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https://openalex.org/W4297998966
|
The rights of slaves in the Crimean Khanate and the conditions for their emancipation
|
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "O.D. Rustemov",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5075118922"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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"display_name": "Novelty",
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"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Settlement (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777063073"
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"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
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"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020"
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"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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"display_name": "Payment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145097563"
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[
"Turkey"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4297998966
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Research objectives: The aim of this research is to study issues related to the legal status of slaves, as well as the terms and conditions of their release in the Crimean Khanate. Research materials: Individual research works on the topic of slavery in Ottoman Turkey and the texts of the Crimean Kadiasker books (sijils) in which slaves appear in connection with various legal proceedings related to them. Results and novelty of the research: Novelty lies in the fact that certain terms from the history of slavery in the Turkic Muslim states have been introduced into scientific circulation. For the first time in Russian historiography, the so-called guarantees (tedbir) of the liberation of slaves in the Crimean Khanate are described. The practice of announcing such “guarantees” to slaves finds its confirmation in court documents of the 17th century. The question of the existence of a limiting service life of slaves in the Crimean Khanate is considered. Also, for the first time, using historical evidence, the legal status of slaves has been studied, the relationship between slaves and masters has been examined, and other reasons for the release of slaves, not related to the end of their service, have been identified. As a result of this study, it is established that in the Crimea of the 16th-18th centuries, according to Muslim law, only prisoners of war captured in a war or on a campaign could become slaves. According to Sharia, Muslims could not be enslaved. This rule was strictly adhered to in the Crimea. We find confirmation of this fact in individual Crimean sijils where the fate of the Lipka Tatars who, being Muslims, were captured, brought to Crimea, and subsequently released. Such documents are examined here. The study has found that slaves were deprived of legal rights and had the status of mütekavvım mal – property permitted for use. They were part of the common property that could be sold, exchanged, donated, or used at the discretion of the owner. In yafts or lists of inherited property, slaves were listed, as a rule, among animals or other things. Sometimes slaves, at the request of their masters, received additional powers and became semi-free traders. A special category of slaves that stood out among others should be noted among the soldiers of the khan’s guard – kapy-kulu (literally – slave of the door/slave at the gate). This article determines that the normal life of a slave corresponded to a full six years. In addition to release on the grounds of seniority, other conditions for the release of a slave were also possible. Four types of tedbir and the conditions of kitabet, or an agreement on the independent redemption of oneself by a slave, are considered. Cases of the release of slaves on religious grounds are described, and the possibilities for them to go to court for legal assistance are described. All the facts of legal precedents given in the article are supported by information from the Crimean Cadi sijils. In conclusion, concepts are given regarding the system of slavery adopted in the khanate.
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210168828",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4318444117
|
Österreichs friedlicher Kreuzzug 1839–1917: Das Heilige Land in Außenpolitik, Gesellschaft und Mentalitäten der Habsburgermonarchie by Barbara Haider-Wilson
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[
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Louise Hecht",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5042438843"
}
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"display_name": "Parliament",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781440851"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777351106"
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"display_name": "Monarchy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203458295"
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"display_name": "Constitution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776154427"
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"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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"display_name": "Humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023"
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"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4318444117
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Reviewed by: Österreichs friedlicher Kreuzzug 1839–1917: Das Heilige Land in Außenpolitik, Gesellschaft und Mentalitäten der Habsburgermonarchie by Barbara Haider-Wilson Louise Hecht Österreichs friedlicher Kreuzzug 1839–1917: Das Heilige Land in Außenpolitik, Gesellschaft und Mentalitäten der Habsburgermonarchie. By Barbara Haider-Wilson. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 2021. Archiv für österreichische Geschichte vol. 144. 871 pp. €79. ISBN 9783–7001–8618–8. On his journey to the 'Orient' in 1856, the cultural entrepreneur from Vienna Ludwig August Frankl (1810–94) discussed the recent Hatt-ı-Hümayun, the new constitution promulgated by Sultan Abdülmecid I for the Ottoman Empire, with a Turkish state official. Frankl said that the European nations wondered whether the Ottoman Empire would be able to enact this revolutionary legislation, especially given the fact that they themselves had not yet implemented the full emancipation of religious minorities in their countries. 'Equal rights for all religions,' he exclaimed. 'While England orders this legislation for an, Your Mightiness will excuse the common expression, uncivilized nation, they do not comply with it in their own Parliament' (Ludwig August Frankl, Nach Jerusalem! (1858), i, 191). While criticizing England's hypocritical policy, Frankl, as an Austrian Jew, was actually referring to the discriminatory legislation against Jews in his own country, the Habsburg Monarchy. European Jews, whose legal emancipation had been postponed since the eighteenth century, were in awe of the Ottoman reforms that fundamentally reversed the relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims with the stroke of a pen. The chequered relationship between the Ottoman Empire and the European powers, or more precisely, the Habsburg Monarchy, from the nineteenth century until the First World War, is the topic of Barbara Haider-Wilson's comprehensive study Österreichs friedlicher Kreuzzug 1839–1917. The book is the fruit of Haider-Wilson's long-standing engagement with the subject during which the author has amassed an impressive amount of (published and unpublished) sources as well as research literature, to which the bibliography of more than sixty pages testifies. The first of the book's three parts consists of a thorough introduction (around a hundred pages) that positions Haider-Wilson's research question, namely the interconnectedness of Habsburg's religious and political involvement in the Holy Land, within a broad historiographical and methodological context. The second part outlines the historical and political background by presenting the volatile relationship between the Ottoman Empire and the main European players in the Middle [End Page 214] East (Britain, France, Russia and the Habsburg Monarchy, from the Napoleonic Wars to the First World War). The third and main part delineates the formation of the 'Jerusalem-milieu', the growing significance of Jerusalem in the religious and political mindset of decision-makers and ordinary people in the Habsburg Monarchy. The methodological decision to focus on internationalism rather than on traditional foreign diplomacy shifts the emphasis from the role of institutions to that of the historical agents who shaped events through a plethora of actions and interactions. Twenty pages of historical illustrations at the end of the volume reflect current visual culture. The book's title emphasizes agency as well. It hints at a nineteenth-century slogan, allegedly coined by the Swiss physician and explorer Titus Tobler, who advocated the Christian conquest of Jerusalem through concerted religious and cultural activities (p. 30). Even more influential in the book's context is a mosaic from 1907 in the chapel of the Austrian Hospice in Jerusalem's Old City, which was recently analysed by Lily Arad (The Crown of Jerusalem: Franz Joseph's Dream of an Ideal Empire, 2012). The mosaic juxtaposes the belligerent pilgrims, namely the crusaders, to the left and the peaceful pilgrims to the right with Emperor Franz Joseph I in the middle, pointing towards the heavenly Jerusalem. The Austrian Hospice, which opened its gates to Austrian pilgrims in 1863 and is still in existence today, is one of two influential institutions that the Habsburg Monarchy established in the Holy Land (the other being the hospital of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in Tantour, which existed between 1876 and 1939). As the Holy City's first national pilgrim hospice, the Austrian Hospice encapsulates...
|
[
{
"display_name": "Austrian studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210191062",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W1544441649
|
Tell This in My Memory: Stories of Enslavement from Egypt, Sudan, and the Ottoman Empire
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Soha El Achi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5081782748"
}
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
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{
"display_name": "Mamluk",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777898063"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Empire",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778495208"
},
{
"display_name": "Colonialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C531593650"
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{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Sudan",
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1544441649
|
TELL THIS IN MY MEMORY: STORIES OF ENSLAVEMENT FROM EGYPT, SUDAN, AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE by Eve M. Troutt Powell Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012 (xvii + 246 pages, bibliography, index, illustrations, maps) $40.00 (cloth)Tell This in My Memory: Stories of Enslavement from Egypt, Sudan, and Ottoman Empire is a study of slavery, liberation, and remembrance between nineteenth and twenty-^rst centuries. Eve M. Troutt Powell examines mechanisms of enslavement and experiences of emancipation through lives and narratives of captives and their descendants, slave owners, and European missionaries.In past three decades, historians of Middle East and North Africa have studied captives' geographical, ethnic, and social origins as well as their roles in society. They have also explored British-led abolition movement in nineteenth century in context of European colonial expansion. Building on this literature, which includes, for instance, work of Ehud Toledano and Yusuf Hakan Erdem, Troutt Powell emphasizes importance of slavery in Ottoman and Egyptian history. She demonstrates how, even a^er end of Mamluk period, slavery was never tangential to region's history, but stood at its core, in both private and public spheres. In support of her argument, she uses writings of renowned Egyptian, Sudanese, and Ottoman figures 'Ali Mubarak, Huda al-Sha'rawi, Babikr Bedri, and Halide Edib, who were (in their own various ways) emblems of modernization and reform in nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Troutt Powell shows how slaves played an essential role in personal, professional, and political development and awakening of these figures. For example, 'Ali Mubarak, in charge of public works and education in khedival governments starting in late 1860s, spoke of Cairo as a city in which slavery was omnipresent. He also shared his astonishment and admiration upon meeting a high-ranking military commander who was a freed Ethiopian slave: I had never witnessed such a thing before (33). The commander's example inspired young Mubarak during his own journey from being a young, poor native Egyptian to becoming a prominent member of a government at a time when a state generally dominated by Turkish elite usually denied native Egyptians high positions.This encounter, however, is exceptional in world of Mubarak and his contemporary audience, who associated skin with low social rank and servitude. At other end of spectrum stood slaves, who brought prestige to their owners and who o^en attained high positions within households or in government. Troutt Powell points out that white and black were constructed concepts that obscured a much more complex set of identities. Slaves from Africa or Caucasus belonged to a wide array of ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups. But once they arrived in Egypt or in other parts of Ottoman Empire, their owners decided to forget their ancestry and place of origin and they instead became, as Mubarak observed, black or white.When British, followed by Italians and French, directed their abolitionist e^orts to Middle East and North Africa in second part of nineteenth century, defense of slavery became entwined with resistance to European colonialism. Western powers used their in^uence to push Ottoman and Egyptian governments to put a legal end to ownership or sale of human beings, and slave owners tenaciously defended their privileges. Beyond material benefits of slavery, slave owners per- ceived their struggle as one for their freedom from European encroachment in public and private spheres of their lives. In that sense, they were trying to secure their own sense of power and identity in unstable times. Moreover, they tried to show that slavery could be part of modernity. Babikr Bedri, who reformed Sudanese education system when his country was under Anglo-Egyptian condominium, strongly believed and tried to demonstrate to British that the customs, economics, and traditions of slavery formed a crucial part of Sudanese nation that [he] was learning to politicize, and to uphold (74). …
|
[
{
"display_name": "Arab Studies Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764408163",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2001699780
|
From Third Worldism to Empire: Jean‐Luc Godard and the Palestine Question
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Irmgard Emmelhainz",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5020679128"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
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{
"display_name": "Subaltern",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781208120"
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"display_name": "Empire",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778495208"
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{
"display_name": "Colonialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C531593650"
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{
"display_name": "Geopolitics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201960208"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
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{
"display_name": "Aesthetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107038049"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Art history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52119013"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
}
] |
[
"Palestine"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2001699780
|
Abstract Through the lens of two films by the Swiss film‐maker Jean‐Luc Godard, Ici et ailleurs (1970–1974) and Notre musique (2004), in which he addresses the Palestine Question, the article sketches out the discursive shifts in geopolitical engagement from the French movement of Third Worldism to current cultural wars and interventionism. In the late 1960s and early 1970s artists, writers, journalists and film‐makers produced works speaking for and about revolutionary struggles in the Third World. When Third Worldism was dismissed as a sort of aberration of decadent Socialism that threatened people’s rights, a new de‐ideologised form of emancipation of the people of the Third World called for the imperative to safeguard their human rights. This led to new figures of alterity in the 1980s and 1990s, the ‘suffering other’ that needs to be rescued and to the post‐colonial ‘subaltern’ demanding restitution, presupposing that visibility would follow emancipation. For Godard, contemporary righteous cultural (and actual) wars stand against a ‘sky red with explosions and restored ruins, still in flames, purporting the false unity of a culturalised past as the condition of possibility of a present of ‘coexistence’.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Third text",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210216033",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2009728207
|
Edward W. Said and Zionism: Rethinking the Exodus Story
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "William V. Spanos",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5084560184"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Zionism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58041660"
},
{
"display_name": "Ideology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158071213"
},
{
"display_name": "Empire",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778495208"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Literature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Palestine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Palestine",
"State of Palestine",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2009728207
|
In The Question of Palestine and elsewhere, Edward Said locates the “justificatory regime” that Zionism has developed to interpose between its Palestinian victims and itself in the discourse of nineteenth-century British imperialism, by which he means the representation of the land occupied by empire as “terra nullius.” This essay retrieves Said's “Canaanite” reading of Michael Waltzer's Exodus and Revolution, in which the latter invokes, above all, the English Puritan revolution to demonstrate the emancipatory politics of the Old Testament story and reconstellates it into the American context, in which, according to Sacvan Bercovitch in The American Jeremiad, the Puritan founders' figural reenactment of the Exodus story is, in fact, one of conquest and occupation rather than emancipation. Such a retrieval and reconstellation will show that Said's genealogy of the Zionist justificatory regime undergoes a significant modification when, in the 1950s, the United States takes over the sponsorship of the Israeli state from the Old World empires. It will show, specifically, the imperial ideology of the Old World that was the original model of the Zionist justificatory regime vis-à-vis Palestine was displaced by the far more politically “effective” exceptionalist jeremiadic ideology of the “pioneering” New World.
|
[
{
"display_name": "boundary 2",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S171635450",
"type": "journal"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W2480433510
|
The politics of music categorization in Portugal
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Salwa El‐Shawan Castelo‐Branco",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5084601365"
}
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C158071213"
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{
"display_name": "Scholarship",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778061430"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776050585"
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{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
"display_name": "Musical",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C558565934"
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{
"display_name": "Judaism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C521449643"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C107038049"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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] |
[
"Palestine",
"Jordan",
"Israel"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W24635899",
"https://openalex.org/W2316926895",
"https://openalex.org/W2331287709",
"https://openalex.org/W2331422358",
"https://openalex.org/W2513184492",
"https://openalex.org/W2525302234",
"https://openalex.org/W2739314488",
"https://openalex.org/W2790662159",
"https://openalex.org/W2793343636",
"https://openalex.org/W2797496846",
"https://openalex.org/W2893490601",
"https://openalex.org/W2903073987",
"https://openalex.org/W4247790625",
"https://openalex.org/W4250863702"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2480433510
|
The invention of the phonograph toward the end of the nineteenth century brought music to the forefront of folk-song scholarship, hitherto focused almost entirely on lyrics. Transformed into sound objects, the oral musical traditions, could be collected, stored, and subjected to sustained scholarly scrutiny. Musics are collected in the southeastern Mediterranean, west of the Jordan River, known variously as Eretz Yisrael, Israel, Palestine, and the Holy Land. This chapter focuses on the different ways in which collectors of traditional music have negotiated specific artistic and scholarly interests and agendas with competing ideologies of nationalism in four large scale music recording and archiving projects based in and around Jerusalem. In the utopian vision, spiritual renewal, attained through the creation of a society based on Jewish cultural and ethical values, was the primary goal of Zionism, and a prerequisite for political emancipation.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W2487775413
|
Anglo-Jewish Identity and the Politics Of Cultivation in Hazlitt, Aguilar, and Disraeli
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Judith W. Page",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5056720811"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Judaism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
},
{
"display_name": "Jewish identity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776365606"
},
{
"display_name": "Identity (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778355321"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Narrative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199033989"
},
{
"display_name": "Land of Israel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C174714178"
},
{
"display_name": "Religious studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
},
{
"display_name": "Literature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Aesthetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107038049"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Palestine"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2487775413
|
In 1830, William Cobbett challenged his readers to “produce a Jew who ever dug, who went to the plough, or who ever made his own coat or his own shoes, or who did anything at all, except get all the money he could from the pockets of the people.”1 Cobbett repeats the old canard that Jews, as international vagabonds, have no connection to the land and thus cannot be legitimate Britons. Cobbett resented Jews for allegedly refusing to do real work, and he also feared that if unfettered, Jews would buy up and degrade the land meant for others to work. In response to the sort of worldview promoted by Cobbett (if not in direct response to him), writers more friendly to Jews and Judaism made land and cultivation central to their sense of Jewish identity in nineteenth-century Britain.2 These writers returned to the biblical notion of the Jews as cultivators of fields and vineyards, and presented Jews as adaptors of ancient traditions to contemporary Britain. Beginning with William Hazlitt’s passionate defense of Jewish emancipation in 1831 and looking at several prints of “Jewish” country houses, I chart the centrality of “the land” and ownership to the position of Jews in Britain. Such writers as Grace Aguilar and Benjamin Disraeli use narrative scenes of gardening and agriculture to negotiate the slippery terrain of British-Jewish identity in the early- to mid-nineteenth century. Paradoxically, though, the connection to the land in Aguilar leads to an affirmation of Anglo-Jewish identity, while Disraeli’s contrast between the landscapes of England and Palestine makes accommodation more difficult.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463717",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4376135099
|
Arnold Zweig und Magnus Hirschfeld<b> (Berlin und Palästina)</b>
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Manfred Herzer-Wigglesworth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5080726784"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Zionism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58041660"
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{
"display_name": "Judaism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
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{
"display_name": "Persecution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C537575062"
},
{
"display_name": "Palestine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "German",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Religious studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
}
] |
[
"Palestine",
"State of Palestine",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4376135099
|
Abstract The poet Arnold Zweig and the sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld, two German-Jewish atheists, are compared in their views on the emancipation of Jews and homosexuals in the 20th century. Without knowing about each other, the two visited Palestine in 1932, where they grappled with Zionism and the idea of a Jewish state. Zweigʼs reflections on Palestine are expressed in his 1932 novel »De Vriendt kehrt heim,« while Hirschfeldʼs »Weltreise eines Sexualforschers,« published in 1933 in Swiss exile, formulated his ambivalent, ultimately negative attitude toward Zionism. Zweig lived and worked in Palestine, despite all his reservations, until the founding of the State of Israel. Hirschfeld, who was almost twenty years older, died in France in 1935. Hirschfeldʼs lifelong fight against the persecution of homosexuals was supported by Zweig in many ways, but in the last decades of Zweigʼs life, as a member of the Jewish community in East Berlin, he almost completely faded into the background of his cultural-political activities.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Aschkenas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S1574580",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2462884253
|
„ŽYDŲ KRONIKA“ IR SUOMIJOS ŽYDŲ TAPATYBĖS FORMAVIMASIS 1918–1920 METAIS
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Teuvo Laitila",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5034308656"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Judaism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
},
{
"display_name": "Homeland",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778880830"
},
{
"display_name": "Zionism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58041660"
},
{
"display_name": "Jewish identity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776365606"
},
{
"display_name": "Jewish state",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776769304"
},
{
"display_name": "Anti-Zionism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108812129"
},
{
"display_name": "Declaration of independence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778607876"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Identity (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778355321"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Empire",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778495208"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Indigenous",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55958113"
},
{
"display_name": "Religious studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
},
{
"display_name": "Jewish studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74481535"
},
{
"display_name": "Constitution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776154427"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Aesthetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107038049"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
}
] |
[
"Palestine",
"State of Palestine"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2462884253
|
The article discusses how the short-lived Finnish Jewish journal Judisk Krönika (The Jewish Chronicle), 1918–1920, attempted to reshape Jewish identity in Finland. Before the Finnish independence in 1917, Jews were regulated by special statutes, which made them second-class citizens. In 1918, they formally got full civil rights. At the same time, due to the changes in Palestine, they were faced with an opportunity to become citizens of a Jewish state, promised by the Balfour Declaration in 1917. In principle, the Judisk Krönika was open to all kinds of discussion of Jewish culture and Jewish societal interests. In fact, however, in most articles it provided material for discussion, how Jews in Finland could be, or decide between being, loyal Finnish citizens and true members of the Jewish nation. The journal suggested that in considering this ‘double identity’ the Jews had to take into account two things. On the one hand, they had to consider the risks of the rising anti-Semitism and pogroms connected to armed conflicts, above all in the territories of the former Russian Empire. On the other hand, they had the option to join Zionist Movement and its aspirations to turn Palestine again into the Jewish homeland. The journal seemed to be on the side of Zionism and active creation of a Jewish national identity, but did not decline the emancipation of Jews. Both Jewish and Finnish Jewish identities were suggested as equally valid.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Knygotyra",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737593761",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4252086276
|
&quot;Jewish Ethics&quot; as an Argument in the Public Debate Over the Israeli Reaction to Palestinian Terror
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ehud Luz",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5088870629"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Polity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779707719"
},
{
"display_name": "Judaism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
},
{
"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Religious studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Argument (complex analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98184364"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Zionism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58041660"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680"
}
] |
[
"Palestine",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4252086276
|
Since the Bar Kokhba revolt (132-135 C.E.) and the eradication of any trace of Jewish sovereignty in Palestine, Jews have given little thought to questions of war. The long exile freed them from the poignant moral dilemmas confronted by any polity that is compelled to use force to defend itself. Warfare, which has played such an essential role in world history, was seen by the Jews as "the craft of Esau"—that is, a matter for the gentiles—at least until such time as the Messiah would come. Two generations ago, Rav Kook, the greatest religious Zionist thinker, voiced the view that the exile had been a crucible, a necessary phase to prepare the Jewish people for the messianic redemption. The people of Israel, he argued, had abandoned the sphere of world politics "under duress that was partly also a matter of inner will, until the happy time when a polity could be governed without wickedness or barbarism." 1
|
[
{
"display_name": "Israel Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S76733833",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4248552153
|
The Scholems: A Story of the German-Jewish Bourgeoisie from Emancipation to Destruction by Jay Howard Geller
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Steven Beller",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5058202303"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "German",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046"
},
{
"display_name": "Bourgeoisie",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184386139"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Judaism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Opposition (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780668109"
},
{
"display_name": "Jewish identity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776365606"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Religious studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
},
{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Palestine",
"State of Palestine",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4248552153
|
Reviewed by: The Scholems: A Story of the German-Jewish Bourgeoisie from Emancipation to Destruction by Jay Howard Geller Steven Beller Jay Howard Geller. The Scholems: A Story of the German-Jewish Bourgeoisie from Emancipation to Destruction. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2019. X + 329 pp. Hardcover $29.95, ebook $14.99. ISBN 978-1-5017-3156-3, ASIN: B07J128NZN. Studies of German Jewry have become much more sophisticated and subtle in recent decades. Instead of somewhat sterile arguments about whether Jews in German-speaking lands were assimilated or not, scholars are much more likely today to discuss the German-Jewish experience in terms of an integration and acculturation that left German Jews as Germans and Jews, in their own sub-culture, as David Sorkin, following in the path of George Mosse, outlined in his path-breaking book, The Transformation of German Jewry, in 1987. This excellent portrayal of the Scholem family continues this approach, showing just how German, and how Jewish, the members of the family were, despite the ample political spectrum they covered, even among a set of four brothers, Reinhold, Erich, Werner, and Gershom, from fairly conservative liberal; to progressive democrat; to communist, albeit one ejected from the party because of his opposition to Stalin; and finally, and most famously, left-wing Zionist. Gershom (originally Gerhard) was the star that makes the Scholem family worthy of particular interest, and he is given his due in two chapters devoted to his experience in Palestine in the 1920s and 1930s. Of particular interest, given current debates, is the fact that in the 1920s, as a left-winger and a "cultural" Zionist, Scholem was a member of "Brit Shalom," hence an opponent of the need for a Jewish state, and an advocate instead of a binational, Jewish-Arab state. He changed his mind later, given the force majeure of the Arab Revolt, the Holocaust, and the establishment of the State of Israel, [End Page 115] but it is a reminder that Peter Beinart's recent conversion to a one-state, binational solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has strong, ideologically Zionist roots. Scholem's immense contribution to modern Jewish scholarship is also discussed, but much more sketchily and briefly than one might have assumed. But that is understandable, because he is not the center of the book (much as that would probably have pained him), rather the family is. Indeed, if anyone is central to the book it is Gershom's mother, Betty, whose correspondence with her sons is one of the major documentary sources on which this well-researched, scholarly book rests. This, as with so many German-Jewish families, is a story of social, economic, and cultural success, followed by economic and political peril, and appalling persecution and destruction. Geller tells how a poor Jew came to Berlin, started a family, how his son came to set up a printing company that achieved, eventually, a level of considerable prosperity. A now extensive family saw another printing company being founded, also with some success, all of which was severely shaken by World War I and its chaotic aftermath. The twenties offered a period of apparent recovery and promise, in which family members chose quite different paths: into left-wing politics, Zionism, or continued integration, and partial economic recovery (partly by printing record labels). While Gershom left to Palestine to realize his Zionist dream, Werner pursued a notorious (if failed) career in radical politics, and the older brothers tried to rescue the family firm. Then arrived the Great Slump, and the Nazi takeover, the destruction of German Jewry, with the Scholem family members reluctant to leave, as with so many underestimating the acute danger German Jews were in. Many managed to flee just in time, but others, most prominently in this book, Werner, the left-wing brother, became victims of the Nazi genocide. One could indeed argue that even those who survived and mostly prospered were themselves victims of the Nazi terror, forced to leave their world, the world they were so well-versed in, and not all able to recreate as satisfactory a one elsewhere, in this case Australia for the elder two brothers. Even Gershom in Palestine-Israel was...
