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The pathway analysis of the DE proteins showed that some pathways were differentially inhibited or activated in various serotypes suggesting that these serotypes are indeed regulated by different pathogenic mechanisms. However, some similarities were also observed including inhibition of LXR/RXR pathway and NO and ROS production in macrophages. LXR/RXR pathway was inhibited among all the RA serotypes. This pathway has been reported to inhibit atherosclerosis and inflammation , suggesting an important and relatively unexplored link between this pathway and RA. The role of ROS in autoimmunity is complex and has been generally viewed as detrimental in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease . A recent study revealed the regulatory role of these oxidative stress markers to prevent the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases . The inhibition of NO and ROS pathway in macrophage across all the serotypes warrants further exploration about the precise role of this pathway in the pathogenesis of RA.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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239,033 |
The data field are grouped by function and source. The first field is the specific time stamp of the record. Fields 2–5 provide a unique identifier for a field test trip. The trip number is just a sequential identifier that represents a unique driver completing a specific route with the vehicle. If there are additional weight loaded to the vehicle, this is reflected in field 5.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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86,017 |
This work reveals a new role of STK33 during tumor progression, namely the participation to the regulation of HIF-1α and its target gene VEGF-A in hypoxic cancer cells. The data indicates the requirement of STK33 in the accumulation of HIF-1α and secretion of VEGF supported by the chaperone. In addition, it raises the hypothesis of potential cooperation between STK33 and other HSP90 client kinase proteins in order to ensure a robust and lasting molecular signaling response during tumor development. Finally, our study favors the use of HSP90 inhibitor PU-H71 (currently undergoing clinical evaluation) to target cancer growth and vascularization particularly in hypoxic tumors with high expression of STK33.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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29,517 |
Choose a non-leaf vertex v that is not in C, but is adjacent to a vertex \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$w\in V(C)$$\end{document}w∈V(C). Since w has degree 3 there must exist a vertex \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$w_1\in V(C)$$\end{document}w1∈V(C) that is adjacent with w. Note that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$w_1$$\end{document}w1 and v can not be adjacent, since if they were, they would be in a cycle that is longer than C, violating maximality (the path \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$w_1$$\end{document}w1 to w could be extended by going through v). Since v is not a leaf of N, we may choose another vertex \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$v_1\in V(N)-\{w\}$$\end{document}v1∈V(N)-{w} that is adjacent to v. Again, since w has degree 3, and is contained in a cycle and adjacent to v (outside the cycle), the edge \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\{w,v_1\}$$\end{document}{w,v1} also is not contained in N. Hence, we may apply an NNI operation on the path \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$w_1,w,v,v_1$$\end{document}w1,w,v,v1 to obtain a new network \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$N'$$\end{document}N′.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
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374,429 |
If \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$|\Omega |>1$$\end{document}|Ω|>1 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$W \in {\mathbf {H}}_s$$\end{document}W∈Hs and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$W \not \equiv 0 $$\end{document}W≢0, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\rho _\infty $$\end{document}ρ∞ is the unique minimiser of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal {F}}^\infty $$\end{document}F∞. On the other hand if \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$W \in {\mathbf {H}}_s^c$$\end{document}W∈Hsc there exists \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal {P}}(\Omega ) \ni \rho \ne \rho _\infty $$\end{document}P(Ω)∋ρ≠ρ∞ such that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\rho $$\end{document}ρ is the minimiser of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal {F}}^\infty $$\end{document}F∞ with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal {F}}^\infty (\rho ) < {\mathcal {F}}^\infty (\rho _\infty )$$\end{document}F∞(ρ)<F∞(ρ∞). Furthermore, there exists a sequence, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\{\rho _m\}_{m \ge 1}$$\end{document}{ρm}m≥1 of nontrivial minimisers of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal {F}}_\beta ^m$$\end{document}Fβm such that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\rho _m \rightharpoonup \rho $$\end{document}ρm⇀ρ in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${L}^\infty $$\end{document}L∞-weak-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$*$$\end{document}∗ as \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$m \rightarrow \infty $$\end{document}m→∞.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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140,627 |
Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and the signed consent forms are stored in a locked cabinet at the FB administrative office. Transcripts of the interviews have been anonymised and soft copies stored in an encrypted USB. Participants were reimbursed for their participation in accordance with local regulatory research and ethics bodies.
| 1 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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187,080 |
C2C12 cells were seeded at a density of 10,000 cells/cm2 in growth medium (GM), consisting of high glucose Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium (DMEM; Sigma-Aldrich, United Kingdom), 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, United Kingdom), 1% antibiotic/antimycotic solution (AS; HyCloneTM from Thermo Fisher, United Kingdom) until confluent (3 days) at 37°C and 5% CO2. At day 0, cells were encouraged to differentiate by replacing the medium to low serum differentiation medium (DM) consisting of DMEM, 2% Horse serum (HyCloneTM from Thermo Fisher, United Kingdom) and 1% AS and cultured for 8 days at 37°C and 5% CO2 (Figure 1). Half DM was replaced every 48 h. To induce Intrafusal fibre differentiation, DM was supplemented with 100 ng/ml recombinant Nrg-1 (R&D systems, United States).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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87,711 |
According to the statement of the preferred reporting items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, two researchers independently searched the published articles that investigated the effect of high-dose rosuvastatin loading before PCI in Chinese patients with ACS. The retrieved database included PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CBM, CNKI, the VIP database and the Wang Fang database. The retrieval time was limited from inception to November 2, 2016, and the research object was limited to Chinese people. Relevant keywords related to Rosuvastatin in combination as MeSH terms and text words(“Rosuvastatin Calcium” or “Calcium, Rosuvastatin” or “Crestor” or “Rosuvastatin” or “ZD4522” or “ZD 4522”) were used in combination with words related to Acute Coronary Syndrome(“Acute Coronary Syndromes” or “Coronary Syndrome, Acute” or “Coronary Syndromes, Acute” or “Syndrome, Acute Coronary” or “Syndromes, Acute Coronary”). The retrieval language was limited to Chinese and English. Furthermore, reference articles of the extracted articles were also retrieved. When multiple reports of the same study were present, we used the most recent publication and supplemented it. All analyses were based on previously published studies, and thus no ethical approval or patient consent was required.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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315,017 |
Competition model of Ca2+and Mg2+binding to apo-state and N-cTnC preincubated with 1 mM Mg2+or 1 mM Ca2+. All titrations were carried out into 200 μM WT human N-cTnC in 50 mM Hepes at pH 7.2, 150 mM KCl, and 2 mM EDTA. The top two panels show Ca2+ titration, and the bottom two panels show Mg2+ titrations. The top left panel shows the titration of 4 mM Ca2+ into apo-state N-cTnC, and the top right panel illustrates the same titration with 1 mM Mg2+-preincubated N-cTnC. The bottom left panel shows the titration of 20 mM Mg2+ into apo-state N-cTnC, and the bottom right panel illustrates the same titration with 1 mM Ca2+-preincubated N-cTnC. The thermograms were fit using a “competition” model using Origin 7 MicroCal2000 ITC software package, in which the concentration of the ion in the cell and an estimated KA value is input. The values for thermodynamic parameters obtained are listed in the table described. Thermodynamic parameters without a reported error value were fixed in the model. N-cTnC, cardiac troponin C with N domain.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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301,459 |
A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). You should upload this letter as a separate file labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Manuscript'.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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151,734 |
In recent years, researchers aimed at elucidating these interactions, highlighting putative pathways, hormonal or immunological agents, and targeting the activity and interaction of certain bacterial strains.3 However, these studies have not taken into account the complexity and, especially, the full multivariate nature of both the brain and the gut microbiome.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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242,357 |
The BBSA crossbred was younger than the pure BB and SA goats while the difference in age can influence the composition of colostrum. Additionally, the colostrum yield that may affect the composition of colostrum was not measured in the present study due to newborn kids being raised with the mother and still consuming the colostrum.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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372,310 |
