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For functional analysis, large-scale data management was used to identify specific transcript patterns. In the set analysis, genes were grouped into sets determined by their annotation and then compared between defined groups. For the functional analysis, 2 types of set analyses were used. Since a limited number of genes were assessed, the fully coupled flux analysis that reflects the analysis of the pathway fragment was used as the first set analysis . Fully coupled flux represents a gene network that corresponds to a pathway in which non-zero flux for one reaction implies a nonzero flux for a second reaction, and vice versa. This flux represents the strongest qualitative connectivity that can be identified in a network. The genes coupled by their enzymatic fluxes were shown to have similar expression patterns, share transcriptional regulators, and frequently reside in the same operon. The second gene set type analysis included genes sharing a common gene ontology . For the use of functional analysis, gene expression data were log transformed and compared between groups with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Bonferroni correction to appropriately account for multiple comparisons. Set-level analysis was carried out using XGENE.ORG [13, 14].
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To further reveal the function of CANT1 in lung cancer, GSEA analysis was conducted based on TCGA- LUSC and TCGA-LUAD databases. In CANT1-high LC patients, GO terms enriched included Glycan biosynthesis, DNA replication, Graft versus host disease, pathogenic E. coli infection, Leishmania infection, and cell cycle (Figure 3). These findings suggested that highly expressed CANT1 might be associated with the key processes which favor carcinogenesis and progression.Figure 3.Enrichment plots from GSEA. (a). Glycan biosynthesis; (b). DNA replication; (c). Graft versus host disease; (d). Pathogenic (e). coli infection; (E). Leishmania infection; (f). cell cycle.
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We estimated the genome size of Tinca tinca by means of the frequencies of the kmers in the DNA reads. Reads were processed with Jellyfish 2.2.10 using the count subcommand with a kmer size of 25. The frequencies were computed using the histo subcommand. Finally, the genomic haploid length, along with the repetitive and unique contents and rate of heterozygosity, was computed using the GenomeScope web service .
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RAR signal cascade regulated transcription of ATG7 in HCC cells. (A) and (B). Various concentrations of ATRA were used to treat HCC cells for 24 h. Expression of the ATG7 protein, p62/SQSTM1 and LC3 in PLC/PRF/5 (A) and HLE (A’) cells was detected using Western blotting. GAPDH was used as loading control. (B) and (B’). Densitometry of the blots in Figure A and A’ were quantified and the ratio of p62/SQSTM1 to GAPDH or LC3II to LC3I were calculated. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with control group, one-way ANOVA. (C) and (C’). The mRNA expression level of ATG7 gene in PLC/PRF/5 (C) and HLE (C’) cells were analyzed with qRT-qPCR. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with control group, one-way ANOVA. (D) Schematic overview of the RAR binding sites on ATG7 promoter predicted with JASPAR website (http://jaspar.genereg.net/). (E) and (E’). ChIP assays for RAR binding onto ATG7 promoter were carried out in PLC/PRF/5 (E) and HLE (E’) cells.
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Crystallization assays were performed by the sitting-drop vapor diffusion method. Reservoir solutions were prepared by a Tecan robot and 100 nl crystallization drops were dispensed on 96 × 2-well MRC plates (Innovadyne) by a Phoenix nanodrop robot (Art Robbins) or a Cartesian Microsys 4000 XL robot (Genomic Solutions) at the joint IBMB/IRB Automated Crystallography Platform (www.sbu.csic.es/facilities/automated-crystallographic-plattform). Plates were stored in Bruker steady-temperature crystal farms at 4 °C or 20 °C. Successful conditions were scaled up to the microliter range in 24-well Cryschem crystallization dishes (Hampton Research). The best crystals of PorZ were obtained at 20 °C in drops containing 2 μl of protein solution (at 6.5 mg/mL in 5 mM Tris·HCl, pH 8.0), 1 μL of reservoir solution (8% polyethylene glycol 10,000, 0.2 M zinc acetate, 0.1 M sodium cacodylate, pH 6.5) and 0.25 μl of additive solution (0.1 M calcium chloride). Selenomethionine-containing crystals were obtained similarly with 1 μl of the same reservoir solution, 1 μl of protein solution (at 5 mg/mL in 5 mM Tris·HCl, pH 8.0) and 0.35 μl of additive solution (7% butanol). Crystals were cryo-protected by rapid passage through drops containing increasing amounts of glycerol (up to 30% [v/v]). A complete dataset was collected at 100 K from a liquid-N2 flash cryo-cooled (Oxford Cryosystems 700 series cryostream) native crystal at beam line ID23–2 of ESRF synchrotron (Grenoble, France) using a MAR225 CCD detector. A complete dataset from a selenomethionine-derivatised crystal was similarly collected at the absorption peak wavelength of selenium on a Pilatus 6 M pixel detector (from Dectris) at beam line XALOC of the ALBA synchrotron (Cerdanyola, Barcelona68). Crystals were tetragonal and contained one protein molecule in the asymmetric unit (solvent content 57%, VM = 2.9Å3/Da69). Diffraction data were processed with programs XDS70 and XSCALE71, and transformed with XDSCONV to formats suitable for the PHENIX72 and CCP4 suites73 of programs. Table 3 provides essential data-processing statistics.
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Thank you for submitting your article "Coronary blood vessels from distinct origins converge to equivalent states during mouse and human development" for consideration by eLife. Your article has been reviewed by 3 peer reviewers, including Gou Young Koh as Reviewing Editor and Reviewer #1, and the evaluation has been overseen by Edward Morrisey as the Senior Editor. The following individual involved in review of your submission has agreed to reveal their identity: Victoria L Bautch (Reviewer #2).
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В исследования по молекулярному картированию во- влекались и другие виды рода Rubus. Так, J.M. Bushakra et al. (2012) сконструировали карту сцепления маркеров для гибридной популяции, полученной от скрещивания образцов малины западной и малины обыкновенной. Был картирован 131 маркер, в том числе 14 ортологичных, вы- явленных у всех изученных представителей семейства Ро- зоцветные. Позднее появилась работа по созданию генети- ческой карты малины западной (Bushakra et al., 2015a). Для картирования использовали популяцию из 115 сеянцев F1 комбинации ORUS 3021-2 × ORUS 4153-1. Один из роди- телей был устойчив к тле – Amphophora agathonica, что позволило локализовать на карте ген устойчивости Ag4. Первоначально карта содержала 566 полиморфных мар- керов. Позднее она была насыщена 468 SNP-маркерами, распределенными по семи псевдохромосомам, и сопостав- лена с физической картой (Jibran et al., 2018). При этом показана высокая степень коллинеарности генетической и физических карт малины, а также геномов малины и земляники. Устойчивость малины западной к тле изуча- лась и далее; были картированы три гена, ответственных за данный признак (Bushakra et al., 2018).
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К 2009 г. был собран первый вариант последовательности генома ячменя (сорт Morex), которая была необходима для дальнейшего секвенирования генома, но вместе с тем оказалась полезной и широкому кругу исследователей, нацеленных на выделение отдельных генов, контролирующих хозяйственно ценные признаки (Schulte et al., 2009). Основу физической карты составили более 83 тыс. ген-содержащих BAC-клонов (bacterial artificial chromosome, бактериальных искусственных хромосом), которые исследовались методом гибридизации с применением избыточных зондов (метод overgo) (Madishetty et al., 2007). Данные были получены с помощью высокопроизводительного фингерпринтинга (fingerprinting) (Luo et al., 2003)
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Several studies showed that TRPV6 modulates cell proliferation via Ca2+-dependent mechanism. In the present study, we found that suppression of TRPV6 protein production decreases BON-1 cell growth by approximately 30% and leads to declined CCND1 and CDK4 expression, without affecting CCND2 (Figure 3). Both CCND1 and CDK4 are important for cell cycle regulation . Importantly, we assessed NET cell proliferation in the presence of 10% serum (FCS) to better reflect the physiological conditions. Therefore, our experimental data strongly suggest that TRPV6 is a potent regulator of BON-1 cells proliferation, even in the presence of serum.
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From this emerged, the new pathologies including cancer and other chronic non-communicable diseases which fall among the new priority public health needs . Some studies have reported the clinical and pathological features of women BC in the CAR; however, there is no concrete evidence about the epidemiology of BC in the population [13–15]. Hence, the management of BC has become a major problem of public health which requires special attention from the ministry of health .
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Le syndrome de Cushing est une pathologie rare chez l'enfant et l'adolescent. L'incidence annuelle de la maladie de Cushing, qui est l’étiologie la plus fréquente chez l'adolescent, est de l'ordre de 1,2 à 1,7 nouveaux cas pour 1000 000 . Le syndrome de Cushing chez l'enfant et l'adolescent diffère de la pathologie adulte par le mode de présentation et la prise en charge thérapeutique [2, 3]. Les moyens diagnostiques eux, sont relativement proches. Les sécrétions ectopiques d'ACTH ou les macroadénomes à ACTH sont exceptionnelles. Le début de l'adolescence est particulièrement difficile pour la plupart des jeunes, car c'est une période où ils se heurtent à divers problèmes associés à la transition entre l'adolescence et l’âge adulte. Chez les adolescents ayant un syndrome de Cushing cette période de transition clé présente des défis particuliers. L'un des défis majeurs est de juguler l'hypercorticisome pour conserver l'image du patient, d'assurer une croissance et une puberté normale et de répondre à leurs préoccupations de sexualité et de fertilité . Cela implique une prise en charge multidisciplinaire, faisant appel à l'endocrinologue et l'endocrinologue pédiatre, puis au chirurgien et au psychiatre et psychologue. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux adolescents et jeunes adultes traités pour syndrome de Cushing, aux particularités cliniques, thérapeutiques et évolutives, au vécu et à l'impact psycho-social, afin d'approcher les difficultés de prise en charge au moment de l'adolescence et de la transition de cette pathologie lourde.