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Jewish Identities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S77446758",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2963773534
|
Beyond flight and rescue: the migration setting of German Jewry before 1938
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "David Jüenger",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5072664674"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "German",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046"
},
{
"display_name": "Judaism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
},
{
"display_name": "Nazism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5616717"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Emigration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104151175"
},
{
"display_name": "Argument (complex analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98184364"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
}
] |
[
"Palestine"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2963773534
|
The article portrays and analyzes the choices and challenges for German Jews regarding the question of emigration in the 1930s against the background of the global migration regime at that time. The main argument is that in the 1930s migration questions for German Jews were more complex than many studies on the subject have been suggested until today. In order to understand the predicaments of the Germany Jews, the topic of German-Jewish migration is analyzed within a larger setting of international migration problems of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In a first step, the German-Jewish situation of the 1930s is presented as part of an even bigger crisis which affected Jewish centers as Poland, Palestine or the United States. In a second step, the responses of the German Jews to the Nazi onslaught are analyzed within the framework of the entire emancipation era. The argument is substantiated by 1. a cross-reading of secondary sources on Jewish history in different regions; 2. debates of the German-Jewish public as published in articles, books and pamphlets and 3. memoirs of German Jews.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2486020089
|
Moses Hess – jude och socialist
|
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"country": "Finland",
"display_name": "Åbo Akademi University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I130217899",
"lat": 60.45148,
"long": 22.26869,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Svante Lundgren",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5015542065"
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[
{
"display_name": "Judaism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Socialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C501299471"
},
{
"display_name": "Opposition (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780668109"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153606108"
},
{
"display_name": "Marxist philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133437341"
},
{
"display_name": "Nazism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5616717"
},
{
"display_name": "German",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046"
},
{
"display_name": "Religious studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Communism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C542948173"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Palestine",
"State of Palestine"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2486020089
|
The first generation of the Jewish emancipation in the 19th century made a considerable contribution to European culture and science. Quite a few of these newly emancipated Jews became prominent leaders in the rising socialist movement. One of these was Moses Hess, the “father of German socialism” and a hailed proto-Zionist. In 1862 Hess published his most famous book, Rome and Jerusalem, which in our century has become a Zionist classic. Contrary to his earlier opinions Hess now gave expression to his opposition to Jewish assimilation and proposed a rebirth of the Jewish nation. The Jewish national question, Hess claimed, could only be solved by creating a socialist Jewish state in Palestine. The nationalistic riots in socialist countries today show that Hess was right when he stressed the importance of nationalities. The bankruptcy of Marxist socialism, so widely admitted today, will perhaps raise interest in the humanistic socialism of Moses Hess.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Nordisk judaistik",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210169396",
"type": "journal"
}
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https://openalex.org/W3143046217
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Beyond Flight and Rescue: The Migration Setting of German Jewry before 1938
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No AccessBeyond Flight and Rescue: The Migration Setting of German Jewry before 1938David JüngerDavid JüngerSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.13109/9783666370717.173SectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail AboutAbstract: This article analyzes the choices and challenges for German Jews regarding the question of emigration in the 1930s against the background of the global migration regime at that time. The main argument is that migration questions for German Jews in the 1930s were more complex than many studies on the subject have suggested to date. In order to understand the predicaments of the Jews in Nazi Germany, the issue of their migration is analyzed within a larger setting of international migration problems of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Therefore, the article refers not only to debates of the German Jewish public – as published in articles, books, and pamphlets – and to memoirs of German Jews, but also includes a cross-reading of secondary sources on Jewish history in different regions. First, the German Jewish situation of the 1930s is presented as part of an even bigger crisis which affected centers of Jewish life such as Poland, Palestine, and the United States. Second, the responses of German Jews to the Nazi onslaught are analyzed within the framework of the entire era of emancipation. Previous chapter Next chapter FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Download book coverJahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts / Simon Dubnow Institute Yearbook.Volume XVI 1. AuflageISBN: 978-3-525-37071-1 eISBN: 978-3-666-37071-7HistoryPublished online:August 2019 PDF download
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https://openalex.org/W1975894406
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Genius and Demographics in Modern Jewish History
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Elijah ben Solomon (1720-1797) and Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786) are often represented as two poles of eighteenth-century Jewish history: "the Gaon" (Elijah of Vilna) as the defender of rabbinic or "traditional" Judaism, and the "Jewish Socrates" (Mendelssohn), as the founder of "modern" Judaism. A comparative examination of their geniuses in their respective cultural contexts, however, suggests that it was the Gaon who called into question the canons of rabbinic authority, while Mendelssohn tirelessly defended the legitimacy of the rabbinic tradition to his German-speaking audiences. Mendelssohn mobilized his defense of the rabbinic tradition precisely because he was fighting for the political recognition of German Jewry (as followers of rabbinic Judaism). Mendelssohn's argument for pluralism and emancipation of a minority religious group inspired nineteenth-century Western European Jews, who lived as minorities—those who traded their belief in messianic redemption for citizenship in the nation-state, climbed over the ghetto walls of the kehilah (the pre-modern Jewish governing structure) for the freedom of the coffee houses, and turned their backs on the heder and enrolled in universities. Conversely, the Jewish demographic strength and residential propinquity of late eighteenth-century Vilna Jewry allowed the Gaon to question the rabbinic tradition—a position that Mendelssohn would have considered as detrimental to the cause of Jewish emancipation or perhaps even sacrilege. The Gaon's Jewish genius and political agency inspired nineteenth-century Eastern European Jews who lived as majorities—those who left their homes to study with their peers in the privatized Yeshiva, thumbed their nose at the Russian State by boarding boats to Palestine, and joined other anti-Statist political movements.
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https://openalex.org/W2987028579
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The Scholems: A Story of the German-Jewish Bourgeoisie from Emancipation to Destruction by Jay Howard Geller
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Reviewed by: The Scholems: A Story of the German-Jewish Bourgeoisie from Emancipation to Destruction by Jay Howard Geller Noam Zadoff The Scholems: A Story of the German-Jewish Bourgeoisie from Emancipation to Destruction. By Jay Howard Geller. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. Pp. x + 329. Paper $29.95. ISBN 978-1501731563. In his memoir From Berlin to Jerusalem, published shortly before his death, Gershom Scholem suggested that the divergent paths which he and his three brothers had chosen reflected the various options that stood open for middle-class German Jewry [End Page 603] at the turn of the century. Jay Howard Geller's The Scholems takes this observation as his starting point and recounts the story of this family, from Prussian Glogau at the end of the eighteenth century to Jerusalem and Sydney at the end of the twentieth. The book focuses mainly on the four Scholem brothers, the sons of the printer Arthur Scholem and his wife, Betty: Reinhold (1891–1985), Erich (1893–1965), Werner (1895–1940), and Gerhard (Gershom, 1897–1982). The two older brothers, who are less known to the reader, stand for assimilatory Judaism with its wish to acculturate into non-Jewish German society. The two younger, more famous brothers represent the revolutionary solution to the so-called "Jewish question," either through universalistic socialism, which will bring about a new order in Germany itself (Werner), or by working toward the particularistic Zionist utopia, which was to be realized in the Land of Israel and form part of Jewish national self-definition (Gershom). The past couple of years have seen the publication of several monographs dealing with different aspects of Gershom Scholem's life (by Amir Engel, Noam Zadoff, and David Biale), as well as the first biography in English of Werner Scholem by Mirjam Zadoff, which examines his career as a German Jewish politician within the context of his family. Geller's narrative builds on these existing studies, as he describes the turbulence and radical changes that affected the lives of the Scholems in the years of persecution in Germany during the first half of the twentieth century. Reinhold, Erich, and their mother, Betty (their father, Arthur, died in 1925 from heart failure), managed to escape in 1938 and immigrate to Australia, while Werner—who had been elected to the Reichstag as a member of the Communist Party—was arrested in 1933 and interned in different concentration camps until his murder in Buchenwald in 1940. Although Gershom immigrated to Palestine in 1923, and hence did not experience the traumatic events firsthand, the Holocaust was arguably the defining moment of his biography and he would continue to wrestle with its significance for the rest of his life. In many respects, the story of the Scholem siblings has strong tragic elements and can be read, as Geller suggests, as a parable for the decline of German Jewry. The merit of Geller's work lies in the detailed account he provides of the larger Scholem family and the eloquent way in which it is narrated. (Especially interesting are the descriptions of the period after Reinhold, Erich, and Betty arrived in Australia.) Geller places personal episodes in the lives of the family members within the larger framework of the history of the German Jewish bourgeoisie, where his main concern lies. Consequently, his narrative swings constantly between specific events in the lives of members of the Scholem family and the general social-historical framework—the general situation in Germany at the time. Throughout the book Geller adheres to the narrative set by Gershom Scholem in his autobiography, which he does not question. Consequently, inner conflicts in Gershom's life that Scholem himself avoided rarely receive any treatment. The reader is left with the feeling that the story has another, hidden layer, which Geller does not [End Page 604] bring to light. An example is the confusion that arises from his treatment of Gershom Scholem's unique brand of Zionism. In one passage Geller emphasizes the influence of Ahad Haam on Gershom's Zionism (133), while in another he has Gershom espousing the "negation of the diaspora" (175) ideology, which is in direct opposition to Ahad Haam's humanistic thought...
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Peculiar Faculty and Peculiar Institution: Ralph Waldo Emerson on Labor and Slavery
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Peculiar Faculty and Peculiar Institution: Ralph Waldo Emerson on Labor and Slavery Sophia Forster (bio) In 1844, Ralph Waldo Emerson stepped decisively onto the abolitionist stage with the delivery of his first antislavery speech, “Address on the Anniversary of Emancipation in the British West Indies,” presented in his hometown of Concord, Massachusetts. While abolitionists applauded the speech, their approbation was tinged with a sense of the belatedness of Emerson’s participation. As the abolitionist poet John Greenleaf Whittier noted in his response to the publication of Emerson’s remarks, “we had previously, we confess, felt half indignant that, while we were struggling against the popular current, mobbed, hunted, denounced, from the legislative forum, cursed from the pulpit, such a man as Ralph Waldo Emerson should be brooding over his pleasant philosophies, writing his quaint and beautiful essays, in his retirement on the banks of the Concord, unconcerned and ‘calm as a summer’s morning.’”1 Contemporary commentary on Emerson’s abolitionism presents a curious inversion of Whittier’s concerns. Until recently, the Emersonian tradition of transcendentalism comprised precisely those texts that Whittier deems “quaint and beautiful essays,” an oeuvre described by one contemporary scholar as the “small canon.”2 Its interpretation over the past century and a half has often yielded the conclusion that the [End Page 35] attitude Whittier derides as “unconcern” in fact represents a sophisticated philosophical stance on Emerson’s part. Indeed, critics have often judged Emerson’s apparent disengagement from immediate political concerns to be more radical than the sectarian politics of many of his contemporaries. In the wake of the scholarly recovery of Emerson’s abolitionist texts, then, commentators have been less sanguine than Whittier in their assessments of Emerson’s participation in the antislavery cause. Emerson’s embrace of the abolitionist acceptance of the Northern economic status quo has posed a particular challenge, as it appears to contradict the small canon’s opposition to the values and practices of the burgeoning capitalist economy, an opposition much lauded by critics.3 In the “Emancipation Address,” Emerson describes Northern capitalism as providing a “safer and cheaper”4 alternative to slavery, initiating a pro-capitalist strain of rhetoric that was rarely absent from his antislavery works over the next two decades, and that seems to stand in stark contrast to one of the small canon’s most famous statements on capitalism, the assertion in “Self-Reliance” that “The reliance on Property, including the reliance on governments which protect it, is the want of self-reliance.”5 This essay seeks to resolve the apparent contradiction between the small canon’s criticism of capitalism and the abolitionist texts’ support for it by considering Emerson’s attitudes towards labor, a topic as important to Emerson’s transcendental philosophy as it is was to the antebellum abolitionist movement. In two largely ignored 1837 speeches that provide the most detailed exposition of Emerson’s view of labor, “Trades and Professions” and “Doctrine of the Hands,” he stakes out a position on labor that contains key elements of the critique of slavery he offers in 1844 and after. I argue that a defining context for the view of labor offered in these speeches—and, indeed, in the more polished texts of the small canon that have been so influential in defining Emerson’s transcendentalism—lies in the historical development of the rhetoric of “free labor,” which extolled the opportunities for laborers in Northern capitalist society. Antebellum free labor abolitionists celebrated the capitalist economic system [End Page 36] for conferring on the laborer intrinsic moral and extrinsic economic improvement. Emerson shares this fundamentally liberal embrace of the capitalist marketplace, but he values it for a somewhat different reason. Rather than simply extolling capitalism’s moral lessons in self-discipline or its instrumental value in producing wealth, Emerson praises its capacity to best accommodate the experience of labor as a crucial means of self-development—of expansion of the self’s innate faculties and capacities. Capitalism, in Emerson’s view, creates the conditions of possibility for the labor that produces this distinctive form of self-development, and thus is superior not only to slavery, but also to the various utopian economic experiments that abounded in...
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Blood on the Bayou: Vicksburg, Port Hudson, and the Trans-Mississippi by Donald S. Frazier
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2404135233
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Reviewed by: Blood on the Bayou: Vicksburg, Port Hudson, and the Trans-Mississippi by Donald S. Frazier Justin S. Solonick Blood on the Bayou: Vicksburg, Port Hudson, and the Trans-Mississippi. By Donald S. Frazier. (Buffalo Gap, Tex.: State House Press, 2015. Pp. xii, 472. $39.99, ISBN 978-1-933337-63-0.) The struggle for the Mississippi River, which culminated in the siege of Vicksburg, was one of the most important events in the Civil War. Needless to say, this high-profile episode has tended to distract historians from the concurrent happenings that occurred on the west bank of the Mississippi River. Blood on the Bayou: Vicksburg, Port Hudson, and the Trans-Mississippi is the latest installment of what author Donald S. Frazier calls “the Louisiana Quadrille” series (p. vii). It focuses on the lesser-known events that surrounded Union efforts to take Vicksburg and Port Hudson, the principal Confederate bastions guarding the Mississippi, from May to July 1863. [End Page 440] Frazier begins with a brief introduction outlining the early phases of the Civil War and discusses Abraham Lincoln’s move to enforce the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. Here, Frazier explains, a divide existed between the theory of emancipation in Washington, D.C., and its implementation in the field: “Although the Lincoln administration urged freedom for all slaves, it clearly had not established mechanisms and policies with which to actually deal with the processes—and consequences—of instant emancipation” (p. 20). From here, the author homes in on his subject, shifting the focus from Washington to Louisiana and the Mississippi River Valley, where the majority of the book takes place. After Federal troops besieged Vicksburg and Port Hudson in May 1863, local Confederate forces mounted various raids and small campaigns bent on drawing Union armies away from their respective siege works. Frazier’s book describes these lesser-known and underappreciated military movements at great length. Some events, such as the Milliken’s Bend campaign, will be familiar to Civil War historians. Other engagements, such as the Confederate victory in the battle of Kock’s Plantation on July 13, 1863, might be new for some trans-Mississippi enthusiasts. In all accounts, Frazier narrates each fight with authority, and his enthusiasm for educating others in the details of these events shines through. In addition to outlining military movements, Frazier’s book is very much in keeping with the scholarship of the “new military history,” which seeks to bridge the divide between social history and campaign narratives. Throughout the book, Frazier takes pains to illustrate what the fighting meant for the southerners, free and enslaved, who inhabited the region during the war, citing a breadth of sources including interviews with former slaves recorded by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) during the Great Depression. Frazier’s use of WPA narratives is most evident at the end of the book, when he discusses the “mass exodus” of displaced Confederates and slaves who left Louisiana and Mississippi in the wake of the fighting and established residence in Texas for the remainder of the war (p. 381). He writes, “The fall of Vicksburg and Port Hudson and the threat of Federal invasion provided these displaced people with an uncertain future” (p. 388). Overall, the book is a solid piece of scholarship that is both informative and entertaining. Those who enjoyed the previous installments of the Louisiana Quadrille will not be disappointed. Justin S. Solonick Texas Christian University Copyright © 2016 The Southern Historical Association
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Southern History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S119035484",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W565964245
|
America Compared: American History in International Perspective
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Carl J. Guarneri",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5029902387"
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[
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"display_name": "Great Depression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C552438157"
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"display_name": "New Deal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776732289"
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"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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[
"West Bank"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W565964245
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I. Emancipation and Reconstruction 1. The Politics of Freedom, Eric Foner 2. Reconstruction: A Counterfactual Playback, C. Vann Woodward II. Conquering and Settling the West 3. Indian Societies Under Siege in the United States and Canada, Roger L. Nichols 4. Gridded Lives: Why Montana and Kazakhstan are Nearly the Same Place, Kate Brown III. Business and Labor in the Industrial Age 5. The Rise of Big Business in the United States, Great Britain, and Japan, Mansel G. Blackford 6. Why Is There No Socialism in the United States? Aristide A. Zolberg IV. Immigrants and Cities 7. The Great Transatlantic Migrations, Walter Nugent 8. The City in the Land of the Dollar, Witold Rybczynski V. Imperialism 9. American Imperialism in Comparative Perspective, Robin W. Winks 10. America's Colonial Rule in the Philippines, Vince Boudreau VI. Progressive Reform at Home and Abroad 11. Women and the Creation of the American Welfare State, Kathryn Kish Sklar 12. Woodrow Wilson and the Failure of Progressivism at Versailles, Alan Dawley VII. Cultural Change in the 1920s 13. Americans, Europeans, and the Movies, Robert Sklar 14. The Meanings of American Jazz in France, Jeffrey H. Jackson VIII. The Great Depression 15. Into the Economic Abyss, Eric Hobsbawm 16. Roosevelt and Hitler: New Deal and Nazi Reactions to the Depression, John A. Garraty IX. World War II 17. An Ocean Apart: The Anglo-American Relationship on the Eve of War, David Dimbleby and David Reynolds 18. Race War: American and Japanese Perceptions of the Enemy, John W. Dower X. The Cold War in Europe and Asia 19. The American and Soviet Cold War Empires, John Lewis Gaddis 20. Imperial Responses to Revolution in Colonial America and Vietnam, T. Christopher Jespersen XI. Rights Revolutions 21. Resistance to White Supremacy in the United States and South Africa, George M. Fredrickson 22. The New Feminism in America and Great Britain, Olive Banks XII. Globalization and Empire 23. Imperial Denial, Niall Ferguson 24. Globalization and American Power, Joseph S. Nye Jr.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4386016963
|
Notables and Clergy in Mount Lebanon
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Richard van Leeuwen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5024095067"
}
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
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{
"display_name": "Mechanical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656"
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] |
[
"Lebanon",
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4386016963
|
Notables and Clergy in Mount Lebanon analyzes the relations between the Maronite notables and the Church in the context of socio-economic transformations in Mount Lebanon in the period 1736-1840. Special attention is given to the influence of external forces, such as the economic interference of the European nations, the Syrian and Ottoman administrative framework and the increasing involvement of the Vatican in the affairs of the Maronite community. The emphasis is laid on the role of religious foundations, or waqfs, in the process of social and economic integration, both within the Maronite community and in the wider frameworks in which it gradually became incorporated. These external and internal factors can explain the remarkable political emancipation of the Maronite Church, which assumed an important role in the history of Mount Lebanon in the 19th century.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W15974306
|
Notables and Clergy in Mount Lebanon: The Khāzin Sheikhs and the Maronite Church (1736-1840)
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Richard van Leeuwen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5024095067"
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[
{
"display_name": "Mount",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778091609"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701"
}
] |
[
"Lebanon",
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W15974306
|
Notables and Clergy in Mount Lebanon analyzes the relations between the Maronite notables and the Church in the context of socio-economic transformations in Mount Lebanon in the period 1736-1840. Special attention is given to the influence of external forces, such as the economic interference of the European nations, the Syrian and Ottoman administrative framework and the increasing involvement of the Vatican in the affairs of the Maronite community. The emphasis is laid on the role of religious foundations, or waqfs, in the process of social and economic integration, both within the Maronite community and in the wider frameworks in which it gradually became incorporated. These external and internal factors can explain the remarkable political emancipation of the Maronite Church, which assumed an important role in the history of Mount Lebanon in the 19th century.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2266694299
|
Marie al-Khazen's photographs of the 1920s and 1930s
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Yasmine Nachabe",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5030970302"
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"display_name": "TRIPS architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157085824"
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"display_name": "Girl",
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{
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{
"display_name": "Negative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113619468"
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"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
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{
"display_name": "Literature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Developmental psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138496976"
},
{
"display_name": "Transport engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22212356"
}
] |
[
"Lebanon"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2266694299
|
Marie al-Khazen was a Lebanese photographer who lived between 1899 and 1983. Her photographs were mostly taken between the 1920s and 1930s in the North of Lebanon. They were compiled by Mohsen Yammine, a Lebanese collector who later donated the photographs to the Arab Image Foundation. Her work includes a collection of intriguing photographs portraying her family and friends living their everyday life in Zgharta. Al-Khazen seized every opportunity to use her camera to capture stories of her surroundings. She not only documented her travels around tourist sites in Lebanon but also sought creative experimentation with her device by staging scenes, manipulating shadows and superimposing negatives to produce different effects in her prints. Within the borders of her photographs, bedouins and European friends, peasants and landlords, men and women, comfortably share the same space. Most of Marie al-Khazen's photographs, which are circulated online through the Arab Image Foundation's website, suggest a narrative of independent and determined Lebanese women. These photographs are charged with symbols that can be understood, today, as representative of women's emancipation through their presence as individuals, separate from family restrictions of that time. Images in which women are depicted smoking a cigarette, driving a car, riding horses and accompanying men on their hunting trips counter the usual way in which women were portrayed in 1920s Lebanon. The photographs can be read as a space for al-Khazen to articulate her vision of the New Woman or the Modern Girl as described by Tani Barlow in The Modern Girl Around the World. In this anthology, authors like Barlow point to the ways in which the modern girl disregards the roles of dutiful daughter, wife and mother, in seeking sexual, economic and political emancipation. Al-Khazen's photographs lead me to pose a series of questions pertaining to the representation of femininity and masculinity through the poses, reasoning, and activities adopted by women and men in the photographs. The questions which frame this study have to do with the ways in which notions of gender, class and race are inscribed within Marie al-Khazen's photographs.%%%%Marie al-Khazen est une photographe libanaise qui vecut entre 1899 et 1983. La plupart de ses photos furent prises dans les annees vingt et trente dans la region de Zgharta au Nord du Liban. Ces photos font partie de la collection de Mohsen Yammine, un collectionneur libanais. Elles sont actuellement conservees dans les archives de la Fondation de l'image Arabe a Beyrouth et sont disponibles en ligne sur le site internet de la Fondation. Le corpus d'al-Khazen est constitue d'un ensemble de photographies captivantes qui representent le quotidien de sa famille et de ses amis a Zgharta. Al-Khazen saisissait son milieu social grâce a son appareil photo. Neanmoins, elle ne se contentait pas de documenter ses excursions touristiques au Liban; elle explorait egalement les capacites techniques de son appareil photo en inventant des scenes…
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2470228797
|
Monsoon Revolution: Republicans, Sultans and Empires in Oman, 1965–1976, by Abdel Razzaq Takriti
|
[
{
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{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Exeter",
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"display_name": "Marc Valeri",
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[
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{
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Monarchy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203458295"
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{
"display_name": "Nationalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521449643"
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{
"display_name": "Memoir",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177897776"
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{
"display_name": "Indigenous",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55958113"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Nationalist Movement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780292708"
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{
"display_name": "Ruler",
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{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Art history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52119013"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
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{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
}
] |
[
"Lebanon",
"Bahrain",
"Syria",
"Oman"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2470228797
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The history of Arab lefts, and more broadly of popular movements that have fought for social and political revolutionary emancipation in the Middle East, remains for the most part to be written. The Dhofar Revolution in the 1960s and the 1970s, which was the longest-running popular armed struggle in the history of the Arabian Peninsula, opposed an absolute ‘monarchical-tribal order that revolved around a British-maintained ruler’ (p. 6) and an indigenous revolutionary movement organised in a Popular Front inspired by Arab nationalism and anti-colonialist ideals. With this book, Abdel Razzaq Takriti signs a brilliant chapter of this Arab history. Based on a doctoral dissertation, completed at Oxford and winner of the prestigious Middle East Studies Association of North America Malcolm Kerr Award for Best Doctoral Dissertation in the Humanities in 2011, the book claims a three-fold ambition. It aims first at historical retrieval, by providing a comprehensive analysis of the structure and dynamics of the Dhofar revolution ‘free from [its] current imprisonment in colonial accounts, counterinsurgency studies [and] official histories’ (p. 2). Indeed, the Dhofar war has been the subject of many English-language publications, in their vast majority memoirs of former British military officers serving in the Sultan’s forces or publications feeding into a Manichaean Anglo-Sultanic historiography that has portrayed the conflict as a war of freedom-fighters against anti-religious dogmatic ‘bloodthirsty Communists’ (p. 245), relying primarily on British documents. In addition to a comprehensive approach to all British material available, Takriti draws on, and provides English-speaking readers with access to, previously unexplored Arabic personal documents and interviews collected in Oman, Bahrain, Lebanon and Syria. The author gives a nuanced and complex picture, highlighting in particular the evolutions and shifts that took place within the Revolution and the conflicting British priorities and interests of London’s various administrations, political residents and consuls in the Gulf, and British advisers to the Sultan. The meticulous balance maintained by the author between colonial and revolutionary accounts and sources gives the book its invaluable richness, and makes it the definitive reference on ‘Britain’s last classic colonial war in the region’ (cover page).