Galicia et al. (19) have previously shown that MglB contains a stretch of positively charged surface but it cannot bind to liposomes. Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis–based experiments in this study suggest that this positively charged region in MglB forms the MglB–MglC binding interface. Like MglB, electrostatic surface analysis of MglC showed the presence of conserved positively charged surface at cleft 1. We therefore wanted to check whether MglC interacts with negatively charged lipids, that is, cardiolipins that are present mainly at bacterial poles. However, like MglB, we also did not observe interaction of MglB, or MglC or MglBC complex with liposomes (Fig. S10). This suggests that MglC is recruited to poles by the help of an interacting partner such as RomR as proposed by McLoon et al.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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119,454 |
Due to spatial-temporal correlation of sensory data, we consider a two-dimensional sparsity representation basis to sparsify a sensing field. For time-series sensory data from one sensor node, we adopt DCT transform basis Ψt to compress these data in temporal domain. For spatial correlation of sensory data, we use a kernel-based method to sparsify a sensing field as in . A two-dimensional Gaussian kernel function is adopted to construct a transform basis in spatial domain as follows (9)K(μi,μj)=e−∥μi−μj∥22ω2, where μi∈R2 represents the coordinates of node i following an i.i.d. sample with uniform distribution on 2. ∥μi−μj∥=dij represents the distance between node i and node j. We assume these distances are known. As a result, the corresponding kernel matrix Kn can be expressed as follows (10)Kn=e−d1122ω2e−d1222ω2⋯e−d1n22ω2e−d2122ω2e−d2222ω2⋯e−d2n22ω2⋮⋮⋮⋮e−dn122ω2e−dn222ω2⋯e−dnn22ω2.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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198,573 |
In Figure 3 it is striking that Cabp4, Cabp5, Guca1b, Rcvrn are expressed exclusively in the retina, and also Plch1, Rhot1 and Scgn have a much stronger expression here than in other parts of the CNS. This group can, therefore, be considered as important retinal calcium-binding proteins. This observation is consistent with the literature: CaBP4 is localised in photoreceptor synaptic terminals and is essential for neurotransmission between photoreceptors and bipolar cells as part of the Cav1.4 channel complex in the retina ; CaBP5 in mice is expressed in type 5 ON-cone bipolar cells, and in type 3 OFF-cone bipolar cells as well as in rod bipolar cells ; Guca1b is important for rod cell recovery after light exposure, by stimulation of guanylate cyclases in these photoreceptors ; Secretagogin plays an essential role in synapse maturation and in mouse, rat, and rabbit retina it is expressed in subtypes of cone bipolar cells, but cannot be detected in the rod bipolar cells ; Recoverin is thought to be a calcium sensor in retinal rod cells that can control the lifetime of photoexcited rhodopsin by inhibiting rhodopsin kinase ; and last but not least Plch1 has been shown to be expressed in mouse and human retina as well .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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49,379 |
The pathogenesis of neurosyphilis is still poorly understood, and immune response (especially the cellular immunity) has been a hot topic in the studies about the pathogenesis of neurosyphilis. It has been proposed that the nerve invasiveness, host cell immunity, and concomitant HIV infection are related to the occurrence of neurosyphilis. After TP infection, the immune response to TP plays important roles in the occurrence, development, and recovery of neurosyphilis, especially the T lymphocyte response to TP in the CNS. In the human immune system, T lymphocytes are mainly responsible for the killing of TP, protecting the human body against infection. Currently, studies reveal that the immune cells related response to TP has involvement of Th1 and Th1 cytokines. Th1 cytokines include IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ, and IL-6 and IL-10 belong to Th2 cytokines. T lymphocytes can secrete a variety of cytokines, exerting immunoregulatory and killing activities, which play important roles in the anti-TP infection. In a rabbit model, Fitzgerald proposed the Th1 shift to Th2 hypothesis to explain the progression of syphilis. They speculate that TP after entering the human body may induce the cellular response (Th1 like response), which may kill a large amount of TP, but thereafter mononuclear macrophages and lymphocytes are activated to produce a large amount of prostaglandins that inhibit Th1 response and selectively activate Th2 response. The production of Th2 cytokines further inhibit the Th1 response, leading to the deterioration of Th1 inhibition. Thereafter, some studies confirm this hypothesis. In the present study, the Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ) of the serum and CSF in neurosyphilis patients were significantly lower than in syphilis group and control group, but Th2 cytokines (IL-6 and IL-10) increased as compared with latter 2 groups. This indicates that the Th2 cytokines are dominant and there is Th1/Th2 immune response imbalance in neurosyphilis patients, which inhibits the clearance of TP and leads to the long-term tolerance to TP and the latency of TP. According to the symptoms, neurosyphilis is classified as asymptomatic and symptomatic [mesenchymal (meningovascular), cerebral parenchymal (general paresis and tabes dorsalis), and gumma]. Meanwhile, it can also be divided into early stage and late stage based on the involved tissues. Early neurosyphilis refers to that TP only involves meninges and related vessels, while late neurosyphilis involves brain parenchyma and spinal cord. In this study, 33 early neurosyphilis and 14 late neurosyphilis were included. Compared with the late neurosyphilis patients, IL-2, IL-12, IFN-r, IL-6, IL-10, and CXCL13 concentrations in serum and CSF showed no significant difference in the early neurosyphilis patients (P > .05). This might be influenced by the similar course of disease between both groups (2.64 ± 1.8 vs 2.36 ± 1.1, t = 0.10, P = .9226) as well was the small sample sizes.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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11,386 |
To assess the angiogenic potential of Ov-GRN-1 treatments the four metrics were converted to Z-scores and combined into a single median robust Z score (Z*) for each replicate (Figure 4). The Z* score incorporates differences from the total population mean and population variation. This dimensionless variable is a useful equally weighted mechanism to combine metrics with different means and variations into a single composite variable for statistical comparisons. Comparing the Z* scores to the medium only controls (Figure 4) showed 10–40 nM Ov-GRN-1 induced increased angiogenesis but only 10 and 40 nM showed significant increases (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). As noted with the four separate metrics, 5 nM Ov-GRN-1 did not stimulate angiogenesis.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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328,610 |
In the same way as the authors have studied the interaction of survey year and vaccination with ethnicity, maybe they should have also analysed if the two different ethnic groups of their study had different socio-environmental conditions (Young children living in the same house, low incomes, exposure to smoke, …) to see if ethnicity by itself was associate to carriage or were these conditions the responsible for the increased carriage.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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34,637 |
Ca2+ mobilization in response to different anti-CD3 Ab concentrations plus 0.5 μg/ml soluble anti-CD28 Ab or with anti-CD3 alone (anti-CD28 Ab isotype) in combination with GAMIg measured using Indo-1AM staining and flow cytometry. Maximal Ca2+ influx response was normalized to the maximal Ca2+ influx of ionomycin treated samples and displayed as dose response curves for CD4+CD45RA+CD31+ and CD4+CD45RA+CD31- naive T cells in (A) CB, (B) infant aged 1–2 months, (C) infant aged 3–5 months, (D) infant and children aged 6–66 months, and (E) adult. (F) Dose response curves by maximal Ca2+ influx normalized to the maximal Ca2+ influx ionomycin after anti-CD3 Ab TCR ligation and with anti-CD28 Ab stimulation displayed for CB, infant/children, and adult. The anti-CD3 Ab concentration of 0.05 μg/ml is marked with a gray bar. CD31+ = CD4+CD45RA+CD31+; CD31- = CD4+CD45RA+CD31-.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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159,539 |
We then evaluated the age distribution of infections that would be detected by serology by the end of May in our model, across the range of values of the cross-protection parameter (Fig. 2). In simulations with no or low cross-protection, the model predicted larger proportions of children to have been infected than in older age groups, differing from observed data (27, 29). As the strength of interaction increased, the age distribution flattened, and a smaller proportion of children became infected. With complete protection, there was a higher rate in the youngest age groups, which has not been observed (7, 8, 27, 30).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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365,296 |
Previous to this 2018 report, the most up-to-date official figures were collected in 2004 (McGinnity et al., 2005) comparing figures from 1999 to 2004. In 1999 and in 2004 for the 11- to 15-year-old age range, there was a higher percentage of girls with an emotional disorder compared to boys and a higher percentage of boys with conduct disorders. This shows the gender split in terms of type of disorders and problems faced by young people has remained consistent over time.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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42,104 |
In rat dams assigned to a free choice diet, the chocolate preference during the perinatal period was evaluated. Chocolate preference was calculated as the percentage of chocolate intake over total food provided. The average of chocolate preference in pre-gestation (three weeks prior to mating), gestation (21 days) and lactation (22 days) was recorded and used to compare the chocolate preference between the different perinatal periods.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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239,209 |
