from Cottey College. She then attended Southern Methodist University, graduating with a BA in History, Political Science & Social Science Research. In 1988, she received a Masters of Science in Justice Administration from the University of Denver.
Health and advocacy
Acree had epilepsy for 15 years starting at the age of 21, then had a stroke at age 34, which was triggered by the surgery that corrected her epilepsy. She is now an advocate on behalf of all stroke survivors.
Legislative career
At the height of her legislative career, Acree served as the Vice-Chair for the Health & Environment and the Chair for the Legislative Audit Committee. She also sat on the Finance Committee. She served on the Behavioral Health Transformation Council and Oversight of Mental Health in the Prison subcommittee. In 2012, she was appointed to serve on the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) Human Services and Welfare Commission. Acree has held numerous government appointments including: President of the Aurora City Budget Committee; Director, Cherry Creek School District Facility Planning Committee and an appointment by Governor Bill Owens to the Cardiovascular Health Coalition. Acree has been endorsed by the National Rifle Association and was given the "Colorado Lawmaker Award" by the Denver Women's Commission and Colorado Women's Chamber of Commerce. The Colorado Farm Bureau designated Acree as a friend of Farm Bureau for her work in the 67th General Assembly. The Civil Justice League recognized her with the Common Sense in the Courtroom Award and she was endorsed by the National Federation of Independent Business.
2008 election
Acree was unopposed in the 2008 Republican primary. In the general election, she faced Democrat Karen Wilde. Acree's candidacy was endorsed by the Aurora Sentinel and the Denver Post. Acree won the election with 58% of the popular vote.Before being sworn into office, Acree was approached by several individuals with ties to the Colorado Chiropractic Association, all of whom pressed her to support David Balmer in House leadership elections. Acree filed a complaint, which prompted an ethics-investigation against Balmer. Balmer subsequently denied any wrongdoing, while one of the lobbyists involved, claimed ignorance of the applicable legislative rules The allegations against Balmer were eventually dropped due to lack of evidence.
2009 legislative session
A highlight of her first year in office was a piece of legislation that required an interim legislative committee to study health insurance portability.For the 2009 legislative session, Acree was named to seats on:
House Health and Human Services Committee
House Local Government Committee
Local Government CommitteeLegislation sponsored:
HB 1020: Expedited Process for Reenrollment in Publicly Funded Medical Programs, signed by governor.
HB 1102: Study Health Insurance Portability, signed by governor.
HJR 1026: Interim Committee To Address Home And Community Based Services Waivers Waiting List For Children With Developmental Disabilities, signed by Speaker of House.
SB 070: Clarify Workers' Compensation Procedures, signed by governor.
SB 079: Post-adoption Contact Birth Siblings, signed by governor.
SB 237: Grounds for Mandatory Expulsion, signed by governor.
2010 legislative session
Committee appointments:
Legislative Audit, Vice-Chair
House Health & Environment, Vice-Chair
House FinanceLegislation sponsored:
HB 1029: HBState Negotiated Prices Medical Goods, signed by governor.
HB10-1041: Universal Application Children's Medicaid, signed by governor.
HB10-1213: Individualized Plans Developmentally Disabled Walk List, signed by governor.
HB10-1255: Colorado Commission Deaf and Hard of Hearing, signed by governor.
SB10-053: Metro Sewer District Board of Directors Weighted Voting, signed by governor.
2010 election
After the 2010 Census, Acree was redistricted, into House District 40. In the general election, she defeated Libertarian James W. Phelps and Independent Pervaiz Kaiser.
2011 legislative session
Committee appointments:
Legislative Audit, Chair
House Health & Environment, Vice-Chair
House FinanceLegislation sponsored:
HB 1010: Incidental Use of Tax-exempt Property, signed by governor.
HB 1105: Hospital Worker Assault Protection, signed by governor.
HB 1110: Residential Nonprofit Corp Meetings Refunds, signed by governor.
HB 1149: Identity Verification of Lawful Presence, lost in House.
HB 1217: Expand Access Health Care, lost in House.
SB 082: OSA Security Audits IT Systems, signed by governor.
2012 legislative session
Committee appointments:
Legislative Audit, Chair
Health & Environment, Vice Chair
FinanceLegislation sponsored:
HB 1008: Require agencies to present regulatory agenda, define adequate stakeholder participation & provide more notice when want to change in rules/regulations, signed by governor.
HB 1206: Renew Cold Case Task Force and add a Forensic Pathologist, signed by governor.
HB 1268: Medical Facility Inspections: moves inspections from the Dept. of Public Health to Fire Safety, signed by governor.
HB 1320: Rename GEO to Co. Office of Energy Dev. Remove unfunded, underutilized or duplicated programs & renew focus on all natural resources, lost.
HB 1326: Concerning Assistance to the Elderly with the Old Age Pension Fund (OAP), signed by governor.
SB 118: Repeals restrictions on hotels that require 25% of sales to be from food to maintain liquor license, signed by governor.
SB 134: Hospital Payment Assistance Program, awaiting signature by governor.Legislation co-sponsored:
HB 1088: Allowing the use of deadly force for protection in a business.
HB 1096: Extend Make-A-Wish foundation tax check off.
HB 1104: Colorado Cancer fund tax check off.
HB 1130: Creates criminal penalty First Degree murder of an unborn child.
HB 1149: Parents request action on Low-Performing Schools.
HJR 1003: Tuskegee Airmen Memorial Trail designation on I-70.
SJR 008: Support locating U.S. Patent & Trademark office in Colorado
HJR 1003: Call for a Federal Convention to repeal Federal Health Law.
2012 election
Acree faced Democrat John W. Buckner in the 2012 race for House District 40's legislative seat. The Aurora Sentinel declined to endorse either candidate, but did praise Acree saying she "has a strong understanding of medical issues, making her a solid asset in how best to implement the federal Affordable Care Act. She has proved herself to be dedicated listener and faithful advocate for those having to navigate the medical insurance industry."In the 2012 General Election, Democratic challenger Buckner defeated Acree by a margin of 56% to 44%.
References
External links
Campaign website
|
name in native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Cindy Acree"
]
}
|
Year 910 (CMX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
June 12 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis IV (the Child), using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. Count Gausbert, the actual commander of the East Frankish army (because Louis IV is only 16 years old at this time), is killed in the battle.
June 22 – Battle of Rednitz: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine). After the battle Louis IV, together with the East Frankish duchies Franconia, Lotharingia, Bavaria and Saxony, agrees to pay tribute to the Hungarian state.
Summer – King Alfonso III of Asturias is forced to abdicate the throne and partitions the kingdom among his three sons. The eldest son, García I, becomes king of León. The second son, Ordoño II, reigns in Galicia, while the third, Fruela II, receives Asturias with Oviedo as his capital.
Britain
August 5 – Battle of Tettenhall: King Edward the Elder attacks the joint-Kings Eowils and Halfdan of Norse York. All three Viking monarchs are killed in battle (one chronicle mentions a third brother) and the Viking army is decisively defeated by allied forces of Mercia and Wessex. The co-Kings are succeeded by Ragnall ua Ímair.
By topic
Religion
William I (the Pious) of Aquitaine, donates land in Burgundy for the building of a Benedictine monastery dedicated to the saints Peter and Paul. Hence the Abbey of Cluny, becomes the largest in the West. In the foundation charter, William renounces all rights to the monastery and nominates Berno as the first abbot of Cluny (Eastern France). He places the monastery directly under the control of the Papal See.
Gabriel I becomes Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Alexandria (Egypt).
Births
Adalbert, archbishop of Magdeburg (approximate date)
Eadgyth, Anglo-Saxon princess and queen of Germany (d. 946)
Fernán González, count of Castile (approximate date)
Fujiwara no Asatada, Japanese nobleman (d. 966)
Gamle Eirikssen, Norwegian Viking ruler (d. 955)
Gunnhild, Norwegian Viking queen (approximate date)
Hedwig of Saxony, Frankish noblewoman and regent (d. 965)
Helena Lekapene, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
Herbert III, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
John XI, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 935)
Ma Yize, Muslim astronomer (approximate date)
Minamoto no Saneakira, Japanese nobleman (d. 970)
Nilus the Younger, Byzantine abbot (d. 1005)
Oda of Metz, German noblewoman (d. 963)
Sahl ben Matzliah, Jewish philosopher (d. 990)
Yan Xu, Chinese chancellor (d. 967)
Deaths
January 26 – Luo Yin, Chinese statesman and poet
June 2 – Richilde of Provence, Frankish empress
June 22
Gebhard, Frankish nobleman
Gerhard I, Frankish nobleman
July 4 – Luo Shaowei, Chinese warlord (b. 877)
July 31 – Feng Xingxi, Chinese warlord
August 5
Eowils and Halfdan, kings of Northumbria
Ingwær, king of Northumbria
December 20 – Alfonso III, king of Asturias
December 23 – Naum of Preslav, Bulgarian writer
Adelin, bishop of Séez (approximate date)
Andronikos Doukas, Byzantine general (approximate date)
Atenulf I (the Great), Lombard prince
Eustathios Argyros, Byzantine general
Isa al-Nushari, Abbasid governor
Ishaq ibn Hunayn, Abbasid physician (or 911)
Junayd Baghdadi, Persian Sufi mystic (b. 835)
Liu Shouwen, Chinese warlord and governor
Lu Guangchou, Chinese warlord
Mahendrapala I, king of Gurjara-Pratihara (India)
Muhammad ibn Tahir, Abbasid governor
Muncimir, duke (knyaz) of Croatia
Sosei, Japanese waka poet (b. 844)
Wei Zhuang, Chinese poet (b. 836)
Yasovarman I, ruler of the Angkor Empire
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"year"
]
}
|
Year 910 (CMX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
June 12 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis IV (the Child), using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. Count Gausbert, the actual commander of the East Frankish army (because Louis IV is only 16 years old at this time), is killed in the battle.
June 22 – Battle of Rednitz: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine). After the battle Louis IV, together with the East Frankish duchies Franconia, Lotharingia, Bavaria and Saxony, agrees to pay tribute to the Hungarian state.
Summer – King Alfonso III of Asturias is forced to abdicate the throne and partitions the kingdom among his three sons. The eldest son, García I, becomes king of León. The second son, Ordoño II, reigns in Galicia, while the third, Fruela II, receives Asturias with Oviedo as his capital.
Britain
August 5 – Battle of Tettenhall: King Edward the Elder attacks the joint-Kings Eowils and Halfdan of Norse York. All three Viking monarchs are killed in battle (one chronicle mentions a third brother) and the Viking army is decisively defeated by allied forces of Mercia and Wessex. The co-Kings are succeeded by Ragnall ua Ímair.
By topic
Religion
William I (the Pious) of Aquitaine, donates land in Burgundy for the building of a Benedictine monastery dedicated to the saints Peter and Paul. Hence the Abbey of Cluny, becomes the largest in the West. In the foundation charter, William renounces all rights to the monastery and nominates Berno as the first abbot of Cluny (Eastern France). He places the monastery directly under the control of the Papal See.
Gabriel I becomes Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Alexandria (Egypt).
Births
Adalbert, archbishop of Magdeburg (approximate date)
Eadgyth, Anglo-Saxon princess and queen of Germany (d. 946)
Fernán González, count of Castile (approximate date)
Fujiwara no Asatada, Japanese nobleman (d. 966)
Gamle Eirikssen, Norwegian Viking ruler (d. 955)
Gunnhild, Norwegian Viking queen (approximate date)
Hedwig of Saxony, Frankish noblewoman and regent (d. 965)
Helena Lekapene, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
Herbert III, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
John XI, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 935)
Ma Yize, Muslim astronomer (approximate date)
Minamoto no Saneakira, Japanese nobleman (d. 970)
Nilus the Younger, Byzantine abbot (d. 1005)
Oda of Metz, German noblewoman (d. 963)
Sahl ben Matzliah, Jewish philosopher (d. 990)
Yan Xu, Chinese chancellor (d. 967)
Deaths
January 26 – Luo Yin, Chinese statesman and poet
June 2 – Richilde of Provence, Frankish empress
June 22
Gebhard, Frankish nobleman
Gerhard I, Frankish nobleman
July 4 – Luo Shaowei, Chinese warlord (b. 877)
July 31 – Feng Xingxi, Chinese warlord
August 5
Eowils and Halfdan, kings of Northumbria
Ingwær, king of Northumbria
December 20 – Alfonso III, king of Asturias
December 23 – Naum of Preslav, Bulgarian writer
Adelin, bishop of Séez (approximate date)
Andronikos Doukas, Byzantine general (approximate date)
Atenulf I (the Great), Lombard prince
Eustathios Argyros, Byzantine general
Isa al-Nushari, Abbasid governor
Ishaq ibn Hunayn, Abbasid physician (or 911)
Junayd Baghdadi, Persian Sufi mystic (b. 835)
Liu Shouwen, Chinese warlord and governor
Lu Guangchou, Chinese warlord
Mahendrapala I, king of Gurjara-Pratihara (India)
Muhammad ibn Tahir, Abbasid governor
Muncimir, duke (knyaz) of Croatia
Sosei, Japanese waka poet (b. 844)
Wei Zhuang, Chinese poet (b. 836)
Yasovarman I, ruler of the Angkor Empire
== References ==
|
followed by
|
{
"answer_start": [
3370
],
"text": [
"911"
]
}
|
Year 910 (CMX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
June 12 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis IV (the Child), using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. Count Gausbert, the actual commander of the East Frankish army (because Louis IV is only 16 years old at this time), is killed in the battle.
June 22 – Battle of Rednitz: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine). After the battle Louis IV, together with the East Frankish duchies Franconia, Lotharingia, Bavaria and Saxony, agrees to pay tribute to the Hungarian state.
Summer – King Alfonso III of Asturias is forced to abdicate the throne and partitions the kingdom among his three sons. The eldest son, García I, becomes king of León. The second son, Ordoño II, reigns in Galicia, while the third, Fruela II, receives Asturias with Oviedo as his capital.
Britain
August 5 – Battle of Tettenhall: King Edward the Elder attacks the joint-Kings Eowils and Halfdan of Norse York. All three Viking monarchs are killed in battle (one chronicle mentions a third brother) and the Viking army is decisively defeated by allied forces of Mercia and Wessex. The co-Kings are succeeded by Ragnall ua Ímair.
By topic
Religion
William I (the Pious) of Aquitaine, donates land in Burgundy for the building of a Benedictine monastery dedicated to the saints Peter and Paul. Hence the Abbey of Cluny, becomes the largest in the West. In the foundation charter, William renounces all rights to the monastery and nominates Berno as the first abbot of Cluny (Eastern France). He places the monastery directly under the control of the Papal See.
Gabriel I becomes Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Alexandria (Egypt).
Births
Adalbert, archbishop of Magdeburg (approximate date)
Eadgyth, Anglo-Saxon princess and queen of Germany (d. 946)
Fernán González, count of Castile (approximate date)
Fujiwara no Asatada, Japanese nobleman (d. 966)
Gamle Eirikssen, Norwegian Viking ruler (d. 955)
Gunnhild, Norwegian Viking queen (approximate date)
Hedwig of Saxony, Frankish noblewoman and regent (d. 965)
Helena Lekapene, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
Herbert III, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
John XI, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 935)
Ma Yize, Muslim astronomer (approximate date)
Minamoto no Saneakira, Japanese nobleman (d. 970)
Nilus the Younger, Byzantine abbot (d. 1005)
Oda of Metz, German noblewoman (d. 963)
Sahl ben Matzliah, Jewish philosopher (d. 990)
Yan Xu, Chinese chancellor (d. 967)
Deaths
January 26 – Luo Yin, Chinese statesman and poet
June 2 – Richilde of Provence, Frankish empress
June 22
Gebhard, Frankish nobleman
Gerhard I, Frankish nobleman
July 4 – Luo Shaowei, Chinese warlord (b. 877)
July 31 – Feng Xingxi, Chinese warlord
August 5
Eowils and Halfdan, kings of Northumbria
Ingwær, king of Northumbria
December 20 – Alfonso III, king of Asturias
December 23 – Naum of Preslav, Bulgarian writer
Adelin, bishop of Séez (approximate date)
Andronikos Doukas, Byzantine general (approximate date)
Atenulf I (the Great), Lombard prince
Eustathios Argyros, Byzantine general
Isa al-Nushari, Abbasid governor
Ishaq ibn Hunayn, Abbasid physician (or 911)
Junayd Baghdadi, Persian Sufi mystic (b. 835)
Liu Shouwen, Chinese warlord and governor
Lu Guangchou, Chinese warlord
Mahendrapala I, king of Gurjara-Pratihara (India)
Muhammad ibn Tahir, Abbasid governor
Muncimir, duke (knyaz) of Croatia
Sosei, Japanese waka poet (b. 844)
Wei Zhuang, Chinese poet (b. 836)
Yasovarman I, ruler of the Angkor Empire
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"910"
]
}
|
Year 910 (CMX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
June 12 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis IV (the Child), using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. Count Gausbert, the actual commander of the East Frankish army (because Louis IV is only 16 years old at this time), is killed in the battle.
