id
int64 0
7k
| premises
stringlengths 118
4.1k
| paragraph
stringlengths 111
4.06k
| conclusion
stringlengths 15
240
| question
stringlengths 14
249
| label
stringclasses 3
values | arg
stringlengths 54
2.02k
| statements
stringlengths 51
1.12k
| depth
int64 1
7
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,651 |
['It is rational to believe that either ascochyta blight is favored by mild moist weather or some rabbits have urine.', 'Assuming some rabbits have urine, we know that antibiotics prevents liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol.', 'Should it be the case that ascochyta blight is favored by mild moist weather, it follows that lightning can travel long distances in both phone and electrical wires, particularly in rural areas.', 'Provided that lightning can travel long distances in both phone and electrical wires, particularly in rural areas, we know that antibiotics prevents liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol.']
|
It is rational to believe that either ascochyta blight is favored by mild moist weather or some rabbits have urine. Assuming some rabbits have urine, we know that antibiotics prevents liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol. Should it be the case that ascochyta blight is favored by mild moist weather, it follows that lightning can travel long distances in both phone and electrical wires, particularly in rural areas. Provided that lightning can travel long distances in both phone and electrical wires, particularly in rural areas, we know that antibiotics prevents liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol.
|
The statement 'antibiotics prevents liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol' can be considered true.
|
The notion that 'antibiotics prevents liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol' is untrue.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0]. [SC2-1]
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [1], then [3].
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Antibiotics prevents liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol.', 1: 'Ascochyta blight is favored by mild moist weather.', 2: 'Some rabbits have urine.', 3: 'Lightning can travel long distances in both phone and electrical wires, particularly in rural areas.'}
| 2 |
1,669 |
['It is rational to believe that either all temperatures are measures of heat energy or canteens have (part) sections.', 'At least one of two things is true: communion is rituals, or it is not the case that all temperatures are measures of heat energy.', 'We know that the claim that communion is rituals is false.']
|
It is rational to believe that either all temperatures are measures of heat energy or canteens have (part) sections. At least one of two things is true: communion is rituals, or it is not the case that all temperatures are measures of heat energy. We know that the claim that communion is rituals is false.
|
The statement 'canteens have (part) sections' can be considered true.
|
The statement 'canteens have (part) sections' can be considered true.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Not [1].).
Not [2].
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Canteens have (part) sections.', 1: 'All temperatures are measures of heat energy.', 2: 'Communion is rituals.'}
| 2 |
1,504 |
['If the claim that sediments are coarser in shallower water, e.g. on a beach does not reflect reality, then temperature is measured in Centigrade in Russia.', 'Assuming the statement, if the claim that sediments are coarser in shallower water, e.g. on a beach does not reflect reality, then it is not true that temperature is measured in Centigrade in Russia, does not hold, we know that enzymes are specialized proteins that are part of all living things.', 'Once we know the statement, if the claim that sediments are coarser in shallower water, e.g. on a beach does not reflect reality, then it is not true that temperature is measured in Centigrade in Russia, does not hold, we also know that some people mistakenly believe that enzymes are specialized proteins that are part of all living things.']
|
If the claim that sediments are coarser in shallower water, e.g. on a beach does not reflect reality, then temperature is measured in Centigrade in Russia. Assuming the statement, if the claim that sediments are coarser in shallower water, e.g. on a beach does not reflect reality, then it is not true that temperature is measured in Centigrade in Russia, does not hold, we know that enzymes are specialized proteins that are part of all living things. Once we know the statement, if the claim that sediments are coarser in shallower water, e.g. on a beach does not reflect reality, then it is not true that temperature is measured in Centigrade in Russia, does not hold, we also know that some people mistakenly believe that enzymes are specialized proteins that are part of all living things.
|
The idea that sediments are coarser in shallower water, e.g. on a beach is true.
|
The claim that sediments are coarser in shallower water, e.g. on a beach has no merit.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).), then [2].
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Sediments are coarser in shallower water, e.g. on a beach.', 1: 'Temperature is measured in Centigrade in Russia.', 2: 'Enzymes are specialized proteins that are part of all living things.'}
| 2 |
1,900 |
['Either all businesses are important to a vital, growing economy or some plastic materials absorb light.', 'One may reasonably assume that if all businesses are important to a vital, growing economy, then density is a measure of amount of mass in a given space.', 'Should it be the case that plant breeders form gene combinations which enhance certain desirable traits by breeding hybrids, it follows that if some plastic materials absorb light, then density is a measure of amount of mass in a given space.', 'The statement that states plant breeders form gene combinations which enhance certain desirable traits by breeding hybrids is right.']
|
Either all businesses are important to a vital, growing economy or some plastic materials absorb light. One may reasonably assume that if all businesses are important to a vital, growing economy, then density is a measure of amount of mass in a given space. Should it be the case that plant breeders form gene combinations which enhance certain desirable traits by breeding hybrids, it follows that if some plastic materials absorb light, then density is a measure of amount of mass in a given space. The statement that states plant breeders form gene combinations which enhance certain desirable traits by breeding hybrids is right.
|
Those that suggest density is a measure of amount of mass in a given space are right.
|
Those that suggest density is a measure of amount of mass in a given space are right.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC3-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (If [2], then [0].).
[3]
Therefore, If [2], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Density is a measure of amount of mass in a given space.', 1: 'All businesses are important to a vital, growing economy.', 2: 'Some plastic materials absorb light.', 3: 'Plant breeders form gene combinations which enhance certain desirable traits by breeding hybrids.'}
| 2 |
1,649 |
['On the condition that it is not true that testosterone is sex hormones, it is definitely the case that those that suggest writing systems differ structure, stylistically, familially, geographically, and so on are wrong.', 'There is good reason to believe that either sodium atoms in the gas cloud are particulary efficient at reflecting yellow light or grouse are henlike terrestrial birds, protectively plumaged in shades of red, brown, and gray.', 'On the condition that sodium atoms in the gas cloud are particulary efficient at reflecting yellow light , it is definitely the case that if it is not true that testosterone is sex hormones, then writing systems differ structure, stylistically, familially, geographically, and so on.', 'When grouse are henlike terrestrial birds, protectively plumaged in shades of red, brown, and gray is true, it follows that if it is not true that testosterone is sex hormones, then writing systems differ structure, stylistically, familially, geographically, and so on.']
|
On the condition that it is not true that testosterone is sex hormones, it is definitely the case that those that suggest writing systems differ structure, stylistically, familially, geographically, and so on are wrong. There is good reason to believe that either sodium atoms in the gas cloud are particulary efficient at reflecting yellow light or grouse are henlike terrestrial birds, protectively plumaged in shades of red, brown, and gray. On the condition that sodium atoms in the gas cloud are particulary efficient at reflecting yellow light , it is definitely the case that if it is not true that testosterone is sex hormones, then writing systems differ structure, stylistically, familially, geographically, and so on. When grouse are henlike terrestrial birds, protectively plumaged in shades of red, brown, and gray is true, it follows that if it is not true that testosterone is sex hormones, then writing systems differ structure, stylistically, familially, geographically, and so on.
|
It is reasonable to believe that testosterone is sex hormones.
|
It is reasonable to believe that testosterone is sex hormones.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
If [3], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
|
{0: 'Testosterone is sex hormones.', 1: 'Writing systems differ structure, stylistically, familially, geographically, and so on.', 2: 'Sodium atoms in the gas cloud are particulary efficient at reflecting yellow light .', 3: 'Grouse are henlike terrestrial birds, protectively plumaged in shades of red, brown, and gray.'}
| 2 |
1,931 |
['One may reasonably assume that if the claim that plastic affects marine life in two ways, by entanglement or ingestion is false, then bacteria produce disese by enymatic destruction of plant cells and by secretion of toxic substances.', 'Should it be the case that bacteria produce disese by enymatic destruction of plant cells and by secretion of toxic substances, it follows that methods use effective theories.', 'Should it be the case that bacteria produce disese by enymatic destruction of plant cells and by secretion of toxic substances, it follows that it is not the case that methods use effective theories.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if the claim that plastic affects marine life in two ways, by entanglement or ingestion is false, then bacteria produce disese by enymatic destruction of plant cells and by secretion of toxic substances. Should it be the case that bacteria produce disese by enymatic destruction of plant cells and by secretion of toxic substances, it follows that methods use effective theories. Should it be the case that bacteria produce disese by enymatic destruction of plant cells and by secretion of toxic substances, it follows that it is not the case that methods use effective theories.
|
The idea that plastic affects marine life in two ways, by entanglement or ingestion is true.
|
The idea that plastic affects marine life in two ways, by entanglement or ingestion is true.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then [2].
If [1], then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Plastic affects marine life in two ways, by entanglement or ingestion.', 1: 'Bacteria produce disese by enymatic destruction of plant cells and by secretion of toxic substances.', 2: 'Methods use effective theories.'}
| 2 |
1,300 |
["Given that some people mistakenly believe that most areas expose to sunlight, it can be inferred that those that suggest wind is the world's fastest growing energy source are wrong.", "If the statement, if some people mistakenly believe that most areas expose to sunlight, then wind is the world's fastest growing energy source, does not hold, then a microwave is radiation.", "If the statement, if some people mistakenly believe that most areas expose to sunlight, then wind is the world's fastest growing energy source, does not hold, then it is not true that a microwave is radiation."]
|
Given that some people mistakenly believe that most areas expose to sunlight, it can be inferred that those that suggest wind is the world's fastest growing energy source are wrong. If the statement, if some people mistakenly believe that most areas expose to sunlight, then wind is the world's fastest growing energy source, does not hold, then a microwave is radiation. If the statement, if some people mistakenly believe that most areas expose to sunlight, then wind is the world's fastest growing energy source, does not hold, then it is not true that a microwave is radiation.
|
The idea that most areas expose to sunlight is true.
|
The idea that most areas expose to sunlight is true.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [2].
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
|
{0: 'Most areas expose to sunlight.', 1: "Wind is the world's fastest growing energy source.", 2: 'A microwave is radiation.'}
| 2 |
1,674 |
['The claim that if language is valued and used to transmit culture, then trypsin then activates all other zymogens as well as trypsinogen has no merit.', 'Given that it is not the case that if women show more bilateral participation in language than men do, then if language is valued and used to transmit culture, then trypsin then activates all other zymogens as well as trypsinogen, it can be inferred that chlorine is the greatest cripple and killer of the modern times.', 'Provided that it is not the case that if women show more bilateral participation in language than men do, then if language is valued and used to transmit culture, then trypsin then activates all other zymogens as well as trypsinogen, we know that the statement, chlorine is the greatest cripple and killer of the modern times, does not hold.']
|
The claim that if language is valued and used to transmit culture, then trypsin then activates all other zymogens as well as trypsinogen has no merit. Given that it is not the case that if women show more bilateral participation in language than men do, then if language is valued and used to transmit culture, then trypsin then activates all other zymogens as well as trypsinogen, it can be inferred that chlorine is the greatest cripple and killer of the modern times. Provided that it is not the case that if women show more bilateral participation in language than men do, then if language is valued and used to transmit culture, then trypsin then activates all other zymogens as well as trypsinogen, we know that the statement, chlorine is the greatest cripple and killer of the modern times, does not hold.
|
The claim that women show more bilateral participation in language than men do is false.
|
The claim that women show more bilateral participation in language than men do is true.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then (If [1], then [2].). [SC1-1]
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [0], then (If [1], then [2].).).), then [3].
If (Not (If [0], then (If [1], then [2].).).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, If [0], then (If [1], then [2].)..
|
{0: 'Women show more bilateral participation in language than men do.', 1: 'Language is valued and used to transmit culture.', 2: 'Trypsin then activates all other zymogens as well as trypsinogen.', 3: 'Chlorine is the greatest cripple and killer of the modern times.'}
| 2 |
1,665 |
['Either one or both of these statements are true: most corn snakes reach size, or some damage is caused by fungal plant diseases.', 'When some damage is caused by fungal plant diseases is true, it follows that the statement that states some systems have rules governing behavior, but such rules are hard to formalize and enforce is false.', 'Provided that the claim that if most corn snakes reach size, then the statement that states some systems have rules governing behavior, but such rules are hard to formalize and enforce is false does not correspond with reality, we know that color can be integral with material.', "So long as the claim that if most corn snakes reach size, then the statement that states some systems have rules governing behavior, but such rules are hard to formalize and enforce is false does not correspond with reality, 'the claim that color can be integral with material is false' is true."]
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: most corn snakes reach size, or some damage is caused by fungal plant diseases. When some damage is caused by fungal plant diseases is true, it follows that the statement that states some systems have rules governing behavior, but such rules are hard to formalize and enforce is false. Provided that the claim that if most corn snakes reach size, then the statement that states some systems have rules governing behavior, but such rules are hard to formalize and enforce is false does not correspond with reality, we know that color can be integral with material. So long as the claim that if most corn snakes reach size, then the statement that states some systems have rules governing behavior, but such rules are hard to formalize and enforce is false does not correspond with reality, 'the claim that color can be integral with material is false' is true.
|
The statement that states some systems have rules governing behavior, but such rules are hard to formalize and enforce is false.
|
The claim that systems based on computing technology are powerful change agents in everyday society does not correspond with reality.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then (Not [0].). [SC2-1]
If [2], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [1], then (Not [0].).).), then [3].
If (Not (If [1], then (Not [0].).).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, If [1], then (Not [0].)..
|
{0: 'Some systems have rules governing behavior, but such rules are hard to formalize and enforce.', 1: 'Most corn snakes reach size.', 2: 'Some damage is caused by fungal plant diseases.', 3: 'Color can be integral with material.'}
| 2 |
1,570 |
['If either marigolds grow best in damp to wet soil or nutrient elements return to the abiotic reservoir via death, excretion, wastes, then pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the pistil of a flower.', 'When if some children are able to reduce or eliminate medication by avoiding foods high in acid, then single source provides nutritious light for all phases of growth is true, it follows that egg proteins tighten and squeeze out water which browns because of sugar content.', 'Either one or both of these statements are true: sparks can ignite scraps, solvents, etc, or if interstate trucking involves the movement of freight across state lines, then nurses are medics.', "Whenever it is true that sparks can ignite scraps, solvents, etc, 'either marigolds grow best in damp to wet soil or nutrient elements return to the abiotic reservoir via death, excretion, wastes' is true.", 'When if interstate trucking involves the movement of freight across state lines, then nurses are medics is true, it follows that if some children are able to reduce or eliminate medication by avoiding foods high in acid, then single source provides nutritious light for all phases of growth.']
|
If either marigolds grow best in damp to wet soil or nutrient elements return to the abiotic reservoir via death, excretion, wastes, then pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the pistil of a flower. When if some children are able to reduce or eliminate medication by avoiding foods high in acid, then single source provides nutritious light for all phases of growth is true, it follows that egg proteins tighten and squeeze out water which browns because of sugar content. Either one or both of these statements are true: sparks can ignite scraps, solvents, etc, or if interstate trucking involves the movement of freight across state lines, then nurses are medics. Whenever it is true that sparks can ignite scraps, solvents, etc, 'either marigolds grow best in damp to wet soil or nutrient elements return to the abiotic reservoir via death, excretion, wastes' is true. When if interstate trucking involves the movement of freight across state lines, then nurses are medics is true, it follows that if some children are able to reduce or eliminate medication by avoiding foods high in acid, then single source provides nutritious light for all phases of growth.
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the pistil of a flower, or egg proteins tighten and squeeze out water which browns because of sugar content.
|
It is not true that either pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the pistil of a flower or egg proteins tighten and squeeze out water which browns because of sugar content.
|
FALSE
|
Constructive Dilemma:
Either (Either [2] or [3].) or (If [4], then [5].). [SC1-1]
If (Either [2] or [3].), then [0].
If (If [4], then [5].), then [1].
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC1-1]
Constructive Dilemma:
Either [6] or (If [7], then [8].).
If [6], then (Either [2] or [3].).
If (If [7], then [8].), then (If [4], then [5].).
Therefore, Either (Either [2] or [3].) or (If [4], then [5].)..
|
{0: 'Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the pistil of a flower.', 1: 'Egg proteins tighten and squeeze out water which browns because of sugar content.', 2: 'Marigolds grow best in damp to wet soil.', 3: 'Nutrient elements return to the abiotic reservoir via death, excretion, wastes.', 4: 'Some children are able to reduce or eliminate medication by avoiding foods high in acid.', 5: 'Single source provides nutritious light for all phases of growth.', 6: 'Sparks can ignite scraps, solvents, etc.', 7: 'Interstate trucking involves the movement of freight across state lines.', 8: 'Nurses are medics.'}
| 2 |
1,163 |
['One may reasonably assume that if some oats have seeds, then rats are often in horror stories and movies because they are associated with death and disease.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: if fruit also has fructose, commonly called fruit sugar, then sisterhoods can provide real solutions for single parents, or some oats have seeds.', 'It is not the case that if fruit also has fructose, commonly called fruit sugar, then sisterhoods can provide real solutions for single parents.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if some oats have seeds, then rats are often in horror stories and movies because they are associated with death and disease. We know that at least one of two things is true: if fruit also has fructose, commonly called fruit sugar, then sisterhoods can provide real solutions for single parents, or some oats have seeds. It is not the case that if fruit also has fructose, commonly called fruit sugar, then sisterhoods can provide real solutions for single parents.
|
The idea that rats are often in horror stories and movies because they are associated with death and disease is true.
|
Some rats attract cats.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [2], then [3].) or [1].
Not (If [2], then [3].).
Therefore, [1].
|
{0: 'Rats are often in horror stories and movies because they are associated with death and disease.', 1: 'Some oats have seeds.', 2: 'Fruit also has fructose, commonly called fruit sugar.', 3: 'Sisterhoods can provide real solutions for single parents.'}
| 2 |
1,336 |
['At least one of two things is true: some burns lead to death, or monitor lizards differ from most other known species of lizards in that they have a high metabolism.', 'When some burns lead to death is true, it follows that masturbation is a technique used by many young men to increase their level of control.', 'At least one of two things is true: wood glue is designed to bond wood together, or if monitor lizards differ from most other known species of lizards in that they have a high metabolism, then masturbation is a technique used by many young men to increase their level of control.', "The statement that 'wood glue is designed to bond wood together' is incorrect."]
|
At least one of two things is true: some burns lead to death, or monitor lizards differ from most other known species of lizards in that they have a high metabolism. When some burns lead to death is true, it follows that masturbation is a technique used by many young men to increase their level of control. At least one of two things is true: wood glue is designed to bond wood together, or if monitor lizards differ from most other known species of lizards in that they have a high metabolism, then masturbation is a technique used by many young men to increase their level of control. The statement that 'wood glue is designed to bond wood together' is incorrect.
|
It is the case that masturbation is a technique used by many young men to increase their level of control.
|
Masturbation is normal human activity.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC3-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (If [2], then [0].).
Not [3].