Second, the Au thin film with a thickness of 50 nm is used as the metal layer to excite the SPR signal, and the refractive index (nAu) is defined by the Drude–Lorentz model :(4)nAu=1−λ2λCλP2(λC+iλ)1/2 where λC = 8.9342 × 10−6 m and λP = 1.6826 × 10−7 m are the plasma and collision wavelengths for Au. Third, the guided-wave layer is CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite, and its refractive index (nper) at λ = 633 nm is measured to be 2 + 0.003i . Fourth, the cytop material, which has a low reflective index (nc = 1.34) close to water, is used as the encapsulation layer to protect the GWSPR biosensor, and its thickness is 2 nm. Finally, the sensing medium can be liquid analyte or gas analyte. For liquid analyte, the refractive index is defined as ns = 1.33 + Δns; for gas analyte, the refractive index is defined as ns = 1.00 + Δns, where Δns represents some biochemical reaction or concentration change. The change of the biosensing signal can be attributed to the change of the RI. In addition, biological signals can be reflected as changes in plasmon resonance signals, changes in fluorescence signals, and changes in interference signals. In this investigation, a GWSPR signal excited from the Au–perovskite hybrid structure is used to sense the change in the biological signal.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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16,431 |
and for a one-period, two-intervention, parallel-group IRCT, stratified by cluster, across all clusters and interventions is :\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {N}_{IRCT}=2\ {\left({z}_{\alpha /2}+{z}_{\beta}\right)}^2\frac{2{\sigma}^2}{{\left({\mu}_A-{\mu}_B\right)}^2\ }\ \left(1-\rho \right), $$\end{document}NIRCT=2zα/2+zβ22σ2μA−μB21−ρ,
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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78,796 |
Thermogravimetric analysis a heating curves, and b their first derivatives for the initial cellulose (1) initial cellulose after grinding to 93 °SR (2), cellulose after grinding and 43 % sulfuric acid hydrolysis (3), and cellulose after additional sonication (4)
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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300,755 |
Some considerations are needed. The preemptive strategy certainly increases the use of active drugs, and consequently a de-escalation of empirical active treatments should be carried out if KPC-K.pneumonia infection is not confirmed. Nephrotoxicity , especially in hematological patients receiving many other toxic drugs -chemotherapeutics, immunosuppressants, antifungals- and the emergence of resistance [17, 19, 20] observed in 26% of our KPC-K.pneumonia blood isolates, makes colistin role uncertain. The availability of Ceftazidime-avibactam, widely used against KPC-K.pneumonia infections with lower toxicity than colistin or aminoglycosides [19–25, 27] favored the full application of the preemptive strategy in Period 2; Ceftazidime-avibactam proved active against all our KPC-K.pneumoniae blood isolates but resistance reported during and independently from previous ceftazidime-avibactam exposure, is troubling. New combinations with β-lactamase inhibitors, including carbapenem/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations , could represent new therapeutic alternatives also in the setting of hematological patients.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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146,526 |
Bt resistance-related genes, especially aminopeptidase N and ABC transporter, were downregulated. In the pair of Bt-DBM vs. FOH-DBM, trypsin genes were mostly upregulated, whereas more downregulated genes were identified in the pair of Bt-DBM vs. SS-DBM comparison. Similarly, we identified two alkaline phosphatase (ALP) genes that were upregulated in the pair of Bt-DBM vs. FOH-DBM and one upregulated in the pair of Bt-DBM vs. SS-DBM. However, two of these genes were upregulated and one was downregulated in the pair of BtC-DBM vs. FOH-DBM. Chitinase and cadherin genes were more upregulated in the pairwise comparisons of DBM strains (Table 3).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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286,972 |
To further explore the correlation between the expression of PANK1 and β-catenin, the protein levels of PANK1 and β-catenin in the HCC tissue array were examined. In the HCC tissue array, the level of β-catenin protein was increased in the HCC tissues, as PANK1 expression was downregulated in the HCC tissues (Figure 7A).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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276,217 |
In the study of amino acids, a polarization camera was deployed by Ellis et al. in order to determine the L- and D- enantiomeric abundances of the Serine (Ser, S) and phenylalanine (Phe, F) amino acids. This was performed by computing their optical rotation (which is the rotation angle of a plane-polarized light after passing through a molecule) as a function of concentration. The polarization camera yielded the AoLP, and, from it, the optical rotation was calculated . Note that the AoLP is related to the Stokes vector by 12tan−1(S2/S1) . Ellis et al. found a lower bound on the amino acid concentration, above which their optical rotation can be detected . Such method to detect small amounts of amino acids is of great importance, for example, in extra-terrestrial biosignature research .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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189,808 |
This result acknowledges the importance of interpersonal communication and interaction in shaping and increasing the sense of psychological and affirmative belonging to a school in the transitional process. As Meehan and Howells pointed out, the relationship or sense of connection between students and others is essential for college life and crucial in the successful transition to higher education . Students entering a new school familiarize themselves with learning methods and define their identities in the university community . Once they fail to integrate the two distinct learning styles and cultural identities effectively, they may feel anxious and distressed when participating in social activities and may even avoid social connection. Those who report more connections with their peers have better academic achievement and a stronger sense of school belonging . Conversely, university students with high social isolation and anxiety have poorer academic performance and reduced individual wellbeing . Students with lower levels of social involvement with peers and friends may experience a weaker sense of school belonging . For vocational students entering a new environment, maintaining close contact with at least one peer or social group brings meaningful benefits. Establishing friendships with different people can provide helpful advice and emotional support for first-year students. For example, building a social network with stakeholders can even provide valuable and applicable information about opportunities for school activities . If the demand for this connection cannot be met, then interaction anxiousness will occur. Interaction anxiousness is also the internal motivation to develop school belonging. The emergence of interaction anxiousness reflects students’ greater eagerness to integrate into the new school life and a higher demand for school belonging. Anxious vocational pathway university students are more eager to be accepted, respected, and included by others and communities .
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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97,736 |
As indicated above there are particularly dense concentrations of Neolithic burial monuments in some regions of Britain, such as the Black Mountains in south‐eastern Wales. Isotope analysis of tooth enamel may assist in understanding why particular regions were chosen for monument construction: if individuals have values comparable to the local 87Sr/86Sr biosphere range it could suggest that monuments were located in areas used for settlement. Early Neolithic monuments contain the remains of multiple indivduals (see Section Materials and Methods, below). Comparison of the isotope ratios exhibited by different individuals within a monument may be used to infer whether they could have sourced their childhood diet from a similar geographical location. Likewise, comparison of isotope ratios in teeth that form at successive stages of childhood and adolescence can also be used to evaluate whether an individual obtained their diet from a similar geographical location throughout early life.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
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388,720 |
As documented in CD34+ haplo-HSCT recipients, the NK cells derived early from HSC display an immature phenotype, characterized by CD56brightKIR−NKG2A+ expression; the emergence of fully functional KIR+ mature NK cells, including the alloreactive NK cells, may require at least eight weeks, this resulting into a delay of the NK cell-associated GvL effect . Notably, the use of a novel graft manipulation method, based on the selective depletion of αβT cells and B cells, allows the infusion, in addition to HSC, of immunocompetent cells such as mature, donor-derived NK, γδT, and myeloid cells. In addition, in this setting of selective T-cell depletion, no post-transplant pharmacological immune suppression is given, and NK cells can promptly exert an immediate anti-leukemia effect after transplantation, before the wave of NK cells differentiating from donor hematopoietic precursors emerges. Here, we analyzed the cohort of patients transplanted from αβT/B-cell depleted haplo-HSCT (NCT01810120), whose clinical outcome has been already described , providing new insights on NK-cell receptor repertoire of donors and transplanted patients.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
177,284 |
Learning in medicine is a complex process with many competing demands on trainees’ time and cognitive resources. The burden is further compounded by the high stakes that hinge on a trainee’s clinical performance. Research that could improve upon the current state of health professions education will require multimodal evidence to be impactful. The abundance of health professions education resources and their financial cost further necessitate scientific inquiry and validation of what exactly constitutes an appropriate medical education.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
26,466 |
Total coelomocytes from sea urchin C were stained with DSL-fluorescein and LCA-rhodamine. Live cells (A) were gated based on their forward/side scatter profile, and four different populations (B) were sorted based on their distinct fluorescence profiles. (C) The forward/side scatter profiles of each indicated population (red dots) was overlaid on that of all cells in the sample (gray dots).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
35,062 |