June 22 – Battle of Rednitz: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine). After the battle Louis IV, together with the East Frankish duchies Franconia, Lotharingia, Bavaria and Saxony, agrees to pay tribute to the Hungarian state.
Summer – King Alfonso III of Asturias is forced to abdicate the throne and partitions the kingdom among his three sons. The eldest son, García I, becomes king of León. The second son, Ordoño II, reigns in Galicia, while the third, Fruela II, receives Asturias with Oviedo as his capital.
Britain
August 5 – Battle of Tettenhall: King Edward the Elder attacks the joint-Kings Eowils and Halfdan of Norse York. All three Viking monarchs are killed in battle (one chronicle mentions a third brother) and the Viking army is decisively defeated by allied forces of Mercia and Wessex. The co-Kings are succeeded by Ragnall ua Ímair.
By topic
Religion
William I (the Pious) of Aquitaine, donates land in Burgundy for the building of a Benedictine monastery dedicated to the saints Peter and Paul. Hence the Abbey of Cluny, becomes the largest in the West. In the foundation charter, William renounces all rights to the monastery and nominates Berno as the first abbot of Cluny (Eastern France). He places the monastery directly under the control of the Papal See.
Gabriel I becomes Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Alexandria (Egypt).
Births
Adalbert, archbishop of Magdeburg (approximate date)
Eadgyth, Anglo-Saxon princess and queen of Germany (d. 946)
Fernán González, count of Castile (approximate date)
Fujiwara no Asatada, Japanese nobleman (d. 966)
Gamle Eirikssen, Norwegian Viking ruler (d. 955)
Gunnhild, Norwegian Viking queen (approximate date)
Hedwig of Saxony, Frankish noblewoman and regent (d. 965)
Helena Lekapene, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
Herbert III, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
John XI, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 935)
Ma Yize, Muslim astronomer (approximate date)
Minamoto no Saneakira, Japanese nobleman (d. 970)
Nilus the Younger, Byzantine abbot (d. 1005)
Oda of Metz, German noblewoman (d. 963)
Sahl ben Matzliah, Jewish philosopher (d. 990)
Yan Xu, Chinese chancellor (d. 967)
Deaths
January 26 – Luo Yin, Chinese statesman and poet
June 2 – Richilde of Provence, Frankish empress
June 22
Gebhard, Frankish nobleman
Gerhard I, Frankish nobleman
July 4 – Luo Shaowei, Chinese warlord (b. 877)
July 31 – Feng Xingxi, Chinese warlord
August 5
Eowils and Halfdan, kings of Northumbria
Ingwær, king of Northumbria
December 20 – Alfonso III, king of Asturias
December 23 – Naum of Preslav, Bulgarian writer
Adelin, bishop of Séez (approximate date)
Andronikos Doukas, Byzantine general (approximate date)
Atenulf I (the Great), Lombard prince
Eustathios Argyros, Byzantine general
Isa al-Nushari, Abbasid governor
Ishaq ibn Hunayn, Abbasid physician (or 911)
Junayd Baghdadi, Persian Sufi mystic (b. 835)
Liu Shouwen, Chinese warlord and governor
Lu Guangchou, Chinese warlord
Mahendrapala I, king of Gurjara-Pratihara (India)
Muhammad ibn Tahir, Abbasid governor
Muncimir, duke (knyaz) of Croatia
Sosei, Japanese waka poet (b. 844)
Wei Zhuang, Chinese poet (b. 836)
Yasovarman I, ruler of the Angkor Empire
== References ==
|
numeric value
|
{
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"910"
]
}
|
Year 910 (CMX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
June 12 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis IV (the Child), using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. Count Gausbert, the actual commander of the East Frankish army (because Louis IV is only 16 years old at this time), is killed in the battle.
June 22 – Battle of Rednitz: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine). After the battle Louis IV, together with the East Frankish duchies Franconia, Lotharingia, Bavaria and Saxony, agrees to pay tribute to the Hungarian state.
Summer – King Alfonso III of Asturias is forced to abdicate the throne and partitions the kingdom among his three sons. The eldest son, García I, becomes king of León. The second son, Ordoño II, reigns in Galicia, while the third, Fruela II, receives Asturias with Oviedo as his capital.
Britain
August 5 – Battle of Tettenhall: King Edward the Elder attacks the joint-Kings Eowils and Halfdan of Norse York. All three Viking monarchs are killed in battle (one chronicle mentions a third brother) and the Viking army is decisively defeated by allied forces of Mercia and Wessex. The co-Kings are succeeded by Ragnall ua Ímair.
By topic
Religion
William I (the Pious) of Aquitaine, donates land in Burgundy for the building of a Benedictine monastery dedicated to the saints Peter and Paul. Hence the Abbey of Cluny, becomes the largest in the West. In the foundation charter, William renounces all rights to the monastery and nominates Berno as the first abbot of Cluny (Eastern France). He places the monastery directly under the control of the Papal See.
Gabriel I becomes Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Alexandria (Egypt).
Births
Adalbert, archbishop of Magdeburg (approximate date)
Eadgyth, Anglo-Saxon princess and queen of Germany (d. 946)
Fernán González, count of Castile (approximate date)
Fujiwara no Asatada, Japanese nobleman (d. 966)
Gamle Eirikssen, Norwegian Viking ruler (d. 955)
Gunnhild, Norwegian Viking queen (approximate date)
Hedwig of Saxony, Frankish noblewoman and regent (d. 965)
Helena Lekapene, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
Herbert III, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
John XI, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 935)
Ma Yize, Muslim astronomer (approximate date)
Minamoto no Saneakira, Japanese nobleman (d. 970)
Nilus the Younger, Byzantine abbot (d. 1005)
Oda of Metz, German noblewoman (d. 963)
Sahl ben Matzliah, Jewish philosopher (d. 990)
Yan Xu, Chinese chancellor (d. 967)
Deaths
January 26 – Luo Yin, Chinese statesman and poet
June 2 – Richilde of Provence, Frankish empress
June 22
Gebhard, Frankish nobleman
Gerhard I, Frankish nobleman
July 4 – Luo Shaowei, Chinese warlord (b. 877)
July 31 – Feng Xingxi, Chinese warlord
August 5
Eowils and Halfdan, kings of Northumbria
Ingwær, king of Northumbria
December 20 – Alfonso III, king of Asturias
December 23 – Naum of Preslav, Bulgarian writer
Adelin, bishop of Séez (approximate date)
Andronikos Doukas, Byzantine general (approximate date)
Atenulf I (the Great), Lombard prince
Eustathios Argyros, Byzantine general
Isa al-Nushari, Abbasid governor
Ishaq ibn Hunayn, Abbasid physician (or 911)
Junayd Baghdadi, Persian Sufi mystic (b. 835)
Liu Shouwen, Chinese warlord and governor
Lu Guangchou, Chinese warlord
Mahendrapala I, king of Gurjara-Pratihara (India)
Muhammad ibn Tahir, Abbasid governor
Muncimir, duke (knyaz) of Croatia
Sosei, Japanese waka poet (b. 844)
Wei Zhuang, Chinese poet (b. 836)
Yasovarman I, ruler of the Angkor Empire
== References ==
|
code
|
{
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"CMX"
]
}
|
Year 910 (CMX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
June 12 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis IV (the Child), using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. Count Gausbert, the actual commander of the East Frankish army (because Louis IV is only 16 years old at this time), is killed in the battle.
June 22 – Battle of Rednitz: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine). After the battle Louis IV, together with the East Frankish duchies Franconia, Lotharingia, Bavaria and Saxony, agrees to pay tribute to the Hungarian state.
Summer – King Alfonso III of Asturias is forced to abdicate the throne and partitions the kingdom among his three sons. The eldest son, García I, becomes king of León. The second son, Ordoño II, reigns in Galicia, while the third, Fruela II, receives Asturias with Oviedo as his capital.
Britain
August 5 – Battle of Tettenhall: King Edward the Elder attacks the joint-Kings Eowils and Halfdan of Norse York. All three Viking monarchs are killed in battle (one chronicle mentions a third brother) and the Viking army is decisively defeated by allied forces of Mercia and Wessex. The co-Kings are succeeded by Ragnall ua Ímair.
By topic
Religion
William I (the Pious) of Aquitaine, donates land in Burgundy for the building of a Benedictine monastery dedicated to the saints Peter and Paul. Hence the Abbey of Cluny, becomes the largest in the West. In the foundation charter, William renounces all rights to the monastery and nominates Berno as the first abbot of Cluny (Eastern France). He places the monastery directly under the control of the Papal See.
Gabriel I becomes Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Alexandria (Egypt).
Births
Adalbert, archbishop of Magdeburg (approximate date)
Eadgyth, Anglo-Saxon princess and queen of Germany (d. 946)
Fernán González, count of Castile (approximate date)
Fujiwara no Asatada, Japanese nobleman (d. 966)
Gamle Eirikssen, Norwegian Viking ruler (d. 955)
Gunnhild, Norwegian Viking queen (approximate date)
Hedwig of Saxony, Frankish noblewoman and regent (d. 965)
Helena Lekapene, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
Herbert III, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
John XI, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 935)
Ma Yize, Muslim astronomer (approximate date)
Minamoto no Saneakira, Japanese nobleman (d. 970)
Nilus the Younger, Byzantine abbot (d. 1005)
Oda of Metz, German noblewoman (d. 963)
Sahl ben Matzliah, Jewish philosopher (d. 990)
Yan Xu, Chinese chancellor (d. 967)
Deaths
January 26 – Luo Yin, Chinese statesman and poet
June 2 – Richilde of Provence, Frankish empress
June 22
Gebhard, Frankish nobleman
Gerhard I, Frankish nobleman
July 4 – Luo Shaowei, Chinese warlord (b. 877)
July 31 – Feng Xingxi, Chinese warlord
August 5
Eowils and Halfdan, kings of Northumbria
Ingwær, king of Northumbria
December 20 – Alfonso III, king of Asturias
December 23 – Naum of Preslav, Bulgarian writer
Adelin, bishop of Séez (approximate date)
Andronikos Doukas, Byzantine general (approximate date)
Atenulf I (the Great), Lombard prince
Eustathios Argyros, Byzantine general
Isa al-Nushari, Abbasid governor
Ishaq ibn Hunayn, Abbasid physician (or 911)
Junayd Baghdadi, Persian Sufi mystic (b. 835)
Liu Shouwen, Chinese warlord and governor
Lu Guangchou, Chinese warlord
Mahendrapala I, king of Gurjara-Pratihara (India)
Muhammad ibn Tahir, Abbasid governor
Muncimir, duke (knyaz) of Croatia
Sosei, Japanese waka poet (b. 844)
Wei Zhuang, Chinese poet (b. 836)
Yasovarman I, ruler of the Angkor Empire
== References ==
|
KIT Linked Open Numbers ID
|
{
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"910"
]
}
|
Year 910 (CMX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
June 12 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis IV (the Child), using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. Count Gausbert, the actual commander of the East Frankish army (because Louis IV is only 16 years old at this time), is killed in the battle.
June 22 – Battle of Rednitz: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine). After the battle Louis IV, together with the East Frankish duchies Franconia, Lotharingia, Bavaria and Saxony, agrees to pay tribute to the Hungarian state.
Summer – King Alfonso III of Asturias is forced to abdicate the throne and partitions the kingdom among his three sons. The eldest son, García I, becomes king of León. The second son, Ordoño II, reigns in Galicia, while the third, Fruela II, receives Asturias with Oviedo as his capital.
Britain
August 5 – Battle of Tettenhall: King Edward the Elder attacks the joint-Kings Eowils and Halfdan of Norse York. All three Viking monarchs are killed in battle (one chronicle mentions a third brother) and the Viking army is decisively defeated by allied forces of Mercia and Wessex. The co-Kings are succeeded by Ragnall ua Ímair.
By topic
Religion
William I (the Pious) of Aquitaine, donates land in Burgundy for the building of a Benedictine monastery dedicated to the saints Peter and Paul. Hence the Abbey of Cluny, becomes the largest in the West. In the foundation charter, William renounces all rights to the monastery and nominates Berno as the first abbot of Cluny (Eastern France). He places the monastery directly under the control of the Papal See.
Gabriel I becomes Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Alexandria (Egypt).
Births
Adalbert, archbishop of Magdeburg (approximate date)
Eadgyth, Anglo-Saxon princess and queen of Germany (d. 946)
Fernán González, count of Castile (approximate date)
Fujiwara no Asatada, Japanese nobleman (d. 966)
Gamle Eirikssen, Norwegian Viking ruler (d. 955)
Gunnhild, Norwegian Viking queen (approximate date)
Hedwig of Saxony, Frankish noblewoman and regent (d. 965)
Helena Lekapene, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
Herbert III, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
John XI, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 935)
Ma Yize, Muslim astronomer (approximate date)
Minamoto no Saneakira, Japanese nobleman (d. 970)
Nilus the Younger, Byzantine abbot (d. 1005)
Oda of Metz, German noblewoman (d. 963)
Sahl ben Matzliah, Jewish philosopher (d. 990)
Yan Xu, Chinese chancellor (d. 967)
Deaths
January 26 – Luo Yin, Chinese statesman and poet
June 2 – Richilde of Provence, Frankish empress
June 22
Gebhard, Frankish nobleman
Gerhard I, Frankish nobleman
July 4 – Luo Shaowei, Chinese warlord (b. 877)
July 31 – Feng Xingxi, Chinese warlord
August 5
Eowils and Halfdan, kings of Northumbria
Ingwær, king of Northumbria
December 20 – Alfonso III, king of Asturias
December 23 – Naum of Preslav, Bulgarian writer
Adelin, bishop of Séez (approximate date)
Andronikos Doukas, Byzantine general (approximate date)
Atenulf I (the Great), Lombard prince
Eustathios Argyros, Byzantine general
Isa al-Nushari, Abbasid governor
Ishaq ibn Hunayn, Abbasid physician (or 911)
Junayd Baghdadi, Persian Sufi mystic (b. 835)
Liu Shouwen, Chinese warlord and governor
Lu Guangchou, Chinese warlord
Mahendrapala I, king of Gurjara-Pratihara (India)
Muhammad ibn Tahir, Abbasid governor
Muncimir, duke (knyaz) of Croatia
Sosei, Japanese waka poet (b. 844)
Wei Zhuang, Chinese poet (b. 836)
Yasovarman I, ruler of the Angkor Empire
== References ==
|
prime factor
|
{
"answer_start": [
144
],
"text": [
"2"
]
}
|
Year 910 (CMX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
June 12 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis IV (the Child), using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. Count Gausbert, the actual commander of the East Frankish army (because Louis IV is only 16 years old at this time), is killed in the battle.
June 22 – Battle of Rednitz: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine). After the battle Louis IV, together with the East Frankish duchies Franconia, Lotharingia, Bavaria and Saxony, agrees to pay tribute to the Hungarian state.
Summer – King Alfonso III of Asturias is forced to abdicate the throne and partitions the kingdom among his three sons. The eldest son, García I, becomes king of León. The second son, Ordoño II, reigns in Galicia, while the third, Fruela II, receives Asturias with Oviedo as his capital.
Britain
August 5 – Battle of Tettenhall: King Edward the Elder attacks the joint-Kings Eowils and Halfdan of Norse York. All three Viking monarchs are killed in battle (one chronicle mentions a third brother) and the Viking army is decisively defeated by allied forces of Mercia and Wessex. The co-Kings are succeeded by Ragnall ua Ímair.
