id
stringlengths 15
4.64k
| text
stringlengths 0
1.02M
|
|---|---|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p13
|
Historical evidence suggests that Bindusara died in the 270s BCE. According to Upinder Singh, Bindusara died around 273 BCE. [48] Alain Daniélou believes that he died around 274 BCE. [65] Sailendra Nath Sen believes that he died around 273-272 BCE, and that his death was followed by a four-year struggle of succession, after which his son Ashoka became the emperor in 269-268 BCE. [67] According to the Mahavamsa , Bindusara reigned for 28 years. [73] The Vayu Purana , which names Chandragupta's successor as "Bhadrasara", states that he ruled for 25 years. [74] Ashoka [ edit ] Main article: Ashoka Aśoka pillar capital at Sarnath . ca. 250 BCE. Ashoka pillar at Vaishali . Fragment of the 6th Pillar Edict of Ashoka (238 BCE), in Brahmi , sandstone, British Museum . As a young prince, Ashoka ( r . 272–232 BCE) was a brilliant commander who crushed revolts in Ujjain and Takshashila. As monarch he was ambitious and aggressive, re-asserting the Empire's superiority in southern and western India. But it was his conquest of Kalinga (262–261 BCE) which proved to be the pivotal event of his life. Ashoka used Kalinga to project power over a large region by building a fortification there and securing it as a possession. [75] Although Ashoka's army succeeded in overwhelming Kalinga forces of royal soldiers and civilian units, an estimated 100,000 soldiers and civilians were killed in the furious warfare, including over 10,000 of Ashoka's own men. Hundreds of thousands of people were adversely affected by the destruction and fallout of war. When he personally witnessed the devastation, Ashoka began feeling remorse. Although the annexation of Kalinga was completed, Ashoka embraced the teachings of Buddhism , and renounced war and violence. He sent out missionaries to travel around Asia and spread Buddhism to other countries. [ citation needed ]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p14
|
Ashoka implemented principles of ahimsa by banning hunting and violent sports activity and ending indentured and forced labor (many thousands of people in war-ravaged Kalinga had been forced into hard labour and servitude). While he maintained a large and powerful army, to keep the peace and maintain authority, Ashoka expanded friendly relations with states across Asia and Europe, and he sponsored Buddhist missions. He undertook a massive public works building campaign across the country. Over 40 years of peace, harmony and prosperity made Ashoka one of the most successful and famous monarchs in Indian history. He remains an idealized figure of inspiration in modern India. [ citation needed ] The Edicts of Ashoka , set in stone, are found throughout the Subcontinent. Ranging from as far west as Afghanistan and as far south as Andhra ( Nellore District ), Ashoka's edicts state his policies and accomplishments. Although predominantly written in Prakrit, two of them were written in Greek , and one in both Greek and Aramaic . Ashoka's edicts refer to the Greeks, Kambojas , and Gandharas as peoples forming a frontier region of his empire. They also attest to Ashoka's having sent envoys to the Greek rulers in the West as far as the Mediterranean. The edicts precisely name each of the rulers of the Hellenic world at the time such as Amtiyoko ( Antiochus ), Tulamaya ( Ptolemy ), Amtikini ( Antigonos ), Maka ( Magas ) and Alikasudaro ( Alexander ) as recipients of Ashoka's proselytism. [ citation needed ] The Edicts also accurately locate their territory "600 yojanas away" (a yojanas being about 7 miles), corresponding to the distance between the center of India and Greece (roughly 4,000 miles). [76]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p15
|
Decline [ edit ] Ashoka was followed for 50 years by a succession of weaker kings. He was succeeded by Dasharatha Maurya , who was Ashoka's grandson. None of Ashoka's sons could ascend the throne after him. Mahendra, his first born, was on to spread Buddhism in the world. Kunala Maurya was blind hence couldn't ascend the throne and Tivala, son of Kaurwaki, died even earlier than Ashoka. Another son, Jalauka, does not have much story behind him. The empire lost many territories under Dasharatha, which were later reconquered by Samprati , Kunala's son. Post Samprati, the Mauryas slowly lost many territories. In 180 BCE, Brihadratha Maurya , was killed by his general Pushyamitra Shunga in a military parade without any heir. Hence, the great Maurya empire finally ended, giving rise to the Shunga Empire . Shunga coup (185 BCE) [ edit ] Buddhist records such as the Ashokavadana write that the assassination of Brihadratha and the rise of the Shunga empire led to a wave of religious persecution for Buddhists , [77] and a resurgence of Hinduism . According to Sir John Marshall , [78] Pushyamitra may have been the main author of the persecutions, although later Shunga kings seem to have been more supportive of Buddhism. Other historians, such as Etienne Lamotte [79] and Romila Thapar , [80] among others, have argued that archaeological evidence in favour of the allegations of persecution of Buddhists are lacking, and that the extent and magnitude of the atrocities have been exaggerated.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p16
|
Establishment of the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BCE) [ edit ] Main article: Indo-Greek Kingdom The fall of the Mauryas left the Khyber Pass unguarded, and a wave of foreign invasion followed. The Greco-Bactrian king, Demetrius , capitalized on the break-up, and he conquered southern Afghanistan and parts of northwestern India around 180 BCE, forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom . The Indo-Greeks would maintain holdings on the trans-Indus region, and make forays into central India, for about a century. Under them, Buddhism flourished, and one of their kings, Menander , became a famous figure of Buddhism; he was to establish a new capital of Sagala, the modern city of Sialkot . However, the extent of their domains and the lengths of their rule are subject to much debate. Numismatic evidence indicates that they retained holdings in the subcontinent right up to the birth of Christ. Although the extent of their successes against indigenous powers such as the Shungas , Satavahanas , and Kalingas are unclear, what is clear is that Scythian tribes, renamed Indo-Scythians , brought about the demise of the Indo-Greeks from around 70 BCE and retained lands in the trans-Indus, the region of Mathura , and Gujarat. [ citation needed ] Administration [ edit ] Statuettes of the Mauryan era The Empire was divided into four provinces, with the imperial capital at Pataliputra . From Ashokan edicts, the names of the four provincial capitals are Tosali (in the east), Ujjain (in the west), Suvarnagiri (in the south), and Taxila (in the north). The head of the provincial administration was the Kumara (royal prince), who governed the provinces as king's representative. The kumara was assisted by Mahamatyas and council of ministers. This organizational structure was reflected at the imperial level with the Emperor and his Mantriparishad (Council of Ministers). [ citation needed ]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p17
|
Historians theorise that the organisation of the Empire was in line with the extensive bureaucracy described by Kautilya in the Arthashastra : a sophisticated civil service governed everything from municipal hygiene to international trade. The expansion and defense of the empire was made possible by what appears to have been one of the largest armies in the world during the Iron Age . [81] According to Megasthenes, the empire wielded a military of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, 8,000 chariots and 9,000 war elephants besides followers and attendants. [82] A vast espionage system collected intelligence for both internal and external security purposes. Having renounced offensive warfare and expansionism, Ashoka nevertheless continued to maintain this large army, to protect the Empire and instil stability and peace across West and South Asia. [ citation needed ] Local Government [ edit ] Arthashastra and Megasthenes accounts of Pataliputra describe the intricate municipal system formed by Maurya empire to govern its cities. A city counsel made up of thirty commissioners was divided into six committees or boards which governed the city. The first board fixed wages and looked after provided goods, second board made arrangement for foreign dignitaries, tourists and businessmen, third board made records and registrations, fourth looked after manufactured goodsand sale of commodities, fifth board regulated trade, issued licenses and checked weights and measurements, sixth board collected sales taxes. Some cities such as taxila had autonomy to issue their own coins. The city counsel had officers who looked after public welfare such as maintenance of roads, public buildings, markets, hospitals, educational institutions etc. [83] The official head of the village was Gramika (in towns Nagarika ). [84] The city counsel also had some magisterial powers.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p18
|
Economy [ edit ] See also: Economic history of India and Coinage of India Maurya statuette, 2nd century BCE. For the first time in South Asia , political unity and military security allowed for a common economic system and enhanced trade and commerce, with increased agricultural productivity. The previous situation involving hundreds of kingdoms, many small armies, powerful regional chieftains, and internecine warfare, gave way to a disciplined central authority. Farmers were freed of tax and crop collection burdens from regional kings, paying instead to a nationally administered and strict-but-fair system of taxation as advised by the principles in the Arthashastra . Chandragupta Maurya established a single currency across India, and a network of regional governors and administrators and a civil service provided justice and security for merchants, farmers and traders. The Mauryan army wiped out many gangs of bandits, regional private armies, and powerful chieftains who sought to impose their own supremacy in small areas. Although regimental in revenue collection, Maurya also sponsored many public works and waterways to enhance productivity, while internal trade in India expanded greatly due to new-found political unity and internal peace. [ citation needed ] Under the Indo-Greek friendship treaty, and during Ashoka's reign, an international network of trade expanded. The Khyber Pass , on the modern boundary of Pakistan and Afghanistan , became a strategically important port of trade and intercourse with the outside world. Greek states and Hellenic kingdoms in West Asia became important trade partners of India. Trade also extended through the Malay peninsula into Southeast Asia. India's exports included silk goods and textiles, spices and exotic foods. The external world came across new scientific knowledge and technology with expanding trade with the Mauryan Empire. Ashoka also sponsored the construction of thousands of roads, waterways, canals, hospitals, rest-houses and other public works. The easing of many over-rigorous administrative practices, including those regarding taxation and crop collection, helped increase productivity and economic activity across the Empire. [ citation needed ]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p19
|
In many ways, the economic situation in the Mauryan Empire is analogous to the Roman Empire of several centuries later. Both had extensive trade connections and both had organizations similar to corporations . While Rome had organizational entities which were largely used for public state-driven projects, Mauryan India had numerous private commercial entities. These existed purely for private commerce and developed before the Mauryan Empire itself. [85] [ unreliable source? ] Maurya Empire coinage Hoard of mostly Mauryan coins. Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BCE. [ citation needed ] Mauryan coin with arched hill symbol on reverse. [ citation needed ] Mauryan Empire coin. Circa late 4th-2nd century BCE. [ citation needed ] Mauryan Empire, Emperor Salisuka or later. Circa 207-194 BCE. [86] Religion [ edit ] Jainism [ edit ] Bhadrabahu Cave, Shravanabelagola where Chandragupta is said to have died Chandragupta Maurya embraced Jainism after retiring, when he renounced his throne and material possessions to join a wandering group of Jain monks. Chandragupta was a disciple of the Jain monk Acharya Bhadrabahu . It is said that in his last days, he observed the rigorous but self-purifying Jain ritual of santhara (fast unto death), at Shravana Belgola in Karnataka . [87] [54] [88] [53] Samprati , the grandson of Ashoka , also patronized Jainism. Samprati was influenced by the teachings of Jain monks like Suhastin and he is said to have built 125,000 derasars across India. [89] Some of them are still found in the towns of Ahmedabad, Viramgam, Ujjain, and Palitana. [ citation needed ] It is also said that just like Ashoka, Samprati sent messengers and preachers to Greece , Persia and the Middle East for the spread of Jainism, but, to date, no research has been done in this area. [90] [91]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p20
|
Thus, Jainism became a vital force under the Mauryan Rule. Chandragupta and Samprati are credited for the spread of Jainism in South India . Hundreds of thousands of temples and stupas are said to have been erected during their reigns. Buddhism [ edit ] The stupa , which contained the relics of Buddha, at the center of the Sanchi complex was originally built by the Maurya Empire, but the balustrade around it is Sunga , and the decorative gateways are from the later Satavahana period. The Dharmarajika stupa in Taxila , modern Pakistan , is also thought to have been established by Emperor Asoka . Magadha , the centre of the empire, was also the birthplace of Buddhism . Ashoka initially practised Hinduism but later embraced Buddhism; following the Kalinga War , he renounced expansionism and aggression, and the harsher injunctions of the Arthashastra on the use of force, intensive policing, and ruthless measures for tax collection and against rebels. Ashoka sent a mission led by his son Mahinda and daughter Sanghamitta to Sri Lanka , whose king Tissa was so charmed with Buddhist ideals that he adopted them himself and made Buddhism the state religion. Ashoka sent many Buddhist missions to West Asia , Greece and South East Asia , and commissioned the construction of monasteries and schools, as well as the publication of Buddhist literature across the empire. He is believed to have built as many as 84,000 stupas across India, such as Sanchi and Mahabodhi Temple , and he increased the popularity of Buddhism in Afghanistan , Thailand and North Asia including Siberia . Ashoka helped convene the Third Buddhist Council of India's and South Asia's Buddhist orders near his capital, a council that undertook much work of reform and expansion of the Buddhist religion. Indian merchants embraced Buddhism and played a large role in spreading the religion across the Mauryan Empire. [92]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p21
|
Architectural remains [ edit ] Main articles: Edicts of Ashoka , Sanchi Stupa , and Mauryan art Mauryan architecture in the Barabar Caves . Lomas Rishi Cave . 3rd century BCE. The greatest monument of this period, executed in the reign of Chandragupta Maurya , was the old palace at Paliputra, modern Kumhrar in Patna . Excavations have unearthed the remains of the palace, which is thought to have been an group of several buildings, the most important of which was an immense pillared hall supported on a high substratum of timbers. The pillars were set in regular rows, thus dividing the hall into a number of smaller square bays. The number of columns is 80, each about 7 meters high. According to the eyewitness account of Megasthenes , the palace was chiefly constructed of timber, and was considered to exceed in splendour and magnificence the palaces of Susa and Ecbatana, its gilded pillars being adorned with golden vines and silver birds. The buildings stood in an extensive park studded with fish ponds and furnished with a great variety of ornamental trees and shrubs. [93] [ better source needed ] Kauṭilya's Arthashastra also gives the method of palace construction from this period. Later fragments of stone pillars, including one nearly complete, with their round tapering shafts and smooth polish, indicate that Ashoka was responsible for the construction of the stone columns which replaced the earlier wooden ones. [ citation needed ]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p22
|
An early stupa , 6 meters in diameter, with fallen umbrella on side. Chakpat, near Chakdara . Probably Maurya, 3rd century BCE. During the Ashokan period, stonework was of a highly diversified order and comprised lofty free-standing pillars, railings of stupas , lion thrones and other colossal figures. The use of stone had reached such great perfection during this time that even small fragments of stone art were given a high lustrous polish resembling fine enamel. This period marked the beginning of the Buddhist school of architecture. Ashoka was responsible for the construction of several stupas , which were large domes and bearing symbols of Buddha. The most important ones are located at Sanchi , Bharhut , Amaravati , Bodhgaya and Nagarjunakonda . The most widespread examples of Mauryan architecture are the Ashoka pillars and carved edicts of Ashoka, often exquisitely decorated, with more than 40 spread throughout the Indian subcontinent . [94] [ better source needed ] The peacock was a dynastic symbol of Mauryans, as depicted by Ashoka's pillars at Nandangarh and Sanchi Stupa. [25] Maurya structures and decorations at Sanchi (3rd century BCE) Approximate reconstitution of the Great Stupa at Sanchi under the Mauryas . Remains of the Ashokan Pillar in polished stone (right of the Southern Gateway). Remains of the shaft of the pillar of Ashoka, under a shed near the Southern Gateway.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p23
|
Pillar and its inscription (the "Schism Edict") upon discovery. The capital nowadays. [95] Natural history [ edit ] The two Yakshas , possibly 3rd century BCE, found in Pataliputra . The two Brahmi inscriptions starting with ... ( Yakhe... for "Yaksha...") are paleographically of a later date, circa 2nd century CE Kushan . [96] The protection of animals in India became serious business by the time of the Maurya dynasty; being the first empire to provide a unified political entity in India, the attitude of the Mauryas towards forests, their denizens, and fauna in general is of interest. [97] The Mauryas firstly looked at forests as resources. For them, the most important forest product was the elephant. Military might in those times depended not only upon horses and men but also battle-elephants ; these played a role in the defeat of Seleucus , one of Alexander 's former generals. The Mauryas sought to preserve supplies of elephants since it was cheaper and took less time to catch, tame and train wild elephants than to raise them. Kautilya 's Arthashastra contains not only maxims on ancient statecraft, but also unambiguously specifies the responsibilities of officials such as the Protector of the Elephant Forests . [98] On the border of the forest, he should establish a forest for elephants guarded by foresters. The Office of the Chief Elephant Forester should with the help of guards protect the elephants in any terrain. The slaying of an elephant is punishable by death. — Arthashastra
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p24
|