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Twenty-four colleges and universities contributed data on 2,257 quarantined athletes, irrespective of test result; data from 427 athletes were excluded based on the described exclusion criteria. Among the remaining 1,830 quarantined athletes, the most common sports played were football (46.2%, 846), track and field or cross-country (10.4%, 190), and soccer (6.6%, 121) (Table). The most commonly reported exposures were at social gatherings (40.7%, 745) or from roommates (31.7%, 580); overall, 232 (12.7%) quarantined athletes reported exposure associated with athletic activities. Athletes received a total of 3,345 RT-PCR tests (mean = 1.8 per athlete, range = 1–14) while in quarantine. A total of 458 (25.0%) quarantined athletes ever received a positive test result, including 137 (29.9%) who never reported symptoms. Among 386 quarantined athletes who became symptomatic, 321 (83.2%) ever received a positive test result.
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O estudo clínico original demonstrou uma redução percentual dos níveis de LDL nos indivíduos do grupo caso (-19,35%, p = 0,007), mas sem melhora da função endotelial. Consideramos algumas limitações nesse estudo, destacando-se o tempo de uso das estatinas, que foi planejado e realizado por um período de 6 meses. Estudos que demonstraram resultados encorajadores utilizaram as estatinas por períodos muito mais longos do que o nosso, sugerindo um caminho a ser seguido. Outra questão diz respeito ao perfil dos pacientes envolvidos em nosso estudo. Todos apresentavam poucos fatores tradicionais de risco cardiovascular, a carga do HIV estava sob controle e eles estavam em tratamento antirretroviral há vários anos. Essa seleção resultou em um grupo de indivíduos com pouca ou nenhuma inflamação, como demonstrado pelos baixos níveis de marcadores inflamatórios, revelando assim uma população para a qual o uso de estatinas em curto prazo associado à aspirina provavelmente não forneceria resultados eficazes.
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O subgrupo de causas evitáveis reduzíveis por adequada atenção ao feto e recém-nascido apresentou significativa tendência de redução. Para esse subgrupo, seria importante uma análise posterior considerando o potencial impacto da Rede Cegonha 17 na expansão das ofertas de cuidados direcionados ao recém-nascido.
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Across all respondents, there was an awareness of OCSA but also a struggle to articulate what this might include. This resulted in naming specific categories of abusive practices rather than a consideration of how technology may play a part across the wider spectrum. The category most often referenced was “online grooming,” but respondents also talked of non-consensual sharing of sexual images, sexual harassment, pornography exposure, and sexualized behavior. Within each of these there were tensions around what was included in the category; for example, whether online grooming should include an intention to meet the young person by the perpetrator, or whether grooming may take place if there was no physical contact:
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Taken together, our data suggest that EFL-1-DPL-1 regulates centriole duplication in part by downregulating the level of SAS-6 protein. As our results indicate that EFL-1-DPL-1 promotes transcription of sas-6 and other components of the duplication pathway, the elevated level of SAS-6 protein in the dpl-1 mutant is likely the indirect effect of altered expression of some yet-to-be-identified factor(s). In vertebrates, SAS-6 levels are regulated by the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets various cell cycle proteins for destruction by the proteasome (Strnad et al. 2007). Interestingly, Kudron et al. (2013) identified several APC/C components as potential targets of EFL-1-DPL-1. Thus, one possible model to explain our results is that the EFL-1-DPL-1 transcriptional complex normally promotes expression of one or more APC/C components that in turn leads to downregulation of SAS-6.
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Table 2 shows the parameters employed for the linear programming formulation. Expressions (1) to (6) are the linear problem constraints for the lifetime maximization problem: Expression (2) avoids any flow being lower than zero.Expression (3) means that all flows are transmitted to the sink.Expression (4) represents the flow conservation, i.e., the summation of the outgoing flows minus the incoming flows of a node, i, must be equal to its data transmission rate.Expression (5) models the energy constraints of a node. Note that, in our model, a node consumes energy, even if it is in an idle state or not transmitting. When Ii = 1, node i is considered a primary node, and we consider its energy to be virtually ∞.Expression (6) is used to limit the number of primary nodes.
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Our goal was to build a daily prediction model structured to yield a prediction of 30-day readmission risk each day (6 am) during the patients’ stay based on data available at the time of prediction. Thus, predictions made earlier in the stay are based on less information than predictions made later. We generated predictions at the time of hospital admission, then 6 am each subsequent day, and finally at hospital discharge.
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To observe the agreement between the two modalities, the HeartR vitals were evaluated for each patient. Discrepancies between patients are shown in Figs 2 and 3. In Fig 2, visual inspection shows good agreement. In Fig 3, outliers in the Healthdot vitals can be observed. In both graphs, some Healthdot data points are missing due to the excluded low quality data.
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Impaired immune response of Hpa-tg brain to LPS challenge. Four-month-old Hpa-tg and Ctr mice received LPS (5 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection, and were killed 20 h later and brain tissue sections were immunostained with anti-CD45 antibody. a–d CD45-positive cells associated with microvascular structures in Ctr brain: a the morphologies of CD45-positive cells associated with the vasculature are consistent with those assumed by monocytes transmigrating from the blood to the brain parenchyma, converting to macrophages in the course of this process. b CD45-positive cells in (i) and (ii) remain intravascular but are associated with the vessel wall, whereas the cells in (iii) and (iv) have largely exited the vessel. c Confocal laser scanning microscopy of the CD45-positive cell in (ii) imaged with differential interference contrast (DIC). d Model of monocyte attachment and diapedesis from blood to brain, typically stimulated in response to CNS-derived chemokines. e–f CD45-positive cells (indicated by arrows) associated with Ctr and Hpa-tg microvasculature, respectively. g Significantly fewer CD45-positive cells are associated with Hpa-tg than with Ctr microvasculature. The data are presented, for each animal, as total number of CD45-positive cells from 10 microvasculatures, each of ~300 μm length. h, i Panels to the right show high-magnification images of the cortical areas indicated by frames in the left panels. j Top representative amoeboid (left) and ramified (right) CD45-positive macrophages from either Ctr or Hpa-tg sections; bottom Significantly fewer CD45-positive macrophages in Hpa-tg whole-brain tissue sections than in Ctr sections. k Western blotting of IL-1β in Hpa-tg and Ctr brain. Densitometry analysis of the bands demonstrated a significantly higher up-regulation of IL-1β in Ctr brains than in Hpa-tg brains following LPS challenge
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The summed knee extensor moment arms were somewhat similar between species, although there are notable differences in terms of magnitude during hyper-flexed knee postures. The error margins for both groups considerably overlapped towards extended postures, and thus the peak moment arms can be considered comparable (figure 6b).
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Le trouble musculo-squelettique le plus signalé par les enfants est la douleur spinale. Cette douleur est identifiée depuis 2 ans au moins chez les sujets. Certains enfants la supportent depuis 9 ans. Pendant et après le port de charge sur la tête, les douleurs sont localisées essentiellement au cou, au dos et au bas de dos. Les douleurs identifiées chez les enfants sont localisées essentiellement dans les régions cervicales, dorsales et lombaires que les autres régions corporelles selon les propos des enfants (Tableau 1). L’étude révèle que 6% des enfants portent des charges inférieures à 20% de leur masse corporelle; 13% portent des charges variant entre 20% et 40% de leur masse corporelle; 64% transportent des charges entre 40% et 100% de leur masse corporelle et 17% des sujets surchargent leur rachis à plus de 100% de leur masse corporelle (Figure 4).
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To meet the need for effective and low-cost vaccine delivery systems for mass vaccination, a number of new techniques have recently been developed to introduce the virus into cells. One of the approaches is the non-viral delivery system. Cationic lipids and cationic polymer have been employed as non-viral gene transfer agents. In pigs and mice, DNA vaccines have been delivered orally using a variety of carriers . Chitosan, the main derivative of chitin, is a linear polymer that comprises repeating units of β-(1–4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose units , and it was proved to be non-toxic in experimental animals and humans . As a polyatomic, nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymer, chitosan has attracted significant attention and can encapsulate a range of bioactive agents including proteins and peptides.
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This study was conducted in the shrub tundra vegetation zone of northern Norway (70‐71°N to 27‐31°E, Figure 1). The most prominent habitat type of the study area is dwarf‐shrub heath, which is the primary habitat of grey‐sided voles (Myodes rufocanus). In addition, the Norwegian lemming (Lemmus lemmus) is abundant in the heath habitat during their peak years (Ims, Henden, Thingnes, & Killengreen, 2013). In riparian plains, vegetation is substantially lusher and consists of a mosaic of meadows and willow thickets. These are primary habitats of the tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus) (Henden, Ims, Yoccoz, Sørensen, & Killengreen, 2011). Vegetation composition within both habitats exhibits profound spatial variation in the study area and ranges from dominance of palatable plants to dominance of nonpalatable plants (Ravolainen, Bråthen, Ims, Yoccoz, & Soininen, 2013; Soininen, Ravolainen, et al., 2013). Rodent populations in the region normally exhibit a synchronous 4‐ to 5‐year cycle (Figure 2., Terraube et al., 2015). The tritrophic food web of the region is described in detail in Ims, Jepsen, Stien, and Yoccoz (2013), and summary statistics describing various abiotic (e.g., temperature and precipitation) and biotic (e.g., main predators and other herbivores) factors are given in Supporting Information Appendix S1; Table S1.