By topic
Religion
William I (the Pious) of Aquitaine, donates land in Burgundy for the building of a Benedictine monastery dedicated to the saints Peter and Paul. Hence the Abbey of Cluny, becomes the largest in the West. In the foundation charter, William renounces all rights to the monastery and nominates Berno as the first abbot of Cluny (Eastern France). He places the monastery directly under the control of the Papal See.
Gabriel I becomes Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Alexandria (Egypt).
Births
Adalbert, archbishop of Magdeburg (approximate date)
Eadgyth, Anglo-Saxon princess and queen of Germany (d. 946)
Fernán González, count of Castile (approximate date)
Fujiwara no Asatada, Japanese nobleman (d. 966)
Gamle Eirikssen, Norwegian Viking ruler (d. 955)
Gunnhild, Norwegian Viking queen (approximate date)
Hedwig of Saxony, Frankish noblewoman and regent (d. 965)
Helena Lekapene, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
Herbert III, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
John XI, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 935)
Ma Yize, Muslim astronomer (approximate date)
Minamoto no Saneakira, Japanese nobleman (d. 970)
Nilus the Younger, Byzantine abbot (d. 1005)
Oda of Metz, German noblewoman (d. 963)
Sahl ben Matzliah, Jewish philosopher (d. 990)
Yan Xu, Chinese chancellor (d. 967)
Deaths
January 26 – Luo Yin, Chinese statesman and poet
June 2 – Richilde of Provence, Frankish empress
June 22
Gebhard, Frankish nobleman
Gerhard I, Frankish nobleman
July 4 – Luo Shaowei, Chinese warlord (b. 877)
July 31 – Feng Xingxi, Chinese warlord
August 5
Eowils and Halfdan, kings of Northumbria
Ingwær, king of Northumbria
December 20 – Alfonso III, king of Asturias
December 23 – Naum of Preslav, Bulgarian writer
Adelin, bishop of Séez (approximate date)
Andronikos Doukas, Byzantine general (approximate date)
Atenulf I (the Great), Lombard prince
Eustathios Argyros, Byzantine general
Isa al-Nushari, Abbasid governor
Ishaq ibn Hunayn, Abbasid physician (or 911)
Junayd Baghdadi, Persian Sufi mystic (b. 835)
Liu Shouwen, Chinese warlord and governor
Lu Guangchou, Chinese warlord
Mahendrapala I, king of Gurjara-Pratihara (India)
Muhammad ibn Tahir, Abbasid governor
Muncimir, duke (knyaz) of Croatia
Sosei, Japanese waka poet (b. 844)
Wei Zhuang, Chinese poet (b. 836)
Yasovarman I, ruler of the Angkor Empire
== References ==
|
number of decimal digits
|
{
"answer_start": [
2430
],
"text": [
"3"
]
}
|
Buhlenberg is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Birkenfeld, whose seat is in the like-named town.
Geography
Location
The municipality lies three kilometres northwest of the district seat of Birkenfeld in the Schwarzwälder Hochwald (forest) in the Hunsrück, on the edge of the Naturpark Saar-Hunsrück near the Erbeskopf, Rhineland-Palatinate's highest mountain.
Constituent communities
Also belonging to Buhlenberg are the outlying homesteads of Berghof, Etzweilerhof, Grenzhof and Waldhof.
History
Buhlenberg once belonged to the "Hinder" County of Sponheim.
From 29 July to 8 August 2009, the Bund der Pfadfinderinnen und Pfadfinder held its National Scout Jamboree in Buhlenberg.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 12 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
Mayor
Buhlenberg's mayor is Gunter Kronenberger.
Coat of arms
The German blazon reads: In schräglinks geteiltem Schild vorne rot-silbern geschacht, hinten in Silber über blauem Dreiberg ein blauer Wolfskopf.
The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Per bend sinister chequy of gules and argent and argent issuant from base a mound of three, above which a wolf's head caboshed, both azure.
The “chequy” pattern on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side is a reference to the village's former allegiance to the “Hinder” County of Sponheim, Oberamt of Birkenfeld. The charge in base on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side, known in German heraldry as a Dreiberg, is in part canting for the village's name, at least for the last syllable, for Berg means "mountain" in German, and it also refers to the village's high elevation and the Gebück mountain ridge. The wolf's head refers to the Wolfskaul, an area within municipal limits where there was once a wolf-catching pit.
The arms have been borne since 26 August 1963.
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate's Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Brückener Straße 2 – stately Quereinhaus (a combination residential and commercial house divided for these two purposes down the middle, perpendicularly to the street) with half-hipped roof, 1911
Hauptstraße 10 – Quereinhaus, partly timber-frame (plastered), half-hipped roof, essentially possibly about 1800; gravel paving; walled gardens
Hochwaldstraße 32 – former school; building with mansard roof and turret typical of its time, 1913
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
To the east runs Bundesstraße 269, and to the south runs the Autobahn A 62 (Kaiserslautern–Trier). Serving nearby Neubrücke is a railway station on the Nahe Valley Railway.
References
External links
Municipality’s official webpage (in German)
Buhlenberg in the collective municipality’s webpages (in German)
Brief portrait of Buhlenberg at SWR Fernsehen (in German)
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
168
],
"text": [
"Germany"
]
}
|
Buhlenberg is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Birkenfeld, whose seat is in the like-named town.
Geography
Location
The municipality lies three kilometres northwest of the district seat of Birkenfeld in the Schwarzwälder Hochwald (forest) in the Hunsrück, on the edge of the Naturpark Saar-Hunsrück near the Erbeskopf, Rhineland-Palatinate's highest mountain.
Constituent communities
Also belonging to Buhlenberg are the outlying homesteads of Berghof, Etzweilerhof, Grenzhof and Waldhof.
History
Buhlenberg once belonged to the "Hinder" County of Sponheim.
From 29 July to 8 August 2009, the Bund der Pfadfinderinnen und Pfadfinder held its National Scout Jamboree in Buhlenberg.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 12 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
Mayor
Buhlenberg's mayor is Gunter Kronenberger.
Coat of arms
The German blazon reads: In schräglinks geteiltem Schild vorne rot-silbern geschacht, hinten in Silber über blauem Dreiberg ein blauer Wolfskopf.
The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Per bend sinister chequy of gules and argent and argent issuant from base a mound of three, above which a wolf's head caboshed, both azure.
The “chequy” pattern on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side is a reference to the village's former allegiance to the “Hinder” County of Sponheim, Oberamt of Birkenfeld. The charge in base on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side, known in German heraldry as a Dreiberg, is in part canting for the village's name, at least for the last syllable, for Berg means "mountain" in German, and it also refers to the village's high elevation and the Gebück mountain ridge. The wolf's head refers to the Wolfskaul, an area within municipal limits where there was once a wolf-catching pit.
The arms have been borne since 26 August 1963.
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate's Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Brückener Straße 2 – stately Quereinhaus (a combination residential and commercial house divided for these two purposes down the middle, perpendicularly to the street) with half-hipped roof, 1911
Hauptstraße 10 – Quereinhaus, partly timber-frame (plastered), half-hipped roof, essentially possibly about 1800; gravel paving; walled gardens
Hochwaldstraße 32 – former school; building with mansard roof and turret typical of its time, 1913
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
To the east runs Bundesstraße 269, and to the south runs the Autobahn A 62 (Kaiserslautern–Trier). Serving nearby Neubrücke is a railway station on the Nahe Valley Railway.
References
External links
Municipality’s official webpage (in German)
Buhlenberg in the collective municipality’s webpages (in German)
Brief portrait of Buhlenberg at SWR Fernsehen (in German)
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
123
],
"text": [
"Birkenfeld"
]
}
|
Buhlenberg is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Birkenfeld, whose seat is in the like-named town.
Geography
Location
The municipality lies three kilometres northwest of the district seat of Birkenfeld in the Schwarzwälder Hochwald (forest) in the Hunsrück, on the edge of the Naturpark Saar-Hunsrück near the Erbeskopf, Rhineland-Palatinate's highest mountain.
Constituent communities
Also belonging to Buhlenberg are the outlying homesteads of Berghof, Etzweilerhof, Grenzhof and Waldhof.
History
Buhlenberg once belonged to the "Hinder" County of Sponheim.
From 29 July to 8 August 2009, the Bund der Pfadfinderinnen und Pfadfinder held its National Scout Jamboree in Buhlenberg.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 12 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
Mayor
Buhlenberg's mayor is Gunter Kronenberger.
Coat of arms
The German blazon reads: In schräglinks geteiltem Schild vorne rot-silbern geschacht, hinten in Silber über blauem Dreiberg ein blauer Wolfskopf.
The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Per bend sinister chequy of gules and argent and argent issuant from base a mound of three, above which a wolf's head caboshed, both azure.
The “chequy” pattern on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side is a reference to the village's former allegiance to the “Hinder” County of Sponheim, Oberamt of Birkenfeld. The charge in base on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side, known in German heraldry as a Dreiberg, is in part canting for the village's name, at least for the last syllable, for Berg means "mountain" in German, and it also refers to the village's high elevation and the Gebück mountain ridge. The wolf's head refers to the Wolfskaul, an area within municipal limits where there was once a wolf-catching pit.
The arms have been borne since 26 August 1963.
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate's Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Brückener Straße 2 – stately Quereinhaus (a combination residential and commercial house divided for these two purposes down the middle, perpendicularly to the street) with half-hipped roof, 1911
Hauptstraße 10 – Quereinhaus, partly timber-frame (plastered), half-hipped roof, essentially possibly about 1800; gravel paving; walled gardens
Hochwaldstraße 32 – former school; building with mansard roof and turret typical of its time, 1913
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
To the east runs Bundesstraße 269, and to the south runs the Autobahn A 62 (Kaiserslautern–Trier). Serving nearby Neubrücke is a railway station on the Nahe Valley Railway.
References
External links
Municipality’s official webpage (in German)
Buhlenberg in the collective municipality’s webpages (in German)
Brief portrait of Buhlenberg at SWR Fernsehen (in German)
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Buhlenberg"
]
}
|
Harbour Beat is a 1990 Scottish-Australian film which marked the directorial debut of David Elfick.
Premise
Glasgow cop Neal McBride teams up with Australian cop Lancelot Cooper.
Production
$1.4 million of the budget came from the Film Finance Corporation.
Release
The film was never released theatrically and debuted directly on television.
References
External links
Harbour Beat at IMDb
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"film"
]
}
|
Harbour Beat is a 1990 Scottish-Australian film which marked the directorial debut of David Elfick.
Premise
Glasgow cop Neal McBride teams up with Australian cop Lancelot Cooper.
Production
$1.4 million of the budget came from the Film Finance Corporation.
Release
The film was never released theatrically and debuted directly on television.
References
External links
Harbour Beat at IMDb
|
director
|
{
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"David Elfick"
]
}
|
Harbour Beat is a 1990 Scottish-Australian film which marked the directorial debut of David Elfick.
Premise
Glasgow cop Neal McBride teams up with Australian cop Lancelot Cooper.
Production
$1.4 million of the budget came from the Film Finance Corporation.
Release
The film was never released theatrically and debuted directly on television.
References
External links
Harbour Beat at IMDb
|
country of origin
|
{
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"Australia"
]
}
|
Harbour Beat is a 1990 Scottish-Australian film which marked the directorial debut of David Elfick.
Premise
Glasgow cop Neal McBride teams up with Australian cop Lancelot Cooper.
Production
$1.4 million of the budget came from the Film Finance Corporation.
Release
The film was never released theatrically and debuted directly on television.
References
External links
Harbour Beat at IMDb
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Harbour Beat"
]
}
|
David J. Meyer is a United States Air Force major general who serves as the assistant deputy chief of staff for operations of the United States Air Force since July 2022. He most recently served as the deputy commander of the Ninth Air Force, and was previously the deputy director of operations of the North American Aerospace Defense Command.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government. Media related to David J. Meyer at Wikimedia Commons
|
military branch
|
{
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"United States Air Force"
]
}
|
David J. Meyer is a United States Air Force major general who serves as the assistant deputy chief of staff for operations of the United States Air Force since July 2022. He most recently served as the deputy commander of the Ninth Air Force, and was previously the deputy director of operations of the North American Aerospace Defense Command.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government. Media related to David J. Meyer at Wikimedia Commons
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"David J. Meyer"
]
}
|
David J. Meyer is a United States Air Force major general who serves as the assistant deputy chief of staff for operations of the United States Air Force since July 2022. He most recently served as the deputy commander of the Ninth Air Force, and was previously the deputy director of operations of the North American Aerospace Defense Command.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government. Media related to David J. Meyer at Wikimedia Commons
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Meyer"
]
}
|
David J. Meyer is a United States Air Force major general who serves as the assistant deputy chief of staff for operations of the United States Air Force since July 2022. He most recently served as the deputy commander of the Ninth Air Force, and was previously the deputy director of operations of the North American Aerospace Defense Command.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government. Media related to David J. Meyer at Wikimedia Commons
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"David"
]
}
|
Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain is a 2009 BBC documentary television series presented by Andrew Marr that covers the period of British history from the death of Queen Victoria to the end of the Second World War. It was a follow-up to his 2007 series Andrew Marr's History of Modern Britain.
A New Dawn
Marr begins the series with the death of Queen Victoria and the Boer War. The population was "enjoying the bawdy pleasures of music hall", leading to concerns over the "physical and moral strength" of the working class. He describes the power struggles between David Lloyd George and Joseph Chamberlain, the women's suffrage movement, and the day on which Mr Rolls met Mr Royce.
Road to War
The suffragette campaign becomes violent and independence for Ireland
is proposed, while dockers and miners go on strike for improved conditions and wages, and the popular press raise fears of a German invasion. As a result, Liberal Chancellor, David Lloyd George, faced the dilemma of pensions or battleships. Marr also describes technological advances such as aviation and cinema, with future Hollywood stars Charlie Chaplin and Stan Laurel touring together across Britain. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo precipitates war, and Lloyd George is now in political conflict with his former ally, Winston Churchill.
The Great War
Dealing with World War I and its effects, Marr focuses on Lord Kitchener and his volunteer army and German gun-boat attacks on the north-east coast of England. Meanwhile, John Fisher, First Sea Lord disappears in strange circumstances and a sex scandal threatens the British establishment. In Belgium, Marr visits trenches of Flanders and describes the terrible conditions and gallows humour that prevailed. Back in Britain people worked tirelessly for the war effort.
Having a Ball
Following the war, Lloyd George promises "Homes Fit For Heroes", leading to a housing boom; it is the birth of radio broadcasting and the BBC is born. Michael Collins negotiates with Lloyd George over Ireland, leading to the founding of an Irish Free State; Ireland would have her own government but would remain within the British Commonwealth, this disappointing result led to the civil war. Lloyd George is involved in a cash-for-honours scandal. The 1926 General Strike and the Wall Street Crash make the future of Britain uncertain.
Little Britain
The Wall Street Crash had repercussions for Britain and a national financial crisis ensued. Solutions were offered by the Greenshirts and Blackshirts, the latter led by Oswald Mosley. The rise of fascism in Europe was largely ignored while Britons enjoyed Gracie Fields's singing and the novelty of Butlins holiday camps. House building continued into "Metroland", providing mock Tudor homes for the new commuter class.
Britannia at Bay
Marr tells the story of Second World War, beginning with the defeat at Dunkirk that would become the model for the "national spirit"- everyone collaborating in whatever way they could in order to defeat Hitler. In 1940, only Britain, led by Churchill, stood against the German forces, and Churchill's rallying speeches typified "the Blitz spirit" while a Nazi invasion seemed unavoidable. The Home Guard was quickly formed, and the privations of wartime led to innovation and cooperation in novel ways.
References
External links
Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain at BBC Online
Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain at IMDb
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"television series"
]
}
|
Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain is a 2009 BBC documentary television series presented by Andrew Marr that covers the period of British history from the death of Queen Victoria to the end of the Second World War. It was a follow-up to his 2007 series Andrew Marr's History of Modern Britain.
A New Dawn
Marr begins the series with the death of Queen Victoria and the Boer War. The population was "enjoying the bawdy pleasures of music hall", leading to concerns over the "physical and moral strength" of the working class. He describes the power struggles between David Lloyd George and Joseph Chamberlain, the women's suffrage movement, and the day on which Mr Rolls met Mr Royce.