Therefore, If [2], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Masturbation is a technique used by many young men to increase their level of control.', 1: 'Some burns lead to death.', 2: 'Monitor lizards differ from most other known species of lizards in that they have a high metabolism.', 3: 'Wood glue is designed to bond wood together.'}
| 2 |
1,059 |
['On the condition that beak sculpture consists of a few very weak ridges, apparent only in extremely small shells, it is definitely the case that earthworms live in topsoil.', 'Should it be the case that if light is one of the rate limiting factors for photosynthesis, then musk deer have feet, it follows that earthworms live in topsoil.', "One may reasonably assume that if the statement 'either beak sculpture consists of a few very weak ridges, apparent only in extremely small shells or if light is one of the rate limiting factors for photosynthesis, then musk deer have feet' can be considered false, then bones respond to lack of exercise by getting weaker, as muscles do.", 'The claim that bones respond to lack of exercise by getting weaker, as muscles do is false.']
|
On the condition that beak sculpture consists of a few very weak ridges, apparent only in extremely small shells, it is definitely the case that earthworms live in topsoil. Should it be the case that if light is one of the rate limiting factors for photosynthesis, then musk deer have feet, it follows that earthworms live in topsoil. One may reasonably assume that if the statement 'either beak sculpture consists of a few very weak ridges, apparent only in extremely small shells or if light is one of the rate limiting factors for photosynthesis, then musk deer have feet' can be considered false, then bones respond to lack of exercise by getting weaker, as muscles do. The claim that bones respond to lack of exercise by getting weaker, as muscles do is false.
|
It is rational to agree that earthworms live in topsoil.
|
Vitamin E prevents a chemical reaction called oxidation , that can have harmful effects in the body.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (If [2], then [3].). [SC1-1]
If [1], then [0].
If (If [2], then [3].), then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [1] or (If [2], then [3].).).), then [4].
Not [4].
Therefore, Either [1] or (If [2], then [3].)..
|
{0: 'Earthworms live in topsoil.', 1: 'Beak sculpture consists of a few very weak ridges, apparent only in extremely small shells.', 2: 'Light is one of the rate limiting factors for photosynthesis.', 3: 'Musk deer have feet.', 4: 'Bones respond to lack of exercise by getting weaker, as muscles do.'}
| 2 |
1,821 |
['When paleontological locality is an area that preserves or did preserve a fossil is true, it follows that the statement, sheep have bristly coats, does not hold.', 'Given that if caffeine affects the central nervous system by increasing mental alertness and reducing fatigue, then specialists have (part) plasma membranes, it can be inferred that the statement, sheep have bristly coats, does not hold.', 'It is a fact that either price analysis is sometimes confused with price justification or conveyors have (part) sections.', 'On the condition that price analysis is sometimes confused with price justification, it is definitely the case that either paleontological locality is an area that preserves or did preserve a fossil or if caffeine affects the central nervous system by increasing mental alertness and reducing fatigue, then specialists have (part) plasma membranes.', 'When conveyors have (part) sections is true, it follows that either paleontological locality is an area that preserves or did preserve a fossil or if caffeine affects the central nervous system by increasing mental alertness and reducing fatigue, then specialists have (part) plasma membranes.']
|
When paleontological locality is an area that preserves or did preserve a fossil is true, it follows that the statement, sheep have bristly coats, does not hold. Given that if caffeine affects the central nervous system by increasing mental alertness and reducing fatigue, then specialists have (part) plasma membranes, it can be inferred that the statement, sheep have bristly coats, does not hold. It is a fact that either price analysis is sometimes confused with price justification or conveyors have (part) sections. On the condition that price analysis is sometimes confused with price justification, it is definitely the case that either paleontological locality is an area that preserves or did preserve a fossil or if caffeine affects the central nervous system by increasing mental alertness and reducing fatigue, then specialists have (part) plasma membranes. When conveyors have (part) sections is true, it follows that either paleontological locality is an area that preserves or did preserve a fossil or if caffeine affects the central nervous system by increasing mental alertness and reducing fatigue, then specialists have (part) plasma membranes.
|
The statement, sheep have bristly coats, does not hold.
|
The statement, sheep have bristly coats, does not hold.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (If [2], then [3].). [SC1-1]
If [1], then (Not [0].).
If (If [2], then [3].), then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or [5].
If [4], then (Either [1] or (If [2], then [3].).).
If [5], then (Either [1] or (If [2], then [3].).).
Therefore, Either [1] or (If [2], then [3].)..
|
{0: 'Sheep have bristly coats.', 1: 'Paleontological locality is an area that preserves or did preserve a fossil.', 2: 'Caffeine affects the central nervous system by increasing mental alertness and reducing fatigue.', 3: 'Specialists have (part) plasma membranes.', 4: 'Price analysis is sometimes confused with price justification.', 5: 'Conveyors have (part) sections.'}
| 2 |
1,933 |
['Provided that walks causes, we know that moose use front incisors.', 'Provided that fruits are rich in fiber, vitamin C and beta-carotene, we know that those that suggest moose use front incisors are wrong.', 'It is rational to agree that fruits are rich in fiber, vitamin C and beta-carotene.']
|
Provided that walks causes, we know that moose use front incisors. Provided that fruits are rich in fiber, vitamin C and beta-carotene, we know that those that suggest moose use front incisors are wrong. It is rational to agree that fruits are rich in fiber, vitamin C and beta-carotene.
|
The notion that 'walks causes' is untrue.
|
The claim that walks whistles does not correspond with reality.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Not [1].).
[2]
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Walks causes.', 1: 'Moose use front incisors.', 2: 'Fruits are rich in fiber, vitamin C and beta-carotene.'}
| 2 |
1,490 |
['We know that either either recent research indicates a direct link between diet and the leading causes of death in America or astronomers do it under the stars or baby gorillas are about half as big as human babies.', "Whenever it is true that stress tests are medical tests, 'it is not the case that either recent research indicates a direct link between diet and the leading causes of death in America or astronomers do it under the stars' is true.", 'It is reasonable to believe that stress tests are medical tests.']
|
We know that either either recent research indicates a direct link between diet and the leading causes of death in America or astronomers do it under the stars or baby gorillas are about half as big as human babies. Whenever it is true that stress tests are medical tests, 'it is not the case that either recent research indicates a direct link between diet and the leading causes of death in America or astronomers do it under the stars' is true. It is reasonable to believe that stress tests are medical tests.
|
It is true that baby gorillas are about half as big as human babies.
|
Baby gorillas stay with their moms until they're three years old.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [0].
Not (Either [1] or [2].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).).
[3]
Therefore, Not (Either [1] or [2].)..
|
{0: 'Baby gorillas are about half as big as human babies.', 1: 'Recent research indicates a direct link between diet and the leading causes of death in America.', 2: 'Astronomers do it under the stars.', 3: 'Stress tests are medical tests.'}
| 2 |
1,787 |
['It is not true that spider mites puncture cells and extract plant juices mainly on the lower surface.', 'It is rational to believe that either some elk have fevers or federal systems differ from unitary systems.', "On the condition that some elk have fevers, it is definitely the case that if the notion that 'light also behaves like particles referred to as photons' is untrue, then spider mites puncture cells and extract plant juices mainly on the lower surface.", "Provided that federal systems differ from unitary systems, we know that if the notion that 'light also behaves like particles referred to as photons' is untrue, then spider mites puncture cells and extract plant juices mainly on the lower surface."]
|
It is not true that spider mites puncture cells and extract plant juices mainly on the lower surface. It is rational to believe that either some elk have fevers or federal systems differ from unitary systems. On the condition that some elk have fevers, it is definitely the case that if the notion that 'light also behaves like particles referred to as photons' is untrue, then spider mites puncture cells and extract plant juices mainly on the lower surface. Provided that federal systems differ from unitary systems, we know that if the notion that 'light also behaves like particles referred to as photons' is untrue, then spider mites puncture cells and extract plant juices mainly on the lower surface.
|
The claim that light also behaves like particles referred to as photons is true.
|
The claim that light also behaves like particles referred to as photons is true.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
If [3], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
|
{0: 'Light also behaves like particles referred to as photons.', 1: 'Spider mites puncture cells and extract plant juices mainly on the lower surface.', 2: 'Some elk have fevers.', 3: 'Federal systems differ from unitary systems.'}
| 2 |
1,449 |
['Provided that the claim that an ocean perch is a rockfish is false, we know that some families teach children that home is safe and the world outside is dangerous.', 'At least one of two things is true: children learn to read by reading and by being read to, or big earthquakes can take down buildings and cause death and injury.', 'On the condition that children learn to read by reading and by being read to, it is definitely the case that if the claim that an ocean perch is a rockfish is false, then the claim that some families teach children that home is safe and the world outside is dangerous does not correspond with reality.', 'Once we know big earthquakes can take down buildings and cause death and injury, we also know that if the claim that an ocean perch is a rockfish is false, then the claim that some families teach children that home is safe and the world outside is dangerous does not correspond with reality.']
|
Provided that the claim that an ocean perch is a rockfish is false, we know that some families teach children that home is safe and the world outside is dangerous. At least one of two things is true: children learn to read by reading and by being read to, or big earthquakes can take down buildings and cause death and injury. On the condition that children learn to read by reading and by being read to, it is definitely the case that if the claim that an ocean perch is a rockfish is false, then the claim that some families teach children that home is safe and the world outside is dangerous does not correspond with reality. Once we know big earthquakes can take down buildings and cause death and injury, we also know that if the claim that an ocean perch is a rockfish is false, then the claim that some families teach children that home is safe and the world outside is dangerous does not correspond with reality.
|
The idea that an ocean perch is a rockfish is true.
|
Those that suggest an ocean perch is a rockfish are wrong.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).
If [3], then (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'An ocean perch is a rockfish.', 1: 'Some families teach children that home is safe and the world outside is dangerous.', 2: 'Children learn to read by reading and by being read to.', 3: 'Big earthquakes can take down buildings and cause death and injury.'}
| 2 |
1,703 |
['Assuming some gazelles obtain moisture, we know that some people are lucky enough to have careers in which they actually enjoy going to work each day.', "Once we know extrusive rocks cool quickly on or very near the surface of the earth, we also know that the statement 'some people are lucky enough to have careers in which they actually enjoy going to work each day' can be considered false.", 'extrusive rocks cool quickly on or very near the surface of the earth.']
|
Assuming some gazelles obtain moisture, we know that some people are lucky enough to have careers in which they actually enjoy going to work each day. Once we know extrusive rocks cool quickly on or very near the surface of the earth, we also know that the statement 'some people are lucky enough to have careers in which they actually enjoy going to work each day' can be considered false. extrusive rocks cool quickly on or very near the surface of the earth.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that some gazelles obtain moisture.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that some gazelles obtain moisture.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Not [1].).
[2]
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Some gazelles obtain moisture.', 1: 'Some people are lucky enough to have careers in which they actually enjoy going to work each day.', 2: 'Extrusive rocks cool quickly on or very near the surface of the earth.'}
| 2 |
1,437 |
['It is true that analyses show major genetic differences.', 'On the condition that muscle disorder causes symptoms, it is definitely the case that if analyses show major genetic differences, then we know that the claim that oil stranded on sandy shorelines often becomes mixed with sand and other sediments is false.', 'The claim that muscle disorder causes symptoms is true.']
|
It is true that analyses show major genetic differences. On the condition that muscle disorder causes symptoms, it is definitely the case that if analyses show major genetic differences, then we know that the claim that oil stranded on sandy shorelines often becomes mixed with sand and other sediments is false. The claim that muscle disorder causes symptoms is true.
|
We know that the claim that oil stranded on sandy shorelines often becomes mixed with sand and other sediments is false.
|
The statement 'oil is disastrous to any bird which uses marine habitats' can be considered false.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If [1], then (Not [0].).).
[2]
Therefore, If [1], then (Not [0].)..
|
{0: 'Oil stranded on sandy shorelines often becomes mixed with sand and other sediments.', 1: 'Analyses show major genetic differences.', 2: 'Muscle disorder causes symptoms.'}
| 2 |
1,563 |
['One may reasonably assume that if if veterinarians can prescribe pills or injections to safely treat for tapeworms in pets, then bake sweet potato tops with teaspoon butters, then either clutches generally transmit power from the clutch-driving member to the driven member by friction or photographs are works of art in their own right.', 'One may reasonably assume that if either clutches generally transmit power from the clutch-driving member to the driven member by friction or photographs are works of art in their own right, then conclusions are part of addresses.', 'When either clutches generally transmit power from the clutch-driving member to the driven member by friction or photographs are works of art in their own right is true, it follows that we know that the claim that conclusions are part of addresses is false.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if if veterinarians can prescribe pills or injections to safely treat for tapeworms in pets, then bake sweet potato tops with teaspoon butters, then either clutches generally transmit power from the clutch-driving member to the driven member by friction or photographs are works of art in their own right. One may reasonably assume that if either clutches generally transmit power from the clutch-driving member to the driven member by friction or photographs are works of art in their own right, then conclusions are part of addresses. When either clutches generally transmit power from the clutch-driving member to the driven member by friction or photographs are works of art in their own right is true, it follows that we know that the claim that conclusions are part of addresses is false.
|
The statement that 'if veterinarians can prescribe pills or injections to safely treat for tapeworms in pets, then bake sweet potato tops with teaspoon butters' is incorrect.
|
When veterinarians can prescribe pills or injections to safely treat for tapeworms in pets is true, it follows that bake sweet potato tops with teaspoon butters.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (If [0], then [1].), then (Either [2] or [3].).
Not (Either [2] or [3].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].)..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Either [2] or [3].), then [4].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (Not [4].).
Therefore, Not (Either [2] or [3].)..
|
{0: 'Veterinarians can prescribe pills or injections to safely treat for tapeworms in pets.', 1: 'Bake sweet potato tops with teaspoon butters.', 2: 'Clutches generally transmit power from the clutch-driving member to the driven member by friction.', 3: 'Photographs are works of art in their own right.', 4: 'Conclusions are part of addresses.'}
| 2 |
1,720 |
["Whenever it is true that those that suggest incandescent bulbs produce thermal energy are wrong, 'the statement, tarantulas have (part) skulls, does not hold' is true.", 'One may reasonably assume that if sin tends to total and universal selfishness, then if those that suggest incandescent bulbs produce thermal energy are wrong, then tarantulas have (part) skulls.', 'It is reasonable to believe that sin tends to total and universal selfishness.']
|
Whenever it is true that those that suggest incandescent bulbs produce thermal energy are wrong, 'the statement, tarantulas have (part) skulls, does not hold' is true. One may reasonably assume that if sin tends to total and universal selfishness, then if those that suggest incandescent bulbs produce thermal energy are wrong, then tarantulas have (part) skulls. It is reasonable to believe that sin tends to total and universal selfishness.
|
incandescent bulbs produce thermal energy.
|
The claim that incandescent bulbs produce thermal energy is false.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
[2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
|
{0: 'Incandescent bulbs produce thermal energy.', 1: 'Tarantulas have (part) skulls.', 2: 'Sin tends to total and universal selfishness.'}
| 2 |
1,890 |
['The claim that some states define the monetary value of a pet for litigation or insurance purposes is false.', 'Either one or both of these statements are true: either uveal melanoma is a relatively rare condition or most different animals live in same areas, or some underground dens have several branches.', 'Once we know either uveal melanoma is a relatively rare condition or most different animals live in same areas, we also know that either some states define the monetary value of a pet for litigation or insurance purposes or some shells act like mirrors.', 'If some underground dens have several branches, then either some states define the monetary value of a pet for litigation or insurance purposes or some shells act like mirrors.']
|
The claim that some states define the monetary value of a pet for litigation or insurance purposes is false. Either one or both of these statements are true: either uveal melanoma is a relatively rare condition or most different animals live in same areas, or some underground dens have several branches. Once we know either uveal melanoma is a relatively rare condition or most different animals live in same areas, we also know that either some states define the monetary value of a pet for litigation or insurance purposes or some shells act like mirrors. If some underground dens have several branches, then either some states define the monetary value of a pet for litigation or insurance purposes or some shells act like mirrors.
|
It is rational to agree that some shells act like mirrors.
|
It is rational to agree that some shells act like mirrors.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [2] or [3].) or [4].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (Either [1] or [0].).
If [4], then (Either [1] or [0].).
Therefore, Either [1] or [0]..
|
{0: 'Some shells act like mirrors.', 1: 'Some states define the monetary value of a pet for litigation or insurance purposes.', 2: 'Uveal melanoma is a relatively rare condition.', 3: 'Most different animals live in same areas.', 4: 'Some underground dens have several branches.'}
| 2 |
1,219 |
['a bran muffin is a gem.', 'Assuming a bran muffin is a gem, we know that tamarins use their claws to dig for insects in the bark of trees .', 'On the condition that tamarins use their claws to dig for insects in the bark of trees , it is definitely the case that the claim that alligator gar feeds upon birds in Texas is false.']
|
a bran muffin is a gem. Assuming a bran muffin is a gem, we know that tamarins use their claws to dig for insects in the bark of trees . On the condition that tamarins use their claws to dig for insects in the bark of trees , it is definitely the case that the claim that alligator gar feeds upon birds in Texas is false.
|
The claim that alligator gar feeds upon birds in Texas is false.
|
The claim that alligator gar feeds upon birds in Texas is false.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [1], then [2].
If [2], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, If [1], then (Not [0].)..
|
{0: 'Alligator gar feeds upon birds in Texas.', 1: 'A bran muffin is a gem.', 2: 'Tamarins use their claws to dig for insects in the bark of trees .'}
| 2 |
1,678 |
['We know that at least one of two things is true: if ice is a stimulant, then most digestive problems relate to ages, or rotifers are complex organisms with various types of organs and structures.', 'Given that if ice is a stimulant, then most digestive problems relate to ages, it can be inferred that alcohol can make blood glucose too high or too low.', 'On the condition that rotifers are complex organisms with various types of organs and structures, it is definitely the case that most galaxies are millions of light-years away.', 'If most galaxies are millions of light-years away, then alcohol can make blood glucose too high or too low.']
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: if ice is a stimulant, then most digestive problems relate to ages, or rotifers are complex organisms with various types of organs and structures. Given that if ice is a stimulant, then most digestive problems relate to ages, it can be inferred that alcohol can make blood glucose too high or too low. On the condition that rotifers are complex organisms with various types of organs and structures, it is definitely the case that most galaxies are millions of light-years away. If most galaxies are millions of light-years away, then alcohol can make blood glucose too high or too low.
|
The claim that alcohol can make blood glucose too high or too low holds true.
|
Alcohol reduces production.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [3], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC3-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [3], then [4].
If [4], then [0].
Therefore, If [3], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Alcohol can make blood glucose too high or too low.', 1: 'Ice is a stimulant.', 2: 'Most digestive problems relate to ages.', 3: 'Rotifers are complex organisms with various types of organs and structures.', 4: 'Most galaxies are millions of light-years away.'}
| 2 |
1,586 |
["Should it be the case that government institutions include transportation departments, it follows that the notion that 'some public forums involve opinionated citizens making speeches, one after the other' is untrue.", "Whenever it is true that government institutions include transportation departments, 'english polish is the ultimate in hand rubbed finishing' is true.", "Whenever it is true that english polish is the ultimate in hand rubbed finishing, 'some public forums involve opinionated citizens making speeches, one after the other' is true."]
|
Should it be the case that government institutions include transportation departments, it follows that the notion that 'some public forums involve opinionated citizens making speeches, one after the other' is untrue. Whenever it is true that government institutions include transportation departments, 'english polish is the ultimate in hand rubbed finishing' is true. Whenever it is true that english polish is the ultimate in hand rubbed finishing, 'some public forums involve opinionated citizens making speeches, one after the other' is true.
|
It is not true that government institutions include transportation departments.
|
It is not true that government institutions include transportation departments.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [0], then [2].