To describe the conformations of the atomic models of integrins, we measured three characteristic angles—the extending angle, swing-out angle, and twisting angle—in the following way. First, the atomic model was divided into 5 components: head (β-propeller + β A, α: 1–438 and β: 109–352), thigh (α: 439–592), upper leg (PSI + hybrid + IE1, β: 1–108, 353–473), calf (Calf1–2,α: 602–954), and lower leg (IE2–4 + β TD, β: 474–686). (For the naming scheme of integrin αvβ3, refer to Xiong et al. 21, for example.) Then, the longest principal axis of inertia—which corresponded to the axis of a cylinder—of each component was calculated, which is indicated with an arrow in Fig. 6A. The positive direction of each axis was defined as shown in the figure. In addition, an axis that passed through the “knees” of the two chains was defined. Finally, the angles defined by these axes were measured. For describing the extending deformation, the dihedral angle formed by the thigh (red), knees (yellow), and calf (cyan) was measured, where the axis of the knees was the common line. Next, for describing the swing-out deformation, the angle formed by the head (green) and upper leg (red) was measured. Finally, for describing the twisting deformations, the dihedral angle formed by the calf (cyan), knees (yellow), and lower leg (magenta) was measured, where the axis of the knees was the common line.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
304,996 |
Transcriptional regulatory modules have been shown to be generally conserved for phenylpropanoid and lignin biosynthesis; however, a third layer of MYB TFs are not evolutionarily conserved and have witnessed a wide expansion of family members. Finally, newly identified TFs, such as EPSP-TF, have been shown to regulate lignin biosynthesis specifically in woody plants (Xie et al., 2018). The studies on transcriptional regulation of lignin biosynthesis represents an emerging opportunity to understand the phylogenetic occurrence of the phenylpropanoid pathway and lignin biosynthesis in plants.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
195,782 |
Evaluation of the skin mucosal immunological values of total protein (TP) (A), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (B), total immunoglobulin (Ig) (C), lysozyme activity (LYZ) (D), and mucus bacterial count (E) in rainbow trout fed with different levels of licorice extract (LE) supplemented diets. Bars assigned with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P > 0.05). Values are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
372,934 |
Matrix effect (ME), recovery (RE) and process efficiency (PE) were evaluated with three sets of samples: Set 1 samples were prepared by spiking 20 μL analytes in 50% MeOH solution at QC-L, QC-M, QC-H concentrations and 20 μL IS solution (100/40/20/20ng/mL AZM-d5, HCQ-d4, DHCQ-d4, and BDCQ-d4) into 160 μL 50% MeOH and analyzed in triplicates. Set 2 samples were spiked at the same concentration as Set 1 in extracted solutions from blank plasma in triplicate. Set 3 samples were prepared by spiking analytes in blank plasma with final concentrations of 6/6/3/1.5 ng/mL (QC-L), 60/60/30/15 ng/mL (QC-M), and 800/800/400/200 ng/mL (QC-H) for AZM/HCQ/DHCQ/BDCQ. These plasma samples were then processed in triplicate using protocols as described above.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
226,541 |
In addition to classic hormone replacement therapy, the use of phytoestrogens in women with menopause can help reduce symptoms. Phytoestrogens, having a similar structure to 17β-estradiol, are plant-based compounds, including isoflavones, lignans, cumestan, and lactones . Among these phytoestrogens, isoflavones have the strongest estrogenicity and have been proposed as synthetic selective estrogen modulators . A meta-analysis study showed that isoflavone supplementation may improve cognition in postmenopausal women regardless of methodological flaws . Isoflavones have shown their neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in several animal models . Moreover, isoflavones can improve cognition and reduce Aβ and tau levels in cell and rodent AD models . Genistein, an isoflavone, is able to reduce Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress through various intracellular signals, including the ERK/MAPK pathway . A recent study showed that polyhydroxyisoflavones can serve as a scaffold that prevents Aβ and tau aggregation . Compared to estrogen, the binding ability of phytoestrogens to ERs is weak, and some phytoestrogens have a higher binding affinity for Erβ, which can inhibit proliferation in breast cancer . Thus, phytoestrogens seem to have similar neuroprotective effects as estrogen but less carcinogenic potential. However, more studies are needed for evaluating the risks and therapeutic effects of phytoestrogens on preventing or treating AD.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
397,602 |
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive marker of an infectious or inflammatory disease state and is also an important hallmark of carcinogenesis and cancer progression [3, 4]. The Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) is evaluated using serum CRP and albumin levels. It was first proposed as a prognostic indicator in patients with unresectable lung cancer , and its prognostic significance has been validated in different types of cancers [6–10]. The modified GPS (mGPS) highlights the importance of CRP; if CRP is elevated, even patients with normal albumin levels are assigned a score of 1 . Presently, the mGPS is more widely used than the GPS to assess the prognoses of cancer patients [12–14]. Notably, the high-sensitivity mGPS (HS-mGPS) places a higher weightage on the CRP value by setting the cut-off CRP value to 0.3 mg/dl, to further enhance the prognostic value of the mGPS .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
394,803 |
A recent cryo-EM reconstruction of the hexameric EcMcrB AAA+ domain bound to EcMcrC at 3.6-Å; resolution41 provided the first glimpse of this machine, showing the overall architecture of the complex and proposing a general mechanism for catalytic turnover. However, this study did not resolve the molecular details and chemistry underlying the GTP hydrolysis reaction and its stimulation by McrC and may not have identified the correct DNA-binding mode. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of an McrB hexamer and McrBC complexes from the evolutionarily distant archaeal species Thermococcus gammatolerans (Tg) and the well-characterized E. coli system. Our models confirm that McrBC complexes share the same general architecture, but lead to a different view of the GTP hydrolysis cycle wherein structural asymmetry drives the underlying physical interactions and conformational motions. Moreover, our structures provide a detailed molecular mechanism for how McrC-binding stimulates McrB GTP hydrolysis, which we show is conserved across the McrBC family. Our structures also establish that McrB homologs use the same general chemistry employed by all GTPases to recognize GTP, albeit through different structural elements upstream of the AAA+ domain. This observation establishes how distant McrB homologs have adapted and maintained guanine nucleotide specificity despite the individual constraints imposed by their structurally unrelated N-terminal domains. Together these data provide mechanistic insights into the structure, function, and regulation of motor-driven McrBC nucleases.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
191,401 |
Contradictory results from the literature could be due to considering plasma choline and betaine as surrogate markers of choline intake and/or fetal transfer. The validity of circulating free choline concentrations as a specific indicator of dietary choline exposure is uncertain; although higher-dose supplementation could increase plasma choline, differences in plasma choline in unsupplemented people might not sensitively reflect more subtle dietary intake differences (26). Concentrations of choline increase during pregnancy, mostly because of high estrogen, and those of betaine decline partly owing to the termination of folic acid supplements after the first trimester (27, 28). The associations between maternal choline or betaine at different time points in pregnancy and infant growth could therefore show interactions with nutrients such as folate (25) or hormones that simultaneously affect choline or betaine as well as growth. Nevertheless, we found no effect modification by folic acid supplementation in the present study. Besides, the associations between plasma choline markers and child growth outcomes could also differ in studies including intrauterine growth retardation or compromised maternal vasculature plasticity (e.g., pre-eclampsia).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
152,501 |
These dendrimers are radial or wedge type in shape with a peptide core that is synthesized frequently by both convergent and divergent methods. These dendrimers have peptide bonds in their structure and are formed by polymerization of amino acids. There are three types Type I, Type II (covalent PD) and Type III (non-covalent PD) depending on the location of amino acids . These types of dendrimers have been extensively utilized as surface active agents and gene and drug carriers. Several reports supporting extended therapeutic activity of loaded therapeutics have been published recently .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
370,513 |
Although the study is a departure from traditional human subjects based propulsion testing, the authors seek to translate their findings clinically. This is where I believe some details could be added to improve the overall clarity and impact of the manuscript. Since a vast majority of the authors findings appear intuitive and support the literature related to the influence of configuration/set up on energy cost and even propulsion technique and upper limb injury, it may be helpful to include more concrete examples of how end users are effected and what clinicians should take away. In particular, the authors could do more to sell their results in a way that readers/clinicians with knowledge of the literature can follow. In its current for the manuscript is heavily engineering intensive, which is fine, however softening some of the example points could improve the readers ability to realize the many practical applications which the data supports.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
49,262 |
This study gives reassurance about the level of ART resistance in Cameroon and provides baseline data of k13 polymorphism, survival rate in ex vivo RSA and PPR profiles that will be essential for monitoring ART-derivative susceptibility in Africa. Similar studies will be required in other African countries to obtain an exhaustive view of these phenotypic data.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
390,717 |
ROC curves for expression of E‐cadherin, SSTR2A and SSTR3 in SGST vs non‐SGST group as defined by cytokeratin expression; E‐cadherin was the most sensitive and specific feature of SGST (AUC = 0.97, P < .0001) followed by SSTR2A and SSTR3. Cytokeratin‐negative tumours were excluded from the analysis
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
111,024 |
Stability of surface APTES in dH2O. Silanised surfaces (silanisation time = 5 min, distance of wafer from APTES source = 2 cm) were placed in 4 mL dH2O for 1, 3 and 4 h, followed by immersion in 10nm AuNP solution. A decrease in number density was observed upon incubation of surfaces in dH2O, reflecting a decrease in total APTES density (hydrolysis effect). Trace images are shown for each time-point after WSXM software processing (z-axis = 20 nm, scan size = 1 μm2).