Road to War
The suffragette campaign becomes violent and independence for Ireland
is proposed, while dockers and miners go on strike for improved conditions and wages, and the popular press raise fears of a German invasion. As a result, Liberal Chancellor, David Lloyd George, faced the dilemma of pensions or battleships. Marr also describes technological advances such as aviation and cinema, with future Hollywood stars Charlie Chaplin and Stan Laurel touring together across Britain. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo precipitates war, and Lloyd George is now in political conflict with his former ally, Winston Churchill.
The Great War
Dealing with World War I and its effects, Marr focuses on Lord Kitchener and his volunteer army and German gun-boat attacks on the north-east coast of England. Meanwhile, John Fisher, First Sea Lord disappears in strange circumstances and a sex scandal threatens the British establishment. In Belgium, Marr visits trenches of Flanders and describes the terrible conditions and gallows humour that prevailed. Back in Britain people worked tirelessly for the war effort.
Having a Ball
Following the war, Lloyd George promises "Homes Fit For Heroes", leading to a housing boom; it is the birth of radio broadcasting and the BBC is born. Michael Collins negotiates with Lloyd George over Ireland, leading to the founding of an Irish Free State; Ireland would have her own government but would remain within the British Commonwealth, this disappointing result led to the civil war. Lloyd George is involved in a cash-for-honours scandal. The 1926 General Strike and the Wall Street Crash make the future of Britain uncertain.
Little Britain
The Wall Street Crash had repercussions for Britain and a national financial crisis ensued. Solutions were offered by the Greenshirts and Blackshirts, the latter led by Oswald Mosley. The rise of fascism in Europe was largely ignored while Britons enjoyed Gracie Fields's singing and the novelty of Butlins holiday camps. House building continued into "Metroland", providing mock Tudor homes for the new commuter class.
Britannia at Bay
Marr tells the story of Second World War, beginning with the defeat at Dunkirk that would become the model for the "national spirit"- everyone collaborating in whatever way they could in order to defeat Hitler. In 1940, only Britain, led by Churchill, stood against the German forces, and Churchill's rallying speeches typified "the Blitz spirit" while a Nazi invasion seemed unavoidable. The Home Guard was quickly formed, and the privations of wartime led to innovation and cooperation in novel ways.
References
External links
Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain at BBC Online
Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain at IMDb
|
presenter
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Andrew Marr"
]
}
|
Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain is a 2009 BBC documentary television series presented by Andrew Marr that covers the period of British history from the death of Queen Victoria to the end of the Second World War. It was a follow-up to his 2007 series Andrew Marr's History of Modern Britain.
A New Dawn
Marr begins the series with the death of Queen Victoria and the Boer War. The population was "enjoying the bawdy pleasures of music hall", leading to concerns over the "physical and moral strength" of the working class. He describes the power struggles between David Lloyd George and Joseph Chamberlain, the women's suffrage movement, and the day on which Mr Rolls met Mr Royce.
Road to War
The suffragette campaign becomes violent and independence for Ireland
is proposed, while dockers and miners go on strike for improved conditions and wages, and the popular press raise fears of a German invasion. As a result, Liberal Chancellor, David Lloyd George, faced the dilemma of pensions or battleships. Marr also describes technological advances such as aviation and cinema, with future Hollywood stars Charlie Chaplin and Stan Laurel touring together across Britain. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo precipitates war, and Lloyd George is now in political conflict with his former ally, Winston Churchill.
The Great War
Dealing with World War I and its effects, Marr focuses on Lord Kitchener and his volunteer army and German gun-boat attacks on the north-east coast of England. Meanwhile, John Fisher, First Sea Lord disappears in strange circumstances and a sex scandal threatens the British establishment. In Belgium, Marr visits trenches of Flanders and describes the terrible conditions and gallows humour that prevailed. Back in Britain people worked tirelessly for the war effort.
Having a Ball
Following the war, Lloyd George promises "Homes Fit For Heroes", leading to a housing boom; it is the birth of radio broadcasting and the BBC is born. Michael Collins negotiates with Lloyd George over Ireland, leading to the founding of an Irish Free State; Ireland would have her own government but would remain within the British Commonwealth, this disappointing result led to the civil war. Lloyd George is involved in a cash-for-honours scandal. The 1926 General Strike and the Wall Street Crash make the future of Britain uncertain.
Little Britain
The Wall Street Crash had repercussions for Britain and a national financial crisis ensued. Solutions were offered by the Greenshirts and Blackshirts, the latter led by Oswald Mosley. The rise of fascism in Europe was largely ignored while Britons enjoyed Gracie Fields's singing and the novelty of Butlins holiday camps. House building continued into "Metroland", providing mock Tudor homes for the new commuter class.
Britannia at Bay
Marr tells the story of Second World War, beginning with the defeat at Dunkirk that would become the model for the "national spirit"- everyone collaborating in whatever way they could in order to defeat Hitler. In 1940, only Britain, led by Churchill, stood against the German forces, and Churchill's rallying speeches typified "the Blitz spirit" while a Nazi invasion seemed unavoidable. The Home Guard was quickly formed, and the privations of wartime led to innovation and cooperation in novel ways.
References
External links
Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain at BBC Online
Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain at IMDb
|
number of episodes
|
{
"answer_start": [
2304
],
"text": [
"6"
]
}
|
Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain is a 2009 BBC documentary television series presented by Andrew Marr that covers the period of British history from the death of Queen Victoria to the end of the Second World War. It was a follow-up to his 2007 series Andrew Marr's History of Modern Britain.
A New Dawn
Marr begins the series with the death of Queen Victoria and the Boer War. The population was "enjoying the bawdy pleasures of music hall", leading to concerns over the "physical and moral strength" of the working class. He describes the power struggles between David Lloyd George and Joseph Chamberlain, the women's suffrage movement, and the day on which Mr Rolls met Mr Royce.
Road to War
The suffragette campaign becomes violent and independence for Ireland
is proposed, while dockers and miners go on strike for improved conditions and wages, and the popular press raise fears of a German invasion. As a result, Liberal Chancellor, David Lloyd George, faced the dilemma of pensions or battleships. Marr also describes technological advances such as aviation and cinema, with future Hollywood stars Charlie Chaplin and Stan Laurel touring together across Britain. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo precipitates war, and Lloyd George is now in political conflict with his former ally, Winston Churchill.
The Great War
Dealing with World War I and its effects, Marr focuses on Lord Kitchener and his volunteer army and German gun-boat attacks on the north-east coast of England. Meanwhile, John Fisher, First Sea Lord disappears in strange circumstances and a sex scandal threatens the British establishment. In Belgium, Marr visits trenches of Flanders and describes the terrible conditions and gallows humour that prevailed. Back in Britain people worked tirelessly for the war effort.
Having a Ball
Following the war, Lloyd George promises "Homes Fit For Heroes", leading to a housing boom; it is the birth of radio broadcasting and the BBC is born. Michael Collins negotiates with Lloyd George over Ireland, leading to the founding of an Irish Free State; Ireland would have her own government but would remain within the British Commonwealth, this disappointing result led to the civil war. Lloyd George is involved in a cash-for-honours scandal. The 1926 General Strike and the Wall Street Crash make the future of Britain uncertain.
Little Britain
The Wall Street Crash had repercussions for Britain and a national financial crisis ensued. Solutions were offered by the Greenshirts and Blackshirts, the latter led by Oswald Mosley. The rise of fascism in Europe was largely ignored while Britons enjoyed Gracie Fields's singing and the novelty of Butlins holiday camps. House building continued into "Metroland", providing mock Tudor homes for the new commuter class.
Britannia at Bay
Marr tells the story of Second World War, beginning with the defeat at Dunkirk that would become the model for the "national spirit"- everyone collaborating in whatever way they could in order to defeat Hitler. In 1940, only Britain, led by Churchill, stood against the German forces, and Churchill's rallying speeches typified "the Blitz spirit" while a Nazi invasion seemed unavoidable. The Home Guard was quickly formed, and the privations of wartime led to innovation and cooperation in novel ways.
References
External links
Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain at BBC Online
Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain at IMDb
|
number of seasons
|
{
"answer_start": [
2301
],
"text": [
"1"
]
}
|
Christopher Romulo is an American former professional Muay Thai fighter and a trainer of Filipino descent.
Romulo won several amateur and professional championships in the United States and Thailand, and operates a training facility in New York City
Personal life
Born in New York City, Romulo was the first member of his family to be born in the United States. His father was Carlito Romulo and his mother was Lucita Fernandez Romulo.Christopher Romulo grew up in Queens Village in Queens. He is married to Sarah Romulo, a fitness trainer and boxer The couple has two children.
Professional career
Romulo began his amateur career 1996 at age 21 . In 2003, Romulo began training under Jason Strout. That same year, they worked together to develop Church Street Boxing Gym's first Muay Thai program. Romulo's amateur career included five titles.
As a professional fighter, Romulo's record was 13–3 [10 KOs]. He won the WKA super middleweight North American title in 2010. Romulo won a US National Championship, a North American Championship, and a Bronze medal in Bangkok in the World Cup.Romulo always entered the ring with the Filipino flag wrapped around him like a cape.Romulo retired from active competition at age 37 after 16 years in the sport.
Coaching career
Romulo built a training center in Rockaway, Queens in 2009. It was destroyed by Hurricane Sandy but has since been rebuilt.
Romulo owns and operates the training center with his wife Sarah.
Community involvement
In 2009, Romulo was selected as a spokesperson for the anti-bullying campaign Bullying...We're Kickin’ It.Romulo is also actively involved in the Muaythai Preservation Project which provides support for local children through scholarships to train and learn the sport.
Professional record
Amateur Muay Thai: 18–3–1
Professional Muay Thai: 13-3
Shootfighting: 2-2
See also
List of male kickboxers
Muay Thai
World Kickboxing Association
References
External links
Eight Limbs Documentary
BattleRock brings first sanctioned Muay Thai bout to Rockaway
Battle on the Boards brings mixed martial arts to the beachfront in Rockaway
Rockaways martial arts center is back, proving Mother Nature doesn't pack a punch like a kickboxer
|
sex or gender
|
{
"answer_start": [
1867
],
"text": [
"male"
]
}
|
Christopher Romulo is an American former professional Muay Thai fighter and a trainer of Filipino descent.
Romulo won several amateur and professional championships in the United States and Thailand, and operates a training facility in New York City
Personal life
Born in New York City, Romulo was the first member of his family to be born in the United States. His father was Carlito Romulo and his mother was Lucita Fernandez Romulo.Christopher Romulo grew up in Queens Village in Queens. He is married to Sarah Romulo, a fitness trainer and boxer The couple has two children.
Professional career
Romulo began his amateur career 1996 at age 21 . In 2003, Romulo began training under Jason Strout. That same year, they worked together to develop Church Street Boxing Gym's first Muay Thai program. Romulo's amateur career included five titles.
As a professional fighter, Romulo's record was 13–3 [10 KOs]. He won the WKA super middleweight North American title in 2010. Romulo won a US National Championship, a North American Championship, and a Bronze medal in Bangkok in the World Cup.Romulo always entered the ring with the Filipino flag wrapped around him like a cape.Romulo retired from active competition at age 37 after 16 years in the sport.
Coaching career
Romulo built a training center in Rockaway, Queens in 2009. It was destroyed by Hurricane Sandy but has since been rebuilt.
Romulo owns and operates the training center with his wife Sarah.
Community involvement
In 2009, Romulo was selected as a spokesperson for the anti-bullying campaign Bullying...We're Kickin’ It.Romulo is also actively involved in the Muaythai Preservation Project which provides support for local children through scholarships to train and learn the sport.
Professional record
Amateur Muay Thai: 18–3–1
Professional Muay Thai: 13-3
Shootfighting: 2-2
See also
List of male kickboxers
Muay Thai
World Kickboxing Association
References
External links
Eight Limbs Documentary
BattleRock brings first sanctioned Muay Thai bout to Rockaway
Battle on the Boards brings mixed martial arts to the beachfront in Rockaway
Rockaways martial arts center is back, proving Mother Nature doesn't pack a punch like a kickboxer
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
1872
],
"text": [
"kickboxer"
]
}
|
Christopher Romulo is an American former professional Muay Thai fighter and a trainer of Filipino descent.
Romulo won several amateur and professional championships in the United States and Thailand, and operates a training facility in New York City
Personal life
Born in New York City, Romulo was the first member of his family to be born in the United States. His father was Carlito Romulo and his mother was Lucita Fernandez Romulo.Christopher Romulo grew up in Queens Village in Queens. He is married to Sarah Romulo, a fitness trainer and boxer The couple has two children.
Professional career
Romulo began his amateur career 1996 at age 21 . In 2003, Romulo began training under Jason Strout. That same year, they worked together to develop Church Street Boxing Gym's first Muay Thai program. Romulo's amateur career included five titles.
As a professional fighter, Romulo's record was 13–3 [10 KOs]. He won the WKA super middleweight North American title in 2010. Romulo won a US National Championship, a North American Championship, and a Bronze medal in Bangkok in the World Cup.Romulo always entered the ring with the Filipino flag wrapped around him like a cape.Romulo retired from active competition at age 37 after 16 years in the sport.
Coaching career
Romulo built a training center in Rockaway, Queens in 2009. It was destroyed by Hurricane Sandy but has since been rebuilt.
Romulo owns and operates the training center with his wife Sarah.
Community involvement
In 2009, Romulo was selected as a spokesperson for the anti-bullying campaign Bullying...We're Kickin’ It.Romulo is also actively involved in the Muaythai Preservation Project which provides support for local children through scholarships to train and learn the sport.
Professional record
Amateur Muay Thai: 18–3–1
Professional Muay Thai: 13-3
Shootfighting: 2-2
See also
List of male kickboxers
Muay Thai
World Kickboxing Association
References
External links
Eight Limbs Documentary
BattleRock brings first sanctioned Muay Thai bout to Rockaway
Battle on the Boards brings mixed martial arts to the beachfront in Rockaway
Rockaways martial arts center is back, proving Mother Nature doesn't pack a punch like a kickboxer
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"Muay Thai"
]
}
|
Christopher Romulo is an American former professional Muay Thai fighter and a trainer of Filipino descent.
Romulo won several amateur and professional championships in the United States and Thailand, and operates a training facility in New York City
Personal life
Born in New York City, Romulo was the first member of his family to be born in the United States. His father was Carlito Romulo and his mother was Lucita Fernandez Romulo.Christopher Romulo grew up in Queens Village in Queens. He is married to Sarah Romulo, a fitness trainer and boxer The couple has two children.
Professional career
Romulo began his amateur career 1996 at age 21 . In 2003, Romulo began training under Jason Strout. That same year, they worked together to develop Church Street Boxing Gym's first Muay Thai program. Romulo's amateur career included five titles.
As a professional fighter, Romulo's record was 13–3 [10 KOs]. He won the WKA super middleweight North American title in 2010. Romulo won a US National Championship, a North American Championship, and a Bronze medal in Bangkok in the World Cup.Romulo always entered the ring with the Filipino flag wrapped around him like a cape.Romulo retired from active competition at age 37 after 16 years in the sport.
Coaching career
Romulo built a training center in Rockaway, Queens in 2009. It was destroyed by Hurricane Sandy but has since been rebuilt.
Romulo owns and operates the training center with his wife Sarah.
Community involvement
In 2009, Romulo was selected as a spokesperson for the anti-bullying campaign Bullying...We're Kickin’ It.Romulo is also actively involved in the Muaythai Preservation Project which provides support for local children through scholarships to train and learn the sport.
Professional record
Amateur Muay Thai: 18–3–1
Professional Muay Thai: 13-3
Shootfighting: 2-2
See also
List of male kickboxers
Muay Thai
World Kickboxing Association
References
External links
Eight Limbs Documentary
BattleRock brings first sanctioned Muay Thai bout to Rockaway
Battle on the Boards brings mixed martial arts to the beachfront in Rockaway
Rockaways martial arts center is back, proving Mother Nature doesn't pack a punch like a kickboxer
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Christopher"
]
}
|
Camiran (French pronunciation: [kamiʁɑ̃]) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gironde department
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"France"
]
}
|
Camiran (French pronunciation: [kamiʁɑ̃]) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gironde department
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"Gironde"
]
}
|
Camiran (French pronunciation: [kamiʁɑ̃]) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gironde department
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Camiran"
]
}
|
Camiran (French pronunciation: [kamiʁɑ̃]) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gironde department
== References ==
|
official name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Camiran"
]
}
|
Notonomus wentworthi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Thomas Sloane in 1913.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Notonomus wentworthi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Thomas Sloane in 1913.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Notonomus"
]
}
|
Notonomus wentworthi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Thomas Sloane in 1913.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Notonomus wentworthi"
]
}
|
Ralph R. Hetherington (1917 – 23 February 2000) was a British clinical psychologist who for a period was General Secretary of the British Psychological Society.