The Mauryas also designated separate forests to protect supplies of timber, as well as lions and tigers for skins. Elsewhere the Protector of Animals also worked to eliminate thieves, tigers and other predators to render the woods safe for grazing cattle. [ citation needed ] The Mauryas valued certain forest tracts in strategic or economic terms and instituted curbs and control measures over them. They regarded all forest tribes with distrust and controlled them with bribery and political subjugation. They employed some of them, the food-gatherers or aranyaca to guard borders and trap animals. The sometimes tense and conflict-ridden relationship nevertheless enabled the Mauryas to guard their vast empire. [99] When Ashoka embraced Buddhism in the latter part of his reign, he brought about significant changes in his style of governance, which included providing protection to fauna, and even relinquished the royal hunt. He was the first ruler in history [ failed verification ] to advocate conservation measures for wildlife and even had rules inscribed in stone edicts. The edicts proclaim that many followed the king's example in giving up the slaughter of animals; one of them proudly states: [99] Our king killed very few animals. — Edict on Fifth Pillar However, the edicts of Ashoka reflect more the desire of rulers than actual events; the mention of a 100 'panas' (coins) fine for poaching deer in royal hunting preserves shows that rule-breakers did exist. The legal restrictions conflicted with the practices freely exercised by the common people in hunting, felling, fishing and setting fires in forests. [99]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p25
|
Contacts with the Hellenistic world [ edit ] Mauryan ringstone, with standing goddess. Northwest Pakistan. 3rd Century BCE Foundation of the Empire [ edit ] Relations with the Hellenistic world may have started from the very beginning of the Maurya Empire. Plutarch reports that Chandragupta Maurya met with Alexander the Great , probably around Taxila in the northwest: [100] "Sandrocottus, when he was a stripling, saw Alexander himself, and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country, since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low birth". Plutarch 62-4 [101] [100] Reconquest of the Northwest (c. 317–316 BCE) [ edit ] Chandragupta ultimately occupied Northwestern India, in the territories formerly ruled by the Greeks, where he fought the satraps (described as "Prefects" in Western sources) left in place after Alexander (Justin), among whom may have been Eudemus , ruler in the western Punjab until his departure in 317 BCE or Peithon, son of Agenor , ruler of the Greek colonies along the Indus until his departure for Babylon in 316 BCE. [ citation needed ] "India, after the death of Alexander, had assassinated his prefects, as if shaking the burden of servitude. The author of this liberation was Sandracottos, but he had transformed liberation in servitude after victory, since, after taking the throne, he himself oppressed the very people he has liberated from foreign domination" Justin XV.4.12–13 [102]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p26
|
"Later, as he was preparing war against the prefects of Alexander, a huge wild elephant went to him and took him on his back as if tame, and he became a remarkable fighter and war leader. Having thus acquired royal power, Sandracottos possessed India at the time Seleucos was preparing future glory." Justin XV.4.19 [103] Conflict and alliance with Seleucus (305 BCE) [ edit ] Main article: Seleucid–Mauryan war A map showing the north western border of Maurya Empire, including its various neighboring states. Seleucus I Nicator , the Macedonian satrap of the Asian portion of Alexander's former empire, conquered and put under his own authority eastern territories as far as Bactria and the Indus ( Appian , History of Rome , The Syrian Wars 55), until in 305 BCE he entered into a confrontation with Emperor Chandragupta: "Always lying in wait for the neighbouring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he [Seleucus] acquired Mesopotamia, Armenia, 'Seleucid' Cappadocia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia, Tapouria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus". Appian , History of Rome , The Syrian Wars 55 [104]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p27
|
Though no accounts of the conflict remain, it is clear that Seleucus fared poorly against the Indian Emperor as he failed to conquer any territory, and in fact was forced to surrender much that was already his. Regardless, Seleucus and Chandragupta ultimately reached a settlement and through a treaty sealed in 305 BCE, Seleucus, according to Strabo, ceded a number of territories to Chandragupta, including eastern Afghanistan and Balochistan . [ citation needed ] Marital alliance [ edit ] Chandragupta and Seleucus concluded a peace treaty and a marital alliance in 303 BCE. Chandragupta received vast territories and in a return gave Seleucus 500 war elephants , [105] [106] [107] [108] [109] a military asset which would play a decisive role at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. [110] In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched an ambassador, Megasthenes , to Chandragupta, and later Deimakos to his son Bindusara , at the Mauryan court at Pataliputra (modern Patna in Bihar ). Later, Ptolemy II Philadelphus , the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka , is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court. [111] [ better source needed ] Mainstream scholarship asserts that Chandragupta received vast territory west of the Indus, including the Hindu Kush , modern-day Afghanistan , and the Balochistan province of Pakistan . [112] [113] Archaeologically, concrete indications of Mauryan rule, such as the inscriptions of the Edicts of Ashoka , are known as far as Kandahar in southern Afghanistan.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p28
|
“ He (Seleucus) crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya], king of the Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship. ” “ After having made a treaty with him (Sandrakotos) and put in order the Orient situation, Seleucos went to war against Antigonus . ” — Junianus Justinus , Historiarum Philippicarum, libri XLIV , XV.4.15 The treaty on " Epigamia " implies lawful marriage between Greeks and Indians was recognized at the State level, although it is unclear whether it occurred among dynastic rulers or common people, or both. [ citation needed ] Exchange of presents [ edit ] Classical sources have also recorded that following their treaty, Chandragupta and Seleucus exchanged presents, such as when Chandragupta sent various aphrodisiacs to Seleucus: [60] "And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters [as to make people more amorous]. And Phylarchus confirms him, by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus, the king of the Indians, sent to Seleucus; which were to act like charms in producing a wonderful degree of affection, while some, on the contrary, were to banish love." Athenaeus of Naucratis , " The deipnosophists " Book I, chapter 32 [114] His son Bindusara 'Amitraghata' (Slayer of Enemies) also is recorded in Classical sources as having exchanged presents with Antiochus I : [60]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p29
|
"But dried figs were so very much sought after by all men (for really, as Aristophanes says, "There's really nothing nicer than dried figs"), that even Amitrochates, the king of the Indians, wrote to Antiochus , entreating him (it is Hegesander who tells this story) to buy and send him some sweet wine, and some dried figs, and a sophist ; and that Antiochus wrote to him in answer, "The dry figs and the sweet wine we will send you; but it is not lawful for a sophist to be sold in Greece." Athenaeus , " Deipnosophistae " XIV.67 [115] Greek population in India [ edit ] An influential and large Greek population was present in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent under Ashoka's rule, possibly remnants of Alexander's conquests in the Indus Valley region. In the Rock Edicts of Ashoka , some of them inscribed in Greek, Ashoka states that the Greeks within his dominion were converted to Buddhism: "Here in the king's dominion among the Greeks , the Kambojas , the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in Dharma ." (Rock Edict Number 13 ) An Edict of Ashoka in Shahbazbarhi, KPK, Pakistan. "Now, in times past (officers) called Mahamatras of morality did not exist before. Mahdmatras of morality were appointed by me (when I had been) anointed thirteen years. These are occupied with all sects in establishing morality, in promoting morality, and for the welfare and happiness of those who are devoted to morality (even) among the Greeks , Kambojas and Gandharas , and whatever other western borderers (of mine there are)." ( Rock Edict Number 5 )
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p30
|
The Kandahar Edict of Ashoka , a bilingual edict ( Greek and Aramaic ) by king Ashoka, from Kandahar . Kabul Museum. (Click image for translation). Fragments of Edict 13 have been found in Greek, and a full Edict, written in both Greek and Aramaic, has been discovered in Kandahar . It is said to be written in excellent Classical Greek, using sophisticated philosophical terms. In this Edict, Ashoka uses the word Eusebeia (" Piety ") as the Greek translation for the ubiquitous " Dharma " of his other Edicts written in Prakrit : [ non-primary source needed ] "Ten years (of reign) having been completed, King Piodasses (Ashoka) made known (the doctrine of) Piety ( εὐσέβεια , Eusebeia ) to men; and from this moment he has made men more pious, and everything thrives throughout the whole world. And the king abstains from (killing) living beings, and other men and those who (are) huntsmen and fishermen of the king have desisted from hunting. And if some (were) intemperate, they have ceased from their intemperance as was in their power; and obedient to their father and mother and to the elders, in opposition to the past also in the future, by so acting on every occasion, they will live better and more happily". (Trans. by G.P. Carratelli [1] ) [ unreliable source? ]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p31
|
Buddhist missions to the West (c. 250 BCE) [ edit ] The distribution of the Edicts of Ashoka . [116] Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of Ashoka . Territories "conquered by the Dharma" according to Major Rock Edict No.13 of Ashoka (260–218 BCE). [117] [118] Also, in the Edicts of Ashoka , Ashoka mentions the Hellenistic kings of the period as recipients of his Buddhist proselytism, although no Western historical record of this event remains: "The conquest by Dharma has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred yojanas (5,400–9,600 km) away, where the Greek king Antiochos rules, beyond there where the four kings named Ptolemy , Antigonos , Magas and Alexander rule, likewise in the south among the Cholas , the Pandyas , and as far as Tamraparni ( Sri Lanka )." ( Edicts of Ashoka , 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika). [ non-primary source needed ] Ashoka also encouraged the development of herbal medicine , for men and animals, in their territories: "Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's [Ashoka's] domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas , the Pandyas , the Satiyaputras, the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni and where the Greek king Antiochos rules, and among the kings who are neighbors of Antiochos, everywhere has Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, made provision for two types of medical treatment: medical treatment for humans and medical treatment for animals. Wherever medical herbs suitable for humans or animals are not available, I have had them imported and grown. Wherever medical roots or fruits are not available I have had them imported and grown. Along roads I have had wells dug and trees planted for the benefit of humans and animals". 2nd Rock Edict [ non-primary source needed ]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p32
|
The Greeks in India even seem to have played an active role in the propagation of Buddhism, as some of the emissaries of Ashoka, such as Dharmaraksita , are described in Pali sources as leading Greek (" Yona ") Buddhist monks, active in Buddhist proselytism (the Mahavamsa , XII [119] [ non-primary source needed ] ). Subhagasena and Antiochos III (206 BCE) [ edit ] Sophagasenus was an Indian Mauryan ruler of the 3rd century BCE, described in ancient Greek sources, and named Subhagasena or Subhashasena in Prakrit . His name is mentioned in the list of Mauryan princes [ citation needed ] , and also in the list of the Yadava dynasty, as a descendant of Pradyumna. He may have been a grandson of Ashoka , or Kunala , the son of Ashoka. He ruled an area south of the Hindu Kush , possibly in Gandhara . Antiochos III , the Seleucid king, after having made peace with Euthydemus in Bactria , went to India in 206 BCE and is said to have renewed his friendship with the Indian king there: "He (Antiochus) crossed the Caucasus and descended into India; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty altogether; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him". Polybius 11.39 [ non-primary source needed ]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p33
|
Timeline [ edit ] 322 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire by overthrowing the Nanda Dynasty. 317–316 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya conquers the Northwest of the Indian subcontinent. 305–303 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya gains territory from the Seleucid Empire. 298–269 BCE: Reign of Bindusara, Chandragupta's son. He conquers parts of Deccan, southern India. 269–232 BCE: The Mauryan Empire reaches its height under Ashoka, Chandragupta's grandson. 261 BCE: Ashoka conquers the kingdom of Kalinga. 250 BCE: Ashoka builds Buddhist stupas and erects pillars bearing inscriptions. 184 BCE: The empire collapses when Brihadratha, the last emperor, is killed by Pushyamitra Shunga , a Mauryan general and the founder of the Shunga Empire . In literature [ edit ] According to Vicarasreni of Merutunga , Mauryans rose to power in 312 BC. [120] See also [ edit ] Part of a series on the History of India Ancient Madrasian culture Soanian , c. 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 – c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Jhusi 7106 BCE Lahuradewa 7000 BCE Mehrgarh 7000 - 2600 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p34
|
Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 – c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 – c. 322 BCE Classical Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 – c. 185 BCE Sangam period Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 – c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 – c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 – c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE – c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 – c. 550 CE Early medieval Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 – c. 753 CE Harsha's Dynasty , c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 – c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 – c. 973 CE Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 – c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 – c. 1187 CE Late medieval Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 – c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 – c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 – c. 1576 CE Early modern Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 – c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 – c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 – c. 1857 CE
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p35
|
Bengal Subah , c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE Modern The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 – c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 – c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE – present Related articles Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India v t e Outline of South Asian history Palaeolithic (2,500,000–250,000 BC) Madrasian Culture Soanian Culture Neolithic (10,800–3300 BC) Bhirrana Culture (7570–6200 BC) Mehrgarh Culture (7000–3300 BC) Edakkal Culture (5000–3000 BC) Chalcolithic (3500–1500 BC) Anarta tradition (c. 3950–1900 BC) Ahar-Banas Culture (3000–1500 BC) Pandu Culture (1600–1500 BC) Malwa Culture (1600–1300 BC) Jorwe Culture (1400–700 BC) Bronze Age (3300–1300 BC) Indus Valley Civilisation (3300–1300 BC) – Early Harappan Culture (3300–2600 BC) – Mature Harappan Culture (2600–1900 BC) – Late Harappan Culture (1900–1300 BC) Vedic Civilisation (2000–500 BC) – Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (2000–1600 BC) – Swat culture (1600–500 BC)
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p36
|
Iron Age (1500–200 BC) Vedic Civilisation (1500–500 BC) – Janapadas (1500–600 BC) – Black and Red ware culture (1300–1000 BC) – Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BC) – Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BC) Pradyota Dynasty (799–684 BC) Haryanka Dynasty (684–424 BC) Three Crowned Kingdoms (c. 600 BC – AD 1600) Maha Janapadas (c. 600–300 BC) Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC) Ror Dynasty (450 BC – AD 489) Shaishunaga Dynasty (424–345 BC) Nanda Empire (380–321 BC) Macedonian Empire (330–323 BC) Maurya Empire (321–184 BC) Seleucid India (312–303 BC) Pandya Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1345) Chera Kingdom (c. 300 BC – AD 1102) Chola Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1279) Pallava Empire (c. 250 BC – AD 800) Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire (c. 250 BC – c. AD 500) Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 224) Middle Kingdoms (230 BC – AD 1206) Satavahana Empire (230 BC – AD 220) Kuninda Kingdom (200 BC – AD 300) Mitra Dynasty (c. 150 – c. 50 BC) Shunga Empire (185–73 BC) Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC – AD 10) Kanva Empire (75–26 BC) Indo-Scythian Kingdom (50 BC – AD 400) Indo-Parthian Kingdom (AD 21 – c. 130) Western Satrap Empire (AD 35–405 ) Kushan Empire (AD 60–240) Bharshiva Dynasty (170–350) Nagas of Padmavati (210–340) Sasanian Empire (224–651) Indo-Sassanid Kingdom (230–360) Vakataka Empire (c. 250 – c. 500) Kalabhras Empire (c. 250 – c. 600) Gupta Empire (280–550) Kadamba Empire (345–525) Western Ganga Kingdom (350–1000) Kamarupa Kingdom (350–1100) Vishnukundina Empire (420–624) Maitraka Empire (475–767) Huna Kingdom (475–576) Rai Kingdom (489–632) Kabul Shahi Empire (c. 500 – 1026) Chalukya Empire (543–753) Maukhari Empire (c. 550 – c. 700) Harsha Empire (606–647) Tibetan Empire (618–841) Eastern Chalukya Kingdom (624–1075) Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (650–1036) Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Pala Empire (750–1174) Rashtrakuta Empire (753–982) Paramara Kingdom (800–1327) Yadava Empire (850–1334) Chaulukya Kingdom (942–1244) Western Chalukya Empire (973–1189) Lohara Kingdom (1003–1320) Hoysala Empire (1040–1347) Sena Empire (1070–1230) Eastern Ganga Empire (1078–1434) Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323) Zamorin Kingdom (1102–1766) Kalachuris of Tripuri (675-1210) Kalachuris of Kalyani (1156–1184) Chutiya Kingdom (1187–1673) Deva Kingdom (c. 1200 – c. 1300)
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p37
|