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
16,277 |
The study was started during the epidemic to support the actions of epidemiological surveillance, and the use of the data was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Public Health of USP (Protocol 2283, OF.COEP/312/11). Data collection complied with the recommendations of the National Health Council for Research in Human Beings, including the signing of a consent form.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
177,009 |
The results of the Elastic Net model showed that MV, higher age, vasopressors, higher leukocyte values, higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values, severe/moderate condition at admission, hypertension, HA-AKI, AKI aetiology related to sepsis or COVID-19, higher creatinine levels during hospitalisation and indications for KRT were related to a worse outcome. Higher urine output, longer time from COVID symptoms to hospitalisation, use of nephrotoxic drugs, dehydration and AKI of nephrotoxic or ischaemic aetiology were related to a better outcome (Fig. 4). The coefficients of the Elastic Net model were used to build the AKI-COV score.Figure 4Coefficients of Elastic Net of AKI-COVID-19 in-hospital mortality model (Variable Importance). The red bars represent the variables related with the probability of death, whereas the blue bars were related with the probability of surviving. The model was fitted with 15 predictors and we derived natural splines in the variables age and eGFR. The natural splines computed a different risk for each stratum aiming to capture the non-linear association between these predictors and outcome.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
275,114 |
The absence of a significant interaction between the metaphor type and the affective type of the middle term suggests that the metaphorical framing and the affective framing might act independently. Nonetheless, when the affective values of the vehicle and the topic are coherent, both effects are in place in the evaluation of arguments featuring the metaphor. On the one hand, especially in the case of conventional metaphor, the metaphorical framing could have been covert (Thibodeau and Boroditsky, 2011, 2015) and thus more influential in guiding the participants to make evaluations consistent with the metaphorical heuristic rather than with logicality (Robins and Mayer, 2000). On the other hand, especially in the case of negatively valenced metaphors, the affective framing might have led participants to derail from the route to logicality, embracing heuristics when reasoning (Eliades et al., 2013). Previous research has argued in favor of the thesis that “emotions promote a form of reasoning which is less analytical and more heuristic-based” (Blanchette et al., 2018, p. 61), especially when the arguments are susceptible to the biasing effects of conclusion believability (Eliades et al., 2012). The results of the experiment confirm that, especially in the case of negatively valenced metaphors, participants' belief in the conclusion significantly leads them to accept the metaphoric fallacy as a sound argument, even thinking of having found a logical relation between premises and conclusion. However, controversial results on the influence of negatively valenced emotional content in reasoning can be found within the literature (Hofmann et al., 2009; MacKuen et al., 2010): it might be claimed that not necessarily the influence of negatively valenced stimuli leads participants to make more “errors.” Negatively valenced emotional content might have led the participants to find alternative reasons, regardless of their logical validity or of the argument strength, thus reinterpreting the premises of the arguments with metaphors to make sense of the believed conclusion. In this perspective, a global process of sense-making would have precedence over the analytic process in the evaluation of the “metaphoric fallacy” and lead the (re)interpretation of the overall argument as metaphorical.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
|
327,269 |
Consequently, general practitioners (GPs) play a crucial role in early identification of IA, but they have indicated considerable barriers regarding timely and adequate referral of patients with musculoskeletal complaints, including a lack of self-confidence in detecting synovitis.7 GPs generally have limited experience with the detection of IA by joint palpation compared with rheumatologists, since their patient population is characterised by a relatively low incidence of RA and IA (0.7/1000 patient-years in the Netherlands, which amounts to 1–2 new patients on average per GP per year) compared with a much higher incidence of other musculoskeletal complaints.8–10 These circumstances may add to referral delay at the level of the initial healthcare provider (usually the GP), which was found to be an important contributor to overall delay until treatment initiation in many European countries.11
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
395,459 |
In contrast, Page et al. argue that maternal employment status has no significant influence on a child’s nutritional status, because when the caregiver is unemployed, they have adequate time to provide care to their children. Rashad and Sharaf agree that despite the contribution made by maternal employment status to household income, there is a positive correlation between maternal employment and child malnutrition. This finding is also supported by Brauner-Otto et al. , who classified maternal employment as a contributing factor that worsens the health and nutritional status of children. In contrast, Manzione et al. stated that formal maternal work conditions are linked with enhanced nutritional and health status of the child. In general, in households with no one employed, the child’s nutritional status is said to be low, and the child is more vulnerable to malnutrition and other health implications .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
235,894 |
It will be interesting if and how tuft cell chemosensation and effector molecules are engaged in such responses at the intersection of gustatory and immune sensory mechanisms. A recent study provided some hints that there may be a role for tuft cells in these responses. Using a model of mechanical skin injury, the tuft cell–ILC2 circuit promoted mast cell expansion in the small intestine, which potentiated subsequent anaphylaxis to an oral antigen challenge . Furthermore, data suggesting that activation of skin sensory neurons by leukotrienes can cause acute itch flares offers an opportunity for future studies into the largely unexplored area of intestinal tuft cell-neuron crosstalk via tuft cell-derived eicosanoids .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
98,014 |
We have taken an innovative and pragmatic approach, encompassing local policy and practice, to providing information on burden of neonatal disease that can inform healthcare planning. Although limitations exist in the availability and quality of the data summarised for this purpose, before this analysis, the Nairobi City County government had no estimate of how much care may be required for their population, making our estimates a useful interim approach.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
18,714 |
One potential approach to distinguish plans from goals is through the fact that a plan ought to be predictive of specific details of the upcoming movement. For example, preparatory activity of neuronal populations in posterior portions of dorsal premotor cortex (different from the anterior areas of dorsal premotor cortex in which parallel representations have been observed previously) is highly predictive of specific movement details including kinematics and EMG activity44; as such, neurons in these regions of cortex arguably encode a motor plan. However, current theories of how that motor plan is encoded suggest that the instantaneous global state across the entire population represents a single action4546. Thus, dorsal premotor cortex appears to represent motor plans as a single, tuned population of neurons, rather than as a population of tuned neurons, as would be necessary for parallel representation of multiple motor plans.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
320,249 |
Besides the proteolysis caused by LAB, the higher value of the IVPD in the yogurt-style snack may also depend on the decrease of ANF, also occurring during fermentation. Indeed, legumes flours (lentil and chickpea), are overall characterized by the presence of ANF which may negatively affect the digestibility and the sensory properties of the derived products (Joye, 2019). Excluding trypsin inhibitors, that are thermolabile, condensed tannins and phytic acid are known to strongly complex the protein molecules, thus decreasing their bioavailability (Samtiya et al., 2020). Lactic acid bacteria fermentation has largely been proposed as tool to decrease such ANF; indeed, YS was characterized by 90% and 40% lower values of the condensed tannins and phytic acid, respectively, compared to the control. It was previously found that lactic acid bacteria can directly hydrolyze the complex tannins-protein through tannase activity (Pranoto et al., 2013) and can contribute to the phytic acid degradation providing microbial phytases (Karaman et al., 2018; Väkeväinen et al., 2018). Decreases of saponins and raffinose, due to the fermentation process have also been found. Although have some interesting biological properties (e.g., increase the permeability of the small intestinal mucosal cells, antifungal activity and lowering blood cholesterol) and industrial relevance (e.g., preparation of soaps, detergents, etc.), saponins are considered as antinutrient and flavor factors (Arendt and Zannini, 2013). Indeed, high concentration of saponins lead to decrease in mineral and vitamin bioavailability and astringent or bitter taste of the products (Cheeke, 2000; Tarade et al., 2006). YS contained circa 30% lower content of saponins compared to the control. Similar trend was found for raffinose, an α-galactoside not digested by pancreatic enzymes and metabolized by bacteria of the large intestine with gas production. Raffinose and similar galactosides present in legumes, like stachyose and verbascose, are subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by LAB (Coda et al., 2017). Lower content (circa 50%) of raffinose in YS as compared to cYS may suggest an increased product digestibility and reduced digestive discomfort (Filannino et al., 2015).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
238,529 |
Pilot plant capacity was designed in order to be able to treat only one of the seven pickling baths of the Tecnozinco S.r.l. plant. Here, for a consistent (and more valuable for industry) economic analysis, the capacity of the integrated treatment process was scaled-up in the calculation to the full Tecnozinco capacity (2030 kg/h of processed steel, corresponding to 0.13 m3/h of treated acid). As Tecnozinco S.r.l. can be considered a small company in the hot-dip galvanizing sector, higher capacity plants were investigated in order to consider the case of a more significant economical return as expected for a larger portion of companies.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
73,508 |
To probe RccR control of its own transcription, we cloned the rccR promoter region into the pMElacZ plasmid, and examined the impact of rccR deletion on β-gal activity in different carbon conditions. As expected, RccR repressed its own expression, with increased β-gal activity in the ΔrccR strain in every condition tested: glucose, glycerol, pyruvate and acetate minimal media (Fig 5E). Consistent with this, qRT-PCR data showed an approximately constant rccR gene expression when grown in glucose, glycerol or pyruvate medium, although a lower expression was observed with acetate as the sole carbon source (relative to carbon-free rooting solution) (Fig 5F).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
237,866 |