Life
After training in clinical psychology, Hetherington worked for a period in the Creighton Royal Hospital in Dumfries about which he wrote Hetherington, 1956). He then took up a joint academic/clinical appointment with the University of Liverpool and the United Liverpool Hospitals. In this position he established a training programme in clinical psychology and co-authored a textbook for medical students.He was active in the British Psychological Society of which he became General Secretary in 1973 and then was elected president in 1982. In his presidential address he emphasised the need psychologists to realise that the discipline is not only a natural science but also a social and interpretive science and for this reason it should develop its own methods of inquiry.He joined the Quakers as a young conscientious objector during World War II and remained active in the fellowship for over 40 years.He died on 23 February 2000, aged 82.
Publications
Hetherington, R. (1956). The effects of ECT on the efficiency and retentivity of depressed patients. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 29 (3-4), 258–269.
Hetherington, R.R., Miller, D.H. & Neville, J.G. (1964). An Introduction to Psychology for Medical Students.
Hethering, R. (1983). Communication between doctors and psychologists. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 56(1), 99–104.
Hetherington, R. 1987. The changing role of the clinical psychologist. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 34: 12–14.
Heatherington, R. (2009). Psychology in the Preclinical Curriculum at Liverpool. Medical Education 2(1):41-44.
Awards
1982-1983 - President, British Psychological Society
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
71
],
"text": [
"psychologist"
]
}
|
Ralph R. Hetherington (1917 – 23 February 2000) was a British clinical psychologist who for a period was General Secretary of the British Psychological Society.
Life
After training in clinical psychology, Hetherington worked for a period in the Creighton Royal Hospital in Dumfries about which he wrote Hetherington, 1956). He then took up a joint academic/clinical appointment with the University of Liverpool and the United Liverpool Hospitals. In this position he established a training programme in clinical psychology and co-authored a textbook for medical students.He was active in the British Psychological Society of which he became General Secretary in 1973 and then was elected president in 1982. In his presidential address he emphasised the need psychologists to realise that the discipline is not only a natural science but also a social and interpretive science and for this reason it should develop its own methods of inquiry.He joined the Quakers as a young conscientious objector during World War II and remained active in the fellowship for over 40 years.He died on 23 February 2000, aged 82.
Publications
Hetherington, R. (1956). The effects of ECT on the efficiency and retentivity of depressed patients. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 29 (3-4), 258–269.
Hetherington, R.R., Miller, D.H. & Neville, J.G. (1964). An Introduction to Psychology for Medical Students.
Hethering, R. (1983). Communication between doctors and psychologists. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 56(1), 99–104.
Hetherington, R. 1987. The changing role of the clinical psychologist. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 34: 12–14.
Heatherington, R. (2009). Psychology in the Preclinical Curriculum at Liverpool. Medical Education 2(1):41-44.
Awards
1982-1983 - President, British Psychological Society
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Hetherington"
]
}
|
Ralph R. Hetherington (1917 – 23 February 2000) was a British clinical psychologist who for a period was General Secretary of the British Psychological Society.
Life
After training in clinical psychology, Hetherington worked for a period in the Creighton Royal Hospital in Dumfries about which he wrote Hetherington, 1956). He then took up a joint academic/clinical appointment with the University of Liverpool and the United Liverpool Hospitals. In this position he established a training programme in clinical psychology and co-authored a textbook for medical students.He was active in the British Psychological Society of which he became General Secretary in 1973 and then was elected president in 1982. In his presidential address he emphasised the need psychologists to realise that the discipline is not only a natural science but also a social and interpretive science and for this reason it should develop its own methods of inquiry.He joined the Quakers as a young conscientious objector during World War II and remained active in the fellowship for over 40 years.He died on 23 February 2000, aged 82.
Publications
Hetherington, R. (1956). The effects of ECT on the efficiency and retentivity of depressed patients. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 29 (3-4), 258–269.
Hetherington, R.R., Miller, D.H. & Neville, J.G. (1964). An Introduction to Psychology for Medical Students.
Hethering, R. (1983). Communication between doctors and psychologists. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 56(1), 99–104.
Hetherington, R. 1987. The changing role of the clinical psychologist. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 34: 12–14.
Heatherington, R. (2009). Psychology in the Preclinical Curriculum at Liverpool. Medical Education 2(1):41-44.
Awards
1982-1983 - President, British Psychological Society
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ralph"
]
}
|
XHLAYA-FM is a noncommercial radio station in Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo. Broadcasting on 106.3 FM, XHLAYA is owned by Gaia FM, A.C.
History
The permit for XHLAYA was awarded on January 11, 2012, to Gaia FM, A.C., along with additional permits for stations in Colima, Colima (XHOMA-FM), Puerto Vallarta (XHGAI-FM) and Cancún (XHCQR-FM).
In 2015, Gaia FM, A.C. was subsumed into CapitalMedia, which is a commercial radio station owner. The stations kept their format with a name change to Capital Pirata FM. In a 2018 filing with the IFT, Capital declared that it did not directly operate the Gaia FM stations but instead provided them with less than five percent of their broadcast day in news capsules and other material.Like most Capital stations, XHLAYA adopted the new Lokura FM adult hits format in 2020.
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"radio station"
]
}
|
XHLAYA-FM is a noncommercial radio station in Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo. Broadcasting on 106.3 FM, XHLAYA is owned by Gaia FM, A.C.
History
The permit for XHLAYA was awarded on January 11, 2012, to Gaia FM, A.C., along with additional permits for stations in Colima, Colima (XHOMA-FM), Puerto Vallarta (XHGAI-FM) and Cancún (XHCQR-FM).
In 2015, Gaia FM, A.C. was subsumed into CapitalMedia, which is a commercial radio station owner. The stations kept their format with a name change to Capital Pirata FM. In a 2018 filing with the IFT, Capital declared that it did not directly operate the Gaia FM stations but instead provided them with less than five percent of their broadcast day in news capsules and other material.Like most Capital stations, XHLAYA adopted the new Lokura FM adult hits format in 2020.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"Playa del Carmen"
]
}
|
The 2019 Indy Pro 2000 championship presented by Cooper Tires was the 21st season in series history. A 16-race schedule was announced on 25 September 2018, featuring five permanent road circuits and two street circuits on the NTT IndyCar Series hosting doubleheaders, and single races at the Dave Steele Classic and World Wide Technology Raceway, a flat intermediate oval. Following the departure of Mazda from the Road to Indy program, it was the first championship run under the new "Indy Pro 2000" name instead of the previous "Pro Mazda Championship."American Kyle Kirkwood of RP Motorsport won nine of the sixteen races yet still found himself in a close fight for the championship with Swedish driver Rasmus Lindh of Juncos Racing. Lindh won only three times, but fifth or better in every race and only finished off the podium three times. Kirkwood only needed to start the final race to clinch the championship and was knocked out by an incident on the first lap of the final race, leaving the final points margin of victory a scant two points. Canadian Parker Thompson of Abel Motorsports won the opening doubleheader of the season but not again for the rest of the season and finished third in points, well back of Kirkwood and Lindh. Sting Ray Robb captured two poles but was winless and finished fourth in points while Singaporean driver Danial Frost won twice and finished fifth, rounding out the season's winners.
Juncos edged out RP for the Teams' championship by a significant margin despite Lindh losing out on the championship on the back of Robb's strong performance in their second car. RP's second car was piloted by three different drivers who tallied only two podium finishes between them.
Drivers and teams
Schedule
Race results
Championship standings
Drivers' Championship
Scoring systemThe driver who qualifies on pole is awarded one additional point.
One point is awarded to the driver who leads the most laps in a race.
One point is awarded to the driver who sets the fastest lap during the race.
Teams' championship
Scoring systemSingle car teams receive 3 bonus points as an equivalency to multi-car teams
Only the best two results count for teams fielding more than two entries
See also
2019 IndyCar Series
2019 Indy Lights
2019 U.S. F2000 National Championship
References
External links
Indy Pro 2000 Championship official website
|
winner
|
{
"answer_start": [
564
],
"text": [
"Kyle Kirkwood"
]
}
|
During the 1992–93 English football season, Sunderland A.F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.
Season summary
In the 1992–93 season and despite guiding the Black Cats to an FA Cup final the previous season, Crosby failed to inspire Sunderland in the league, and he was sacked in February 1993 to be replaced by Terry Butcher.Butcher managed to achieve survival for Sunderland finishing one point above the relegation zone, despite winning only 5 of their final 18 league games.
Final league table
Results
Sunderland's score comes first
Legend
Football League First Division
FA Cup
League Cup
Anglo-Italian Cup
Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
References
== Notes ==
|
season of club or team
|
{
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"Sunderland A.F.C."
]
}
|
Scoparia monticola is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Nuss in 1998. It is found in the Philippines (Mindanao).
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Scoparia"
]
}
|
Scoparia monticola is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Nuss in 1998. It is found in the Philippines (Mindanao).
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Scoparia monticola"
]
}
|
KPIG-FM (107.5 FM, "K-PIG") is a radio station located near the city of Santa Cruz, California, United States. Founded in 1988, the studio is based in Watsonville, California, and broadcasts to the counties of Santa Cruz and Monterey. It also has a radio repeater on 94.9 MHz FM in San Luis Obispo County as KPYG (since 2004). The station's logo, designed by John F. Johnson, features a sunglasses-wearing pig in farmer's clothing and a cowboy hat, as well as its branding, website and city of license. It has been owned by Stephens Media Group since October 2019.
History
The station signed on in 1987 as KPIG (without the -FM suffix). The suffix would be added in 2005.
KPIG is among the first radio stations in the world to webcast their program, going online on August 2, 1995 during Cousin Al's show. Frequently song requests are submitted via e-mail from listeners around the globe. Indirect references to KPIG appear in the songs "I'm Coming Home" by Robert Earl Keen and "Beer Run" (which references the Robert Keen song and KPIG DJ "Sleepy John") by Todd Snider, both of whom are frequently featured on the air and perform at KPIG's events.
In 2001, the station was bought by Mapleton Communications.
In March 2010, KPIG placed its audio stream behind a paywall. On October 1, 2012, KPIG launched an ad-free "KPIG Online Radio" app in the Apple App Store. A monthly subscription purchased through the official website is required for streaming.
In 2015, Mapleton sold repeater KPYG to Dimes Media. Mapleton continued operating it after the sale closed.
On July 1, 2019, Mapleton announced its intent to sell its remaining 37 radio stations to Stephens Media Group. Stephens began operating the station that same day. The sale was consummated on September 30, 2019. The station has continued its longtime format after the closure of the acquisition, although the fate of KPYG is still being determined.
Programs
KPIG operates a loosely defined progressive full service format encompassing folk, blues, rock, and Americana. As the station's license city is (appropriately) Freedom, California, it has a freeform presentation, with disc jockeys given authority to choose their own playlists. KPIG has strong community ties featuring local programming, sponsors, news and commentary. KPIG also operates the Hog Call line, a free community call-in line for leaving recorded announcements that will be played on the air. Much like newspaper classifieds, common "Hog Calls" are regarding items for sale or upcoming community events.
Among its most well known programs are "Sunday Night Dead" with Grateful Don Potter, "Uncle Sherman's Dirty Boogie" on Saturday nights, "Please Stand By" the in-studio live music show, on Sunday mornings. "Please Stand By", hosted by Sleepy John Sandidge, features local and world-famous Country, Folk, and Blues acts. The station also hosts several popular music festivals each year including the Humbug Hoedown in December, and is the radio volunteer for the free music festival each October in Golden Gate Park called Hardly Strictly Bluegrass. In 2019, Choo Choo Charlie, formerly known as Daylight Charlie from the Cousin Al's Bluegrass Show, returned to KPIG radio hosting the Alternative Roots Bluegrass and Beyond Show.
Connection to KFAT
KPIG's predecessor was KHIP in Hollister, California after KFAT died. KHIP did not have as strong a signal & its coverage was not as widespread as KFAT's signal from the top of Loma Prieta mtn.
KFAT, broadcast out of Gilroy, California from 1975 to 1983, at which time it became KWSS. KFAT specialized in true Country and Folk as well as many off-beat oddities. Archived tapes of broadcasts are still streamed from *this archiving website and some history and memories are available at the *KFAT.com website
Much of KPIG's founding staff and current on-air personalities worked at KFAT & KHIP.
Related information
Program Director, Laura Ellen Hopper (April 29, 1950 – May 28, 2007), who had helped found KFAT in 1975, had produced a side-project webcast, the Cowboy Cultural Society web site and stream that plays contemporary and classic Cowboy music.
Former morning disc jockey Dallas Dobro is also the regular mainstage Master of Ceremonies at the twice-annual Strawberry Music Festival in Camp Mather, Yosemite, California. Dobro left the station in 2006 and now resides and works in radio in Petaluma, California.
"Wild" Bill Goldsmith, KPIG's former webmaster, and the person who first put its program on the web, founded Radio Paradise, a webcast of "Eclectic Online Rock".
John F. Johnson (October 7, 1944-January 23, 2017) of Teapot Graphics (Santa Cruz, California) designed the logo in 1990. The logo is used on the ubiquitous bumper sticker and it, along with other artwork has created a look-and-feel for the station. Over KPIG's first 25 years John designed advertising and merchandise including t-shirts, calendars, CD packages and posters which are very popular with the listeners.
National syndication
Effective December 31, 2007, radio format syndication firm Dial Global offers KPIG's programming to other stations across the United States via satellite distribution. KPIG's programming is offered to stations as either a primary format, or via a station's HD Radio subchannel. The format makes KPIG one of only three terrestrial based radio superstations in the United States (WBBR: a business-talk radio station, and WFAN: a sports station, both in New York City, being the others).
References
External links
KPIG official website
KPIG current playlist
KPIG in the FCC FM station database
KPIG on Radio-Locator
KPIG in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
KPYG in the FCC FM station database
KPYG on Radio-Locator
KPYG in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"radio station"
]
}
|
KPIG-FM (107.5 FM, "K-PIG") is a radio station located near the city of Santa Cruz, California, United States. Founded in 1988, the studio is based in Watsonville, California, and broadcasts to the counties of Santa Cruz and Monterey. It also has a radio repeater on 94.9 MHz FM in San Luis Obispo County as KPYG (since 2004). The station's logo, designed by John F. Johnson, features a sunglasses-wearing pig in farmer's clothing and a cowboy hat, as well as its branding, website and city of license. It has been owned by Stephens Media Group since October 2019.
History
The station signed on in 1987 as KPIG (without the -FM suffix). The suffix would be added in 2005.
KPIG is among the first radio stations in the world to webcast their program, going online on August 2, 1995 during Cousin Al's show. Frequently song requests are submitted via e-mail from listeners around the globe. Indirect references to KPIG appear in the songs "I'm Coming Home" by Robert Earl Keen and "Beer Run" (which references the Robert Keen song and KPIG DJ "Sleepy John") by Todd Snider, both of whom are frequently featured on the air and perform at KPIG's events.
In 2001, the station was bought by Mapleton Communications.
In March 2010, KPIG placed its audio stream behind a paywall. On October 1, 2012, KPIG launched an ad-free "KPIG Online Radio" app in the Apple App Store. A monthly subscription purchased through the official website is required for streaming.
In 2015, Mapleton sold repeater KPYG to Dimes Media. Mapleton continued operating it after the sale closed.
On July 1, 2019, Mapleton announced its intent to sell its remaining 37 radio stations to Stephens Media Group. Stephens began operating the station that same day. The sale was consummated on September 30, 2019. The station has continued its longtime format after the closure of the acquisition, although the fate of KPYG is still being determined.