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Um total de 283 pacientes foi submetido à ATJ ou ATQ nos centros selecionados, durante o ano de 2010. No entanto, os prontuários de 50 pacientes (17,7%) estavam indisponíveis para consulta. Dentre os pacientes com informações disponíveis, 92,3% (215/233) foram incluídos no estudo e 7,7% (18/233) foram excluídos por não preencherem os critérios de elegibilidade. Dentre os pacientes avaliados no estudo, 38% (81/215) eram provenientes do SUS e 62% (134/215) do sistema SS. Na figura 1, é apresentado o fluxograma da população do estudo.
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While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/. PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user. Registration is free. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email us at figures@plos.org. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.
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Further investigations are required to compare classic bone scaffolds with simple cell carriers in the present study and compare differentiated and undifferentiated ASCs for bone regeneration, though differentiated and undifferentiated ASCs equally promote nerve regeneration.45,57
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Die Patienten nach HTO hatten eine signifikant veränderte Anatomie des Tibiakopfes, 50 % hatten einen unphysiologischen MPTA von mehr als 90°. Für die Kniefunktion konnten sowohl prä-, als auch postoperativ keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den gematchten Gruppen gefunden werden. Function Score, Knee Score und ROM zeigten jedoch eine deutliche Verbesserung (Tab. 2). Präoperativ zeigte sich ein signifikant niedrigerer Schmerz-Score und somit ein höheres Schmerzniveau in der HTO-Gruppe im Vergleich zur PA-Gruppe. Die Patienten der HTO-Gruppe verbesserten sich zwar stärker hinsichtlich des Schmerzniveaus, jedoch zeigte sich postoperativ weiterhin ein signifikant höheres Schmerzniveau in der HTO-Gruppe. Bei Betrachtung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität zeigten sich in der HTO-Gruppe niedrigere Ergebnisse in den Dimensionen emotionale Rollenfunktion (59,8 vs. 83,8 Punkte; p = 0,028) und körperliche Schmerzen (57,6 vs. 73,4 Punkte; p = 0,026). Die körperliche Summenskala (39,8 vs. 42,6; p = 0,412) und die psychische Summenskala (44,6 vs. 52,9, p = 0,098) in deutscher Normierung hingegen zeigten keine signifikanten Unterschiede auf. Beide Gruppen waren 5 Jahre postoperativ mit dem Ergebnis der Knie-TEP sehr zufrieden, die HTO-Gruppe zeigte eine etwas geringere Zufriedenheit.HTO-Gruppe gematchtPA-Gruppe gematchtp-Wertn3535–Schnitt-Naht-Zeit (min)107,7 (SD 25,0)88,1 (SD 20,4)0,001Abweichung von neutraler Beinachse vor Operation (°)6,1 (SD 4,7)8,6 (SD 4,3)0,022MPTA vor Knie-TEP (°)90,7 (5,0)85,6 (2,9)< 0,001Anteil MPTA > 90°50,0 %5,3 %0,002Knee-Score (max. 100 Punkte) Präoperativ41,9 (SD 14,2)45,5 (SD 15,0)0,294 5 Jahre postoperativ79,2 (SD 17,2)86,9 (SD 14,3)0,062 Verbesserung37,8 (SD 22,7)41,5 (SD 22,8)0,530Function-Score (max. 100 Punkte) Präoperativ56,3 (SD 14,8)53,1 (SD 13,6)0,359 5 Jahre postoperativ69,9 (SD 20,0)71,6 (SD 21,4)0,886 Verbesserung13,6 (SD 21,3)17,4 (SD 20,4)0,442Schmerz-Score (max. 50 Punkte) Präoperativ10,9 (SD 10,1)18,7 (SD 11,7)0,005 5 Jahre postoperativ34,9 (SD 15,3)40,3 (SD 14,3)0,048 Verbesserung24,0 (SD 19,7)21,6 (SD 16,7)0,536ROM Präoperativ103,3 (SD 17,4)106,1 (SD 20,3)0,529 5 Jahre postoperativ116,9 (SD 14,4)111,0 (SD 14,3)0,107 Verbesserung12,7 (SD 11,8)5,2 (SD 21,4)0,091Zufriedenheit mit dem Operationsergebnis nach 5 Jahren (max. 10 Punkte)8,0 (SD 1,6)8,8 (SD 1,4)0,068HTO Hohe Tibiakopfumstellungsosteotomie, MPTA medialer proximaler Tibiawinkel, PA Patienten mit primärer Gonarthrose, ROM „range of motion“, TEP Totalendoprothese
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We defined the preintervention (or pre-SCM) group as all admissions for hip fracture to the orthopaedic surgery service between January 1, 2009, and July 31, 2012. We defined the postintervention (or, post-SCM) group as all admissions with hip fracture to the orthopaedic surgery service between September 1, 2012, and June 30, 2018. We excluded admissions for hip fracture in August 2012 because we transitioned to the SCM model. Data were abstracted from electronic medical records. Our Institutional Review Board exempted this study from further review.
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O isolamento das mitocôndrias cardíacas dos camundongos foi adaptada do protocolo descrito por Affourtit et al.,33 com pequenas modificações. Os corações foram rapidamente dissecados e lavados em tampão Chappell-Perry (CP) gelado, contendo o seguinte (em mM): KCl 100, Tris-HCl 50, EGTA 2 com pH de 7,2. Os corações foram pesados, picados com lâminas e lavados 4 a 5 vezes com tampão CP. O tecido foi subsequentemente incubado por 5 min com tampão CP suplementado com albumina a 0,5%, 5 mM de MgCl2, 1 mM de ATP e 125 U/100 mL de protease tipo VIII, na proporção de 1 mL/100 mg de tecido. Após isso, os corações foram homogeneizados (Ultra-turrax homogenizer [IKA®, Campinas, SP, Brasil], configuração baixa, 3 s, 3 vezes), e o homogenato resultante foi centrifugado. O sobrenadante foi centrifugado e o sedimento foi lavado e ressuspenso em tampão CP gelado e finalmente centrifugado. O sedimento mitocondrial final foi ressuspenso em um volume pequeno de tampão CP. A dosagem de proteína da preparação obtida foi realizada pelo método descrito por Lowry et al.34 . As preparações mitocondriais isoladas foram submetidas à respirometria de alta resolução para medir os fluxos de consumo de oxigênio.
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The structural alignment of the model proposed for putative LmjEXO1 with the experimentally resolved structure of human EXO1 [HsEXO1; PDB accession code 5V06 (Shi et al., 2017)] was built using Protein Structure Comparison Tool v.4.2.0. The three-dimensional structures of the two proteins presented a root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 1.72 ( Supplementary Figure 5 ). The comparison of the aligned structures and their sequences allowed the prediction of important domains in the putative LmjEXO1 N-terminal region ( Figure 1A ): (i) the domain helix-two-turns-helix (H2TH), ranging from residue Y368 to H400 (α10 and α11 structures), which, in the human homologue, binds to the DNA duplex and contains a coordination site for monovalent cations Na+ or K+; (ii) the active site, found in double strand/single strand DNA junction, where the 5’ end processing is predicted to occur; (iii) two long helixes linked by a loop to form the α4-α5 microdomain, ranging from residues P127 to K193; (iv) two helixes linked by loops, in the shape of a wedge, constituting the helix-turn-helix (HTH) domain and ranging from residue M31 to F113. The majority of the residues contained in this region of the putative LmjEXO1 are hydrophobic, which are responsible for the 3’ ssDNA extension bending from the junction point in the human homologue enzyme.
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L'OMS estime le taux des porteurs d´une hémoglobinopathie à 6.5% de la population mondiale . Quant à la drépanocytose, elle est probablement la maladie génétique la plus fréquente au monde, que les flux migratoires ont rendu maintenant ubiquitaire; et faisant de cette affection un véritable problème mondial de santé publique car en effet, chaque année plus de 500 000 enfants drépanocytaires naissent, dont 300 000 en Afrique dont plus de la moitié meure avant l´âge de 5ans . Une étude rétrospective sur une période de 10 ans réalisée au sein de notre formation a recruté 42 cas de drépanocytose dont 32 cas de drépanocytose hétérozygote A/S, 6 cas de drépanocytose S/S et 4 cas de drépanocytose SC; la double hétérozygotie représentant ainsi 9,52% des cas de drépanocytose . La physiopathologie de la drépanocytose résulte d´une mutation ponctuelle portant sur le sixième codon du gène β-globine, substituant l´acide glutamique « hydrophile » par une valine « hydrophobe » donnant ainsi un gène β muté codant pour l´HbS qui peut établir des liaisons hydrophobes avec la chaine β d´une autre molécule d´Hb. Cette polymérisation en fibres hélicoïdales et leur rigidification engendrent la déformation des globules rouges (GR) en faucilles. Cette falciformation est à l´origine des phénomènes vaso-occlusifs, et est favorisée par plusieurs facteurs dont la déshydratation cellulaire . Or, la présence d´HbC dans le GR est associée à la déshydratation de ce dernier par l´activation de la pompe K-Cl, et favorise donc sa déformation . Par ailleurs, l´augmentation de la température serait aussi un facteur amplifiant le phénomène de falciformation ; notre patient ayant rapporté la notion de « hammam » juste avant le début de la symptomatologie.
