manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
55_99	"I think it's because rich people want to show off to their friends that they have barami (, social
55_100	power), that they can afford to hunt because they have so much money."
55_101	History
55_102	Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic stone tools have been found in the Khwae Noi and Khwae Yai
55_103	River valleys and parts of the sanctuary were inhabited by Neolithic man. For at least 700 years,
55_104	the Dawna-Tenasserim region has been home to Mon and Karen people, but burial grounds in Thung Yai
55_105	and Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary have not been systematically researched.
55_106	The Thai name "Thung Yai Naresuan" refers to the "big field" (thung yai) or savanna in the centre
55_107	of the sanctuary, and to King Naresuan, a famous Siamese ruler who supposedly based his army in the
55_108	area to wage war against Burma sometime during his reign of the Ayutthaya Kingdom from 1590 until
55_109	his death in 1605.
55_110	The Karen people who live in the sanctuary call the savanna pia aethala aethea which may be
55_111	translated as "place of the knowing sage". It refers to the area as a place where ascetic hermits
55_112	called aethea have lived and meditated and may do so even today. The Karen in Thung Yai regard them
55_113	as holy men important for their history and identity in Thung Yai and revere them in a specific
55_114	cult.
55_115	Historical sources as well as local oral tradition suggest that settlement of Karen people in Thung
55_116	Yai did not occur before the second half of the 18th century. At that time, due to political and
55_117	religious persecution in Burma, predominantly Pwo-Karen from the hinterlands of Moulmein and Tavoy
55_118	migrated into the area northeast of the Three Pagodas Pass, where they received formal settlement
55_119	rights from the Siamese Governor of Kanchanaburi. Sometime between 1827 and 1839 the Siamese King
55_120	Rama III established this area as a principality (mueang) and the Karen leader who governed the
55_121	principality received the Siamese title of nobility Phra Si Suwannakhiri. During the second half of
55_122	the 19th century, this Karen principality at the Burmese border became particularly important for
55_123	the Siamese King Rama V (Chulalongkorn) in his negotiations with the British colonial power in
55_124	Burma regarding the demarcation of their western border with Siam.
55_125	At the beginning of the 20th century, when the modern Thai nation state was established, the Karen
55_126	in Thung Yai lost their former status and importance. During the first half of the 20th century,
55_127	external political influences were minimal in Thung Yai and the Karen communities were highly
55_128	autonomous regarding their internal affairs. This changed in the second half of the 20th century,
55_129	when the Thai nation state extended its institutions into the peripheral areas and the Karen
55_130	re-appeared as chao khao or "hill tribes" on the national political agenda, as forest destroyers
55_131	and illegal immigrants.
55_132	Plans to protect the forests and wildlife at the upper Khwae Yai and Khwae Noi river grew in the
55_133	mid-1960s. Due to strong logging and mining interests in the area, it was not before 1972 that the
55_134	Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary could be established, and Thung Yai resistance was even
55_135	stronger. However, in April 1973 a military helicopter crashed near Thung Yai and revealed an
55_136	illegal hunting party of senior military officers with family members, businessmen, and a film
55_137	star, arousing nationwide public outrage which finally led to the fall of the Thanom-Prapas Regime
55_138	after the uprising of 14 October 1973. After this accident and under a new democratic government,
55_139	the area finally could be declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1974. After the military had taken power
55_140	once again in October 1976, many of the activists of the democracy movement fled into peripheral
55_141	regions of the country and some of them found refuge among the Karen people living in Thung Yai.
55_142	During the 1960s, not only timber and ore, but also the water of the western forests as
55_143	hydroelectric power resources became of interest for commercial profit and national development. A
55_144	system of several big dams was planned to produce electricity for the growing urban centres. On the
55_145	Khwae Yai River the Si Nakharin Dam was finished in 1980 and the Tha Thung Na Dam in 1981, while
55_146	the Khao Laem Dam (renamed Vajiralongkorn Dam) on the Khwae Noi River south of Thung Yai was
55_147	completed in 1984. The Nam Choan Dam, the last of the projected dams, was supposed to flood a