Late medieval period (1206–1526) Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) – Mamluk Sultanate (1206–1290) – Khalji Sultanate (1290–1320) – Tughlaq Sultanate (1320–1414) – Sayyid Sultanate (1414–1451) – Lodi Sultanate (1451–1526) Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826) Chitradurga Kingdom (1300–1779) Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448) Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646) Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576) Garhwal Kingdom (1358–1803) Mysore Kingdom (1399–1947) Gajapati Kingdom (1434–1541) Deccan Sultanates (1490–1596) – Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1490–1636) – Berar Sultanate (1490–1574) – Bidar Sultanate (1492–1619) – Bijapur Sultanate (1492–1686) – Golkonda Sultanate (1518–1687) Keladi Kingdom (1499–1763) Koch Kingdom (1515–1947) Early modern period (1526–1858) Mughal Empire (1526–1858) Sur Empire (1540–1556) Madurai Kingdom (1559–1736) Thanjavur Kingdom (1572–1918) Bengal Subah (1576–1757) Marava Kingdom (1600–1750) Thondaiman Kingdom (1650–1948) Maratha Empire (1674–1818) Sikh Confederacy (1707–1799) Travancore Kingdom (1729–1947) Sikh Empire (1799–1849) Colonial states (1510–1961) Portuguese India (1510–1961) Dutch India (1605–1825) Danish India (1620–1869) French India (1759–1954) Company Raj (1757–1858) British Raj (1858–1947) Periods of Sri Lanka Prehistory (Until 543 BC) Early kingdoms period (543 BC – 377 BC) Anuradhapura period (377 BC – AD 1017) Polonnaruwa period (1056–1232) Transitional period (1232–1505) Crisis of the Sixteenth Century (1505–1594) Kandyan period (1594–1815) British Ceylon (1815–1948) Contemporary Sri Lanka (1948–present) National histories Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Regional histories Assam Balochistan Bengal Bihar Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Kabul Kashmir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Rajasthan Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Punjab Odisha Sindh South India Sylhet Tamil Nadu Tibet Specialised histories Agriculture Architecture Coinage Demographics Dynasties Economy Education Indology Influence on Southeast Asia Language Literature Maritime Metallurgy Military Partition of India Pakistan studies Philosophy Religion Science & Technology Timeline
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p38
|
v t e Pradyota dynasty Gupta Empire History of India List of largest empires that existed in India List of Hindu Empires and Dynasties Notes [ edit ] ^ Niharranjan Ray; Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2000). A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization . Orient Blackswan. p. 553. ISBN 978-81-250-1871-1 . Aśoka is known to have designated his realm as Jambudvīpa . [...] Two terms, Jambudvīpa and Pṛthvī now appear to have stood for the [...] Maurya realm. ^ a b Hermann Kulke 2004 , p. 69-70. ^ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History . 3 (3/4): 132. doi : 10.2307/1170959 . JSTOR 1170959 . ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" . Journal of World-Systems Research . 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X . Archived from the original on 17 September 2016 . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . ^ Thanjan, Davis K. (2011). Pebbles . Bookstand Publishing. ISBN 9781589098176 . ^ Hermann Kulke 2004 , pp. xii, 448. ^ Thapar, Romila (1990). A History of India, Volume 1 . Penguin Books. p. 384. ISBN 0-14-013835-8 . ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p39
|
^ Keay, John (2000). India: A History . Grove Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5 . ^ a b R. K. Mookerji 1966 , p. 31. ^ Seleucus I ceded the territories of Arachosia (modern Kandahar), Gedrosia (modern Balochistan ), and Paropamisadae (or Gandhara ). Aria (modern Herat ) "has been wrongly included in the list of ceded satrapies by some scholars [...] on the basis of wrong assessments of the passage of Strabo [...] and a statement by Pliny." (Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee 1996, p. 594). ^ John D Grainger 2014 , p. 109:Seleucus "must [...] have held Aria", and furthermore, his "son Antiochos was active there fifteen years later." ^ The account of Strabo indicates that the western-most territory of the empire extended from the southeastern Hindu Kush, through the region of Kandahar , to coastal Balochistan to the south of that (Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee 1996, p. 594). ^ Sri Lanka and the southernmost parts of India (modern Tamil Nadu and Kerala ) remained independent, despite the diplomacy and cultural influence of their larger neighbor to the north (Schwartzberg 1992, p. 18; Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 68). ^ The empire was once thought to have directly controlled most of the Indian subcontinent excepting the far south, but its core regions are now thought to have been separated by large tribal regions (especially in the Deccan peninsula) that were relatively autonomous. (Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 68-71, as well as Stein 1998, p. 74). "The major part of the Deccan was ruled by [Mauryan administration]. But in the belt of land on either side of the Nerbudda, the Godavari and the upper Mahanadi there were, in all probability, certain areas that were technically outside the limits of the empire proper. Ashoka evidently draws a distinction between the forests and the inhabiting tribes which are in the dominions ( vijita ) and peoples on the border ( anta avijita ) for whose benefit some of the special edicts were issued. Certain vassal tribes are specifically mentioned." (Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee pp. 275–6)
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p40
|
^ Kalinga had been conquered by the preceding Nanda Dynasty but subsequently broke free until it was re-conquered by Ashoka, c. 260 BCE. (Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee, pp. 204–209, pp. 270–271) ^ Bhandari, Shirin (5 January 2016). "Dinner on the Grand Trunk Road" . Roads & Kingdoms . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . ^ Hermann Kulke 2004 , p. 67. ^ Boesche, Roger (1 March 2003). The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra . p. 11. ISBN 9780739106075 . ^ Demeny, Paul George; McNicoll, Geoffrey (May 2003). Encyclopedia of population . ISBN 9780028656793 . ^ "It is doubtful if, in its present shape, [the Arthashastra ] is as old as the time of the first Maurya," as it probably contains layers of text ranging from Maurya times till as late as the 2nd century CE. Nonetheless, "though a comparatively late work, it may be used [...] to confirm and supplement the information gleaned from earlier sources." (Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee 1996, pp.246–7) ^ a b c d e Irfan Habib & Vivekanand Jha 2004 , p. 14. ^ a b Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century . Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131716779 . ^ R. K. Mookerji 1966 , p. 14. ^ a b R. K. Mookerji 1966 , p. 15.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p41
|
^ H. C. Raychaudhuri 1988 , p. 140. ^ R. K. Mookerji 1966 , p. 8. ^ Thapar 2013 , p. 296. ^ a b c O'Riley, Michael Kampel (2013). Art Beyond the West . Person Education. p. 65. ^ a b c d From Polis to Empire, the Ancient World, C. 800 B.C.-A.D. 500 . Greenwood Publishing. 2002. ISBN 0313309426 . Retrieved 16 August 2019 . ^ Sugandhi, Namita Sanjay (2008). Between the Patterns of History: Rethinking Mauryan Imperial Interaction in the Southern Deccan . pp. 88–89. ISBN 9780549744412 . ^ Paul J. Kosmin 2014 , p. 31. ^ :"Androcottus, when he was a stripling, saw Alexander himself, and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country, since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low birth." Plutarch 62-3 Plutarch 62-3 ^ :"He was of humble Indian to a change of rule." Justin XV.4.15 "Fuit hic humili quidem genere natus, sed ad regni potestatem maiestate numinis inpulsus. Quippe cum procacitate sua Nandrum regem offendisset, interfici a rege iussus salutem pedum ceieritate quaesierat. (Ex qua fatigatione cum somno captus iaceret, leo ingentis formae ad dormientem accessit sudoremque profluentem lingua ei detersit expergefactumque blande reliquit. Hoc prodigio primum ad spem regni inpulsus) contractis latronibus Indos ad nouitatem regni sollicitauit." Justin XV.4.15 Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p42
|
^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. A Historical Atlas of South Asia , 2nd ed. (University of Minnesota, 1992), Plate III.B.4b (p.18) and Plate XIV.1a-c (p.145) ^ Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966). Chandragupta Maurya and His Times . Motilal Banarsidass. p. 27. ISBN 9788120804050 . ; Mookerji, Radha Kumud (1957). "The Foundation of the Mauryan Empire". In K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (ed.). A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 2: Mauryas and Satavahanas . Orient Longmans. p. 4. : "The Mudrarakshasa further informs us that his Himalayan alliance gave Chandragupta a composite army ... Among these are mentioned the following : Sakas, Yavanas (probably Greeks), Kiratas, Kambojas, Parasikas and Bahlikas." ^ Shashi, Shyam Singh (1999). Encyclopaedia Indica: Mauryas . Anmol Publications. p. 134. ISBN 9788170418597 . : "Among those who helped Chandragupta in his struggle against the Nandas, were the Sakas (Scythians), Yavanas (Greeks), and Parasikas (Persians)" ^ Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, Radhakumud Mookerji, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1966, p.26-27 "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Sir John Marshall, "Taxila", p. 18 et passim ^ K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (ed., 1967), Age of the Nandas and Mauryas , p.147 ^ a b Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, Radhakumud Mookerji, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1966, p.27 "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link )
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p43
|
^ Sanskrit original: "asti tava Shaka-Yavana-Kirata-Kamboja-Parasika-Bahlika parbhutibhih Chankyamatipragrahittaishcha Chandergupta Parvateshvara balairudidhibhiriva parchalitsalilaih samantaad uprudham Kusumpurama". From the French translation, in "Le Ministre et la marque de l'anneau", ISBN 2-7475-5135-0 ^ Kistler, John M. (2007). War Elephants . University of Nebraska Press. p. 67. ISBN 0803260040 . Retrieved 16 August 2019 . ^ Paul J. Kosmin 2014 , p. 38. ^ "Megasthenes lived with Sibyrtius , satrap of Arachosia, and often speaks of his visiting Sandracottus , the king of the Indians." Arrian , Anabasis Alexandri Arrian . "Book 5" . Anabasis . ^ "In the royal residences in India where the greatest of the kings of that country live, there are so many objects for admiration that neither Memnon 's city of Susa with all its extravagance, nor the magnificence of Ectabana is to be compared with them. ... In the parks, tame peacocks and pheasants are kept." Aelian , "Characteristics of animals" Aelian, Characteristics of animals, book XIII, Chapter 18 , also quoted in The Cambridge History of India, Volume 1, p411 ^ "The architectural closeness of certain buildings in Achaemenid Iran and Mauryan India have raised much comment. The royal palace at Pataliputra is the most striking example and has been compared with the palaces at Susa, Ecbatana, and Persepolis" Aśoka and the decline of the Mauryas, Volume 5, p.129, Romila Thapar, Oxford University Press, 1961
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p44
|
^ a b c Upinder Singh 2008 , p. 331. ^ Paul J. Kosmin 2014 , p. 32. ^ Chatterjee, Suhas (1998). Indian Civilization and Culture . M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 9788175330832 . ^ Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra (1993). The Mauryan Polity . Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 9788120810235 . ^ R. K. Mookerji 1966 , pp. 39–40. ^ a b Geoffrey Samuel 2010 , pp. 60. ^ a b Romila Thapar 2004 , p. 178. ^ R. K. Mookerji 1966 , pp. 39–41. ^ Srinivasachariar 1974 , p. lxxxvii. ^ Vincent Arthur Smith (1920). Asoka, the Buddhist emperor of India . Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9788120613034 . ^ Rajendralal Mitra (1878). "On the Early Life of Asoka" . Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal . Asiatic Society of Bengal: 10. ^ Motilal Banarsidass (1993). "The Minister Cāṇakya, from the Pariśiṣtaparvan of Hemacandra". In Phyllis Granoff (ed.). The Clever Adulteress and Other Stories: A Treasury of Jaina Literature . Translated by Rosalind Lefeber. pp. 204–206. ^ a b c Paul J. Kosmin 2014 , p. 35. ^ Alain Daniélou 2003 , p. 108. ^ Dineschandra Sircar 1971 , p. 167. ^ William Woodthorpe Tarn (2010). The Greeks in Bactria and India . Cambridge University Press. p. 152. ISBN 9781108009416 . ^ Mookerji Radhakumud (1962). Asoka . Motilal Banarsidass. p. 8. ISBN 978-81-208-0582-8 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2018.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p45
|
^ a b Alain Daniélou 2003 , p. 109. ^ Eugène Burnouf (1911). Legends of Indian Buddhism . New York: E. P. Dutton. p. 59. ^ a b c d S. N. Sen 1999 , p. 142. ^ "Three Greek ambassadors are known by name: Megasthenes, ambassador to Chandragupta; Deimachus, ambassador to Chandragupta's son Bindusara; and Dyonisius, whom Ptolemy Philadelphus sent to the court of Ashoka, Bindusara's son", McEvilley, p.367 ^ India, the Ancient Past , Burjor Avari, p.108-109 ^ P. 138 and P. 146 History and doctrines of the Ājīvikas: a vanished Indian religion by Arthur Llewellyn Basham ^ P. 24 Buddhism in comparative light by Anukul Chandra Banerjee ^ P. 171 Ashoka and his inscriptions, Volume 1 by Beni Madhab Barua, Ishwar Nath Topa ^ Kashi Nath Upadhyaya (1997). Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgita . Motilal Banarsidass. p. 33. ISBN 9788120808805 . ^ Fitzedward Hall , ed. (1868). The Vishnu Purana . IV . Translated by H. H. Wilson . Trübner & Co. p. 188. ^ Allchin, F.R.; Erdosy, George (1995). The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 306. ^ Edicts of Ashoka , 13th Rock Edict, translation S. Dhammika. ^ According to the Ashokavadana ^ Sir John Marshall, "A Guide to Sanchi", Eastern Book House, 1990, ISBN 81-85204-32-2 , pg.38
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p46
|
^ E. Lamotte: History of Indian Buddhism, Institut Orientaliste, Louvain-la-Neuve 1988 (1958) ^ Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas by Romila Thapar, Oxford University Press, 1960 P200 ^ Gabriel A, Richard (30 November 2006). The Ancient World :Volume 1 of Soldiers' lives through history . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 28. ^ R. C. Majumdar 2003 , p. 107. ^ Indian History . Allied Publishers. 1988. ISBN 9788184245684 . ^ Narain Singh Kalota (1978). India As Described By Megasthenes . ^ The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India. Archived 4 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine University of Michigan . ^ CNG Coins Archived 27 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine ^ R. K. Mookerji 1966 , pp. 39-41. ^ Hermann Kulke 2004 , pp. 64-65. ^ John Cort 2010 , p. 142. ^ John Cort 2010 , p. 199. ^ Tukol, T. K. Jainism in South India . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. ^ Jerry Bentley, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press), 46 ^ "L'age d'or de l'Inde Classique", p23 ^ "L'age d'or de l'Inde Classique", p22 ^ Described in Marshall p.25-28 Ashoka pillar . ^ Ramaprasad, Chanda (1919). Indian Antiquary A Journal Of Oriental Research Vol.48 . pp. 25–28. ^ Allen, Charles (2012). Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor . London: Hachette Digital. p. 274. ISBN 978-1-408-70388-5 .
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p47
|
^ Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 7. ^ a b c Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 8. ^ a b Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966). Chandragupta Maurya and His Times . Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 16–17. ISBN 9788120804050 . ^ "Plutarch, Alexander, chapter 1, section 1" . ^ "(Transitum deinde in Indiam fecit), quae post mortem Alexandri, ueluti ceruicibus iugo seruitutis excusso, praefectos eius occiderat. Auctor libertatis Sandrocottus fuerat, sed titulum libertatis post uictoriam in seruitutem uerterat ; 14 siquidem occupato regno populum quem ab externa dominatione uindicauerat ipse seruitio premebat." Justin XV.4.12–13 Archived 20 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Molienti deinde bellum aduersus praefectos Alexandri elephantus ferus infinitae magnitudinis ultro se obtulit et ueluti domita mansuetudine eum tergo excepit duxque belli et proeliator insignis fuit. Sic adquisito regno Sandrocottus ea tempestate, qua Seleucus futurae magnitudinis fundamenta iaciebat, Indiam possidebat." Justin XV.4.19 Archived 20 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Appian, The Syrian Wars 11" . Archived from the original on 3 November 2007. ^ R. C. Majumdar 2003 , p. 105. ^ Ancient India, (Kachroo, p.196) ^ The Imperial Gazetteer of India, (Hunter, p.167) ^ The evolution of man and society, (Darlington, p.223) ^ W. W. Tarn (1940). "Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita", The Journal of Hellenic Studies 60 , p. 84-94.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p48
|
^ Paul J. Kosmin 2014 , p. 37. ^ "Pliny the Elder, The Natural History (eds. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S., H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A.)" . Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. ^ Vincent A. Smith (1998). Ashoka . Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-1303-1 . ^ Walter Eugene Clark (1919). "The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology", Classical Philology 14 (4), p. 297-313. ^ "Problem while searching in The Literature Collection" . Archived from the original on 13 March 2007. ^ "The Literature Collection: The deipnosophists, or, Banquet of the learned of Athenæus (volume III): Book XIV" . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. ^ Reference: "India: The Ancient Past" p.113, Burjor Avari, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-35615-6 ^ Kosmin, Paul J. (2014). The Land of the Elephant Kings . Harvard University Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780674728820 . ^ Thomas Mc Evilly "The shape of ancient thought", Allworth Press, New York, 2002, p.368 ^ Full text of the Mahavamsa Click chapter XII Archived 5 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine ^ Kailash Chand Jain 1991 , p. 85. Sources [ edit ] Alain Daniélou (2003). A Brief History of India . Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-59477-794-3 . Arthur Llewellyn Basham (1951). History and doctrines of the Ājīvikas: a vanished Indian religion . foreword by L. D. Barnett (1 ed.). London : Luzac.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p49
|
Burton Stein (1998). A History of India (1st ed.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Geoffrey Samuel (2010). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century . Cambridge University Press. H. C. Raychaudhuri (1988) [1967]. "India in the Age of the Nandas". In K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (ed.). Age of the Nandas and Mauryas (Second ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0466-1 . H. C. Raychaudhuri ; B. N. Mukherjee (1996). Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty . Oxford University Press . Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India (4th ed.). London : Routledge . ISBN 0-415-15481-2 . Irfan Habib; Vivekanand Jha (2004). Mauryan India . A People's History of India. Aligarh Historians Society / Tulika Books. ISBN 978-81-85229-92-8 . J. E. Schwartzberg (1992). A Historical Atlas of South Asia . University of Oxford Press. John Keay (2000). India, a History . New York: Harper Collins Publishers. John Cort (2010). Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-538502-1 . John D Grainger (2014). Seleukos Nikator (Routledge Revivals): Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-80098-9 . Kailash Chand Jain (1991). Lord Mahāvīra and His Times . Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 978-81-208-0805-8 . Paul J. Kosmin (2014). The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978-0-674-72882-0 .