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Cells were seed at 4 × 103 cells/well and cultured for overnight. Cells were incubated with drug for 72 h and the cell viability was detected by using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Cells were fixed by 100 μl/well of 10% trichloroacetic acid at 4 °C for 1 h. Plate was washed four times with slow running tap water and air-dried for 1 h at room temperature (RT) or 20 min in fume hood. Cells were stained by 100 μl/well 0.02% SRB in 1% acetate acid for 1 h at RT. Plates were washed for three times with 200 μl/well 1% acetate acid and air-dried. 200 μl/well of 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 10.5 was added in each well to extract SRB with 1 h shaking on an orbital shaker. The absorbance was measured at 510 nm by microplate reader (Bio-Tek).
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Although our study demonstrated that both proactive and reactive support have the potential to contribute to feelings of security and comfort, the meaning of security differed between the groups. For the mothers who received proactive support, security was linked to continuity and knowing that someone was going to call them daily. Such support gave the mothers the opportunity to ask questions, even if they were minor or insignificant. In the reactive group, security was linked to having a telephone number for the BST that they could use if they experienced breastfeeding problems. Our findings show that the mothers used the reactive support to a low extent. The positive aspect of this finding is that many of the mothers did not need additional support; their self-efficacy and/or the support they received was ‘good enough’. However, the cases in which the mothers did not call the BST although they wanted to cause concerns as mothers who need support do not receive it when only reactive support is provided. This raises the question of which mothers contact the BST and ask for support and which do not and, subsequently, who receives support. It may be that mothers with fewer resources do not use the support. A previous study of a telephone hotline that new mothers could call for support showed that mothers used the telephone support and recognised the worth of the service; however, only small numbers of mothers in ethnic minority groups called . Furthermore, in a pilot study evaluating proactive and reactive breastfeeding telephone support that targeted disadvantaged areas, only one woman called in the reactive group . The results of the present study indicate that for mothers in the reactive group, there may be a gap between having the opportunity to call and actually calling.
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Sufficient material (≈11 mg) of each of the isolated target compounds (10–12), and of the target mixtures of chemically related products (3–9) and (1–2), was successfully obtained for the experiments. Both mixtures are composed of metabolites of the same family type: Within the wax fraction, both wax esters 1 and 2 appear in approximately the same proportion ~1:1 ; whereas the meridianin (A–G) alkaloid mix (3–9) contains a major component constituted by meridianins A–E (3–7) and a minor one corresponding to F–G meridianins (8–9), in a relative proportion of ~94:6. These proportions may exhibit slight variabilities among colonies. Nevertheless, the isolated forms of A–G meridianins have demonstrated in the past similar efficiency as feeding repellents . The natural relative concentrations of the metabolites within both mixtures (1–2 and 3–9) were maintained (not modified after fractionation) in the bioassays here performed. The natural products 1–11 had been previously isolated from our Antarctic sample collections, all of them demonstrating feeding repellent properties towards relevant sympatric predators: the sea star Odontaster validus and the amphipod Cheirimedon femoratus . In preliminary experiments, the newly described glassponsine (12) did not cause rejection in feeding tests at its natural concentration (~2.34 mg·g−1; and present study), but repellent activity was confirmed at higher concentrations (see below). Specific data of the five target compound types can be found in Table 1, while the information on the setup design of the experiments is illustrated in Figure 1.
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For each type of event we define a list of keywords, each describing a particular sub-type of that event. For example when looking at illness each keyword relates to a particular symptom, such as ‘coughing’ or ‘vomiting’. When looking at events that cause emotional reactions each keyword relates to a particular emotion. Each of these sub-type keywords is then expanded with a list of aliases, synonyms and related terms to form a keyword group. For more details on how we identified the relevant keywords and synonyms see the sections below.
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More studies have shown that the A. legrelliana Jacobi leaf juice extract exhibited molluscicide activity against Praticolella griseola with an 82.5% mortality rate after seven days . Besides, this agro-waste was able to diminish notably the cardiac frequency of Fossarium cubensis within a range of 0.105 to 7.718 mL/L after three days of application .
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Reported complications of using the umbilical vein as a catheterization route are infection of the umbilical stump, portal vein thrombosis, arterial thrombosis, arrhythmia, and intraperitoneal bleeding . In this study, intraabdominal hemorrhage was noted for only one patient after this procedure, and it subsided after blood transfusion (Case 4).
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O acesso vascular, utilizando a técnica de Seldinger, pode ser realizado por punção guiada por ultrassonografia ou dissecção cirúrgica1. A dissecção da artéria femoral é realizada na artéria femoral superficial e não na femoral comum, devido ao fato de esta ser intrapélvica nos suínos. Durante a dissecção da carótida comum, devem-se evitar lesões da cadeia simpática, localizada dentro da bainha carotídea, medial e dorsal ao nervo vago, o que pode resultar em síndrome de Horner. Vasodilatadores locais podem ser necessários durante a manipulação do território carotídeo, pois o espasmo ocorre com facilidade1. Assim como nos seres humanos, a relação próxima entre o esôfago e a artéria carótida comum esquerda deve ser lembrada.
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Patienten werden über unterschiedliche Zeiträume in der urologischen Praxis behandelt. Auch hier gibt es unterschiedliche Perspektiven und Darstellungsmöglichkeiten:Zeitdauer als Patient/-in in der Praxis basierend auf Diagnosen,Zeitdauer als Patient/-in in der Praxis basierend auf Therapien,Zeitdauer als Patient/-in in der Praxis basierend auf Labordaten,Zeitdauer als Patient/-in in der Praxis basierend auf allen verfügbaren Daten (komplexe Analyse).
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Representative heating and cooling DSC thermograms are shown for PFO–dodecane mixtures in Figure 2(b,c), respectively. Crystallization is observed as a single exothermal peak in the cooling thermograms up to cp = 0.83, at which point solution-crystallization via β-phase chain segment formation then coexists with the standard melt-crystallization of neat PFO into an alternative microstructure termed the “α-phase.”8 This coexistence results from there being insufficient solvent in the mixture to form a uniform, stoichiometric, polymer-solvent compound (vide infra). The process of gel melting/dissolution, as observed in the heating thermograms, is, conversely, somewhat more complicated. For moderately good solvents, that is, toluene, decalin, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (oTCB), gel melting is observed as a single endotherm (see Supporting Information Figs. S1–2). For moderately bad solvents, that is, dodecane (shown here) and hexadecane, two overlapping endotherms are observed in the heating thermograms [cf. Fig. 2(b)]. These were investigated in a control experiment (see Supporting Information Fig. S3), in which a solution was crystallized at a constant cooling rate and re-melted at varied (1–20 °C min−1) heating rates. The relative magnitude of the high-temperature endotherm was observed to decrease at higher heating rates, which indicates that only the low-temperature endotherm corresponds to gel melting, whereas the high-temperature endotherm is due to the process of dynamic polymer recrystallization and simultaneous melting.38 This assignment is corroborated by the fact that such behavior at low/moderate polymer weight fractions is only observed for the moderately bad solvents, in which the driving force for PFO recrystallization is increased for thermodynamic reasons.
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Der Voice Handicap Index (VHI) ist ein validierter Test, um Sprechprobleme zu beurteilen. Er enthält 30 Fragen, die tägliche Probleme in sozialer Interaktion beschreiben und von 0 (keine Probleme) bis 120 (sehr ausgeprägte Sprechprobleme) beurteilt werden .
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Strongly stained radiating TH-C bundle (between arrows, A) approaching the pallium beyond the pallial-subpallial boundary. The DTI image of 11 PCW (B) shows DTI reconstruction of the TH-C bundle corresponding to the histological section from (A). (C) The AChE reactive fibers originated from thalamus and basal forebrain enter the deepest portion of loose deep CP at 14 PCW (arrow). See also data from Duque et al. (2016). (D) Shows DTI image of extension of TH-C fibers directed to deep portion of CP at 13 PCW. Scale bar: 100 μm.
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La laparoscopie jusqu’ici reste controversée pour ses avantages par rapport à la voie ouverte. Elle est déconseillée par certains auteurs dans les cas évolués notamment les abcès et les appendicites perforées . Le taux d’abcès résiduel et de suppuration de paroi retrouvés est variable selon les séries . Le drainage systématique tel qu’il a été effectué avait un but prophylactique au cas où il y aurait des complications intra abdominales. Ce choix reste à l’appréciation de l’opérateur et les travaux effectués jusqu’ici n’ont pas abouti à un consensus .
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The results from the clinical trials, started in February 2005 and ended in September 2006, whose report is not the aim of this paper, demonstrate that the device performs all operations in accordance with system requirements and functional specifications.
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In particular, MCF-7 cells showed a growth inhibition with the half minimal (50%) Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) of 72 and 67 μg/mL after 24 and 48 h of treatment, respectively (Figure 1a); MDA-MB231 cells showed a growth inhibition with an IC50 at 73 and 44 μg/mL after 24 and 48 h of treatment, respectively (Figure 1b); MDA-MB468 cells showed a growth inhibition with an IC50 at 80 and 70 μg/mL after 24 and 48 h of treatment, respectively (Figure 1c). IC50 values after 48 h treatment were lower compared to those obtained after 24 h.