|
[
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"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401998",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W1531036795
|
Early Precursors to the Egyptian Novel
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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[
"Lebanon",
"Syria",
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1531036795
|
The contemporary Egyptian novel owes its existence to two literary sources: traditional narratives that were created in Egypt in nineteenth century by theologians, linguists, intellectuals, and poets and are related to old Arabic literary forms such as qasas and maqamah; and flawed translations, defective adaptations, and slavish imitations of European novels and romances that were done by a group of (mostly Christian) writers/translators who immigrated to Egypt from Lebanon and Syria in second half of nineteenth century. Authors of traditional narratives did not pay much attention to either plot or characters. Instead, they dealt mainly with cultural, political, historical, and philosophical questions, clung to conventional issues and conservative topics, and used a highly ornamental and rhetorical prose (which relied greatly on internal or end rhyme and is known as saj'). In contrast, writers/translators used a much simpler style and were more interested in narrating suspenseful events, placing dramatic characters at center of their works, and dealing with themes and motifs that were unfamiliar to their Muslim compatriots, such as free love, adultery, and women's emancipation. It is obvious from their writings that first group was mainly interested in educating and enlightening their readers, while second group was aiming primarily at entertaining their readers and capturing mass market. We shall start this review by looking closely at some of those traditional narratives and underlining their most striking intrinsic and extrinsic qualities. We shall also examine some of popular translations/adaptations and draw attention to their characteristics. At top of list of traditional works one finds Takhlis al-Ibriz fi Talkhis Bariz (1834) and Waqa'i' Tilmak (1867) by Rifa'ah Rafi' al-Tahtawi, 'Alam al-Din (1883) by 'Ali Mubarak, Hadith 'Isa ibn Hisham (1905) by Muhammad al-Muwaylihi, Layali Satih (1909) by Hafiz Ibrahim, and historical tales `Adhra' al-Hind (1897), Ladyas (1899), Dall wa Tayman (1899), and Waraqit al-As (1914) by Ahmad Shawqi. Takhlis al-Ibriz fi Talkhis Bariz (The Purification of Gold in a Summary Presentation of Paris) by Rifa'ah Rafi' al-Tahtawi (1801-1873) depicts educational journey of a young Egyptian man to Paris that lasted five years. After explaining reasons behind protagonist's voyage to Paris, which he regards as the capital of European culture (1) but also as the center of nihilism and pertinacity, (2) author comments on both Arabic and European cultures, and includes a considerable amount of scientific information and statistical data about Paris, its people, and its institutions. After dealing with protagonist's aspirations, author describes many intellectual and cultural obstacles he had to overcome before finishing his studies in Paris and returning home to Egypt. The theme of a young man leaving his country, facing different cultural and ideological challenges, and coming to terms with positive and negative aspects of another civilization was introduced here for first time into modern Arabic literature, and for later generations of Arab writers, this theme would prove to be most fertile. (3) Also, besides being important cultural document, Takhlis al-Ibriz is earliest bildungsroman in Egyptian literature. In addition to narrating an amusing story which depicts unusual journey, (4) author deals with protagonist's inner self and reflects upon his most intimate feelings and aspirations during his attempt to reach intellectual ideal and achieve a high educational level. Al-Tahtawi's next work, Waqa'i' Tilmak (The Battles of Telemachus), which is a free translation of Francois Fenelon's novel Telemaque (1699), is worth mentioning only because author criticizes despotic Khedive 'Abbas and his corrupt regime in a veiled manner, thus introducing roman a clef for first time into Arabic literature. …
|
[
{
"display_name": "The International Fiction Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764754378",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2084265779
|
<i>War, Foreign Affairs, and Constitutional Power: 1829-1901</i> (review)
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[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "J. Garry Clifford",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5066613753"
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"display_name": "Foreign relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44394981"
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"display_name": "Vietnam War",
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"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
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{
"display_name": "Ratification",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776713681"
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"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
}
] |
[
"Lebanon"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2084265779
|
370CIVIL WAR HISTORY a major revision of ideas almost codified by Wilbur Cash in The Mind of the South. Harold Wilson Old Dominian University War, Foreign Affairs, and Constitutional Power: 1829-1901. By Henry Bartholomew Cox. (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1984. Pp. xx, 413. $35.00.) This thorough and meticulous book, the second volume of a comprehensive study of the war powers of the president and Congress, is sponsored by the American Bar Association. Mastering a wide array of secondary accounts, and relying especially on a close reading of the Congressional Globe and Record, Cox traces the ebb and flow of the executivecongressional struggle over foreign policy prerogatives from the era of Andrew Jackson to the Spanish-American war. The book is organized into four broad chapters covering chronological periods, but within each chapter similar issues of executive-congressional relations are treated topically, not chronologically. The use and misuse of executive agents, the sending of troops into border regions, the ratification and modification of treaties, the power of appointment and removal, the release and withholding of sensitive information—all receive as much comment and analysis as the fundamental question of who has the authority to involve the nation in war. It is to Cox's credit that he can make such an obscure episode as President Buchanan's authority to use force against Paraguay in 1858 to retaliate for the Water Witch incident as relevant as his discussion of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation or McKinley's struggle with Congress over war with Spain in the spring of 1898. In Cox's judgment, the period of continental expansion (1845-57) marked the high point of executive supremacy in foreign affairs, especially evident in the single-minded exploits of President Polk—"by far the most skillful manipulator of information" (p. 168). The nadir of executive prerogative came during the Civil War period (1857-69), most notably when Congress severely restricted Andrew Johnson's capacity as commander -in-chief and virtually denied him the power of appointment and removal. Cox acknowledges the vast wartime powers exercised by Lincoln , but points out that "Congress's ratification of executive steps taken while it was not in session was a statement of its legislative retention of authority and not release of power to the president" (p. 245). The Jacksonian era and the post-Civil War period were characterized by relatively equal contests between the Congress and the executive. Cox underlines the contemporary relevance of his study by emphasizing that the same Congress that "came the closest in history to making war on its own" (p. 330) in the spring of 1898 was clearly bested by President McKinley as he formulated a strategy for victory, shaped peace terms personally, and initiated a war of imperial conquest in the Philippines virtually without BOOK REVIEWS371 congressional dissent. The next time Congress debates the meaning of the War Powers Act with respect to American forces in Lebanon, Central America, or some other distant trouble spot, this fine record of nineteenth -century patterns should provide intellectual ammunition for both sides of the battle. J. Garry Clifford University of Connecticut Chinese in the Post Civü War South: A People Without a History. By Lucy M. Cohen. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984. Pp. xviii, 211. $22.50.) Some titles perfectly describe a monograph. Cohen provides a good example . The experiment by some Southern planters, who had lost confidence in the labors of freedmen, to import Chinese as an alternate source of cheap, dependable labor has never been adequately explored. Had the experiment not been a failure, a wider range of vital sources might be available. Had the author not been thus hamstrung, the story of the Chinese might become a more vivid chapter in Southern history. Antebellum Protestants developed an interest in the Chinese people through the foreign mission activities of their churches. Their physical introduction occurred when enterprising missionaries transported converts to exhibit as "curiosity pieces"—such "evidence of their accomplishments " was very effective in fundraising. Under postwar circumstances, the Chinese became "Coolies," not merely potential souls for Christ but a potential source of cheap labor as they had been on West Indian plantations and American West railroad gangs...
|
[
{
"display_name": "Civil War History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S42018803",
"type": "journal"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W2117773524
|
Rvolution nationale au royaume des mres dans Qui se souvient de la mer de Mohammed Dib
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "University of California, Irvine",
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"lat": 33.66946,
"long": -117.82311,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Philippe Barbé",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5063503745"
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"display_name": "The Imaginary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135068731"
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{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
"display_name": "Mythology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519517224"
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{
"display_name": "Trilogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776997653"
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{
"display_name": "Humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023"
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{
"display_name": "Dialectic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13184196"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
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{
"display_name": "Literature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713"
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{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Psychoanalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11171543"
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{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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[
"Algeria"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1504198038",
"https://openalex.org/W1511653066",
"https://openalex.org/W1514935232",
"https://openalex.org/W1576946487",
"https://openalex.org/W1595688245",
"https://openalex.org/W1598945921",
"https://openalex.org/W1600188215",
"https://openalex.org/W2049551810",
"https://openalex.org/W2332815733",
"https://openalex.org/W2763859360"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2117773524
|
While Mohammed Dib's Algerian trilogy was still deeply rooted in realism, his 1962 novel entitled Qui se souvient de la mer granted a more significant role to dreams and mythology. Far from escaping history and drifting away from reality, the introduction of this new form of dreamlike writing permitted on the contrary the figuration of sociocultural problems raised by the FrenchAlgerian war. Starting with the homophony linking the mother (la mre) to the sea (la mer), Mohammed Dib thus introduced a material imaginary that allegorically connected the discourses on the nation and the Algerian family. It is especially when Dib establishes a dialectical tension between the primary elements of water and stone that his critique of French colonialism more clearly unveils some of the archaisms that paralyse both the Algerian society and its traditional family structure. This essay will analyse the emancipation of the woman inside the Algerian couple in the light of the revolutionary fight for national liberation as it appears in Dib's novel.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International Journal of Francophone Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S64041370",
"type": "journal"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2007221679
|
The Europeanized Algerians and the emancipation of Algeria
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Salah el Din el Zein el Tayeb",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5040233229"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
}
] |
[
"Algeria"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W647772814",
"https://openalex.org/W2036525024",
"https://openalex.org/W2144798322"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2007221679
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The term 'Young Algerian' was used in the French press as early as 1911 to describe a group of politically active young Muslims of French culture. They were a small group in a small social class, the upper bourgeoisie, whose influence in the rural and proletarian masses was minimal.I This group made its first important demands for change within the framework of a French colonial system and under the sovereignty of the French government. When in 1910 the French government passed a law imposing obligatory military service on Muslims, they cheered. They saw this legislation as a sign of trust, and they wanted to be trusted by the rulers of France. They thought this would lead the French to grant Muslims political rights and equality with the Europeans. But to their disappointment, as Ageron indicates the French colonial administration in Algeria showed no interest in them.2 The most assimilationist Young Algerians were led by Dr. Benthami. They were willing to give up their religious obligations as Muslims as a prelude to gaining French political citizenship. In this context Ageron indicates that the Young Algerian movement was characterized by its assimilationist programme during the period of its first president, Dr Benthami. He represented, according to Ageron, the most assimilationist faction within the movement, and opposed Amir Khalid, who was the grandson of the nineteenth-century hero, Abd Al Kader, in the municipal elections of Algiers in November 1919.3 However, the majority of the 'Young Algerians' were led by Amir Khalid. His ideas were spread by means of a French language journal, Ikdam. In his political views, he placed himself squarely in a tradition of the 'Young Algerians'. He dared to criticize an administration that was oppressive to his fellow Muslims; but the solutions he proposed all tended towards assimilation. He wanted equality in all things between the natives and the colons. He demanded French citizenship and political equality without renouncing Al Shari'a Al Islamiya. At the same time he proclaimed that he and his associates did not refuse the duties assigned them as French subjects. They simply emphasized that the service, if imposed, should carry with it recompense. Algerians would serve under the French flag, but France must give Muslims political rights more nearly equal to those of other French citizens. The indigenat should be revoked. Natives should be taxed on the same scale as Europeans and the so called 'Arab tax' should be abandoned. Also, Muslims should have more representatives in the elected assemblies, and should be permitted to become citizens, not forced to remain subjects. Khalid's demands for justice went largely
|
[
{
"display_name": "Middle Eastern Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S164505828",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4254067840
|
The Merchants of Oran
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Joshua Schreier",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5063170924"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Colonialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C531593650"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Elite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775987171"
},
{
"display_name": "Settlement (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777063073"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Civilization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122302079"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Indigenous",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55958113"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Judaism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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{
"display_name": "Social order",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95389739"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297"
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{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Payment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145097563"
}
] |
[
"Algeria",
"Morocco"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4254067840
|
This book recounts the French conquest of Algeria by exploring the world of Oran’s influential Jewish merchants. Jacob Lasry, along with Mordecai Amar, Judah Sebbah and others, established themselves in this Mediterranean port after the Regency of Algiers dislodged the Spanish in 1792. They were part of a settlement hailing originally from Algerian and Moroccan cities and towns, Saharan Oases, and British Gibraltar. In newly Muslim Oran, they found opportunities to ply their trades, deal in goods brought in on caravans from the African interior, or export grain, cattle, or hides. On the eve of France’s long, chaotic, and brutal invasion of Algeria, Oran’s Jewish mercantile elite was well established, having made deals and formed partnerships with European consuls, Muslim traders, and local governors. Colonial officials and reformers boasted of bringing “emancipation” to those they called the “indigenous Jews,” but they actually depended on its mercantile elite to fund civic improvements and military campaigns, fill civic posts, and even disseminate “civilization.” As the French colonial order solidified, the merchants of Oran maintained their commercial, political, and social clout, demonstrating that the French conquest of Algeria did not instantly undo Oran’s pre-colonial order. Yet, by the 1840s, French policies began collapsing Oran’s diverse Jewish inhabitants into a single social category, legally separating Jews from their Muslim neighbors, and ranking them above Muslims in a new colonial hierarchy. France’s exclusionary process of “emancipation,” rather than older antipathies, planted the seeds of the twentieth century’s ruptures and violence.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3029371828
|
Agricultural Missionaries: The Trappists and French Colonial Policy under the July Monarchy
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "J.J. Butler",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5027693138"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Monarchy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203458295"
},
{
"display_name": "Martinique",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2909528719"
},
{
"display_name": "Colonialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C531593650"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Indigenous",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55958113"
},
{
"display_name": "Christianity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C551968917"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "West indies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018883866"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
}
] |
[
"Algeria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3029371828
|
In the 1840s, the July Monarchy enlisted the Trappists to develop model farms in Algeria and Martinique. The July Monarchy wanted to remedy lackluster agricultural development in Algeria and to support the Martinique economy after emancipation. In contrast, the Trappists viewed their colonial involvement as a moral mission to regenerate an ancient center of Christianity in Algeria and to assist enslaved Martinicans succeed as free people after emancipation. This paper provides a textured picture of Catholic involvement in French colonialism by exploring the commonalities and distinctions between the goals of the Trappist missions and those of the July Monarchy, a picture that brings to light the underexplored prominence of Trappists in mid nineteenth-century France.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Catholic Historical Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S59789293",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1491653406
|
Tracing Their “Middle” Passages
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Hideaki Suzuki",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5021381241"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Colonialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C531593650"
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{
"display_name": "Witness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776900844"
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{
"display_name": "Homeland",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778880830"
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{
"display_name": "Colonial rule",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993835690"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
}
] |
[
"Algeria"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W4301384513",
"https://openalex.org/W4366494623"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1491653406
|
This chapter describes the story of a young Fula-speaking woman known as Saaba who was sold as a slave in the Algerian Sahara in 1877. Many people had arrived in the Sahara as slaves as a result of the endemic wars that plagued the middle Niger River region in the second half of the nineteenth century. Concealing slavery was important at this time when, on one hand, colonial leaders had publically pledged themselves to abolishing slavery in Africa, and on the other, when slave-traders sold captives from Saaba's homeland, the middle Niger River region, despite the fact that they were freeborn Muslims like her. Saaba was one of many who received neither the emancipation promised by colonial rule nor the full protection and rights of the precolonial legal system. A witness and victim of criminal activities on both sides of the colonial situation, Saaba was destined to oblivion.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306462995",
"type": "ebook platform"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4327513505
|
Quelques réflexions sur l’écriture d’Assia Djebar (la femme, l’histoire, la mémoire et la langue)
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Poland",
"display_name": "Pedagogical University of Kraków",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I172685059",
"lat": 50.06143,
"long": 19.93658,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Maria Gubińska",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5045079395"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Inscribed figure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44074806"
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{
"display_name": "Battlefield",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779669469"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
"display_name": "Art history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52119013"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Geometry",
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"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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] |
[
"Algeria"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4327513505
|
Some notes on the writing of Assia Djebar (woman, history, memory and language) The works of Assia Djebar, a French-speaking Algerian writer (1936‒2015), are a battlefield for the preservation of the history of Algeria, as well as the struggle for the emancipation of Islamic women, for the cultural diversity of Algeria and for liberation from the terror of fundamentalists. In this article, we would like to show the extent to which Djebar’s writing is inscribed in the memory, history and present day of Algeria, where women are the guardians of the past and the native language, and the language of the former colonizer is an achievement that allows to convey and preserve the deepest layers of collective memory.
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[
{
"display_name": "Romanica Cracoviensia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210199496",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2942013577
|
« Écrire l’absence » selon Assia Djebar : Le Blanc de l’Algérie
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Maria Gubińska",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5018521497"
}
] |
[
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"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
"display_name": "Silence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781115785"
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{
"display_name": "White (mutation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56273599"
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{
"display_name": "Civilization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122302079"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
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{
"display_name": "Humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023"
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"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713"
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{
"display_name": "Aesthetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107038049"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867"
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{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Gene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104317684"
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] |
[
"Algeria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2942013577
|
The well-known French-language writer, Assia Djebar, teaches the reader to listen intently to cultural differences, inspires tolerance towards other people and touches upon the problem of the emancipation of women in the Arab-Muslim civilization.
 In her work entitled Le Blanc de l’Algérie Djebar recalls deceased Algerian intellectuals, such as Albert Camus, Frantz Fanon or Kateb Yacine, as well as cruelly murdered writers and less known persons, who proved to be important for the author
 herself (namely her friends) and for the history of Algeria. The author bemoans those absent figures, remembering their last minutes of life, their families’ despair, and the atrocity of death.
 The article is an attempt at a reflection on the problem of absence that is in dichotomy with presence. The absence of great Algerians is unbearable; it is not silence but a cry for the memory of the tragic moments in the history of the country. Those moments, when remembered, shall help understand better the painful contemporary times. Djebar in a subtle way removes a white shroud (white is the colour of mourning in the tradition of North-African countries), thus showing the reader the moving and colourful Algerian fresco.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Quêtes Littéraires",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210199559",
"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401248",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3010378485
|
The battle over the personal status law of 1959
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Neil MacMaster",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5088071087"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Guardian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776680780"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Battle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Fatherland",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777019345"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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] |
[
"Algeria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3010378485
|
While some attempts to transform the position of women involved long-term change, most notably access to education and the personal status law, leant themselves to interventionism and attempts to impose radical transformation from 'above'. This chapter looks at the issue of women's franchise and examines the marriage code. The key features of Algerian marriage law and custom on the eve of the 1959 French reform meant that young single women would have a marriage arranged for them by the father or legal guardian. After the success of the women's vote in the referendum of 28 September General Salan sent a telegram to General de Gaulle noting that the 'massive participation of Muslim women' had given a green light to the next stage of emancipation. Crucial to Algerian reactions to legal reform was the fact that through many centuries Islam had adapted to the 'ground rules' that regulated marriage strategies.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Manchester University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463591",
"type": "ebook platform"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2292622931
|
OD ALŽÍRSKÉHO OSVOBOZENECKÉHO HNUTÍ K MYŠLENCE KABYLSKÉ NEZÁVISLOSTI (FROM THE ALGERIAN LIBERATION MOVEMENT TO THE IDEA OF KABYLE INDEPENDENCE)
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Tereza Hyánková",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5088590227"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Independence (probability theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C35651441"
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{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
"display_name": "Mythology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519517224"
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{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
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{
"display_name": "Humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023"
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{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
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] |
[
"Algeria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2292622931
|
Francouzi vytvořili během kolonizace Alžirska pozitivni stereotyp vyzdvihujici Kabyly nad Araby. V odborne literatuře je tento stereotyp oznacovaný jako kabylský mýtus. Přestože za Alžirske osvobozenecke valky bojovali Kabylove a Arabove bok po boku bez odkazovani se na kolonialni etnicke stereotypy, po nezavislosti se Kabylove zacali s kabylským mýtem cim dal vice ztotožňovat. Cilem tohoto textu je analyzovat, z jakých důvodů a jakým způsobem ziskal kabylský mýtus v sebevnimani Kabylů na sile a jak ovlivnil jejich emancipacni boj a osvětlit, jakým způsobem se z Kabylů, angažovaných bojovniků za alžirskou svobodu, stali zastanci kabylske nezavislosti. Pojednano je take o tom, jakou ulohu v kabylských emancipacnich snahach hraji kabylske emigrantske komunity v zahranici. (The French, during their colonization of Algeria, developed a positive stereotype favoring Kabyles over Arabs. This stereotype is known as the Kabyle myth in academic sources. Though Kabyles and Arabs fought side by side in the Algerian War of Independence without referring to any colonial ethnic stereotypes, after gaining independence the Kabyle people started to identify themselves with the myth more and more. The aim of this text is to analyze why and how the Kabyle myth gained on strength in the Kabyles’ self-perception, how it influenced their emancipation struggle, and clarify how the Kabyles, once committed fighters for Algerian freedom, became promoters of Kabyle independence. We will also discuss what role in Kabyle emancipation efforts is played by the Kabyle emigrant communities abroad.)
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of International Relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4387281032",
"type": "journal"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W150051246
|
Les juifs de france et la grande guerre 1914-1941 : patrie - republique - memoire
|
[
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Philippe Landeau",
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"display_name": "Antisemitism",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777551076"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W150051246
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The first world war was one of decisive factors which allowed end emancipatory undertating of french revolution for first time in their history, french jews entered war in name of nation. The jewish community reigeid opportunity to show its republican feelings (on attachment to republic), to assert its patriotism; and above all to confirm its integration. In spite of fraticidal aspect of conflit as well as at home front, jews from franc and algeria showed an exapperated patrotism at all fronts for virtues of republic and greatness of civilisation. More than 8000 foreign jews enlished for france's human rights where as rabbis and intellectuels took care of propaganda at home front. Neverthoters, united front advocated in 1914 had not made antisemitism dissapear. Qualified as the spiritual family of france, by m. Barres, judaism considered that emancipation undertaking was ended. That futings will be at origin of numerous mistaky, mainty as regarded regeneration of antisemitism in twenties, and afterwords as regarding rising danger.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3136158666
|
Freedom Papers: An Atlantic Odyssey in the Age of Emancipation by Rebecca J. Scott, Jean M. Hébrard
|
[
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"display_name": "Molly Krueger Enz",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780027720"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778983918"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C52119013"
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{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540"
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[
"Algeria"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3136158666
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descriptions of the megalomaniac, nervous, and overbearing Monsieur Renard, the reader surmises that he figured as an un-ideal tyrannical force seconded by his wife in Delphine’s life. And yet, the narrator downplays the injurious effect of her parents’ character traits. Rather, she opts for highlighting her own accomplishments, such as embracing her paternal grandfather’s Judaism in order to feel more connected to her heritage as well as to a community. Encouraged by a new Jewish friend, Delphine surpasses her longtime dream of becoming a singer by performing a lead role in the Mariage de Figaro opera. Aside from its personal aspect, Tu choisiras la vie conveys a political message: Renard’s commemoration of the nine fatalities at the Charonne métro station the day after her own tragedy. Thousands had gathered to protest the Algerian War and OAS tactics of silencing those favoring Algerian independence. As the narrator explains, those nine deaths, like her childhood mutilation, inserted innocent victims into the fabric of the Algerian War, whose truth continues to be diluted by “révisionniste[s]” historians (332). Thus, in 2012, year of the fiftieth anniversary of the Charonne incident, Renard began her memoir. University of Texas, El Paso Jane E. Evans Scott, Rebecca J., and Jean M. Hébrard. Freedom Papers: An Atlantic Odyssey in the Age of Emancipation. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2012. ISBN 978-0-674-04774-7. Pp. 259. $29. Scott and Hébrard recount the dramatic story of the Tinchant family, portraying both their struggles and triumphs across continents and centuries. The narrative starts in Senegambia around 1785 with a young woman “of the Poulard nation” labeled “as some fraction of a pièce d’Inde” (20). She was taken from her home and family, sold as a slave, and given the name Rosalie by her captor. Upon arrival in Saint-Domingue, she was “turned into a person held as property” (20) but gained her freedom in 1799 at the height of the Haitian Revolution. In 1803, she fled to Cuba with her daughter Élisabeth.At this point,the saga shifts its focus to Élisabeth who moved to New Orleans with her godmother, widow Aubert, in 1809. Due to her status as an African woman and fear of re-enslavement, Rosalie decided not to accompany her daughter to the slaveholding state of Louisiana. In New Orleans, Élisabeth was stigmatized as a“person of color,”but her freedom was not jeopardized.At the age of twenty-three, she became engaged to a carpenter named Jacques Tinchant, whom she married in 1822. Her husband was the son of a French colonist and a “Saint-Domingue émigrée woman of color”(72).When Élisabeth’s and Jacques’s freedom became insecure in the 1830s, they decided to move to France. In 1840, they settled in Pau with four of their children, and then moved in 1857 to Belgium. The remainder of the book is dedicated to the lives of the Tinchant children, recounting their collaboration on a cigar business traversing the American and European continents, their political involvement, and the birth and 244 FRENCH REVIEW 87.4 Reviews 245 lives of their children. Scott and Hébrard describe Freedom Papers as “an experiment that might be characterized as micro-history set in motion” (4), which began with an unexpected discovery in the Cuban archives of a letter from Édouard Tinchant to Máximo Gómez, leader of Cuba’s struggle for independence. Their extensive study spans the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries and portrays one family’s experience with slavery, oppression, war, and the quest for freedom. It depicts the slave trade, the Haitian Revolution, the French Revolution of 1848, the Civil War, and World War II. The authors’ meticulous archival work shows the critical role that official governmental papers can play in the attainment, or prevention, of freedom. The saga of the Tinchants as “citizens beyond nation” portrays the impact of the slave trade as well as the complicated history of the African diaspora. It is clear that the authors spent an immeasurable amount of time conducting their research, as evidenced by the detailed description of acknowledgements and collaborations. Scott and Hébrard highlight people...
