manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
71_22	This protocol defines a 99th-percentile SSEV as a case which causes more infections than would
71_23	occur in 99% of infectious histories in a homogeneous population.
71_24	During the SARS-CoV-1 2002–2004 SARS outbreak from China, epidemiologists defined a superspreader
71_25	as an individual with at least eight transmissions of the disease.
71_26	Superspreaders may or may not show any symptoms of the disease.
71_27	SSEVs can further be classified into 'societal' and 'isolated' events.
71_28	In April 2020 Jonathan Kay reported in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic: Factors in transmission
71_29	Superspreaders have been identified who excrete a higher than normal number of pathogens during the
71_30	time they are infectious. This causes their contacts to be exposed to higher viral/bacterial loads
71_31	than would be seen in the contacts of non-superspreaders with the same duration of exposure.
71_32	Basic reproductive number
71_33	The basic reproduction number R0 is the average number of secondary infections caused by a typical
71_34	infective person in a totally susceptible population. The basic reproductive number is found by
71_35	multiplying the average number of contacts by the average probability that a susceptible individual
71_36	will become infected, which is called the shedding potential.
71_37	Individual reproductive number
71_38	The individual reproductive number represents the number of secondary infections caused by a
71_39	specific individual during the time that individual is infectious. Some individuals have
71_40	significantly higher than average individual reproductive numbers and are known as superspreaders.
71_41	Through contact tracing, epidemiologists have identified superspreaders in measles, tuberculosis,
71_42	rubella, monkeypox, smallpox, Ebola hemorrhagic fever and SARS.
71_43	Co-infections with other pathogens
71_44	Studies have shown that men with HIV who are co-infected with at least one other sexually
71_45	transmitted disease, such as gonorrhea, hepatitis C, and herpes simplex 2 virus, have a higher HIV
71_46	shedding rate than men without co-infection. This shedding rate was calculated in men with similar
71_47	HIV viral loads. Once treatment for the co-infection has been completed, the HIV shedding rate
71_48	returns to levels comparable to men without co-infection.
71_49	Lack of herd immunity
71_50	Herd immunity, or herd effect, refers to the indirect protection that immunized community members
71_51	provide to non-immunized members in preventing the spread of contagious disease. The greater the
71_52	number of immunized individuals, the less likely an outbreak can occur because there are fewer
71_53	susceptible contacts. In epidemiology, herd immunity is known as a dependent happening because it
71_54	influences transmission over time. As a pathogen that confers immunity to the survivors moves
71_55	through a susceptible population, the number of susceptible contacts declines. Even if susceptible
71_56	individuals remain, their contacts are likely to be immunized, preventing any further spread of the
71_57	infection. The proportion of immune individuals in a population above which a disease may no longer
71_58	persist is the herd immunity threshold. Its value varies with the virulence of the disease, the
71_59	efficacy of the vaccine, and the contact parameter for the population. That is not to say that an
71_60	outbreak can't occur, but it will be limited.
71_61	Superspreaders during outbreaks or pandemics
71_62	COVID-19 pandemic: 2020–present
71_63	The South Korean spread of confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection jumped suddenly starting on
71_64	19–20 February 2020. On 19 February, the number of confirmed cases increased by 20. On 20 February,
71_65	58 or 70 new cases were confirmed, giving a total of 104 confirmed cases, according to the Centers
71_66	for Disease Control and Prevention Korea (KCDC). According to Reuters, KCDC attributed the sudden
71_67	jump to 70 cases linked to "Patient 31", who had participated in a gathering in Daegu at the
71_68	Shincheonji Church of Jesus the Temple of the Tabernacle of the Testimony. On 20 February, the
71_69	streets of Daegu were empty in reaction to the Shincheonji outbreak. A resident described the
71_70	reaction, stating "It's like someone dropped a bomb in the middle of the city. It looks like a
71_71	zombie apocalypse." On 21 February, the first death was reported. According to the mayor of Daegu,
71_72	the number of suspected cases as of 21 February is 544 among 4,400 examined followers of the