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Критерии невключения: повышенный или сниженный уровень ЛГ, повышенный уровень ГСПГ, индекс массы тела (ИМТ) >30 кг/м2, патологические изменения любого из яичек при осмотре, нарушения кариотипа, задержка полового развития, наличие в анамнезе крипторхизма, воспалительных заболеваний, опухолей, травм или хирургических вмешательств на половых органах и области головного мозга, включая гипофиз, средняя или тяжелая перенесенная инфекция COVID-19, сахарный диабет, гипотиреоз, тиреотоксикоз, любые заболевания надпочечников, курение, употребление алкоголя чаще 1 раза в 4 нед, постоянный прием любых медицинских препаратов, врожденные заболевания сердечно-сосудистой системы.
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The kinetics of binding and uptake of PPS by cultured MPCs when added to the media at concentrations of 0.5–10 μg/ml was monitored by the percentage decrease in their media levels over 24 h using the PPS ELISA. As shown in Fig. 1, all concentrations of PPS added to the culture media decreased over the first 0.5–2.0 h of incubation with MPCs. For media concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 μg/ml PPS, this initial decline was followed by a partial release of PPS into the media over the subsequent 6–24 h (shedding period). However, for cultures spiked with 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 μg/ml PPS, the reduced media levels were sustained over this period. Interestingly, cultures to which 5.0 μg/ml PPS had been added demonstrated the highest decline in media levels after 0.5 h and only released relatively small amounts over the subsequent 24-h period (Fig. 1). These observations suggest a rapid binding of PPS to cell surface heparin receptors, followed by a time- and concentration-dependent shedding and uptake by the MPCs over the 24 h of culture [28, 29]. Moreover, under the conditions used for these cultures, optimum uptake of PPS by MPCs was found to occur with a medium concentration of 5.0 μg/ml.Fig. 1Kinetics of uptake of various concentrations of pentosan polysulfate (PPS) (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5, and 10 μg/ml/well) by 3.0 × 105 MPCs/well maintained in monolayer cultures for 24 h. The concentration of PPS remaining in the culture media after 0.25, 0.50, 2, 6, 20, and 24 h was determined using ELISA. Note the rapid decline in PPS media concentrations within 2 h of culture followed by shedding of PPS into the media with the 0.5 and 1.0 μg/ml concentrations. The media concentration of 5.0 μg/ml exhibited the highest uptake by the MPCs over the 24-h culture period
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Recomendação - A ressuscitação da perfusão tecidual se inicia com a fase aguda precoce, na qual se deve realizar a ressuscitação o mais rápido possível objetivando saturação venosa mista de O2 (SvO2) >65%, ou saturação venosa central (SvcO2) >70%, lactato arterial <2mmol/L (18mg/dL) e adequação da DO2/VO2.(132-135) O processo deve seguir na fase pós-ressuscitação (quando se atingir perfusão tecidual adequada), sendo que se deve realizar restrição hídrica para manter balanço hídrico menor ou igual a zero.( 136 )
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Acclimatization to a hotter world is a necessity for survival. However there are limitations. Adaptation to this new world can only partly be achieved through physiological responses. The remainder must derive from orchestrated strategies to reduce exposures via alterations to social, cultural technological and behavioral patterns. Shifts in housing and urban design, clothing, socially accepted behaviors and working hours will be required, as well as reorientations in industry, infrastructure and transport. Such major transformational changes will require decades to achieve, especially in the realm of infrastructure, housing and urban design. The complexity and embedded character of existing systems throughout the socio-political and economic fabric of society, coupled with propensity for inaction suggest that a coordinated multi-frontal approach is essential. This is necessary for human survival and sustained societal functioning in an increasingly hot climate. That process needs to start now.
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Em pacientes com COVID-19 e comprometimento respiratório grave, a superalimentação deve ser evitada, devido ao maior risco de hipercapnia. Decúbito ventral não é uma contraindicação para a nutrição enteral precoce e foi associado a um melhor prognóstico.(14,31)
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Ekspresja genów kodujących kolejne elementy układu transportującego jony żelaza podlega regulacji licznymi czynnikami. W sytuacji niedoboru żelaza i niedotlenieniu komórki, modyfikujące białka żelaza IRP 1 i IRP2 (ang. iron regulatory proteins), łączą się z czynnikami IRE (ang. iron regulatory elements) mRNA stabilizując translację TfR1 i DMT1, blokując zaś ferrytyny i ferroportyny. Gdy w komórce występuje nadmiar żelaza, białka modyfikujące ulegają inaktywacji (IRP1) i degradacji (IRP2), co prowadzi do odblokowania translacji m-RNA ferrytyny i ferroportyny, natomiast synteza TfR i DMT1 ulega ograniczeniu. Z kolei, na poziomie transkrypcji TfR czynniki HIF 1α i HIF 1β (ang. hipoxia inducible factors) poprzez fragment promotora HRE (ang. hipoxia responsive elements) wzmacniają jego aktywność .
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E (−∞, 1) is the key variable used for evaluating the model performance and is calculated as E=1−∑(Oi−Pi)2∑(Oi−O¯)2 (1) where Oi and Pi are the observed values and the predicted values obtained from the modelling, respectively; O¯ is the observed mean. The evaluation criteria are: if E<0.0, the model is not applicable; 0.0≤E<0.25, the model performs poorly; 0.25≤E<0.5, the model performance is fair; 0.5≤E<0.75, model performance is good; and if E≥0.75, the model performs excellently.
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The EEG signals of six kinds of conditions, characterized by the combination of stimulus type (deviant and standard) and sequence type (oddball sequence, reverse oddball sequence, and equiprobable sequence), were superimposed and averaged, and the corresponding ERP waveforms were obtained within the time interval of −200 through 699 ms.
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One of the most common techniques for land-cover classification is based on the Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithm, which is a supervised parametric pixel-based algorithm that is available in most of current GIS or GIS-capable platforms, such as QGIS, ArcGIS and R. The ML classification assumes that pixel values from a given layer will be normally distributed, therefore each pixel can be classified into a given class based on the maximum likelihood to pertain to the probability density function generated by the samples from that class (Strahler, 1980). Nevertheless, because ML is based on parametric data, it has shown to be outperformed by newer non-parametric algorithms that do not require the assumption of an a-priori particular distribution or number of parameters, such as Neural Network and Support Vector Machines (Khatami, Mountrakis & Stehman, 2016). Also, ML-based classifications often require to train the algorithm on every single class covering the study area, implying that many times resources and efforts will be placed on classifying classes that are not relevant for the study objectives (Sanchez-Hernandez, Boyd & Foody, 2007; Li & Guo, 2010; Deng et al., 2018). In fact, multi-class oriented classifiers, such as ML, may attempt to optimize the classification accuracy of all cover classes rather than focusing on increasing the accuracy of the target class (Sanchez-Hernandez, Boyd & Foody, 2007). Therefore, the use of one-class classification algorithms could provide a more efficient alternative than multi-classes approaches when the objective is classifying only one or a few classes of interest (Deng et al., 2018).
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Relationship between national gross domestic product and mean country infection prevalence, stratified by species. Mean prevalence is calculated from surveys conducted 2005–2011. GDP (per capita in US$) for 2010; Gross Domestic Product per capita (current US$).
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LGIT function primarily consists of (1) colonic transport of the bowel content to the anorectum [107, 108], (2) transient anorectum reservoir, and (3) defecation from the anorectum with the aid of strain . In PD, constipation results primarily from decreased transport and/or disturbed anorectal evacuation. Fecal incontinence may result from disturbed anorectal reservoir, or overflow secondary to constipation.
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Concernant les motifs de consultation (Tableau 1), les femmes CT+ consultaient significativement plus que les femmes CT- dans le cadre d'un doute sur la fidélité de leur partenaire (p = 0,01) ou dans le cadre d'une infection sexuellement transmissible chez le partenaire (p = 0,02).
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Trust is an important topic in medical ethics and end-of-life care, but has been given waning credit due to the increasing focus on autonomy . Some authors dealing with slippery slope arguments generally have mentioned trust, but they have done so casually, without really analysing it. For example, Enoch mentioned that proponents of the slippery slope argument mistrust others to make a distinction between A and B (e.g. voluntary and involuntary euthanasia). Similarly, Volokh asked whether we should ‘accept the immediate benefits of A, and trust that even after A is enacted B will be avoided’. Van der Burg remarked that people with a high level of trust in existing political and legal institutions are more confident that future developments could be stopped, should they be heading in a negative direction.