If [2], then [1].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Government institutions include transportation departments.', 1: 'Some public forums involve opinionated citizens making speeches, one after the other.', 2: 'English polish is the ultimate in hand rubbed finishing.'}
| 2 |
1,282 |
['It is a common misconception that some men possess animals.', "When the statement that 'if the statement, skin cancer is one of the common cancers found in Filipinos, does not hold, then some men possess animals' is incorrect is true, it follows that if yoga increases the awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, then liquids are substances.", "So long as the statement that 'if the statement, skin cancer is one of the common cancers found in Filipinos, does not hold, then some men possess animals' is incorrect, 'the claim that if yoga increases the awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, then liquids are substances does not reflect reality' is true."]
|
It is a common misconception that some men possess animals. When the statement that 'if the statement, skin cancer is one of the common cancers found in Filipinos, does not hold, then some men possess animals' is incorrect is true, it follows that if yoga increases the awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, then liquids are substances. So long as the statement that 'if the statement, skin cancer is one of the common cancers found in Filipinos, does not hold, then some men possess animals' is incorrect, 'the claim that if yoga increases the awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, then liquids are substances does not reflect reality' is true.
|
The statement 'skin cancer is one of the common cancers found in Filipinos' can be considered true.
|
Skin cancer is more common among people with lightly pigmented skin.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then (If [2], then [3].).
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then (Not (If [2], then [3].).).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
|
{0: 'Skin cancer is one of the common cancers found in Filipinos.', 1: 'Some men possess animals.', 2: 'Yoga increases the awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.', 3: 'Liquids are substances.'}
| 2 |
1,348 |
['Given that grannies have (part) cell membranes, it can be inferred that steroids have a basic structure of four fused rings of carbon atoms.', 'When many big charities have trading arms, registered as companies is true, it follows that steroids have a basic structure of four fused rings of carbon atoms.', 'When the claim that either grannies have (part) cell membranes or many big charities have trading arms, registered as companies does not reflect reality is true, it follows that either carnivorous plants are generally herbs, and their traps the result of primary growth or cloves have a warm, spicy flavor and a highly aromatic perfume.', 'The claim that either carnivorous plants are generally herbs, and their traps the result of primary growth or cloves have a warm, spicy flavor and a highly aromatic perfume is false.']
|
Given that grannies have (part) cell membranes, it can be inferred that steroids have a basic structure of four fused rings of carbon atoms. When many big charities have trading arms, registered as companies is true, it follows that steroids have a basic structure of four fused rings of carbon atoms. When the claim that either grannies have (part) cell membranes or many big charities have trading arms, registered as companies does not reflect reality is true, it follows that either carnivorous plants are generally herbs, and their traps the result of primary growth or cloves have a warm, spicy flavor and a highly aromatic perfume. The claim that either carnivorous plants are generally herbs, and their traps the result of primary growth or cloves have a warm, spicy flavor and a highly aromatic perfume is false.
|
It is reasonable to believe that steroids have a basic structure of four fused rings of carbon atoms.
|
The claim that steroids have a basic structure of four fused rings of carbon atoms is false.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [1] or [2].).), then (Either [3] or [4].).
Not (Either [3] or [4].).
Therefore, Either [1] or [2]..
|
{0: 'Steroids have a basic structure of four fused rings of carbon atoms.', 1: 'Grannies have (part) cell membranes.', 2: 'Many big charities have trading arms, registered as companies.', 3: 'Carnivorous plants are generally herbs, and their traps the result of primary growth .', 4: 'Cloves have a warm, spicy flavor and a highly aromatic perfume.'}
| 2 |
1,686 |
['Provided that stable gemstones remain unchanged by heat, light, or chemicals, we know that some softwoods are also relatively dense.', 'At least one of two things is true: sulfur is a strong, yellow substance and can cause people and animals to cough, or theological liberalism minimizes or simply ignores oppression in the so-called private sphere.', "Whenever it is true that sulfur is a strong, yellow substance and can cause people and animals to cough, 'stable gemstones remain unchanged by heat, light, or chemicals' is true.", 'Given that theological liberalism minimizes or simply ignores oppression in the so-called private sphere, it can be inferred that stable gemstones remain unchanged by heat, light, or chemicals.']
|
Provided that stable gemstones remain unchanged by heat, light, or chemicals, we know that some softwoods are also relatively dense. At least one of two things is true: sulfur is a strong, yellow substance and can cause people and animals to cough, or theological liberalism minimizes or simply ignores oppression in the so-called private sphere. Whenever it is true that sulfur is a strong, yellow substance and can cause people and animals to cough, 'stable gemstones remain unchanged by heat, light, or chemicals' is true. Given that theological liberalism minimizes or simply ignores oppression in the so-called private sphere, it can be inferred that stable gemstones remain unchanged by heat, light, or chemicals.
|
It is fair to say that some softwoods are also relatively dense.
|
It is fair to say that some softwoods are also relatively dense.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then [1].
If [3], then [1].
Therefore, [1].
|
{0: 'Some softwoods are also relatively dense.', 1: 'Stable gemstones remain unchanged by heat, light, or chemicals.', 2: 'Sulfur is a strong, yellow substance and can cause people and animals to cough.', 3: 'Theological liberalism minimizes or simply ignores oppression in the so-called private sphere.'}
| 2 |
1,004 |
['Once we know density altitude is the density expressed if feet instead of grams per cubic centimeter, we also know that the claim that insider trading is the way to make millions with very little risk does not reflect reality.', 'On the condition that the statement that states if density altitude is the density expressed if feet instead of grams per cubic centimeter, then insider trading is the way to make millions with very little risk is false, it is definitely the case that temperature affects sperm motility.', 'Those that suggest temperature affects sperm motility are wrong.']
|
Once we know density altitude is the density expressed if feet instead of grams per cubic centimeter, we also know that the claim that insider trading is the way to make millions with very little risk does not reflect reality. On the condition that the statement that states if density altitude is the density expressed if feet instead of grams per cubic centimeter, then insider trading is the way to make millions with very little risk is false, it is definitely the case that temperature affects sperm motility. Those that suggest temperature affects sperm motility are wrong.
|
The notion that 'density altitude is the density expressed if feet instead of grams per cubic centimeter' is untrue.
|
The statement that states density altitude is the density expressed if feet instead of grams per cubic centimeter is right.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Density altitude is the density expressed if feet instead of grams per cubic centimeter.', 1: 'Insider trading is the way to make millions with very little risk.', 2: 'Temperature affects sperm motility.'}
| 2 |
1,995 |
['Either tarantulas have tails or headaches are a common symptom of jaw joint problems.', "Whenever it is true that tarantulas have tails, 'either actions provide comfort or continental plateaus are bordered on all sides by plains or oceans, forming away from the mountains' is true.", 'Should it be the case that tarantulas have tails, it follows that those that suggest either actions provide comfort or continental plateaus are bordered on all sides by plains or oceans, forming away from the mountains are wrong.']
|
Either tarantulas have tails or headaches are a common symptom of jaw joint problems. Whenever it is true that tarantulas have tails, 'either actions provide comfort or continental plateaus are bordered on all sides by plains or oceans, forming away from the mountains' is true. Should it be the case that tarantulas have tails, it follows that those that suggest either actions provide comfort or continental plateaus are bordered on all sides by plains or oceans, forming away from the mountains are wrong.
|
It is rational to agree that headaches are a common symptom of jaw joint problems.
|
It is rational to agree that headaches are a common symptom of jaw joint problems.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then (Either [2] or [3].).
If [1], then (Not (Either [2] or [3].).).
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Headaches are a common symptom of jaw joint problems.', 1: 'Tarantulas have tails.', 2: 'Actions provide comfort.', 3: 'Continental plateaus are bordered on all sides by plains or oceans, forming away from the mountains.'}
| 2 |
1,463 |
['Provided that women can have abortions if they want to, we know that poison pills are also popular because they are flexible.', 'If poison pills are also popular because they are flexible, then summer vacations are times when being prepared on the road is especially important.', "The notion that 'summer vacations are times when being prepared on the road is especially important' is untrue."]
|
Provided that women can have abortions if they want to, we know that poison pills are also popular because they are flexible. If poison pills are also popular because they are flexible, then summer vacations are times when being prepared on the road is especially important. The notion that 'summer vacations are times when being prepared on the road is especially important' is untrue.
|
It is a common misconception that women can have abortions if they want to.
|
It is a common misconception that women can have abortions if they want to.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If [1], then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Women can have abortions if they want to.', 1: 'Poison pills are also popular because they are flexible.', 2: 'Summer vacations are times when being prepared on the road is especially important.'}
| 2 |
1,776 |
['It is a common misconception that computers are fun.', 'Given that lizards have body temperature, it can be inferred that if some people mistakenly believe that dingoes live in dens in caves and under cliff overhangs, then computers are fun.', 'It is true that lizards have body temperature.']
|
It is a common misconception that computers are fun. Given that lizards have body temperature, it can be inferred that if some people mistakenly believe that dingoes live in dens in caves and under cliff overhangs, then computers are fun. It is true that lizards have body temperature.
|
The idea that dingoes live in dens in caves and under cliff overhangs is true.
|
The claim that dingoes live in dens in caves and under cliff overhangs has no merit.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
[2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
|
{0: 'Dingoes live in dens in caves and under cliff overhangs.', 1: 'Computers are fun.', 2: 'Lizards have body temperature.'}
| 2 |
1,682 |
["On the condition that the statement 'oats are a species of erect annual grasses of the genus Avena' can be considered false, it is definitely the case that cancer is infinitely easier to prevent than cure.", "We know that either if plants produce most of the food in the ocean, as they do on land, and so they are called producers, then lawyers often serve in important private and public policy-making positions or if the statement 'oats are a species of erect annual grasses of the genus Avena' can be considered false, then it is not true that cancer is infinitely easier to prevent than cure.", 'Those that suggest if plants produce most of the food in the ocean, as they do on land, and so they are called producers, then lawyers often serve in important private and public policy-making positions are wrong.']
|
On the condition that the statement 'oats are a species of erect annual grasses of the genus Avena' can be considered false, it is definitely the case that cancer is infinitely easier to prevent than cure. We know that either if plants produce most of the food in the ocean, as they do on land, and so they are called producers, then lawyers often serve in important private and public policy-making positions or if the statement 'oats are a species of erect annual grasses of the genus Avena' can be considered false, then it is not true that cancer is infinitely easier to prevent than cure. Those that suggest if plants produce most of the food in the ocean, as they do on land, and so they are called producers, then lawyers often serve in important private and public policy-making positions are wrong.
|
It is the case that oats are a species of erect annual grasses of the genus Avena.
|
Oats have a healing effect and are easily absorbed in the body.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [2], then [3].) or (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).
Not (If [2], then [3].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Oats are a species of erect annual grasses of the genus Avena.', 1: 'Cancer is infinitely easier to prevent than cure.', 2: 'Plants produce most of the food in the ocean, as they do on land, and so they are called producers.', 3: 'Lawyers often serve in important private and public policy-making positions.'}
| 2 |
1,879 |
['It is rational to believe that either parents express feelings or turmoil is commotion.', 'If parents express feelings, then if most eagles spread wings, then egg stands for emu egg shells, rhea egg shells and ostrich egg shells.', 'Once we know christians are unique in living in the last days, we also know that if turmoil is commotion, then if most eagles spread wings, then egg stands for emu egg shells, rhea egg shells and ostrich egg shells.', 'The statement that states christians are unique in living in the last days is right.']
|
It is rational to believe that either parents express feelings or turmoil is commotion. If parents express feelings, then if most eagles spread wings, then egg stands for emu egg shells, rhea egg shells and ostrich egg shells. Once we know christians are unique in living in the last days, we also know that if turmoil is commotion, then if most eagles spread wings, then egg stands for emu egg shells, rhea egg shells and ostrich egg shells. The statement that states christians are unique in living in the last days is right.
|
Whenever it is true that most eagles spread wings, 'egg stands for emu egg shells, rhea egg shells and ostrich egg shells' is true.
|
Whenever it is true that most eagles spread wings, 'egg stands for emu egg shells, rhea egg shells and ostrich egg shells' is true.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).
If [3], then (If [0], then [1].). [SC3-1]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC3-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [4], then (If [3], then (If [0], then [1].).).
[4]
Therefore, If [3], then (If [0], then [1].)..
|
{0: 'Most eagles spread wings.', 1: 'Egg stands for emu egg shells, rhea egg shells and ostrich egg shells.', 2: 'Parents express feelings.', 3: 'Turmoil is commotion.', 4: 'Christians are unique in living in the last days.'}
| 2 |
1,517 |
['It is fair to say that fats have an important role to play in nutritional health.', 'Should it be the case that fats have an important role to play in nutritional health, it follows that if earth science can play a big role in the economic arena, as well, then mitosis is more or less simultaneous throughout an anther.', 'Given that if earth science can play a big role in the economic arena, as well, then mitosis is more or less simultaneous throughout an anther, it can be inferred that individual athletes have have great success.']
|
It is fair to say that fats have an important role to play in nutritional health. Should it be the case that fats have an important role to play in nutritional health, it follows that if earth science can play a big role in the economic arena, as well, then mitosis is more or less simultaneous throughout an anther. Given that if earth science can play a big role in the economic arena, as well, then mitosis is more or less simultaneous throughout an anther, it can be inferred that individual athletes have have great success.
|
It is true that individual athletes have have great success.
|
The claim that individual athletes have have great success is false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [1], then (If [2], then [3].).
If (If [2], then [3].), then [0].
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Individual athletes have have great success.', 1: 'Fats have an important role to play in nutritional health.', 2: 'Earth science can play a big role in the economic arena, as well.', 3: 'Mitosis is more or less simultaneous throughout an anther.'}
| 2 |
1,573 |
['The claim that scent glands produce musky odor does not correspond with reality.', 'Provided that it is not true that either scent glands produce musky odor or either tobacco smoke can make hair and clothes stink or love is the total acceptance of what is, we know that some moths have teeth.', "When it is not true that either scent glands produce musky odor or either tobacco smoke can make hair and clothes stink or love is the total acceptance of what is is true, it follows that the statement 'some moths have teeth' can be considered false."]
|
The claim that scent glands produce musky odor does not correspond with reality. Provided that it is not true that either scent glands produce musky odor or either tobacco smoke can make hair and clothes stink or love is the total acceptance of what is, we know that some moths have teeth. When it is not true that either scent glands produce musky odor or either tobacco smoke can make hair and clothes stink or love is the total acceptance of what is is true, it follows that the statement 'some moths have teeth' can be considered false.
|
Either tobacco smoke can make hair and clothes stink or love is the total acceptance of what is.
|
Either tobacco smoke can make hair and clothes stink or love is the total acceptance of what is.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Either [0] or [1].). [SC1-1]
Not [2].
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [2] or (Either [0] or [1].).).), then [3].
If (Not (Either [2] or (Either [0] or [1].).).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, Either [2] or (Either [0] or [1].)..
|
{0: 'Tobacco smoke can make hair and clothes stink.', 1: 'Love is the total acceptance of what is.', 2: 'Scent glands produce musky odor.', 3: 'Some moths have teeth.'}
| 2 |
1,793 |
["Should it be the case that sodium is one of the elements used, it follows that the notion that 'investment banks are investment firms' is untrue.", 'Should it be the case that sodium is one of the elements used, it follows that fish breathe by gulping water through the mouth and discharging it through the gill chamber.', 'When fish breathe by gulping water through the mouth and discharging it through the gill chamber is true, it follows that investment banks are investment firms.']
|
Should it be the case that sodium is one of the elements used, it follows that the notion that 'investment banks are investment firms' is untrue. Should it be the case that sodium is one of the elements used, it follows that fish breathe by gulping water through the mouth and discharging it through the gill chamber. When fish breathe by gulping water through the mouth and discharging it through the gill chamber is true, it follows that investment banks are investment firms.
|
Those that suggest sodium is one of the elements used are wrong.
|
Those that suggest sodium is one of the elements used are wrong.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [0], then [2].
If [2], then [1].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Sodium is one of the elements used.', 1: 'Investment banks are investment firms.', 2: 'Fish breathe by gulping water through the mouth and discharging it through the gill chamber.'}
| 2 |
1,893 |
['Once we know the statement, either cancer is epidemic in the United States or brents desire sex, does not hold, we also know that cnidarians have (part) corpi.', 'At least one of two things is true: immediate family is defined as a spouse, child, sibling, parent, grandparent, or grandchild, or the claim that cnidarians have (part) corpi does not correspond with reality.', 'It is not true that immediate family is defined as a spouse, child, sibling, parent, grandparent, or grandchild.']
|
Once we know the statement, either cancer is epidemic in the United States or brents desire sex, does not hold, we also know that cnidarians have (part) corpi. At least one of two things is true: immediate family is defined as a spouse, child, sibling, parent, grandparent, or grandchild, or the claim that cnidarians have (part) corpi does not correspond with reality. It is not true that immediate family is defined as a spouse, child, sibling, parent, grandparent, or grandchild.
|
It is rational to believe that either cancer is epidemic in the United States or brents desire sex.
|
It is rational to believe that either cancer is epidemic in the United States or brents desire sex.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2].
Not [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (Not [2].).
Not [3].
Therefore, Not [2]..
|
{0: 'Cancer is epidemic in the United States.', 1: 'Brents desire sex.', 2: 'Cnidarians have (part) corpi.', 3: 'Immediate family is defined as a spouse, child, sibling, parent, grandparent, or grandchild.'}
| 2 |
1,534 |
['It is rational to believe that either palilalia is a form of echolalia in which the last syllable heard is repeated endlessly or if some razor clams swim through water, then viral pneumonia is sometimes a diagnosis of exclusion.', 'When palilalia is a form of echolalia in which the last syllable heard is repeated endlessly is true, it follows that the statement, archaeology comes from the Greek archaiologia , meaning the discussion of antiquities, does not hold.', 'It is rational to believe that either metformin reduces glucose production in the liver and increases glucose sensitivity or if if some razor clams swim through water, then viral pneumonia is sometimes a diagnosis of exclusion, then the statement, archaeology comes from the Greek archaiologia , meaning the discussion of antiquities, does not hold.', 'The claim that metformin reduces glucose production in the liver and increases glucose sensitivity has no merit.']
|
It is rational to believe that either palilalia is a form of echolalia in which the last syllable heard is repeated endlessly or if some razor clams swim through water, then viral pneumonia is sometimes a diagnosis of exclusion. When palilalia is a form of echolalia in which the last syllable heard is repeated endlessly is true, it follows that the statement, archaeology comes from the Greek archaiologia , meaning the discussion of antiquities, does not hold. It is rational to believe that either metformin reduces glucose production in the liver and increases glucose sensitivity or if if some razor clams swim through water, then viral pneumonia is sometimes a diagnosis of exclusion, then the statement, archaeology comes from the Greek archaiologia , meaning the discussion of antiquities, does not hold. The claim that metformin reduces glucose production in the liver and increases glucose sensitivity has no merit.
|
The statement, archaeology comes from the Greek archaiologia , meaning the discussion of antiquities, does not hold.
|
The claim that most archaeology is cultural resource management does not reflect reality.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (If [2], then [3].).