71_73	church. Later in the outbreak, in May, A 29-year-old man visited several Seoul nightclubs in one
71_74	night and resulted in accumulated infections of at least 79 other people.
71_75	A business conference in Boston (MA) from February 26–28 was a superspreading event.
71_76	Between 27 February and 1 March, a Tablighi Jamaat event at Masjid Jamek, Seri Petaling in Kuala
71_77	Lumpur, Malaysia attended by approximately 16,000 people resulted in a major outbreak across the
71_78	country. By May 16, 3,348 COVID-19 cases - 48% of Malaysia's total at the time - were linked to the
71_79	event, and with approximately 10% of attendees visiting from overseas, the event resulted in the
71_80	virus spreading across Southeast Asia. Cases in Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Brunei, the
71_81	Philippines and Thailand were traced back to the mosque gathering.
71_82	In New York, a lawyer contracted the illness then spread it to at least twenty other individuals in
71_83	his community in New Rochelle, creating a cluster of cases that quickly passed 100, accounting for
71_84	more than half of SARS-CoV2 coronavirus cases in the state during early March 2020. For comparison,
71_85	the basic reproduction number of the virus, which is the average number of additional people that a
71_86	single case will infect without any preventative measures, is between 1.4 and 3.9.
71_87	On March 6, preacher Baldev Singh returned to India after being infected while traveling in Italy
71_88	and Germany. He subsequently died, becoming the first coronavirus fatality in the State of Punjab.
71_89	Testing revealed that he'd infected 26 locals, including 19 relatives, while tracing discovered
71_90	that he'd had direct contact with more than 550 people. Fearing an outbreak, India's government
71_91	instituted a local quarantine on 27 March 2020, affecting 40,000 residents from 20 villages.
71_92	Initial reports claimed that Baldev Singh had ignored self-quarantine orders, and police
71_93	collaborated with singer Sidhu Moose Wala to release a rap music video blaming the dead man for
71_94	bringing the virus to Punjab. But Baldev Singh's fellow travelers insisted that no such order had
71_95	been given, leading to accusations that local authorities had scapegoated him to avoid scrutiny of
71_96	their own failures.
71_97	A Tablighi Jamaat religious congregation that took place in Delhi's Nizamuddin Markaz Mosque in
71_98	early March 2020 was a coronavirus super-spreader event, with more than 4,000 confirmed cases and
71_99	at least 27 deaths linked to the event reported across the country. Over 9,000 missionaries may
71_100	have attended the congregation, with the majority being from various states of India, and 960
71_101	attendees from 40 foreign countries. On 18 April, 4,291 confirmed cases of COVID-19 linked to this
71_102	event by the Union Health Ministry represented a third of all the confirmed cases of India. Around
71_103	40,000 people, including Tablighi Jamaat attendees and their contacts, were quarantined across the
71_104	country.
71_105	On 11 May 2020, it came to light that a worker at a fish processing plant in Tema, Ghana was
71_106	believed to have infected over 500 other people with COVID-19.
71_107	As of 18 July 2020, more than one thousand suspected superspreading events had been logged, for
71_108	example a cluster of 187 people who were infected after eating at a Harper's Restaurant and Brew
71_109	Pub in East Lansing, Michigan.
71_110	On 26 September 2020, President Trump announced his Supreme Court Justice nominee, Amy Coney
71_111	Barrett. The announcement took place at the White House Rose Garden, where around 30 people
71_112	attentively watched. The outbreak event has since been dubbed a “superspreader” event. Less than a
71_113	week after the event, President Trump himself was diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2, as well as others who
71_114	attended the Rose Garden event. By October 7, the Federal Emergency Management Agency memo revealed
71_115	that 34 White House staff members, housekeepers, and other contacts had contracted the virus.
71_116	Public health experts have said that the 2021 United States Capitol attack was a potential COVID-19
71_117	superspreading event. Few members of the crowd attacking the Capitol wore face coverings, with many
71_118	coming from out of town, and few of the rioters were immediately detained and identified.
71_119	On 30 July 2021, it came to light that a Peruvian man, resident of Córdoba, Argentina, brought the
71_120	Delta variant of COVID-19 after travelling to Europe, but he did not quarantine himself, infecting
71_121	17 relatives and putting in isolation over 800 other people. He and other three people got arrested