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https://openalex.org/W4386477574
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From Mississippi and Memphis to Mozambique: American emancipation and the evangelical struggles of Benjamin and Henrietta Ousley and Nancy Jones, “ex-slave” missionaries in “Zulu East Africa,” 1850s–1900
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4386477574
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ABSTRACTSoon after Emancipation a trio of formerly enslaved preachers relocated to the Portuguese colony of Mozambique. Supported by an American mission organization, their outpost named Kambini became a site of conversion and literacy. A nearby white colleague, Rev. William Wilcox, had another plan. He linked proselytization to the operation of a cashew plantation that used local labor. Having enduring plantation bondage in Mississippi, two of the three Black evangelists wanted to make Kambini a beacon of Christianity that removed the sins of slavery in “Africa … [and the] Southern States.” This article analyzes the resulting conflict between the white and Black missionaries’ aims.KEYWORDS: SlaveryOusleyZulumissionariesView correction statement:Correction AcknowledgementsI thank the following people for their trenchant insights: the anonymous readers, Natalie Zacek, Richard Elphick, Robert Edgar, Robert Vinson, Robert Houle, Dingani Mthethwa, Sven Beckert, Mxolisi Mchunu, Nadine Zimmerli, George Oberle, Wendi Manuel-Scott, Robert Gordon, Jacob Ntshangase, Eric Allina, Mpumulelo Grootboom, and Nhlanhla Mtaka.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Correction StatementThis article was originally published with errors, which have now been corrected in the online version. Please see Correction (http://doi.org/10.1080/14664658.2023.2260170)Notes1 Dwight, Sermon Delivered, 23, 26–27; Conroy-Krutz, Christian Imperialism, 3–5; Houle, African Christianity, 8–10.2 Benjamin Ousley (Ousley), Manhattan, to Judson Smith (Smith), Boston, 24/9/1884; Ousley, Inanda, to Smith, Boston, 25/11/1884; Ousley, Inhambane, to Smith, 22/12/1884; 26/8/1885; Vol. 12, Reel 186 (V12R186), Part 2, ABC: Letters from Missionaries to Africa, 1834–1919, 15.4: Southern Africa, Archives of American Board for Commissioners of Foreign Missions (ABCFM), Houghton Library, Harvard University (hereafter ABCFM HLHU); these archives include a subset, Zulu East Africa. See also Peabody, The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 20, 22, annotated manuscript, D/1/91, A608; American Board Mission Papers (1/ABM); Pietermaritzburg Archives Repository (PAR), KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa (hereafter PAR SA); Jacobs, “A Thought,” 209–14; Gilley, “Mozambique,” 95–96, 98–102; Moses, Afrotopia, 26–33; Gaines, Uplifting the Race, 33–8; Blyden, African Americans and Africa, 20, 29.3 Ousley, Kambini, to Smith, 3/6/1885; 10/1; 8/2; 1888; V12R186; ABCFM, Central African Mission, 9; ABCFM, Historical Sketch, 37; Myron Pinkerton (Pinkerton), Zanzibar, to John Means (Means), Boston, 28/7/1880; Pinkerton, Inhambane, to Means, 6/10/1880; Pinkerton, Inchanga, to Nathaniel Clark (Clark), Boston, 26/6/1877; 3/3; 4/7; 1879; Vol. 8, Reel 182 (V8R182), Part 2, ABC: Letters from Missionaries to Africa, 1834–1919, 15.4: Southern Africa, ABCFM, HLHU; letters to Smith, Means, Clark, and Elnathan Strong were sent to Boston; Meeting Minutes ECAM, 25/8/1885; Ousley to Smith, 22/12/1884; 3/6; 26/8/1885; 8/2; 10/1/1888; V12R186; Hermann, Joseph Davis, 54.4 Ousley to Smith, 3/6/1885; 10/1; 8/2; 1888; V12R186; ABCFM, Central African Mission, 8-9; ABCFM, Historical Sketch, 37; Benjamin Ousley, “Life Sketch of Rev. B.F. Ousley,” American Missionary (AmerMiss) 58, 9 (1904), 292. ABCFM, East; Wilcox, Restless Wing, preface (n.p.), 82–5, 132–60, 162–4; Interview William Wilcox, The Christian (London), 25/2/1909, AZM Clippings, 88, A/4/57, 1/ABM, PAR SA. AZM racism: Keto, “Race Relations,” 614, 623–4; Houle, “Brother to Native.” Analysis of “racist personal opinions” that did not prevent white evangelists from valuing “African cultures”: Elphick, Equality of Believers, 34.5 Booker T. Washington, Bishop Henry Turner, J. Jabavu, and W.E.B. Du Bois, “Report of Pan-African Conference, 23-25 July 1900,” Vol. 142, Colenso Collection, A204, PAR SA; Vinson, Americans are Coming! Fredrickson, White Supremacy; Campbell, Songs of Zion; Olsson, “South in the World”; Zimmerman, Alabama in Africa: Beckert, “Tuskegee to Togo.”6 Jacobs, “Women Missionaries,” 381–6; Jacobs, Black Americans and the Missionary Movement; Jacobs, African Nexus; Ousley, “Life Sketch”; Ousley to Smith, 25/11; Ousley to Strong, 24/3; 1884; V12R186; AmerMiss, 34, 8 (1880), 229–30.7 Campbell, Songs of Zion, ix–xi, 87, 111, 113–115, 140, 211, 216, 247, 269–70; pathbreaking studies pre- and post-Campbell include Chirenje, Ethiopianism and Cabrita, People's Zion.8 Vinson, Americans are Coming! 2–8, 30, 77.9 Daily American (Nashville), 9/3/1887; Barnes, Global Christianity and the Black Atlantic, 1,4, 122–31.10 Alonzo Edmiston went to Alabama’s Stillman and Tuskegee institutes. Althea Brown graduated from Fisk. Hill explains that the couple merged industrial education and classical studies for the benefit of African people. Edmistons' educational resources from Stillman, Tuskegee, and Fisk: Hill, Higher Mission, 2–4, 13, 30, 35, 45, 54, 57–62, 75, 102.11 Houle, African Christianity; Healy-Clancy, World of Their Own; Jorgensen, “American Zulu”; Arndt, Divided by the Word.12 Pinkerton endorsed the British view of the Anglo-Zulu War as a contest between white civilization and African savagery: Pinkerton to Clark, 3/3; 9/4; 4/7; 1879; Pinkerton, Chicago, to Means, 20/2/1880; V8R182; Missionary Herald (MHerald) 77, 3 (1881), 89; Campbell, Songs of Zion, 111; Cope, Ploughshares of War, 36. Pinkerton linked “Umzila mission” success to British intervention in ways that were similar to his brethren in the 1830s, who begged the English navy to rescue them from Zulu King Dingane’s attack on Port Natal. ABCFM evangelists returned to destroyed outposts bolstered by a stipend from Cape officials who expected the Americans to use the Bible to keep “savages quiet”: Lt-Governor Maitland, Cape Town, to Secretary of State, London, 17/6/1844, Enclosure 1, General Dispatches: Governor-Secretary of State, 1844-1846, Government House (GH) 23/15, Cape Town, Western Cape Archives (KAB); Western Cape Province, South Africa; Aldin Grout (AGrout), Umvoti, to Captain Garden, 28/3/1853, W. R. Morrison Papers, MS46, Sol Plaatjie Public Library, Kimberley, Northern Cape Province, South Africa.13 Pinkerton to Clark, 3/3; 4/7; 9/4; 10/12; 1879; V8R182; ABCFM, Historical Sketch, 13–15; MHerald 77, 3 (1881), 89.14 When an Angolan king threatened the WCAM, Miller attributed the aggression to rumors that Americans kidnapped “the young,” implying that this assumption was not unreasonable: Miller, Bihe, Angola, Report to Hampton Institute, reprinted in Southern Workman, 1/3/1881. Miller may have been an emancipated slave of Ovimbundu (ethnic) descent: Davis IV, “Beer, Blood and the Bible,” 11, 90–1.15 Miller, Benguela, Angola, to anonymous, Hampton, 11/8/1884, in Southern Workman, 1/11/1884; Miller, Bailundu, Angola, to Samuel Armstrong, Hampton, 25/6/1883, in the Southern Workman, 1/12/1883; Soremekun, “Board Missions in Angola,” 74; MHerald 79, 10 (1883), 272; Spivey, Schooling for the New Slavery, 17. During the early 1880s, Nathaniel Clark, ABCFM’s Corresponding Secretary responsible for the expansion of “self-support[ing] . . . churches,” broadened mission school instruction to encompass vocational training, but did not call this approach industrial education: Jorgensen, “American Zulu,” 224–5. Black missionaries in twentieth-century colonial Africa increasingly adopted industrial education: Elphick, Equality of Believers, 134–5; Barnes, Global Christianity and the Black Atlantic; Hill, Higher Mission.16 Conroy-Krutz, Christian Imperialism, 47, 151–67, 178; Jorgenson, “American Zulu,” 244–7. Before going to Africa, Wilson manumitted many of the bondspeople he owned, but not his enslaved boy attendant, whose family resided in “one of the free [US] States.” This child was to be shipped to Liberia against his will and in an apparent display of defiance the child exhibited “a disposition to be vicious” that caused complications, Wilson told associates: John Wilson, Gaboon River, to Rufus Anderson (Anderson), Boston, 23/1/1843; reprinted in DuBose, Memoirs of Rev. John Leighton Wilson, 100–3, 104, 137; Wilson, Western Africa, 506; Soremekun, “Religion and Politics in Angola,” 342; Ball, “Three Crosses,” 340.17 In detailing the “climate” hazards, Lindley boasted that his prior American experiences enabled him to survive Lourenço Marques. He had ministered to Presbyterian slaveowners in North Carolina and visited his wife's family in the (malarial) low country, where people knew how to evade tropical diseases. Interestingly, Lindley did not mention a supplier of Mozambican ivory, King Dingane, or the punishments this Zulu monarch exacted on Portuguese authority after being cheated of the “saguate”—a gift honoring his status. In 1833, Dingane attacked the ungrateful governor Dionísio Ribeiro. Zulu soldiers killed Ribeiro, removed his heart, and toted it 600 kilometers to their capital: Daniel Lindley (Lindley), Bethelsdorp (Cape), to Anderson, 31/12/1838; Lindley and Henry Venable, Port Natal, to Anderson, 16/9/1837; Aldin Grout (AGrout), Holden, Massachusetts, to Anderson, 27/6/1838; Vols. 1-2 [Vol. 179], Reel 174; ABCFM, HLHU; AGrout, Cape Town, to Elnathan Davis, 12/3/1835, Aldin Grout Papers (MS 797), Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries; Smith, Life and Times of Daniel Lindley, 30–61, 413–20; Chewins, “Stealing Dingane's Title.”18 Pinkerton to Clark, 10/12/1879; Pinkerton to Means, 20/2; 10/3; 1880; V8R182. Erskine believed Mzila’s father, Soshangane, was Zulu but this Gaza ancestor came from the Nxumalo clan which allied with the Ndwandwe polity, a rival of King Shaka: Erskine, “Journey to Umzila's,” 45, 70, 98; Wright, “Rediscovering the Ndwandwe,” 217–38; Harries, Work, Culture, 3–4, 19–27, 69.19 During Pinkerton’s journey, he wrote that isiZulu was the lingua franca of Gazaland. A variant of that language was spoken in Mzila’s court: Pinkerton to Clark, 26/6/1877; 3/3; 4/7; 1879; Pinkerton to Means, 28/5; 24/8; 6, 22/10; 1880; V8R182; MHerald 77, 3 (1881), 88–94; Means, Umzila’s Kingdom, 4, 16; ABCFM, Central African Mission, 3–5, 19. AZM knowledge of isiZulu language: Arndt, Divided by the Word, 1–37, 121–55.20 Wilcox, African Jungle, 5; Erwin Richard (Richards), Inhambane, to Means, 14/4; 10/5; 16/ 6; 1881; Richards, Inanda, to Means, 4/1; 23/6; 1882; V12R186; Jorgensen, “American Zulu,” 326-27; ABCFM, East Central African, 6; Allina, Slavery by Any Other Name, 20.21 Wilcox, African Jungle, 17; Gilley, “Mozambique,” 95; ABCFM, Central African Mission, 6–8. Outlawed by the Iberian Crown in 1878, slave trading continued to stimulate the Mozambican economy because Portuguese administrators, on the sly, benefited from the banned commerce. They were loath to embargo ships transporting captives to Indian Ocean-island plantations, after pocketing bribes from boat captains: Campbell, “East African Slave,” 16; Harries, “Slavery, Social Incorporation.”22 Ousley, “Life Sketch,” 292; Ousley to Smith, 25/11; Ousley to Strong, 24/3; 1884; V12R186; AmerMiss, 34, 8 (1880), 229–30; Mather, Who’s Who of the Colored, 209. Ousley’s mother was Charlotte Riggins; he was named after his father.23 B.F. Ousley, “A Town of Colored People in Mississippi,” AmerMiss 58, 9 (1904), 295; Ousley, “Life Sketch,” 292, 304.24 Manning, “Working for Citizenship,” 190–3; Ousley, “Life Sketch,” 293; Taylor, Embattled Freedom.25 Benjamin Ousley, “Life Sketch,” 293; AmerMiss 46, 9 (1892), 304; AmerMiss 39, 3 (1885), 82; AmerMiss 46, 10 (1892), 340; African Repository, 57, 8 (1881), 109; Ousley paid tuition with a loan from the American Missionary Association: Thomas Steward, Nashville, to Benjamin Ousley, Glencoe, Mississippi, 20/5/[1874], American Missionary Association Archives, 1839-1882 (AMAA), Amistad Research Center, Tulane University (ARCTU), New Orleans; Zion's Herald (Boston), 83, 5 (1905), 140; Ousley to Smith, 16/12/1885, V12R186. The AMA also subsidized Howard University and Hampton Institute: Richardson, Christian Reconstruction, 123, 134, 293; Engs, Educating the Disfranchised, 69-73; Washington learned his precepts from Armstrong as a member of the Hampton class of 1875: Spivey, Schooling for New Slavery, 52-53; Elphick, Equality of Believers, 134-35; Barnes, Global Christianity and the Black Atlantic, 48-49, 85-86. Hoping to be remembered by “his General,” Miller sent fan mail to Armstrong that narrated Congregational proselytizing in Southern Africa, a subject they both knew well. Armstrong came of age in a Maui ABCFM household with his pastor father keeping abreast of Board evangelists in Natal: Carton, “From Hampton,” 62-63; Beyer, “Connection of Samuel Chapman Armstrong.”26 Daily American, 27/5/1881.27 Maxfield, “Organic Sin,” 111–12. The ABCFM was reluctant, even after the Civil War, to alienate donors of the Southern plantocracy: Jorgensen, “American Zulu,” 206; Ousley, “Life Sketch,” 293; Cannon, Record of Service, 26–39.28 The money Ousley earned for cleaning Oberlin’s Council Hall, a center of theological discourse, helped cover his seminary costs: Ousley, Oberlin, to Rev. Roy, New York, 6/10/1882, AMAA, ARCTU.29 Ousley to Strong, 24/3; 24/5; 1884; Richards to Means, 23/6/1882; the AZM considered posting Pixley to the Gaza “kingdom”: Richards to Means, 14/4/1881; V12R186; AmerMiss 39, 3 (1885), 82; Pinkerton supported John Nembula’s enrollment in Pixley’s Natal “normal” school: Pinkerton, Umtwalumi, to Clark, 17/7/1875; 6/1/1873; Stephen Pixley, Lindley, Natal, to Clark, 18/1/1878; V8R182; Etherington, Preachers, Peasants, 1–5; Houle, African Christianity, 62, Jackson, “Experimentation of Nembula,” 8–20; Vinson and Edgar, “Zulus Abroad,” 56; Digby, “Early Black Doctors,” 448.30 The historical record is not forthcoming about why Ousley came to the attention of the Board.31 New York Times, 10/11/1883; Washington Post, 4/11/1883; lynching: New York Times, 13/8/1883; Washington Post, 13/8/1883; Chicago Daily Tribune, 14/8/1883. Congress investigated the Danville shooting and issued a major report as Ousley graduated from Oberlin: Senate, US Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Privileges and Elections: Alleged Outrages in Virginia, May 27, 1884 (48th Congress, 1st Session, Report 579), LIII-LV, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LCDC); Dailey, “Deference and Violence,” 560–1, 564; Hahn, Nation Under Our Feet, 404, 410. Oberlin alumni and Black student links to Danville: Fairchild, Oberlin the Colony and College, 168; Oberlin College, Seventy-Fifth Anniversary, 504, 734; Minority Student Records Oberlin College, https://libguides.oberlin.edu/c.php?g=1103249&p=8043468, accessed 14/5/2021; Oberlin Review 21, 30 (1894), 11. Confederate-occupied Danville sheltered Jefferson Davis after he fled Richmond, Virginia, in 1865.32 Ousley to Strong, 24/5; 5/6; 1884; Ousley to Smith, 8/2/1888; V12R186.33 Ousley to Strong, 24/5/1884, V12R186; Henrietta Ousley (HOusley), Kambini, to Fisk, Nashville, 11/11/1886; reprinted in Daily American, 14/2/1887; Henrietta Bailey, “A Study of the Negro Family,” no. 268, Questionnaire 1905, Department of Social Science, Fisk University, Moorland-Spingarn (Library) Research Center, Howard University, Washington, DC (I thank Robert Vinson for this source); Cleveland Gazette, 23/8; 13/9; 1884; Grimshaw, Paths of Duty, xxi–xxii, 113. In Henrietta Ousley’s ABCFM application, pragmatic reasons are given for her decision to join the ECAM. She singled out Benjamin Ousley’s proposal to “share with him the life of a foreign missionary”: Jacobs, “Women Missionaries,” 382–3. The Ousley-Bailey union epitomized Black American marriage as a “first rite” of freedom: Hunter, Bound in Wedlock, 123.34 Ousley, Oberlin, to Strong, 5/6/1884; Ousley to Smith, 25/10/1886; V12R186; AmerMiss 46, 9 (1892), 304–5; Chapman, History of Knox, 203–11.35 Ousley, Knoxville, Illinois, to Strong, 23/8/1884; Ousley, Manhattan, to Smith, 24/9; 22/12; 1884; Ousley to Strong, 24/3/1884; V12R186; ABCFM, Central African Mission, 3-7. Rev. Ousley would write the Board on behalf of his wife. Records of their African experiences do not contain a collection of letters from Henrietta (Bailey) Ousley. She was a prose stylist, as her few publications and one 1905 research questionnaire make clear: Bailey, “Study of the Negro.” The letters of other AZM wives who wrote the Board are in the ABCFM archives at Harvard University. See for example: Mary Pinkerton, Umzumbe, to Clark, 21/2/1879, V12R182.36 Ousley to Smith, 25/11/1884; Ousley to Smith, 3/3/1888; V12R186.37 MHerald 81, 12 (1885), 509; AmerMiss 43, 7 (1889), 185; ABCFM, Central African Mission, 8; Ousley to Smith, 4/2; 3/6; 16/12; 1885; 10/1/1888; V12R18; Jorgensen, “American Zulu,” 338.38 William Wilcox (Wilcox), Pres[ident] East Central African Mission, and Richards, Secretary East Central African Mission, Makodweni, to Smith, 22/9; Wilcox and Richards, to Smith, 16/10; Ousley to Smith, 22/12/1884; 3/6; 19/10; 1885; 15/11/1886; Wilcox occasionally signed “Chairman” after his name: Wilcox to Smith, 24/2/1886; V12R186; MHerald 81, 4 (1885), 136; ABCFM, Historical Sketch, 39; Jorgensen, “American Zulu,” 334–5; Harries, Work, Culture, 1, 3–4; Harries, “Exclusion, Classification, and Internal Colonialism,” 83, 86.39 Ousley to Smith, 22/12/1884, V12R186; MHerald 81, 12 (1885), 508. Pioneering Black American “travelers to South[ern] Africa” grappled with haunting memories of the Middle Passage: Vinson, Americans are Coming! 2–3, 6–7, 77–8; Hartman, “Time of Slavery,” 758–60.40 Ousley to Smith, 22/12/1884; 4/2; 3/6; 26/8; 1885; 2/8; 26/8; 16/12/1886; 30/5/1889; Ousley, Annual Tabular for the Year East Central African Mission, 31/August-31/December; 1887; Report Wilcox and Richards, to Smith, 22/9/1885; Cetewayo Goba served the ECAM until “fever” (malaria) forced his return to Durban; Richards, Mongwe, to Smith, 3/7/1885; 12/9/1887; Wilcox, Adams, Natal, to Smith, 23/11/1886; V12R186; MHerald 82, 2 (1886) 62; Statement of Zephaniah Goba, 8/11/1937, Estate of Cetywayo Goba Otherwise Known Cetshwayo Klaas Goba, No. 23925; 23925/1936; Master of Supreme Court Estates, PAR SA; Jorgensen, “American Zulu,” 249, 347; Hughes, First President, 38; Healy-Clancy, World of Their Own, 50. Maziyana Mdima, a male isiZulu-speaking ECAM helper and lay preacher from Inanda, also worked for Richards.41 Ousley to Smith, 22/12/1884; 4/2/1885; 3/6; 2/8; 1885; MHerald, 79 11, (1883), 488–9; Wilcox to Smith, 23/11/ 1886; Ousley condemned Portuguese mistreatment of Africans: Ousley to Smith, 8/2/1888; V12R186; AmerMiss 44, 12 (1890), 420; Harries, Work, Culture, 24–5, 41–3, 52–3, 142–3.42 Ousley to Smith, 3/6; 4/2; 1885; 10/1; 8/2; 1888; Wilcox to Smith, 23/11/1886; ECAM Semi-annual Report Beginning June First and Ending December First, 1886; V12R186; the deeds request extended to Mongwe station.43 Hughes, First President, 37; Wilcox, “Joint Stock Company Offer Zulu Industrial Improvement Co.,” 1/ABM, PAR SA; Keita, Cemetery Stories; Jorgensen, “American Zulu,” 240, 250, 259; Kumalo, “Meeting the Cowboy.”44 Wilcox, Restless Wing, preface (n.p.), 82–5, 132–64; Stout, Montana, 1125; John Clagett, Last Will and Testament, 17/5/1788; recorded 17/11/1790; folio 428, liber B, Register of Wills, Records Division Montgomery County, Maryland.45 Stout, Montana, 1125; Smurr, “Jim Crow Out West,” 153–6, 160–3, 167–9; McMillen, “Border State Terror,” 213–15; Behan, “Forgotten Heritage,” 27, 29–30; Wilcox, Restless Wing, preface, 162–4; Davison, “1871: Montana’s Year.”46 Ousley to Smith, 22/12/1884; 3/6; 26/8; 1885; 10/1; 8/2; 1888; V12R186; Williams, Black Americans and the Evangelization, 118. Ousley presented critiques of the plantation to colleagues who believed “the natives” needed work discipline to learn how diligence strengthened piety. This idea informed AZM Rev. Josiah Tyler who contrasted his converts with “negroes” to denote the “former as a race” with the physical and mental potential to survive Western modernity: Tyler, Forty Years, 188–9. The Ousleys came from Black American communities that faced the opinions of Social Darwinists who predicted Africans were headed for extinction: Barnes, Global Christianity and the Black Atlantic, 17.47 Attentive to the “native role” in station dynamics, the Ousleys allied with a local “chief of Kambini” who gave the couple one “of his [two] huts” and desired to hear “prayers for . . . Gitonga” children: Ousley to Smith, 3/6; 26/8; 19/10; 1885; 20/8/1887; 10/1/1888; 17/10/1889; Nancy Jones (Jones), Kambini, to Smith, 10/1/1889; V12R186; MHerald 82, 2 (1886), 63.48 Ousley to Smith, 3/6/1885; 10/1; 8/2; 1888; Ousley, Kambini, to Richards [Mongwe], 20/10/1886 (filed 24/7/1889); V12R186; ABCFM, Central African Mission, 9; ABCFM, Historical Sketch, 37; phone communications between Benedict Carton and Eltea Lambert, 29/11; 30/11/2018, Mississippi.49 Natal Witness, 9/2/1849; Natal Times, 29/8/1851; AGrout, Umvoti, to Anderson, 13/6/1850; Lewis Grout (LGrout), Umsunduzi, to Anderson, 7/2/1851; 7/10/1859; Vol. 5, Reel 176; DLindley, Inanda, to Anderson, 16/10/1855; Vol. 4, Reel 175; General Letter of American Zulu Mission, Port Natal, 10/5/1862, newspaper cuttings, 23/5/1861; Interview Rev. Lewis Grout, ca. 1861; Vol. 6, Reel 177; ABCFM, HLHU; Notes Compiled from Missionary’s Original MS, Sketch of the Origins of the Native Tribes Now Dwelling in the Natal Colony, August 1852, Folder 3, Lewis Grout Personal Papers, GEN ABC 76, HLHU (ABC 76 contains papers that are not microfilmed); Houle, African Christianity, 2, 49, 54; Houle, “Brother to Native,” 48.50 Wilcox, Restless Wing, 163; Wilcox, African Jungle, 39, 201–4. The Board reported stories published in the Southern Workman, Hampton’s newspaper, about the widowed “Mrs. Armstrong. . . return[ing] to this country” (from Maui) and joining her headmaster son to instruct “the colored race” in Virginia: MHerald 77, 3 (1881), 85. In the twentieth century, the AZM incorporated the “Hampton-Tuskegee idea . . [of] industrial and civilizing ideologies”: Jorgensen, “American Zulu,” 350, 453–4.51 Spivey, Schooling for the New Slavery, 16–18; Barnes, Global Christianity and the Black Atlantic, 47.52 Wilcox to Smith, 21/11/1986; Report of Makodweni Mission Station Sept. ’85 – Sept. ’86; ECAM Semi-annual Report June First and Ending December First, 1886; V12R186; Gilley, “Mozambique,” 97; ABCFM, Central African Mission, 10–11; MHerald 83, 3 (1887), 92; Interview Wilcox, The Christian, 25/2/1909, AZM Clippings, 88, A/4/57, 1/ABM, PAR SA. Makodweni “inquirers” attended literacy classes: Interview Wilcox, The Christian, 25/2/1909, AZM Clippings, 88, A/4/57, 1/ABM, PAR SA.53 HOusley to Fisk, 11/11/1886; Daily American, 14/2/1887.54 Richards to Means, 4/1/1882; Ousley to Smith, 25/10/1886; Gaza regiments destroyed ECAM property and routed colonial troops in 1886. ECAM evangelists escaped this attack by dashing to a ship offshore (their brethren did this during Zulu King Dingane’s reign): Natalian, 13/11/1886; Ousley said Gaza “warriors” were “superior to . . . soldiers . . . with ‘musket[s]’”: Ousley to Smith, 15/11/1886; V12R186; HOusley to Fisk, 11/11/1886; Daily American, 14/2/1887. After King Mzila’s death in late 1884, his successor Gungunhane sent regiments to seize women and children and gift these captives to allies of his deceased father. Gaza raiding in the early years of the ECAM: Newitt, History of Mozambique, 336, 349–53.55 Phipps, William Sheppard, 6–15, 98–103, 112; 15–17, 119, 189–91; Wilson, Western Africa, 506; Campbell, Middle Passages, 165–6; Carton, “From Hampton,” 58, 66–70, Turner, “A ‘Black-White’ Missionary”; Newitt, History of Mozambique, 330–6, 348, 352–62.56 Daily American, 14/2/1887; MHerald 82, 2 (1886), 63; HOusley to Fisk, 11/11/1886; Jones to Smith, 10/1/1889; V12R186; Flint, Healing Traditions, 126–7, 130–1, 139; Cadwallader and Wilson, “Folklore Medicine,” 217–7; Gomez, Country Marks, 56–7; Mitchem, Folk Healing, 54–8, 135. Benjamin Ousley recognized that enslaved people from southeast Africa shaped Black American cultures: Ousley to Strong, 23/8/1884; Ousley to Smith, 22/12/1884; V12R186. AME African faith healing in antebellum Mississippi: Interview, George Johnson, Mound Bayou, Mississippi, 9/1941, recorded by Dr. Johnson, L. Jones, J. Work, and E. and A. Lomax, Side A and Side B, AFS t4778A, AFS t4779B, Fisk University Mississippi Delta Collection, 1941-1943, AFC 1941/002, American Folklife Center, LCDC.57 When Henrietta Ousley classified “charms” conferring protection on “the natives,” her descriptions conveyed ethnographic information rather than censure: MHerald, 79 11, (1883), 448-49; Miller, Bailundu, to Samuel Armstrong, Hampton, 25/6/1883 in the Southern Workman, 1/12/1883; Sorekemun, “Board Missions in Angola,” 74; Dulley, “Chronicles of Bailundo,” 732–3.58 HOusley to Fisk, 11/11/1886; Daily American, 14/2/1887; exasperation emerged in Benjamin Ousley’s circulars to the Board, relating how Henrietta “found . . .[that] females” were “harder to” save because they were “satisfied with their . . . lot” as cultivators: Ousley to Smith, 29/5/1889, V12R186; Jacobs, “A Thought,” 211; Jorgensen, “American Zulu,” 348. Benjamin Ousley said polygamy made African women “little more than slaves”: Williams, Black Americans and the Evangelization, 112. Ousley’s list of sins resembled the AZM “Umsunduze Rules” of devout “purity”: Houle, African Christianity, 99–100.59 ECAM Semi-annual Report June First and December First, 1886; Ousley to Smith, 26/8/1885; V12R186. Scholars researching industrial missions in Portuguese- and British-ruled Southern Africa might compare and contrast the Makodweni cashew farm to the Magomero coffee plantation in Nyasaland (Malawi). In the 1890s Magomero was a site of racist abuse. The “estate” manager William Livingstone, a relative of David Livingstone, was beheaded by workers in a 1915 anti-colonial revolt. This manager had brutally treated Africans and assaulted chained workers: White, Magomero, 82–7. There is no evidence that Rev. Wilcox ever committed such abuses.60 ECAM Report and Meeting Minutes, Mongwe, to Smith, 25/8/1886; Ousley to Smith, 20/8/1887; 10/1/1888; Ousley, Annual Tabular for the Year East Central African Mission, 31 August–31 December, 1887; V12R186; MHerald 83, 4 (1887), 142; Jorgensen, “American Zulu,” 326-29.61 ECAM Report and Meeting Minutes, 25/8/1886; Ousley to Strong, 24/5/1884; Ousley to Smith, 23/2; 20/8; 1887; 10/1; 8/2; 3/3; 14/5; 27/8; 13/10; 1888; 19/8; 13/12; 1889; Dr. Binkerhoff, Upper Sandusky, Ohio, to Smith, 13/10/1888; “the [plantation] work” of Makodweni “discontinued” after Wilcox’s resignation: Francis Bates, Mongwe, to Smith, 2/11/1888; V12R186; Gilley, “Mozambique,” 97.62 Research into Mr. Johnson’s identity led to Eltea Lambert, a retired Mississippi educator “familiar with Benjamin Forsyth Ousley.” Lambert recalled a family memory of Ousley’s letters from [the] Africa circulating in the town of Mound Bayou. “[F]rom Ousley’s kin,” Lambert learned “that Johnson mentioned was a plantation slave, . . . gone to Africa . . . [and] English churches.” Lambert’s relatives helped establish Mound Bayou’s “Normal Institute, Green Grove . . . First Baptist” church, and Bethel AME: phone communications between Benedict Carton and Eltea Lambert, 29/11; 30/11/2018, Mississippi. Black missionary letters circulating in home networks: Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent, 105. In London, Rev. Johnson and King Cetshwayo likely spoke through the interpreter Lazarus Xaba, a convert known to ABCFM amakholwa in Inanda and Umtwalumi: Testimony of Lazarus Xaba, 4/5; 9/5/1910, Webb and Wright, James Stuart Archive, 326–30; 352–5, 358; “Cetywayo’s Interviews with the Earl of Kimberley, Colonial Office, London, 7, 15, 17 and 24 August 1882,” Telegrams to and from South Africa, 1 January to 31 December 1882, Colonial Office, CO 879/19/1, National Archives of United Kingdom, London. Queen Victoria interviewed Cetshwayo in August 1882: Theron, “Cetshwayo in Victorian England,” 83–5.63 Johnson, Twenty-Eight Years a Slave, 98; Killingray, “Black Atlantic Missionary,” 5, 16; Sorekemun, “Board Missions in Angola,” 72–3; Chicago Herald, 15/12/1887; Johnson’s autobiographical oratory: Bailey, “Divided Prism,” 381–4, 399–400. Johnson preached Ethiopianism in America and Africa. US-inspired Ethiopianism in colonial South Africa: Campbell, Songs of Zion, 103–16, 140–52; Chirenje, Ethiopianism and Afro-Americans, 1–2, 14–17, 96–106; Carton and Vinson, “Ethiopia Shall Stretch,” 59–61.64 HOusley to Fisk, 11/11/1886; Daily American, 14/2/1887; Jones, Memphis, to Smith, 26/9; 5/10; 10/10; 1/11; 14/11; 1887; V12R186; Jacobs, “A Thought,” 209–12; Williams, Black Americans and the Evangelization, 87; Goings and Smith, “Duty of the Hour,” 132–6; Giddings, Ida, A Sword, 49–51, 76, 88–9, 219–21, 236–8. As a child, Wells was enslaved in Mississippi.65 Jones, Umzumbe, to Smith, 2/5/1888, V12R186; Freeman, 5/2/1898; Daily American, 9/6/1890; The Tennessean, 8/6/1891.66 Daily American, 9/6/1890; The Tennessean, 8/6/1891; Ousley to Smith, 8/2/1888; 19/8/1889; V12R186; F. S. Tatham, The Race Conflict in South Africa: An Enquiry into the General Question of Native Education (Pietermaritzburg: Munro Bros, 1894), 4-8, 10, 26-7, Vol. 323, Natal Society Special Collection, Alan Paton Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Ousley to Smith, 8/2/1888; 19/8/1889; V12R186.67 AmerMiss 48, 7 (1894), 255; AmerMiss 58, 9 (1904), 300; Freeman, 13/5/1895; Jacobs, “A Thought,” 212–13. Mound Bayou produced cotton, sugar, and millet: Willis, Forgotten Time, 74. The American Missionary Association financed Montgomery: Booker Washington, “A Town Owned by Negroes: Mound Bayou, Miss, An Example of Thrift and Self-government,” World's Work 14 (1907), 9125-34.68 Freeman, 5/2/1898; Jones to Smith, 10/1/1889; V12R186; Jacobs, “A Thought,” 213–14.69 Ousley to Smith, 10/1; 8/2; 1888; V12R186.70 Ousley to Smith, 29/5/1889, V12R186; HOusley to Fisk, 11/11/1886; Daily American, 14/2/1887.71 Wilcox, Restless Wing, 163; Wilcox, African Jungle, 39, 201–4; HOusley to Fisk, 11/11/1886; Daily American, 14/2/1887.72 MHerald 81, 12 (1885), 508; Cleveland Gazette, 17/8/1889; Freeman, 17/8/1889; Jacobs, “A Thought,” 213; Ousley, “Life Sketch,” 293; Ousley, Annual View 31 August–31 December, 1887; Ousley to Smith, 22/12/1884; 29/5; 30/5; 1889; V12R186.73 AmerMiss 48, 7 (1894), 255; Freeman, 13/5/1895; Ousley to Smith, 8/2/1888; 19/8/1889; V12R186.74 Freeman, 5/2/1898.Additional informationNotes on contributorsBenedict CartonBenedict Carton is a faculty member in the African and African American Studies Program and the School of Integrative Studies at George Mason University, Virginia, USA. He is also Associate Director of the Center for Mason Legacies: https://legacies.gmu.edu/