55_148	forest area of about 223 km2 within the Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary.
55_149	A public dispute about the Nam Choan Dam project lasted for more than six years, dominating
55_150	national politics and public debate in early-1988 before it was shelved in April that year.
55_151	Pointing to the high value of Thung Yai for nature conservation and biodiversity, dam opponents on
55_152	the national and international level raised the possibility of declaring the area a world heritage
55_153	site. This prestigious option would have been lost with a huge dam and reservoir in the middle of
55_154	the two wildlife sanctuaries most promising to meet the requirements for a global heritage.
55_155	After the dam project was shelved, the proposal to UNESCO was written by Seub Nakhasathien and
55_156	another outspoken opponent of the Nam Choan Dam, and, in December 1991, Thung Yai Naresuan together
55_157	with the adjoining Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary was declared a Natural World Heritage Site by
55_158	UNESCO. In the nomination, the "outstanding universal value" of the two sanctuaries is, in first
55_159	place, justified with their extraordinary high biodiversity due to their unique position at the
55_160	junction of four biogeographic zones, as well as with its size and "the undisturbed nature of its
55_161	habitats". The death of Seub Nakhasathien, the forest conservator instrumental in the UNESCO
55_162	listing who committed suicide in 1990, transformed the status of Thung Yai Naresuan and the
55_163	adjacent Huay Kha Kaeng Complex into a sacrosanct site and inspired many young persons to become
55_164	forest patrol staff.
55_165	Even though the UNESCO nomination explicitly emphasizes the "undisturbed nature" of the area, and
55_166	notwithstanding scientific studies supporting traditional settlement and use rights of the Karen
55_167	people in Thung Yai as well as the sustainability of their traditional land use system and their
55_168	strong intention to remain in their homeland and to protect it, governmental authorities regard the
55_169	people living in Thung Yai as a threat to the sanctuary and pursue their resettlement.
55_170	Karen villages in Huai Kha Khaeng were removed when the sanctuary was established in 1972, and in
55_171	the late-1970s the remaining communities in Huai Kha Khaeng had to leave when the Si Nakharin Dam
55_172	flooded their settlement areas. During the 1980s and early-1990s, villages of the Hmong ethnic
55_173	minority group were removed from the Huai Kha Khaeng and Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuaries.
55_174	The resettlement of the remaining Karen in Thung Yai was announced in the management plan for the
55_175	sanctuary, drafted in the late-1980s, as well as in the proposal for the world heritage site. But,
55_176	when the Thai Royal Forest Department tried to remove them in the early-1990s, it had to reverse
55_177	the resettlement scheme due to strong public criticism. Since then, the authorities have used
55_178	repression, intimidation, and terror to convince the Karen to leave their homeland "voluntarily",
55_179	and placed restrictions on their traditional land use system which will inevitably cause its
55_180	breakdown and deprive the Karen of subsistence.
55_181	the sanctuary employs about 200 staff to care for more than 1.3 million rai (2,080 km2). The
55_182	sanctuary is larger than the total area of Bangkok, which is 98,000 rai in size. There are 25
55_183	ranger stations inside the sanctuary. Each station is assigned three firearms, some inoperable.
55_184	Sanctuary staff patrol some 12,000 km of forest paths, and another 10,000 km in the adjoining Huai
55_185	Kha Khaeng sanctuary. The Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) calculates that each
55_186	forest staffer needs to police 2,083 rai (3.3 km2). In Thailand overall there are 443 protected
55_187	forest zones totalling 66.3 million rai, or 20.68 percent of the country's total area. The
55_188	government allocates a budget of around 61 baht per rai to manage them.
55_189	See also Wildlife of Thailand Indochina References
55_190	External links Information regarding ethnic minority people living in the sanctuary
55_191	Pictures from Thung Yai Yai.org Western Forest Conservation Club
55_192	World Heritage Sites in Thailand Wildlife sanctuaries of Thailand
55_193	Geography of Kanchanaburi province Geography of Tak province Protected areas established in 1974
55_194	1974 establishments in Thailand Dawna Range
56_0	Sesame Beginnings is a line of products and a video series, spun off the children's television
56_1	series Sesame Street. The line is targeted towards infants and their parents, and products are
56_2	designed to increase family interactivity.
56_3	Product line