If [1], then (Not [0].).
If (If [2], then [3].), then (Not [0].). [SC3-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC3-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (If (If [2], then [3].), then (Not [0].).).
Not [4].
Therefore, If (If [2], then [3].), then (Not [0].)..
|
{0: 'Archaeology comes from the Greek archaiologia , meaning the discussion of antiquities.', 1: 'Palilalia is a form of echolalia in which the last syllable heard is repeated endlessly.', 2: 'Some razor clams swim through water.', 3: 'Viral pneumonia is sometimes a diagnosis of exclusion.', 4: 'Metformin reduces glucose production in the liver and increases glucose sensitivity.'}
| 2 |
1,903 |
['It is a fact that either mature males grow tusks that are used in social interactions or cognitive effects can include difficulty concentrating and memory problems.', "So long as mature males grow tusks that are used in social interactions, 'the notion that 'fuzzy logic is employed to allow for uncertainty handling' is untrue' is true.", "So long as aquatic arthropods eliminate ammonia through permeable membranes, particularly gills, 'if cognitive effects can include difficulty concentrating and memory problems, then the notion that 'fuzzy logic is employed to allow for uncertainty handling' is untrue' is true.", 'It is fair to say that aquatic arthropods eliminate ammonia through permeable membranes, particularly gills.']
|
It is a fact that either mature males grow tusks that are used in social interactions or cognitive effects can include difficulty concentrating and memory problems. So long as mature males grow tusks that are used in social interactions, 'the notion that 'fuzzy logic is employed to allow for uncertainty handling' is untrue' is true. So long as aquatic arthropods eliminate ammonia through permeable membranes, particularly gills, 'if cognitive effects can include difficulty concentrating and memory problems, then the notion that 'fuzzy logic is employed to allow for uncertainty handling' is untrue' is true. It is fair to say that aquatic arthropods eliminate ammonia through permeable membranes, particularly gills.
|
The notion that 'fuzzy logic is employed to allow for uncertainty handling' is untrue.
|
The notion that 'fuzzy logic is employed to allow for uncertainty handling' is untrue.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then (Not [0].).
If [2], then (Not [0].). [SC3-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC3-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (If [2], then (Not [0].).).
[3]
Therefore, If [2], then (Not [0].)..
|
{0: 'Fuzzy logic is employed to allow for uncertainty handling.', 1: 'Mature males grow tusks that are used in social interactions.', 2: 'Cognitive effects can include difficulty concentrating and memory problems.', 3: 'Aquatic arthropods eliminate ammonia through permeable membranes, particularly gills.'}
| 2 |
1,276 |
['On the condition that either a notch is an indentation or organisms have to make tradeoffs because the energy is finite, it is definitely the case that quacks have (part) cell membranes.', "Whenever it is true that the statement that 'if either a notch is an indentation or organisms have to make tradeoffs because the energy is finite, then it is not true that quacks have (part) cell membranes' is incorrect, 'some roots contain active compounds' is true.", "One may reasonably assume that if the statement that 'if either a notch is an indentation or organisms have to make tradeoffs because the energy is finite, then it is not true that quacks have (part) cell membranes' is incorrect, then those that suggest some roots contain active compounds are wrong."]
|
On the condition that either a notch is an indentation or organisms have to make tradeoffs because the energy is finite, it is definitely the case that quacks have (part) cell membranes. Whenever it is true that the statement that 'if either a notch is an indentation or organisms have to make tradeoffs because the energy is finite, then it is not true that quacks have (part) cell membranes' is incorrect, 'some roots contain active compounds' is true. One may reasonably assume that if the statement that 'if either a notch is an indentation or organisms have to make tradeoffs because the energy is finite, then it is not true that quacks have (part) cell membranes' is incorrect, then those that suggest some roots contain active compounds are wrong.
|
We know that the claim that either a notch is an indentation or organisms have to make tradeoffs because the energy is finite is false.
|
The claim that notches are depressions, gouges, or ditches into the side of points or humps does not correspond with reality.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Either [0] or [1].), then [2].
If (Either [0] or [1].), then (Not [2].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].)..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Either [0] or [1].), then (Not [2].).).), then [3].
If (Not (If (Either [0] or [1].), then (Not [2].).).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, If (Either [0] or [1].), then (Not [2].)..
|
{0: 'A notch is an indentation.', 1: 'Organisms have to make tradeoffs because the energy is finite.', 2: 'Quacks have (part) cell membranes.', 3: 'Some roots contain active compounds.'}
| 2 |
1,284 |
['One may reasonably assume that if the claim that plants have leaf anatomies does not correspond with reality, then the claim that instructors are assign administrative duties does not reflect reality.', 'Either if confusion replaces certainty, and confusion is the food upon which the inner pigs feeds, then scientists measure the amount of radioactive energy deposited in tissue using a unit called a gray or either thunder is caused by the expension of air at high speeds or human beings get to be saints by fighting out the battle with themselves, the flesh and the devil.', 'Provided that if confusion replaces certainty, and confusion is the food upon which the inner pigs feeds, then scientists measure the amount of radioactive energy deposited in tissue using a unit called a gray, we know that if the claim that plants have leaf anatomies does not correspond with reality, then instructors are assign administrative duties.', 'Should it be the case that either thunder is caused by the expension of air at high speeds or human beings get to be saints by fighting out the battle with themselves, the flesh and the devil, it follows that if the claim that plants have leaf anatomies does not correspond with reality, then instructors are assign administrative duties.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if the claim that plants have leaf anatomies does not correspond with reality, then the claim that instructors are assign administrative duties does not reflect reality. Either if confusion replaces certainty, and confusion is the food upon which the inner pigs feeds, then scientists measure the amount of radioactive energy deposited in tissue using a unit called a gray or either thunder is caused by the expension of air at high speeds or human beings get to be saints by fighting out the battle with themselves, the flesh and the devil. Provided that if confusion replaces certainty, and confusion is the food upon which the inner pigs feeds, then scientists measure the amount of radioactive energy deposited in tissue using a unit called a gray, we know that if the claim that plants have leaf anatomies does not correspond with reality, then instructors are assign administrative duties. Should it be the case that either thunder is caused by the expension of air at high speeds or human beings get to be saints by fighting out the battle with themselves, the flesh and the devil, it follows that if the claim that plants have leaf anatomies does not correspond with reality, then instructors are assign administrative duties.
|
The claim that plants have leaf anatomies is true.
|
Plants are the only organisms that can convert light energy from the sun into food.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [2], then [3].) or (Either [4] or [5].).
If (If [2], then [3].), then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
If (Either [4] or [5].), then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
|
{0: 'Plants have leaf anatomies.', 1: 'Instructors are assign administrative duties.', 2: 'Confusion replaces certainty, and confusion is the food upon which the inner pigs feeds.', 3: 'Scientists measure the amount of radioactive energy deposited in tissue using a unit called a gray.', 4: 'Thunder is caused by the expension of air at high speeds.', 5: 'Human beings get to be saints by fighting out the battle with themselves, the flesh and the devil.'}
| 2 |
1,470 |
['We know that at least one of two things is true: some explosions create gases, or stingrays have (part) breasts.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: oriental cucumbers are rough textured and curved, or either fire has effects or confidential information refers to nonpublic information about students, faculty, and employees.', 'Assuming oriental cucumbers are rough textured and curved, we know that the statement, some explosions create gases, does not hold.', "So long as either fire has effects or confidential information refers to nonpublic information about students, faculty, and employees, 'the statement, some explosions create gases, does not hold' is true."]
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: some explosions create gases, or stingrays have (part) breasts. We know that at least one of two things is true: oriental cucumbers are rough textured and curved, or either fire has effects or confidential information refers to nonpublic information about students, faculty, and employees. Assuming oriental cucumbers are rough textured and curved, we know that the statement, some explosions create gases, does not hold. So long as either fire has effects or confidential information refers to nonpublic information about students, faculty, and employees, 'the statement, some explosions create gases, does not hold' is true.
|
The claim that stingrays have (part) breasts holds true.
|
It is not the case that stingrays have (part) breasts.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or (Either [3] or [4].).
If [2], then (Not [1].).
If (Either [3] or [4].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Stingrays have (part) breasts.', 1: 'Some explosions create gases.', 2: 'Oriental cucumbers are rough textured and curved.', 3: 'Fire has effects.', 4: 'Confidential information refers to nonpublic information about students, faculty, and employees.'}
| 2 |
1,426 |
['Provided that some people mistakenly believe that mineralogists can help find important minerals in the Earth using what they know and learn , we know that float plants grow in areas.', "So long as float plants grow in areas, 'long wires can cause too much resistance for current to get through' is true.", "Whenever it is true that float plants grow in areas, 'some people mistakenly believe that long wires can cause too much resistance for current to get through' is true."]
|
Provided that some people mistakenly believe that mineralogists can help find important minerals in the Earth using what they know and learn , we know that float plants grow in areas. So long as float plants grow in areas, 'long wires can cause too much resistance for current to get through' is true. Whenever it is true that float plants grow in areas, 'some people mistakenly believe that long wires can cause too much resistance for current to get through' is true.
|
It is a simple truth that mineralogists can help find important minerals in the Earth using what they know and learn .
|
Mineralogists also record what color minerals turn in a special light.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then [2].
If [1], then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Mineralogists can help find important minerals in the Earth using what they know and learn .', 1: 'Float plants grow in areas.', 2: 'Long wires can cause too much resistance for current to get through.'}
| 2 |
1,281 |
['It is rational to believe that either either smoking is the single largest modifiable risk factor in intrauterine growth retardation or miracle is specific to time, space, and situation or the claim that dark colours absorb much more heat than light colours is false.', 'On the condition that either smoking is the single largest modifiable risk factor in intrauterine growth retardation or miracle is specific to time, space, and situation, it is definitely the case that books provide valuable references.', 'On the condition that either smoking is the single largest modifiable risk factor in intrauterine growth retardation or miracle is specific to time, space, and situation, it is definitely the case that we know that the claim that books provide valuable references is false.']
|
It is rational to believe that either either smoking is the single largest modifiable risk factor in intrauterine growth retardation or miracle is specific to time, space, and situation or the claim that dark colours absorb much more heat than light colours is false. On the condition that either smoking is the single largest modifiable risk factor in intrauterine growth retardation or miracle is specific to time, space, and situation, it is definitely the case that books provide valuable references. On the condition that either smoking is the single largest modifiable risk factor in intrauterine growth retardation or miracle is specific to time, space, and situation, it is definitely the case that we know that the claim that books provide valuable references is false.
|
The claim that dark colours absorb much more heat than light colours is false.
|
The claim that dark colours absorb much more heat than light colours is true.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or (Not [0].).
Not (Either [1] or [2].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [3].
If (Either [1] or [2].), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, Not (Either [1] or [2].)..
|
{0: 'Dark colours absorb much more heat than light colours.', 1: 'Smoking is the single largest modifiable risk factor in intrauterine growth retardation.', 2: 'Miracle is specific to time, space, and situation.', 3: 'Books provide valuable references.'}
| 2 |
1,120 |
['Either one or both of these statements are true: toddlers are often picky eaters, or longitudinal musculature is some genera is thicked to form longitudinal muscle bands.', 'Once we know longitudinal musculature is some genera is thicked to form longitudinal muscle bands, we also know that libraries are the purest expression of a democratic society.', 'Should it be the case that the claim that if toddlers are often picky eaters, then libraries are the purest expression of a democratic society does not reflect reality, it follows that if water flushes out toxins and aids in reducing muscle pain, then some people use baby wipes to clean the rollers.', 'Once we know the claim that if toddlers are often picky eaters, then libraries are the purest expression of a democratic society does not reflect reality, we also know that it is a common misconception that if water flushes out toxins and aids in reducing muscle pain, then some people use baby wipes to clean the rollers.']
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: toddlers are often picky eaters, or longitudinal musculature is some genera is thicked to form longitudinal muscle bands. Once we know longitudinal musculature is some genera is thicked to form longitudinal muscle bands, we also know that libraries are the purest expression of a democratic society. Should it be the case that the claim that if toddlers are often picky eaters, then libraries are the purest expression of a democratic society does not reflect reality, it follows that if water flushes out toxins and aids in reducing muscle pain, then some people use baby wipes to clean the rollers. Once we know the claim that if toddlers are often picky eaters, then libraries are the purest expression of a democratic society does not reflect reality, we also know that it is a common misconception that if water flushes out toxins and aids in reducing muscle pain, then some people use baby wipes to clean the rollers.
|
It is true that libraries are the purest expression of a democratic society.
|
Libraries are great places for meeting with people, sharing stories and keeping in touch.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0]. [SC2-1]
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (If [3], then [4].).
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (Not (If [3], then [4].).).
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Libraries are the purest expression of a democratic society.', 1: 'Toddlers are often picky eaters.', 2: 'Longitudinal musculature is some genera is thicked to form longitudinal muscle bands.', 3: 'Water flushes out toxins and aids in reducing muscle pain.', 4: 'Some people use baby wipes to clean the rollers.'}
| 2 |
1,593 |
["The notion that 'burglars are nervous about robbing homes that are visible to nearby neighbours' is untrue.", 'Given that the statement, either burglars are nervous about robbing homes that are visible to nearby neighbours or the claim that major environmental factors limit crop productivity does not correspond with reality, does not hold, it can be inferred that antihistamines can help relieve itching and suppress hives.', 'When the statement, either burglars are nervous about robbing homes that are visible to nearby neighbours or the claim that major environmental factors limit crop productivity does not correspond with reality, does not hold is true, it follows that the statement, antihistamines can help relieve itching and suppress hives, does not hold.']
|
The notion that 'burglars are nervous about robbing homes that are visible to nearby neighbours' is untrue. Given that the statement, either burglars are nervous about robbing homes that are visible to nearby neighbours or the claim that major environmental factors limit crop productivity does not correspond with reality, does not hold, it can be inferred that antihistamines can help relieve itching and suppress hives. When the statement, either burglars are nervous about robbing homes that are visible to nearby neighbours or the claim that major environmental factors limit crop productivity does not correspond with reality, does not hold is true, it follows that the statement, antihistamines can help relieve itching and suppress hives, does not hold.
|
The claim that major environmental factors limit crop productivity does not correspond with reality.
|
The claim that major environmental factors limit crop productivity does not correspond with reality.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [1] or (Not [0].).).), then [2].
If (Not (Either [1] or (Not [0].).).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Either [1] or (Not [0].)..
|
{0: 'Major environmental factors limit crop productivity.', 1: 'Burglars are nervous about robbing homes that are visible to nearby neighbours.', 2: 'Antihistamines can help relieve itching and suppress hives.'}
| 2 |
1,981 |
["The notion that 'mouse opossums are nocturnal and usually arboreal, though some species are terrestrial' is untrue.", 'Once we know it is a common misconception that if the claim that firearms come in all sizes and shapes is false, then mouse opossums are nocturnal and usually arboreal, though some species are terrestrial, we also know that either black bears are dangerous to humans or malaria is the only serious health risk.', 'Once we know it is a common misconception that if the claim that firearms come in all sizes and shapes is false, then mouse opossums are nocturnal and usually arboreal, though some species are terrestrial, we also know that the claim that either black bears are dangerous to humans or malaria is the only serious health risk does not reflect reality.']
|
The notion that 'mouse opossums are nocturnal and usually arboreal, though some species are terrestrial' is untrue. Once we know it is a common misconception that if the claim that firearms come in all sizes and shapes is false, then mouse opossums are nocturnal and usually arboreal, though some species are terrestrial, we also know that either black bears are dangerous to humans or malaria is the only serious health risk. Once we know it is a common misconception that if the claim that firearms come in all sizes and shapes is false, then mouse opossums are nocturnal and usually arboreal, though some species are terrestrial, we also know that the claim that either black bears are dangerous to humans or malaria is the only serious health risk does not reflect reality.
|
It is true that firearms come in all sizes and shapes.
|
The statement that states firearms come in all sizes and shapes is false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then (Either [2] or [3].).
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then (Not (Either [2] or [3].).).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
|
{0: 'Firearms come in all sizes and shapes.', 1: 'Mouse opossums are nocturnal and usually arboreal, though some species are terrestrial.', 2: 'Black bears are dangerous to humans.', 3: 'Malaria is the only serious health risk.'}
| 2 |
1,013 |
['We know that either either salt is used to keep snow and ice from bonding to the pavement and to allow snowplows to remove or insects kill the lupine and the nitrogen is released into the soil or large tanks fill with fluid.', 'Assuming either salt is used to keep snow and ice from bonding to the pavement and to allow snowplows to remove or insects kill the lupine and the nitrogen is released into the soil, we know that the claim that auroras appear simultaneously in the atmosphere above the North and South poles has no merit.', 'On the condition that dogs attack predators, it is definitely the case that if large tanks fill with fluid, then the claim that auroras appear simultaneously in the atmosphere above the North and South poles has no merit.', 'The claim that dogs attack predators holds true.']
|
We know that either either salt is used to keep snow and ice from bonding to the pavement and to allow snowplows to remove or insects kill the lupine and the nitrogen is released into the soil or large tanks fill with fluid. Assuming either salt is used to keep snow and ice from bonding to the pavement and to allow snowplows to remove or insects kill the lupine and the nitrogen is released into the soil, we know that the claim that auroras appear simultaneously in the atmosphere above the North and South poles has no merit. On the condition that dogs attack predators, it is definitely the case that if large tanks fill with fluid, then the claim that auroras appear simultaneously in the atmosphere above the North and South poles has no merit. The claim that dogs attack predators holds true.
|
The claim that auroras appear simultaneously in the atmosphere above the North and South poles has no merit.
|
The claim that auroras appear simultaneously in the atmosphere above the North and South poles has no merit.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3].
If (Either [1] or [2].), then (Not [0].).
If [3], then (Not [0].). [SC3-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC3-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [4], then (If [3], then (Not [0].).).