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肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，对肺癌的早期诊断和有效治疗是全球亟需解决的一个难题。在肿瘤发生发展过程中，有大量伴随基因参与癌基因扩增过程，但是它们并不是我们所要找的关键基因。我们考虑通过探索不同组织类型、不同人群来源的肺癌组织基因芯片，得到芯片结果共同改变的部分，有可能筛选出影响肺癌发生发展的关键基因。目前已有研究通过分析基因表达芯片来挖掘影响肺癌发生发展的通路及基因，已识别出大量差异表达的基因。但这些差异基因并没有进行进一步讨论，各个基因芯片的分析结果存在很多不一致性。Mootha等提出基因组富集（gene set enrichment analysis, GSEA）分析，该方法能在病例对照类型数据中，基于基因组系统水平上来挖掘影响疾病的基因通路。Meta分析可对同一个问题所发表相关研究报告的结果进行收集、统计上的整合，以期获得更准确或更多的结果。Rhodes等首先将meta分析引入基因芯片数据分析领域。本研究采用GSEA等生物信息学方法对6套肺癌全基因组表达芯片数据进行研究，挖掘出隐藏在芯片数据下的生物学信息，筛选出影响肺癌发生发展的关键基因，为对肺癌靶向治疗的研究奠定基础。
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Além da função pancreática, a DECH em intestino delgado também tem sido estudada como possível causa de alteração digestiva em pacientes pós-transplante. Além dos estudos endoscópicos por cápsula, um marcador que vem sendo testado é a citrulina. O intestino delgado é a principal fonte deste aminoácido em nosso organismo. Estudos prévios em pacientes sem DECH demonstraram correlação entre os níveis plasmáticos reduzidos de citrulina e dano intestinal.( 67 , 68 )Tais achados foram também descritos entre pacientes com DECH intestinal.( 69 )Esse aminoácido tem demonstrado ser promissor, ainda, na predição do desenvolvimento de DECH,( 70 )embora necessite de mais dados na literatura para seu uso na prática clínica.
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Our attempts to activate prematurely and in a sustained manner wild-type microglia did not always result in greater macrophage/microglial activation. In wt mice infused with tuftsin at d-1, greater levels of macrophage/microglial activation were observed at day 12 in comparison to wt PBS mice. However, when macrophage/microglial activation in wt PBS mice is detectable, at day 23 and day 30, the activation mediated by tuftsin seems to be reversed and fewer activated macrophages/microglia are observed (Fig 3C). This result suggests that there may be a control mechanism that does not allow sustained superactivation of macrophages/microglia. Despite the increased reaction however, the EAE symptoms are dampened. It is possible that macrophage/microglial activation during the induction phase of EAE once again acts to protect (precondition) against the disease. Once macrophage/microglial activation is induced normally by the disease process, tuftsin is no longer effective, potentially due to inability to superactivate the cells. In that case, the therapeutic window has already been exploited in the early stages.
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As a result of the selection pressure imposed by extreme and variable environmental conditions, stress regulatory response and sensing mechanisms in plants have undergone a drastic transformation. One of the significant sources of plant innovation to stress response mechanisms is gene duplication . Gene duplication is a major feature of genomic architecture, with a cardinal role in the process of plant genomic and organismal evolution, resulting in new raw genetic materials for genetic drift, mutation and selection, which ultimately results in the emergence of new gene functions and evolution of gene networks . Gene duplication mechanism not only lead to the expansion of genome content but aids in the diversification of gene function to ensure adequate adaptability and the evolution of plants . Therefore, the ability of the plants to sense and respond properly to abiotic cues, such as salt, drought, chilling and others is critical for plant survival . In this study, the majority of the duplicated were found to be the segmental type, with 98 paralogous pairs accounting for 49 genes out of the 60 duplicated genes. Though, despite the abundance of segmental duplicated genes, we observed 28 paralogous gene pairs to have undergone tandem duplication, translating to only 11 genes out of the 60 duplicated ones. Segmental duplication is found to be dominant over the tandem in the process of gene evolution. For instance, the complete sequencing of the A. thaliana genome revealed numerous large-scale segmental duplications as opposed to tandem duplication . The results obtained for cotton CDKs in which the segmental type of duplication was highly favored as opposed to the tandem is consistent with the previous results obtained in the analysis of cyclin dependent kinases in Arabidopsis, in which 22 core cell cycle genes were found to have emerged through segmental duplications . The role of segmental duplicated genes in relation to drought have been reported, for example, the expansion of Hsf genes in sesame was found to have occurred through segmental duplication, and it is known to confer drought tolerance sesame .
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Sin embargo, el interés por la sostenibilidad de los programas de salud no surge con la caída de la ayuda internacional. Este debate se remonta a la década de los ochenta y a la preocupación de que ciertas intervenciones no logren perdurar mucho tiempo (8, 9). Además, ya desde la década de los noventa, el análisis de la sostenibilidad trasciende la dimensión financiera e incorpora otros factores de orden organizativo, institucional y político (9, 10).
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The difficulty in providing public sanitation services, in terms of access and quality, are governance challenges to be overcome in the next two decades, as highlighted by several authors . Studies in the field reveal a growing preoccupation in better understanding the causes and consequences of efficiency problems in the use of infrastructure, human, and financial resources in this sector, in order to boost development and competitiveness between agencies and sanitation companies. The most recent studies admit that the low productivity of Brazilian sanitation companies hinders a better level of coverage and quality of services provided to the population . Therefore, the identification of public and private companies operating ineffectively proves to be fundamental to guide sector planning in the short and medium terms and strategic actions aimed at their universalization. Here, the term “universalization” is associated with the notion of universality, access to water and sewage services that are provided to the entire Brazilian population, in relation to the fulfillment of Goal 6 of the SDGs and goals A1 and E1 of PLANSAB .
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A letter containing a detailed list of your responses to the review comments and a description of the changes you have made in the manuscript. Please note while forming your response, if your article is accepted, you may have the opportunity to make the peer review history publicly available. The record will include editor decision letters (with reviews) and your responses to reviewer comments. If eligible, we will contact you to opt in or out.
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目前EBUS-TBNA用于肺外肿瘤胸内转移诊断的研究相对较少，且均为回顾性研究。Navani等开展的一项多中心研究结果证实EBUS-TBNA在161例怀疑肺外恶性肿瘤胸内转移的患者中诊断敏感性为87%，而其他几项单中心研究的诊断敏感性为85%-96.3%[14, 15, 17-20]。本研究中EBUS-TBNA诊断肺外恶性肿瘤胸内转移的敏感度为87.50%，与文献报道结果类似。EBUS-TBNA诊断假阴性较高的问题，是目前临床应用EBUS-TBNA面临的难点之一，本研究中出现3例假阴性均出现在7组淋巴结，考虑该组淋巴结范围大，且包含多个淋巴结，从左、右侧支气管均可穿刺，穿刺针未进入发生癌细胞转移的淋巴结或转移淋巴结的转移区域可导致假阴性结果。因此笔者认为术前仔细评估CT或PET/CT，依据肿瘤转移特点，对肿大淋巴结进行重点全面穿刺以提高标本质量，可一定程度上减少假阴性率。且因肺外恶性肿瘤胸内转移的诊断较大程度上依赖免疫组化检测结果，获得足量和合格的标本进行后续的免疫组化检测尤为关键。
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Комментарии. Ультразвуковое исследование проводится линейным датчиком с частотой 7,5–10 Гц. При начальной стадии заболевания выявляется снижение эхогенности ткани и размытость контуров доли ЩЖ за счет локального отека. В более поздних стадиях выявляются признаки абсцесса — гипоэхогенное образование с жидкостным содержимым. Также УЗИ позволяет оценить реакцию лимфатических узлов не шее.
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W analizowanym okresie 2000-2014, zanotowano w Polsce wyraźną tendencję spadkową umieralności dzieci i młodzieży. Tempo spadku zmienia się jednak w grupach wieku i według przyczyn zgonów. Niewątpliwym sukcesem ostatnich lat jest bardzo szybki spadek umieralności młodszych dzieci (1-4) z powodu przyczyn zewnętrznych i pozostałych oraz starszych dzieci z powodu przyczyn zewnętrznych. Stosunkowo niski udział przyczyn nieokreślonych w statystyce zgonów małych dzieci też przemawia na korzyść systemu opieki zdrowotnej nad tą grupą wieku. Niepokoić powinno natomiast zbyt wolne tempo spadku umieralności młodzieży i młodych dorosłych oraz wysoki udział przyczyn nieokreślonych w statystyce zgonów. W całej populacji wieku rozwojowego należy zwracać też uwagę na okresy wzrostu częstości zgonów z wybranych przyczyn.
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The continuity of participation of people with old-age related conditions may be limited due to the progression of illness and related difficulties in care . The issue has additional importance in longitudinal studies . Two of the studies used the way of recruitment as a strategy to compensate for limitations in continuity: while one study recruited new members via the same support organization former participants were recruited , another used PPI groups of sub-studies as a source of its core group . Heaven et al. involved organizations “[…] mindful of the fact that individual representatives may come and go”.
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Kontraindikationen (v. a. bei EPI-Techniken) wie „red flags“, Medikamentenunverträglichkeiten, lokale trophische Störungen, lokale/systemische Infekte, Leukopenie, ZNS-Erkrankungen, schwere Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen und Gerinnungsstörungen sind sorgfältig auszuschließen. Aufgrund möglicher (sehr seltener) schwerwiegender Komplikationen, sollte v. a. bei EPI-Techniken die direkte Notfallversorgung bis hin zum ACLS („advanced cardiac life support“) gewährleistet sein . Bei Einnahme antithrombotisch wirksamer Medikamente ist die aktuelle DGAI-Leitlinie „Rückenmarksnahe Regionalanästhesien und Thromboembolieprophylaxe/antithrombotische Medikation“ eine gute Orientierung. INR/Quick und Thrombozytenzahlen sollten Mindestwerte von 1,2/70 % bzw. 100.000/μl haben.