Programs
KPIG operates a loosely defined progressive full service format encompassing folk, blues, rock, and Americana. As the station's license city is (appropriately) Freedom, California, it has a freeform presentation, with disc jockeys given authority to choose their own playlists. KPIG has strong community ties featuring local programming, sponsors, news and commentary. KPIG also operates the Hog Call line, a free community call-in line for leaving recorded announcements that will be played on the air. Much like newspaper classifieds, common "Hog Calls" are regarding items for sale or upcoming community events.
Among its most well known programs are "Sunday Night Dead" with Grateful Don Potter, "Uncle Sherman's Dirty Boogie" on Saturday nights, "Please Stand By" the in-studio live music show, on Sunday mornings. "Please Stand By", hosted by Sleepy John Sandidge, features local and world-famous Country, Folk, and Blues acts. The station also hosts several popular music festivals each year including the Humbug Hoedown in December, and is the radio volunteer for the free music festival each October in Golden Gate Park called Hardly Strictly Bluegrass. In 2019, Choo Choo Charlie, formerly known as Daylight Charlie from the Cousin Al's Bluegrass Show, returned to KPIG radio hosting the Alternative Roots Bluegrass and Beyond Show.
Connection to KFAT
KPIG's predecessor was KHIP in Hollister, California after KFAT died. KHIP did not have as strong a signal & its coverage was not as widespread as KFAT's signal from the top of Loma Prieta mtn.
KFAT, broadcast out of Gilroy, California from 1975 to 1983, at which time it became KWSS. KFAT specialized in true Country and Folk as well as many off-beat oddities. Archived tapes of broadcasts are still streamed from *this archiving website and some history and memories are available at the *KFAT.com website
Much of KPIG's founding staff and current on-air personalities worked at KFAT & KHIP.
Related information
Program Director, Laura Ellen Hopper (April 29, 1950 – May 28, 2007), who had helped found KFAT in 1975, had produced a side-project webcast, the Cowboy Cultural Society web site and stream that plays contemporary and classic Cowboy music.
Former morning disc jockey Dallas Dobro is also the regular mainstage Master of Ceremonies at the twice-annual Strawberry Music Festival in Camp Mather, Yosemite, California. Dobro left the station in 2006 and now resides and works in radio in Petaluma, California.
"Wild" Bill Goldsmith, KPIG's former webmaster, and the person who first put its program on the web, founded Radio Paradise, a webcast of "Eclectic Online Rock".
John F. Johnson (October 7, 1944-January 23, 2017) of Teapot Graphics (Santa Cruz, California) designed the logo in 1990. The logo is used on the ubiquitous bumper sticker and it, along with other artwork has created a look-and-feel for the station. Over KPIG's first 25 years John designed advertising and merchandise including t-shirts, calendars, CD packages and posters which are very popular with the listeners.
National syndication
Effective December 31, 2007, radio format syndication firm Dial Global offers KPIG's programming to other stations across the United States via satellite distribution. KPIG's programming is offered to stations as either a primary format, or via a station's HD Radio subchannel. The format makes KPIG one of only three terrestrial based radio superstations in the United States (WBBR: a business-talk radio station, and WFAN: a sports station, both in New York City, being the others).
References
External links
KPIG official website
KPIG current playlist
KPIG in the FCC FM station database
KPIG on Radio-Locator
KPIG in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
KPYG in the FCC FM station database
KPYG on Radio-Locator
KPYG in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
|
licensed to broadcast to
|
{
"answer_start": [
2085
],
"text": [
"Freedom"
]
}
|
KPIG-FM (107.5 FM, "K-PIG") is a radio station located near the city of Santa Cruz, California, United States. Founded in 1988, the studio is based in Watsonville, California, and broadcasts to the counties of Santa Cruz and Monterey. It also has a radio repeater on 94.9 MHz FM in San Luis Obispo County as KPYG (since 2004). The station's logo, designed by John F. Johnson, features a sunglasses-wearing pig in farmer's clothing and a cowboy hat, as well as its branding, website and city of license. It has been owned by Stephens Media Group since October 2019.
History
The station signed on in 1987 as KPIG (without the -FM suffix). The suffix would be added in 2005.
KPIG is among the first radio stations in the world to webcast their program, going online on August 2, 1995 during Cousin Al's show. Frequently song requests are submitted via e-mail from listeners around the globe. Indirect references to KPIG appear in the songs "I'm Coming Home" by Robert Earl Keen and "Beer Run" (which references the Robert Keen song and KPIG DJ "Sleepy John") by Todd Snider, both of whom are frequently featured on the air and perform at KPIG's events.
In 2001, the station was bought by Mapleton Communications.
In March 2010, KPIG placed its audio stream behind a paywall. On October 1, 2012, KPIG launched an ad-free "KPIG Online Radio" app in the Apple App Store. A monthly subscription purchased through the official website is required for streaming.
In 2015, Mapleton sold repeater KPYG to Dimes Media. Mapleton continued operating it after the sale closed.
On July 1, 2019, Mapleton announced its intent to sell its remaining 37 radio stations to Stephens Media Group. Stephens began operating the station that same day. The sale was consummated on September 30, 2019. The station has continued its longtime format after the closure of the acquisition, although the fate of KPYG is still being determined.
Programs
KPIG operates a loosely defined progressive full service format encompassing folk, blues, rock, and Americana. As the station's license city is (appropriately) Freedom, California, it has a freeform presentation, with disc jockeys given authority to choose their own playlists. KPIG has strong community ties featuring local programming, sponsors, news and commentary. KPIG also operates the Hog Call line, a free community call-in line for leaving recorded announcements that will be played on the air. Much like newspaper classifieds, common "Hog Calls" are regarding items for sale or upcoming community events.
Among its most well known programs are "Sunday Night Dead" with Grateful Don Potter, "Uncle Sherman's Dirty Boogie" on Saturday nights, "Please Stand By" the in-studio live music show, on Sunday mornings. "Please Stand By", hosted by Sleepy John Sandidge, features local and world-famous Country, Folk, and Blues acts. The station also hosts several popular music festivals each year including the Humbug Hoedown in December, and is the radio volunteer for the free music festival each October in Golden Gate Park called Hardly Strictly Bluegrass. In 2019, Choo Choo Charlie, formerly known as Daylight Charlie from the Cousin Al's Bluegrass Show, returned to KPIG radio hosting the Alternative Roots Bluegrass and Beyond Show.
Connection to KFAT
KPIG's predecessor was KHIP in Hollister, California after KFAT died. KHIP did not have as strong a signal & its coverage was not as widespread as KFAT's signal from the top of Loma Prieta mtn.
KFAT, broadcast out of Gilroy, California from 1975 to 1983, at which time it became KWSS. KFAT specialized in true Country and Folk as well as many off-beat oddities. Archived tapes of broadcasts are still streamed from *this archiving website and some history and memories are available at the *KFAT.com website
Much of KPIG's founding staff and current on-air personalities worked at KFAT & KHIP.
Related information
Program Director, Laura Ellen Hopper (April 29, 1950 – May 28, 2007), who had helped found KFAT in 1975, had produced a side-project webcast, the Cowboy Cultural Society web site and stream that plays contemporary and classic Cowboy music.
Former morning disc jockey Dallas Dobro is also the regular mainstage Master of Ceremonies at the twice-annual Strawberry Music Festival in Camp Mather, Yosemite, California. Dobro left the station in 2006 and now resides and works in radio in Petaluma, California.
"Wild" Bill Goldsmith, KPIG's former webmaster, and the person who first put its program on the web, founded Radio Paradise, a webcast of "Eclectic Online Rock".
John F. Johnson (October 7, 1944-January 23, 2017) of Teapot Graphics (Santa Cruz, California) designed the logo in 1990. The logo is used on the ubiquitous bumper sticker and it, along with other artwork has created a look-and-feel for the station. Over KPIG's first 25 years John designed advertising and merchandise including t-shirts, calendars, CD packages and posters which are very popular with the listeners.
National syndication
Effective December 31, 2007, radio format syndication firm Dial Global offers KPIG's programming to other stations across the United States via satellite distribution. KPIG's programming is offered to stations as either a primary format, or via a station's HD Radio subchannel. The format makes KPIG one of only three terrestrial based radio superstations in the United States (WBBR: a business-talk radio station, and WFAN: a sports station, both in New York City, being the others).
References
External links
KPIG official website
KPIG current playlist
KPIG in the FCC FM station database
KPIG on Radio-Locator
KPIG in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
KPYG in the FCC FM station database
KPYG on Radio-Locator
KPYG in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
|
Twitter username
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"KPIG"
]
}
|
Renshou County (simplified Chinese: 仁寿县; traditional Chinese: 仁壽縣; pinyin: Rénshòu Xiàn) is a county in Meishan City, Sichuan Province of China. It is located in Middle-West of Sichuan Basin. It has an area of 2,716.86 km2 (1,048.99 sq mi), and population of 1,540,000. Founded in the Qin dynasty. Its name may derive from the first Sui Dynasty emperor's palace located in Shaanxi province, Renshou palace. During the Southern Dynasties it was called Huairen County (怀仁县) and in the Western Wei of the Northern Dynasties it was called Puning County (普宁县). Its name was changed to Renshou in 598 during the Sui Dynasty.
Demographics
Though Renshou is majority Han Chinese there is a small population of Hui, Yi, Dai, and Tibetan peoples in the Qinggang township (青岗乡). It is common for Han residents of different areas of Renshou to visit Qinggang for their ethnic foods, especially Hui produced meat.
Language
While Mandarin in the official language, most residents speak the a dialect Renshou-Fushun subdialect of Sichuanese. Tonally, the Renshou dialect has a higher rising tone then the other subdialects in the region.
Climate
1993 riots
From mid-May to June 1993, Renshou County was the site of mass anti-tax riots, where up to 10,000 peasants protested tax measures by Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms. Causes cited for the riots include an increase in taxes and fees, failure of local officials to pay for grain collection, and the generally low income of rural residents in the area.
Tianfu New Area
In recent years, Renshou County has integrated into the Tianfu New Area (天府新区). The distance from Renshou's downtown to Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, is 110 kilometers, and 125 kilometers to Shuangliu International Airport. It also gives Renshou access to the new Chengdu Tianfu International Airport only 100 kilometers away opened in 2021.
Transport
China National Highway G213
China National Highway G4215
China National Highway G351
Chengzilu Expressway S4
Guanghong Expressway S40
Expressway S106
Chengdu No. 3 Raocheng Express
Townships
Schools
Ren Shou No.1 Middle School
Tourism
Heilongtan Lake 黑龙滩湖
Stairway to Heaven Park 天梯公园
Great Bear Pavilion 奎星阁
Huayan Temple 华严寺
Renshou Christian Church
Renshou Catholic Church
Renshou Giant Buddha 仁寿大佛 (Also called Niujiaozhai Giant Buddha 牛角寨大佛)
Thousand Buddha Rock 千佛岩
Rock Buddha Ravine 石佛沟
Local Products
Pipa Fruit (type of loquat fruit) 枇杷
Fengshui Pear 丰水梨
Renshou Sesame Cake 仁寿芝麻糕
Wangyang Dried Beef 汪洋干巴牛肉
References
External links
Official website of Renshou County Government
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"Meishan"
]
}
|
Renshou County (simplified Chinese: 仁寿县; traditional Chinese: 仁壽縣; pinyin: Rénshòu Xiàn) is a county in Meishan City, Sichuan Province of China. It is located in Middle-West of Sichuan Basin. It has an area of 2,716.86 km2 (1,048.99 sq mi), and population of 1,540,000. Founded in the Qin dynasty. Its name may derive from the first Sui Dynasty emperor's palace located in Shaanxi province, Renshou palace. During the Southern Dynasties it was called Huairen County (怀仁县) and in the Western Wei of the Northern Dynasties it was called Puning County (普宁县). Its name was changed to Renshou in 598 during the Sui Dynasty.
Demographics
Though Renshou is majority Han Chinese there is a small population of Hui, Yi, Dai, and Tibetan peoples in the Qinggang township (青岗乡). It is common for Han residents of different areas of Renshou to visit Qinggang for their ethnic foods, especially Hui produced meat.
Language
While Mandarin in the official language, most residents speak the a dialect Renshou-Fushun subdialect of Sichuanese. Tonally, the Renshou dialect has a higher rising tone then the other subdialects in the region.
Climate
1993 riots
From mid-May to June 1993, Renshou County was the site of mass anti-tax riots, where up to 10,000 peasants protested tax measures by Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms. Causes cited for the riots include an increase in taxes and fees, failure of local officials to pay for grain collection, and the generally low income of rural residents in the area.
Tianfu New Area
In recent years, Renshou County has integrated into the Tianfu New Area (天府新区). The distance from Renshou's downtown to Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, is 110 kilometers, and 125 kilometers to Shuangliu International Airport. It also gives Renshou access to the new Chengdu Tianfu International Airport only 100 kilometers away opened in 2021.
Transport
China National Highway G213
China National Highway G4215
China National Highway G351
Chengzilu Expressway S4
Guanghong Expressway S40
Expressway S106
Chengdu No. 3 Raocheng Express
Townships
Schools
Ren Shou No.1 Middle School
Tourism
Heilongtan Lake 黑龙滩湖
Stairway to Heaven Park 天梯公园
Great Bear Pavilion 奎星阁
Huayan Temple 华严寺
Renshou Christian Church
Renshou Catholic Church
Renshou Giant Buddha 仁寿大佛 (Also called Niujiaozhai Giant Buddha 牛角寨大佛)
Thousand Buddha Rock 千佛岩
Rock Buddha Ravine 石佛沟
Local Products
Pipa Fruit (type of loquat fruit) 枇杷
Fengshui Pear 丰水梨
Renshou Sesame Cake 仁寿芝麻糕
Wangyang Dried Beef 汪洋干巴牛肉
References
External links
Official website of Renshou County Government
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Renshou County"
]
}
|
Renshou County (simplified Chinese: 仁寿县; traditional Chinese: 仁壽縣; pinyin: Rénshòu Xiàn) is a county in Meishan City, Sichuan Province of China. It is located in Middle-West of Sichuan Basin. It has an area of 2,716.86 km2 (1,048.99 sq mi), and population of 1,540,000. Founded in the Qin dynasty. Its name may derive from the first Sui Dynasty emperor's palace located in Shaanxi province, Renshou palace. During the Southern Dynasties it was called Huairen County (怀仁县) and in the Western Wei of the Northern Dynasties it was called Puning County (普宁县). Its name was changed to Renshou in 598 during the Sui Dynasty.
Demographics
Though Renshou is majority Han Chinese there is a small population of Hui, Yi, Dai, and Tibetan peoples in the Qinggang township (青岗乡). It is common for Han residents of different areas of Renshou to visit Qinggang for their ethnic foods, especially Hui produced meat.
Language
While Mandarin in the official language, most residents speak the a dialect Renshou-Fushun subdialect of Sichuanese. Tonally, the Renshou dialect has a higher rising tone then the other subdialects in the region.
Climate
1993 riots
From mid-May to June 1993, Renshou County was the site of mass anti-tax riots, where up to 10,000 peasants protested tax measures by Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms. Causes cited for the riots include an increase in taxes and fees, failure of local officials to pay for grain collection, and the generally low income of rural residents in the area.
Tianfu New Area
In recent years, Renshou County has integrated into the Tianfu New Area (天府新区). The distance from Renshou's downtown to Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, is 110 kilometers, and 125 kilometers to Shuangliu International Airport. It also gives Renshou access to the new Chengdu Tianfu International Airport only 100 kilometers away opened in 2021.
Transport
China National Highway G213
China National Highway G4215
China National Highway G351
Chengzilu Expressway S4
Guanghong Expressway S40
Expressway S106
Chengdu No. 3 Raocheng Express
Townships
Schools
Ren Shou No.1 Middle School
Tourism
Heilongtan Lake 黑龙滩湖
Stairway to Heaven Park 天梯公园
Great Bear Pavilion 奎星阁
Huayan Temple 华严寺
Renshou Christian Church
Renshou Catholic Church
Renshou Giant Buddha 仁寿大佛 (Also called Niujiaozhai Giant Buddha 牛角寨大佛)
Thousand Buddha Rock 千佛岩
Rock Buddha Ravine 石佛沟
Local Products
Pipa Fruit (type of loquat fruit) 枇杷
Fengshui Pear 丰水梨
Renshou Sesame Cake 仁寿芝麻糕
Wangyang Dried Beef 汪洋干巴牛肉
References
External links
Official website of Renshou County Government
|
replaces
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Renshou"
]
}
|
Renshou County (simplified Chinese: 仁寿县; traditional Chinese: 仁壽縣; pinyin: Rénshòu Xiàn) is a county in Meishan City, Sichuan Province of China. It is located in Middle-West of Sichuan Basin. It has an area of 2,716.86 km2 (1,048.99 sq mi), and population of 1,540,000. Founded in the Qin dynasty. Its name may derive from the first Sui Dynasty emperor's palace located in Shaanxi province, Renshou palace. During the Southern Dynasties it was called Huairen County (怀仁县) and in the Western Wei of the Northern Dynasties it was called Puning County (普宁县). Its name was changed to Renshou in 598 during the Sui Dynasty.