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https://openalex.org/W2021775183
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Modern Tajiki Persian: Gharbzadagi of a Different Kind
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"Islamic Republic of Iran",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2021775183
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The leader of the Iranian Revolution Āyat Allāh Rūḥ Allāh Khumaynī has strongly condemned what he considers had been a slavish imitation of the West under the overthrown Pahlavī dynasty and coined the neologism Gharbzadagī (literally “Weststrickenness”). He has called for a cultural as well as political emancipation from Western dominance. So far this emancipation has not extended to a purification of the Persian language from the numerous French loanwords which had entered it during the last sixty years. Thus the newspaper Jumhūrī-i Islāmī (“Islamic Republic”) has the subtitle Urgān-i Ḥizb-i Jumhūrī-ī Islāmī (“Organ of the Islamic Republican Party”). Urgān is of course French organe. Even more striking is the use of the term kumītah or komiteh by the revolutionary committees, usually presided by Muslim clergy, which have taken over the functions of local government in Iran. Again, kumītah is the French comité. While not many Iranian mullahs know French, or any Western language, they cannot be unaware of the Western origin of these words. We should not be surprised therefore if in the near future we witness a movement to expel from the Persian language the Western loanwords, most of all from official terminology. Most likely they will be replaced by words of Arabic rather than pure Persian origin in view of the regime's identification with Islam rather than ancient Persian culture.
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https://openalex.org/W573555427
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The State Against the State: The Theory and Practice of the Coup D'Etat
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Theories of coup d'etat coup d'etat and the failure of idealism - the case of Haremheb coup d'etat and political reform - the oligarchic coup in Classical Athens coup d'etat and political stabilization - proscription in Republic Rome coup d'etat and self-preservation - the pre-emptive strike in late Republican Rome coup d'etat and the seizure of power - political murder in Imperial Rome coup d'etat and dynastic change - succession and the Wars of the Roses coup d'etat and the political foil - the case of Lady Jane Grey coup d'etat as a perennial hazard - Japan and Mughal India coup d'etat at subterfuge - The Night of the Long Knives coup d'etat and political revenge - Paul of Yugoslavia coup d'etat and the presumption of power - the case of Admiral Darlan coup d'etat and military expediency - Colonel Nasser and the New Order in Egypt coup d'etat and political emancipation - post-war problems in West Africa coup d'etat and religious revival - the Shah and Islamic fundamentalism in Iran coup d'etat and despotism - the Trujillo era excurses - the coup and organized crime in the USA.
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[] |
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https://openalex.org/W2125975986
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Rethinking the Hellenistic Gulf: The New Greek Inscription from Bahrain
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2125975986
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Abstract The recent discovery in Bahrain of a Greek inscription, dating to the 120s BC, transforms our understanding of the Arab-Persian Gulf in the Hellenistic period. The inscription, recording the dedication of a shrine to the Dioskouroi on behalf of the first independent king of Characene, indicates that Bahrain was a garrisoned node within the Seleucid Empire and the centre of the previously unknown archipelagic administrative district ‘Tylos (Bahrain) and the Islands’. Seleucid and Characenian control of Bahrain is placed within the longue durée political history of relations between southern Mesopotamia and Dilmun. The cultic dedication to the Dioskouroi traces the consciously Hellenizing modalities of Characenian emancipation from the Seleucid Empire and the development of a coherent maritime religious network in the Gulf.
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https://openalex.org/W82674116
|
Transformation as Emancipation
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"Yemen",
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Polish transformation from communism is interpreted with help of the concept of emancipation. Emancipation means acquiring the full citizenship status and relevant rights for collective as well as individual actors. This process is traced in three areas: body, property and self-expression which are then linked to the social theory of rights. The contradiction between privatization of big industry and extinction of the economic participation is pointed out as the basic for the process after 1989. Categories used to describe what happened in 1989 and after provide the superficial classification of the case. What happened was the transformation, from communism to capitalism, from command economy to market, from totalitarianism to democracy. No doubt, for some it was the direction, though for many the change was not directed. The events like Polish vote in June 1989 or Rumanian riots on the city squares are not directed forward, they are directed against. The system or its personification is removed and the direction is not clear. Ten years after 1989 the post-communist world is so heterogeneous that the category itself is doubtful. The 1989 de-communization of Europe and related de-sovietization of Eurasia should be supplemented by the more global perspective that would entail the failure of Marxist rule in Afghanistan, Ethiopia and Somalia as well as the transformation of regimes in Nicaragua, Yemen, Mozambique, Angola, Congo and Cambodia. People's Republic of China, North Korea, Vietnam, and Cuba remain at the moment the self-acknowledged legacy to the old global Marxist movement but their mutual independence testifies to the process of emancipation as well. Apart from the unrepented Party-States, the neo-authoritarianism of countries in Central Asia or Belarus has to be confronted with consolidated new democracies of Central Eastern Europe, while Russia remains enigmatic as ever influencing thus her sister Ukraine and some other countries are drifting amongst these tendencies. Whatever the orientation or the lack of it, the common point is the liberation. Even where de-communization was unexpected and not pressed for, it widened the freedom. While some Soviet republics were struggling for their independence, Author's Address: Institute for Applied Social Sciences, University of Warsaw; Nowy Swiat 69, 00-046 Warszawa, Poland; e-mail: kurczjac@mercury.ci.uw.edu.pl This content downloaded from 40.77.167.36 on Mon, 25 Jul 2016 04:33:46 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 198 JACEK KURCZEWSKI the other were not, but they have got it, even if unwilling, so they had to face the new reality as having more freedom to decide even if less means to implement any decision taken. One has at least to decide on the colors of the flag or on the image of the new post stamps, and even if these decisions are taken grudgingly they create the significant social facts. The simple decentralization of such decisions would suffice for plurality that was emerging after the 1989 fall of the Soviet Global System or Socialist Camp as it was officially called and its smaller mirror versions like Yugoslavia. To this one should add the differences that were partly visible, mostly hidden under the old system as well as desire to keep on one's own track which was to the varied degree present in the countries concerned, sometimes even amongst its ruling communist elites. This is already one important aspect of the emancipation as understood sociologically to express oneself and to express one's identity, even if this identity has to be construed in haste as in the case of new nations or newly independent nations. Only one case was in opposite direction the GDR identity cultivated by the Party apparatus for decades had suddenly fall apart, the emancipation in the East German case meant the freedom to become simply German back again. Political freedom meant, however, possible the public expression of the 'Ossies' peculiarity as contrasted with 'Wessies,' though to what extent these quasi-tribal differences will continue is hard to tell. Differentiation continued even in cases where the expectation of the re-unification seemed well-founded independent Moldova has not joined Rumania. So, heterogeneity that shocked Western observers for the second time in this century as in the aftermath of the World War I became the inevitable consequence of the emancipation process finalized when the dominant nation Russia emancipated herself from the Union, something which unfortunately has not happened with Yugoslavia-Serbia complex. There are three possible ways of looking at the events started in 1989. (1) One is to impose upon what happened in the uniform political interpretation: transformation is the process of changing the communist system into something new and there is inherent difficulty in expressing the new reality. In the old language this is capitalism and bourgeois democracy. Instead the more neutral words are used like democracy and market. This is the shallow level as we take the rethorics of the 1989 into consideration. The problem is that what is sincere in 1989 may not seem so afterwards. 1989 was about the human rights and civil liberties election rights, freedom of association (delegalized Solidarity in Poland), freedom of movement (GDR citizens in Hungary). The project is not clear at the beginning, counterrefolution is gradual, people would not die for capitalism neither recreation of the free enterprise. The developments in all countries of the Communist bloc are seen as bloc process, the disintegration and change are supposedly undergoing the general process, even if withdrawal of Soviet power is leaving different social and political landscape in various parts of the empire. Ethiopia and This content downloaded from 40.77.167.36 on Mon, 25 Jul 2016 04:33:46 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms TRANSFORMATION AS EMANCIPATION 199 Somalia were parts of this empire for short time, certainly what is left there is different from Kyrghyzstan and Mongolia, and these differ from Hungary and Poland. De-comm un i zati on and de-sovietization are, however, the common feature and one can engage in the comparative analysis at this level. (2) The opposite approach is to put all stress on the differences. The heterogeneity underlying the homogeneity of totalitarianism has been demonstrated never so clearly as in the case of mini-empire communist-cum-Serb Yugoslavia parallel to communist-cum-Russian Soviet Union. Each country that is still emerging from the dust after the falldown is different as different are Hungarians from the Slavs, as different is neo-authoritarian Belarus from Polish consolidated liberal democracy. Traditions and past history of these societies are different (Kurczewska 1995). In Poland Catholic Church is important, in other countries people are rather indifferent as to the religion, there is Western Eastern Europe (Catholic and Protestant) and Eastern Eastern Europe (Orthodox and Moslem), there is North and there is South, et caetera. The geopolitics made both Poland and Ethiopia vulnerable to Soviet military presence in 20th century but apart from that the two countries have rather little in common. The de-communization and de-sovietization or de-yugoslavization processes have perhaps their own common characteristsics but already at the beginning most of the social life was different and country specific and the process was furthered in the following years, in this sense if the bloc was homogeneous in the sense of politbureau of Communist Party being everywhere the top power, now it does not differ at all from all the other countries of presidential or parliamentary republican system (no monarchy was reestablished yet). But it means what we need to look somewhere else for the similarities and differences, Orthodox Christian cultures, parliamentarian historical tradition, or oil-based economies, etc. (3) Put to its extreme neither of this two approaches makes sense, indeed, and the other way that will give justice should be sought for. The de-communization is an important social event, but needs to be understood as the social process, and as the process and not the isolated event. In order to do so we must transcend the concrete political act in the sociological interpretation of its meaning. But, however interconnected the political societies are, they are still separate. To interpret Polish society one must get the meaning of the decommunization in the Polish context though not excluding the external context and the meaning may be different in another society. It does not sound absurd to assume that 1 989 meant different things for Polish, Russian and Uzbek society.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1979712435
|
Tunisia’s forward planning in a shifting, globalizing world
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jacques Richardson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5070204725"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Plan (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776505523"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
}
] |
[
"Tunisia"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1979712435
|
Remote from the wreckage of Afghanistan and the recent Pakistan‐incubated Taliban frenzy, calm and confident North Africa’s Tunisia – also a Muslim state – looks optimistically to a future of innovation and accomplishment. Embarking on its tenth development plan, priorities include near‐full employment, improved education and the further emancipation of women.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Foresight",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2358700",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3014691413
|
Women at the Tahar Haddad Club
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Wafa Stephan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5027845139"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Club",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776459890"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Situated",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132829578"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Anatomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105702510"
}
] |
[
"Tunisia"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3014691413
|
The Tahar Haddad Club is one of the many cultural clubs that exist in Tunisia. Situated right in the middle of the old city of Tunis-the Medina - it carries the name of a famous Tunisian reformist of the early 20th century, who advocated the emancipation and equality of women. .
|
[
{
"display_name": "Al-Raida Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764949313",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2051711831
|
Revolutionary Mahdism and Resistance to Colonial Rule in the Sokoto Caliphate, 1905–6
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Canada",
"display_name": "York University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I192455969",
"lat": 43.77367,
"long": -79.50189,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Paul E. Lovejoy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5048102030"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Colby College",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I27504731",
"lat": 44.56393,
"long": -69.66209,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Jan Hogendorn",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5035661018"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Caliphate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779595473"
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{
"display_name": "Colonialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C531593650"
},
{
"display_name": "Aristocracy (class)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10314817"
},
{
"display_name": "Indigenous",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55958113"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Colonial rule",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993835690"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
}
] |
[
"Sudan"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1515472142",
"https://openalex.org/W2004539782",
"https://openalex.org/W2116200087",
"https://openalex.org/W2140877107",
"https://openalex.org/W2171932477",
"https://openalex.org/W2497790060",
"https://openalex.org/W4230921038"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2051711831
|
The Mahdist uprising of 1905–6 was a revolutionary movement that attempted to overthrow British and French colonial rule, the aristocracy of the Sokoto Caliphate and the zarmakoy of Dosso. The Mahdist supporters of the revolt were disgruntled peasants, fugitive slaves and radical clerics who were hostile both to indigenous authorities and to the colonial regimes. There was no known support among aristocrats, wealthy merchants or the ‘ ulama. Thus the revolt reflected strong divisions based on class and, as an extension, on ethnicity. The pan-colonial appeal of the movement and its class tensions highlight another important feature: revolutionary Mahdism differed from other forms of Mahdism that were common in the Sokoto Caliphate at the time of the colonial conquest. There appears to have been no connection with the Mahdists who were followers of Muhammad Ahmed of the Nilotic Sudan or with those who joined Sarkin Musulmi Attahiru I on his hijra of 1903. The suppression of the revolt was important for three reasons. First, the British consolidated their alliance with the aristocracy of the Caliphate, while the French further strengthened their ties with the zarmakoy of Dosso and other indigenous rulers. The dangerous moment which Muslims might have seized to expel the Europeans quickly passed. Second, the brutality of the repression was a message to slave owners and slaves alike that the colonial regimes were committed to the continuation of slavery and opposed to any sudden emancipation of the slave population. Third, 1906 marked the end of revolutionary action against colonialism; the radical clerics were either killed or imprisoned. Other forms of Mahdism continued to haunt the colonial regimes, but without serious threat of a general rising.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Journal of African History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S3091228",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2020015897
|
From Bondage to Freedom on the Red Sea Coast: Manumitted Slaves in Egyptian Massawa, 1873–1885
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jonathan Miran",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5032416727"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Peninsula",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123588078"
},
{
"display_name": "Historiography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29598333"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnic group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137403100"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Sudan",
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2020015897
|
The study of 239 manumission acts registered in the court records of the Red Sea port of Massawa, now in the modern state of Eritrea, allows us glimpses into the practice of slavery and emancipation in that town in the 1870s and 1880s. The evidence sheds light both on urban slaves owned by local Massawans, commercial entrepreneur-sojourners, Egyptian officers and the Egyptian government, as well as on those slaves who might have been captured en route before their shipment across the Red Sea to the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East. In the context of the scanty historiography of slavery in the Ethio-Eritrean area, the data provides unique information about gender, age, names, origins, geographic provenance and the circumstances of manumission of 276 slaves, many of whom originated in what are today areas of south-western and western Ethiopia, but also from the Eritrean borderlands and the Sudan. The evidence also provides insights into ethnic and racial distinctions and categorisations, as well as the experience of slaves before and after manumission, including concubinage, marriage and, perhaps, employment with the Egyptian government which ruled Massawa between 1865 and 1885.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Slavery & Abolition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S137016846",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2077006744
|
THE SUDANESE MAHDĪ’S ATTITUDES ON SLAVERY AND EMANCIPATION
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Kim Searcy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5032370116"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Extant taxon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178300618"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
}
] |
[
"Sudan",
"Egypt"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1498123630",
"https://openalex.org/W1530101750",
"https://openalex.org/W2046522779",
"https://openalex.org/W2491773583"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2077006744
|
The forces of the Sudanese Mahdī captured Khartoum in 1885 and brought an end to sixty-four years of Turco-Egyptian occupation of the Sudan. The Mahdī’s revolt—from the perspective of many scholars of the period, such as P. M. Holt—was launched because of the Egyptian government’s attempts to end slavery in the Sudan. This article analyzes the extant proclamations, sermons, and rulings of the Mahdī in order to identify his attitudes on slavery and emancipation. It argues that, contrary to what previous scholars have concluded, the Mahdī’s revolt against the Turco-Egyptian forces was not motivated primarily by the suppression of the slave trade. Rather, the Mahdī responded to the occupation’s imposition of poll taxes as a corrupted form of government divorced from the pure Islamic state he envisioned founding.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sudanic Africa",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764818126",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4214509878
|
Routes to Emancipation in Egypt and the Sudan
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ahmad Alawad Sikainga",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5081286152"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Colonialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C531593650"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Mamluk",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777898063"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Protectorate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777830688"
},
{
"display_name": "Administration (probate law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780765947"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Sudan",
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4214509878
|
In addition to the fact that the Sudan was a major source of slaves for Egypt for several centuries, Ottoman Egypt conquered and ruled the Sudan from 1820 until 1884 when Egypt was expelled from the country by the Mahdist revolution, which established an independent state in Sudan. However, the Mahdist state was overthrown in 1898 by Britain and Egypt, who established a joint administration that ruled the Sudan until 1956. Although slavery and the slave trade existed in the Sudan for many centuries, they reached a peak during the 19th century due to the policies of the Ottoman-Egyptian government. Slavery continued to persist under the Mahdist state and for several decades after the establishment of the Anglo-Egyptian administration. British antislavery policies focused mainly on combating the slave trade but adopted a gradual approach to the abolition of slavery. However, the expansion of the colonial economy and the wage labor market, the actions of the slaves themselves, and international pressure prompted the colonial government to take active measures to emancipate the slaves during the interwar period. Slavery was also an ancient institution in Egypt, dating back to the pre-Islamic era. Slaves obtained from various locations, including Eastern Europe and Africa, played major roles under the successive Muslim dynasties that ruled Egypt. However, the growth of slave trade and the widespread use of slaves in the 19th century was a direct result of the Ottoman-Egyptian conquest of the Sudan. Slavery thrived in Egypt but changes in the Egyptian economy and the labor system, public opinion, and growing internal pressure led to its demise toward the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4363604760",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2003079537
|
Ahmad Alawad Sikainga, Slaves Into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996. xvii + 276 pp. - Ibrahim K. Sundiata, From Slaving to Neoslavery: The Bight of Biara and Fernando Po in the Era of Abolition, 1827–1930. Madison: University of Wisconsiin Press, 1996. xii + 250 pp. $47.50 cloth.