All patients were initially treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) at a linac (VersaHD, Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) with a cumulative dose of 75 Gy delivered in a normo-fractionated treatment scheme . Daily kV-CBCT (XVI 5.0, Elekta AB) were acquired prior to each fraction with 120 kV tube voltage, 132mAs exposure time product, an axial length of 27.7 cm, a gantry velocity of 1 rpm and a slice thickness of 2 mm. After rigid image registration of the CBCT and the pCT in 3 positional and 3 rotational degrees of freedom (in XVI), the CBCT were retrospectively reconstructed in the reference system of the pCT with a slice thickness of 1 mm and imported into the treatment planning system (Monaco 5.17, Elekta AB).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
110,671 |
In summary, this application demonstrates the applicability of adjoint sensitivity analysis for parameter estimation in large-scale biochemical reaction networks. Possessing similar accuracy as forward sensitivities, the scalability is improved which results in an increased optimizer efficiency. For the model of ErbB signaling, optimization using adjoint sensitivity analysis outperformed optimization using forward sensitivity analysis.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
53,815 |
Donors and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can contribute towards building capacity in public health surveillance by offering technical assistance in strategy and execution of widespread epidemiological surveillance towards informing immunization policies. This is crucial as the dynamics of pneumococcal epidemiology are complex and studies need to be well designed and the data properly analysed to optimize the quality of data that eventually feeds through to informing vaccine policy.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
169,637 |
The positive treatment effects are consistent with those reported by a previous study investigating the therapeutic benefits of eye-tracking training on visual attention . With three weeks of training, ADHD children aged 8 to 15 years showed improvement in visual attention when trained using an eye-tracker, but no improvement was found to those trained using a computer mouse. Our findings are thus in keeping with these previous findings that eye-tracking training may benefit ADHD children. More importantly, this study demonstrated that the treatment effect was extended to inhibitory control and that such an effect could be found in children at a younger age. These suggest a possibility of using eye-tracking-based computerized training for early intervention. In addition, it should be noted that the effect in the present study was observed after a relatively short duration of training; that is, the training was administered for only eight sessions at 40 min per session. In our clinical observation, progressive improvement has been observed over months or even years. Therefore, further studies on the long-term effect of this training should be interesting.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
28,821 |
The aim of our study was to investigate the osteogenic differentiation potential in vitro and in vivo of osteoprogenitor cells isolated from marrow tissues of non-sclerotic and sclerotic subchondral bone regions in human primary knee and hip OA. Osteoprogenitor cells displayed overall impaired in vitro matrix mineralization despite efficient induction of ALP activity at clonal and polyclonal levels. Ectopic bone formation assays in vivo revealed a specific reduction of osteoblast maturation in osteoprogenitors from sclerotic subchondral bone.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
18,134 |
In contrast to the prior and subsequent experiments, these volunteers had previously participated in a study that served the purpose to provide well-phenotyped participants for subsequent studies (for details see Kuhn et al., 2015). Briefly, participants were screened for psychiatric disorders (MINI diagnostic interview; Sheehan et al., 1998) prior to inclusion in the study, provided blood samples for genotyping, completed a battery of anxiety-related questionnaires, and agreed to be contacted for further imaging (fMRI) and behavioral studies. Our sample of 40 volunteers was randomly selected from this larger sample, though still had similar distribution characteristics (e.g., mean STAI-T in our sample was 36.2, mean in the Haaker et al., 2015, normative sample was 37.1). Prior to participation in this experiment, 30 of the participants had participated before at least in one fMRI study related to fear conditioning but had no experience to the pictorial stimuli used in the current experiment (Scharfenort and Lonsdorf, 2015; Kuhn et al., 2016).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
317,489 |
Another important bioactive component of mulberry leaves is the alkaloid DNJ—1-deoxynojirimycin (Table 3C)—a glucose analogue with a substituted NH group in the pyranose ring with α-glucosidase. This compound has known antioxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory inhibitory properties and might also participate in regulating/modulating gut microbiota and having a neuroprotective effect in Alzheimer’s patients . Conditioning did not significantly affect the amounts of DNJ, except for the sample 3 h (to 0.596 mg/g). A similar content of DNJ was found in a few Chinese varieties of WML .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
92,903 |
For all of the respective experiments, B cells were obtained from chicken cell line DT40, mice cell line CH27 or mouse primary naïve B cells, or human PBMC cells, and stained with Alexa Fluor 647-conjugated mouse Fab anti-chicken IgM (clone M1), Alexa Fluor 647-conjugated Goat Fab anti-mouse IgM specific for Fc5μ, or Alexa 647 conjugated Fab fragment of IgM constant region antibodies anti-human, respectively. After washing twice they were placed on either the soft or stiff PDMS elastomer surfaces with tethered antigens for 10 or 15 min at 37°C, 5% CO2 depending on the experiment. The cells were then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for a minimum of 10 min. An Olympus IX-81 Microscope was used to acquire images supported by the Port of TIRF. EMCCD electron-multiplying camera ANDOR iXon + DU897D, 100X Olympus 1.49 NA objective. Lenses with lasers of 488 nm, 561 nm, and 647 nm were used (Sapphire lasers, Coherent). The time of exposure was 100 ms until it was indicated specifically. Metamorph software was used to control the acquisition (MDS Analytical Technologies). The images on PA gel and the IRM images were acquired using scanning laser confocal Olympus FLUOVIEW FV1000 with a 60x oil objective lens. Images were analyzed by Image J (NIH, U.S.) software as our previous studies reported (Wan and Liu, 2012; Liu et al., 2010c, 2010b, 2010a). Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) value of BCRs, was calculated by Image J software based on mean pixel intensity. Briefly, regions of interest (ROIs) were marked in the images that were already subtracted for background. The MFI values were calculated as the ratio of integrated fluorescence intensity of a ROI to the total area, as our previous studies reported (Wan and Liu, 2012; Liu et al., 2010c, 2010b, 2010a). We calculated the ratio by dividing the BCR MFI of each cell on stiff substrates to the averaged value of the BCR MFI of all the cells on soft substrates. We used that value to quantify the substrate stiffness discrimination capability of B cells. The ratio was obtained from the following equation:
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
255,462 |
Strong physical attraction, emotional intensity, a preferred physical appearance, and a sense of inevitability of the relationship define the central core of eros. Eros can “strike” suddenly in a revolution of feeling and thinking (Hendrick and Hendrick, 2019, p. 244).
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
244,321 |
The weight of each indicator was determined by the spatial principal component analysis (SPCA) method. The SPCA method has shown good performance in classifying the differences among the data and avoiding the spatial correlation by reducing the dimensionality of a dataset while retaining as much information as possible, which has been widely used in index weight calculations . The principal components with a cumulative contribution rate greater than 85% in 2005 and 2015 were extracted, and the weight of each indicator for the ecological vulnerability assessment is shown in Table A2; Table A3; Table A4. The calculation equation of ecological vulnerability value for each pressure, state, and response subsystem is as follows:(12)L=r1P1+r2P2+r3P3+…+rnPn where L refers to ecological vulnerability value for each pressure, state, response subsystem; Pi refers to the ith principal component; and ri refers to the contribution rate corresponding to the ith principal component.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
296,920 |
The growth and development of DMD-delE51 pigs and WT pigs were monitored. Compared with their WT littermates, DMD-delE51 pigs exhibited smaller body size (Fig. 4A) and lighter body weight (Fig. 4B, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01). Serological tests showed that the levels of serum albumin (ALB) and prealbumin (PA) were significantly reduced in DMD-delE51 pigs, indicating malnutrition (Fig. 4C, D). Indeed, measurement of muscle glycogen and triglyceride supported that malnutrition occurred in DMD-delE51 pigs (Fig. 4E, F, ***P < 0.001, *P < 0.05).Fig. 4DMD-delE51 pigs exhibited symptoms of malnutrition. A Photograph of DMD-delE51 pigs and WT control at the age of 1 week. B Body mass of DMD-delE51 and WT pigs from birth to 12 weeks of age. C, D Serum ALB and PA levels of WT and DMD-delE51 pigs. E, F The contents of glycogen and triglyceride in diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscle. G H&E staining of the small intestine sections of WT and DMD-delE51 pigs. Red dotted lines indicate the thickness of the intestinal wall, black arrows indicate the height of the small intestine villi and blue arrows indicate the depth of the small intestine crypt. H The thickness of small intestinal wall in WT and DMD-delE51 pigs. I The relative ratio of small intestine villus height/crypt depth of WT and DMD-delE51 pigs. Scale bars: 50 µm and 100 µm. ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01 and *P < 0.05; n = 5
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
358,379 |
Correlating culture positivity with gene detection is particularly important with the implementation of CIDT. As molecular assays, such as CIDTs, target the pathogen’s DNA, it is possible that DNA from an organism may persist while the patient is no longer symptomatic and the organism no longer recoverable . This was seen in several patients (A, G, I, and N) where PCR positivity persisted for several days after culture was negative. Thus, relying solely on molecular assays for pathogen detection in these cases may further increase the economic cost associated with refraining from work and childcare services, as well as repeat testing. Our data suggest an association between molecular assays and culture as growth on CHROMagar™ STEC. There was no difference as a result of whether the STEC involved was stx1, stx2, or had both genes. Determining culture quadrant growth can be subjective, which may explain how similar the Ct values are; therefore, we determined that for a culture to be in a particular quadrant, there needed to be complete growth. As an example, the first two images for Patient M in Figure 2B are recorded with quadrant 2 growth and not quadrant 3. The first sample received for Patient D showed no growth on CHROMagar™ but was real-time PCR-positive, which may be due to the quantity as well as the consistency of the initial stool sample as the following sample showed growth. Patient L is an interesting case where the Ct value increased with a corresponding increase in plate growth; however, it is important to note that only four samples were received for this individual and the result could be due to stool consistency and plating. Patient N had small differences in Ct value, as the first sample started out with an already high Ct value even with growth in quadrant 4. Patient I also had initial Ct values that were high, in addition to having several samples that continued to be real-time PCR- but not culture-positive (Table S1).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