Demographics
Though Renshou is majority Han Chinese there is a small population of Hui, Yi, Dai, and Tibetan peoples in the Qinggang township (青岗乡). It is common for Han residents of different areas of Renshou to visit Qinggang for their ethnic foods, especially Hui produced meat.
Language
While Mandarin in the official language, most residents speak the a dialect Renshou-Fushun subdialect of Sichuanese. Tonally, the Renshou dialect has a higher rising tone then the other subdialects in the region.
Climate
1993 riots
From mid-May to June 1993, Renshou County was the site of mass anti-tax riots, where up to 10,000 peasants protested tax measures by Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms. Causes cited for the riots include an increase in taxes and fees, failure of local officials to pay for grain collection, and the generally low income of rural residents in the area.
Tianfu New Area
In recent years, Renshou County has integrated into the Tianfu New Area (天府新区). The distance from Renshou's downtown to Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, is 110 kilometers, and 125 kilometers to Shuangliu International Airport. It also gives Renshou access to the new Chengdu Tianfu International Airport only 100 kilometers away opened in 2021.
Transport
China National Highway G213
China National Highway G4215
China National Highway G351
Chengzilu Expressway S4
Guanghong Expressway S40
Expressway S106
Chengdu No. 3 Raocheng Express
Townships
Schools
Ren Shou No.1 Middle School
Tourism
Heilongtan Lake 黑龙滩湖
Stairway to Heaven Park 天梯公园
Great Bear Pavilion 奎星阁
Huayan Temple 华严寺
Renshou Christian Church
Renshou Catholic Church
Renshou Giant Buddha 仁寿大佛 (Also called Niujiaozhai Giant Buddha 牛角寨大佛)
Thousand Buddha Rock 千佛岩
Rock Buddha Ravine 石佛沟
Local Products
Pipa Fruit (type of loquat fruit) 枇杷
Fengshui Pear 丰水梨
Renshou Sesame Cake 仁寿芝麻糕
Wangyang Dried Beef 汪洋干巴牛肉
References
External links
Official website of Renshou County Government
|
official name
|
{
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"仁寿县"
]
}
|
Renshou County (simplified Chinese: 仁寿县; traditional Chinese: 仁壽縣; pinyin: Rénshòu Xiàn) is a county in Meishan City, Sichuan Province of China. It is located in Middle-West of Sichuan Basin. It has an area of 2,716.86 km2 (1,048.99 sq mi), and population of 1,540,000. Founded in the Qin dynasty. Its name may derive from the first Sui Dynasty emperor's palace located in Shaanxi province, Renshou palace. During the Southern Dynasties it was called Huairen County (怀仁县) and in the Western Wei of the Northern Dynasties it was called Puning County (普宁县). Its name was changed to Renshou in 598 during the Sui Dynasty.
Demographics
Though Renshou is majority Han Chinese there is a small population of Hui, Yi, Dai, and Tibetan peoples in the Qinggang township (青岗乡). It is common for Han residents of different areas of Renshou to visit Qinggang for their ethnic foods, especially Hui produced meat.
Language
While Mandarin in the official language, most residents speak the a dialect Renshou-Fushun subdialect of Sichuanese. Tonally, the Renshou dialect has a higher rising tone then the other subdialects in the region.
Climate
1993 riots
From mid-May to June 1993, Renshou County was the site of mass anti-tax riots, where up to 10,000 peasants protested tax measures by Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms. Causes cited for the riots include an increase in taxes and fees, failure of local officials to pay for grain collection, and the generally low income of rural residents in the area.
Tianfu New Area
In recent years, Renshou County has integrated into the Tianfu New Area (天府新区). The distance from Renshou's downtown to Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, is 110 kilometers, and 125 kilometers to Shuangliu International Airport. It also gives Renshou access to the new Chengdu Tianfu International Airport only 100 kilometers away opened in 2021.
Transport
China National Highway G213
China National Highway G4215
China National Highway G351
Chengzilu Expressway S4
Guanghong Expressway S40
Expressway S106
Chengdu No. 3 Raocheng Express
Townships
Schools
Ren Shou No.1 Middle School
Tourism
Heilongtan Lake 黑龙滩湖
Stairway to Heaven Park 天梯公园
Great Bear Pavilion 奎星阁
Huayan Temple 华严寺
Renshou Christian Church
Renshou Catholic Church
Renshou Giant Buddha 仁寿大佛 (Also called Niujiaozhai Giant Buddha 牛角寨大佛)
Thousand Buddha Rock 千佛岩
Rock Buddha Ravine 石佛沟
Local Products
Pipa Fruit (type of loquat fruit) 枇杷
Fengshui Pear 丰水梨
Renshou Sesame Cake 仁寿芝麻糕
Wangyang Dried Beef 汪洋干巴牛肉
References
External links
Official website of Renshou County Government
|
Baidu Tieba name
|
{
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"仁寿"
]
}
|
Horii (written: 堀井) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Gakuya Horii (堀井 岳也, born 1975), Japanese footballer
Manabu Horii (堀井 学, born 1972), Japanese speed skater and politician
Ryuji Horii (堀井 利有司, born 1974), Japanese swimmer
Saori Horii (堀井 沙織, born 1984), Japanese gravure idol
Tomitarō Horii (堀井 富太郎, 1890–1942), Japanese general
Yoshiharu Horii (堀井 美晴, born 1953), Japanese footballer
Yuji Horii (堀井 雄二, born 1954), Japanese video game designer
|
different from
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Horii"
]
}
|
Horii (written: 堀井) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Gakuya Horii (堀井 岳也, born 1975), Japanese footballer
Manabu Horii (堀井 学, born 1972), Japanese speed skater and politician
Ryuji Horii (堀井 利有司, born 1974), Japanese swimmer
Saori Horii (堀井 沙織, born 1984), Japanese gravure idol
Tomitarō Horii (堀井 富太郎, 1890–1942), Japanese general
Yoshiharu Horii (堀井 美晴, born 1953), Japanese footballer
Yuji Horii (堀井 雄二, born 1954), Japanese video game designer
|
language of work or name
|
{
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"Japanese"
]
}
|
Horii (written: 堀井) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Gakuya Horii (堀井 岳也, born 1975), Japanese footballer
Manabu Horii (堀井 学, born 1972), Japanese speed skater and politician
Ryuji Horii (堀井 利有司, born 1974), Japanese swimmer
Saori Horii (堀井 沙織, born 1984), Japanese gravure idol
Tomitarō Horii (堀井 富太郎, 1890–1942), Japanese general
Yoshiharu Horii (堀井 美晴, born 1953), Japanese footballer
Yuji Horii (堀井 雄二, born 1954), Japanese video game designer
|
native label
|
{
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"堀井"
]
}
|
The Arizona Solar Center (AzSC) was established in 1999 to increase public and professional understanding of solar energy, especially as it pertains to Arizona. Currently registered with the IRS as a 501(c)(6) non-profit organization, the Center is administered by a board of directors with a wide range of experience and training in solar energy and other renewable energy resources. Sponsors include utility companies, other related non-profit organizations and a number of private companies. This wide representation enables the center to remain largely neutral with respect to policy and legislation in Arizona.
Some aims of the center include aggregating core information about solar energy in Arizona, providing updates about the Arizona solar energy community, identifying available resources, services and equipment, and highlighting developments in solar and related industries. Many of these functions are carried out through its website.
The center and its website are widely referenced as a primary source for many topics relating to solar in Arizona. The website's articles on solar architecture and solar thermal technology are especially unique and commonly referenced outside of Arizona as well.
See also
Solar power in Arizona
References
External links
Arizona Solar Center website
Arizona Solar Center Meetup Group website
Arizona Corporation Commission website for public information on the Arizona Renewable Energy Standard
Arizona Commerce Authority Renewable Energy Programs page
Arizona Solar Energy Industries Association (AriSEIA)
Arizona Solar Energy Association (ASEA)
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
221
],
"text": [
"organization"
]
}
|
The Dreissenidae are a family of small freshwater mussels, aquatic bivalve molluscs. They attach themselves to stones or to any other hard surface using a byssus. The shells of these bivalves are shaped somewhat like those of true mussels, and they also attach themselves to a hard substrate using a byssus, however this group is not at all closely related to true mussels, being more closely related to the venus clams (Veneridae).
Genera
Genera within the family Dreissenidae include:
Congeria, a unique genus of cave-dwelling bivalves
Dreissena, the type genus of the family
Mytilopsis
Rheodreissena, a newly described South American genus
Shell morphology
The shells of species of mussels in this family range from 20–40 mm in their maximum dimension, and about half as wide across. The shell outline is bent, with one margin usually somewhat incurved, and the other strongly curved outwardly. The shell is opaque and robust; in coloration it is yellowish, brownish or greyish, often with light-and-dark stripes.
Biology and ecology
These mussels breathe via complex gills. They live in clean, well oxygenated, lowland rivers, canals and reservoirs, attaching to stones and other hard surfaces; they will also tolerate slightly brackish water.
Geographical range of distribution
In Britain there is only one species from this family, Dreissena polymorpha, the zebra mussel, which is a troublesome invasive species. In the USA, both D. polymorpha and D. bugensis are problematic introduced species.
References
External links
[1]
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"family"
]
}
|
The Dreissenidae are a family of small freshwater mussels, aquatic bivalve molluscs. They attach themselves to stones or to any other hard surface using a byssus. The shells of these bivalves are shaped somewhat like those of true mussels, and they also attach themselves to a hard substrate using a byssus, however this group is not at all closely related to true mussels, being more closely related to the venus clams (Veneridae).
Genera
Genera within the family Dreissenidae include:
Congeria, a unique genus of cave-dwelling bivalves
Dreissena, the type genus of the family
Mytilopsis
Rheodreissena, a newly described South American genus
Shell morphology
The shells of species of mussels in this family range from 20–40 mm in their maximum dimension, and about half as wide across. The shell outline is bent, with one margin usually somewhat incurved, and the other strongly curved outwardly. The shell is opaque and robust; in coloration it is yellowish, brownish or greyish, often with light-and-dark stripes.
Biology and ecology
These mussels breathe via complex gills. They live in clean, well oxygenated, lowland rivers, canals and reservoirs, attaching to stones and other hard surfaces; they will also tolerate slightly brackish water.
Geographical range of distribution
In Britain there is only one species from this family, Dreissena polymorpha, the zebra mussel, which is a troublesome invasive species. In the USA, both D. polymorpha and D. bugensis are problematic introduced species.
References
External links
[1]
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Dreissenidae"
]
}
|
The Dreissenidae are a family of small freshwater mussels, aquatic bivalve molluscs. They attach themselves to stones or to any other hard surface using a byssus. The shells of these bivalves are shaped somewhat like those of true mussels, and they also attach themselves to a hard substrate using a byssus, however this group is not at all closely related to true mussels, being more closely related to the venus clams (Veneridae).
Genera
Genera within the family Dreissenidae include:
Congeria, a unique genus of cave-dwelling bivalves
Dreissena, the type genus of the family
Mytilopsis
Rheodreissena, a newly described South American genus
Shell morphology
The shells of species of mussels in this family range from 20–40 mm in their maximum dimension, and about half as wide across. The shell outline is bent, with one margin usually somewhat incurved, and the other strongly curved outwardly. The shell is opaque and robust; in coloration it is yellowish, brownish or greyish, often with light-and-dark stripes.
Biology and ecology
These mussels breathe via complex gills. They live in clean, well oxygenated, lowland rivers, canals and reservoirs, attaching to stones and other hard surfaces; they will also tolerate slightly brackish water.
Geographical range of distribution
In Britain there is only one species from this family, Dreissena polymorpha, the zebra mussel, which is a troublesome invasive species. In the USA, both D. polymorpha and D. bugensis are problematic introduced species.
References
External links
[1]
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Dreissenidae"
]
}
|
The Dreissenidae are a family of small freshwater mussels, aquatic bivalve molluscs. They attach themselves to stones or to any other hard surface using a byssus. The shells of these bivalves are shaped somewhat like those of true mussels, and they also attach themselves to a hard substrate using a byssus, however this group is not at all closely related to true mussels, being more closely related to the venus clams (Veneridae).
Genera
Genera within the family Dreissenidae include:
Congeria, a unique genus of cave-dwelling bivalves
Dreissena, the type genus of the family
Mytilopsis
Rheodreissena, a newly described South American genus
Shell morphology
The shells of species of mussels in this family range from 20–40 mm in their maximum dimension, and about half as wide across. The shell outline is bent, with one margin usually somewhat incurved, and the other strongly curved outwardly. The shell is opaque and robust; in coloration it is yellowish, brownish or greyish, often with light-and-dark stripes.
Biology and ecology
These mussels breathe via complex gills. They live in clean, well oxygenated, lowland rivers, canals and reservoirs, attaching to stones and other hard surfaces; they will also tolerate slightly brackish water.
Geographical range of distribution
In Britain there is only one species from this family, Dreissena polymorpha, the zebra mussel, which is a troublesome invasive species. In the USA, both D. polymorpha and D. bugensis are problematic introduced species.
References
External links
[1]
|
ADW taxon ID
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Dreissenidae"
]
}
|
Mexico men's junior national softball team is the junior national under-17 team for Mexico. The team competed at the 1985 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in Fargo, North Dakota where they finished fifth. The team competed at the 1989 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in Summerside, Prince Edward Island where they finished fifth. The team competed at the 1997 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in St. John's, Newfoundland where they finished seventh. The team competed at the 2005 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in Summerside, Prince Edward Island where they finished sixth. The team competed at the 2008 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in Whitehorse, Yukon where they finished sixth. The team competed at the 2012 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in Parana, Argentina where they finished seventh.
References
External links
International Softball Federation
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Mexico"
]
}
|
Mexico men's junior national softball team is the junior national under-17 team for Mexico. The team competed at the 1985 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in Fargo, North Dakota where they finished fifth. The team competed at the 1989 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in Summerside, Prince Edward Island where they finished fifth. The team competed at the 1997 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in St. John's, Newfoundland where they finished seventh. The team competed at the 2005 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in Summerside, Prince Edward Island where they finished sixth. The team competed at the 2008 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in Whitehorse, Yukon where they finished sixth. The team competed at the 2012 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in Parana, Argentina where they finished seventh.
References
External links
International Softball Federation
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"softball"
]
}
|
Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM, GCCT (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Biography
Early life
Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.
Military career
In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.
In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku), the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.
Political career and death
As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (内大臣, naidaijin), and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 pounds (95 kg), and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.
Personal life
Family
Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.
Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.
House
Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.
Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II.
Kimigayo
In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
Count (7 July 1884)
Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
First World War Medal (1 April 1916)
Court order of precedence
Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)
Foreign
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)
Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ancestry
See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
Further reading
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌 [Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185550. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Based on 1940 edition.
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌年譜 [Timeline, Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185551. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Chounan, Masayoshi; 長南政義 (December 2007). "Oyama Iwao". In 伊藤隆; 季武嘉也 (eds.). 近現代日本人物史料情報辞典 [Modern Japanese Historical Information Dictionary]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. JPNO 21340667. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
External links
National Diet Library
"Documents related to Iwao Oyama (entrusted)". Constitutional Archives, National Diet Library (in Japanese). 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items available as pdf format (in Japanese). Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.
"Oyama, Iwao (1842 - 1916)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, National Diet Library.
Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"Japan"
]
}
|
Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM, GCCT (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Biography
Early life
Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.
Military career
In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.
In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku), the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.
Political career and death
As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (内大臣, naidaijin), and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 pounds (95 kg), and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.