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Canada",
"display_name": "University of Toronto",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I185261750",
"lat": 43.70643,
"long": -79.39864,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Martin Klein",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5054027851"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Colonialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C531593650"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
}
] |
[
"Sudan"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2003079537
|
Ahmad Alawad Sikainga, Slaves Into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996. xvii + 276 pp. - Ibrahim K. Sundiata, From Slaving to Neoslavery: The Bight of Biara and Fernando Po in the Era of Abolition, 1827–1930. Madison: University of Wisconsiin Press, 1996. xii + 250 pp. $47.50 cloth. - Volume 53
|
[
{
"display_name": "International Labor and Working-Class History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S109108137",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4229563184
|
Book notes
|
[] |
[
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Colonialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C531593650"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
}
] |
[
"Sudan"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4229563184
|
Mogador: une cit sous les alizs, des origines: 1939 by Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani. Rabat: La Porte, 1997. Slaves into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan by Ahmad Sikainga. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996. North Africa: Development and Reform in a Changing Economy edited by Dirk Vandewalle. New York: St.Martin's Press, 1996.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of North African Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S54158622",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2021890659
|
Modern Egyptian renaissance man
|
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"Syria",
"Egypt",
"Iraq"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2021890659
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The rise of political consciousness in the Arab Provinces of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century has long been referred to as an era of rebirth or resurrection ( nahḍa ), and from its earliest stages this period saw a dual process of aspirations to political emancipation and creative waves of cultural regeneration. Thus George Antonius was moved to attribute the beginnings of the Arab national movement to the foundation of a modest literary society in Beirut in 1847; the two figures who dominated the intellectual life of Syria in the mid nineteenth century—Nāṣīf al-Yāzijī and Buṭrus al-Bustānī—were ded icated to the resurrection of the lost world of classical Arabic literature, to the virtual re-creation of Arabic as one of the languages of the modern world, and to preaching the virtues of education based on inter-confessional tolerance and patriotic ideals. The most distinguished area of the early history of modern Arabic literature is neo-classical poetry, whose revival of the achievements of the golden age of the ‘Abbāsids provided the foundation on which the first tentative steps towards the renewal of the great tradition were to be based. Indeed the technical excellence of the neo-classical mode was such that it dominated poetry in Egypt at least until the late 1920s, and for even longer in Iraq and the rest of the Levant.
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[
{
"display_name": "Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies",
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|
https://openalex.org/W2048309057
|
»If you preserve carefully faith …« – Hellenistic Attitudes Towards Religion in Pre-Maccabean Times
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[
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"display_name": "Stefan Beyerle",
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"Syria"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2048309057
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The article analyses influences on religious attitudes of Palestinian Jews on the eve of the Antiochean crisis, which resulted in an »inner conversion« to an »apocalyptic« way of thinking. Especially the historical allusions in the Old Greek version of Dan 8,9 match with the events around the conquests of Coele-Syria by Antiochos the Great at the turn of the third to the second century BC. Furthermore, the notice on the emancipation of slaves in Dan 8,11 (OG) recalls a decree of Antiochos III (cf. Ant 12,138–144). The »tolerant« attitude of the Seleucids to religious activity which is evident here finds further confirmation in measures of Antiochos III which are attested in inscriptions from Hefzibah and Caria.
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[
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https://openalex.org/W1597421816
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In defense of lost causes
|
[
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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"Iran"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1597421816
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Is global emancipation a lost cause? Are universal values outdated relics of an earlier age? In this combative major new work, philosophical sharpshooter Slavoj A iA ek takes on the reigning ideology with a plea that we should reappropriate several lost causes, and looks for the kernel of truth in the totalitarian politics of the past. Examining Heidegger's seduction by fascism and Foucault's flirtation with the Iranian Revolution, he suggests that these were the right steps in the wrong direction. Highlighting the revolutionary terror of Robespierre, Mao and the Bolsheviks, A iA ek argues that while these struggles ended in historic failure and monstrosity, this is not the entire story. There was, in fact, a redemptive moment that gets lost in the outright liberal-democratic rejection of revolutionary authoritarianism and the valorization of soft, consensual, decentralized politics. A iA ek claims that, particularly in the light of the forthcoming ecological crisis, we should reinvent revolutionary terror and the dictatorship of the proletariat in the struggle for universal emancipation. We need to courageously accept the return to this cause - even if we court the risk of a catastrophic disaster. In the words of Samuel Beckett: Try again. Fail again. Fail better.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2755491403
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Slavery and Empire in Central Asia
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2755491403
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The Central Asian slave trade swept hundreds of thousands of Iranians, Russians, and others into slavery during the eighteenth–nineteenth centuries. Drawing on eyewitness accounts, autobiographies, and newly-uncovered interviews with slaves, this book offers an unprecedented window into slaves' lives and a penetrating examination of human trafficking. Slavery strained Central Asia's relations with Russia, England, and Iran, and would serve as a major justification for the Russian conquest of this region in the 1860s–70s. Challenging the consensus that the Russian Empire abolished slavery with these conquests, Eden uses these documents to reveal that it was the slaves themselves who brought about their own emancipation by fomenting the largest slave uprising in the region's history.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W2323618975
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In Iran
|
[
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2323618975
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Before emancipation of women took place in Iran, nursing as a profession was not possible. In January 1936 abolition of the veil was ordered an women were encouraged to equip themselves for some career or profession outside the home. This opened up an avenue for the development of modern nursing in Iran. Nine months after the abolition of the veil, three schools of nursing under the Department of Education were opened in three northern cities-Teheran, Tabriz, and Meshed. The Minister of Education being familiar with the plan nursing education in America, the Iranian Government decided to employ American nurses to organize the schools. A two-year program to be followed in Iranian nursing schools was outlined by the Minister of Education in conference with American nurses. In 1937, the Department of Education asked the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Mission to secure American nurses to direct some of these nursing schools.
|
[
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|
https://openalex.org/W2403328677
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Notes on the Bábí and Bahá’í Religions in Russia and its Territories
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2403328677
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The impact of the emergence of the Bábí and Bahá’í religions in nineteenth-century Iran was almost immediately felt in neighboring countries, including Russia and the territories under Russian rule. Those who followed these movements most closely were diplomats, academics, and intellectuals. Bahá’í communities emerged in Russia mostly through Persian migration. Despite their suppression during Soviet rule, scattered remnants of these communities survived until recent political and social changes in the former Soviet Union allowed their full reemergence. This phenomenon of persecution followed by emancipation was alluded to in the writings of Shoghi Effendi from the 1920s.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W3022317137
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Constructing an emancipatory learning environment in Iranian English classes through dialogue journal writing as an educational tool
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3022317137
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This qualitative study applied dialogue journal writing to explore its effectiveness on language learning and critical literacy skills of 45 EFL students with the age range of 10–13 in an Iranian EFL context. Data analysis of 500 entries showed students’ emancipation from banking education constraints, their empowerment to voice, enhancement of motivation and positive feelings, as well as improvement of their linguistic competence. Based on the findings of this study, language teachers are suggested to use this educational tool to transform their pedagogy and enliven students’ language learning.
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[
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|
https://openalex.org/W1485301260
|
Utilising multi‐aspectual understanding as a framework for ERP success evaluation
|
[
{
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1485301260
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply a philosophical framework in order to come to a life‐world oriented understanding of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system for evaluating system success. To do so, according to Dooyeweerd's theory of aspects, a multi‐aspectual understanding is derived based on end‐user's everyday experience of the system. Design/methodology/approach Through a qualitative case study, data are gathered based on 17 semi‐structured interviews. The company within which this study was conducted is an Iranian manufacturer which fully implemented a SAP R/3 system about four years ago. In order to analyze text data, an interpretive text analysis is conducted. Findings According to the results, among all 15 aspects and from end users’ point of view, the qualifying aspects are analytical, pistic, economic and formative, which means that the other aspects are ignored or repressed throughout the organization. All these qualifying aspects include both positive and negative norms but for three of them (analytical, economic and formative) the positive norms are dominant. Regarding the pistic aspect, even though it includes strong positive norms, they are not dominant compared to negative norms. Synthesizing results show that according to “Meeting objectives”, “User satisfaction” and “Emancipation” as general norms, ERP success, in order to be completely realized, requires each general norm to be considered as a multi‐aspectual criterion. Practical implications First, the management team has to concentrate not only on economic and formative objectives but also on the other aspectual objectives which are more qualitative and intangible. Each aspectual objective requires its own specific methods and data to be measured, therefore the management team must provide supportive conditions so that multiple measurement systems are allowed to be implemented. Second, through new long‐term plans, budgets and training courses, already ignored aspects such as psychic, lingual, social, aesthetic, juridical and ethical must be more focused in order to bring to them more visibility and recognition throughout the organization. Third, In order to increase the positive norms for all aspects, holding periodical workshops and training courses is helpful. In addition, implementing reward systems can be a complementary action in order to improve positive norms. Originality/value The paper shows that evaluating ERP success according to end users’ point of view brings more visibility to some issues which are usually ignored or missed by quantitative or uni‐aspectual approaches. Furthermore, utilizing Dooyeweerd's framework as a life‐oriented philosophy for evaluating ERP success is a novel work, which may lead to a kind of development and enrichment in the ERP success literature.
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S141478581",
"type": "journal"
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https://openalex.org/W602153547
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Slavery and resistance in Africa and Asia
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Edward A. Alpers",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5090245656"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Gwyn Campbell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5072011829"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Michael Salman",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5062099161"
}
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[
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"display_name": "Vagrancy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776207721"
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{
"display_name": "Protectorate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777830688"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C57473165"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
"display_name": "Colonialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C531593650"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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"Somalia"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W602153547
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1. Introduction Edward A. Alpers, Gwyn Campbell and Michael 2. Resisting Interpretation: Maroons in eighteenth century Mauritius Megan Vaughan 3. A Serious and Alarming Daily Evil: Illegal absence, Desertion, and Vagrancy in Colonial Plantation Systems Richard Allen 4. The Idea of Marronage: Reflections on Literature and Politics in Reunion Edward A. Alpers 5. Gosha/Heer-Goleet (People of the Forest): Runaway Slaves in the Juba Valley of Southern Somalia Omar Eno 6. Slave emancipation in Iran: gender and freedom Behnaz Mirzai Asl 7. Resisting Slavery in the Philippines, 1913-1914: Reflections on the Polymorphous Structures of Domination/Resistance and the Reversibility of Comparisons Michael Salman 8. The Resistance of the Korean Nobis (Hereditary Slaves) During the Period of the Chosun Dynasty (1392-1910) Kim Bok-Rae 9. Abolishing the Slave Trade in Portuguese India: Documentary Evidence of Popular and Official Resistance to Crown Policy, 1842-1860 Timothy Walker 10. Slave Resistance and Rebellion in the Aden Protectorate in the 1930s and 1940s Suzanne Miers 11. Malagasy in Antebellum Maryland and Virginia: Discovering Oral Traditions and Re-Visiting Written Histories Wendy Wilson Fall 12. Slaves, Brides and other Gifts: Resistance, Marriage and Inequality in Eastern Indonesia Janet Hoskins 13. Revolted but Not Revolting: Reflections on the Sakalava Division of Labour and Forms of Subjectification Michael Lambek 14. Reflections Joseph C. Miller
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2117332062
|
KEDUDUKAN WANITA DI IRAN: MENGUNGKAP PANDANGAN ULAMA SY’IAH
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{
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"display_name": "Institut Agama Islam Negeri Manado",
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"long": 124.84892,
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"display_name": "Moustapha Sadik",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5008889505"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
"display_name": "Visual arts",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153349607"
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"Iran"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2117332062
|
In Iran, woman emancipation does not undergo fundamental change compared with that in other Islamic worlds. In Iran, woman are still in subordinate position. It is within this context that conservative theological thought of Shi’i ulama s (Islamic scholars), especially Khomeni gave a great contribution to the subordinating of status of woman in Iran. This article tries to discuss status of woman in Iran from Shi’i ulama’ s perspective. Kata Kunci: Kedudukan wanita, ulama Syi’ah
|
[
{
"display_name": "HUNAFA: Jurnal Studia Islamika",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306512491",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4244333234
|
Introduction
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[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Darioush Bayandor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5084741525"
}
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C10347200"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C542948173"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780310893"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
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{
"display_name": "Event (particle physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779662365"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
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] |
[
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4244333234
|
Well over half a century after the fall of the government of Dr Mohammad Mosaddeq on 19 August 1953, the topic has not ceased to stir interest among historians or arouse passion in Iranian circles. The event has been described by many in Iran and abroad as a CIA-inspired coup which extinguished national aspirations for democracy and economic emancipation; others have hailed the event as a popular uprising (Qiām’e Melli) that saved the country from chaos and a drift towards communism — 19 August 1953 thus remains a fault-line that divides Iranians. Yet none of the two assumptions, in absolute, stand the test of a vigorous probe. The present volume is an attempt in hindsight to embark on such a probe, exploring new angles with the help of data that, while in public domain, has not been fully tapped.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463716",
"type": "ebook platform"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2768611328
|
REVIEW - Mirzai, Behnaz A. A History of Slavery and Emancipation in Iran, 1800–1929. 324 pp. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017.
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Pedram Khosronejad",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5055792339"
}
] |
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
}
] |
[
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2768611328
|
REVIEW - Mirzai, Behnaz A. A History of Slavery and Emancipation in Iran, 1800–1929. 324 pp. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Anthropology of the Contemporary Middle East and Central Eurasia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764520678",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2301860602
|
The social and economic history of slavery in Libya (1800-1950)
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Amal Mehemed Altaleb",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5016644839"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
"display_name": "Commodity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779439359"
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{
"display_name": "Memoir",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177897776"
},
{
"display_name": "Social history (medicine)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780702156"
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{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "Surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141071460"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
}
] |
[
"Libya"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2301860602
|
This thesis investigates the social and economic history of slavery in Libya in the period between 1800 and 1950. Focusing on Tripoli and the trading centres of Ghadames and Fezzan, it uses a combination of sources including legal records, travel accounts, commercial correspondence, memoirs and oral interviews to examine the impact of the slave trade, the economic and social lives of the enslaved, and their experiences of emancipation.Examining the trading of slaves in Ghadames, the thesis reveals how merchants considered slaves one commodity among others. It analyses how the slave trade continued until the Italian occupation of Libya in 1911, long after the formal prohibition of the trans-Saharan slave trade in 1856. Despite a long-term decline, caravan trading networks remained somewhat resilient and continued with alternative commodities such as ivory and ostrich feathers.This thesis then moves to analyse the social and economic lives of the enslaved, and the legal status of slavery in Libya. It explores the dynamics of employment, resistance by slaves and master-slave relations by analysing two major categories of slaves, who were treated considerably differently; those who worked in the caravan trade in Ghadames, and those slaves who worked as domestic servants in Tripoli.Many existing sources showed the differences in social relationship between slaves and masters. Different occupational categories, such as caravan workers and domestic servants, had different access to patronage, or experiences of abuse and violence. Oral interviews reveal that slaves in Tripoli experienced less violence compared to those in Ghadames and Fezzan in the nineteenth century. However, mistreated slaves had the right to a court hearing. The court provided a platform for slaves to challenge abuse, with some slaves seeking to push these boundaries further by going to court to assert their rights to better treatment by their owners.The third chapter explores the patterns of religious and economic manumission that existed in Libya before the abolition of slavery, It also traces changes of policies of emancipation that pursued by Ottoman and Italian governments. Finally, the thesis explores the social history of emancipation through examining the economic and social lives of communities of freed slaves.Through surveying a large number of legal cases, the thesis argues that slavery in Libya was marked more by continuities than change across the period of study. The legacy of slavery has persisted over time as relations of clientship between ex-slaves and ex-masters replaced direct relations of ownership. This thesis shows the difficulties faced by slaves in negotiating for clientship (al-wala?) from their former masters. Some ex-slaves unquestionably improved their status with a substantial minority experiencing social mobility as caravan workers and agents, while others remained ill-treated, with irregular work and subsistence wage labour; living on the margins of Libyan society.
|
[
{
"display_name": "[Thesis]. Manchester, UK: The University of Manchester; 2016.",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306532721",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2567120522
|
From Black Lit to Black Print: The Return to the Archive in African American Literary Studies
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Britt Rusert",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5066765258"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Print culture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779749002"
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{
"display_name": "African-American literature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118107040"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "African american",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987028688"
},
{
"display_name": "American literature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5399437"
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{
"display_name": "White (mutation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56273599"
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{
"display_name": "Dismissal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778145024"
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{
"display_name": "Art history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52119013"
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{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050"
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{
"display_name": "Religious studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
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{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
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{
"display_name": "Literature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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From Black Lit to Black Print: The Return to the Archive in African American Literary Studies Britt Rusert (bio) Black Print Unbound: The “Christian Recorder,” African American Literature, and Periodical Culture. By Eric Gardner. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. 346pages. $99.00 (cloth). $29.95 (paper). Early African American Print Culture. Edited by Lara Langer Cohen and Jordan Alexander Stein. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. $55.00 (cloth). 432pages. $24.95 (paper). Publishing Blackness: Textual Constructions of Race Since 1850. Edited by George Hutchinson and John K. Young. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013. 248pages. $70.00 (cloth). Word by Word: Emancipation and the Act of Writing. By Christopher Hager. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013. 328pages. $39.95 (cloth). $19.95 (paper). In his much-discussed 2011 monograph, What Was African American Literature?, Kenneth Warren argues for a new periodization of African American literature, bookended by Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 and the passage of civil rights legislation in the 1960s. Warren argues that African American literature only existed as a coherent literature in the age of legalized segregation, when a group of black writers consciously set out to produce a literature that made a distinct political intervention: the toppling of Jim Crow. While Warren’s study has garnered several responses, reopening timely debates about historicization, canons, and class, along with meditations about the status of post–civil rights literary production in the field, the book’s dismissal of the pre-1896 period has received less attention by scholars. According to Warren, it is not evident that “black writing before the Civil War was understood by its practitioners and readers as something like a distinct literature.”1 While one could debate [End Page 993] this argument (Warren himself invites evidence that would challenge such a claim), the book’s separation of the early national and antebellum eras from later periods might instead be taken as an opportunity to both elaborate on the relative autonomy of early African American literature and reflect on the status of early black texts in African American literary studies today. Indeed, black literature of the pre–New Negro Renaissance period is, in many regards, strikingly different from the tradition that follows it. For example, antebellum black literature was deeply connected to the origins and growth of black periodicals: serialized novels, short stories, and poetry published in periodicals were much more common than stand-alone novels or other book-length publications. Early African American literature was often mediated by the propaganda machine of abolitionism, privileged anonymous, pseudonymous, and collective authorship as much as the single author, and routinely culled from and incorporated text drawn from already published works. Across the nineteenth century, African American literature became increasingly embedded in an industrial print sphere that helped disseminate but also circumscribed black writing in historically contingent ways. While the archival turn, or more properly, return, has significantly shaped the study of African American literature in recent years, as it has shaped conversations and methodologies across American studies, that return is arguably producing a certain fissure between approaches to “earlier” and “later” periods of black literary and cultural production. While in twentieth- and twenty-first-century contexts “the archive” has become a key term for studies of US and diasporic literatures as well as black music, performance, and visual culture, “the archive” in pre-1900 contexts has increasingly come to signify book history and print culture studies, approaches that consider books and other printed texts as material artifacts embedded in particular economic relations and circuits. In his 2010 essay, “The Talking Book and the Talking Book Historian,” a state-of-the-field essay that appeared in the journal Book History, Leon Jackson observes that scholars of African American literature and book historians have rarely “shared interests” or concerns.2 His essay elaborates some of the historical and methodological reasons for that fact while calling for more dialogue between these fields. Given the number of recent conferences, special issues, monographs, and edited collections devoted to situating black literature within the material conditions of its production, distribution, circulation, and readership, one might say that at least one-half of Jackson’s call has been fulfilled. It is less...
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https://openalex.org/W2750065104
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Emancipation of All the Minorities in the United States of America: Address to be Delivered to the Polish-American League of Houston, Texas
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{
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2750065104
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Text for a speech given by Barbara C. Jordan before the Polish-American League of Houston, Texas, about the issues of minorities and immigration in America.
|
[] |
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https://openalex.org/W2489933794
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A Falcon Trapped in a Canary’s Cage
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2489933794
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This chapter provides background information on the education and early political career of King Abdullah of Jordan. Abdullah was educated and received his military training in Constantinople and the Hijaz. He was appointed deputy for Mecca in the Ottoman Parliament between 1912 and 1914. He later became his father's foreign minister, political adviser, and one of the commanders of the Arab Revolt. During this period Abdullah developed his interest in Arab nationalism and linked his father's desire for autonomy in the Hijaz to the broader and more radical ideas for Arab emancipation from Ottoman rule.
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https://openalex.org/W4388312136
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Crossing Jordan
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4388312136
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Abstract Emancipation provided new opportunities and new challenges for all black southerners, but those who were Christians drew special meaning from the event. They had prayed for deliverance, and God had heard their plea. By 1865 they were free to shape their religious lives—or, in the terms of their favorite biblical metaphor, they had been delivered from their Egyptian bondage and the exodus had begun. However, much remained to be done to reach their spiritual promised land. The wilderness and the River Jordan remained to be crossed. Over the next decade, the freed people made that voyage with help from a variety of sources. During this period their vision of religious reconstruction, formulated during the war and in the immediate aftermath, took concrete form.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4210591576
|
Political Change and Human Emancipation in the Works of Heinrich von Kleist by Elystan Griffiths
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4210591576
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266 Reviews to solve a philosophical problem inpassing beyond theKantian border; Bassermann Jordan argues also thatHyperion's projection of ideas onto Diotima, combined with the suggestion thatDiotima herself isbeing exploited for thehero's subjective needs, is a suitable subject for a feminist critique, and here she draws on an important article byMarlies Janz, 'Holderlins Flamme: Zur Bildwerdung der Frau imHype rion',Hdlderlin-Jahrbuch, 22 (i98o-81),Iz2-42. One wonders here whether amore determined approach might have gone a littlefurther in relativizing theheavily philo sophical character of the interpretation,which isof course thenorm in the scholarship on this author. In choosing to express his ideas in narrative form,one might argue, Holderlin was invitinghis readers to refrain from treating thephilosophical meaning as absolute, but rather todraw inferences about the relation ofphilosophical discourse to the interactions of human beings inday-to-day life. The finalchapter of thebook iswhere the author hopes tobreak new ground, and here she seeks evidence in a group of selected poems as towhether they succeed in going beyond the subjective Einheit toachieve the lastingEinigkeit. In a poem such as 'Der Abschied' or 'Menons Klagen um Diotima', Holderlin suggests that the lovers can overcome theirduality and can themselves constitute a 'Konkretion des einigen Seyns in der Endlichkeit'. The antithesis offers an interesting perspective on the poems, which are undoubtedly interpretedwith much sensitivity and insight.Again, however, one wonders whether the antithesis of Einheit and Einigkeit can itself be more than subjective. It is surely in thenature ofpoetry itselfthat such an appearance of achieved 'Konkretion', nomatter how skilfullyevoked, can have only amomentary duration and must hence fall short of the desired goal. As the titlesof the two cited poems indicate, the experience that iscelebrated in a poem is always going tobe tran sient and threatened. Despite thedaunting philosophical complexities ofH6lderlin's work, towhich Bassermann-Jordan proves herself an excellent guide, one feels that H6lderlin's essential theme is a simple one, namely, the conflict between a timeless ideal and what Stephen Dedalus might have called the 'ineluctable modality of the temporal'. However, as here, this material continues toprovide talented studentswith admirable material on which tohone their analytical skills. QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, CANADA DAVID PUGH Political Change and Human Emancipation in theWorks ofHeinrich von Kleist. By ELYSTAN GRIFFITHS. (Studies inGerman Literature, Linguistics, and Culture) Rochester, NY: Camden House. 2005. Xii+ I90 PP. $70; ?50. ISBN 978-I 57II3-292-5. Elystan Griffiths aims to show thatKleist's writings engage with topics of political importance in theGermany and Prussia of his time.Kleist scholars, he declares, often wrongly suggest thathis literarycreations were an escape fromhistorical reality. With impressive brevity and lucidity he describes the political background, demonstrates how the author's lifewas decisively affected by politics, and summarizes the debates on issues of nationality, social change, and military, educational, and legal reform, which became particularly urgent after the dissolution of theGerman Empire and thehumiliation ofPrussia. Most ofKleist's works, he argues, even iftheircentral con cernwas not political, contain responses (usually indirect) to thesematters. Surveying attempts to classify the author as a reactionary or a progressive, he reasonably judges themmisguided. He acknowledges that expediency could underlie some ofKleist's utterances and that his dramas and stories allow very few certainties. Indeed, he maintains thatambiguity as an aesthetic principle, rather than personal indifference or indecisiveness, underlies Kleist's treatment of political questions. Yet he finds in MLR, I02.I, 2007 267 Kleist's ceuvre an 'anti-political politics' moulded by a sceptical view of programmes foraction which underestimate thecontingency and complexity ofhuman affairs,and by a powerful commitment to individual autonomy which nevertheless recognizes the claims of community or state. Plentiful footnotes indicate Griffiths's familiaritywith the literature on Kleist. That some seem randomly placed isperhaps one sign thathis study has been short ened forpublication. It iswell written and well organized, reveals an eye for textual nuance, but isnot without mistakes. Griffiths thinks the village of Thuiskon inDie Hermannsschlacht is a forest and misses the echo of theApocalypse in 'Was gilt es in diesem Kriege?' when he takes the sun darkened by blood there to represent the Enlightenment. His interpretation ofDie Familie Schroffensteindepends on a shaky equation of a feudal vassal with a...