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p50
|
R. K. Mookerji (1966). Chandragupta Maurya and His Times . Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0405-0 . R. C. Majumdar (2003) [1952]. Ancient India . Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 81-208-0436-8 . Romila Thapar (2004) [first published by Penguin in 2002]. Early India: From the Origins to A.D. 1300 . University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24225-8 . S. N. Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization . New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0 . Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century . Pearson. ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9 . Thapar, Romila (2013), The Past Before Us , Harvard University Press , ISBN 978-0-674-72651-2 External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mauryan Empire . Livius.org: Maurya dynasty Extent of the Empire Ashoka's Edicts Preceded by Nanda dynasty Magadha dynasties Maurya Empire Succeeded by Shunga dynasty v t e Middle kingdoms of India Timeline and cultural period Northwestern India ( Punjab - Sapta Sindhu ) Indo-Gangetic Plain Central India Southern India Upper Gangetic Plain ( Ganga-Yamuna doab ) Middle Gangetic Plain Lower Gangetic Plain IRON AGE Culture Late Vedic Period Late Vedic Period ( Srauta culture) [a] Painted Grey Ware culture Late Vedic Period ( Shramanic culture ) [b] Northern Black Polished Ware Pre-history 6th century BC Gandhara Kuru - Panchala Magadha Adivasi (tribes)
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p51
|
Culture Persian-Greek influences " Second Urbanisation " Rise of Shramana movements Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga Pre-history 5th century BC ( Persian conquests ) Shaishunaga dynasty Adivasi (tribes) 4th century BC ( Greek conquests ) Nanda empire HISTORICAL AGE Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history Sangam period (300 BC – 200 AD) 3rd century BC Maurya Empire Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam Culture Preclassical Hinduism [c] - "Hindu Synthesis" [d] (ca. 200 BC - 300 AD) [e] [f] Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism Sangam period (continued) (300 BC – 200 AD) 2nd century BC Indo-Greek Kingdom Shunga Empire Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam 1st century BC 1st century AD Indo-Scythians Indo-Parthians Kuninda Kingdom 2nd century Kushan Empire 3rd century Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom (Under Kalabhras) Culture "Golden Age of Hinduism" (ca. AD 320-650) [g] Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 4th century Kidarites Gupta Empire Varman dynasty Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom (Under Kalabhras) Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty 5th century Hephthalite Empire Alchon Huns Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom (Under Kalabhras) Vishnukundina 6th century Nezak Huns Kabul Shahi
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p52
|
Maitraka Adivasi (tribes) Badami Chalukyas Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom (Under Kalabhras) Culture Late-Classical Hinduism (ca. AD 650-1100) [h] Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India 7th century Indo-Sassanids Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi (tribes) Pandyan Kingdom (Under Kalabhras) Pandyan Kingdom(Revival) Pallava 8th century Kabul Shahi Pala Empire Pandyan Kingdom Kalachuri 9th century Gurjara-Pratihara Rashtrakuta dynasty Pandyan Kingdom Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom (Under Cholas) Chera Perumals of Makkotai 10th century Ghaznavids Pala dynasty Kamboja-Pala dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom (Under Cholas) Chera Perumals of Makkotai Rashtrakuta References and sources for table References ^ Samuel ^ Samuel ^ Michaels (2004) p.39 ^ Hiltebeitel (2002) ^ Michaels (2004) p.39 ^ Hiltebeitel (2002) ^ Micheals (2004) p.40 ^ Michaels (2004) p.41 Sources Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism , Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002), Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture" , Routledge Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present , Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century , Cambridge University Press v t e Empires Ancient ( Colonies ) Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Shang Qin Han Three Kingdoms Jin North and South Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p53
|
Harsha Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Aksum Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Thessalonica Trebizond Calakmul Castilian Chinese Sui Tang Liao Song Jīn Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Holy-Roman Carolingian Huetar Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara-Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Samanid Saffarid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Serbian Singhasari Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Tikal Timurid Turko-Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Afghan Ashanti Austrian Austro-Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian Haitian First Second French First Second German First/Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Indian Mughal Mysorean Sikh Maratha British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Qajar Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Swedish Tongan Ottoman Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Scottish Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Omani Polish–Lithuanian Couronian Portuguese Sovereign Military Order of Malta Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest Ancient great powers Medieval great powers Modern great powers European colonialism Authority control LCCN : sh85064910 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1297 Cached time: 20191210211306 Cache expiry: 2592000
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p54
|
Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 2.104 seconds Real time usage: 2.555 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 16096/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 474101/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 29441/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/40 Expensive parser function count: 20/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 244017/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 4/400 Lua time usage: 0.999/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 12.42 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2091.139 1 -total 25.29% 528.927 2 Template:Reflist 18.18% 380.168 1 Template:Infobox_country 17.13% 358.280 4 Template:Infobox 15.36% 321.254 49 Template:Cite_book 12.45% 260.417 31 Template:Fix 8.96% 187.460 19 Template:Citation_needed 6.05% 126.585 1 Template:ISO_3166_code 5.73% 119.795 50 Template:Category_handler 5.68% 118.719 31 Template:Delink Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:554578-0!canonical and timestamp 20191210211303 and revision id 930193653 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurya_Empire&oldid=930193653 " Categories : Maurya Empire Ancient empires and kingdoms of India Ancient Hindu kingdoms Iron Age countries in Asia Iron Age cultures of South Asia Dynasties of Bengal History of Bengal History of West Bengal History of Bangladesh History of Kolkata Former empires Ancient history of Pakistan Ancient history of Afghanistan Jain empires and kingdoms Magadha Kingdoms of Bihar Ruling Buddhist clans 4th century BC in India 3rd century BC in India 2nd century BC in India 320s BC establishments States and territories established in the 4th century BC States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century BC 4th-century BC establishments in India 2nd-century BC disestablishments Former monarchies of South Asia Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: archived copy as title Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019 Articles with incomplete citations from April 2019 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2017 Articles with attributed pull quotes Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p55
|
Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page In other projects Wikimedia Commons Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Alemannisch العربية অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân-lâm-gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Lingua Franca Nova Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча/tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2019, at 21:12 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191212005515id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire_p56
|
Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20200415065144id_/https://www.statista.com/statistics/383696/premier-league-wins-by-team/_p0
|
• Most Premier League (EPL) titles | Statista Statista Logo statista.com statista.es statista.de statista.fr Prices & Access Single Accounts Corporate Solutions Universities Statistics All Industries Consumer Goods & FMCG Internet Media & Advertising Retail & Trade Sports & Recreation Technology & Telecommunications Transportation & Logistics Travel, Tourism & Hospitality Most-viewed Statistics Recent Statistics Popular Statistics National Basketball Association all-time scoring leaders 1946-2020 National Football League: Super Bowl wins by team 2020 Average ticket price for an NFL game by team FIFA world ranking of men's national soccer teams 2020 Athletic footwear global market share by company Topics More Topics Health & Fitness Clubs - Statistics & Facts Sporting Goods Industry - Statistics & Facts Top Study View Study Reports Dossiers Get a quick quantitative overview of a topic Outlook Reports Trend forecasts in the Statista Market Outlooks Surveys Market insights from an expert and consumer perspective Toplists Company rankings for sales and analysis Market Studies Complete markets in evaluation Industry Reports All key figures for an industry Global Business Cities Reports Global Business City rankings and key figures on cities Brand Reports Insights and benchmarks on brands worldwide Country Reports Countries and their potential Further Studies Get a deeper insight into your topic Outlooks Consumer Market Outlook Everything you need to know about Consumer Goods Digital Market Outlook Identify market potentials of the digital future Mobility Market Outlook Key topics in mobility Country Outlook Key economic and social indicators Technology Market Outlook
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20200415065144id_/https://www.statista.com/statistics/383696/premier-league-wins-by-team/_p1
|
New Insights on most important technology markets Advertising & Media Outlook New Figures and insights about the advertising and media world Tools Publication Finder Find studies from all around the internet Company Database New Sales and employment figures at a glance Business Plan Export Data sets for your business plan Infographics Services The Statistics Portal Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 Mio. facts. About Statista First Steps and Help Centre Tools and Tutorials explained in our Media Centre Research & Analysis Customized Research & Analysis projects: Market Research & Market Data Modelling Quick Analysis with our professional Research Service: AskStatista Content & Information Design Content Marketing & Information Design for your projects: Customized infographic service Presentation Design Animated videos Whitepapers, E-Books, etc. More Information eCommerceDB.com KPIs for more than 20,000 online stores Rankings by country Rankings by category Go to database Global Survey New Prices & Access Single Accounts Corporate Solutions Universities Statistics Popular Statistics Topics Markets Reports Outlooks Consumer Market Digital Market Mobility Market Country Outlook Technology Market Tools Publication Finder Company Database Business Plan Export Infographics Services Content & Information Design Research projects Ask Statista Global Consumer Survey DE ES FR Sports & Recreation › Sports & Fitness Teams with most English league titles 1889-2019 Published by Christina Gough , Aug 9, 2019
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20200415065144id_/https://www.statista.com/statistics/383696/premier-league-wins-by-team/_p2
|
Manchester United are currently the record title winners in the English top flight having won the division a total of 20 times since 1889. Most of these wins came after the inception of the Premier League at the start of the 1992/93 season under the leadership of manager Sir Alex Ferguson. Indeed, United’s most recent title came in the 2012-13 season, which was Ferguson's final season of management before his retirement. Manchester United – footballing giant As well as being the most successful team in English top flight history, Manchester United is a globally recognizable brand. The club recorded revenue of almost 776 million euros in 2018 , almost half of which was generated in the commercial segment . With such a marketable brand, it is unsurprising that the club’s brand value has more than tripled since 2011 . As a result, Manchester United was the most valuable soccer brand worldwide in 2018 , fighting off stiff competition from other giants of the game such as Real Madrid, Barcelona, and Bayern Munich. Power of the Premier League The Premier League is undoubtedly one of the biggest soccer leagues in the world and is followed by fans from across the globe. As a result, the TV broadcasting rights revenue that the league has generated has skyrocketed from 191 million U.S. dollars in its inaugural 1992 season, to over 5.1 billion U.S. dollars in 2019 . Another important revenue stream for Premier League clubs is kit sponsorships, which amounted to over 315 million pounds in the 2018/19 season .
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20200415065144id_/https://www.statista.com/statistics/383696/premier-league-wins-by-team/_p3
|
Read more Number of Premier League titles* won from 1889 to 2019, by club Number of titles Manchester United 20 Liverpool FC 18 Arsenal FC 13 Everton FC 9 Aston Villa 7 Sunderland AFC 6 Chelsea FC 6 Manchester City 6 Newcastle United 4 Sheffield Wednesday 4 Blackburn Rovers 3 Huddersfield Town 3 Leeds United 3 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 Burnley FC 2 Derby County 2 Portsmouth FC 2 Preston North End 2 Tottenham Hotspur 2 Ipswich Town 1 Nottingham Forest 1 Sheffield United 1 West Bromwich Albion 1 Leicester City 1 Loading statistic... Expand statistic Additional Information © Statista 2020 Show source Download for free You need to log in to download this statistic Register for free Already a member? Log in Source Show detailed source information? Register for free Already a member? Log in Source Show sources information Show publisher information Release date May 2019 More information Region United Kingdom Survey time period 1889 to 2019 Supplementary notes * The statistic includes the title winners of the First Division before the introduction of the Premier League at the beginning of the 1992/93 season. Other statistics on the topic Manchester United + Sports & Fitness Capacity of Premier League stadiums 2019/20 Sports & Fitness Average player salary in the EPL 2019/20, by team Sports & Fitness Barclays Premier League clubs ranked by average attendance 2018/19 Sports & Fitness British soccer teams with multiple FA Cup titles 2019
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20200415065144id_/https://www.statista.com/statistics/383696/premier-league-wins-by-team/_p4
|
Profit from additional features with an Employee Account Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. Register now Please log in to access our additional functions Register in seconds and access exclusive features. Basic Account Instant Access Premium Account Our services Click the question mark for further information Free $39 per month* (billed annually) Basic statistics Premium statistics Graph download Download PDF Excel download Register Purchase now *Duration: 12 months, billed annually, single license Yes, let me download! ...and make my research life easier. Exclusive Corporate feature This feature is limited to our corporate solutions. Please contact us to get started with full access to dossiers, forecasts, studies and international data. Corporate Account Statista Accounts: Access All Statistics. Starting from $468 / Year Basic Account Get to know the platform You only have access to basic statistics. Premium Account Your perfect start with Statista Instant access to 1m statistics Download in XLS, PDF & PNG format Detailed references $59 $39 / Month * in the first 12 months Corporate Account Full access Corporate solution including all features. * All products require an annual contract. Prices do not include sales tax. Statistics on " Premier League " The most important statistics Market size of professional football in Europe 2006-2018 Revenue of the 'Big Five' European soccer leagues 1996-2020 Revenue of the top European soccer leagues (Big Five) 2006-2020 Brand value of top football clubs worldwide 2019 Leading football clubs ranked by revenue in Europe 2018/19 Revenue distribution of top-20 European soccer clubs 2018/19 Average attendance "Big Five" European soccer leagues 1996/97-2017/18 The most important statistics Revenue of the Premier League by stream 2014-2020 Revenue of Premier League football clubs 2017/18 Brand value of Premier League (England) football teams 2019 Total value of kit sponsorships of the Barclays Premier League 2009-2020 Jersey kit sponsorships in the Premier League by club 2019/20 Premier League top 5 sponsorship revenue breakdown 2019, by club Value of Manchester City's jersey sponsorship 2009-2020 Value of Manchester United's jersey sponsorship 2009-2020 The most important statistics Europe: media rights value of the leading football leagues 2016/17 Europe: domestic media rights value of the leading football leagues 2016/17 England: estimated annual broadcasting rights fees of the Premier League 2009-2019 UK: media rights revenue of the Premier League in 2016/2017, by global region Premier League total broadcasting payments to clubs 2010-2019 Premier League broadcasting payments to clubs 2018/19 Premier League club websites with highest SEO visibility as of 2019 Average UK television viewership of the English Premier League 2010-2017, by channel The most important statistics Total aggregate attendance English Premier League 2018/19 Average per game attendance English Premier League 2018/19 Barclays Premier League clubs ranked by average attendance 2018/19 Premier League clubs by most expensive match-day ticket 2019/20 Premier League clubs by cheapest match-day ticket 2018/19 Premier League clubs by most expensive season ticket 2019/20 Premier League clubs by cheapest seasons ticket 2019/20 Attending a home match by the favourite Premier League club in England 2018 The most important statistics Capacity of Premier League stadiums 2019/20 Premier League top 10 stadium naming rights revenues per year 2019 Premier League: breakdown of tickets sold 2018, by category Premier League: breakdown of stadium seating 2018, by category Premier League: breakdown of single tickets sold in 2018, by price class Premier League clubs by price of a pie 2018/19 Premier League clubs by price of a pint of beer 2018/19 The most important statistics Favourite Premier League club in England 2018 Most popular Premier League clubs in England 2018 Interest in Premier League clubs in England 2018 Ownership of merchandise products by the favourite Premier League club 2018 Spending on merchandise products by the favourite Premier League club in England 2018 Getting a new kit of the favorite Premier League club every season in England 2018 Brand sympathy of Premier League main kit sponsors in England 2018 The most important statistics British soccer teams with most Premier league titles 2019 British soccer teams with most League Cup titles 2020 British soccer teams with multiple FA Cup titles 2019 Premier League football clubs' spending on transfer fees 2010-2018 Transfer spending of Premier League clubs, January transfer window 2006-2019 Total transfer expenditure of Premier League football clubs 2010-2020 Average player salary in the EPL 2019/20, by team Top ten transfer fees of the Premier League in the United Kingdom as of 2020 The most important statistics Top ten team market values of the Premier League in the UK from 2011 to 2020 Revenues and wage costs of Premier League clubs in England 2017-18 Revenues and wage costs of Premier League clubs in England 2018, by club UK football clubs finance survey: current financial health as of 2019, by league Europe: clubs in English Premier League 2019, by financial concern Further related statistics Interest in Premier League clubs in England 2018 Europe: shirt sponsorship value of leading 50 football clubs 2019, by sponsor origin Premier League clubs by price of a pint of beer 2018/19 Europe: sponsorship deals of leading 50 football clubs 2019, by sponsor origin UK: average matchday attendance of football clubs 2015-2019, by league Brand value of top tier football leagues in Europe 2019, by country Enterprise value of top tier football clubs in Europe 2019 Europe: shirt sponsorship value of leading 50 football clubs 2019, by industry Main characteristics typical of Bet365 in England 2018 Attitude towards Tottenham Hotspur in England 2018 Ownership of merchandise products by the favourite Premier League club 2018 Main characteristics typical of Standard Chartered in England 2018 Premier league football clubs revenue in England 2016/2017, by stream PC monitor & projector market revenue in Sweden 2016-2021 Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing activities revenue in Sweden 2010-2022 Industry revenue of »construction of other civil engineering projects« in Estonia 2011-2023 Industry revenue of “repair of footwear and leather goods“ in Sweden 2012-2024 Manufacture of synthetic rubber in primary forms revenue in Belgium 2010-2022 Further Content: You might find this interesting as well
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20200415065144id_/https://www.statista.com/statistics/383696/premier-league-wins-by-team/_p5
|
Statistics Interest in Premier League clubs in England 2018 Europe: shirt sponsorship value of leading 50 football clubs 2019, by sponsor origin Premier League clubs by price of a pint of beer 2018/19 Europe: sponsorship deals of leading 50 football clubs 2019, by sponsor origin UK: average matchday attendance of football clubs 2015-2019, by league Brand value of top tier football leagues in Europe 2019, by country Enterprise value of top tier football clubs in Europe 2019 Europe: shirt sponsorship value of leading 50 football clubs 2019, by industry Main characteristics typical of Bet365 in England 2018 Attitude towards Tottenham Hotspur in England 2018 Ownership of merchandise products by the favourite Premier League club 2018 Main characteristics typical of Standard Chartered in England 2018 Premier league football clubs revenue in England 2016/2017, by stream PC monitor & projector market revenue in Sweden 2016-2021 Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing activities revenue in Sweden 2010-2022 Industry revenue of »construction of other civil engineering projects« in Estonia 2011-202... Industry revenue of “repair of footwear and leather goods“ in Sweden 2012-2024 Manufacture of synthetic rubber in primary forms revenue in Belgium 2010-2022 Topics Manchester United Soccer Sports Sponsorship Premier League Bundesliga Statista Accounts: Access All Statistics. Starting from $468 / Year Learn more about how Statista can support your business. Request webinar worldfootball.net. (May 13, 2019). Number of Premier League titles* won from 1889 to 2019, by club [Graph]. In Statista . Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/383696/premier-league-wins-by-team/ worldfootball.net. "Number of Premier League titles* won from 1889 to 2019, by club." Chart. May 13, 2019. Statista. Accessed April 15, 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/383696/premier-league-wins-by-team/ worldfootball.net. (2019). Number of Premier League titles* won from 1889 to 2019, by club . Statista . Statista Inc.. Accessed: April 15, 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/383696/premier-league-wins-by-team/ worldfootball.net. "Number of Premier League Titles* Won from 1889 to 2019, by Club." Statista , Statista Inc., 13 May 2019, https://www.statista.com/statistics/383696/premier-league-wins-by-team/ worldfootball.net, Number of Premier League titles* won from 1889 to 2019, by club Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/383696/premier-league-wins-by-team/ (last visited April 15, 2020) We use cookies to personalize contents and ads, offer social media features, and analyze access to our website. In your browser settings you can configure or disable this, respectively, and can delete any already placed cookies. For details, please see your browser’s Help section (by pressing F1). Please see our privacy statement for details about how we use data. OK Home About Statista Career Contact Help & FAQ Report Bug Our Media Partners Privacy Imprint Menu
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20200415065144id_/https://www.statista.com/statistics/383696/premier-league-wins-by-team/_p6
|
Prices & Access Popular Statistics Industries Infographics Content & Design projects Research projects AskStatista statista.de statista.es statista.fr Dynamic DataLayer
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p0
|
The Real Housewives of New Jersey - Wikipedia CentralNotice The Real Housewives of New Jersey From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search New Jersey-based reality television series in the United States The Real Housewives of New Jersey Genre Reality television Starring Teresa Giudice Jacqueline Laurita Caroline Manzo Dina Manzo Danielle Staub Melissa Gorga Kathy Wakile Teresa Aprea Amber Marchese Nicole Napolitano Dolores Catania Siggy Flicker Margaret Josephs Jennifer Aydin Jackie Goldschneider Composer(s) David Vanacore Craig Sharmat Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 165 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Rebecca Toth Diefenbach Valerie Haselton Lucilla D'Agostino Jim Fraenkel Omid Kahangi Caroline Self Andy Cohen Tess Gamboa Meyers Amy Kohn Luke Neslage Deanna Markoff Dorothy Toran Jessica Sebastian Jordana Hochman Lauren Volonakis Camera setup Multiple Running time 41–43 minutes Production company(s) Sirens Media Release Original network Bravo Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV ( 1080i ) Original release May 12, 2009 ( 2009-05-12 ) – present ( present ) Chronology Preceded by The Real Housewives of Atlanta Followed by The Real Housewives of D.C. Related shows Boys to Manzo Manzo'd with Children Teresa Checks In External links Website The Real Housewives of New Jersey (abbreviated RHONJ ) is an American reality television series that premiered on May 12, 2009, on Bravo . Developed as the fourth installment of The Real Housewives franchise, it has aired nine seasons and focuses on the personal and professional lives of several women residing in New Jersey .