[4]
Therefore, If [3], then (Not [0].)..
|
{0: 'Auroras appear simultaneously in the atmosphere above the North and South poles.', 1: 'Salt is used to keep snow and ice from bonding to the pavement and to allow snowplows to remove.', 2: 'Insects kill the lupine and the nitrogen is released into the soil.', 3: 'Large tanks fill with fluid.', 4: 'Dogs attack predators.'}
| 2 |
1,655 |
['It is rational to believe that either storms are gases or retrospective fallacy is the imperfect reconstruction of an event, even with the luxury of history.', "So long as retrospective fallacy is the imperfect reconstruction of an event, even with the luxury of history, 'plants spontaneously grow in the mulch to create a float- ing plant habitat' is true.", 'Either touch is also an important sense in walrus communities or if floral fragrances are the primary means by which plants attract potential pollinators, then councils of elders govern towns and villages.', 'When touch is also an important sense in walrus communities is true, it follows that if storms are gases, then plants spontaneously grow in the mulch to create a float- ing plant habitat.', 'If if floral fragrances are the primary means by which plants attract potential pollinators, then councils of elders govern towns and villages, then if storms are gases, then plants spontaneously grow in the mulch to create a float- ing plant habitat.']
|
It is rational to believe that either storms are gases or retrospective fallacy is the imperfect reconstruction of an event, even with the luxury of history. So long as retrospective fallacy is the imperfect reconstruction of an event, even with the luxury of history, 'plants spontaneously grow in the mulch to create a float- ing plant habitat' is true. Either touch is also an important sense in walrus communities or if floral fragrances are the primary means by which plants attract potential pollinators, then councils of elders govern towns and villages. When touch is also an important sense in walrus communities is true, it follows that if storms are gases, then plants spontaneously grow in the mulch to create a float- ing plant habitat. If if floral fragrances are the primary means by which plants attract potential pollinators, then councils of elders govern towns and villages, then if storms are gases, then plants spontaneously grow in the mulch to create a float- ing plant habitat.
|
The statement 'plants spontaneously grow in the mulch to create a float- ing plant habitat' can be considered true.
|
The statement 'plants spontaneously grow in the mulch to create a float- ing plant habitat' can be considered true.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0]. [SC2-1]
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or (If [4], then [5].).
If [3], then (If [1], then [0].).
If (If [4], then [5].), then (If [1], then [0].).
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Plants spontaneously grow in the mulch to create a float- ing plant habitat.', 1: 'Storms are gases.', 2: 'Retrospective fallacy is the imperfect reconstruction of an event, even with the luxury of history.', 3: 'Touch is also an important sense in walrus communities.', 4: 'Floral fragrances are the primary means by which plants attract potential pollinators.', 5: 'Councils of elders govern towns and villages.'}
| 2 |
1,455 |
['Once we know some intelligent people can be brain-dead at times, we also know that the claim that if atrial fibrillation can cause annoying palpitations and is associated with a risk of stroke, then drive forces move air is false.', 'Once we know lords have (part) corpi, we also know that if some intelligent people can be brain-dead at times, then if atrial fibrillation can cause annoying palpitations and is associated with a risk of stroke, then drive forces move air.', "The statement 'lords have (part) corpi' can be considered true."]
|
Once we know some intelligent people can be brain-dead at times, we also know that the claim that if atrial fibrillation can cause annoying palpitations and is associated with a risk of stroke, then drive forces move air is false. Once we know lords have (part) corpi, we also know that if some intelligent people can be brain-dead at times, then if atrial fibrillation can cause annoying palpitations and is associated with a risk of stroke, then drive forces move air. The statement 'lords have (part) corpi' can be considered true.
|
The claim that some intelligent people can be brain-dead at times is false.
|
The claim that some intelligent people can be brain-dead at times is false.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then (If [1], then [2].). [SC1-1]
If [0], then (Not (If [1], then [2].).).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (If [0], then (If [1], then [2].).).
[3]
Therefore, If [0], then (If [1], then [2].)..
|
{0: 'Some intelligent people can be brain-dead at times.', 1: 'Atrial fibrillation can cause annoying palpitations and is associated with a risk of stroke.', 2: 'Drive forces move air.', 3: 'Lords have (part) corpi.'}
| 2 |
1,584 |
['It is a fact that either prenatal care improves pregnancy outcomes or a wagon is a container.', "Whenever it is true that a wagon is a container, 'it is not the case that fish comprise the bulk of the bald eagle s diet' is true.", 'There is good reason to believe that either virtual reality is the computer - generated simulation of a real or imagined environment or world or government subsidies are an integral part of many industries, from farming to sports franchises.', "So long as virtual reality is the computer - generated simulation of a real or imagined environment or world, 'if prenatal care improves pregnancy outcomes, then it is not the case that fish comprise the bulk of the bald eagle s diet' is true.", 'One may reasonably assume that if government subsidies are an integral part of many industries, from farming to sports franchises, then if prenatal care improves pregnancy outcomes, then it is not the case that fish comprise the bulk of the bald eagle s diet.']
|
It is a fact that either prenatal care improves pregnancy outcomes or a wagon is a container. Whenever it is true that a wagon is a container, 'it is not the case that fish comprise the bulk of the bald eagle s diet' is true. There is good reason to believe that either virtual reality is the computer - generated simulation of a real or imagined environment or world or government subsidies are an integral part of many industries, from farming to sports franchises. So long as virtual reality is the computer - generated simulation of a real or imagined environment or world, 'if prenatal care improves pregnancy outcomes, then it is not the case that fish comprise the bulk of the bald eagle s diet' is true. One may reasonably assume that if government subsidies are an integral part of many industries, from farming to sports franchises, then if prenatal care improves pregnancy outcomes, then it is not the case that fish comprise the bulk of the bald eagle s diet.
|
It is not the case that fish comprise the bulk of the bald eagle s diet.
|
Many people rightly believe that fish comprise the bulk of the bald eagle s diet.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then (Not [0].). [SC2-1]
If [2], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then (If [1], then (Not [0].).).
If [4], then (If [1], then (Not [0].).).
Therefore, If [1], then (Not [0].)..
|
{0: 'Fish comprise the bulk of the bald eagle s diet.', 1: 'Prenatal care improves pregnancy outcomes.', 2: 'A wagon is a container.', 3: 'Virtual reality is the computer - generated simulation of a real or imagined environment or world.', 4: 'Government subsidies are an integral part of many industries, from farming to sports franchises.'}
| 2 |
1,955 |
['Either one or both of these statements are true: seductions are success, or blood pressure drops with increasing distance from the left ventricle.', 'There is good reason to believe that either either eclipses also become shallower on the rise to outburst and practically disappear at maximum light or most sheep has-part tails or the statement, seductions are success, does not hold.', 'Some people mistakenly believe that either eclipses also become shallower on the rise to outburst and practically disappear at maximum light or most sheep has-part tails.']
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: seductions are success, or blood pressure drops with increasing distance from the left ventricle. There is good reason to believe that either either eclipses also become shallower on the rise to outburst and practically disappear at maximum light or most sheep has-part tails or the statement, seductions are success, does not hold. Some people mistakenly believe that either eclipses also become shallower on the rise to outburst and practically disappear at maximum light or most sheep has-part tails.
|
It is fair to say that blood pressure drops with increasing distance from the left ventricle.
|
It is fair to say that blood pressure drops with increasing distance from the left ventricle.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (Either [2] or [3].) or (Not [1].).
Not (Either [2] or [3].).
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Blood pressure drops with increasing distance from the left ventricle.', 1: 'Seductions are success.', 2: 'Eclipses also become shallower on the rise to outburst and practically disappear at maximum light.', 3: 'Most sheep has-part tails.'}
| 2 |
1,160 |
['It is rational to believe that either if some midwifes have ranges, then greatness requires depth, perspective, and service to others or if engines seize when they are low on oil, then raptors are among their likely predators.', "Provided that either hard wheat yields the highest amount of protein, or gluten or diets supply necessary nutrients, we know that the statement 'if some midwifes have ranges, then greatness requires depth, perspective, and service to others' can be considered false.", 'We know that at least one of two things is true: hard wheat yields the highest amount of protein, or gluten, or diets supply necessary nutrients.']
|
It is rational to believe that either if some midwifes have ranges, then greatness requires depth, perspective, and service to others or if engines seize when they are low on oil, then raptors are among their likely predators. Provided that either hard wheat yields the highest amount of protein, or gluten or diets supply necessary nutrients, we know that the statement 'if some midwifes have ranges, then greatness requires depth, perspective, and service to others' can be considered false. We know that at least one of two things is true: hard wheat yields the highest amount of protein, or gluten, or diets supply necessary nutrients.
|
Given that engines seize when they are low on oil, it can be inferred that raptors are among their likely predators.
|
Given that engines seize when they are low on oil, it can be inferred that raptors are among their likely predators.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [2], then [3].) or (If [0], then [1].).
Not (If [2], then [3].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If (Either [4] or [5].), then (Not (If [2], then [3].).).
Either [4] or [5].
Therefore, Not (If [2], then [3].)..
|
{0: 'Engines seize when they are low on oil.', 1: 'Raptors are among their likely predators.', 2: 'Some midwifes have ranges.', 3: 'Greatness requires depth, perspective, and service to others.', 4: 'Hard wheat yields the highest amount of protein, or gluten.', 5: 'Diets supply necessary nutrients.'}
| 2 |
1,977 |
['Either one or both of these statements are true: planes are used for flying, or expiration stops when the recoil of the lung and the spring of the ribs balance each other.', 'At least one of two things is true: ferns are the most common pteridophytes today, or hail causes much damage and injury to crops, livestock, property, and airplanes.', "Whenever it is true that ferns are the most common pteridophytes today, 'the claim that planes are used for flying is false' is true.", "So long as hail causes much damage and injury to crops, livestock, property, and airplanes, 'the claim that planes are used for flying is false' is true."]
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: planes are used for flying, or expiration stops when the recoil of the lung and the spring of the ribs balance each other. At least one of two things is true: ferns are the most common pteridophytes today, or hail causes much damage and injury to crops, livestock, property, and airplanes. Whenever it is true that ferns are the most common pteridophytes today, 'the claim that planes are used for flying is false' is true. So long as hail causes much damage and injury to crops, livestock, property, and airplanes, 'the claim that planes are used for flying is false' is true.
|
It is a simple truth that expiration stops when the recoil of the lung and the spring of the ribs balance each other.
|
The claim that expiration stops when the recoil of the lung and the spring of the ribs balance each other is false.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (Not [1].).
If [3], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Expiration stops when the recoil of the lung and the spring of the ribs balance each other.', 1: 'Planes are used for flying.', 2: 'Ferns are the most common pteridophytes today.', 3: 'Hail causes much damage and injury to crops, livestock, property, and airplanes.'}
| 2 |
1,973 |
['Either one or both of these statements are true: cataract surgery is common and nearly always performed on an outpatient basis, or policy isa cognition.', 'There is good reason to believe that either sexual strain means exhaustion due to intemperance in sexual life or epidemiologic evidence shows a strong association between vertigo and migraine.', 'Provided that sexual strain means exhaustion due to intemperance in sexual life, we know that the statement that states cataract surgery is common and nearly always performed on an outpatient basis is false.', 'Given that epidemiologic evidence shows a strong association between vertigo and migraine, it can be inferred that the statement that states cataract surgery is common and nearly always performed on an outpatient basis is false.']
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: cataract surgery is common and nearly always performed on an outpatient basis, or policy isa cognition. There is good reason to believe that either sexual strain means exhaustion due to intemperance in sexual life or epidemiologic evidence shows a strong association between vertigo and migraine. Provided that sexual strain means exhaustion due to intemperance in sexual life, we know that the statement that states cataract surgery is common and nearly always performed on an outpatient basis is false. Given that epidemiologic evidence shows a strong association between vertigo and migraine, it can be inferred that the statement that states cataract surgery is common and nearly always performed on an outpatient basis is false.
|
It is a simple truth that policy isa cognition.
|
Policies can change dramatically during social system cycles.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (Not [1].).
If [3], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Policy isa cognition.', 1: 'Cataract surgery is common and nearly always performed on an outpatient basis.', 2: 'Sexual strain means exhaustion due to intemperance in sexual life.', 3: 'Epidemiologic evidence shows a strong association between vertigo and migraine.'}
| 2 |
1,715 |
["At least one of two things is true: humans have an enormous capacity to adapt to many substances, or the notion that 'eternal optimism is part and parcel of being Canadian' is untrue.", 'It is a fact that either most states have child labor laws or some people mistakenly believe that humans have an enormous capacity to adapt to many substances.', 'It is not the case that most states have child labor laws.']
|
At least one of two things is true: humans have an enormous capacity to adapt to many substances, or the notion that 'eternal optimism is part and parcel of being Canadian' is untrue. It is a fact that either most states have child labor laws or some people mistakenly believe that humans have an enormous capacity to adapt to many substances. It is not the case that most states have child labor laws.
|
The notion that 'eternal optimism is part and parcel of being Canadian' is untrue.
|
The statement that 'eternal optimism is the second view of life' is incorrect.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Not [1].).
Not [2].
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Eternal optimism is part and parcel of being Canadian.', 1: 'Humans have an enormous capacity to adapt to many substances.', 2: 'Most states have child labor laws.'}
| 2 |
1,744 |
['Assuming ducklings have (part) wishbones, we know that apples are located near bananas.', 'We know that either black bears have good eyesights or diarrhea can result in very large water losses.', "Once we know black bears have good eyesights, we also know that if ducklings have (part) wishbones, then the statement that 'apples are located near bananas' is incorrect.", "Whenever it is true that diarrhea can result in very large water losses, 'if ducklings have (part) wishbones, then the statement that 'apples are located near bananas' is incorrect' is true."]
|
Assuming ducklings have (part) wishbones, we know that apples are located near bananas. We know that either black bears have good eyesights or diarrhea can result in very large water losses. Once we know black bears have good eyesights, we also know that if ducklings have (part) wishbones, then the statement that 'apples are located near bananas' is incorrect. Whenever it is true that diarrhea can result in very large water losses, 'if ducklings have (part) wishbones, then the statement that 'apples are located near bananas' is incorrect' is true.
|
The statement, ducklings have (part) wishbones, does not hold.
|
The statement that 'some ducklings regulate areas' is incorrect.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If [0], then (Not [1].).).
If [3], then (If [0], then (Not [1].).).
Therefore, If [0], then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Ducklings have (part) wishbones.', 1: 'Apples are located near bananas.', 2: 'Black bears have good eyesights.', 3: 'Diarrhea can result in very large water losses.'}
| 2 |
1,195 |
['On the condition that the statement, either h eat stroke and heat exhaustion are serious hot-weather emergencies or emergency shelters vary in policy on pet, companion, or domesticated animals, does not hold, it is definitely the case that most immature birds have plumages.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: if male animals spend a lot of time and energy trying to attract females, then bacteria typically contain multiple chromosomes, or calves can only eat so much.', "If if male animals spend a lot of time and energy trying to attract females, then bacteria typically contain multiple chromosomes, then if the statement, either h eat stroke and heat exhaustion are serious hot-weather emergencies or emergency shelters vary in policy on pet, companion, or domesticated animals, does not hold, then the statement 'most immature birds have plumages' can be considered false.", "Provided that calves can only eat so much, we know that if the statement, either h eat stroke and heat exhaustion are serious hot-weather emergencies or emergency shelters vary in policy on pet, companion, or domesticated animals, does not hold, then the statement 'most immature birds have plumages' can be considered false."]
|
On the condition that the statement, either h eat stroke and heat exhaustion are serious hot-weather emergencies or emergency shelters vary in policy on pet, companion, or domesticated animals, does not hold, it is definitely the case that most immature birds have plumages. We know that at least one of two things is true: if male animals spend a lot of time and energy trying to attract females, then bacteria typically contain multiple chromosomes, or calves can only eat so much. If if male animals spend a lot of time and energy trying to attract females, then bacteria typically contain multiple chromosomes, then if the statement, either h eat stroke and heat exhaustion are serious hot-weather emergencies or emergency shelters vary in policy on pet, companion, or domesticated animals, does not hold, then the statement 'most immature birds have plumages' can be considered false. Provided that calves can only eat so much, we know that if the statement, either h eat stroke and heat exhaustion are serious hot-weather emergencies or emergency shelters vary in policy on pet, companion, or domesticated animals, does not hold, then the statement 'most immature birds have plumages' can be considered false.
|
At least one of two things is true: h eat stroke and heat exhaustion are serious hot-weather emergencies, or emergency shelters vary in policy on pet, companion, or domesticated animals.
|
At least one of two things is true: h eat stroke and heat exhaustion are serious hot-weather emergencies, or emergency shelters vary in policy on pet, companion, or domesticated animals.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2].
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then (Not [2].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [3], then [4].) or [5].
If (If [3], then [4].), then (If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then (Not [2].).).
If [5], then (If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then (Not [2].).).
Therefore, If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then (Not [2].)..
|
{0: 'H eat stroke and heat exhaustion are serious hot-weather emergencies.', 1: 'Emergency shelters vary in policy on pet, companion, or domesticated animals.', 2: 'Most immature birds have plumages.', 3: 'Male animals spend a lot of time and energy trying to attract females.', 4: 'Bacteria typically contain multiple chromosomes.', 5: 'Calves can only eat so much.'}
| 2 |
1,191 |
['We know that at least one of two things is true: lymphocytes disappear and are replaced by fat tissue from the partitions between the lobules, or most predators expend energy.', 'Should it be the case that lymphocytes disappear and are replaced by fat tissue from the partitions between the lobules, it follows that producers enhance water quality.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: mergers affect organizational culture, or if most predators expend energy, then producers enhance water quality.', 'It is a common misconception that mergers affect organizational culture.']
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: lymphocytes disappear and are replaced by fat tissue from the partitions between the lobules, or most predators expend energy. Should it be the case that lymphocytes disappear and are replaced by fat tissue from the partitions between the lobules, it follows that producers enhance water quality. We know that at least one of two things is true: mergers affect organizational culture, or if most predators expend energy, then producers enhance water quality. It is a common misconception that mergers affect organizational culture.
|
producers enhance water quality.
|
Producers enhance water quality.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC3-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (If [2], then [0].).
Not [3].
Therefore, If [2], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Producers enhance water quality.', 1: 'Lymphocytes disappear and are replaced by fat tissue from the partitions between the lobules.', 2: 'Most predators expend energy.', 3: 'Mergers affect organizational culture.'}
| 2 |
1,628 |
['It is not the case that turbines drive wind generators.', "So long as the claim that if the statement that states either agate comes in most colors or marketing communications is an umbrella word that covers a multitude of disciplines is false, then turbines drive wind generators is false, 'most parrots enjoy a daily bath of fine water mist' is true.", 'When the claim that if the statement that states either agate comes in most colors or marketing communications is an umbrella word that covers a multitude of disciplines is false, then turbines drive wind generators is false is true, it follows that it is a common misconception that most parrots enjoy a daily bath of fine water mist.']
|
It is not the case that turbines drive wind generators. So long as the claim that if the statement that states either agate comes in most colors or marketing communications is an umbrella word that covers a multitude of disciplines is false, then turbines drive wind generators is false, 'most parrots enjoy a daily bath of fine water mist' is true. When the claim that if the statement that states either agate comes in most colors or marketing communications is an umbrella word that covers a multitude of disciplines is false, then turbines drive wind generators is false is true, it follows that it is a common misconception that most parrots enjoy a daily bath of fine water mist.
|
Either agate comes in most colors or marketing communications is an umbrella word that covers a multitude of disciplines.
|
Either agate comes in most colors or marketing communications is an umbrella word that covers a multitude of disciplines.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2]. [SC1-1]
Not [2].
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2].).), then [3].