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https://openalex.org/W1979142966
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<i>On Jordan's Banks: Emancipation and Its Aftermath in the Ohio River Valley</i> (review)
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C52119013"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1979142966
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Reviewed by: On Jordan's Banks: Emancipation and Its Aftermath in the Ohio River Valley Christopher Phillips On Jordan's Banks: Emancipation and Its Aftermath in the Ohio River Valley. By Darrel E. Bigham. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2005x, 428 pp. Cloth $45.0,ISBN 0 8131-2366-6.) Darrell's Bigham's fine study of African American life on the nineteenth century's great "Borderland" (as the notable Underground Railroad conductor John P. Parker referred to it) takes its place alongside the surprisingly large number of histories of African Americans in Ohio River states and cities that have been published in the past half-century. Emma Lou Thornbrough's The Negro in Indiana Before 1900: A Study of a Minority (1957), David A. Gerber's Black Ohio and the Color Line, 1860–1915 (1976), and Marion B. Lucas's A History of Blacks in Kentucky, Volume I: From Slavery to Segregation, 1760–1890 (1992) argue generally for the multifaceted nature of the African American experience in these border states. Of course, these being studies of states that border the river but [End Page 155] whose culture, politics, and history are hardly monolithic, the experiences of African Americans in those states was equally diverse. More recently, several studies of Ohio River Valley cities have appeared, including George C. Wright's Life behind a Veil: Blacks in Louisville, Kentucky, 1865–1930 (1985); Bigham's previous book, We Ask Only a Fair Trial: A History of the Black Community of Evansville, Indiana (1987); Henry Louis Taylor Jr.'s edited collection on Cincinnati's black community, Race and the City: Work, Community, and Protest in Cincinnati, 1820–1970 (1993); and, most recently, Nikki Taylor's Frontiers of Freedom: Cincinnati's Black Community, 1802–1868 (2005). Unlike any of these works, Bigham's book is a regional study, placing it most closely with Joe William Trotter Jr.'s River Jordan: African American Urban Life in the Ohio Valley (1998), which compares Cincinnati, Evansville, Louisville, and Pittsburgh. Where Jordan's book relies primarily on secondary works, Bigham's balances exhaustive primary research with a full canvass of secondary literature, both published and unpublished. Moreover, Bigham expands his study, using the ribbon of fifty counties of Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio, urban and rural, that lie immediately north and south of the lower Ohio River to compare and contrast patterns of settlement, community development, and race relations from 1861 to 1890. As such, this is regionalism of the most valuable kind, def ning a region that since the Civil War has been largely subsumed by the Midwest north of the river and the South below it. Bigham's study challenges those regional distinctions, at least in the matters of race and culture. Of course, where Bigham's book focuses largely on the years during and after the war, it fully explains the region's earlier history, nicely confronting the periods during and after slavery, which, ironically, existed in some form in all of them during the early nineteenth century, despite the Northwest Ordinance's famous prohibition in the territories and states north of the Ohio River. The point is critical; as Bigham notes, the famous boundary between freedom and slavery was far more porous than history has offered. The Underground Railroad, after all, existed as the nation's first civil rights movement, especially after 1850, because the "free states" were anything but free. For every white resident of the western free states who opposed slavery, there were many more who supported its existence below the Ohio and opposed black freedom above it. Bigham describes in detail how these communities were shaped by the presence or absence of slavery, how the abolition of slavery and the rise of free labor became the rule of law on both banks and yet racial exclusion prevailed on both sides of the river. Proscriptive "Black Laws" before and during the war were replaced with de facto segregation above the river and de jure segregation in Kentucky afterward, both which resembled or replicated the exclusionary Jim Crow laws associated so commonly with the South. Yet Bigham demonstrates that African Americans on both sides of the river made remarkable advances in spite...
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https://openalex.org/W2083614136
|
<i>Confederate Foreign Agent: The European Diary of Major Edward C. Anderson</i> (review)
|
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[
"Jordan"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2083614136
|
172CIVIL WAR history In discussing the Emancipation Proclamation, Oates attempts once again to synthesize extant accounts and to bring the story up to date. Unlike John Hope Franklin, he emphasizes the importance of diplomatic considerations and seeks to harmonize the differing views of Harold M. Hyman and Glyndon Van Deusen on the respective roles of Seward and Chase in delaying the publication of the preliminary document. The chapter on the assassination is poignantly written, although a bit short. There is no conclusion—Oates lets the facts speak for themselves, and the book ends abruptly with the funeral train's trip to the West. But in view of the author's attention to Reconstruction problems in previous chapters, Lincoln's view of the difficult issues facing the nation after the Civil War emerges very clearly. He was a pragmatist, and whatever might have aided his aims of restoring the Union and finding a secure niche in society for the freedmen would have met with his approval. It would be difficult to find a greater difference between this attitude and that of Andrew Johnson, although the author does not attempt explicitly to outline the distinction. The shortcomings in this biography are relatively minor. Unfortunately , Professor Oates refers to the radicals as "liberal Republicans ," a term which is an anachronism and misleading. The Liberal Republicans of 1872, when the expression became common, were not really radical at all, especially in respect to Reconstruction . It is also unfair to say that McClellan did not win one victory on the Peninsula, as Malvern at least must be considered a military success. Nathaniel Lyon's operations in Missouri are somewhat oversimplified, and Chase's contributions to the Emancipation Proclamation should have been mentioned. Finally, the style is marred by colloquialisms and ungrammatical terms—military units become "outfits," "whom" is sometimes rendered as "who," and the expression, "what the hell," may not suit every reader. Professor Oates tried to add some folksy language, but he may have carried the point too far. All in all, With Malice Toward None is an excellent one-volume biography which deserves to stand beside Benjamin Thomas' as a standard and modern treatment of the Great Emancipator. Hans L. Trefousse Brooklyn College Confederate Foreign Agent: The European Diary of Major Edward C. Anderson. Edited by W. Stanley Hoole. (University, Alabama: Confederate Publishing Company, 1976. Pp. 161. $12.50.) This slim volume contributes significantly to the still incomplete and fragmentary story of Southern purchasing operations in Europe. BOOK REVIEWS173 Anderson's diary, which provides a detailed day by day account of his activities in England and France from May to November 1861, must take its rightful place alongside James D. Bullock's two volume work, The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe. Bullock's study, based on his diary, now long lost, puts Anderson's account in the unique position of being the only known extant eye witness description of Confederate purchasing efforts. Curiously, well known books by E. D. Adams, Frank Owsley, and Donaldson Jordan and Edwin J. Pratt do not mention Anderson. Richard I. Lester's recent account of purchasing activities in Great Britain makes only a passing reference to him. Skillfully edited, the Anderson diary is entertaining, informative, and at times exciting reading. Within its pages one finds intrigue, detective surveillance, personal confrontations, extensive bribery, skillful maneuvers, and, of course, outright daring and bravery. And there is humor too. How could one forget, for example, the cocks crowing aboard the Fingal as she otherwise moved in enforced silence through a dense fog and Federal vessels before Savannah . Today's reader is singularly fortunate because Major Anderson was articulate, well educated and above all inclined to record faithfully and fully his daily experiences. W. Stanley Hoole, who is well known as a contributor to and as editor of the Confederate Centennial Studies, comprising twentyseven volumes, has provided a Prologue which reviews Major Anderson's wartime career to the end of the conflict and an Epilogue which describes his post war years until his death in 1883. Extensive and often detailed notes are inconveniently placed after the Epilogue and are followed by a brief bibliography and serviceable index. Charles Cullop...
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[
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https://openalex.org/W2475441937
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Lincoln and Emancipation: The Lessons of the Letter to Horace Greeley
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[
"Persia"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2475441937
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On New Year’s Day in 1863, a hundred days after giving notice of his intentions, Abraham Lincoln steadied his weary hand to sign the Proclamation of Emancipation. In the main, the edict declared free those slaves still in Confederate hands but for whom the advancing Union forces promised to be an army of liberation. 1 Lincoln’s action won him the instant salute of abolitionists, black and white: “God bless you for the word you have spoken! All good men upon the earth will glorify you, and all the angels in Heaven will hold jubilee… The civilized world congratulates you, and every loyal American responds Amen . We now have ‘Liberty and Union, one and inseperable [sic], now and forever.’ Forward to Victory!” 2 African American communities within the Union hailed the president for inaugurating the Day of Jubilee. Foreign admirers added their voices to the chorus of praise. European liberals and nationalists led the way. “Heir of the thought of Christ and of [John] Brown,” wrote Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi, “you will pass down to posterity under the name of the Emancipator ! more enviable than any crown and any human treasure!” 3 From Constantinople, the American consul exulted, “The proclamation of freedom & the declaration to the world of its immutability are destined to an immortality as luminous as the Declaration of Independence & the Farewell Address of Washington.” 4 Further east—Lincoln learnt—“among the oppressed Nestorians of Persia and of Koordistan,” the edict of emancipation, now translated into Syriac, was prompting “hundreds and perhaps thousands to reverence your name.” 5
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463717",
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|
https://openalex.org/W2332870301
|
The American Civil War, Emancipation, and Reconstruction on the World Stage
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Edward L. Ayers",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5059662626"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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[
"Egypt"
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[
"https://openalex.org/W1967080116",
"https://openalex.org/W1976786987"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2332870301
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presents to the whole family of man, the question, whether constitutional republic, or democracy... can, or cannot, maintain its territorial integ rity. The struggle, Lincoln said, was for a vast future, struggle to give all men a fair chance in the race of (2). Confederates claimed that they were also fighting for cause of world-wide sig nificance: self-determination. Playing down the centrality of slavery to their new nation, white Southerners built their case for independence on the right of free citizens to deter mine their political future (3). People in other nations could see that the massive struggle in the United States embodied conflicts that had been appearing in different forms throughout the world. Defining nationhood, deciding the future of slavery, reinventing warfare for an industrial age, reconstructing former slave society?all these played out in the American Civil War. By no means major power, the United States was nevertheless woven into the life of the world. The young nation touched, directly and indirectly, India and Egypt, Hawaii and Japan, Russia and Canada, Mexico and Cuba, the Ca ribbean and Brazil, Brit ain and France. The coun try was still very much an experiment in i860, representative govern ment stretched over an enormous space, held to gether by law rather than by memory, religion, or monarch. The American
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S2735859867",
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|
https://openalex.org/W2484936295
|
3 The Origins of the Western Office
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776083423"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777477151"
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{
"display_name": "Apportionment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778337684"
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{
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{
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{
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[
"Egypt"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2484936295
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Abstract This chapter traces the change from private to public prayer hours from the emancipation of the Church under Constantine in 312; the Eastern monastic and cathedral Offices are surveyed and contrasted with the Western Office. Fundamental to the early monastic Office was the primary device adopted by the Egyptian monks of chanting the psalms continuously, in numerical order for extended periods of time. The psalmody of urban monasticism had a profound, indeed overwhelming, influence on the cathedral Office — it transformed the morning and evening Offices, and it filled the intervening hours of the day with additional Offices. The monastic concern with the precise apportionment of the Psalter is a peculiar phase of the broad liturgical movement towards fixity.
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https://openalex.org/W4230466667
|
The Ethiopian Prophecy in Black American Letters
|
[
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{
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{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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[
"Egypt"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4230466667
|
From Phillis Wheatley to Alice Walker, the figural readings of Psalm 68:31—”Princes shall come out of Egypt; Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God”—have been instrumental in the articulation of black American historical subjectivity, imagination, knowledge, agency, and figurations of Ethiopia. This book maps the various allusions to and interpretations and citations of Psalm 68:31—a largely Protestant and Anglophone phenomenon—in black American letters, to show how it was read and to trace the readings it produced. Its method is twofold. First, the book demonstrates how black readers emerged as historical subjects through reading, arguing that reading is a material, eventful, performative, and transformative practice. Second, it shows how black readers read Psalm 68:31, also known as the Ethiopian Prophecy. For some readers, the psalm pointed to the Christianization and modernization of black peoples in both America and Africa, engendering, for instance, romantic ideas of race and the development of racial narratives such as the Afro-Asiatic myth. For other readers, Psalm 68:31 signified the emancipation of black slaves in America and their full inclusion as American citizens, or the end of colonialism and the rise of African independence. Another collection of black exegetes read the verse as one fragment in a vast textual storehouse that could be re-woven to create new poetic figures, narratives, and possibilities for black people and humanity. What the book demonstrates is the plasticity of Ethiopia as a figure of black imagination and thinking.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2493338221
|
Acting as “the right hand … of God”: Christianized Egyptian Women and Religious Devotion as Emancipation in Florence Nightingale’s Fictionalized Treatises
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Molly Youngkin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5037158763"
}
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient Greece",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193798670"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
}
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[
"Egypt"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2493338221
|
As described in the introduction to this book, Florence Nightingale’s letter to her family as she approached Alexandria, Egypt, by sea in November 1849 highlights the imperialist tendency to separate East from West but also recognizes the intermingling of cultures across the Mediterranean, especially when Victorian travelers looked at these cultures as ancient civilizations that provided the foundations for contemporary British society. Similar to the travelers to Greece and Italy described by Jenkyns and Vance, who could not help but feel as though they were “travel[ling] backwards in time” as they encountered Mediterranean cultures (Jenkyns 44), Nightingale saw in Egypt the opportunity to gain greater understanding of the foundations of her own culture, and just as she had compared and contrasted Greece and Egypt on her way to Egypt, she would compare and contrast these countries on her return home in April 1850, when she spent nearly two months in Athens before heading to Italy for a short stay and then going back to England. Setting forth a number of contrasts between the two cultures in letters written to her family, Nightingale characterizes the Peloponnesian women she meets in Greece as a stark contrast to the women she had seen in Egypt: “dwarfs” compared to “the gigantic Egyptian race,” but their “excessive cleanliness and attention to dress … is wonderful after Egypt” (McDonald, Florence Nightingale’s European Travels 368).
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https://openalex.org/W3169317864
|
Dé/Reconstruction de figures historiques dans un contexte d’émergence : nationalisme égyptien
|
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"display_name": "Laurence Denooz",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5009117504"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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[
"Egypt"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3169317864
|
In ‘Aṣā l-Ḥakīm, Tawfīq al-Ḥakim (1898–1983) rewrote the myths as well as the personal and public stories of famous male and female politicians from ancient times to the twentieth century. They all have in common the major role they played in the history of the nationalist struggle for political emancipation from Egypt and for the construction of a national identity. While some embody Egyptian nationalism (Cleopatra, Isis, Hatchepsout, and Nefertiti, for example), others symbolize the hold of the West (Mark Anthony and Julius Caesar) and more specifically British domination (King Edward VIII), and others still represent nations allied to Egypt by their political or economic interests, like Hitler and Mussolini or even Napoleon Bonaparte, who, as the 'discoverer' of Egypt, is considered, due to his expedition, to have awakened consciences and allowed the cultural Nahḍa. Tawfīq al-Ḥakim reinterprets their actions according to Egypt's international position and more specifically to its attitude during the Second World War and the crises of the 1950s in the Near East.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Intercâmbio: Revue d’Études Françaises=French Studies Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306513599",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2495922732
|
The “sweetness of the serpent of old Nile”: Revisionist Cleopatra and Spiritual Union as Emancipation in Elinor Glyn’s Cross-Cultural Romances
|
[
{
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"display_name": "Molly Youngkin",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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[
"Egypt"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2495922732
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Just a year before Bradley and Cooper published Queen Mariamne, Elinor Glyn faced serious controversy when she published Three Weeks (1907)—a romance between the Englishman Paul Verdayne and an unnamed Eastern European “Lady,” whose trademark is lounging on tiger-skin rugs as she seduces Paul in multiple countries, including Italy, Greece, and Egypt. In 1907, the British Empire was at its height and about to begin its descent, as its colonial subjects began to assert independence and claim the right to govern themselves. Although Egypt would remain under the British Protectorate until 1922, the tensions that led other colonies to assert independence in the twentieth century were already present in Egypt at this time. Glyn herself had traveled to Egypt in 1901 and 1902 (Glyn, Romantic Adventure 102), participating in the imperialist culture I have already characterized as separating British administrators from the Egyptian people, a culture that fueled the first serious nationalist demonstrations in 1919 (Thompson 274). Yet, despite this context for Glyn’s novel, little of the criticism about Three Weeks focuses on the imperialist context for Glyn’s use of the romance or the role of the romance in early twentieth-century representations of women’s emancipation. Instead, critics have focused primarily on the attempts to censor Glyn’s novel because of its attention to sexual relations outside of marriage: while Paul is not married, the “Lady” is.
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https://openalex.org/W2154554009
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Idios Logos, Gnomon of the – Greco‐Roman Egypt
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2154554009
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Abstract The Gnomon of Idios Logos is a collection of legal rules preserved on two papyri ( BGU V 1210: second century ce , P.Oxy . XLII 3014: first century ce ). It was written for a procurator of the idios logos . The text contains 115 legible paragraphs concerning different legal matters, such as the status of persons, emancipation, mixed unions, succession, burial, Egyptian priests, and temples.
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https://openalex.org/W4376870168
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Israel and the Amorites
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4376870168
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The affinities of the biblical with the historical Amorites lead to interpreting the biblical narrative of the emergence of Israel as a movement of emancipation from the authority of the Egyptian empire and its local Amorite vassals. A contrasting message is promoted in Genesis, which approaches Abraham, the father of both Israel and the concomitant newly emerging nations in the Southern Levant, as an Amorite leader installed in Canaan. The same contrast affects the status of the serpent in the Bible. This creature is identified as the archenemy of YHWH in some sources, thus promoting a Baal-like identity for the god of Israel. Others, however, approach the serpent as the holy emissary of YHWH and refer to the local pre-Amorite background. Pro- and anti-Amorite positions coexist in the Bible regarding the birth of Israel and the former identity of YHWH.
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https://openalex.org/W4232163227
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The Labor of Capitalism
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4232163227
|
This chapter begins by discussing the concept transnational labor history and the challenge it poses to labor historians. It then examines the worldwide crisis of cotton production touched off by the American Civil War, emancipation, and the subsequent frantic search for alternatives, including coolie and sharecropping labor systems. It shows that despite the variety of labor regimes, cotton cultivators everywhere faced essentially similar challenges of labor in the global age: market fluctuations, state coercion, inescapable debt and contract regimes, and political marginalization. These were the people who would grow ever-larger amounts of cotton, from India to Central Asia, from Egypt to the United States, and the new labor regimes in which they found themselves symbolized one of the most significant changes of the nineteenth century.
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[
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https://openalex.org/W4229033078
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The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism
|
[] |
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4229033078
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A History of Anti-Semitism examines the history, culture and literature of antisemitism from antiquity to the present. With contributions from an international team of scholars, whose essays were specially commissioned for this volume, it covers the long history of antisemitism starting with ancient Greece and Egypt, through the anti-Judaism of early Christianity, and the medieval era in both the Christian and Muslim worlds when Jews were defined as 'outsiders,' especially in Christian Europe. This portrayal often led to violence, notably pogroms that often accompanied Crusades, as well as to libels against Jews. The volume also explores the roles of Luther and the Reformation, the Enlightenment, the debate over Jewish emancipation, Marxism, and the social disruptions after World War 1 that led to the rise of Nazism and genocide. Finally, it considers current issues, including the dissemination of hate on social media and the internet and questions of definition and method.
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https://openalex.org/W4234386303
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Ziadeh, May (1886–1941)
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4234386303
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May Ziadeh was a prominent literary figure and salonnière in the Arab world in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. A journalist, essayist, author and literary critic, she was also known for being a spellbinding orator and an unusually gifted stylist and translator. Ziadeh was best known for instituting a long running weekly salon (1911–1931) in her home that brought together leading men and women in the period when Egyptian anti-colonial nationalism was at its height. Ziadeh was also a strong advocate of the emancipation of women in the Arab society. Famous for being moderate, Ziadeh did not equate modernity with the denial of Arabic cultural heritage in blind imitation of the West. Many critics believe that modern Arabic literature has not produced a female writer of Ziadeh’s calibre and that her contribution to the feminist cause cannot be overlooked.
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https://openalex.org/W4376867039
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Yahweh and the Origins of Ancient Israel
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4376867039
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In this book, Nissim Amzallag offers new perspectives on the birth of ancient Israel by combining recent archaeological discoveries with a new approach to ancient Yahwism. He investigates the renewal of the copper industry in the Early Iron Age Levant and its influence on the rise of new nations, and also explores the recently identified metallurgical context of ancient Yahwism in the Bible. By merging these two branches of evidence, Amzallag proposes that the roots of YHWH are found in a powerful deity who sponsored the emancipation movement that freed Israel from the Amorite/Egyptian hegemony. Amzallag identifies the early Israelite religion as an attempt to transform the esoteric traditions of Levantine metalworkers into the public worship of YHWH. These unusual origins provide insight into many of the unique aspects of Israelite theology that ultimately spurred the evolution towards monotheism. His volume also casts new light on the mysterious smelting-god, the figure around which many Bronze Age religions revolved.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3163275625
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1917: Antisemitism in the Moment of Revolution
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"https://openalex.org/W4205691366",
"https://openalex.org/W4210807756",
"https://openalex.org/W4211066262",
"https://openalex.org/W4214672292",
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"https://openalex.org/W4230910579",
"https://openalex.org/W4231449222",
"https://openalex.org/W4232101825",
"https://openalex.org/W4233808720",
"https://openalex.org/W4234337667",
"https://openalex.org/W4234942922",
"https://openalex.org/W4235189360",
"https://openalex.org/W4235646263",
"https://openalex.org/W4236190074",
"https://openalex.org/W4236595288",
"https://openalex.org/W4237807611",
"https://openalex.org/W4237847449",
"https://openalex.org/W4238138198",
"https://openalex.org/W4241240726",
"https://openalex.org/W4243632222",
"https://openalex.org/W4244357614",
"https://openalex.org/W4248715178",
"https://openalex.org/W4252465459",
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] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3163275625
|
The year 1917 transformed Jewish life, setting in motion a sudden and intense period of emancipation. Just days after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the formation of the Provisional Government, all legal restrictions on Russian Jewry were lifted. More than 140 anti-Jewish statutes, totalling some 1,000 pages, were removed overnight. To mark this historic moment of abolition, a special meeting was convened by the Petrograd Soviet. Symbolically, the meeting happened to fall on 24 March 1917 – the eve of Passover. The Jewish delegate addressing those in attendance immediately made the connection: the February Revolution, he said, was comparable with the liberation of Jews from slavery in Egypt.1 Formal emancipation, however, was not accompanied by the disappearance of antisemitism. In 1917, the spectre of pogroms once again returned to Russia, prefiguring the dramatic escalation of antisemitic violence that would erupt during the Civil War in 1918 and 1919.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306462995",
"type": "ebook platform"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4237941028
|
Abolition
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Arna Bontemps",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5078500149"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Immigration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70036468"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
}
] |
[
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4237941028
|
This chapter discusses the abolition of slavery in Illinois after the firing on Fort Sumter in April 1861 marked the beginning of the end of the struggle for emancipation. Many of the settlers of southern Illinois had come from the slave belt. These men brought with them their outlooks and habits of life, and southern Illinois, later known as “Egypt,” became a stronghold of pro-slavery sentiment. With the opening of the Erie Canal, New Englanders, New Yorkers, and immigrants direct from Europe settled in Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin. These pioneers, too, “packed their beliefs in their traveling bags.” It has been contended by some that the construction of the Erie Canal was more influential in freeing the Southern slaves than were such abolitionists as William Lloyd Garrison. This chapter looks at some of the leading Illinois abolitionists, including Owen Lovejoy, Ichabod Codding, Edward Beecher, Zebina Eastman, Hooper Warren, Benjamin Lundy, and Lyman Trumbull. It also considers the Fugitive Slave Law and the reaction of Chicagoans to it.
|
[
{
"display_name": "University of Illinois Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306464169",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1671780399
|
Église et État en Éthiopie pendant le règne du dernier <i>Négus</i> Haïlé Sélassié (1916-1974)
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Paolo Borruso",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5004550534"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
"display_name": "Reign",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777228553"
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{
"display_name": "Oppression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776526686"
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{
"display_name": "Independence (probability theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C35651441"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Empire",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778495208"
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{
"display_name": "Humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
}
] |
[
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1671780399
|
Ethiopia is characterized not only by a long defended independence, but also by being the only country of sub-Saharan Africa having ancient Christian roots that were not imported from Europe. In this essay, based on study of unedited material contained in Italian, British and Ethiopian diplomatic and religious archives, we analyse the parabola of the Ethiopian Church and its relationship with the imperial power during the last, lengthy reign of Hailé Sélassié, in highlighting the contradictions of a denominational conception in collision with the social and political transformations of the 20th c. Attempts at reforming the Ethiopian Church set in motion in the 20s by the Negus suffered a violent interruption with the fascist occupation of 1935-41 and the dramatic elimination of religious authorities, resuming after World War Two with a process of emancipation from the Egyptian Coptic Church, formally achieved in 1948, and the Ethiopian Church’s overture to extra-national horizons and the establishment of relations with other Churches (Catholic, orthodox). The end of the last “Christian empire” with the 1974 revolution, opened a tragic new season for the Ethiopian Church, characterized by oppression, fragility and closure.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S51551445",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W186046364
|
[The history of breast feeding].