71_22

This protocol defines a 99th-percentile SSEV as a case which causes more infections than would

71_23

occur in 99% of infectious histories in a homogeneous population.

71_24

During the SARS-CoV-1 2002–2004 SARS outbreak from China, epidemiologists defined a superspreader

71_25

as an individual with at least eight transmissions of the disease.

71_26

Superspreaders may or may not show any symptoms of the disease.

71_27

SSEVs can further be classified into 'societal' and 'isolated' events.

71_28

In April 2020 Jonathan Kay reported in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic: Factors in transmission

71_29

Superspreaders have been identified who excrete a higher than normal number of pathogens during the

71_30

time they are infectious. This causes their contacts to be exposed to higher viral/bacterial loads

71_31

than would be seen in the contacts of non-superspreaders with the same duration of exposure.

71_32

Basic reproductive number

71_33

The basic reproduction number R0 is the average number of secondary infections caused by a typical

71_34

infective person in a totally susceptible population. The basic reproductive number is found by

71_35

multiplying the average number of contacts by the average probability that a susceptible individual

71_36

will become infected, which is called the shedding potential.

71_37

Individual reproductive number

71_38

The individual reproductive number represents the number of secondary infections caused by a

71_39

specific individual during the time that individual is infectious. Some individuals have

71_40

significantly higher than average individual reproductive numbers and are known as superspreaders.

71_41

Through contact tracing, epidemiologists have identified superspreaders in measles, tuberculosis,

71_42

rubella, monkeypox, smallpox, Ebola hemorrhagic fever and SARS.

71_43

Co-infections with other pathogens

71_44

Studies have shown that men with HIV who are co-infected with at least one other sexually

71_45

transmitted disease, such as gonorrhea, hepatitis C, and herpes simplex 2 virus, have a higher HIV

71_46

shedding rate than men without co-infection. This shedding rate was calculated in men with similar

71_47

HIV viral loads. Once treatment for the co-infection has been completed, the HIV shedding rate

71_48

returns to levels comparable to men without co-infection.

71_49

Lack of herd immunity

71_50

Herd immunity, or herd effect, refers to the indirect protection that immunized community members

71_51

provide to non-immunized members in preventing the spread of contagious disease. The greater the

71_52

number of immunized individuals, the less likely an outbreak can occur because there are fewer

71_53

susceptible contacts. In epidemiology, herd immunity is known as a dependent happening because it

71_54

influences transmission over time. As a pathogen that confers immunity to the survivors moves

71_55

through a susceptible population, the number of susceptible contacts declines. Even if susceptible

71_56

individuals remain, their contacts are likely to be immunized, preventing any further spread of the

71_57

infection. The proportion of immune individuals in a population above which a disease may no longer

71_58

persist is the herd immunity threshold. Its value varies with the virulence of the disease, the

71_59

efficacy of the vaccine, and the contact parameter for the population. That is not to say that an

71_60

outbreak can't occur, but it will be limited.

71_61

Superspreaders during outbreaks or pandemics

71_62

COVID-19 pandemic: 2020–present

71_63

The South Korean spread of confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection jumped suddenly starting on

71_64

19–20 February 2020. On 19 February, the number of confirmed cases increased by 20. On 20 February,

71_65

58 or 70 new cases were confirmed, giving a total of 104 confirmed cases, according to the Centers

71_66

for Disease Control and Prevention Korea (KCDC). According to Reuters, KCDC attributed the sudden

71_67

jump to 70 cases linked to "Patient 31", who had participated in a gathering in Daegu at the

71_68

Shincheonji Church of Jesus the Temple of the Tabernacle of the Testimony. On 20 February, the

71_69

streets of Daegu were empty in reaction to the Shincheonji outbreak. A resident described the

71_70

reaction, stating "It's like someone dropped a bomb in the middle of the city. It looks like a

71_71

zombie apocalypse." On 21 February, the first death was reported. According to the mayor of Daegu,

71_72

the number of suspected cases as of 21 February is 544 among 4,400 examined followers of the

71_73

church. Later in the outbreak, in May, A 29-year-old man visited several Seoul nightclubs in one

71_74

night and resulted in accumulated infections of at least 79 other people.