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p1
|
The current cast consists of Teresa Giudice (since season 1), Melissa Gorga (since season 3), Dolores Catania (since season 7), Margaret Josephs (since season 8), Jennifer Aydin, and Jackie Goldschneider (both since season 9). Previously-featured cast members include original housewives Jacqueline Laurita , Caroline Manzo , Dina Manzo , and Danielle Staub ; and later-added housewives Kathy Wakile , Teresa Aprea, Amber Marchese , Nicole Napolitano, and Siggy Flicker . The success of the show has resulted in the spin-offs Manzo'd with Children and Teresa Checks In . Contents 1 Overview and casting 1.1 Seasons 1–5 1.2 Seasons 6–present 1.3 Timeline of housewives 2 Episodes 3 Spin-offs 4 References 5 External links Overview and casting Seasons 1–5 The Real Housewives of New Jersey was announced when Bravo released its 2008–09 programming on April 15, 2008. [1] first season premiered on May 12, 2009, and starred Caroline Manzo , Jacqueline Laurita , Teresa Giudice , Dina Manzo and Danielle Staub . For the first time in the franchise, the series followed housewives who are related to one another: sisters Caroline and Dina are married to brothers Albert and Tommy Manzo, and Jacqueline Laurita is married to Caroline and Dina's brother, Chris Laurita. [2] Dina and Tommy Manzo would later end up separated. [3] [4] second season premiered on May 3, 2010, with Dina Manzo departing the series after the seventh episode. [5] Staub left the show after the second season. [6]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p2
|
third season premiered on May 16, 2011, with new housewives Melissa Gorga and Kathy Wakile . [7] It delivered the highest rated season premiere in the network's history and the highest rated season premiere in The Real Housewives franchise at the time. [8] fourth season premiered on April 22, 2012, with Kim DePaola upgraded to a "friend of the Housewives" recurring capacity. [9] [10] [11] fifth season premiered on June 2, 2013, with Jennifer Dalton being added in a recurring role. [12] Caroline Manzo and Laurita left the show after the fifth season, and DePaola and Dalton were dropped from their "friend of" roles. [13] [14] Seasons 6–present The sixth season premiered on July 13, 2014. [15] It featured the return of Dina Manzo as a full-time cast member and new cast members Amber Marchese , Teresa Aprea and Nicole Napolitano. [15] [16] Wakile was demoted to a "friend of the housewives" role, while Laurita appeared as a guest. [17] [18] Marchese, Aprea, Napolitano and Dina Manzo left the show after the sixth season. [19] [20] Laurita returned as a full-time housewife in the seventh season , which premiered on July 10, 2016. [21] The season also featured Dolores Catania and Siggy Flicker as new cast members, while Wakile and her sister Rosie Pierri appeared as "friends of the housewives". [22] DePaola, Aprea and Napolitano also appeared as guests. [23] [24] After the seventh season, Laurita, Wakile and Pierri departed the show. [25] [26]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p3
|
Staub returned in the show as friend of the housewives for the eighth season , which premiered on October 4, 2017. It also featured Margaret Josephs as the new cast member. While DePaola appeared as a guest. [27] The season marked as Flicker's final season on the show. [28] ninth season premiered on November 7, 2018, featuring Jennifer Aydin and Jackie Goldschneider as full-time cast members. While Staub returned as a friend once again. [29] On September 25, 2019, it was announced that the tenth season will premiere on November 6, 2019, with Aydin, Catania, Giudice, Goldschneider, Gorga, and Josephs all returning as main cast members. [30] Timeline of housewives Danielle Staub Teresa Giudice Melissa Gorga Siggy Flicker Housewives Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Teresa Giudice Main Jacqueline Laurita Main Friend Main Caroline Manzo Main Dina Manzo Main Guest Main Danielle Staub Main Friend Melissa Gorga Guest Main Kathy Wakile Guest Main Friend Teresa Aprea Main Guest Amber Marchese Main Nicole Napolitano Main Guest Dolores Catania Guest Guest Main Siggy Flicker Main Margaret Josephs Main Jennifer Aydin Main Jackie Goldschneider Main Friends of the housewives Kim Granatell Friend Guest Kim DePaola Guest Friend Guest Jennifer Dalton Friend Rosie Pierri Guest Friend Episodes Main article: List of The Real Housewives of New Jersey episodes Season Episodes
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p4
|
Originally aired First aired Last aired 1 10 May 12, 2009 ( 2009-05-12 ) July 9, 2009 ( 2009-07-09 ) 2 18 May 3, 2010 ( 2010-05-03 ) September 6, 2010 ( 2010-09-06 ) 3 21 May 16, 2011 ( 2011-05-16 ) October 23, 2011 ( 2011-10-23 ) 4 24 April 22, 2012 ( 2012-04-22 ) October 21, 2012 ( 2012-10-21 ) 5 22 June 2, 2013 ( 2013-06-02 ) October 20, 2013 ( 2013-10-20 ) 6 19 July 13, 2014 ( 2014-07-13 ) November 20, 2014 ( 2014-11-20 ) 7 18 July 10, 2016 ( 2016-07-10 ) November 13, 2016 ( 2016-11-13 ) 8 16 October 4, 2017 ( 2017-10-04 ) January 31, 2018 ( 2018-01-31 ) 9 18 November 7, 2018 ( 2018-11-07 ) March 6, 2019 ( 2019-03-06 ) 10 N/A November 6, 2019 ( 2019-11-06 ) N/A Spin-offs The series' success has resulted in a development of multiple spin-off series. Caroline Manzo's children Albie and Chris had a web series spin-off alongside their roommate and friend Greg Bennett, Boys to Manzo which premiered on May 30, 2011. [31] [32] Caroline Manzo, who was part of the original cast of the show, quit the series before its sixth season. Manzo later disclosed that she was involved in the production of a new show, Manzo'd with Children ; [33] [34] the show was eventually picked up and premiered on October 5, 2014. [35] The reality series follows the daily life of Manzo and her family: husband Albert, sons Albie and Chris, daughter Lauren, and sister Fran. [36] It aired for three seasons. [37] [38]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p5
|
The second spin-off, entitled Teresa Checks In , aired in October 2015. The three-episode television series chronicled the life of the Giudice family and how its members dealt with the aftermath of Teresa Giudice 's being sentenced to prison. The series featured some of the cast members of The Real Housewives of New Jersey , including Melissa Gorga , Joe Gorga, and Rosie Pierri. [39] [40] [41] In December 2014, it was announced Giudice's daughter, Gia, was in production on a pilot revolving around her attempting to launch a singing career, with her group 3KT. [42] [43] In December 2018, it was announced an after show featuring Giudice, Gorga, Josephs, Goldschneider, Aydin and Staub would be released weekly following the airing of the episode. It featured their reactions to the events to the episode and thoughts on the season. [44] Episodes were released through Bravo.com and YouTube . [45] References ^ "Bravo Increases Programming Hours by 45%, Unveils New Slate Including 12 Returning Franchises and Four New Series and Specials" . The Futon Critic . April 15, 2008 . Retrieved July 8, 2013 . ^ "A New Real Housewives Of New Jersey Cast Member Revealed!" . Radar Online . September 2, 2010 . Retrieved July 8, 2013 . ^ Fowler, Brandi (February 3, 2013). "Former Real Housewives of New Jersey Star Dina Manzo Splits from Husband" . E! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved July 8, 2013 .
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p6
|
^ "Dina Manzo Separates From Husband: 34 Other 'Real Housewives' Who Have Divorced" . The Huffington Post . February 4, 2013 . Retrieved July 8, 2013 . ^ "Dina Manzo: Why I Left 'Real Housewives ' " . OK! Magazine . June 17, 2010 . Retrieved July 7, 2013 . ^ Shahid, Aliyah (September 7, 2010). "Danielle Staub to leave 'Real Housewives of New Jersey,' Bravo announces" . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7, 2013 . ^ "Real Housewives of New Jersey Returns – with New Ladies!" . People . April 13, 2011. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015 . Retrieved May 12, 2015 . ^ Seidman, Robert (May 17, 2011). " ' Real Housewives of New Jersey' Delivers Highest Rated Season Premiere with 1.9 Million Viewers" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18, 2013 . ^ "Bravo's "The Real Housewives of New Jersey" Heads to the Shore in Season Four Premiering April 22 at 10PM ET/PT" . The Futon Critic . March 22, 2012 . Retrieved July 7, 2013 . ^ Nsenduluka, Benge (December 27, 2012). " ' Real Housewives' New Jersey Housewife Jennifer Dalton Joining Pal Teresa Giudice?" . The Christian Post . Retrieved April 21, 2013 . ^ "Giudice and Gotti" . Bravo . Retrieved October 13, 2016 . ^ Takeda, Allison (April 3, 2013). "See The Real Housewives of New Jersey's Cast Picture From Season Five" . Us Weekly . Retrieved May 12, 2015 .
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p7
|
^ "Caroline Manzo Leaving 'Real Housewives of New Jersey ' " . The Hollywood Reporter . October 14, 2013 . Retrieved May 12, 2015 . ^ Nilles, Billy (October 23, 2013). " ' Real Housewives of New Jersey': Dina Manzo demands Jacqueline Laurita's exit" . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 10, 2016 . Retrieved October 24, 2013 . ^ a b "Dina Manzo Returns! First Look at 'RHONJ' Season Six" . The Dish . Bravo . Retrieved May 14, 2014 . May 14, 2014 ^ Harnick, Chris (February 22, 2014). "The Real Housewives of New Jersey Season 6 Scoop: Fistfights, Major Drama and Sexy Times Ahead!" . E! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved February 22, 2014 . ^ Bricker, Tierney; Sobol, Beth (May 14, 2014). "Real Housewives of New Jersey's Kathy Wakile Breaks Silence on No Longer Being a Housewife in Season 6" . E! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved November 8, 2014 . ^ Harnick, Chris (September 3, 2014). "Teresa Giudice's Legal Drama Takes Center Stage in RHONJ's Midseason Trailer—Plus, What Brings Jacqueline Back?" . E! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved November 8, 2014 . ^ "Amber Marchese Exits The Real Housewives of New Jersey" . People.com . November 10, 2015 . Retrieved November 10, 2015 . ^ Falzone, Diana (May 9, 2016). "Dina Manzo will not return to 'Real Housewives of NJ ' " . FOX News . Retrieved May 24, 2016 .
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p8
|
^ Petski, Denise (February 8, 2016). " ' Real Housewives Of New Jersey' Renewed; Teresa Giudice, Melissa Gorga & Jacqueline Laurita To Return" . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . ^ Hendricks, Jaclyn (May 24, 2016). "Teresa Giudice slings insults in 'Real Housewives' return" . New York Post . Retrieved May 24, 2016 . ^ Harnick, Chris. "Real Housewives of New Jersey Season 7 Trailer: It's Teresa Giudice vs. Jacqueline Laurita?" . E Online . E News . Retrieved August 29, 2016 . ^ "Next on RHONJ: Drama, Drama, Drama" . Bravo . Retrieved August 29, 2016 . ^ Iaboni, Rande (April 3, 2017). "EXCLUSIVE: Jacqueline Laurita Opens Up About Her Son's Autism and Why She Won't Be Returning to RHONJ " . Entertainment Tonight . United States: CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 3, 2017 . Retrieved April 10, 2017 . ^ Hyman, Vicki (May 8, 2017). "Hold the drama: Former 'RHONJ' star Kathy Wakile opening Italian restaurant" . nj.com . Retrieved May 8, 2017 . ^ Quinn, Dave (August 22, 2017). "Danielle Staub Returns to RHONJ — and What Furniture Is Teresa Giudice Flipping Now?" . People . United States: Time Inc. Retrieved August 22, 2017 . ^ Corinthios, Aurelie (December 22, 2017). "Siggy Flicker Leaving the Real Housewives of New Jersey After 2 Seasons" . People . United States: Time Inc. Archived from the original on December 23, 2017 . Retrieved December 22, 2017 .
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p9
|
^ Otterson, Joe (April 11, 2018). "Bravo Renews 'Vanderpump Rules' and 19 Other Shows, Expands to Seven Nights a Week" . Retrieved April 12, 2018 . ^ "Bravo's "The Real Housewives of New Jersey" Celebrates a Decade of Family, Friendship, and Frenemies When Season 10 Premieres on Wednesday, November 6 at 9PM ET/PT" . The Futon Critic . September 25, 2019. ^ Kuperinsky, Amy (June 10, 2011). "Real Housewives of New Jersey: Manzo brothers take up residence on Bravo webcast" . NJ.com . Retrieved January 16, 2017 . ^ Starr, Michael (June 1, 2011). "Manzo Boys Get A Spinoff" . NY Post . Retrieved January 16, 2017 . ^ Johnson, Zach (October 15, 2013). "Caroline Manzo Reveals Why She Quit Real Housewives of New Jersey" . E! Online. NBCUniversal . Retrieved November 16, 2014 . Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= ( help ) ^ Rouse, Wade (October 14, 2013). "Caroline Manzo Is Leaving Real Housewives of New Jersey" . People . Time Inc . Retrieved May 18, 2014 . ^ Bibel, Sara (August 21, 2014). " ' Manzo'd With Children' to Premiere Sunday, October 5 on Bravo" (Press release). Zap2it . Retrieved April 8, 2014 . ^ " Manzo'd with Children Season 1: Cast & Info" . Bravo Media. NBCUniversal . Retrieved November 18, 2014 . ^ French, Megan (February 28, 2017). " ' Manzo'd With Children' Ending After Three Seasons: See the Manzo Family's Reactions" . US Magazine . Retrieved March 1, 2017 .