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Spots of interest were excised from silver stained 2D-PAGE, destained and washed twice (25 mM NH4HCO3, 50% acetonitrile) before samples were subjected to in gel protein digestion using sequence grade modified trypsin (Promega, Madison, WI). Reduction and alkylation was performed during 2D-PAGE, and was consequently not repeated. Peptides were extracted in a mixture of Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and acetonitrile, concentrated and desalted using C18 affinity material (Empore Extraction disks, 3 M, St. Paul, MN) assembled in a pipette tip, mixed with α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (Fluka/Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and spotted on a 384-well steel AnchorChip sample plate (Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, MA). Prior to desalting, some peptide samples were also treated using ProteoMass Guanidation Kit (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) according to the manufacturer's protocol. MS analysis was carried out in an Ultraflex® MALDI-TOF/TOF instrument (Bruker Daltonics) and the obtained spectra analyzed in the FlexAnalysis software.
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The study identified 183,392 antipsychotic users (typical or atypical), including 20,954 olanzapine users (11.4%), and 193,920 patients with psychiatric illness who were not users of typical or atypical antipsychotic drugs (psychiatric nonusers) (Table 2). The average duration of follow-up time was 4.0 years (SD 4.0) for antipsychotic users, 3.6 years (SD 2.86) for olanzapine users, and 4.1 years (SD 3.5) for patients with psychiatric illness. The olanzapine and psychiatric nonuser populations, which were not matched to minimize heterogeneity, differed in some respects. Whether these differences are statistically or clinically significant is unknown.
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Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste artigo é descrever como a experiência brasileira na estruturação de uma agenda pública nacional de segurança alimentar e nutricional dialoga e converge com a concepção de nutrição e sistemas alimentares abordada nos documentos que instituem a Década da Nutrição.
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Relative quantification analysis of MICA and MICB genes. A) Relative expression of MICA and MICB in each cell line was performed by Real-Time PCR using GAPDH, β-Actin and L32 ribosomal protein as reference genes. The "fold expression" (ordinates) was obtained by normalizing the data values taking MICA expression of HaCaT cells as 1. The figure represents the average ± SD of the relative expression obtained with the reference genes. B) Temperature melting analysis performed by Real-time RT-PCR shows amplification of only one specific peak for each set of primers. C) Specificity of MICA and MICB amplification fragments was demonstrated by running the amplification products on 1.5% agarose gel, giving a fragment of approximately 448 bp for MICA and 350 bp for MICB.
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As it is mentioned above, feature selection must be applied just on the training data. Feature selection is employed to choose relevant features (voxels) and remove irrelevant ones (useless features, carry no discriminant information) to improve the generalization capability/performance of the classifiers.
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Concluzie. O polineuropatie debutată brusc cu paraplegie, la o persoană vârstnică, independentă funcțional, până în acel moment, cu evoluție relativ bună a deficitului motor în cursul programului de recuperare, dar care nu-i restituie independență funcțională.
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To further demonstrate selective T4/T5 silencing during visual processing, we presented flies with either back-to-front or front-to-back bilateral motion. Control and T4/T5 > GtACR1 flies without illumination showed no average turning response. This was expected, since the opposing motions on both sides as normally perceived during forward or backward translation do not elicit a directed turn (Fig. 4E,F). However, with increasing illumination intensities (5–10 μW), T4/T5 > GtACR1 flies on average increased their turning with the motion direction presented on the contralateral side. This finding is in agreement with optogenetically mediated, ipsilateral motion blindness due to the silencing of T4/T5 cells. At yet higher intensities, average turning decreased to baseline, again most likely due to the contralateral spread of light.
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The urbanization rates defined as a percentage of urban population to total population, populations and areas of the built-up districts were obtained from statistical yearbooks, including the Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2013 , Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook 2013 , Zhejiang Statistical Yearbook 2013 , Anhui Statistical Yearbook 2013 , and the Chinese City Statistical Yearbook 2013 .
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Knowles und Drosten sprechen aber auch insofern aus verschiedenen Positionen heraus, als dass ihren Disziplinen bisher sehr unterschiedliche Autorität in der Erklärung der COVID-19-Krise zugestanden wurde. Bei den Rufen, es sollten jetzt Wissenschaftler*innen Entscheidungen über den Umgang mit der Krise treffen, (wogegen Drosten sich verwehrt hat), waren meist nicht die Sozial- oder Kulturwissenschaften gemeint. Die Gründe dafür liegen unter anderem just in der Wahrnehmung der Krise als ein nur in ihren Auswirkungen soziales und von der Normalität klar trennbares Phänomen.
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Table 2 presents the baseline characteristics of the extensive intervention versus control study groups. The average age of the participants was 52, and 81.4 % were male. The randomization was successful in creating study groups with similar characteristics. Only for smoking a difference between the groups was found (p = 0.026). The CVD risk based on the Framingham score showed that more than 30 % of our study population is at intermediate or high risk, without differences in distribution between the two groups (p = 0.430).
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PFD is a common condition among Saudi women. OAB and UI were reported at a surprisingly high rate and had negatively affected the quality of life. National screening of UI and its types (SUI, UUI, MUI), AI, POP, and OAB is essential to evaluate the public health burden of these disorders. Likewise, recognizing and understanding the prevalence of these conditions provides valuable evidence about the necessity to address these symptoms proactively with the patients in addition to training healthcare providers regarding the proper management of these disorders.
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Le z-score P/A moyen est de -0,18±1,01 ET (extrêmes: -2,42 et 1,73) et la proportion des insuffisants pondéraux est de 4,9% dans le groupe I alors qu'ils sont respectivement de 0,06±1,12 ET (extrêmes: -4,18 et 2,77) et de 2,4% dans le groupe II (p > 0,05). Pour ce qui est de l’évaluation de la croissance staturale, le z-score T/A moyen est de -0,71±1,49 (extrêmes: -3,06 et 1,49) et la proportion des malnutris chroniques est de 19,5% dans le groupe I alors qu'ils sont respectivement de -0,31±1,6 ET (extrêmes: -5,00 et 3,80) et de 12,2% dans le groupe II (p > 0,05). Quant au z-score P/T, la moyenne dans le groupe I est de 0,27±1,51 (extrêmes: -4,10 et 3,23) et la proportion des malnutris aigus est de 9,8% alors que dans le groupe II elles sont respectivement de 0,29±1,23 ET (extrêmes: -3,27 et 2,61) et de 3,7% (p > 0,05).
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In the present study, six DkPK genes, designated DkPK1-6, were isolated based on cDNA-SSAP and RNA-Seq data using RACE-PCR and genome walking approaches. Next, the expression patterns of six DkPK genes and their correlation with the soluble PA content were analyzed during fruit development in different types of persimmon. Among the six genes, the expression pattern of DkPK1 during the last C-PCNA persimmon development stage was positively correlated with a decrease in the soluble PA content; the expression of DkPK1 rapidly increased and soluble PA accumulation significantly decreased in last stage (Figures 1 and 3). These results indicate that DkPK1 may be involved in the natural removal of astringency during the last stage of fruit development in C-PCNA persimmon.
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Not only in the field of vehicle detection, as long as UGVs are in running status, but it is also necessary to carry out real-time monitor of sensor anomalies. Abnormal detection can be realized by monitoring the change range of sensor data or training the neural network , in addition, decision-making scheme should be further optimized to ensure that when any important sensor fails, UGVs can dock in the nearby safe area as soon as possible without affecting the operation of other road users. Therefore, how to efficiently design the sensor anomaly detection block and relevant decision-making scheme will be a focus of future research.
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Sequence analysis of Uhrf1 cloned yeast sequences did not reveal changes other than sporadic nucleotide polymorphisms differing from the reference genome (GRCm38) that may affect targeting frequency. However, Gfap E14-derived DNA showed substantial polymorphisms in a 245-bp region in a heavily-repeated and alternatively spliced 3′ UTR in exon 8a (Fig. S4). Yeast-cloned JM8 DNA for Gfap also showed variation over a neighboring 214-bp region. It is possible that these regions are involved in transcript stability that may lead to a preference of the non-isogenic vector when performing targeting experiments.
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The suite of tools we have developed allows cardiac synchronisation to be performed in conjunction with imaging in the steady state and in a manner that is simple-to-use, compatible with high throughput operation and non-invasive to the animal. Fig. 5 shows the complete respiratory and ECG signal pathway as acquired during a short axis CINE scan and is representative of the general case; Table 2 summarises the content of each trace.Fig. 5The complete signal pathways for generation of respiratory, cardiac and cardio-respiratory gating control signals acquired during the acquisition of a short axis CINE scan for scan ID11.Fig. 5Table 2Channel and signal description for Fig. 5.Table 2TraceFunction1Raw analogue respiration signal.2Voltage-scaled respiration signal.3Threshold-based respiration TTL of duration dTTLThreshold.4Respiration gating control TTL. dTTLAcquire and dTTLNoAcquire are the periods during which data are or are not collected respectively. This control mode is dynamically adaptive to the instantaneous breathing rate and allows the maximally efficient, motion desensitised imaging to be performed.5Raw ECG signal.6Voltage scaled ECG signal.7Differential ECG signal. Note the respiration-induced voltage is largely eliminated.8Cardiac gating TTL signal.9Cardio-respiratory gating control signal: Boolean ‘AND’ combination of Traces 4 and 8.