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "R Hartge",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5058233724"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Breastfeeding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776283161"
},
{
"display_name": "Breast feeding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020294031"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Position (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294"
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{
"display_name": "Relation (database)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25343380"
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Database",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77088390"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W186046364
|
The significance of breastfeeding, as considered millenniums ago, has been handed down by numerous contemporary reports and illustrations. The woman who suckles her baby has even since held an exceptional position in social life. In this essay the author describes the breastfeeding customs of far ancient people such as Egyptians, Greek, Romans and Indians. As a conclusion one might say that even today breastfeeding did not lose its importance for the relation between mother and child. It is an encouraging matter of fact that--unmindful of their emancipation--many "modern" mothers retain the breastfeeding habit. What would happen if breastfeeding was generally discredited, if mothers from all different countries would abandom breastfeeding in order to adopt bottle-feeding their children? Undoubtedly, that would not only cause a notable increase of the risks for the children's survival--which are due to many secondary factors--but, furthermore, it would mean an important expenditure for the budget for national economy which cannot be justified.
|
[
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4388383686
|
Exodus
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Tyler Jo Smith",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5084551362"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Narrative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199033989"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Proclamation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781299270"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Literature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713"
},
{
"display_name": "Meaning (existential)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780876879"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Religious studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
}
] |
[
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4388383686
|
Abstract In their reflections upon the meaning of the Emancipation Proclamation, Afro-American freed men and freed women and their folk theologians realized that a decisive event of biblical narrative had become an occurrence in their own historical experience. Lincoln’s presidential order, following upon the cataclysm of civil war, demonstrated that the miraculous exodus of Hebrew slaves out of Egyptian bondage could become a mundane reality in contemporary terms. The implications of that lesson, reinforcing earlier apprehensions of divine providence and prophetic fulfillment, also promised future repetitions. The likelihood of ongoing recapitulations of biblical narrative became immediately accessible, even compelling, to the religious apprehension of thousands. Henceforth more than a minority of believers and converts would be convinced of the possibility that through prayer and expectation, through acts of obedience and righteousness, black folk could inherit divine promises of prosperity and freedom. Furthermore, an apparent precondition for such bestowals would appear to be their linkage to biblical models. That singular instance, the link between Lincoln’s role in the emancipation and Moses’ role in the Exodus, would distinguish itself as a kind of paradigm. In this manner a new development in the ancient tradition of biblical typology emerged in the collective psyche of a displaced people.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4295776858
|
Slavery in Europe during the Atlantic Slave Trade
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Giulia Bonazza",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5056577017"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Atlantic slave trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780592174"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Empire",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778495208"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Ransom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781426709"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261"
},
{
"display_name": "Identity (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778355321"
},
{
"display_name": "Genealogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53553401"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Aesthetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107038049"
}
] |
[
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4295776858
|
Slavery was a widespread phenomenon in Europe during the Atlantic slave trade of the 1500s to the 1800s, particularly around port cities and in their hinterlands. The slaves held around the Mediterranean and more widely around Europe included both “Atlantic” slaves and slaves of other geographical origins, primarily the Ottoman Empire, Indian Ocean colonies, and sub-Saharan Africa. Others came from the Black Sea and Eastern Europe. Sub-Saharan Africans arrived in Europe via the Barbary Regency ports and Egypt. Slaves’ personal histories were often complex and surprising because of the intricacies of global slave mobility and continuous changes of ownership. There is a general theoretical distinction between captives from the Ottoman Empire and its satellite states, defined as temporary slaves, and slaves from the Atlantic or sub-Saharan Africa, even if they sometimes lived the same experience in Europe. Ransom demands and payments were a significant form of commerce in the Mediterranean basin until the middle of the 19th century and slavery persisted in Europe throughout the 1800s. The process of slaves’ assimilation into the European system ran parallel with learning a new language and becoming Christian. Starting work for a new owner, governmental or private, involved the imposition of a new social and cultural identity. Many enslaved often sought out pathways to emancipation. This article presents more detailed analyses on the Italian and German territories, Austria, France, Britain, and Portugal.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4363604760",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2917063353
|
Az emancipáció Mózese és Józsuája : Az uralkodóház emancipáló szerepének neológ izraelita percepciói = Moses and Joshua of the Hungarian Jewish Emancipation : The Hungarian Israelite perceptions of the Habsburg Dynasty's role in the Emancipation
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Norbert Glässer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5023003653"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Judaism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
},
{
"display_name": "Throne",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779387294"
},
{
"display_name": "Orthodoxy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778802261"
},
{
"display_name": "Religious studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
}
] |
[
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2917063353
|
Glasser, Norbert
Moses and Joshua of the Hungarian Jewish Emancipation
The Hungarian Israelite perceptions of the Habsburg Dynasty’s role in the Emancipation
The Jewish community perception of Francis Joseph was determined by the duality of Jewish attitudes towards the religious traditions of Judaism and the modern ideals of nation. Neology and Orthodoxy attributed to the ruler’s merit besides their own institutionalisation, also the social integration of the Jews, the granting of equal civil rights and their acceptance as an established denomination. Because of the social changes that had occurred in the lives of Jews, Francis Joseph was compared even in his lifetime to Moses, and this became a recurrent topos in the speeches of rabbis in connection with the death and succession, showing parallels to the liberation from Egyptian bonds. The editor-in-chief of Egyenlőseg, Lajos Szabolcsi, who followed his father in that post, used comparisons to Moses and Joshua in writing on the connection between Francis Joseph and the heir to the throne Karl Franz Joseph. Just as Moses could not enter Canaan after the years of wandering in the wilderness, so Francis Joseph could not see the new world. After their long journey full of trials but with the promise of victory, his people(s) were being led on the road to peace by Charles, the heir to the throne who had grown up beside him and represented the new generation, like Joshua. Mourning for the great ruler who “liberated” the Jewish denomination and attention paid to the symbolic gestures of the new ruler were present in parallel in the press.
The articles attempted to trace the attitude of the new ruler towards the Jews, from the process of preparation for the coronation right up to his first constitutional actions affecting the Jews. The prototype was the wartime perception of Francis Joseph, and his memory. He became the model and expectation regarding the new ruler. Charles IV was compared to him in emphasising continuity.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4230671636
|
Book reviews
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Roger G. Owen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5063301766"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Oxford",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I40120149",
"lat": 51.75222,
"long": -1.25596,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Colin Newbury",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5000746972"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Liverpool",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I146655781",
"lat": 53.41058,
"long": -2.97794,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "P. E. H. Hair",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5005969980"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Kent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I20581793",
"lat": 51.27904,
"long": 1.07992,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "G. M. Ditchfield",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5073379087"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "Queen Mary University of London",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I166337079",
"lat": 51.50853,
"long": -0.12574,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Freda Harcourt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5042783505"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Kent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I20581793",
"lat": 51.27904,
"long": 1.07992,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Antony Copley",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5020630491"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Australia",
"display_name": "University of Sydney",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I129604602",
"lat": -33.86785,
"long": 151.20732,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Neville Meaney",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5052263168"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Buckingham",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I92864154",
"lat": 51.995834,
"long": -0.991944,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Max Beloff",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5070816463"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "Queen's University Belfast",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I126231945",
"lat": 54.59682,
"long": -5.92541,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "David Harkness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5018133316"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "George (robot)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67101536"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Portrait",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162462552"
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{
"display_name": "Conscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10180917"
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{
"display_name": "Nationalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521449643"
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{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050"
},
{
"display_name": "Art history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52119013"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
}
] |
[
"Egypt"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2004110262"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4230671636
|
Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution by Jacques Berque, trans. Janet Stuart. London: Faber and Faber, 1972. Pp. 736; £15. Sugar and Slavery. An Economic History of the British West Indies 1623–1775 by Richard B. Sheridan. Caribbean Universities Press, 1974. Pp. xiii + 529; £10. The African Slave Trade and its Suppression: a Classified and Annotated Bibliography by Peter C. Hogg. London: Frank Cass, 1973. Pp. xvii+409. £12.50. Politics and the Public Conscience. Slave Emancipation and the Abolitionist Movement in Britain, Historical Problems: Studies and Documents, no. 23, by Edith F. Hurwitz. London: Allen & Unwin. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1973. pp. 179; £3.65 cloth; £2.25 paper. West Africa Partitioned. Vol. I. The Loaded Pause, 1885–1889 by John D. Hargreaves. London: Macmillan, 1975. Pp. xiv+273. £7. The Growth of Education and Political Development in India 1898–1920 by Aparna Basu. London: Oxford University Press, 1974. £3.15. Gokhale, Gandhi and the Nehrus. Studies in Indian Nationalism by B. R. Nanda. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1974. Pp. 203; £4.85. Documents on Political Thought in Modern India by A. Appadorai. India: O.U.P, 1974. Pp. 547; £6.80. Portrait of a Decision by Howard Elcock. London: Eyre Methuen, 1972. Pp. xiii + 379; £6. The Abyssinian Crisis by Frank Hardie. London: Batsford, 1974. Pp. x + 294; £6. Ireland in the War Years, 1939–1945 by Joseph T. Carroll. Newton Abbott: David and Charles, 1975. Pp. 190; £4.50. (New York: Crane Russak, $10.75.)
|
[
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"display_name": "The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History",
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|
https://openalex.org/W2147330683
|
A Diasporic Reading of <i>Nathan the Wise</i>
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ned Curthoys",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5056908761"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2147330683
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A Diasporic Reading of Nathan the Wise Ned Curthoys (bio) In this essay I analyze the continuing controversy surrounding Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's famous 1779 drama Nathan der Weise (Nathan the Wise), an emblematic Enlightenment-era play whose evaluation has been drastically affected by the appalling history of the twentieth century. I argue that the Nazizeit and the Holocaust have produced a caesura in Nathan criticism, a dramatic reversal of the play's critical fortunes. A play that was once celebrated as a harbinger of German-Jewish emancipation, promising the creative participation of Jews in German society, is now harshly criticized and repudiated for the failure of that promise. Recent interpreters of Nathan the Wise, both scholars and playwrights, have been lugubriously mindful of the Nazi assault on the German-Jewish community that was launched in the early 1930s and of the subsequent European Jewish genocide.1 They read the play through the prism of the anachronistic stigma that attaches to German intellectual history, a stigma that has long encouraged post-Holocaust criticism to discuss German literature and culture in teleological ways, mining eighteenth and nineteenth century texts and discourses for attitudes and mentalities that prefigure the disaster of Nazi Germany. As I argue, this reversal in the critical fortunes of Nathan the Wise is by no means a salutary development, inasmuch as it has diminished our ability to appreciate the play's aesthetic merits, the cross-cultural friendship and creative collaboration that helped to produce it, the fertile intellectual milieu that informed it, and the significance of its historical setting in late twelfth-century Jerusalem, a Jerusalem under the benign Muslim sovereignty of the famed Egyptian sultan Saladin. In order to interpret Nathan the Wise, I suggest, a cosmopolitan sensitivity to world-historical time is required, a genealogical sensibility that reads the play as an enthusiastic commentary on the pluralistic and polyglot societies of the Levant and [End Page 70] Moorish Spain, in which a convivencia, a sometimes fragile but productive coexistence of Muslim, Jew, and Christian, was capable of provoking and edifying Christian Europe. Nathan the Wise Lessing's Nathan the Wise is set in approximately the year 1192 CE in Jerusalem during an uneasy peace in the Third Crusade, a peace engineered by the wise sultan Saladin, a much-lauded historical figure who regained Jerusalem from Christian crusaders in 1187 CE. Saladin invited Jews to resettle in Jerusalem under his protection and guaranteed freedom of pilgrimage and worship to Christians. The play's chief protagonists are the wise, generous, and humane Jewish merchant Nathan; the initially anti-Jewish but brave and honorable Christian Knight Templar who, just before the play's action begins, has saved Nathan's adopted daughter Recha from an inferno; and Saladin, the noble-minded ruler of Jerusalem who fears crusading Christians and is tempted to financially exploit Nathan's wealth and credit. The play has an episodic narrative structure and is difficult to classify; it is a "problem play" that is neither comedy, drama, or tragedy. What the play does enact is a sometimes meandering journey toward the reconciliation of three characters, a Muslim, a Jew, and a Christian, whose real human virtues threaten to be overwhelmed by the historical and institutional realities of religious hatred. Nathan the Wise is most famous for the parable of the rings in act 3. The profligately generous Saladin, after successfully waging war to recapture Jerusalem, is heavily in debt and needs credit from the famously wise, humane, and financially astute Jewish merchant Nathan. The parable is Nathan's artful response to Saladin's attempt to put pressure on him by asking him the most fraught question of all, which is the one true religion, and why has a wise and independent man capable of choosing what is best chosen to remain a Jew? Nathan's initial panic articulates the profound dilemma of how to defend one's position in the world in an age that inhibits individual and secular conceptions of identity: I must be on my guard. But how?I can't insist that I'm a Jew; but to [End Page 71] Deny that I'm a Jew would be still worse.Then he...
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[
{
"display_name": "Comparative Literature Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S100243739",
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https://openalex.org/W4235291734
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Book Reviews
|
[] |
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"display_name": "Nobility",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C10314817"
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{
"display_name": "German",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95389739"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779387294"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C143081792"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C143128703"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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[
"Egypt"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4235291734
|
Peasant‐Citizen and Slave: The Foundation of Athenian Democracy. By Ellen Meiksins WoodThe Rise of the Carolingians and the Liber Historiae Francorum. By Richard A. GerberdingA Society Organized for War: The Iberian Municipal Militias in the Central Middle Ages, 1000‐1284. By James F. PowersEdward I. By Michael Prestwich. (Berkeley and Los AngelesThe English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages: The Fourteenth‐Century Political Community. By Chris Given‐WilsonWar, Justice and Public Order: England and France in the Later Middle Ages. By Richard W. KaeuperHenry II: King of France, 1547‐1559. By Frederic J. BaumgartnerThe Maritime Trade of the East Anglian Ports, 1550‐1590. By N. J. WilliamsThe myth of Ritual Murder. Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany. By R. Po‐chia HsiaThe Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 17851865. By Boyd HiltonThe Rise of Respectable Society: A Social History of Victorian Britain, 1830‐1900. By F. M. L. ThompsonDavid Lloyd George: A Political Life: The Architect of Change, 1863‐1912. By Bentley Brinkerhoff GilbertPlaying the Game: Sport and the Physical Emancipation of English Women, 1870‐1914. By Kathleen E. McCroneBritish Social Reform and German Precedents: The Case of Social Insurance, 1880‐1914. By E. P. HennockThe Secret Lives of Trebitsch Lincoln. By Bernard WassersteinFiscal Limits of Absolutism: Direct Taxation in Early Seventeenth‐Century France. By James B. CollinsSwords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armee. By John R. EltingBetween France and Germany: The Jews of Alsace‐Lorraine, 1871‐1918. By Vicki CaronThe Origins of Postwar German Politics. By Barbara MarshallFrom Ally to Enemy: The Enigma of Fascist Italy in French Diplomacy, 1920‐1940. By William I. ShorrockThe Other Italy: The Italian Resistance in World War II. By Maria de Blasio WilhelmThe Road to Soviet Power and Peace. [Vol. 2 of The End of the Russian Imperial Army.] By Allan K. WildmanThe Lands Below the Winds. [Vol. 1 of Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450‐1680.] By Anthony ReidFamily, Field, and Ancestors: Constancy and Change in China's Social and Economic History, 1550‐1949. By Lloyd E. EastmanCulture, Power, and the State: Rural North China, 1900‐1942. By Prasenjit DuaraChinese‐Soviet Relations, 1937‐1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism. By John W. GarverThe First World War and International Politics. By David StevensonThe Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. By Paul KennedyStranger in the Valley of the Kings: Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Egyptian Mummy. By Ahmed OsmanAfter Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America. By James AxtellThe First Salute: A View of the American Revolution. By Barbara W. TuchmanMasters and Slaves in the House of the Lord: Race and Religion in the American South, 1740‐1870. Edited by John B. BolesMcintosh and Weatherford, Creek Indian Leaders. By Benjamin W. Griffith JrBeating Against the Barriers: Biographical Essays in Nineteenth‐Century Afro‐American History. By R. J. M. BlackettCowtown Lawyers: Dodge City and Its Attorneys, 1876‐1886. By C. Robert HaywoodThe Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1875‐1920. By Jerry W. CalvertGrand Plans: Business Progressivism and Social Change in Ohio's Miami Valley, 1890‐1929. By Judith SealanderGerald L. K. Smith: Minister of Hate. By Glen JeansonneRexford G. Tugwell: A Biography. By Michael V. NamoratoA Passion For Justice: J. Waties Waring and Civil Rights. By Tinsley E. YarbroughAmerican Influence in Greece, 1917‐1929. By Louis P. CassimatisWe Shall Return! Mac Arthur's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan, 1942‐1945. Edited by William M. LearyMartin Luther King, Jr.: Apostle of Militant Nonviolence. By James A. ColaiacoJFK: History of an Image. By Thomas BrownOutposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War, 1945‐1953. By James A. HustonNational Security Planning: Roosevelt Through Reagan. By Michael M. BollGrowth in a Changing Environment: A History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), Exxon Corporation, 1950‐1975. By Bennett H. WallFarm Families & Change in Twentieth‐Century America. By Mark FriedbergerLimits to Friendship: The United States and Mexico. By Robert A. Pastor and Jorge G. CastanedaTo Love, Honor, and Obey in Colonial Mexico: Conflicts Over Marriage Choice, 1574‐1821. By Patricia SeedCuba: Between Reform and Revolution. [Latin American Histories Series.] By Louis A. Perez Jr
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Historian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S8593340",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4385596781
|
Understanding Nuruddin Farah
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "F. Fiona Moolla",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5000623061"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "James Currey",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5085079912"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Somali",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776831955"
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{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465"
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"display_name": "Reading (process)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C554936623"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Somalia"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4385596781
|
Fiona Moolla’s book, Reading Nuruddin Farah is a must read for a variety of reasons. First of all, Nuruddin Farah, whose oeuvre spans over 45 years of mostly fiction writing on women’s emancipation, is on of the most inonic literary figures from Africa. He is reputedly a perennial nominee for the Nobel Prize in Literature, which he certainly deserves, in addition to the many other literary awards he has already won, including the prestigious Neustadt International Prize for Literature. Although Somali by birth, Farah is the quintessential African, having lived in several African countries in almost all the sub-regions of the continent.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Africa Review of Books",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4387289851",
"type": "journal"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W2530940554
|
Perspektiven des Christentums im Mittleren Osten: Fallstudie zum historischen und heutigen Überlebenskampf der aramäischen Christinnen im Irak.
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Kamal Kolo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5084727217"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Stanislava Vavroušková",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5009610619"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Petr Bláha",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5059625415"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jan Zouplna",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5037996550"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Persecution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C537575062"
},
{
"display_name": "Oppression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776526686"
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{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Religious studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2530940554
|
This contribution analyzes the status and life conditions to which the Aramaic Christians of Iraq, as well as the Iraqi Jews, were exposed to in Iraq; both groups being considered Dhimmis (Protected) by the Muslim majority of the country. It also comments on the temporary social emancipation instituted after the introduction of the civil rights law in 1959, a policy which continued through the 1970s, and on the marginalization strategies employed by the state authorities on members of the Christian community at school and in their daily life. The Aramaic Christian women in particular, due to an internal patriarchal code of behavior based on Christian tradition, were exposed to heavy oppression. The paper concludes by observing that in the years following the American invasion (2003), the threats to the existence of the religious minorities in Iraq were intensified to an even greater extent. The goal of uprooting the Christians in Iraq was pursued in an even more radical way than the persecution and expulsion of the Iraqi Jews in the period from 1941 to 1951.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Archiv Orientalni",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S82504447",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2901356651
|
Humanism in the poetry of al-Haidari
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mahmoud Hatampour",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5030396274"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Poetry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164913051"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153606108"
},
{
"display_name": "Oppression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776526686"
},
{
"display_name": "Dignity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778745096"
},
{
"display_name": "Literature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713"
},
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2901356651
|
Human has a special position in contemporary Arab poetry. This attention and tendency to human in the poetry of al-Haidari, a contemporary Iraqi poet, is more outstanding, as it can be said that writing of man and humanism is one of the characteristics of his poetry. Al-Haidari can be considered as the first contemporary Iraqi poet to focus on human beings and also to focus on human as it has the pivotal role in the literature. Although he has practically devoted all of himself to poetry, he is distinguished from many contemporary poets regarding human concerns and the value of human dignity and centrality. The poet's attention to humans can be traced back to the school of humanism. Since attention to humans, his troubles and preoccupations have always been the main concerns of this great poet. In this essay, we tried to investigate the components of humanism in the poetry of the Iraqi poet using the descriptive-analytical method and then also to study the human image in his work. The findings of this research indicate that the long poem has been greatly affected by humanistic school, and human beings plainly have a significant position in his poem. In his poem, emphasis is placed on human liberty, discretion and rationalism, and humanism has been summed up in his poems in such themes as family, love, death, life, grief, loneliness and abandonment, oppression and injustice by cruel tyrants and emancipation from inefficacy (futility).
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2028868115
|
Armed and Trained: Nelson Mandela's 1962 Military Mission as Commander in Chief of Umkhonto we Sizwe and Provenance for his Buried Makarov Pistol
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Garth Benneyworth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5016014331"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "Independence (probability theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C35651441"
},
{
"display_name": "Military history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5021368"
},
{
"display_name": "Colonialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C531593650"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Biography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C520712124"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
}
] |
[
"Morocco"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2026787187",
"https://openalex.org/W2133765220"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2028868115
|
Abstract Firearms are inextricably linked to the history of South Africa's liberation struggle and experiences of decolonisation, liberation, and independence for many African countries. Firearms are often perceived as symbols of emancipation from colonial rule, and military leaders, such as Nelson Mandela, who commanded Umkhonto we Sizwe, are no exception, for he is associated with numerous handguns, military weapons and military ordnance during 1962, in particular to a Makarov pistol, originating from Ethiopia. This heritage item holding symbolic and historical value, Mandela claimed he buried at Liliesleaf farm in Johannesburg shortly before being captured in 1962. Although mentioned fleetingly in Nelson Mandela's autobiography Long Walk to Freedom, the provenance of and knowledge about his pistol and the circumstances under which he received it and how he subsequently buried it, together with ammunition and possibly an Ethiopian army uniform, are not widely known. This article details the process by which I established this provenance during 2004 to 2010, and contextualises Nelson Mandela's broader military activities in Africa, discussions he held with freedom fighters and military personnel in Ethiopia and Morocco, the type of military training he underwent, weapons he handled, and activities in South Africa upon his return, once armed and trained.
|
[
{
"display_name": "South African Historical Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S105288734",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2508581279
|
The Minorities Question in Iran
|
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "University of California System",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I2803209242",
"lat": 37.80437,
"long": -122.2708,
"type": "education"
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"display_name": "Nikki R. Keddie",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5054434764"
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{
"display_name": "Middle East",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065"
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{
"display_name": "Judaism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
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{
"display_name": "Ethnic group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137403100"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Emancipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
},
{
"display_name": "The Holocaust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110361221"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Deportation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60961049"
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{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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{
"display_name": "Christianity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C551968917"
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{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
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{
"display_name": "Religious studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
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"display_name": "Ethnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261"
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"display_name": "Immigration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70036468"
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"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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"display_name": "Philosophy",
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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[
"Morocco"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2508581279
|
In the Middle East as in the West, the concept of a “minority”, covering both religious and ethnic minorities within a state, is a modern one. Today, ethnic minorities are important in much of the Middle East. In the pre-twentieth-century Middle East, however, as in the pre-eighteenth-century West, the only minorities generally considered important were religious ones, who might be either unbelievers (in the Muslim world divided into protected “People of the Book” — monotheists with scriptures — and unprotected polytheists) or heretics, whose beliefs related to the dominant religion but were judged to diverge so seriously and dangerously as to merit punishment, sometimes death. The only religious minority sometimes tolerated in the West were the Jews, who were, however, increasingly expelled and forced to move to Eastern Europe or to Morocco and the Ottoman Empire. Peaceful coexistence between Catholics and Protestants as well as tolerance and legal emancipation for Western Jews are eighteenth- and nineteenth-century phenomena. The twentieth-century Holocaust, the continuation of anti-Jewish and anti-Muslims prejudices in the West (where Muslim populations are now significant — for example, about 3 million in the United States), and revived intra-Christian tensions in parts of the West should warn Westerners against thinking that religious prejudices and persecutions happen only elsewhere.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2766820478
|
The Road Trip as Artistic Formation in DeFeo's Work
|
[
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"display_name": "Frida Forsgren",
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{
"display_name": "The Renaissance",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648"
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{
"display_name": "Visual arts",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153349607"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Mechanical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656"
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[
"Morocco"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2766820478
|
In her article "The Road Trip as Artistic Formation in DeFeo's Work" Frida Forsgren discusses previously unpublished photographic material documenting Jay DeFeo's road trip in Europe and North Africa in the 1950s. Forsgren argues that the Beat road trip is by no means an exclusively masculine enterprise and quest: DeFeo's journey helped open the door to her emancipation as a female artist and propelled her artistic development. Moreover, the global experience represented by the trip helped shape her local Beat milieu upon her return to San Francisco. While European, Medieval, Italian Renaissance, and Hebrew influences in DeFeo's oeuvre have been studied, Forsgren traces the North African and particularly Moroccan influences in DeFeo's work.
|
[
{
"display_name": "CLCWeb",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737494141",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2791457364
|
Civility, art and emancipation on the Arabian Peninsula
|
[
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{
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"display_name": "United Arab Emirates University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I201726411",
"lat": 24.198948,
"long": 55.678852,
"type": "education"
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"display_name": "Rita Elizabeth Risser",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5055537311"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Metropolitan area",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158739034"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
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[
"United Arab Emirates"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2791457364
|
ConstellationsVolume 25, Issue 4 p. 529-541 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Civility, art and emancipation on the Arabian Peninsula Rita Elizabeth Risser, Corresponding Author Rita Elizabeth Risser rita.risser@uaeu.ac.ae Department of Philosophy, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, UAE Correspondence Rita Elizabeth Risser, Department of Philosophy, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, UAE Email: rita.risser@uaeu.ac.aeSearch for more papers by this author Rita Elizabeth Risser, Corresponding Author Rita Elizabeth Risser rita.risser@uaeu.ac.ae Department of Philosophy, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, UAE Correspondence Rita Elizabeth Risser, Department of Philosophy, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, UAE Email: rita.risser@uaeu.ac.aeSearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 March 2018 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12343Citations: 1 Funding: The research for this article was supported with a visiting research fellowship at the Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities at the University of Edinburgh. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume25, Issue4December 2018Pages 529-541 RelatedInformation
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S64143016",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W3172812473
|
Entrepreneurship and Innovation Emancipation among Women Entrepreneurs in Developing Countries
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Huda Al Matroushi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5065093491"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Fauzia Jabeen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5008942546"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Sherine Farouk",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5057566464"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Moza Tahnoon Al Nahyan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5029604172"
}
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C84309077"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781153986"
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{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370"
},
{
"display_name": "Small and medium-sized enterprises",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48879800"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
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"United Arab Emirates"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3172812473
|
Encouraging innovation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is one of the government's main policy initiatives at the local, regional, and national levels in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This study's primary purpose is to explore the innovation characteristics, challenges, and factors influencing innovation in the Emirati female-owned nascent, start-up, and established SMEs. A semi-structured interview method was used to explore ten Emirati female entrepreneurs' experiences on innovation and adoption intent, and the data were analyzed using NVIVO software. The analysis reveals that respondents believed in a strong vision, education, and risk-taking attitude as an innovative entrepreneur's essential characteristics. Furthermore, new technology adoption, networking, implementation of new or improved products, processes, marketing, and organizational innovation are considered essential to help entrepreneurs commercialize their innovative business idea. This study's findings will help policymakers and business women's councils identify the specific inhibitors and facilitators linked to innovation. The results will help develop various effective policies to promote innovation among Emirati women-owned SMEs.
|
[
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"display_name": "Emerald Publishing Limited eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463237",
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