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p10
|
^ Hyman, Vicki (March 1, 2017). " ' RHONJ' spinoff 'Manzo'd With Children' kaput after 3 seasons" . NJ.com . Retrieved March 1, 2017 . ^ Beard, Lanford (October 16, 2015). "Teresa Giudice Wanted to Hide News of Her Prison Shakedown from Daughter Gia" . People . Time Inc. Retrieved October 19, 2015 . ^ Upmalis, Jordan (September 14, 2015). "See How the Giudice Family is Coping Since Teresa's Departure" . The Daily Dish . Bravo Media . Retrieved October 18, 2015 . ^ "Bravo Media Presents "The Real Housewives of New Jersey Teresa Checks In" A Three-Part Special Premiering Sunday, October 11 at 8PM ET/PT" . The Futon Critic (Press release). Futon Media. September 14, 2015 . Retrieved October 18, 2015 . ^ Hod, Itay (December 29, 2014). " ' Real Housewives of New Jersey' Daughter Gia Giudice Shooting Reality Show Pilot" . The Wrap . Retrieved January 14, 2017 . ^ Harrison, Lily; Sobel, Beth (December 29, 2014). "Gia Giudice Is Filming Her Own Reality Show?! Get the Scoop!" . E! News . Retrieved January 13, 2017 . ^ Sander, Brice (December 7, 2018). " ' RHONJ' Is Getting an After-Show and It's Full of Wild Reveals (Exclusive)" . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved February 7, 2019 . ^ Rosenfeld, Laura (December 7, 2018). "The Real Housewives of New Jersey Tease the "Best Fight in Housewives History " " . Bravo . Retrieved February 7, 2019 .
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p11
|
External links Television portal Official website The Real Housewives of New Jersey on IMDb The Real Housewives of New Jersey at Metacritic The Real Housewives of New Jersey at TV Guide v t e The Real Housewives franchise American installments Orange County Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 New York City Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Atlanta Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 New Jersey Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Beverly Hills Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Miami Episodes Season 1 2 3 Potomac Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 Dallas Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 Others D.C. International installments Vancouver Episodes Season 1 2 Melbourne Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 Cheshire Episodes Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others Athens Les Vraies Housewives Auckland Sydney Toronto Hungary Johannesburg Bangkok Related programming Bethenny Ever After Episodes Season 1 2 3 Don't Be Tardy Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Vanderpump Rules Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Manzo'd with Children Episodes Season 1 2 3 Others Date My Ex: Jo & Slade
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p12
|
Boys to Manzo Havana Elsa The Kandi Factory Tamra's OC Wedding I Dream of NeNe: The Wedding Kandi's Wedding Kandi's Ski Trip Teresa Checks In Vanderpump Rules After Show Other Cast members " Tardy for the Party " v t e Bravo original programming Current Below Deck (since 2013) Below Deck Mediterranean (since 2016) Buying It Blind (since 2018) Cash Cab (since 2019) Don't Be Tardy (since 2012) Flipping Out (since 2007) Get a Room with Carson & Thom (since 2018) Inside the Actors Studio (since 1994) Married to Medicine (since 2013) Married to Medicine: Los Angeles (since 2019) Mexican Dynasties (since 2019) Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles (since 2006) Million Dollar Listing New York (since 2012) A Night with My Ex (since 2017) Project Runway (2004–08, since 2019) Real Estate Wars (since 2017) The Real Housewives of Atlanta (since 2008) The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (since 2010) The Real Housewives of Dallas (since 2016) The Real Housewives of New Jersey (since 2009) The Real Housewives of New York City (since 2008) The Real Housewives of Orange County (since 2006) The Real Housewives of Potomac (since 2016) Shahs of Sunset (since 2012) Southern Charm (since 2014) Southern Charm New Orleans (since 2018) Southern Charm Savannah (since 2017) Summer House (since 2017) Sweet Home (since 2017) Top Chef (since 2006) Vanderpump Rules (since 2013)
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p13
|
Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen (since 2009) Former 2000s debuts 30 Even Scarier Movie Moments (2006) The 100 Scariest Movie Moments (2004) The Awful Truth (1999–2000) Battle of the Network Reality Stars (2005) Being Bobby Brown (2005) Better Halves (2007) Blow Out (2004–06) Boy Meets Boy (2003) Bravo A-List Awards (2008–09) Breaking News (2002) Celebrity Poker Showdown (2003–06) Chef Academy (2009–10) Date My Ex: Jo & Slade (2008) The Fashion Show: Ultimate Collection (2009–11) First Class All the Way (2008) Gay Weddings (2002) Hey Paula (2007) The It Factor (2002–03) Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List (2005–10) Launch My Line (2009–10) Make Me a Supermodel (2008–09) Manhunt (2004) Miami Social (2009) The Millionaire Matchmaker (2008–15) NYC Prep (2009) Outrageous and Contagious: Viral Videos (2006) Page to Screen (2002–05) Party/Party (2005–06) Queer Eye for the Straight Girl (2005) Queer Eye for the Straight Guy (2003–07) The Rachel Zoe Project (2008–13) Significant Others (2004) Shear Genius (2007–10) Showbiz Moms & Dads (2004) Showdog Moms & Dads (2005) Sports Kids Moms & Dads (2005) Step It Up and Dance (2008) Tabatha Takes Over (2008–13) Tabloid Wars (2006) Things I Hate About You (2004) Tim Gunn's Guide to Style (2007–08) Top Chef Masters (2009–13) Top Design (2008) Welcome to the Parker (2007) Work Out (2006–08) 2010s debuts 100 Days of Summer (2014)
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p14
|
9 By Design (2010) Après Ski (2015) Around the World in 80 Plates (2012) Best New Restaurant (2015) Bethenny Ever After (2010–12) Blood, Sweat & Heels (2014–15) Boys to Manzo (2011) Chef Roblé & Co. (2011–13) Courtney Loves Dallas (2013–14) Cyrus vs. Cyrus: Design and Conquer (2017) Dirty John (2018–19) Double Exposure (2010) Dukes of Melrose (2013) Eat, Drink, Love (2013) Euros of Hollywood (2014) Extreme Guide to Parenting (2014) Fashion Hunters (2011) Fashion Queens (2013–15) First Family of Hip Hop (2017) Gallery Girls (2012) Game of Crowns (2014) Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce (2014–18) Going Off the Menu (2016-17) Havana Elsa (2012) I Dream of NeNe: The Wedding (2013) Imposters (2017–18) Interior Therapy with Jeff Lewis (2012–13) Invite Only Cabo (2017) It's a Brad, Brad World (2012–13) Jersey Belle (2014) The Kandi Factory (2013) Kandi's Ski Trip (2015) Kandi's Wedding (2014) Kathy (2012–13) Kell on Earth (2010) LA Shrinks (2013) Ladies of London (2014–17) Life After Top Chef (2012) LOLwork (2012) Love Broker (2012) Mad Fashion (2011) Manzo'd with Children (2014–16) Married to Medicine: Houston (2016) Million Dollar Decorators (2011–13) Million Dollar Listing Miami (2014) Million Dollar Listing San Francisco (2015) The Millionaire Matchmaker (2008–15) Miss Advised (2012) Most Eligible Dallas (2011) Mother Funders (2015) My Fab 40th (2015) The New Atlanta (2013) Newlyweds: The First Year (2013–16) Odd Mom Out (2015-17)
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p15
|
Online Dating Rituals of the American Male (2014) The People's Couch (2013–16) Platinum Hit (2011) Pregnant in Heels (2011–12) Princesses: Long Island (2013) Property Envy (2013) The Real Housewives of Miami (2011–13) The Real Housewives of D.C. (2010) Recipe for Deception (2016) Relative Success with Tabatha (2018) Rocco's Dinner Party (2011) Secrets and Wives (2015) The Singles Project (2014) Start-Ups: Silicon Valley (2012) Stripped (2017-18) Tamra's OC Wedding (2013) Teresa Checks In (2015) Then and Now with Andy Cohen (2015) There Goes the Motherhood (2016) Thicker Than Water (2013–16) Thintervention with Jackie Warner (2010) Timber Creek Lodge (2016–17) To Rome for Love (2018) Toned Up (2014) Top Chef Duels (2014) Top Chef: Just Desserts (2010–11) Tour Group (2016) Untying the Knot (2014–16) Vanderpump Rules After Show (2015–16) Work of Art: The Next Great Artist (2010–11) Work Out New York (2015–16) Xscape: Still Kickin' It (2017) Your Husband is Cheating on Us (2018) Yours, Mine or Ours (2016) Upcoming Blind Date (2019) The Fifth Beatle (TBA) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1328 Cached time: 20191105133152 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.984 seconds Real time usage: 1.261 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5689/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 233424/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6380/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/40 Expensive parser function count: 8/500
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p16
|
Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 142188/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Lua time usage: 0.510/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5.7 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1052.677 1 -total 42.72% 449.655 1 Template:Reflist 31.57% 332.335 37 Template:Cite_web 12.59% 132.514 1 Template:Infobox_television 10.35% 108.970 1 Template:Infobox 7.48% 78.772 1 Template:Pp-semi-indef 5.62% 59.189 1 Template:Official_website 5.49% 57.757 1 Template:Multiple_image 5.14% 54.092 1 List_of_The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_episodes 4.99% 52.554 6 Template:Navbox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22361242-0!canonical and timestamp 20191105133150 and revision id 924088910 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey&oldid=924088910 " Categories : 2000s American reality television series 2010s American reality television series 2009 American television series debuts English-language television programs Television shows set in New Jersey Bravo (U.S.) television series The Real Housewives of New Jersey Hidden categories: CS1 errors: markup Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with short description Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read View source View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20191106205118id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey_p17
|
Languages Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2019, at 18:50 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20200826195101id_/https://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol1/area_triangle_p0
|
Area of a Triangle Skip to main content !Top Region !Leaderboard Region !Site name and Slogan /1085823/TA-MG-728x90-ATF Log In Sign Up For Our FREE Newsletter! * By signing up, you agree to receive useful information and to our privacy policy Search form Search !Navigation Lessons Worksheets Worksheet Creator Worksheets by Grade Games Articles Glossary Puzzles Calculators Word Problems Webquests !Breadcrumbs !Messages and Help !Secondary Content Region !Highlighted region !Main Content Header Area of a Triangle !Main Content Search form Search The area of a polygon is the number of square units inside that polygon. Area is 2-dimensional like a carpet or an area rug. A triangle is a three-sided polygon. We will look at several types of triangles in this lesson. To find the area of a triangle, multiply the base by the height, and then divide by 2. The division by 2 comes from the fact that a parallelogram can be divided into 2 triangles. For example, in the diagram to the left, the area of each triangle is equal to one-half the area of the parallelogram. Since the area of a parallelogram is A = B * H, the area of a triangle must be one-half the area of a parallelogram. Thus, the formula for the area of a triangle is: or where b is the base, h is the height and · means multiply.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20200826195101id_/https://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol1/area_triangle_p1
|
The base and height of a triangle must be perpendicular to each other. In each of the examples below, the base is a side of the triangle. However, depending on the triangle, the height may or may not be a side of the triangle. For example, in the right triangle in Example 2, the height is a side of the triangle since it is perpendicular to the base. In the triangles in Examples 1 and 3, the lateral sides are not perpendicular to the base, so a dotted line is drawn to represent the height. Example 1: Find the area of an acute triangle with a base of 15 inches and a height of 4 inches. Solution: = · (15 in) · (4 in) = · (60 in 2 ) = 30 in 2 Example 2: Find the area of a right triangle with a base of 6 centimeters and a height of 9 centimeters. Solution: = · (6 cm) · (9 cm) = · (54 cm 2 ) = 27 cm 2 Example 3: Find the area of an obtuse triangle with a base of 5 inches and a height of 8 inches. Solution: = · (5 in) · (8 in) = · (40 in 2 ) = 20 in 2 Example 4: The area of a triangle shaped mat is 18 square feet and the base is 3 feet. Find the height. (Note: The triangle in the illustration to the right is NOT drawn to scale.)
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20200826195101id_/https://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol1/area_triangle_p2
|
Solution: In this example, we are given the area of a triangle and one dimension, and we are asked to work backwards to find the other dimension. 18 ft 2 = \B7 (3 ft) · h Multiplying both sides of the equation by 2, we get: 36 ft 2 = (3 ft) · h Dividing both sides of the equation by 3 ft, we get: 12 ft = h Commuting this equation, we get: h = 12 ft Summary: Given the base and the height of a triangle, we can find the area. Given the area and either the base or the height of a triangle, we can find the other dimension. The formula for area of a triangle is: or where b is the base and h is the height. Exercises Directions: Read each question below. Click once in an ANSWER BOX and type in your answer; then click ENTER. Your answers should be given as whole numbers greater than zero. After you click ENTER, a message will appear in the RESULTS BOX to indicate whether your answer is correct or incorrect. To start over, click CLEAR. 1. Find the area of a triangle with a base of 16 feet and a height of 3 feet. ANSWER BOX: A = ft 2 RESULTS BOX: 2. Find the area of a triangle with a base of 4 meters and a height of 14 meters.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20200826195101id_/https://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol1/area_triangle_p3
|
ANSWER BOX: A = m 2 RESULTS BOX: 3. Find the area of a triangle with a base of 18 inches and a height of 2 inches. ANSWER BOX: A = in 2 RESULTS BOX: 4. A triangle shaped piece of paper has an area of 36 square centimeters and a base of 6 centimeters. Find the height. (Hint: work backwards) ANSWER BOX: H = cm RESULTS BOX: 5. The area of a triangle shaped rug is 12 square yards and the height is 3 yards. Find the base. (Hint: work backwards) ANSWER BOX: B = yd RESULTS BOX: Perimeter & Area Unit Perimeter of Polygons Area of Rectangles Area of Parallelograms Area of Triangles Area of Trapezoids Practice Exercises Challenge Exercises Solutions Sign Up For Our FREE Newsletter! * By signing up, you agree to receive useful information and to our privacy policy Sign Up For Our FREE Newsletter! E-Mail Address * AdMetricsPro - Mathgoodies.com - Mathgoodies.com NVU code from AdMetricsPro !Feed Icons /end #main-content !Content Aside Region /end .content-inner /end #content-column !Sidebar Regions /1085823/TA-MG-160x600-ATF /1085823/TA-MG-160x600-BTF /1085823/TA-MG-300x250-ATF /1085823/TA-MG-300x250-ATF-2 /1085823/TA-MG-300x250-BTF Featured Sites: EducationWorld TeacherPlanet Student Award Certificates Shop Math Games /end #columns !Tertiary Content Region !Footer Lessons Worksheets | Create-Your-Own Webquests Games Articles Glossary Puzzles Newsletter Buy the Goodies Now! About Us | Contact Us | Advertise With Us | Facebook | Recommend This Page
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20200826195101id_/https://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol1/area_triangle_p4
|
/1085823/TA-MG-728x90-BTF Copyright 2020 Math Goodies. All Rights Reserved. [if lte IE 9]> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__asGQqS1_cAYYnqAtzTnTGG_cE6H71nQCp5AUHETy86o__BKvarGBXgtQhrUBc5dY6JhSdX7DSxLzJnLvIkgCu_3c__ZxHTOPKmq1Q69AdYn6Wtfe1WUFsyC7N83ZtGluLLWFo.js#ie9-" onload="if(jQuery.isFunction(jQuery.holdReady)){jQuery.holdReady(true);jQuery.holdReady(true)} function advagg_mod_10(){advagg_mod_10.count=++advagg_mod_10.count||1;try{if(advagg_mod_10.count<=40){init_drupal_core_settings();advagg_mod_10.count=100}}catch(e){if(advagg_mod_10.count>=40){throw e}else window.setTimeout(advagg_mod_10,1)}} function advagg_mod_10_check(){if(window.init_drupal_core_settings&&window.jQuery&&window.Drupal){advagg_mod_10()}else window.setTimeout(advagg_mod_10_check,1)};advagg_mod_10_check();"></script> <![endif] [if gt IE 9]> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__asGQqS1_cAYYnqAtzTnTGG_cE6H71nQCp5AUHETy86o__BKvarGBXgtQhrUBc5dY6JhSdX7DSxLzJnLvIkgCu_3c__ZxHTOPKmq1Q69AdYn6Wtfe1WUFsyC7N83ZtGluLLWFo.js#ie10+" defer="defer" onload="if(jQuery.isFunction(jQuery.holdReady)){jQuery.holdReady(true);jQuery.holdReady(true)} function advagg_mod_10(){advagg_mod_10.count=++advagg_mod_10.count||1;try{if(advagg_mod_10.count<=40){init_drupal_core_settings();advagg_mod_10.count=100}}catch(e){if(advagg_mod_10.count>=40){throw e}else window.setTimeout(advagg_mod_10,1)}} function advagg_mod_10_check(){if(window.init_drupal_core_settings&&window.jQuery&&window.Drupal){advagg_mod_10()}else window.setTimeout(advagg_mod_10_check,1)};advagg_mod_10_check();"></script> <![endif] [if !IE]><! <![endif]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p0
|
Elizabeth Bennet - Wikipedia CentralNotice Elizabeth Bennet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For other people with similar names, see Elizabeth Bennett . This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French . (August 2010) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation like Deepl or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary (using German): Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Exact name of German article]]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated|fr|Elizabeth Bennet}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . Elizabeth Bennet Elizabeth Bennet, a fictional character appearing in the novel Pride and Prejudice , depicted by C. E. Brock Information Full name Elizabeth, Mrs Fitzwilliam Darcy Gender Female Family Mr and Mrs Bennet
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p1
|
Jane Bennet Mary Bennet Catherine "Kitty" Bennet Lydia Bennet Spouse Fitzwilliam Darcy Relatives Mr William Collins (cousin) Mr and Mrs Philips (uncle and aunt) Mr and Mrs Gardiner (uncle and aunt) Georgina Darcy (sister-in-law) Charles Bingley (brother-in-law) George Wickham (brother-in-law) Charlotte Lucas Collins (cousin-in-law) Colonel Fitzwilliam (cousin-in-law) Anne de Bourgh (cousin-in-law) Catherine de Bourgh (aunt-in-law) Home Longbourn, near Meryton, Hertfordshire Elizabeth and Mr Darcy by Hugh Thomson , 1894 Elizabeth Bennet is the protagonist in the 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen . She is often referred to as Eliza or Lizzy by her friends and family. Elizabeth is the second child in a family of five daughters . Though the circumstances of the time and environment push her to seek a marriage of convenience for economic security, Elizabeth wishes to marry for love. Elizabeth is regarded as the most admirable and endearing of Austen's heroines. [1] She is considered one of the most beloved characters in British literature [2] because of her complexity. Austen herself described Elizabeth as "as delightful a creature as ever appeared in print." [3] Contents 1 Background 2 Analysis 2.1 An unconventional character 3 In popular culture 4 Depictions in film and television 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 Bibliography Background [ edit ] Elizabeth is the second eldest of the five Bennet sisters of the Longbourn estate, situated near the fictional market village of Meryton in Hertfordshire , England. She is 20 years old at the beginning of the novel. [4] Elizabeth is described as an intelligent young woman, with "a lively, playful disposition, which delighted in anything ridiculous". She often presents a playful good-natured impertinence that does not offend. Early in the novel she is depicted as being personally proud of her wit and her accuracy in judging the social behaviour and intentions of others.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p2