55_99

"I think it's because rich people want to show off to their friends that they have barami (, social

55_100

power), that they can afford to hunt because they have so much money."

55_101

History

55_102

Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic stone tools have been found in the Khwae Noi and Khwae Yai

55_103

River valleys and parts of the sanctuary were inhabited by Neolithic man. For at least 700 years,

55_104

the Dawna-Tenasserim region has been home to Mon and Karen people, but burial grounds in Thung Yai

55_105

and Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary have not been systematically researched.

55_106

The Thai name "Thung Yai Naresuan" refers to the "big field" (thung yai) or savanna in the centre

55_107

of the sanctuary, and to King Naresuan, a famous Siamese ruler who supposedly based his army in the

55_108

area to wage war against Burma sometime during his reign of the Ayutthaya Kingdom from 1590 until

55_109

his death in 1605.

55_110

The Karen people who live in the sanctuary call the savanna pia aethala aethea which may be

55_111

translated as "place of the knowing sage". It refers to the area as a place where ascetic hermits

55_112

called aethea have lived and meditated and may do so even today. The Karen in Thung Yai regard them

55_113

as holy men important for their history and identity in Thung Yai and revere them in a specific

55_114

cult.

55_115

Historical sources as well as local oral tradition suggest that settlement of Karen people in Thung

55_116

Yai did not occur before the second half of the 18th century. At that time, due to political and

55_117

religious persecution in Burma, predominantly Pwo-Karen from the hinterlands of Moulmein and Tavoy

55_118

migrated into the area northeast of the Three Pagodas Pass, where they received formal settlement

55_119

rights from the Siamese Governor of Kanchanaburi. Sometime between 1827 and 1839 the Siamese King

55_120

Rama III established this area as a principality (mueang) and the Karen leader who governed the

55_121

principality received the Siamese title of nobility Phra Si Suwannakhiri. During the second half of

55_122

the 19th century, this Karen principality at the Burmese border became particularly important for

55_123

the Siamese King Rama V (Chulalongkorn) in his negotiations with the British colonial power in

55_124

Burma regarding the demarcation of their western border with Siam.

55_125

At the beginning of the 20th century, when the modern Thai nation state was established, the Karen

55_126

in Thung Yai lost their former status and importance. During the first half of the 20th century,

55_127

external political influences were minimal in Thung Yai and the Karen communities were highly

55_128

autonomous regarding their internal affairs. This changed in the second half of the 20th century,

55_129

when the Thai nation state extended its institutions into the peripheral areas and the Karen

55_130

re-appeared as chao khao or "hill tribes" on the national political agenda, as forest destroyers

55_131

and illegal immigrants.

55_132

Plans to protect the forests and wildlife at the upper Khwae Yai and Khwae Noi river grew in the

55_133

mid-1960s. Due to strong logging and mining interests in the area, it was not before 1972 that the

55_134

Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary could be established, and Thung Yai resistance was even

55_135

stronger. However, in April 1973 a military helicopter crashed near Thung Yai and revealed an

55_136

illegal hunting party of senior military officers with family members, businessmen, and a film

55_137

star, arousing nationwide public outrage which finally led to the fall of the Thanom-Prapas Regime

55_138

after the uprising of 14 October 1973. After this accident and under a new democratic government,

55_139

the area finally could be declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1974. After the military had taken power

55_140

once again in October 1976, many of the activists of the democracy movement fled into peripheral

55_141

regions of the country and some of them found refuge among the Karen people living in Thung Yai.

55_142

During the 1960s, not only timber and ore, but also the water of the western forests as

55_143

hydroelectric power resources became of interest for commercial profit and national development. A

55_144

system of several big dams was planned to produce electricity for the growing urban centres. On the

55_145

Khwae Yai River the Si Nakharin Dam was finished in 1980 and the Tha Thung Na Dam in 1981, while

55_146

the Khao Laem Dam (renamed Vajiralongkorn Dam) on the Khwae Noi River south of Thung Yai was

55_147

completed in 1984. The Nam Choan Dam, the last of the projected dams, was supposed to flood a

55_148

forest area of about 223 km2 within the Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary.