If (Not (If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2].).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2]..
|
{0: 'Agate comes in most colors.', 1: 'Marketing communications is an umbrella word that covers a multitude of disciplines.', 2: 'Turbines drive wind generators.', 3: 'Most parrots enjoy a daily bath of fine water mist.'}
| 2 |
1,536 |
["Whenever it is true that the claim that chloramines are more stable than hypochlorite, so they remain in the water a little longer does not correspond with reality, 'animal models are important in human research' is true.", 'Either hawks hunt animals or either small genus has characteristics or meals are more appetizing when food has different textures, colors and temperatures.', "So long as hawks hunt animals, 'it is not the case that animal models are important in human research' is true.", "So long as either small genus has characteristics or meals are more appetizing when food has different textures, colors and temperatures, 'it is not the case that animal models are important in human research' is true."]
|
Whenever it is true that the claim that chloramines are more stable than hypochlorite, so they remain in the water a little longer does not correspond with reality, 'animal models are important in human research' is true. Either hawks hunt animals or either small genus has characteristics or meals are more appetizing when food has different textures, colors and temperatures. So long as hawks hunt animals, 'it is not the case that animal models are important in human research' is true. So long as either small genus has characteristics or meals are more appetizing when food has different textures, colors and temperatures, 'it is not the case that animal models are important in human research' is true.
|
It is rational to agree that chloramines are more stable than hypochlorite, so they remain in the water a little longer.
|
It is rational to agree that chloramines are more stable than hypochlorite, so they remain in the water a little longer.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or (Either [3] or [4].).
If [2], then (Not [1].).
If (Either [3] or [4].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Chloramines are more stable than hypochlorite, so they remain in the water a little longer.', 1: 'Animal models are important in human research.', 2: 'Hawks hunt animals.', 3: 'Small genus has characteristics.', 4: 'Meals are more appetizing when food has different textures, colors and temperatures.'}
| 2 |
1,880 |
['Provided that those that suggest ferrets live by whatever schedule their owners adopt are wrong, we know that aromatherapy can be beneficial for a wide range of individuals and problems.', 'When vibration propagates in the form of waves, such as bending waves and longitudinal waves is true, it follows that the claim that aromatherapy can be beneficial for a wide range of individuals and problems does not reflect reality.', 'It is reasonable to believe that vibration propagates in the form of waves, such as bending waves and longitudinal waves.']
|
Provided that those that suggest ferrets live by whatever schedule their owners adopt are wrong, we know that aromatherapy can be beneficial for a wide range of individuals and problems. When vibration propagates in the form of waves, such as bending waves and longitudinal waves is true, it follows that the claim that aromatherapy can be beneficial for a wide range of individuals and problems does not reflect reality. It is reasonable to believe that vibration propagates in the form of waves, such as bending waves and longitudinal waves.
|
The claim that ferrets live by whatever schedule their owners adopt holds true.
|
The claim that ferrets live by whatever schedule their owners adopt holds true.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Not [1].).
[2]
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Ferrets live by whatever schedule their owners adopt.', 1: 'Aromatherapy can be beneficial for a wide range of individuals and problems.', 2: 'Vibration propagates in the form of waves, such as bending waves and longitudinal waves.'}
| 2 |
1,164 |
['It is a common misconception that several colors slow down brain speed and reduce muscle efficiency.', 'At least one of two things is true: peregrines have a breeding range coming from Arctic tundra to the tropics, or either several colors slow down brain speed and reduce muscle efficiency or we know that the claim that beneficial nematodes are microscopic worms that are predatory to certain insect larva is false.', "The statement 'peregrines have a breeding range coming from Arctic tundra to the tropics' can be considered false."]
|
It is a common misconception that several colors slow down brain speed and reduce muscle efficiency. At least one of two things is true: peregrines have a breeding range coming from Arctic tundra to the tropics, or either several colors slow down brain speed and reduce muscle efficiency or we know that the claim that beneficial nematodes are microscopic worms that are predatory to certain insect larva is false. The statement 'peregrines have a breeding range coming from Arctic tundra to the tropics' can be considered false.
|
We know that the claim that beneficial nematodes are microscopic worms that are predatory to certain insect larva is false.
|
The statement that states beneficial nematodes seek out and kill all stages of harmful soil-dwelling insects is false.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Either [1] or (Not [0].).).
Not [2].
Therefore, Either [1] or (Not [0].)..
|
{0: 'Beneficial nematodes are microscopic worms that are predatory to certain insect larva.', 1: 'Several colors slow down brain speed and reduce muscle efficiency.', 2: 'Peregrines have a breeding range coming from Arctic tundra to the tropics.'}
| 2 |
1,106 |
['There is good reason to believe that either lobsters seem to be satisfied with either rocky nooks or mud holes or colonial architecture characterizes homes that surround town squares.', 'Either fire is uncontrolled burning or if either lobsters seem to be satisfied with either rocky nooks or mud holes or colonial architecture characterizes homes that surround town squares, then it is not true that sexual preference is a private issue.', 'It is not true that fire is uncontrolled burning.']
|
There is good reason to believe that either lobsters seem to be satisfied with either rocky nooks or mud holes or colonial architecture characterizes homes that surround town squares. Either fire is uncontrolled burning or if either lobsters seem to be satisfied with either rocky nooks or mud holes or colonial architecture characterizes homes that surround town squares, then it is not true that sexual preference is a private issue. It is not true that fire is uncontrolled burning.
|
It is not true that sexual preference is a private issue.
|
The statement that states sexual preferences vary, just as all human behavior varies across the spectrum of billions of human is false.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If (Either [1] or [2].), then (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
Either [1] or [2].
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (If (Either [1] or [2].), then (Not [0].).).
Not [3].
Therefore, If (Either [1] or [2].), then (Not [0].)..
|
{0: 'Sexual preference is a private issue.', 1: 'Lobsters seem to be satisfied with either rocky nooks or mud holes.', 2: 'Colonial architecture characterizes homes that surround town squares.', 3: 'Fire is uncontrolled burning.'}
| 2 |
1,016 |
['Provided that hydroponic culture can produce large amounts of root and shoot biomass, we know that either archivists are workers or all tapirs have white edges on the ears.', "Whenever it is true that sunflowers require maintenance, 'either archivists are workers or all tapirs have white edges on the ears' is true.", "On the condition that rap is a young person's game, it is definitely the case that either hydroponic culture can produce large amounts of root and shoot biomass or sunflowers require maintenance.", "It is a simple truth that rap is a young person's game."]
|
Provided that hydroponic culture can produce large amounts of root and shoot biomass, we know that either archivists are workers or all tapirs have white edges on the ears. Whenever it is true that sunflowers require maintenance, 'either archivists are workers or all tapirs have white edges on the ears' is true. On the condition that rap is a young person's game, it is definitely the case that either hydroponic culture can produce large amounts of root and shoot biomass or sunflowers require maintenance. It is a simple truth that rap is a young person's game.
|
It is rational to believe that either archivists are workers or all tapirs have white edges on the ears.
|
It is rational to believe that either archivists are workers or all tapirs have white edges on the ears.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3]. [SC1-1]
If [2], then (Either [0] or [1].).
If [3], then (Either [0] or [1].).
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [4], then (Either [2] or [3].).
[4]
Therefore, Either [2] or [3]..
|
{0: 'Archivists are workers.', 1: 'All tapirs have white edges on the ears.', 2: 'Hydroponic culture can produce large amounts of root and shoot biomass.', 3: 'Sunflowers require maintenance.', 4: "Rap is a young person's game."}
| 2 |
1,575 |
['Assuming dextrins lend body, mouthfeel and palate fullness to beers, as well as foam stability, we know that hawaiian time begins with the darkest night which gives birth to male and female nights.', 'Either one or both of these statements are true: if some flatworms live freely, while others are parasites that live inside the bodies of other animals, then asexual reproduction is mostly limited to sing-celled organisms, or if coralline soils are extremely nutrient deficient and highly alkaline, then wage rates are the result of labor demand and supply in labor markets.', 'On the condition that if some flatworms live freely, while others are parasites that live inside the bodies of other animals, then asexual reproduction is mostly limited to sing-celled organisms, it is definitely the case that if polycarbonate lenses are high index and are usually the lightest, most comfortable lenses, then dextrins lend body, mouthfeel and palate fullness to beers, as well as foam stability.', 'Provided that if coralline soils are extremely nutrient deficient and highly alkaline, then wage rates are the result of labor demand and supply in labor markets, we know that if polycarbonate lenses are high index and are usually the lightest, most comfortable lenses, then dextrins lend body, mouthfeel and palate fullness to beers, as well as foam stability.']
|
Assuming dextrins lend body, mouthfeel and palate fullness to beers, as well as foam stability, we know that hawaiian time begins with the darkest night which gives birth to male and female nights. Either one or both of these statements are true: if some flatworms live freely, while others are parasites that live inside the bodies of other animals, then asexual reproduction is mostly limited to sing-celled organisms, or if coralline soils are extremely nutrient deficient and highly alkaline, then wage rates are the result of labor demand and supply in labor markets. On the condition that if some flatworms live freely, while others are parasites that live inside the bodies of other animals, then asexual reproduction is mostly limited to sing-celled organisms, it is definitely the case that if polycarbonate lenses are high index and are usually the lightest, most comfortable lenses, then dextrins lend body, mouthfeel and palate fullness to beers, as well as foam stability. Provided that if coralline soils are extremely nutrient deficient and highly alkaline, then wage rates are the result of labor demand and supply in labor markets, we know that if polycarbonate lenses are high index and are usually the lightest, most comfortable lenses, then dextrins lend body, mouthfeel and palate fullness to beers, as well as foam stability.
|
One may reasonably assume that if polycarbonate lenses are high index and are usually the lightest, most comfortable lenses, then hawaiian time begins with the darkest night which gives birth to male and female nights.
|
One may reasonably assume that if polycarbonate lenses are high index and are usually the lightest, most comfortable lenses, then hawaiian time begins with the darkest night which gives birth to male and female nights.
|
TRUE
|
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [0], then [2]. [SC1-1]
If [2], then [1].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [3], then [4].) or (If [5], then [6].).
If (If [3], then [4].), then (If [0], then [2].).
If (If [5], then [6].), then (If [0], then [2].).
Therefore, If [0], then [2]..
|
{0: 'Polycarbonate lenses are high index and are usually the lightest, most comfortable lenses.', 1: 'Hawaiian time begins with the darkest night which gives birth to male and female nights.', 2: 'Dextrins lend body, mouthfeel and palate fullness to beers, as well as foam stability.', 3: 'Some flatworms live freely, while others are parasites that live inside the bodies of other animals.', 4: 'Asexual reproduction is mostly limited to sing-celled organisms.', 5: 'Coralline soils are extremely nutrient deficient and highly alkaline.', 6: 'Wage rates are the result of labor demand and supply in labor markets.'}
| 2 |
1,925 |
['If we know that the claim that decimals are preferred to fractions is false, then temperature is another one of the conditions that determines required recharge time.', 'There is good reason to believe that either mosquitoes are found wherever there is standing water, or even moist soil or if we know that the claim that decimals are preferred to fractions is false, then some people mistakenly believe that temperature is another one of the conditions that determines required recharge time.', 'Some people mistakenly believe that mosquitoes are found wherever there is standing water, or even moist soil.']
|
If we know that the claim that decimals are preferred to fractions is false, then temperature is another one of the conditions that determines required recharge time. There is good reason to believe that either mosquitoes are found wherever there is standing water, or even moist soil or if we know that the claim that decimals are preferred to fractions is false, then some people mistakenly believe that temperature is another one of the conditions that determines required recharge time. Some people mistakenly believe that mosquitoes are found wherever there is standing water, or even moist soil.
|
We can assume that decimals are preferred to fractions.
|
We can assume that decimals are preferred to fractions.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).
Not [2].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Decimals are preferred to fractions.', 1: 'Temperature is another one of the conditions that determines required recharge time.', 2: 'Mosquitoes are found wherever there is standing water, or even moist soil.'}
| 2 |
1,712 |
['On the condition that food helps pets, it is definitely the case that if loons have (part) cells, then academic integrity means giving credit where credit is due in an academic setting.', 'Provided that it is a common misconception that food helps pets, we know that ethics is the investigation into the nature of moral judgement and moral reasoning.', 'Some people mistakenly believe that ethics is the investigation into the nature of moral judgement and moral reasoning.']
|
On the condition that food helps pets, it is definitely the case that if loons have (part) cells, then academic integrity means giving credit where credit is due in an academic setting. Provided that it is a common misconception that food helps pets, we know that ethics is the investigation into the nature of moral judgement and moral reasoning. Some people mistakenly believe that ethics is the investigation into the nature of moral judgement and moral reasoning.
|
Provided that loons have (part) cells, we know that academic integrity means giving credit where credit is due in an academic setting
|
Whenever it is true that loons have (part) cells, 'academic integrity is accepted as a way of life' is true.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).
[2] [SC2-1]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [2].), then [3].
Not [3].
Therefore, [2].
|
{0: 'Loons have (part) cells.', 1: 'Academic integrity means giving credit where credit is due in an academic setting.', 2: 'Food helps pets.', 3: 'Ethics is the investigation into the nature of moral judgement and moral reasoning.'}
| 2 |
1,540 |
['Either one or both of these statements are true: patients benefit from aspirin treatments, or snakes are animals.', 'On the condition that snakes are animals, it is definitely the case that every society has male and female ideals.', 'Should it be the case that patients benefit from aspirin treatments, it follows that science focuses on science.', 'Once we know science focuses on science, we also know that every society has male and female ideals.']
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: patients benefit from aspirin treatments, or snakes are animals. On the condition that snakes are animals, it is definitely the case that every society has male and female ideals. Should it be the case that patients benefit from aspirin treatments, it follows that science focuses on science. Once we know science focuses on science, we also know that every society has male and female ideals.
|
It is rational to agree that every society has male and female ideals.
|
The claim that every society has male and female ideals is false.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0]. [SC2-1]
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [1], then [3].
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Every society has male and female ideals.', 1: 'Patients benefit from aspirin treatments.', 2: 'Snakes are animals.', 3: 'Science focuses on science.'}
| 2 |
1,329 |
['On the condition that the claim that typical meals consist of many small dishes is false, it is definitely the case that a closing price is a price.', "So long as it is not the case that if the claim that typical meals consist of many small dishes is false, then it is not the case that a closing price is a price, 'some cycads prefer partial shades' is true.", 'Given that it is not the case that if the claim that typical meals consist of many small dishes is false, then it is not the case that a closing price is a price, it can be inferred that it is not the case that some cycads prefer partial shades.']
|
On the condition that the claim that typical meals consist of many small dishes is false, it is definitely the case that a closing price is a price. So long as it is not the case that if the claim that typical meals consist of many small dishes is false, then it is not the case that a closing price is a price, 'some cycads prefer partial shades' is true. Given that it is not the case that if the claim that typical meals consist of many small dishes is false, then it is not the case that a closing price is a price, it can be inferred that it is not the case that some cycads prefer partial shades.
|
The statement that states typical meals consist of many small dishes is right.
|
Typical meals consist of food.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).), then [2].
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Typical meals consist of many small dishes.', 1: 'A closing price is a price.', 2: 'Some cycads prefer partial shades.'}
| 2 |
1,480 |
['The claim that zinc deficiency can aggravate the effects of vitamin E deficiency is true.', 'When if evidence indicates symptoms, then some mothers have increasing fatigue is true, it follows that if zinc deficiency can aggravate the effects of vitamin E deficiency, then most gametophytes provide nutrients.', 'Assuming evidence indicates symptoms, we know that some mothers have increasing fatigue.']
|
The claim that zinc deficiency can aggravate the effects of vitamin E deficiency is true. When if evidence indicates symptoms, then some mothers have increasing fatigue is true, it follows that if zinc deficiency can aggravate the effects of vitamin E deficiency, then most gametophytes provide nutrients. Assuming evidence indicates symptoms, we know that some mothers have increasing fatigue.
|
It is a simple truth that most gametophytes provide nutrients.
|
The claim that most gametophytes provide nutrients does not reflect reality.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If (If [2], then [3].), then (If [1], then [0].).
If [2], then [3].
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Most gametophytes provide nutrients.', 1: 'Zinc deficiency can aggravate the effects of vitamin E deficiency.', 2: 'Evidence indicates symptoms.', 3: 'Some mothers have increasing fatigue.'}
| 2 |
1,498 |
['It is a simple truth that osteoporosis is a geriatric disease that has pediatric origins.', 'At least one of two things is true: either most snakes possess venom or most vertebrates have problems, or criminal behavior is against the rules of society.', 'When either most snakes possess venom or most vertebrates have problems is true, it follows that if osteoporosis is a geriatric disease that has pediatric origins, then animals tend to produce and perform best when they are under the least amount of stress.', "So long as criminal behavior is against the rules of society, 'if osteoporosis is a geriatric disease that has pediatric origins, then animals tend to produce and perform best when they are under the least amount of stress' is true."]
|
It is a simple truth that osteoporosis is a geriatric disease that has pediatric origins. At least one of two things is true: either most snakes possess venom or most vertebrates have problems, or criminal behavior is against the rules of society. When either most snakes possess venom or most vertebrates have problems is true, it follows that if osteoporosis is a geriatric disease that has pediatric origins, then animals tend to produce and perform best when they are under the least amount of stress. So long as criminal behavior is against the rules of society, 'if osteoporosis is a geriatric disease that has pediatric origins, then animals tend to produce and perform best when they are under the least amount of stress' is true.
|
It is fair to say that animals tend to produce and perform best when they are under the least amount of stress.
|
Most animals become pests.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [2] or [3].) or [4].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (If [1], then [0].).
If [4], then (If [1], then [0].).
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Animals tend to produce and perform best when they are under the least amount of stress.', 1: 'Osteoporosis is a geriatric disease that has pediatric origins.', 2: 'Most snakes possess venom.', 3: 'Most vertebrates have problems.', 4: 'Criminal behavior is against the rules of society.'}
| 2 |
1,968 |
['On the condition that babies tend to be born before dawn, it is definitely the case that all babies cry sometimes.', 'It is rational to believe that either tillage is an important means of weed management before and during the cropping season or if binturong isa civet, then medical experts say using polluted water is a major cause of gynaecological disease.', "So long as tillage is an important means of weed management before and during the cropping season, 'babies tend to be born before dawn' is true.", 'On the condition that if binturong isa civet, then medical experts say using polluted water is a major cause of gynaecological disease, it is definitely the case that babies tend to be born before dawn.']
|
On the condition that babies tend to be born before dawn, it is definitely the case that all babies cry sometimes. It is rational to believe that either tillage is an important means of weed management before and during the cropping season or if binturong isa civet, then medical experts say using polluted water is a major cause of gynaecological disease. So long as tillage is an important means of weed management before and during the cropping season, 'babies tend to be born before dawn' is true. On the condition that if binturong isa civet, then medical experts say using polluted water is a major cause of gynaecological disease, it is definitely the case that babies tend to be born before dawn.
|
all babies cry sometimes.
|
We know that the claim that all babies cry sometimes is false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or (If [3], then [4].).
If [2], then [1].
If (If [3], then [4].), then [1].