|
Her father is a landowner , but his daughters cannot inherit because the estate is entailed upon the male line (it can only be inherited by male relatives). Upon his death, Longbourn will therefore be inherited by his cousin and nearest male relation, Mr William Collins , a clergyman for the Rosings Estate in Kent owned by Lady Catherine de Bourgh . This future provides the cause of Mrs Bennet's eagerness to have her daughters married off to wealthy men. Elizabeth is her father's favourite, described by him as having "something more of quickness than her sisters". In contrast, she is the least dear to her mother, especially after Elizabeth refuses a marriage proposal from Mr Collins. Her mother tends to contrast her negatively with her sisters Jane and Lydia, whom she considers superior in beauty and disposition, respectively, and does not understand her father's preference. Elizabeth is often upset and embarrassed by the impropriety and silliness of her mother and three younger sisters. Within her neighbourhood Elizabeth is considered a beauty and a charming young woman with "fine eyes", to which Mr Darcy is first drawn. Darcy is later attracted more particularly to her "light and pleasing" figure, the "easy playfulness" of her manners, her mind and personality, and eventually considers her "one of the handsomest women" in his acquaintance.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p3
|
Analysis [ edit ] From the beginning, opinions have been divided on the character, Anne Isabella Milbanke gave a glowing review of the novel, while Mary Russell Mitford criticizes Elizabeth's lack of taste. [5] The modern exegetes are torn between admiration for the vitality of the character and the disappointment of seeing Elizabeth intentionally suppress her verve [6] and submit, at least outwardly, to male authority. [7] In Susan Fraiman's essay "The Humiliation of Elizabeth Bennett", the author criticises the fact that Elizabeth must forgo her development as a woman in order to ensure the success of "ties among men [such as her father and Darcy] with agendas of their own". [8] The Bennet sisters have only a relatively small dowry of £1,000; and as their family's estate will pass out of their hands when their father dies, the family faces a major social decline, giving the Bennet girls only a limited time in which to find a husband. [9] About feminist criticism of the character, the French critic Roger Martin du Gard wrote that primary purpose of Austen was to provide jouissance (enjoyment) to her readers, not preach, but the character of Elizabeth is able to manoeuvre within the male-dominated power structure of Regency England to assert her interests in a system that favours her father, Mr Darcy and the other male characters. [10] Gard noted that the novel hardly glorifies patriarchy since it is strongly implied that was the financial irresponsibility of Mr Bennet that has placed his family in a precarious social position. [10] Furthermore, it is Elizabeth who criticises her father for not doing more to teach her sisters Lydia and Catherine the value of a good character, which Mr Bennet disregards, leading to Lydia's eloping with Wickham. [11] Unlike the more superficial and/or selfish characters like Lydia, Wickham, Mr Collins, and Charlotte, who regard marriage as a simple matter of satisfying their own desires, for the more mature Elizabeth marriage is the cause of much reflection and serious thought on her part. [12]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p4
|
The British literacy critic Robert Irvine stated that the reference in the novel to the militia being mobilised and lacking sufficient barracks, requiring them to set up camps in the countryside dates the setting of the novel to the years 1793–1795 as the militia was mobilised in 1793 after France declared war on the United Kingdom and the last of the barracks for the militia were completed by 1796. [13] Irvine argued that a central concern in Britain in the 1790s, when Austen wrote the first draft of Pride and Prejudice under the title First Impressions was the need for British elites, both national and regional to rally around the flag in face of the challenge from revolutionary France. [14] It is known that Austen was working on First Impressions by 1796 (it is not clear when she began working on the book) and finished off First Impressions in 1797. [15] Irvine states while the character of Elizabeth is a clearly middle-class while Mr Darcy is part of the aristocracy. [16] Irvine wrote "Elizabeth, in the end, is awed by Pemberly, and her story ends with her delighted submission to Darcy in marriage. It is gratitude that forms the foundation of Elizabeth Bennet's love for Fitzwilliam Darcy: caught in a reciprocal gaze with Darcy's portrait at Pemberly, impressed with the evidence of his social power that surrounds her, Elizabeth 'thought of his regard with a deeper sentiment of gratitude than it had ever raised before' ... Elizabeth's desire for Darcy does not happen despite the difference in their social situation: it is produced by that difference, and can be read as a vindication of the hierarchy which constructs that difference in the first place". [17] Irvine observes that Darcy spends about half his time in London while for people in Meryton London is a stylish place that is very far away, observing that a key difference is when one of the Bennett family is ill, they use the services of a local apothecary while Mr Darcy calls upon a surgeon from London. [18] In this regard, Irvine argued that the marriage of Elizabeth and Darcy stands for the union of local and national elites in Britain implicitly against the challenge to the status quo represented by the French republic. [19]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p5
|
By contrast, the American scholar Rachel Brownstein argued that Elizabeth rejects two offers of marriage by the time she arrives at Pemberley, and notes in rejecting Mr Collins that the narrator of the novel paraphrases the feminist Mary Wollstonecraft that Elizabeth cannot love him because she is "a rational creature speaking the truth from her heart". [20] Brownstein notes that it after she reads Darcy's letter following her first rejection of him that leads her to say "Till this moment, I never knew myself". [21] Brownstein further states that Austen has it both ways in depicting Elizabeth as she uses much irony. After Elizabeth rejects Darcy and then realizes she loves him, she comments "no such happy marriage could now teach the admiring multitude what connubial felicity really was" as if she herself is aware that she is a character in a romance novel. [21] Later, she tells Darcy in thanking him for paying off Wickham's debts and ensuring Lydia's marriage might be wrong "for what become of the moral, if our comfort springs from a breach of promise, for I ought not to have mentioned the subject?". [21] Brownstein argues that Austen's ironical way of depicting Elizabeth allows her to present her heroine as both a "proto-feminist" and a "fairy-tale heroine". [21] At one point, Elizabeth says: "I am resolved to act in that manner, which will, in my own opinion, constitute my happiness, without reference to you , or to any other person wholly unconnected with me". [22] The American scholar Claudia Johnson wrote this was a surprisingly strong statement for a female character in 1813. [22] Likewise, Elizabeth does not defer to the traditional elite, saying of Lady Catherine's opposition to her marrying Darcy: "Neither duty nor honor nor gratitude have any possible claim on me, in the present instance. No principle of either, would be violated by my marriage with Mr Darcy". [23] In the same, Elizabeth defends her love of laughter as somewhat life-improving by saying: "I hope I never ridicule what is wise or good". [23] Elizabeth regarded herself as a competent to judge what is "wise and good", and refuses to let others dictate to her what she may or may not laugh at it, making into one of the most individualistic of Austen heroines. [23] However, Johnson noted that Austen hedged her bets here, reflecting the strict censorship imposed in Britain during the wars with France; Elizabeth reaffirms her wish to be part of the elite by marrying Darcy, instead of challenging it, as she says: "He is a gentleman; I am a gentleman's daughter; so far we are equal." [24] In the same way Austen avoids the issue of filial obedience – questioning of which would have marked out as a "radical" – by having Mrs Bennet tell her daughter she must marry Collins where her father says she must not. [22] However, the way in both Elizabeth's parents are portrayed as if not bad parents, then at least not entirely good parents, implies that Elizabeth is more sensible and able to judge people better than both her mother and father, making her the best one to decide who her husband should be. [22] Reflecting her strong character, Elizabeth complains that Bingley is a "slave of his designing friends", noting for all his pleasantness that he does not have it in him to really stand up for himself; Johnson wrote the "politically potent metaphor" of a "slave" would had cut deeply at a time when slavery was still legal in the British Empire. [25]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p6
|
Susan Morgan regards Elizabeth's major flaw to be that she is "morally disengaged" – taking much of her philosophy from her father, Elizabeth observes her neighbours, never becoming morally obligated to make a stand. [26] Elizabeth sees herself as an ironic observer of the world, making fun of those around her. [27] Bennett's self-destination is one of skepticism and opposition to the world around her, and much of the novel concerns Bennett's struggle to find her own place in a world she rejects. [28] At one point, Elizabeth tells Darcy: "Follies and nonsense, whims and inconsistencies do divert me, I own, and I laught at them whenever I can". [29] Though Elizabeth is portrayed as intelligent, she often misjudges people around her because of her naivety-for example, misunderstanding the social pressures on her friend Charlotte to get married, is taken in completely for a time by Wickham and misjudges Darcy's character. [30] After hearing Wickham's account disparaging Darcy's character, and being advised by her sister Jane not to jump to conclusions, Elizabeth confidently tells her "I beg your pardon-one knows exactly what to think". [31] However, Elizabeth is able to see, albeit belatedly, that Wickham had misled her about Darcy, admitting she was too influenced by "every charm of air and address". [32] Gary Kelly argued that Austen as the daughter of a Church of England minister would have been very familiar with the Anglican view of life as a "romantic journey" in which God watches over stories of human pride, folly, fall and redemption by free will and the ability to learn from one's mistakes. [33] Kelly argued that aspects of the Anglican understanding of life and the universe can be seen in Elizabeth who after rejecting Darcy and then receives his letter explaining his actions rethinks her view of him, and comes to understand that her pride and prejudice had blinded her to who he really was, marking the beginning of her romantic journey of "suffering and endurance" that ends happily for her. [34]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p7
|
After seeing Pemberley, Elizabeth realizes Darcy's good character, and as a chance to become part of society without compromising her values. [35] At Pemberley, Elizabeth sees the "whole scene" from one viewpoint and then sees the "objects were taking different positions" from another viewpoint while remaining beautiful, which is a metaphor for her subjectivity had influenced her view of the world. [36] Like other Austen heroines, Elizabeth likes to escape into the gardens and nature in general when under pressure. [37] For Austen, gardens were not only places of reflection and relaxation, but also symbols of femininity and of England. [38] The American scholar Alison Sulloway wrote: "Austen had seen and suffered enough causal exploitation so that she took the pastoral world under her tender but unobtrusive fictional protection, just as she felt protective towards human figures under the threat of abuse or neglect". [39] Beyond that, Napoleon had often talked of desire to make England's fair gardens and fields his own, speaking if England "...was a mere woman, ripe for his exploitation", so for Austen, the beauty of the English countryside served as a symbol of the England her brothers serving in the Royal Navy were fighting to protect. [37] Elizabeth's connection with nature leads to appreciate the beauty of Pemberley, which allows hers to see the good in Darcy. [40] Notably, Elizabeth is not guided by financial considerations, and refuses to seek favour with the wealthy aristocrat Lady Catherine de Bourgh. [41] Despite Mr Darcy's wealth, Elizabeth turns down his marriage proposals several times until she finally decides she loves him. [42] Johnson wrote that given the values of Regency England that it was inevitable and expected that a young woman should be married, but Elizabeth makes it clear that what she wants to marry a man she loves, not just to be married to somebody, which was a quietly subversive message for the time. [43]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p8
|
In the early 19th century, there was a genre of "conduct books" settling out what were the rules for "propriety" for young women, and the scholar Mary Poovey argued in her 1984 book The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer examining the "conduct books" noted one of the main messages was that a "proper young lady" never expresses any sexual desire for a man. [44] Poovey argued that in this context that Elizabeth's wit is a merely her ways of defending herself from the rules of "propriety" set out by the conduct books as opposed of being a subversive force. [44] In this regard, Poovey argued that Austen played it safe by having Elizabeth abandon her wit when she falls in love with Darcy, taking her struggle into effort to mortify Darcy's pride instead of seeking him out because she loves him. [44] The conduct books had a double meaning of the word modesty, which meant both to be outwardly polite in one's conduct and to be ignorant of one's sexuality. [44] This double meaning of modesty placed women in a bind, since any young woman who outwardly conformed to expectations of modesty was not really modest at all, as she was attempting to hide her awareness of sexuality. [44] In the novel, when Elizabeth rejects Mr Collins's marriage proposal, she explains she is being modest in rejecting an offer from a man she cannot love, which leads her to be condemned for not really being modest. [44] Mr Collins often cites one of the more popular "conduct books", Sermons to Young Women , which was published in 1766, but was especially popular in the decades from 1790 to 1810. [45] Unlike the conduct books which declared that women should look back on the past as a way of self-examination, Elizabeth says: "Think only of the past as its remembrance gives you pleasure". [46]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p9
|
Johnson wrote that changes in expectations for women's behavior since Austen's time has led many readers today to miss "Elizabeth's outrageous unconventionality" as she breaks many of the rules for women set out by the "conduct books". [45] Johnson noted that Collins approvingly quote from Sermons to Young Women women should never display any "briskness of air and levity of deportment", qualities that contrasted strongly with Elizabeth who has "a likely, playful disposition, which delighted in anything ridiculous". [47] The liveliness of Elizabeth also extends to the physical sphere, as she displays what Johnson called "an unladylike athleticism". [47] Elizabeth walks for miles, and constantly jumps, runs and rambles about, which was not considered conventional behavior for a well-bred lady in Regency England. [47] The narrator says that Elizabeth's temper is "to be happy", and Johnson wrote that her constant joy in life is what "makes her and her novel so distinctive". [48] Johnson wrote: "Elizabeth's relationship with Darcy resonates with a physical passion...The rapport between these two from start to finish is intimate, even racy". [49] Johnson wrote the way in which Elizabeth and Darcy pursue each in secret put their relationship "on the verge of an impropriety unique in Austen's fiction". [49] Many of the remarks made by Elizabeth to Darcy such as "Despise me if you dare" or his "I am not afraid of you" resound with sexual tension, which reflected "Austen's implicit approval of erotic love". [50]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p10
|
An unconventional character [ edit ] In her letter to Cassandra dated 29 January 1813, Jane Austen wrote: "I must confess that I think her as delightful a creature as ever appeared in print, and how I shall be able to tolerate those who do not like her at least I do not know". [51] Austen herself wrote to Cassandra about one fan of her books that "Her liking Darcy & Elizth is enough". [52] The book notes that "Follies and nonsense, whims and inconsistencies" are what delight Elizabeth, which Brownstein noted also applied to Austen as well. [53] This mix of energy and intelligence, and her gaiety and resilience make Elizabeth a true Stendhal heroine according to Tony Tanner , and he adds that there are not many English heroines that we can say that of. [54] Elizabeth Bowen , however, found her charmless, whilst to Gervase Fen she and her sisters were "intolerable...those husband-hunting minxes in Pride and Prejudice ". [55] In popular culture [ edit ] The character of Elizabeth Bennet, marked by intelligence and independent thinking, and her romance with the proud Mr Darcy have carried over into various theatrical retellings. Helen Fielding 's novel Bridget Jones's Diary , as well as the film series of the same name , is a modern adaptation of Pride and Prejudice , with Elizabeth as Renée Zellweger 's title character. In Gurinder Chadha 's Bollywood adaptation, Bride and Prejudice , Aishwarya Rai plays the Elizabeth character, Lalita Bakshi. In the 2008 television film Lost in Austen , actress Gemma Arterton plays a version of Lizzy who switches places with a modern-day young woman. Lily James starred as the zombie-slaying Elizabeth Bennet in the film version of Pride and Prejudice and Zombies , a popular novel by Seth Grahame-Smith . [56]
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p11
|
One of the most notable portrayals of the character has been that of Keira Knightley in Pride & Prejudice , directed by Joe Wright . Knightley received a Best Actress Oscar nomination for her performance. The character has most recently been used in The Lizzie Bennet Diaries , a project which is partly headed by YouTube vlogger Hank Green , and depicts Elizabeth (played by Ashley Clements ) as a modern-day woman in America posting video blogs about her life along with her friend 'Charlotte Lu' a character based on Charlotte Lucas. Depictions in film and television [ edit ] Further information: Jane Austen in popular culture § Pride and Prejudice Film [ edit ] Year Actress Role Film Notes 1940 Greer Garson Elizabeth Bennet Pride and Prejudice 2003 Kam Heskin Elizabeth Bennet Pride & Prejudice: A Latter-Day Comedy A Modern adaptation of Pride and Prejudice . 2004 Aishwarya Rai Lalita Bakshi Bride and Prejudice A Bollywood -inspired adaptation of Pride and Prejudice . 2005 Keira Knightley Elizabeth Bennet Pride & Prejudice Nominated — Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated — Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated — Empire Award for Best Actress Nominated — Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated — Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated — London Film Critics' Circle Award for British Actress of the Year Nominated — Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress Nominated — Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p12