55_149

A public dispute about the Nam Choan Dam project lasted for more than six years, dominating

55_150

national politics and public debate in early-1988 before it was shelved in April that year.

55_151

Pointing to the high value of Thung Yai for nature conservation and biodiversity, dam opponents on

55_152

the national and international level raised the possibility of declaring the area a world heritage

55_153

site. This prestigious option would have been lost with a huge dam and reservoir in the middle of

55_154

the two wildlife sanctuaries most promising to meet the requirements for a global heritage.

55_155

After the dam project was shelved, the proposal to UNESCO was written by Seub Nakhasathien and

55_156

another outspoken opponent of the Nam Choan Dam, and, in December 1991, Thung Yai Naresuan together

55_157

with the adjoining Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary was declared a Natural World Heritage Site by

55_158

UNESCO. In the nomination, the "outstanding universal value" of the two sanctuaries is, in first

55_159

place, justified with their extraordinary high biodiversity due to their unique position at the

55_160

junction of four biogeographic zones, as well as with its size and "the undisturbed nature of its

55_161

habitats". The death of Seub Nakhasathien, the forest conservator instrumental in the UNESCO

55_162

listing who committed suicide in 1990, transformed the status of Thung Yai Naresuan and the

55_163

adjacent Huay Kha Kaeng Complex into a sacrosanct site and inspired many young persons to become

55_164

forest patrol staff.

55_165

Even though the UNESCO nomination explicitly emphasizes the "undisturbed nature" of the area, and

55_166

notwithstanding scientific studies supporting traditional settlement and use rights of the Karen

55_167

people in Thung Yai as well as the sustainability of their traditional land use system and their

55_168

strong intention to remain in their homeland and to protect it, governmental authorities regard the

55_169

people living in Thung Yai as a threat to the sanctuary and pursue their resettlement.

55_170

Karen villages in Huai Kha Khaeng were removed when the sanctuary was established in 1972, and in

55_171

the late-1970s the remaining communities in Huai Kha Khaeng had to leave when the Si Nakharin Dam

55_172

flooded their settlement areas. During the 1980s and early-1990s, villages of the Hmong ethnic

55_173

minority group were removed from the Huai Kha Khaeng and Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuaries.

55_174

The resettlement of the remaining Karen in Thung Yai was announced in the management plan for the

55_175

sanctuary, drafted in the late-1980s, as well as in the proposal for the world heritage site. But,

55_176

when the Thai Royal Forest Department tried to remove them in the early-1990s, it had to reverse

55_177

the resettlement scheme due to strong public criticism. Since then, the authorities have used

55_178

repression, intimidation, and terror to convince the Karen to leave their homeland "voluntarily",

55_179

and placed restrictions on their traditional land use system which will inevitably cause its

55_180

breakdown and deprive the Karen of subsistence.

55_181

the sanctuary employs about 200 staff to care for more than 1.3 million rai (2,080 km2). The

55_182

sanctuary is larger than the total area of Bangkok, which is 98,000 rai in size. There are 25

55_183

ranger stations inside the sanctuary. Each station is assigned three firearms, some inoperable.

55_184

Sanctuary staff patrol some 12,000 km of forest paths, and another 10,000 km in the adjoining Huai

55_185

Kha Khaeng sanctuary. The Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) calculates that each

55_186

forest staffer needs to police 2,083 rai (3.3 km2). In Thailand overall there are 443 protected

55_187

forest zones totalling 66.3 million rai, or 20.68 percent of the country's total area. The

55_188

government allocates a budget of around 61 baht per rai to manage them.

55_189

See also Wildlife of Thailand Indochina References

55_190

External links Information regarding ethnic minority people living in the sanctuary

55_191

Pictures from Thung Yai Yai.org Western Forest Conservation Club

55_192

World Heritage Sites in Thailand Wildlife sanctuaries of Thailand

55_193

Geography of Kanchanaburi province Geography of Tak province Protected areas established in 1974

55_194

1974 establishments in Thailand Dawna Range

56_0

Sesame Beginnings is a line of products and a video series, spun off the children's television

56_1

series Sesame Street. The line is targeted towards infants and their parents, and products are

56_2

designed to increase family interactivity.

56_3

Product line