Therefore, [1].
|
{0: 'All babies cry sometimes.', 1: 'Babies tend to be born before dawn.', 2: 'Tillage is an important means of weed management before and during the cropping season.', 3: 'Binturong isa civet.', 4: 'Medical experts say using polluted water is a major cause of gynaecological disease.'}
| 2 |
1,405 |
['The statement, urine has strong odor, does not hold.', "Assuming some people mistakenly believe that either urine has strong odor or it is not the case that energy is the driving force behind the planet's systems and human societies, we know that either many sea cliffs have gulls and seabirds present or some bears become food.", "Whenever it is true that some people mistakenly believe that either urine has strong odor or it is not the case that energy is the driving force behind the planet's systems and human societies, 'it is not true that either many sea cliffs have gulls and seabirds present or some bears become food' is true."]
|
The statement, urine has strong odor, does not hold. Assuming some people mistakenly believe that either urine has strong odor or it is not the case that energy is the driving force behind the planet's systems and human societies, we know that either many sea cliffs have gulls and seabirds present or some bears become food. Whenever it is true that some people mistakenly believe that either urine has strong odor or it is not the case that energy is the driving force behind the planet's systems and human societies, 'it is not true that either many sea cliffs have gulls and seabirds present or some bears become food' is true.
|
It is not the case that energy is the driving force behind the planet's systems and human societies.
|
It is not the case that energy is the driving force behind the planet's systems and human societies.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [1] or (Not [0].).).), then (Either [2] or [3].).
If (Not (Either [1] or (Not [0].).).), then (Not (Either [2] or [3].).).
Therefore, Either [1] or (Not [0].)..
|
{0: "Energy is the driving force behind the planet's systems and human societies.", 1: 'Urine has strong odor.', 2: 'Many sea cliffs have gulls and seabirds present.', 3: 'Some bears become food.'}
| 2 |
1,743 |
["Provided that either some death is caused by cancer or some compounds find in red raspberries, we know that services are activities that satisfy people's wants.", "On the condition that physical endurance is endurance, it is definitely the case that services are activities that satisfy people's wants.", 'There is good reason to believe that either if resistance is thought to result mainly from genetic mutation, then black mangrove adapts to high salinity conditions prevalent in some areas of the estuary or either either some death is caused by cancer or some compounds find in red raspberries or physical endurance is endurance.', "The statement that 'if resistance is thought to result mainly from genetic mutation, then black mangrove adapts to high salinity conditions prevalent in some areas of the estuary' is incorrect."]
|
Provided that either some death is caused by cancer or some compounds find in red raspberries, we know that services are activities that satisfy people's wants. On the condition that physical endurance is endurance, it is definitely the case that services are activities that satisfy people's wants. There is good reason to believe that either if resistance is thought to result mainly from genetic mutation, then black mangrove adapts to high salinity conditions prevalent in some areas of the estuary or either either some death is caused by cancer or some compounds find in red raspberries or physical endurance is endurance. The statement that 'if resistance is thought to result mainly from genetic mutation, then black mangrove adapts to high salinity conditions prevalent in some areas of the estuary' is incorrect.
|
It is reasonable to believe that services are activities that satisfy people's wants.
|
Those that suggest services are activities that satisfy people's wants are wrong.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3]. [SC1-1]
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [4], then [5].) or (Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3].).
Not (If [4], then [5].).
Therefore, Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3]..
|
{0: "Services are activities that satisfy people's wants.", 1: 'Some death is caused by cancer.', 2: 'Some compounds find in red raspberries.', 3: 'Physical endurance is endurance.', 4: 'Resistance is thought to result mainly from genetic mutation.', 5: 'Black mangrove adapts to high salinity conditions prevalent in some areas of the estuary.'}
| 2 |
1,093 |
['We know that at least one of two things is true: muscle requires far more energy to keep alive than fat, or either civil society is a bedrock of sustainable development or some owls have fringes on their primary feathers to enable silent flight.', 'When some infection leads to disease anthrax is true, it follows that we know that the claim that muscle requires far more energy to keep alive than fat is false.', 'It is a simple truth that some infection leads to disease anthrax.']
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: muscle requires far more energy to keep alive than fat, or either civil society is a bedrock of sustainable development or some owls have fringes on their primary feathers to enable silent flight. When some infection leads to disease anthrax is true, it follows that we know that the claim that muscle requires far more energy to keep alive than fat is false. It is a simple truth that some infection leads to disease anthrax.
|
Either civil society is a bedrock of sustainable development or some owls have fringes on their primary feathers to enable silent flight.
|
At least one of two things is true: civil societies can only thrive when damaging stereotypes are broken down, or some owls have undersides.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Either [0] or [1].).
Not [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (Not [2].).
[3]
Therefore, Not [2]..
|
{0: 'Civil society is a bedrock of sustainable development.', 1: 'Some owls have fringes on their primary feathers to enable silent flight.', 2: 'Muscle requires far more energy to keep alive than fat.', 3: 'Some infection leads to disease anthrax.'}
| 2 |
1,433 |
["The statement that 'some buttercups grow in clay' is incorrect.", "Either one or both of these statements are true: fiction is a story that never was real, or if the statement 'either many students hold conception or stimulated emission requires the presence of photons to take place' can be considered false, then some buttercups grow in clay.", 'It is not the case that fiction is a story that never was real.']
|
The statement that 'some buttercups grow in clay' is incorrect. Either one or both of these statements are true: fiction is a story that never was real, or if the statement 'either many students hold conception or stimulated emission requires the presence of photons to take place' can be considered false, then some buttercups grow in clay. It is not the case that fiction is a story that never was real.
|
At least one of two things is true: many students hold conception, or stimulated emission requires the presence of photons to take place.
|
There is good reason to believe that either many students understand size or all drugs have both beneficial and harmful effects.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2]. [SC1-1]
Not [2].
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2].).
Not [3].
Therefore, If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2]..
|
{0: 'Many students hold conception.', 1: 'Stimulated emission requires the presence of photons to take place.', 2: 'Some buttercups grow in clay.', 3: 'Fiction is a story that never was real.'}
| 2 |
1,083 |
["The statement 'most microorganisms produce nutrients' can be considered false.", 'Provided that either water is split into hydrogen and oxygen or brook trout are more tolerant of metals than other species, we know that either most microorganisms produce nutrients or risk management is the management tool that makes it possible to apply resources most effectively.', 'At least one of two things is true: water is split into hydrogen and oxygen, or brook trout are more tolerant of metals than other species.']
|
The statement 'most microorganisms produce nutrients' can be considered false. Provided that either water is split into hydrogen and oxygen or brook trout are more tolerant of metals than other species, we know that either most microorganisms produce nutrients or risk management is the management tool that makes it possible to apply resources most effectively. At least one of two things is true: water is split into hydrogen and oxygen, or brook trout are more tolerant of metals than other species.
|
The idea that risk management is the management tool that makes it possible to apply resources most effectively is true.
|
The idea that risk management is the management tool that makes it possible to apply resources most effectively is true.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (Either [1] or [0].).
Either [2] or [3].
Therefore, Either [1] or [0]..
|
{0: 'Risk management is the management tool that makes it possible to apply resources most effectively.', 1: 'Most microorganisms produce nutrients.', 2: 'Water is split into hydrogen and oxygen.', 3: 'Brook trout are more tolerant of metals than other species.'}
| 2 |
1,843 |
['If some petrol tanks are part of go-karts, then the claim that brow albatrosses feed on fish does not correspond with reality.', 'If the claim that some petrol tanks are part of go-karts has no merit, then rigid materials have structures.', 'Once we know the claim that some petrol tanks are part of go-karts has no merit, we also know that the claim that rigid materials have structures does not reflect reality.']
|
If some petrol tanks are part of go-karts, then the claim that brow albatrosses feed on fish does not correspond with reality. If the claim that some petrol tanks are part of go-karts has no merit, then rigid materials have structures. Once we know the claim that some petrol tanks are part of go-karts has no merit, we also know that the claim that rigid materials have structures does not reflect reality.
|
The claim that brow albatrosses feed on fish does not correspond with reality.
|
It is rational to agree that brow albatrosses feed on fish.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [1].), then [2].
If (Not [1].), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, [1].
|
{0: 'Brow albatrosses feed on fish.', 1: 'Some petrol tanks are part of go-karts.', 2: 'Rigid materials have structures.'}
| 2 |
1,914 |
['Given that adult males spend most of their time on the ground because of their weight, it can be inferred that it is not true that skin comes into contact.', 'On the condition that writing is slow, cumbersome way to communicate, it is definitely the case that it is not true that skin comes into contact.', 'There is good reason to believe that either rainfall continues to boost plant growth and development or either adult males spend most of their time on the ground because of their weight or writing is slow, cumbersome way to communicate.', 'The statement that states rainfall continues to boost plant growth and development is false.']
|
Given that adult males spend most of their time on the ground because of their weight, it can be inferred that it is not true that skin comes into contact. On the condition that writing is slow, cumbersome way to communicate, it is definitely the case that it is not true that skin comes into contact. There is good reason to believe that either rainfall continues to boost plant growth and development or either adult males spend most of their time on the ground because of their weight or writing is slow, cumbersome way to communicate. The statement that states rainfall continues to boost plant growth and development is false.
|
It is not true that skin comes into contact.
|
It is not true that skin comes into contact.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then (Not [0].).
If [2], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (Either [1] or [2].).
Not [3].
Therefore, Either [1] or [2]..
|
{0: 'Skin comes into contact.', 1: 'Adult males spend most of their time on the ground because of their weight.', 2: 'Writing is slow, cumbersome way to communicate.', 3: 'Rainfall continues to boost plant growth and development.'}
| 2 |
1,657 |
['On the condition that if a toaster is a kitchen appliance, then thalassemia minor is characterized by chronic mild microcytic anemia, but no clinical symptoms, it is definitely the case that beams produce enough heat.', "Given that the statement 'if a toaster is a kitchen appliance, then thalassemia minor is characterized by chronic mild microcytic anemia, but no clinical symptoms' can be considered false, it can be inferred that fire pans prevent fire scars and simplify packing ashes out of the wilderness.", 'It is a common misconception that fire pans prevent fire scars and simplify packing ashes out of the wilderness.']
|
On the condition that if a toaster is a kitchen appliance, then thalassemia minor is characterized by chronic mild microcytic anemia, but no clinical symptoms, it is definitely the case that beams produce enough heat. Given that the statement 'if a toaster is a kitchen appliance, then thalassemia minor is characterized by chronic mild microcytic anemia, but no clinical symptoms' can be considered false, it can be inferred that fire pans prevent fire scars and simplify packing ashes out of the wilderness. It is a common misconception that fire pans prevent fire scars and simplify packing ashes out of the wilderness.
|
It is a simple truth that beams produce enough heat.
|
The statement, beams produce enough heat, does not hold.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [1], then [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [1], then [2].).), then [3].
Not [3].
Therefore, If [1], then [2]..
|
{0: 'Beams produce enough heat.', 1: 'A toaster is a kitchen appliance.', 2: 'Thalassemia minor is characterized by chronic mild microcytic anemia, but no clinical symptoms.', 3: 'Fire pans prevent fire scars and simplify packing ashes out of the wilderness.'}
| 2 |
1,414 |
["If the notion that 'heat stroke develops when the body systems are overwhelmed by heat and begin to stop functioning' is untrue, then nosebleeds are more common in the winter when viruses and dry heated air indoors are common.", "When the notion that 'heat stroke develops when the body systems are overwhelmed by heat and begin to stop functioning' is untrue is true, it follows that midwives recognise women as primary decision makers.", 'One may reasonably assume that if midwives recognise women as primary decision makers, then the claim that nosebleeds are more common in the winter when viruses and dry heated air indoors are common has no merit.']
|
If the notion that 'heat stroke develops when the body systems are overwhelmed by heat and begin to stop functioning' is untrue, then nosebleeds are more common in the winter when viruses and dry heated air indoors are common. When the notion that 'heat stroke develops when the body systems are overwhelmed by heat and begin to stop functioning' is untrue is true, it follows that midwives recognise women as primary decision makers. One may reasonably assume that if midwives recognise women as primary decision makers, then the claim that nosebleeds are more common in the winter when viruses and dry heated air indoors are common has no merit.
|
It is reasonable to believe that heat stroke develops when the body systems are overwhelmed by heat and begin to stop functioning.
|
It is reasonable to believe that heat stroke develops when the body systems are overwhelmed by heat and begin to stop functioning.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not [0].), then [2].
If [2], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Heat stroke develops when the body systems are overwhelmed by heat and begin to stop functioning.', 1: 'Nosebleeds are more common in the winter when viruses and dry heated air indoors are common.', 2: 'Midwives recognise women as primary decision makers.'}
| 2 |
1,662 |
['It is a fact that either male urine is an excellent predator smell or penguins form monogamous pairs and breed in dense colonies.', 'Once we know male urine is an excellent predator smell, we also know that most colon polyps are initially non-cancerous.', 'The claim that most colon polyps are initially non-cancerous has no merit.']
|
It is a fact that either male urine is an excellent predator smell or penguins form monogamous pairs and breed in dense colonies. Once we know male urine is an excellent predator smell, we also know that most colon polyps are initially non-cancerous. The claim that most colon polyps are initially non-cancerous has no merit.
|
It is fair to say that penguins form monogamous pairs and breed in dense colonies.
|
It is fair to say that penguins form monogamous pairs and breed in dense colonies.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If [1], then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Penguins form monogamous pairs and breed in dense colonies.', 1: 'Male urine is an excellent predator smell.', 2: 'Most colon polyps are initially non-cancerous.'}
| 2 |
1,978 |
['It is rational to believe that either templates base on scientific facts or most substances contain particles.', "Whenever it is true that most substances contain particles, 'it is a common misconception that a residence hall is a building' is true.", 'Once we know oral tolerance involves the induction of immunological hyporesponsiveness towards specific antigens, we also know that if templates base on scientific facts, then it is a common misconception that a residence hall is a building.', 'The claim that oral tolerance involves the induction of immunological hyporesponsiveness towards specific antigens holds true.']
|
It is rational to believe that either templates base on scientific facts or most substances contain particles. Whenever it is true that most substances contain particles, 'it is a common misconception that a residence hall is a building' is true. Once we know oral tolerance involves the induction of immunological hyporesponsiveness towards specific antigens, we also know that if templates base on scientific facts, then it is a common misconception that a residence hall is a building. The claim that oral tolerance involves the induction of immunological hyporesponsiveness towards specific antigens holds true.
|
It is a common misconception that a residence hall is a building.
|
It is a common misconception that a residence hall is a building.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then (Not [0].). [SC2-1]
If [2], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (If [1], then (Not [0].).).
[3]
Therefore, If [1], then (Not [0].)..
|
{0: 'A residence hall is a building.', 1: 'Templates base on scientific facts.', 2: 'Most substances contain particles.', 3: 'Oral tolerance involves the induction of immunological hyporesponsiveness towards specific antigens.'}
| 2 |
1,771 |
['If anger is one of the lowest worlds, then species display spatial variability.', 'Once we know vegetation is affected and humans suffer from respiratory problems and have acute head aches, we also know that species display spatial variability.', 'Either one or both of these statements are true: monolinguals tend to regard language learning as a zero-sum game, or either anger is one of the lowest worlds or vegetation is affected and humans suffer from respiratory problems and have acute head aches.', 'We know that the claim that monolinguals tend to regard language learning as a zero-sum game is false.']
|
If anger is one of the lowest worlds, then species display spatial variability. Once we know vegetation is affected and humans suffer from respiratory problems and have acute head aches, we also know that species display spatial variability. Either one or both of these statements are true: monolinguals tend to regard language learning as a zero-sum game, or either anger is one of the lowest worlds or vegetation is affected and humans suffer from respiratory problems and have acute head aches. We know that the claim that monolinguals tend to regard language learning as a zero-sum game is false.
|
It is fair to say that species display spatial variability.
|
Some species use many different insects as hosts, others are very specific in host choice.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (Either [1] or [2].).
Not [3].
Therefore, Either [1] or [2]..
|
{0: 'Species display spatial variability.', 1: 'Anger is one of the lowest worlds.', 2: 'Vegetation is affected and humans suffer from respiratory problems and have acute head aches.', 3: 'Monolinguals tend to regard language learning as a zero-sum game.'}
| 2 |
1,728 |
['We know that either animals acquire most of their water in food, drink and a smaller amount by oxidative metabolism or blood pressure is the force with which the blood pushes against the walls of the arteries.', 'Once we know animals acquire most of their water in food, drink and a smaller amount by oxidative metabolism , we also know that flower oil is extracted as soon as the jasmine blossoms are harvested.', 'One may reasonably assume that if we know that the claim that if blood pressure is the force with which the blood pushes against the walls of the arteries, then flower oil is extracted as soon as the jasmine blossoms are harvested is false, then puppies weigh lbs.', 'Provided that we know that the claim that if blood pressure is the force with which the blood pushes against the walls of the arteries, then flower oil is extracted as soon as the jasmine blossoms are harvested is false, we know that the claim that puppies weigh lbs has no merit.']
|
We know that either animals acquire most of their water in food, drink and a smaller amount by oxidative metabolism or blood pressure is the force with which the blood pushes against the walls of the arteries. Once we know animals acquire most of their water in food, drink and a smaller amount by oxidative metabolism , we also know that flower oil is extracted as soon as the jasmine blossoms are harvested. One may reasonably assume that if we know that the claim that if blood pressure is the force with which the blood pushes against the walls of the arteries, then flower oil is extracted as soon as the jasmine blossoms are harvested is false, then puppies weigh lbs. Provided that we know that the claim that if blood pressure is the force with which the blood pushes against the walls of the arteries, then flower oil is extracted as soon as the jasmine blossoms are harvested is false, we know that the claim that puppies weigh lbs has no merit.
|
The idea that flower oil is extracted as soon as the jasmine blossoms are harvested is true.
|
The claim that flower oil is extracted as soon as the jasmine blossoms are harvested has no merit.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC3-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [2], then [0].).), then [3].
If (Not (If [2], then [0].).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, If [2], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Flower oil is extracted as soon as the jasmine blossoms are harvested.', 1: 'Animals acquire most of their water in food, drink and a smaller amount by oxidative metabolism .', 2: 'Blood pressure is the force with which the blood pushes against the walls of the arteries.', 3: 'Puppies weigh lbs.'}
| 2 |
1,911 |
['There is good reason to believe that either scriptural holiness implies hatred of sin or raccoons have sensitive, hand-like front feet and often put their food in water before eating it.', 'There is good reason to believe that either antenatal diagnosis is aided by finding of elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels in amniocentesis or fire history affects the presence and abundance of some species and sub-species.', 'Assuming antenatal diagnosis is aided by finding of elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels in amniocentesis, we know that if either scriptural holiness implies hatred of sin or raccoons have sensitive, hand-like front feet and often put their food in water before eating it, then aerobic fitness is the single most important health indicator.', 'Provided that fire history affects the presence and abundance of some species and sub-species, we know that if either scriptural holiness implies hatred of sin or raccoons have sensitive, hand-like front feet and often put their food in water before eating it, then aerobic fitness is the single most important health indicator.']
|
There is good reason to believe that either scriptural holiness implies hatred of sin or raccoons have sensitive, hand-like front feet and often put their food in water before eating it. There is good reason to believe that either antenatal diagnosis is aided by finding of elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels in amniocentesis or fire history affects the presence and abundance of some species and sub-species. Assuming antenatal diagnosis is aided by finding of elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels in amniocentesis, we know that if either scriptural holiness implies hatred of sin or raccoons have sensitive, hand-like front feet and often put their food in water before eating it, then aerobic fitness is the single most important health indicator. Provided that fire history affects the presence and abundance of some species and sub-species, we know that if either scriptural holiness implies hatred of sin or raccoons have sensitive, hand-like front feet and often put their food in water before eating it, then aerobic fitness is the single most important health indicator.
|
The statement 'aerobic fitness is the single most important health indicator' is true.
|
Aerobic fitness is required for sustained periods of hard work and vigorous athletic activity.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0]. [SC1-1]
Either [1] or [2].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then (If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].).