|
2016 Lily James Elizabeth Bennet Pride and Prejudice and Zombies Based on the parody novel by Seth Grahame-Smith . Television [ edit ] Year Actress Role Television programme Notes 1938 Curigwen Lewis Elizabeth Bennet Pride and Prejudice Television film 1949 Madge Evans Elizabeth Bennet The Philco Television Playhouse Season 1, episode 17: "Pride and Prejudice" 1952 Daphne Slater Elizabeth Bennet Pride and Prejudice TV mini-series 1957 Virna Lisi Elisabeth Bennet Orgoglio e pregiudizio An adaptation in Italian. 1958 Jane Downs Elizabeth Bennet Pride and Prejudice TV mini-series Kay Hawtrey Elizabeth Bennet General Motors Theatre Episode: "Pride and Prejudice". Originally aired 21 December. 1961 Lies Franken Elizabeth Bennet De vier dochters Bennet An adaptation in Dutch. 1967 Celia Bannerman Elizabeth Bennet Pride and Prejudice 6-episode television series. 1980 Elizabeth Garvie Elizabeth Bennet Pride and Prejudice 5-episode television series. 1995 Jennifer Ehle Elizabeth Bennet Pride and Prejudice Six-episode television series. Won – British Academy Television Award for Best Actress Dee Hannigan Elizabeth Bennet Wishbone Season 1, episode 25: " Furst Impressions " 1997 Julia Lloyd Elizabeth Bennet Red Dwarf Season 7, episode 6: " Beyond a Joke " 2001 Lauren Tom Elizabeth Bennet Futurama Season 3, episode 10: " The Day the Earth Stood Stupid " 2008 Gemma Arterton Elizabeth Bennet Lost in Austen A fantasy adaptation of Pride and Prejudice in which a modern woman trades places with Elizabeth Bennet.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p13
|
2012–2013 Ashley Clements Lizzie Bennet The Lizzie Bennet Diaries Web series. A modern adaptation in which the story of Pride and Prejudice is told through vlogs . 2013 Anna Maxwell Martin Elizabeth Darcy/Mrs Darcy Death Comes to Pemberley Three-part series based on P. D. James 's novel about events after Pride and Prejudice . 2018 Nathalia Dill Elisabeta Benedito Orgulho e Paixão A telenovela based on Jane Austen's works. References [ edit ] ^ William Dean Howells 2009, p. 48 ^ "Pride and Prejudice: Elizabeth Bennet" . sparknotes.com . ^ Wright, Andrew H. "Elizabeth Bennet." Elizabeth Bennet (introduction by Harold Bloom). Broomall: Chelsea House Publishers , 2004. 37–38. Google Book Search. Web. 22 October 2011. ^ Pride and Prejudice . Chapter 29 . ^ In a letter to Sir William Elford dated December 20, 1814. ^ Morrison, Robert, ed. (2005). Jane Austen's Pride and prejudice : a sourcebook . New York, NY [u.a.]: Routledge. p. 83. ISBN 9780415268493 . ^ Lydia Martin 2007 , p. 201. ^ Fraiman, Susan (1993). Unbecoming Women: British Women Writers and the Novel of Development . Columbia University Press. p. 73. ^ MacDonagh, Oliver "Minor Female Characters Depict Women's Roles", pp. 85-93 (88), in Readings on Pride and Prejudice , ed. Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. ^ a b Gard, Roger "Questioning the Merit of Pride and Prejudice ", pp. 111–117, in Readings on Pride and Prejudice ed. Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p14
|
^ MacDonagh, Oliver "Minor Female Characters Depict Women's Roles", pp. 85–93 (89), in Readings on Pride and Prejudice , ed. Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. ^ Brown, Julia Prewit "The Narrator's Voice" from Readings on Pride and Prejudice , ed. Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999, pp. 103–110 (109). ^ Irvine, Robert Jane Austen , London: Routledge, 2005, pp. 56–57. ^ Irvine, Robert Jane Austen , London: Routledge, 2005, p. 58. ^ Irvine, Robert Jane Austen , London: Routledge, 2005, p. 56. ^ Irvine, Robert Jane Austen , London: Routledge, 2005, pp. 57, 59. ^ Irvine, Robert Jane Austen , London: Routledge, 2005, p. 59. ^ Irvine, Robert Jane Austen , London: Routledge, 2005, p. 60. ^ Irvine, Robert Jane Austen , London: Routledge, 2005, pp. 60–61. ^ Brownstein, Rachel "Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice", pp. 32–57 (53), in The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. ^ a b c d Brownstein, Rachel "Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice", pp. 32-57 (54), in The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. ^ a b c d Johnson, Claudia Jane Austen , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 84. ^ a b c Johnson, Claudia Jane Austen , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 87.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p15
|
^ Johnson, Claudia Jane Austen , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, pp. 88. ^ Johnson, Claudia Jane Austen , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, pp. 85–86. ^ Morgan, Susan (August 1975). "Intelligence in "Pride and Prejudice " ". Modern Philology . 73 (1): 54–68. JSTOR 436104 . ^ Murdick, Marvin "Irony as a Tool for Judging People", pp. 136–143 (136–37), Readings on Pride and Prejudice , ed. Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. ^ Irvine, Robert Jane Austen , London: Routledge, 2005, p. 102. ^ Murdick, Marvin "Irony as a Tool for Judging People", pp. 136–43 (136), in Readings on Pride and Prejudice ed. Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. ^ Murdick, Marvin "Irony as a Tool for Judging People" pp. 136-43 (142), in Readings on Pride and Prejudice ed. Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. ^ Tave, Stuart (1999). "Elizabeth and Darcy's Mutual Mortification and Renewal". In Swisher, Clarice (ed.). Readings on Pride and Prejudice . San Diego: Greenhaven Press. p. 71. ISBN 9781565108608 . ^ Duckworth, Alistair (1999). "Social moderation and the middle wary". In Swisher, Clarice (ed.). Readings on Pride and Prejudice . San Diego: Greenhaven Press. p. 46. ISBN 9781565108608 . ^ Kelly, Gary "Religion and Politics", pp. 149-169 (165), in The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen , ed. Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p16
|
^ Kelly, Gary "Religion and Politics", pp. 149–169 (166), in The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen , in Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. ^ Duckworth, Alistair "Social moderation and the middle wary", pp. 42-51 (46–47), in Readings on Pride and Prejudice , ed. Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. ^ Duckworth, Alistair "Social moderation and the middle wary", pp. 42–51 (48–49) in Readings on Pride and Prejudice , ed. Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. ^ a b Sulloway, Alison "The Significance of Gardens and Pastoral Scenes", pp. 119–127 (120–21), in Readings on Pride and Prejudice , ed. Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. ^ Sulloway, Alison "The Significance of Gardens and Pastoral Scenes", pp. 119–127 (119–20), in Readings on Pride and Prejudice , ed. Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. ^ Sulloway, Alison "The Significance of Gardens and Pastoral Scenes", pp. 119-127 (120), in Readings on Pride and Prejudice ed. by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. ^ Sulloway, Alison "The Significance of Gardens and Pastoral Scenes", pp. 119–127 (125), in Readings on Pride and Prejudice , ed. Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. ^ Ross, Josephine Jane Austen A Companion , New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2002, p. 200. ^ Ross, Josephine Jane Austen A Companion, London: John Murray, 2002, pp. 199–200.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p17
|
^ Johnson, Claudia Jane Austen , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, pp. 89-90. ^ a b c d e f Irvine, Robert Jane Austen , London: Routledge, 2005, pp. 126. ^ a b Johnson, Claudia Jane Austen , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 75. ^ Johnson, Claudia Jane Austen , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 78. ^ a b c Johnson, Claudia Jane Austen , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 77. ^ Johnson, Claudia Jane Austen , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 74. ^ a b Johnson, Claudia Jane Austen , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 90. ^ Johnson, Claudia Jane Austen , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, pp. 90–91. ^ "Jane Austen -- Letters -- Other excerpts from letters in Austen-Leigh's "Memoir " " . pemberley.com . ^ Brownstein, Rachel M. (1997). "Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice". The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen . Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780521498678 . ^ Brownstein, Rachel "Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice", pp. 32–57 (55), in The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. ^ Tanner, Tony (1986). Jane Austen . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University press. p. 105. ISBN 9780674471740 . ^ Quoted in R. Jenkyns, A Fine Brush on Ivory (Oxford 2007), p. 85
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p18
|
^ Dave McNary. " ' Pride and Prejudice and Zombies' Casts Lily James, Sam Riley, Bella Heathcote" . Variety . Bibliography [ edit ] Jane Austen portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pride and Prejudice . Austen, Jane (1907). Pride and Prejudice . Dent. Howells, William Dean (1901). Heroines of Fiction, Volume 1 . Harper and Brothers . pp. 37–48. Nardin, Jane (1973). Those Elegant Decorums: The Concept of Propriety in Jane Austen's Novels . Albany: State University of New York Press . ISBN 0-87395-236-7 . v t e Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice Characters List of Characters Bennet family Elizabeth Bennet Fitzwilliam Darcy William Collins Lady Catherine de Bourgh Mr. Wickham Films Pride and Prejudice (1940) Bridget Jones's Diary (2001) Pride & Prejudice: A Latter-Day Comedy (2003) Bride and Prejudice (2004) Pride & Prejudice (2005) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2016) Television Pride and Prejudice (1958) Pride and Prejudice (1967) Pride and Prejudice (1980) Trishna (1985) Pride and Prejudice (1995) Will be Somewhere (2004) Lost in Austen (2008) Death Comes to Pemberley (2013) Novels Darcy's Story (1995) Bridget Jones's Diary (1996) Mr. Darcy's Daughters (2003) Fitzwilliam Darcy, Gentleman An Assembly Such as This (2003) Duty and Desire (2004) These Three Remain (2005) Austenland (2007) Love, Lies and Lizzie (2009) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2009 parody) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies: Dawn of the Dreadfuls (2010 parody)
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p19
|
Death Comes to Pemberley (2011) Longbourn (2013) Other First Impressions (1959 musical) Pride and Prejudice (1993 musical) Beyond a Joke (1997) Stolthet och fördom (2011 opera) The Lizzie Bennet Diaries (2012 web series) Austenland (2013 film) Stride & Prejudice (2013 video game) See also Pride & Prejudice (soundtrack) Pemberley List of literary adaptations v t e Jane Austen Timeline Works Major Sense and Sensibility (1811) Pride and Prejudice (1813) Mansfield Park (1814) Emma (1815) Northanger Abbey (1817) Persuasion (1817) Minor Lady Susan Sanditon (unfinished) The Watsons (unfinished) Plan of a Novel Juvenilia Love and Freindship The Beautifull Cassandra The History of England Catherine, or The Bower Places Jane Austen Centre Jane Austen's House Museum Chawton House Chawton House Library Family and people Cassandra Austen Charles Austen Francis Austen Henry Thomas Austen Edward Austen Knight Eliza Hancock Catherine Hubback Thomas Langlois Lefroy Martha Lloyd Anna Austen Lefroy Analysis Janeite Jane Austen in popular culture Styles and themes of Jane Austen Georgian society in Jane Austen's novels Reception history of Jane Austen A Memoir of Jane Austen Portrayals Becoming Jane (2007 film) Miss Austen Regrets (2007 film) Book Category Portal NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1238 Cached time: 20190918223712 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.860 seconds Real time usage: 1.052 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2785/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p20
|
Post‐expand include size: 82067/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5401/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/40 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 54279/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Lua time usage: 0.363/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5.68 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 848.398 1 -total 40.66% 344.962 1 Template:Reflist 19.39% 164.472 1 Template:Infobox_character 17.51% 148.524 3 Template:Cite_web 15.65% 132.755 1 Template:Infobox 10.84% 91.940 9 Template:Cite_book 7.45% 63.228 1 Template:Expand_French 7.29% 61.854 1 Template:Cite_journal 6.97% 59.138 1 Template:Expand_language 5.33% 45.234 13 Template:If_empty Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:2319323-0!canonical and timestamp 20190918223711 and revision id 907445166 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Bennet&oldid=907445166 " Categories : Fictional socialites Female characters in literature Pride and Prejudice characters Fictional characters introduced in 1813 Fictional gentry Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from June 2013 Use British English from July 2019 Articles to be expanded from August 2010 All articles to be expanded Featured articles needing translation from French Wikipedia Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20190919162211id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet_p21
|
In other projects Wikimedia Commons Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Asturianu Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2019, at 23:20 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20171005005346id_/http://www2.le.ac.uk:80/offices/ld/resources/numerical-data/pie-charts_p0
|
Pie charts — University of Leicester Personal tools Web Editor Log in Search Site only in current section Advanced Search… Skip to content. | Skip to navigation Navigation University Home University A-Z Maps and Directions Quick Links University A-Z Search Site Maps & Directions Study With Us Library Blackboard Follow the University on Follow us on Facebook Follow us on Twitter Follow us on YouTube Follow us on Flickr Follow us on Linkedin Follow us on Google+ Follow us on SoundCloud Student Learning Development ▼ Menu You are here: Home / Offices / Succeed in your studies / Find a resource / Numerical data / Pie charts Info Pie charts An introduction to pie charts and how they are used to illustrate data. For a printer-friendly PDF version of this guide, click here This guide explains what a pie chart is, outlines the types of data that can be presented using a pie chart and provides some design tips to ensure that when you use pie charts to present data they are clear and easy to interpret. Other useful guides: Bar charts , Histograms , Presenting numerical data . What is a pie chart? A pie chart is a circular graph that shows the relative contribution that different categories contribute to an overall total. A wedge of the circle represents each category’s contribution, such that the graph resembles a pie that has been cut into different sized slices. Every 1% contribution that a category contributes to the total corresponds to a slice with an angle of 3.6 degrees.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20171005005346id_/http://www2.le.ac.uk:80/offices/ld/resources/numerical-data/pie-charts_p1
|
What data can be presented using a pie chart? Pie charts are a visual way of displaying data that might otherwise be given in a small table. Pie charts are useful for displaying data that are classified into nominal or ordinal categories. Nominal data are categorised according to descriptive or qualitative information such as county of birth or type of pet owned. Ordinal data are similar but the different categories can also be ranked, for example in a survey people may be asked to say whether they classed something as very poor, poor, fair, good, very good. Pie charts are generally used to show percentage or proportional data and usually the percentage represented by each category is provided next to the corresponding slice of pie. Pie charts are good for displaying data for around 6 categories or fewer. When there are more categories it is difficult for the eye to distinguish between the relative sizes of the different sectors and so the chart becomes difficult to interpret. Design issues Pie charts provide a good visual representation of the data when the categories show some variation in size. When there are several similar-sized categories, a pie chart can end up looking cluttered and it may be difficult to interpret the data. In such cases consider whether a table would present the information more effectively.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20171005005346id_/http://www2.le.ac.uk:80/offices/ld/resources/numerical-data/pie-charts_p2
|
It is usual for the different sectors of the pie chart to be arranged clockwise in order of magnitude. If there is a slice that does not contain a unique category of data but summarises several, for example “other types” or “other answers”, then even if it is not the smallest category it is usual to display it last in order that it does not detract from the named categories of interest. It is helpful to colour or shade the different slices so that they grade from dark to light tones as you move from the first to the last slice. Comparing pie charts Two or more pie charts can be used to compare two sets of data where the categories are the same or similar but there is a change in another variable, such as time or age. In such cases it is helpful to maintain the same ordering and colouring of slices in the second pie chart as the first in order to facilitate comparison. This may mean that in the second pie chart the slices are no longer presented in order of magnitude. If the two charts represent different sized totals show this by making the areas of the pie chart proportional to the totals they each represent. 3D effects and exploding pie charts Avoid design elements that detract from the message you are trying to convey such as 3D effects and exploding slices. These can produce optical effects that make it hard to compare different categories.
|
http://web.archive.org/web/20171005005346id_/http://www2.le.ac.uk:80/offices/ld/resources/numerical-data/pie-charts_p3
|
For example, in the 3D- exploding pie chart below, the slice representing Alton Towers appears quite a bit larger than that for Pleasureland although there is actually only a 1% difference between the two categories. Also, both slices for Chessington World and Legoland represent 10% but again they appear different sizes due to the 3D perspective. In this example separating (exploding) the different wedges of the pie chart also adds to the difficulty of interpreting the data and estimating the relative size of different sectors. There are however occasions when the use of an exploding pie chart can enhance the presentation of the data. For example if you wish to highlight information in one category/wedge in particular, or when additional information is provided about a particular category as is shown in the example below. Where next? This guide has outlined the various ways in which pie charts can be used to present data and has also provided design and presentation advice. Information about other graph and chart types and any specific design issues related to them can be found in the companion study guides: Bar charts and Histograms . The study guide Presenting numerical data provides guidance on when to use graphs to present information and compares the uses of different graph and chart types. Share this page: Navigation Succeed in your studies
|