Personal life
Family
Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.
Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.
House
Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.
Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II.
Kimigayo
In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
Count (7 July 1884)
Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
First World War Medal (1 April 1916)
Court order of precedence
Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)
Foreign
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)
Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ancestry
See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
Further reading
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌 [Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185550. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Based on 1940 edition.
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌年譜 [Timeline, Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185551. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Chounan, Masayoshi; 長南政義 (December 2007). "Oyama Iwao". In 伊藤隆; 季武嘉也 (eds.). 近現代日本人物史料情報辞典 [Modern Japanese Historical Information Dictionary]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. JPNO 21340667. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
External links
National Diet Library
"Documents related to Iwao Oyama (entrusted)". Constitutional Archives, National Diet Library (in Japanese). 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items available as pdf format (in Japanese). Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.
"Oyama, Iwao (1842 - 1916)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, National Diet Library.
Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
|
position held
|
{
"answer_start": [
1334
],
"text": [
"general"
]
}
|
Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM, GCCT (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Biography
Early life
Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.
Military career
In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.
In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku), the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.
Political career and death
As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (内大臣, naidaijin), and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 pounds (95 kg), and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.
Personal life
Family
Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.
Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.
House
Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.
Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II.
Kimigayo
In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
Count (7 July 1884)
Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
First World War Medal (1 April 1916)
Court order of precedence
Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)
Foreign
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)
Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ancestry
See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
Further reading
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌 [Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185550. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Based on 1940 edition.
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌年譜 [Timeline, Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185551. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Chounan, Masayoshi; 長南政義 (December 2007). "Oyama Iwao". In 伊藤隆; 季武嘉也 (eds.). 近現代日本人物史料情報辞典 [Modern Japanese Historical Information Dictionary]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. JPNO 21340667. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
External links
National Diet Library
"Documents related to Iwao Oyama (entrusted)". Constitutional Archives, National Diet Library (in Japanese). 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items available as pdf format (in Japanese). Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.
"Oyama, Iwao (1842 - 1916)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, National Diet Library.
Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
|
noble title
|
{
"answer_start": [
2680
],
"text": [
"earl"
]
}
|
Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM, GCCT (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Biography
Early life
Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.
Military career
In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.
In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku), the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.
Political career and death
As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (内大臣, naidaijin), and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 pounds (95 kg), and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.
Personal life
Family
Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.
Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.
House
Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.
Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II.
Kimigayo
In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
Count (7 July 1884)
Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
First World War Medal (1 April 1916)
Court order of precedence
Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)
Foreign
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)
Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ancestry
See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
Further reading
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌 [Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185550. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Based on 1940 edition.
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌年譜 [Timeline, Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185551. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Chounan, Masayoshi; 長南政義 (December 2007). "Oyama Iwao". In 伊藤隆; 季武嘉也 (eds.). 近現代日本人物史料情報辞典 [Modern Japanese Historical Information Dictionary]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. JPNO 21340667. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
External links
National Diet Library
"Documents related to Iwao Oyama (entrusted)". Constitutional Archives, National Diet Library (in Japanese). 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items available as pdf format (in Japanese). Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.
"Oyama, Iwao (1842 - 1916)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, National Diet Library.
Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
|
native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"Japanese"
]
}
|
Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM, GCCT (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Biography
Early life
Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.
Military career
In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.
In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku), the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.
Political career and death
As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (内大臣, naidaijin), and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 pounds (95 kg), and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.
Personal life
Family
Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.
Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.
House
Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.
Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II.
Kimigayo
In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
Count (7 July 1884)
Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
First World War Medal (1 April 1916)
Court order of precedence
Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)
Foreign
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)
Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ancestry
See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
Further reading
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌 [Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185550. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Based on 1940 edition.
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌年譜 [Timeline, Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185551. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Chounan, Masayoshi; 長南政義 (December 2007). "Oyama Iwao". In 伊藤隆; 季武嘉也 (eds.). 近現代日本人物史料情報辞典 [Modern Japanese Historical Information Dictionary]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. JPNO 21340667. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
External links
National Diet Library
"Documents related to Iwao Oyama (entrusted)". Constitutional Archives, National Diet Library (in Japanese). 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items available as pdf format (in Japanese). Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.
"Oyama, Iwao (1842 - 1916)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, National Diet Library.
Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
|
award received
|
{
"answer_start": [
7192
],
"text": [
"Order of the White Eagle"
]
}
|
Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM, GCCT (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Biography
Early life
Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.
Military career
In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.
In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku), the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.
Political career and death
As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (内大臣, naidaijin), and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 pounds (95 kg), and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.
Personal life
Family
Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.
Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.
House
Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.
Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II.
Kimigayo
In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
Count (7 July 1884)
Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
First World War Medal (1 April 1916)
Court order of precedence
Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)
Foreign
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)
Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ancestry
See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
Further reading
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌 [Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185550. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Based on 1940 edition.
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌年譜 [Timeline, Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185551. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Chounan, Masayoshi; 長南政義 (December 2007). "Oyama Iwao". In 伊藤隆; 季武嘉也 (eds.). 近現代日本人物史料情報辞典 [Modern Japanese Historical Information Dictionary]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. JPNO 21340667. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
External links
National Diet Library
"Documents related to Iwao Oyama (entrusted)". Constitutional Archives, National Diet Library (in Japanese). 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items available as pdf format (in Japanese). Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.
"Oyama, Iwao (1842 - 1916)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, National Diet Library.
Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
|
military branch
|
{
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"Imperial Japanese Army"
]
}
|
Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM, GCCT (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Biography
Early life
Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.
Military career
In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.
In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku), the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.
Political career and death
As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (内大臣, naidaijin), and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 pounds (95 kg), and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.
Personal life
Family
Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.
Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.
House
Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.
Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II.
Kimigayo
In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
Count (7 July 1884)
Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
First World War Medal (1 April 1916)
Court order of precedence
Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)
Foreign
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)
Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ancestry
See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
Further reading
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌 [Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185550. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Based on 1940 edition.
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌年譜 [Timeline, Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185551. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Chounan, Masayoshi; 長南政義 (December 2007). "Oyama Iwao". In 伊藤隆; 季武嘉也 (eds.). 近現代日本人物史料情報辞典 [Modern Japanese Historical Information Dictionary]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. JPNO 21340667. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
External links
National Diet Library
"Documents related to Iwao Oyama (entrusted)". Constitutional Archives, National Diet Library (in Japanese). 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items available as pdf format (in Japanese). Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.
"Oyama, Iwao (1842 - 1916)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, National Diet Library.
Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Ōyama Iwao"
]
}
|
Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM, GCCT (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Biography
Early life
Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.
Military career
In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.
In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku), the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.
Political career and death
As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (内大臣, naidaijin), and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 pounds (95 kg), and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.
Personal life
Family
Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.
Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.
House
Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.
Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II.
Kimigayo
In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
Count (7 July 1884)
Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
First World War Medal (1 April 1916)
Court order of precedence
Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)
Foreign
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)
Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ancestry
See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
Further reading
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌 [Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185550. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Based on 1940 edition.
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌年譜 [Timeline, Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185551. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Chounan, Masayoshi; 長南政義 (December 2007). "Oyama Iwao". In 伊藤隆; 季武嘉也 (eds.). 近現代日本人物史料情報辞典 [Modern Japanese Historical Information Dictionary]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. JPNO 21340667. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
External links
National Diet Library
"Documents related to Iwao Oyama (entrusted)". Constitutional Archives, National Diet Library (in Japanese). 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items available as pdf format (in Japanese). Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.
"Oyama, Iwao (1842 - 1916)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, National Diet Library.
Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
|
military rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
1334
],
"text": [
"general"
]
}
|
Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM, GCCT (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Biography
Early life
Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.
Military career
In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.
In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku), the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.
Political career and death
As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (内大臣, naidaijin), and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 pounds (95 kg), and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.
Personal life
Family
Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.
Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.
House
Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.
Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II.
Kimigayo
In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
Count (7 July 1884)
Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
First World War Medal (1 April 1916)
Court order of precedence
Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)
Foreign
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)
Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ancestry
See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
Further reading
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌 [Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185550. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Based on 1940 edition.
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌年譜 [Timeline, Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185551. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Chounan, Masayoshi; 長南政義 (December 2007). "Oyama Iwao". In 伊藤隆; 季武嘉也 (eds.). 近現代日本人物史料情報辞典 [Modern Japanese Historical Information Dictionary]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. JPNO 21340667. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
External links
National Diet Library
"Documents related to Iwao Oyama (entrusted)". Constitutional Archives, National Diet Library (in Japanese). 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items available as pdf format (in Japanese). Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.
"Oyama, Iwao (1842 - 1916)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, National Diet Library.
Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
|
commander of (DEPRECATED)
|
{
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"Imperial Japanese Army"
]
}
|
Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM, GCCT (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Biography
Early life
Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.
Military career
In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.
In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku), the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.
Political career and death
As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (内大臣, naidaijin), and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 pounds (95 kg), and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.
Personal life
Family
Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.
Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.
House
Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.
Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II.
Kimigayo
In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
Count (7 July 1884)
Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
First World War Medal (1 April 1916)
Court order of precedence
Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)
Foreign
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)
Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ancestry
See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
Further reading
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌 [Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185550. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Based on 1940 edition.
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌年譜 [Timeline, Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185551. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Chounan, Masayoshi; 長南政義 (December 2007). "Oyama Iwao". In 伊藤隆; 季武嘉也 (eds.). 近現代日本人物史料情報辞典 [Modern Japanese Historical Information Dictionary]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. JPNO 21340667. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
External links
National Diet Library
"Documents related to Iwao Oyama (entrusted)". Constitutional Archives, National Diet Library (in Japanese). 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items available as pdf format (in Japanese). Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.
"Oyama, Iwao (1842 - 1916)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, National Diet Library.
Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
|
conflict
|
{
"answer_start": [
2185
],
"text": [
"Russo-Japanese War"
]
}
|
Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM, GCCT (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Biography
Early life
Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.
Military career
In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.
In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku), the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.
Political career and death
As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (内大臣, naidaijin), and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 pounds (95 kg), and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.
Personal life
Family
Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.
Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.
House
Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.
Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II.
Kimigayo
In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
Count (7 July 1884)
Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
First World War Medal (1 April 1916)
Court order of precedence
Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)
Foreign
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)
Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ancestry
See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
Further reading
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌 [Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185550. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Based on 1940 edition.
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌年譜 [Timeline, Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185551. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Chounan, Masayoshi; 長南政義 (December 2007). "Oyama Iwao". In 伊藤隆; 季武嘉也 (eds.). 近現代日本人物史料情報辞典 [Modern Japanese Historical Information Dictionary]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. JPNO 21340667. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
External links
National Diet Library
"Documents related to Iwao Oyama (entrusted)". Constitutional Archives, National Diet Library (in Japanese). 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items available as pdf format (in Japanese). Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.
"Oyama, Iwao (1842 - 1916)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, National Diet Library.
Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Ōyama"
]
}
|
Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM, GCCT (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Biography
Early life
Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.
Military career
In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.
In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku), the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.
Political career and death
As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (内大臣, naidaijin), and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 pounds (95 kg), and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.
Personal life
Family
Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.
Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.
House
Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.
Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II.
Kimigayo
In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
Count (7 July 1884)
Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
First World War Medal (1 April 1916)
Court order of precedence
Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)
Foreign
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)
Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ancestry
See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
Further reading
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌 [Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185550. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Based on 1940 edition.
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌年譜 [Timeline, Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185551. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Chounan, Masayoshi; 長南政義 (December 2007). "Oyama Iwao". In 伊藤隆; 季武嘉也 (eds.). 近現代日本人物史料情報辞典 [Modern Japanese Historical Information Dictionary]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. JPNO 21340667. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
External links
National Diet Library
"Documents related to Iwao Oyama (entrusted)". Constitutional Archives, National Diet Library (in Japanese). 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items available as pdf format (in Japanese). Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.
"Oyama, Iwao (1842 - 1916)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, National Diet Library.
Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Iwao"
]
}
|
Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM, GCCT (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Biography
Early life
Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.
Military career
In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.
In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku), the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.
Political career and death
As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (内大臣, naidaijin), and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 pounds (95 kg), and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.
Personal life
Family
Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.
Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.
House
Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.
Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II.
Kimigayo
In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
Count (7 July 1884)
Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
First World War Medal (1 April 1916)
Court order of precedence
Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)
Foreign
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)
Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ancestry
See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
Further reading
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌 [Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185550. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Based on 1940 edition.
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌年譜 [Timeline, Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185551. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Chounan, Masayoshi; 長南政義 (December 2007). "Oyama Iwao". In 伊藤隆; 季武嘉也 (eds.). 近現代日本人物史料情報辞典 [Modern Japanese Historical Information Dictionary]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. JPNO 21340667. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
External links
National Diet Library
"Documents related to Iwao Oyama (entrusted)". Constitutional Archives, National Diet Library (in Japanese). 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items available as pdf format (in Japanese). Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.
"Oyama, Iwao (1842 - 1916)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, National Diet Library.
Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
|
allegiance
|
{
"answer_start": [
2906
],
"text": [
"Empire of Japan"
]
}
|
Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM, GCCT (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Biography
Early life
Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.
Military career
In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.
In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku), the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.
Political career and death
As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (内大臣, naidaijin), and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 pounds (95 kg), and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.
Personal life
Family
Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.
Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.
House
Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.
Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II.
Kimigayo
In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
Count (7 July 1884)
Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
First World War Medal (1 April 1916)
Court order of precedence
Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)
Foreign
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)
Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ancestry
See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
Further reading
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌 [Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185550. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Based on 1940 edition.
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌年譜 [Timeline, Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185551. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Chounan, Masayoshi; 長南政義 (December 2007). "Oyama Iwao". In 伊藤隆; 季武嘉也 (eds.). 近現代日本人物史料情報辞典 [Modern Japanese Historical Information Dictionary]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. JPNO 21340667. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
External links
National Diet Library
"Documents related to Iwao Oyama (entrusted)". Constitutional Archives, National Diet Library (in Japanese). 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items available as pdf format (in Japanese). Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.
"Oyama, Iwao (1842 - 1916)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, National Diet Library.
Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
|
relative
|
{
"answer_start": [
7764
],
"text": [
"Katsura Ōyama"
]
}
|
Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM, GCCT (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Biography
Early life
Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.
Military career
In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.
In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku), the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.
Political career and death
As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (内大臣, naidaijin), and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 pounds (95 kg), and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.
Personal life
Family
Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.
Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.
House
Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.
Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II.
Kimigayo
In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
Count (7 July 1884)
Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
First World War Medal (1 April 1916)
Court order of precedence
Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)
Foreign
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)
Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ancestry
See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
Further reading
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌 [Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185550. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Based on 1940 edition.
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌年譜 [Timeline, Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185551. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Chounan, Masayoshi; 長南政義 (December 2007). "Oyama Iwao". In 伊藤隆; 季武嘉也 (eds.). 近現代日本人物史料情報辞典 [Modern Japanese Historical Information Dictionary]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. JPNO 21340667. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
External links
National Diet Library
"Documents related to Iwao Oyama (entrusted)". Constitutional Archives, National Diet Library (in Japanese). 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items available as pdf format (in Japanese). Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.
"Oyama, Iwao (1842 - 1916)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, National Diet Library.
Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
|
sex or gender
|
{
"answer_start": [
4054
],
"text": [
"male"
]
}
|
Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM, GCCT (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Biography
Early life
Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.
Military career
In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.
In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku), the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.
Political career and death
As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (内大臣, naidaijin), and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 pounds (95 kg), and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.
Personal life
Family
Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.
Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.
House
Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.
Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II.
Kimigayo
In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
Count (7 July 1884)
Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
First World War Medal (1 April 1916)
Court order of precedence
Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)
Foreign
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)
Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ancestry
See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
Further reading
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌 [Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185550. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Based on 1940 edition.
Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Biography Editors of Field Marshal Oyama (大山元帥伝刊行会) (November 2012). 元帥公爵大山巌年譜 [Timeline, Biography of Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese) (reprint ed.). Matsuno Bookseller (マツノ書店). JPNO 22185551. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Chounan, Masayoshi; 長南政義 (December 2007). "Oyama Iwao". In 伊藤隆; 季武嘉也 (eds.). 近現代日本人物史料情報辞典 [Modern Japanese Historical Information Dictionary]. ndlonline.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. JPNO 21340667. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
External links
National Diet Library
"Documents related to Iwao Oyama (entrusted)". Constitutional Archives, National Diet Library (in Japanese). 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items available as pdf format (in Japanese). Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.
"Oyama, Iwao (1842 - 1916)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, National Diet Library.
Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
4894
],
"text": [
"German"
]
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.