If [4], then (If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].).
Therefore, If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0]..
|
{0: 'Aerobic fitness is the single most important health indicator.', 1: 'Scriptural holiness implies hatred of sin.', 2: 'Raccoons have sensitive, hand-like front feet and often put their food in water before eating it.', 3: 'Antenatal diagnosis is aided by finding of elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels in amniocentesis.', 4: 'Fire history affects the presence and abundance of some species and sub-species.'}
| 2 |
1,807 |
['It is rational to believe that either babies can have low blood pressure for many reasons or books have sentences.', "Given that books have sentences, it can be inferred that the statement that 'either indigenous people recognise that personal power, learning and thinking are expressed through doing or pinholes are punctures' is incorrect.", "At least one of two things is true: most cataracts are a result of ageing and long-term exposure to ultraviolet light, or if babies can have low blood pressure for many reasons, then the statement that 'either indigenous people recognise that personal power, learning and thinking are expressed through doing or pinholes are punctures' is incorrect.", 'It is not the case that most cataracts are a result of ageing and long-term exposure to ultraviolet light.']
|
It is rational to believe that either babies can have low blood pressure for many reasons or books have sentences. Given that books have sentences, it can be inferred that the statement that 'either indigenous people recognise that personal power, learning and thinking are expressed through doing or pinholes are punctures' is incorrect. At least one of two things is true: most cataracts are a result of ageing and long-term exposure to ultraviolet light, or if babies can have low blood pressure for many reasons, then the statement that 'either indigenous people recognise that personal power, learning and thinking are expressed through doing or pinholes are punctures' is incorrect. It is not the case that most cataracts are a result of ageing and long-term exposure to ultraviolet light.
|
The statement that 'either indigenous people recognise that personal power, learning and thinking are expressed through doing or pinholes are punctures' is incorrect.
|
Either indigenous people recognise that personal power, learning and thinking are expressed through doing or pinholes are punctures.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (Not (Either [0] or [1].).). [SC2-1]
If [3], then (Not (Either [0] or [1].).).
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].)..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (If [2], then (Not (Either [0] or [1].).).).
Not [4].
Therefore, If [2], then (Not (Either [0] or [1].).)..
|
{0: 'Indigenous people recognise that personal power, learning and thinking are expressed through doing.', 1: 'Pinholes are punctures.', 2: 'Babies can have low blood pressure for many reasons.', 3: 'Books have sentences.', 4: 'Most cataracts are a result of ageing and long-term exposure to ultraviolet light.'}
| 2 |
1,322 |
['Assuming either some insects make nests or steroids are generally safe and effective, we know that either social insects are also a powerful metaphor for artificial intelligence or ferrets are a very unique animal always playful, inquisitive, and loving.', 'Once we know shopping malls are located in suburbs, we also know that either some insects make nests or steroids are generally safe and effective.', "The statement 'shopping malls are located in suburbs' can be considered true."]
|
Assuming either some insects make nests or steroids are generally safe and effective, we know that either social insects are also a powerful metaphor for artificial intelligence or ferrets are a very unique animal always playful, inquisitive, and loving. Once we know shopping malls are located in suburbs, we also know that either some insects make nests or steroids are generally safe and effective. The statement 'shopping malls are located in suburbs' can be considered true.
|
There is good reason to believe that either social insects are also a powerful metaphor for artificial intelligence or ferrets are a very unique animal always playful, inquisitive, and loving.
|
Those that suggest either social insects are also a powerful metaphor for artificial intelligence or ferrets are a very unique animal always playful, inquisitive, and loving are wrong.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (Either [0] or [1].).
Either [2] or [3]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [4], then (Either [2] or [3].).
[4]
Therefore, Either [2] or [3]..
|
{0: 'Social insects are also a powerful metaphor for artificial intelligence.', 1: 'Ferrets are a very unique animal always playful, inquisitive, and loving.', 2: 'Some insects make nests.', 3: 'Steroids are generally safe and effective.', 4: 'Shopping malls are located in suburbs.'}
| 2 |
1,556 |
['It is rational to believe that either most food spoilage is due to enzyme action upon food or most animals have proteins.', "Whenever it is true that we know that the claim that if either most food spoilage is due to enzyme action upon food or most animals have proteins, then collective living is important in region is false, 'either all rainforests receive small amounts of nutrients in rainfall or soft mats provide safety and comfort when performing grappling and tumbling techniques' is true.", 'When we know that the claim that if either most food spoilage is due to enzyme action upon food or most animals have proteins, then collective living is important in region is false is true, it follows that the claim that either all rainforests receive small amounts of nutrients in rainfall or soft mats provide safety and comfort when performing grappling and tumbling techniques is false.']
|
It is rational to believe that either most food spoilage is due to enzyme action upon food or most animals have proteins. Whenever it is true that we know that the claim that if either most food spoilage is due to enzyme action upon food or most animals have proteins, then collective living is important in region is false, 'either all rainforests receive small amounts of nutrients in rainfall or soft mats provide safety and comfort when performing grappling and tumbling techniques' is true. When we know that the claim that if either most food spoilage is due to enzyme action upon food or most animals have proteins, then collective living is important in region is false is true, it follows that the claim that either all rainforests receive small amounts of nutrients in rainfall or soft mats provide safety and comfort when performing grappling and tumbling techniques is false.
|
The statement that states collective living is important in region is right.
|
An intifada is a rebellion.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0]. [SC1-1]
Either [1] or [2].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].).), then (Either [3] or [4].).
If (Not (If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].).), then (Not (Either [3] or [4].).).
Therefore, If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0]..
|
{0: 'Collective living is important in region.', 1: 'Most food spoilage is due to enzyme action upon food.', 2: 'Most animals have proteins.', 3: 'All rainforests receive small amounts of nutrients in rainfall.', 4: 'Soft mats provide safety and comfort when performing grappling and tumbling techniques.'}
| 2 |
1,357 |
['If it is not true that financial intermediation helps reduce the risks associated with lending and borrowing money, then plants create oxygen through a process called photosynthesis, which is crucial to survive.', 'It is a fact that either red light has a higher frequency than blue light or if insecticides kill the good bugs and the bad bugs, then depression tends to make pain worse by lowering the threshold to pain.', "So long as red light has a higher frequency than blue light, 'if it is not true that financial intermediation helps reduce the risks associated with lending and borrowing money, then the claim that plants create oxygen through a process called photosynthesis, which is crucial to survive has no merit' is true.", "Whenever it is true that if insecticides kill the good bugs and the bad bugs, then depression tends to make pain worse by lowering the threshold to pain, 'if it is not true that financial intermediation helps reduce the risks associated with lending and borrowing money, then the claim that plants create oxygen through a process called photosynthesis, which is crucial to survive has no merit' is true."]
|
If it is not true that financial intermediation helps reduce the risks associated with lending and borrowing money, then plants create oxygen through a process called photosynthesis, which is crucial to survive. It is a fact that either red light has a higher frequency than blue light or if insecticides kill the good bugs and the bad bugs, then depression tends to make pain worse by lowering the threshold to pain. So long as red light has a higher frequency than blue light, 'if it is not true that financial intermediation helps reduce the risks associated with lending and borrowing money, then the claim that plants create oxygen through a process called photosynthesis, which is crucial to survive has no merit' is true. Whenever it is true that if insecticides kill the good bugs and the bad bugs, then depression tends to make pain worse by lowering the threshold to pain, 'if it is not true that financial intermediation helps reduce the risks associated with lending and borrowing money, then the claim that plants create oxygen through a process called photosynthesis, which is crucial to survive has no merit' is true.
|
It is rational to agree that financial intermediation helps reduce the risks associated with lending and borrowing money.
|
The claim that financial intermediation helps reduce the risks associated with lending and borrowing money is false.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or (If [3], then [4].).
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).
If (If [3], then [4].), then (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Financial intermediation helps reduce the risks associated with lending and borrowing money.', 1: 'Plants create oxygen through a process called photosynthesis, which is crucial to survive.', 2: 'Red light has a higher frequency than blue light.', 3: 'Insecticides kill the good bugs and the bad bugs.', 4: 'Depression tends to make pain worse by lowering the threshold to pain.'}
| 2 |
1,069 |
['If arthropod exoskeletons consist of layers, then mint has (part) cytoplasm.', 'When yellow perch grow very quickly is true, it follows that mint has (part) cytoplasm.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: viruses tend to use cells to make thousands and thousands of copies of themselves, or pitching is throwings.', 'When viruses tend to use cells to make thousands and thousands of copies of themselves is true, it follows that arthropod exoskeletons consist of layers.', 'Given that pitching is throwings, it can be inferred that yellow perch grow very quickly.']
|
If arthropod exoskeletons consist of layers, then mint has (part) cytoplasm. When yellow perch grow very quickly is true, it follows that mint has (part) cytoplasm. We know that at least one of two things is true: viruses tend to use cells to make thousands and thousands of copies of themselves, or pitching is throwings. When viruses tend to use cells to make thousands and thousands of copies of themselves is true, it follows that arthropod exoskeletons consist of layers. Given that pitching is throwings, it can be inferred that yellow perch grow very quickly.
|
It is a simple truth that mint has (part) cytoplasm.
|
Mints are commercially important as sources of flavor and menthol.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Constructive Dilemma:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then [1].
If [4], then [2].
Therefore, Either [1] or [2]..
|
{0: 'Mint has (part) cytoplasm.', 1: 'Arthropod exoskeletons consist of layers.', 2: 'Yellow perch grow very quickly.', 3: 'Viruses tend to use cells to make thousands and thousands of copies of themselves.', 4: 'Pitching is throwings.'}
| 2 |
1,514 |
["Provided that tubular carcinomas have an excellent prognosis and are ideally suited for conservative therapy, we know that the statement that 'if poison affects individuals, then deer live for years' is incorrect.", 'When the statement, tubular carcinomas have an excellent prognosis and are ideally suited for conservative therapy, does not hold is true, it follows that experienced handlers can move animals easily, efficiently and with least stress.', "Given that the statement, tubular carcinomas have an excellent prognosis and are ideally suited for conservative therapy, does not hold, it can be inferred that the statement 'experienced handlers can move animals easily, efficiently and with least stress' can be considered false."]
|
Provided that tubular carcinomas have an excellent prognosis and are ideally suited for conservative therapy, we know that the statement that 'if poison affects individuals, then deer live for years' is incorrect. When the statement, tubular carcinomas have an excellent prognosis and are ideally suited for conservative therapy, does not hold is true, it follows that experienced handlers can move animals easily, efficiently and with least stress. Given that the statement, tubular carcinomas have an excellent prognosis and are ideally suited for conservative therapy, does not hold, it can be inferred that the statement 'experienced handlers can move animals easily, efficiently and with least stress' can be considered false.
|
The statement that 'if poison affects individuals, then deer live for years' is incorrect.
|
Provided that poison affects individuals, we know that deer live for years
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Not (If [0], then [1].).).
[2] [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].)..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [2].), then [3].
If (Not [2].), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, [2].
|
{0: 'Poison affects individuals.', 1: 'Deer live for years.', 2: 'Tubular carcinomas have an excellent prognosis and are ideally suited for conservative therapy.', 3: 'Experienced handlers can move animals easily, efficiently and with least stress.'}
| 2 |
1,509 |
['Given that owls find prey to eat, it can be inferred that methods base on principles.', "Whenever it is true that if potassium alum is a common hardening agent, then acids react with hydroxides to form water and a salt, 'methods base on principles' is true.", 'Either one or both of these statements are true: most scorpions have cheliceras, or oily skin tends to be thick and resilient, while dry skin can be thin and sensitive.', 'On the condition that most scorpions have cheliceras, it is definitely the case that owls find prey to eat.', 'On the condition that oily skin tends to be thick and resilient, while dry skin can be thin and sensitive, it is definitely the case that if potassium alum is a common hardening agent, then acids react with hydroxides to form water and a salt.']
|
Given that owls find prey to eat, it can be inferred that methods base on principles. Whenever it is true that if potassium alum is a common hardening agent, then acids react with hydroxides to form water and a salt, 'methods base on principles' is true. Either one or both of these statements are true: most scorpions have cheliceras, or oily skin tends to be thick and resilient, while dry skin can be thin and sensitive. On the condition that most scorpions have cheliceras, it is definitely the case that owls find prey to eat. On the condition that oily skin tends to be thick and resilient, while dry skin can be thin and sensitive, it is definitely the case that if potassium alum is a common hardening agent, then acids react with hydroxides to form water and a salt.
|
The statement 'methods base on principles' is true.
|
The statement 'methods base on principles' is true.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (If [2], then [3].). [SC1-1]
If [1], then [0].
If (If [2], then [3].), then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Constructive Dilemma:
Either [4] or [5].
If [4], then [1].
If [5], then (If [2], then [3].).
Therefore, Either [1] or (If [2], then [3].)..
|
{0: 'Methods base on principles.', 1: 'Owls find prey to eat.', 2: 'Potassium alum is a common hardening agent.', 3: 'Acids react with hydroxides to form water and a salt.', 4: 'Most scorpions have cheliceras.', 5: 'Oily skin tends to be thick and resilient, while dry skin can be thin and sensitive.'}
| 2 |
1,340 |
['The idea that lips are thin and tight with pigment to match the nose is true.', 'Once we know lips are thin and tight with pigment to match the nose, we also know that rainfall is perhaps the most important factor in defining climate.', 'Provided that rainfall is perhaps the most important factor in defining climate, we know that some people mistakenly believe that mongooses are a common spectacle at roadside shows in Pakistan .']
|
The idea that lips are thin and tight with pigment to match the nose is true. Once we know lips are thin and tight with pigment to match the nose, we also know that rainfall is perhaps the most important factor in defining climate. Provided that rainfall is perhaps the most important factor in defining climate, we know that some people mistakenly believe that mongooses are a common spectacle at roadside shows in Pakistan .
|
Some people mistakenly believe that mongooses are a common spectacle at roadside shows in Pakistan .
|
Some people mistakenly believe that mongooses are a common spectacle at roadside shows in Pakistan .
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [1], then [2].
If [2], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, If [1], then (Not [0].)..
|
{0: 'Mongooses are a common spectacle at roadside shows in Pakistan .', 1: 'Lips are thin and tight with pigment to match the nose.', 2: 'Rainfall is perhaps the most important factor in defining climate.'}
| 2 |
1,221 |
["Once we know the statement 'some many insects have skin' can be considered false, we also know that those that suggest most cheetahs have babies are wrong.", "On the condition that the statement that states if the statement 'some many insects have skin' can be considered false, then most cheetahs have babies is false, it is definitely the case that prokaryotes incude both bacteria and archaea.", 'Some people mistakenly believe that prokaryotes incude both bacteria and archaea.']
|
Once we know the statement 'some many insects have skin' can be considered false, we also know that those that suggest most cheetahs have babies are wrong. On the condition that the statement that states if the statement 'some many insects have skin' can be considered false, then most cheetahs have babies is false, it is definitely the case that prokaryotes incude both bacteria and archaea. Some people mistakenly believe that prokaryotes incude both bacteria and archaea.
|
some many insects have skin.
|
Some many insects enter homes.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
|
{0: 'Some many insects have skin.', 1: 'Most cheetahs have babies.', 2: 'Prokaryotes incude both bacteria and archaea.'}
| 2 |
1,928 |
['Those that suggest if larger crystals enclose small crystals, then growth is a process of trial and error - experimentation are wrong.', 'If it is a common misconception that if it is not the case that if society is made up of many factors, then some bulb growers sprinkle bone meal in each hole, and others use superphosphate, then if larger crystals enclose small crystals, then growth is a process of trial and error - experimentation, then women outnumber men, largely because of war deaths.', "If it is a common misconception that if it is not the case that if society is made up of many factors, then some bulb growers sprinkle bone meal in each hole, and others use superphosphate, then if larger crystals enclose small crystals, then growth is a process of trial and error - experimentation, then the notion that 'women outnumber men, largely because of war deaths' is untrue."]
|
Those that suggest if larger crystals enclose small crystals, then growth is a process of trial and error - experimentation are wrong. If it is a common misconception that if it is not the case that if society is made up of many factors, then some bulb growers sprinkle bone meal in each hole, and others use superphosphate, then if larger crystals enclose small crystals, then growth is a process of trial and error - experimentation, then women outnumber men, largely because of war deaths. If it is a common misconception that if it is not the case that if society is made up of many factors, then some bulb growers sprinkle bone meal in each hole, and others use superphosphate, then if larger crystals enclose small crystals, then growth is a process of trial and error - experimentation, then the notion that 'women outnumber men, largely because of war deaths' is untrue.
|
Given that society is made up of many factors, it can be inferred that some bulb growers sprinkle bone meal in each hole, and others use superphosphate.
|
Given that society recognizes that animals have their own lives that are worthy of living, it can be inferred that some bulb growers sprinkle bone meal in each hole, and others use superphosphate.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then (If [2], then [3].). [SC1-1]
Not (If [2], then [3].).
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then (If [2], then [3].).).), then [4].
If (Not (If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then (If [2], then [3].).).), then (Not [4].).
Therefore, If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then (If [2], then [3].)..
|
{0: 'Society is made up of many factors.', 1: 'Some bulb growers sprinkle bone meal in each hole, and others use superphosphate.', 2: 'Larger crystals enclose small crystals.', 3: 'Growth is a process of trial and error - experimentation.', 4: 'Women outnumber men, largely because of war deaths.'}
| 2 |
1,146 |
['At least one of two things is true: bone causes higher attenuation than does soft tissue, or pigs use auditory stimuli extensively as a means of communication in all social activities.', 'There is good reason to believe that either a truck stop is a service station or the statement that states bone causes higher attenuation than does soft tissue is false.', 'The claim that a truck stop is a service station does not reflect reality.']
|
At least one of two things is true: bone causes higher attenuation than does soft tissue, or pigs use auditory stimuli extensively as a means of communication in all social activities. There is good reason to believe that either a truck stop is a service station or the statement that states bone causes higher attenuation than does soft tissue is false. The claim that a truck stop is a service station does not reflect reality.
|
The statement 'pigs use auditory stimuli extensively as a means of communication in all social activities' can be considered true.
|
The statement 'pigs use auditory stimuli extensively as a means of communication in all social activities' can be considered true.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Not [1].).
Not [2].
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Pigs use auditory stimuli extensively as a means of communication in all social activities.', 1: 'Bone causes higher attenuation than does soft tissue.', 2: 'A truck stop is a service station.'}
| 2 |
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