380,009 |
Bacterial counts were converted to log (1 + C), being C the count of CFU/mL measured for each organism and analytical condition. Statistical analyses were conducted with a general linear procedure implemented in the program Statistical Analysis System (SAS) according to the model: Yijk = μ + Si + Cj + Tk + CTjk + eijk where Yijk = pH and log CFU/ml of M. bovis and log CFU/mL of LAB (dependent variables); μ = mean; Si = sample effect; Cj = effect of experimental conditions; Tk = effect of time; CTjk = effect of the interaction experimental condition-time; eijk = residual effect.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
364,043 |
Mosquitoes may become resistant to an insecticide as a result of mutations that affect binding of the active ingredient, known as target site resistance. Meta-diamides including Tenebenal™ are antagonists of the GABA receptor, but with binding distinct from non-competitive antagonists (NCAs) such as dieldrin and fipronil . In a previous investigation of broflanilide resistance mechanisms, a screen of mutant Drosophila cell lines found just one mutation which completely abolished the inhibitory effect of meta-diamides, G336M . Mutations in both I277 and L281 were also shown to reduce activity of meta-diamides by around six-fold. Data from the Ag1000G project were screened for point mutations in the target site, which may confer resistance to meta-diamides and isoxazolines, as a measure of whether they exist and are tolerated in target populations of Anopheles gambiae. Dose response to Tenebenal™ was determined in well-characterized, insecticide-resistant and -susceptible strains of An. gambiae in order to detect any cross-resistance with pyrethroids or other common insecticide classes.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
352,317 |
In the first case, the method is able to correctly predict the 2 clusters and is shown in the joint similarity matrix in Fig 1(a). The similarity matrix displays the posterior probability of samples i and j to belong to the same cluster (see for details). The overall accuracy of clustering for this case is 97.8%. The clustering results corresponding to cases (ii) and (iii) are presented in the joint similarity matrix shown in Fig 1(b) and 1(c). We note that the clustering performance is affected in both the cases, but more in case (iii), where we observe three different clusters as opposed to two clusters as in cases (i) and (ii). The intuition behind the significantly worse performance of case (iii) as compared to cases (i) and (ii) is that in case (iii), we wrongly reverse the directional dependence between the data types. In contrast, case (ii) is more reminiscent of the integrative analysis presented by [3, 7]. The clustering outcome is affected since the underlying models consider dependence without any directionality. Additionally, in case (ii), where no directionality is considered, we do get two clusters. However, the clustering accuracy is 97.2%, lower than that of the first case.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
139,496 |
Earlier, preoperative templating was done by drawing on transparencies of appropriately magnified implants provided by the prosthesis manufacturer . This analog templating used preoperative hard-copy film-based radiographs and transparencies lined up in the desired orientation to identify the appropriate size of the implant . The development of digital image acquisition techniques and digital image review ushered a new era of preoperative planning backed by radiography and software replacing the previous practice . This advancement has improved templating accuracy to predict the implant size, position, alignment, and restoration of the center of rotation and equalize limb length [6, 13, 14]. Digital planning is more reliable and accurate than analog . It has been observed that preoperative templating has increased the success of planning the size of the instrument in THA to almost 98% .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
114,489 |
Experience of the clinician reporting the iuMR study was only available in 10/34 studies [20, 21, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35, 37, 42], half of these quantified this in terms of years (between 1 and 15) the remaining gave a description of ‘experienced’. In two studies, the reporting radiologist was unaware of USS findings [21, 37]. Information regarding MR technique was reported in all papers including at least two of the following: manufacturer, sequences, types of receiver coils and patient positioning. Fast T2-weighted sequences were performed in all studies with some using additional sequences (e.g. T1, DWI, 3D and FLAIR). Early studies reported the use of fasting and sedation to achieve optimal imaging [22, 34].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
361,565 |
Neurodevelopmental assessments were made in all surviving infants at 24 months of age (median 24.3 months, IQR 23.3, 26.7 months, min-max 13–35 months) using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III), which contains 3 individual developmental scores: a cognitive composite score, a language composite score (with receptive and expressive scores), and a motor composite score (with gross and fine motor sub-scores). These 3 scales have a mean score of 100 ± 15. A developmental quotient score < 70 (>2 SD below the mean) indicates significant delay, and a score of < 85 (>1 SD below the mean) indicates at least mild-to-moderate delay .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
179,134 |
All animals were anesthetized with ketamine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) and xylazine (20 mg/kg) and paralyzed with pancuronium bromide, and a stable depth of anesthesia was maintained . After tracheostomy, the trachea was cannulated using a blunt 18-gauge metal tube, and the mouse was ventilated using a computer-controlled small-animal ventilator (flexiVent; SCIREQ, Montreal, QC, Canada) and a tidal volume of 10 ml/kg and a respiratory frequency of 150 breaths/min. A positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 2 cm H2O was applied throughout. An external jugular vein was isolated for an intravenous (i.v.) infusion of methacholine (MCh). At the outset, 6 μg of MCh was provided intravenously to ensure that the animal was responsive to MCh and that airway resistance returned to the baseline value after the MCh-induced increase, which indicated that the mouse was in a stable physiological condition. To obtain a dose-response curve, a bolus of MCh was injected starting at a dose of 4 μg (200 μg/ml solution in PBS; i.v. boluses of 10–40 μl). Prior to each MCh dose, the expiratory path was obstructed for 15 s to produce a deep inflation, after which exhalation was immediately allowed. Ventilation was continued for approximately 2 min between consecutive MCh doses. Airway responsiveness was equal to the Newtonian resistance (Rn) .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
143,413 |
Fluorescence was detected at the injection site in all dogs at all time points and was still present at day 10 p.i (Figure 5). Using ImageJ analysis, a corrected total fluorescence measured in pixels was recorded. There was no significant difference in the overall corrected total fluorescence at each time point.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
324,718 |
(10E,14E,16E)‐(1R,4S,5′S,6S,6′R,8R,12S,13S,20R,21R,24S)‐21,24‐dihydroxy‐6′‐isopropyl‐5′,11,13,22‐tetramethyl‐2‐oxo‐(3,7,19‐trioxatetracyclo[15.6.1.14,8.020,24]pentacosa‐10,14,16,22‐tetraene)‐6‐spiro‐2′‐(5′,6′‐dihydro‐2′H‐pyran)‐12‐yl 2,6‐dideoxy‐3‐O‐methyl‐4‐O‐(2,4,6‐trideoxy‐3‐O‐methyl‐4‐methylamino‐α‐l‐lyxo‐hexapyranosyl)‐α‐l‐arabino‐hexapyranoside benzoate
| 1 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
338,741 |
Together with this idea, we need to improve our research attention to the mechanisms of the development and maintenance of the stress response in multiple situations. This can only come about through the operationalization of conceptual models, the measurement of complete model variable sets, and the careful analyses of which variables are working in different situations. Some of the “outcomes” of stress reactions are ritually better conceptualized as possible mechanisms of stressful responding (e.g., health behavior change) and should be studied using mediational models to establish or refute their importance.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
213,611 |
The analysis of the pharmacokinetic behavior of the tomentin and scopoletin mixture and sphaeralcic acid were similar; the compounds conform to the two-compartment model, as indicated by the Information Criteria of Akaike (AIC) and the Schwarz Criterion (SC). The values of AIC and SC (Table 4) are lower for the two-compartment model with respect to the one-compartment model . The adjustment to the two-compartment model is also observed in the behavior of plasma compounds (Figure 3 and Figure 4).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
8,769 |
The possible contribution of modulation of ERK1/2, Akt and PKCδ activity by α-T to its protective effect against H2O2 toxicity was studied. Preincubation for 18 h with α-T at nanomolar and micromolar concentrations was found to prevent the inactivation of Akt and sustained activation of ERK1/2 maintained at a high level from 5 min to 24 h after exposure of the neurons to H2O2. Long preincubation with α-T diminished the activation of PKCδ elicited in cortical neurons by H2O2 alone. In the presence of inhibitors of MEK1/2/ERK1/2 or PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathways or of PKCδ the protective effect of α-T at nanomolar and micromolar concentrations was significantly diminished or disappeared. One of the ways by which modulation of activities of protein kinases ERK1/2, Akt and PKC may change the viability of neurons and other cells is their effect on the content of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic mitochondrial proteins. H2O2 was shown to cause an abrupt decrease of the level of Bcl-2 protein and a pronounced increase of the proapoptotic to antiapoptotic protein ratio (Bax/Bcl-2 ratio) in brain cortical neurons 12 and 24 h after the exposure of the cells to it, while after preincubation of neurons with α-T at nanomolar and micromolar concentrations Bcl-2 level was much higher and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was much lower (close to control values) than in the case of neuron exposure to H2O2 alone.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
329,185 |
Table 2 represents interfractional setup errors of ERB and intrafractional prostate motion uncertainty in LR, SI and AP direction as well as PTV margin calculation involving a cohort of 31 patients (868 CBCTs, 1736 kV/kV-OIPs and 31 planning CTs). The shifts in SI direction for interfractional setup uncertainties showed the largest magnitude for Σ with 2.28 mm (LR with 1.12 mm and AP with 1.48 mm) and σ with 3.19 mm (LR with 1.89 mm and AP with 2.1 mm). The systematic error was lower for intrafractional motion than for interfractional patient positioning (LR with 0.44 mm and 1.12 mm, SI with 0.69 mm and 2.28 mm and AP with 0.80 mm and 1.48 mm), whereas random errors were alike in LR and AP direction (LR with 1.91 mm and 1.89 mm and AP with 2.27 mm and 2.10 mm). The mean group deviation (μ) varies near zero for all inter- and intrafractional data with standard deviations ranging from 2 to 4 mm. The CTV-to-PTV margin estimation reveals dimensions of 4–5 mm in LR, 8–9 mm in SI and 6–7 mm in AP direction.Table 2The results of interfractional setup errors based on ERB CT/CBCT co-registration and the outcome for intrafractional motion errors indicated by FM matching using CT and kV/kV-OIP images for 31 patients. Additionally, a CTV-to-PTV margin calculation is represented by using the data of 31 patientsTranslation in mmLRSIAPCT/CBCT:ERBInterfraction setup error–––μ−0.220.42−0.03SD2.034.002.53Σ inter1.122.281.48σ inter1.893.192.1CT/kV/kV-OIP:FMIntrafraction motion error–––μ0.04−0.28−0.70SD1.952.432.36Σ intra0.440.690.80σ intra1.912.302.27CTV-PTV margin calculation:ERB + FM––––Oehler et al. Σ1.202.381.68σ2.233.933.09Stroom et al. –3.977.525.52Van Herk et al. –4.578.716.37LR left–right; SI superior–inferior; AP anterior-–posterior; μ group systematic deviations; SD 1 standard deviation; Σ systematic deviation (1 standard deviation); σ random deviation (1 standard deviation); kV/kV-OIP kilovoltage/kilovoltage orthogonal image pairs; CT computed tomography; CBCT cone beam computed tomography