71_75

A business conference in Boston (MA) from February 26–28 was a superspreading event.

71_76

Between 27 February and 1 March, a Tablighi Jamaat event at Masjid Jamek, Seri Petaling in Kuala

71_77

Lumpur, Malaysia attended by approximately 16,000 people resulted in a major outbreak across the

71_78

country. By May 16, 3,348 COVID-19 cases - 48% of Malaysia's total at the time - were linked to the

71_79

event, and with approximately 10% of attendees visiting from overseas, the event resulted in the

71_80

virus spreading across Southeast Asia. Cases in Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Brunei, the

71_81

Philippines and Thailand were traced back to the mosque gathering.

71_82

In New York, a lawyer contracted the illness then spread it to at least twenty other individuals in

71_83

his community in New Rochelle, creating a cluster of cases that quickly passed 100, accounting for

71_84

more than half of SARS-CoV2 coronavirus cases in the state during early March 2020. For comparison,

71_85

the basic reproduction number of the virus, which is the average number of additional people that a

71_86

single case will infect without any preventative measures, is between 1.4 and 3.9.

71_87

On March 6, preacher Baldev Singh returned to India after being infected while traveling in Italy

71_88

and Germany. He subsequently died, becoming the first coronavirus fatality in the State of Punjab.

71_89

Testing revealed that he'd infected 26 locals, including 19 relatives, while tracing discovered

71_90

that he'd had direct contact with more than 550 people. Fearing an outbreak, India's government

71_91

instituted a local quarantine on 27 March 2020, affecting 40,000 residents from 20 villages.

71_92

Initial reports claimed that Baldev Singh had ignored self-quarantine orders, and police

71_93

collaborated with singer Sidhu Moose Wala to release a rap music video blaming the dead man for

71_94

bringing the virus to Punjab. But Baldev Singh's fellow travelers insisted that no such order had

71_95

been given, leading to accusations that local authorities had scapegoated him to avoid scrutiny of

71_96

their own failures.

71_97

A Tablighi Jamaat religious congregation that took place in Delhi's Nizamuddin Markaz Mosque in

71_98

early March 2020 was a coronavirus super-spreader event, with more than 4,000 confirmed cases and

71_99

at least 27 deaths linked to the event reported across the country. Over 9,000 missionaries may

71_100

have attended the congregation, with the majority being from various states of India, and 960

71_101

attendees from 40 foreign countries. On 18 April, 4,291 confirmed cases of COVID-19 linked to this

71_102

event by the Union Health Ministry represented a third of all the confirmed cases of India. Around

71_103

40,000 people, including Tablighi Jamaat attendees and their contacts, were quarantined across the

71_104

country.

71_105

On 11 May 2020, it came to light that a worker at a fish processing plant in Tema, Ghana was

71_106

believed to have infected over 500 other people with COVID-19.

71_107

As of 18 July 2020, more than one thousand suspected superspreading events had been logged, for

71_108

example a cluster of 187 people who were infected after eating at a Harper's Restaurant and Brew

71_109

Pub in East Lansing, Michigan.

71_110

On 26 September 2020, President Trump announced his Supreme Court Justice nominee, Amy Coney

71_111

Barrett. The announcement took place at the White House Rose Garden, where around 30 people

71_112

attentively watched. The outbreak event has since been dubbed a “superspreader” event. Less than a

71_113

week after the event, President Trump himself was diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2, as well as others who

71_114

attended the Rose Garden event. By October 7, the Federal Emergency Management Agency memo revealed

71_115

that 34 White House staff members, housekeepers, and other contacts had contracted the virus.

71_116

Public health experts have said that the 2021 United States Capitol attack was a potential COVID-19

71_117

superspreading event. Few members of the crowd attacking the Capitol wore face coverings, with many

71_118

coming from out of town, and few of the rioters were immediately detained and identified.

71_119

On 30 July 2021, it came to light that a Peruvian man, resident of Córdoba, Argentina, brought the

71_120

Delta variant of COVID-19 after travelling to Europe, but he did not quarantine himself, infecting

71_121

17 relatives and putting in isolation over 800 other people. He and other three people got arrested