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L'anesthésie locorégionale périphérique connait de plus en plus de développements aussi bien au niveau des techniques de repérage, du matériel que dans l'utilisation des agents anesthésiques . De nombreux adjuvants aux anesthésiques locaux sont utilisés, comme l'adrénaline, le sulfate de magnésium, la clonidine, la morphine ou la dexaméthasone [2, 3]. L'utilisation de ces agents adjuvants en combinaison avec les anesthésiques locaux a largement démontré son efficacité avec toute fois des complications propres . Certaines complications sont décrites suite aux blocs nerveux périphériques comme les ponctions vasculaires accidentelles, les atteintes nerveuses transitoires [5–7]. Nous rapportons une prolongation inhabituelle de la durée d'un bloc analgésique chez une patiente suivie pour une cruralgie chronique. A travers ce cas, et une revue de la littérature nous discutons les causes de prolongation anormale, les mesures préventives et la conduite à tenir devant les situations à risque.
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In december 2020 werden met online vragenlijsten gegevens verzameld over de ervaren impact van de COVID-19-crisis op voedselzekerheid en eetgewoonten. De online vragenlijsten werden verstuurd naar volwassenen uit het Flycatcher-panel , met een over-sampling van personen met een relatief lage sociaaleconomische positie (SEP). Het Flycatcher-panel is een onafhankelijk panel dat voldoet aan de ISO-kwaliteitseisen en onder andere kan worden ingezet voor landelijk representatief onderzoek en voor onderzoek onder subgroepen .
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Several biomaterial approaches have been developed with the aim to increase the homogeneity of MSCs during the propagation phase prior to clinical use (Levy et al., 2020). For example, specific biological materials can be used to improve MSCs delivery and survival (Zhou et al., 2021). An example for this is the loading of MSCs with microparticles which encapsulate small-molecules (Tzouanas et al., 2014) or synthetic polymers as ECMs. Furthermore, gene therapy approaches may lead to improved MSC performance for a particular application and could increase the degree of homogeneity. There is a clinical trial underway to investigate the use of genetically modified MSCs in treating Kabuki Syndrome (NCT03855631) (Zhou et al., 2021). Another way to support MSC treatment efficiency is the priming of MSCs before admission. With this approach, MSCs were shown to be in an exogenously boosted more potent state compared with the unprimed cells (Zhou et al., 2021). Going away from transplanting cells toward transplanting secreted factors such as extracellular vesicles has also shown promising results in trials for GvHD or chronic kidney disease (Lai et al., 2018; Dreyer et al., 2020). Engineering processes for large scale production of MSC derived extracellular vesicles could be a standardized process (Zhou et al., 2021).
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Pancreatic cancer patients were divided into two groups according to a cutoff value of 200 pg/ml of serum MICA levels. The mean survival of these 16 pancreatic cancer patients with serum MICA levels < 200 pg/ml was 10.3 ± 7.6 months; whereas the mean survival of 45 pancreatic cancer patients with serum MICA levels > 200 pg/ml was 10.3 ± 4.9 months (Figure 3A). Serum MICA/B levels was not associated with survival in pancreatic cancer patients (p = 0.233). We next tested whether gemcitabine treatment led to increased serum MICA levels in pancreatic cancer. Blood samples were taken from 10 patients before (day 0) and on day 3, 7, 14, and 28 after drug administration. Serum MICA levels were increased in 6 of 10 patients with detectable serum MICA levels (Figure 3B). Paired student t test analysis revealed that serum sMICA levels were significantly higher 3 days after gemcitabine treatment (day 0) than those before treatment (p = 0.011). Serum MICA levels in 4 patients with undetectable serum MICA level before gemcitabine administration remained undetectable during 4 weeks of gemcitabine treatment.
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Fig 2 examines the variation in 10-year CVD risk by education, wealth, marital status, and employment status from the multivariable regression. Having higher levels of education, working in the previous 12 months, and being married were consistently associated with lower CVD risk in most countries. There was a more mixed picture for household wealth, particularly with some sub-Saharan African countries showing higher median CVD risk for the wealthier quintiles. The magnitude of socio-demographic associations was broadly similar for females (S3 Fig) and males (S4 Fig), and there was a mixed contribution of individual risk factors driving these gradients (S3 Table) across all regions.
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Numbers of lipids which serum levels were significantly correlated with maximum GTV dose, a total absorbed radiation energy, and volumes of tissues irradiated at different BED (10 Gy intervals in the 10 to 100 Gy range). Different classes of lipids (LPC, PC, and SM) are color-coded; positive (r > 0.3) and negative (r < −0.3) correlations are presented above and below the zero line, accordingly. ARS acute radiation sequel, GTV gross tumor volume, BED biologically effective doses, LPC lysophosphatidylcholine, PC phosphatidylcholine, SM sphingomyelin
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Er werden 40 kapjes geanalyseerd. Drie patiënten hadden extracapsulaire extensie op MRI. Zes patiënten hadden een enkelzijdig positief snijvlak volgens NeuroSAFE. Vier van de zes NeuroSAFE-positieve patiënten waren ook positief bij CLM-beoordeling. Bij één patiënt kon het CLM-beeld niet worden beoordeeld vanwege cauterisatie-effect. Bij de andere patiënt was het prostaatweefsel niet volledig gescand. De mediane proceduretijd voor NeuroSAFE bedroeg 45 minuten en voor CLM 22 minuten.
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Growing evidence supports the existence of a novel and extensive interaction network involving ceRNAs [26, 27], in which lncRNAs regulate miRNAs by competitively binding their target sites on protein-coding mRNA molecules. To a large extent, the level of regulation depends on the cellular location of the lncRNA . LncRNAs located in the cytoplasm always function as endogenous miRNA sponges for miRNA response elements, thereby impairing the function of target mRNA at the posttranscriptional level . In the present study, using FISH assay and RT-qPCR detection of RNAs in the cell cytoplasm or nucleus, we noted that LINC00958 is a cytoplasmic long noncoding RNA, which suggested that LINC00958 might exert its function as a ceRNA at the post-transcription level. Thus, to verify the ceRNA mechanism of LINC00958, we searched for candidate miRNAs.
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We have also analyzed the robustness of the SVM classifier on recognizing mirror images. In particular, we have doubled the size of the test set, by adding images that were taken from the original ones by mirror reflection. Figure 5 shows how the test set is augmented with mirror reflections of original test images. In this case, the training and validation data sets are still the same as before, and only the test set has been altered by including the extra images obtained from the original ones by mirror reflection. Table 2 shows the experimental results. The results confirm the robustness of the descriptors that best performed before (VGG, ResNet, and the combination of LDBP and visual bag of words with SURF). This kind of analysis is very useful, since a class such as office represents environments which are the same (regarding type of furniture, size, etc.), but it can happen that the arrangement of furniture in one of the offices is symmetrical to the arrangement of the same furniture but in other office. In this case, it would be desirable that both rooms are identified as “offices”.
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The initial design is done with an IBO of 3 dB because the average power was too small compared to the narrow-band modulations. After doing the first comparison, more IBO values (4.5, 6, 7.5 and 9 dB) are studied to make the OFDM more efficient. The bits in use are calculated by multiplying the bits/symbol, the number of data OFDM symbols and the number of data subcarriers. Finally, the summarized configuration of the OFDM is shown in Table 1.
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Library preparation was carried out using the Ion AmpliSeq Kit for Chef DL8 (DNA to Library, 8 samples/run) used for automated library preparation of the Ion AmpliSeq libraries on the Ion Chef System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). According to the recommended number of amplification cycles in the standard protocol, the amplification conditions were set out to 23 cycles and four minutes of annealing/extension time. At the end, library quality and molarity were assessed by using the Ion Library TaqMan® Quantitation Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) on the Aria Dx Real-Time PCR System (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Serial dilutions of the E. coli DH10B Control Library were prepared and ran in triplicate to generate a standard curve. The molar concentration of libraries was determined by using the Delta R–baseline-corrected raw fluorescence calculated with Aria DX Real-Time PCR Software (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Barcoded libraries (up to 4-Chef runs corresponding to 32 libraries) were super-pooled in equimolar concentration using the strategies suggested for combining libraries prepared with different panels for equal coverage in order to obtain the final molarity of 40 pM each.
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During the evaluated period, a tendency for the unrest index to be higher under thermoneutrality conditions is observed, regardless of the environmental enrichment. Furthermore, heat stress reduces the movement of animals, with more significant losses for the nonenriched treatment. Table 1 shows the differences observed in the behavior of gathering and movement of the birds, where it is observed that the environmental enrichment promoted more movement of the birds both under conditions of comfort (52.74 vs. 48.71) and thermal stress (35.38 vs. 32.81), which confirm previous graphical analyses. However, heat stress is a limiting factor for the movement of animals, reducing the positive potential of the presence of environmental enrichment. Environmental enrichment provided higher crowding rates both in comfort (8.42 vs. 4.66) and in heat stress (7.91 vs. 7.11), and in an enriched environment, birds under heat stress crowded more than birds raised in nonenriched environments (4.66 vs. 7.11).
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a UpSet plot depicting the number of unique and shared differentially expressed genes in the ventromedial telencephalon (VmT), hypothalamus (HYPO), and hindbrain (HB) from females collected during territory establishment (TE) and incubation (INC) breeding stages. Intersection size is the number of differentially expressed genes and the black dots on the x-axis represent whether these genes are present or absent in that set (i.e., VmT, HYPO, and/or HB). Heatmaps depicting differentially expressed genes between TE (dark gray) and INC (light gray) in (b) VmT and (c) HYPO. Each column is an individual and each row is a gene. Heatmaps are scaled across rows to allow for comparisons of gene expression across individuals. Color indicates log(FPKM+ 1); blue (lower) and red (higher) expression. Rows and columns are clustered using Euclidean distance
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