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
271,675 |
The association between the presence of H. pylori and continuous disease process is complicated. A disconnection between the rate of NO synthesis and augmented iNOS expression has been described with a similar NO formation in H. pylori infected and non-infected antral mucosa despite elevated iNOS activity in the H. pylori infected. This finding was explained by unique ability of H. pylori to produce a competitive NOS inhibitor down-regulating the L-arginine/NO-pathway to evade host defense mechanisms (15). Gobert et al. reported that H. pylori expresses the gene rocF that encodes arginase, which depletes arginine, effectively dampening NO production by iNOS in macrophages (28).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
379,971 |
Protein models around the iron center fitted well to the cryo-EM map (Fig. 5B). The ligands were similarly located as those of the crystal structure, except that Wat2 was not observed. The CheckMyMetal server indicated trigonal bipyramidal 5-coordination with an outlier nVECSUM of 0.26 and the distances between the iron atom and the ligands were slightly greater than those in the crystal structure (Table 3 and Fig. S5B). In the chimneys, the main chain atoms of the helix fitted well to the map (Fig. 5C). However, their hydrophobic side chains were ambiguous. This observation may suggest that the side chains adopted various conformations for those particles vitrified in the cryo-EM grid, although some artifacts of cryo-EM analysis, e.g., errors in image alignments or damage caused by exposure to the liquid–gas interface are also possible. The trimer channels (discussed below) and other architectures showed no significant differences between the cryo-EM and crystal structures.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
241,213 |
Combining different polymers as a blend is a valuable strategy to create new materials with low cost and synergy in properties. For instance, CS/GO-based hydrogel has been developed without the addition of cross-linker by non-covalent interactions for the application of rapidly self-healing performance. The GO contains several oxygen-based functional groups that formed hydrogen bonds with an amino group of CS to improve the mechanical properties of hydrogel . PVA/CS hydrogel is reported in the literature for its biomedical applications since it has appropriate biocompatibility and nontoxicity. Flexible and robust PVA/GO composite films were prepared with a layered structure by vacuum filtration .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
169,919 |
Kaplan–Meier survival curves for DEHP and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. DEHP quartiles were used, in which 4 DEHP concentration groups were assessed for all-cause (A) and cardiovascular disease mortality (B): lowest (< 27.3 ng/mL), lower (>=27.3 to <45.5 ng/mL), higher (>=45.5 to 83.4 ng/mL) and highest (>=83.4 ng/mL)
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
144,587 |
ROS are produced by various sources in the CNS, including mitochondria, NADPH oxidase, and NOS, especially under hypoxia conditions (Yamamoto et al., 2006; Kuthati et al., 2019). We used DCFH-DA to measure intracellular ROS and then analyzed these levels by flow cytometry. It was found that the ROS level in Claudin-5wt bEnd.3 cells was higher than those in both Claudin-5112Δ5 and Claudin-5297Δ4 mutant bEnd.3 cells in response to hypoxia induction for 4 and 6h, respectively (Figure 5A). This also suggests that the production of cellular ROS may be directly related to NOS in response to hypoxia. Previous studies have shown that under hypoxia induction, ROS could function on driving the expression of Bnip3 (Bcl-2 and adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3), which is a single transmembrane protein mediating autophagy to maintain cell survival (Zhang et al., 2019). Hence, immunoblotting analysis was performed to detect the protein expression level of Bnip3 in Claudin-5 mutated bEnd.3 cells. The results revealed that in comparison with the expression in wild-type control bEnd.3 cells, the expression level of Bnip3 in Claudin-5112Δ5 bEnd.3 cells was significantly lower after 4 or 6h hypoxia induction (Figure 5B). Above results indicated that the existence of membranous Claudin-5 affects the production of ROS and the downstream Bnip3 expression in response to early hypoxia induction.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
244,539 |
Additional specimens of Middle-to-Late Triassic larger reptiles were studied in person as well, such as sauropterygian, thalattosaur, ichthyosauromorph (ichthyosaurs and hupehsuchians), and archosauromorph specimens from Europe and China (e.g., Askeptosaurus italicus: PIMUZ T 4831, 4832, 4846; Besanosaurus leptorhynchus: PIMUZ T 1895, 4376, 4847; Cymbospondylus buchseri: PIMUZ T 4351; Dinocephalosaurus orientalis: IVPP V13767; Nothosaurus giganteus: PIMUZ T 4829 [= holotype of Paranothosaurus amsleri Peyer, 1939]; Paratypothorax andressorum: SMNS 5721; Phytosauria indet.: PIMUZ A/III 4368; Qianosuchus mixtus: IVPP V13899; Tanystropheus hydroides: PIMUZ T 2818; Ticinosuchus ferox: PIMUZ T 4779; Wangosaurus brevirostris: GMPKU-P-1529; Yunguisaurus liae: ZMNH M8738). In addition, isolated osteoderm morphology of phytosaurs, rauisuchians, and aetosaurs was assessed (e.g., Scheyer and Desojo, 2011; Scheyer et al., 2014) and the osteology of the pistosauroid sauropterygian Bobosaurus forojuliensis (MFSN 27285) was taken from the literature (Dalla Vecchia, 2006; Fabbri et al., 2014).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
257,019 |
The human skin fibroblasts used in this study were either obtained from a commercial supplier (PromoCell; C-12302) or from surgical waste skin obtained with appropriate ethical approval (REC 14/NS/1073) from the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St George’s Hospital, London. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
268,436 |
The aim of the following analysis was to present the treatment outcomes of less invasive surfactant administration technique (LISA), which was recently implemented into daily practice in treating preterm infants, in relation to the results obtained in the group of neonates receiving surfactant with the use of the INSURE method, which has been applied since 1999.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
316,964 |
The AMBER18 program was utilized to perform the structural minimization and MD simulations using the ff14SB force field amino acid parameters. The tleap module of AmberTools18 was used to add the complementary hydrogen atoms that could not be detected by X-ray crystallography. The protein molecule was explicitly solvated with water molecules and sodium counter-ions were also added to obtain a neutral system. A water box with 10 Å thickness was created using the TIP3P water solvent model to completely surround the protein molecule. Simulation was performed using a periodic boundary condition. Long-range electrostatic interactions were processed using the particle–mesh Ewald protocol and a cut-off value of 8 Å was used for non-bonding interactions. Initial minimization of the water molecules and counter-ions was performed using 1000-cycle minimizations; subsequently, the whole system was minimized using 1000-cycle minimizations. Then, a system temperature increase to 298.15 K was performed and MD simulations at 298.15 K were executed with the fixed protein coordinates. The equilibrations were performed under the constant normal temperature and pressure (NPT) ensemble for 170 ps. In the first 20 ps, the waters and counter-ions were equilibrated, while the solutes were restrained. In the next 50 ps, the side chains of the protein amino acids were relaxed, then all the restraints were removed in the last 100 ps. Lastly, MD simulations of 10 ns were processed at 1 atm and 298.15 K under the NPT ensemble with a time step of two femtoseconds (fs). The covalent bonds with hydrogen atoms were constrained by the use of the SHAKE algorithm and Langevin dynamics were used to control the system temperature. Throughout the MD simulations, all of the atom coordinates of the system were saved every 1 ps.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
107,858 |
Redundancy discriminant analysis (RDA) biplot and correlations analysis of the environmental variables revealed that the temperature, Eh and pH significantly influenced the biodiversity of culture-dependent and independent Trichoderma spp. The ecological variance is an important factor for the colonization of the microbes in the sediment [47, 64]. Temporal and ecological conditions of sediments could influence the distribution of the Trichoderma spp. [47, 65]. Hence, the climatic, spatial and temporal changes can play a significant role in the distribution of Trichoderma spp., in China.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
261,194 |
In order to study in detail the role of viral load on the probability of transmission, we reanalysed these data by using a within-host model of viral dynamics (Néant et al., 2021; Gonçalves et al., 2020) to reconstruct the viral load levels of the index cases at the time of contact, and to infer the relationship between viral load and the probability of transmission after a high-risk contact. Further, we used the model to predict the effects of changes in viral load levels on the probability of transmission, representing the effects of infection with a variant of concern or infection in an individual in which vaccine would confer a partial protection against viral replication.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
375,360 |
The President noted that the Section would be recorded for transcription, as had been done in the last several Nomenclature Sections. For this reason, Knapp informed the Section of the importance of being very clear in speaking, and for those who wished to speak to ensure they waited for the microphone to get to them. In addition, every time anyone spoke, they should say their name and their home base, because that helped the people who were transcribing the recordings to know who had commented. Knapp reiterated the importance of being brief, concise and sticking to the point, noting that any deviation would be shut down. She reminded the Section that the aim was to facilitate the nomenclature of algae, fungi, and plants, as mentioned by Prof. Hong in his opening speech.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
334,421 |
“Extensions” of the Kochen-Specker theorem investigate situations in which a system is prepared in a state |x〉〈x| along direction |x〉 and measured along a non-orthogonal, non-collinear projection |y〉〈y| along direction |y〉. Those extensions yield what may be called indeterminacy: Pitowsky’s logical indeterminacy principle (Theorem 6, p. 226 in ) states that given two linearly independent non-orthogonal unit vectors |x〉 and |y〉 in R3, there is a finite set of unit vectors Γ(|x〉,|y〉) containing |x〉 and |y〉 for which the following statements hold: There is no two-valued state v on Γ(|x〉,|y〉) which satisfies (i)either v(|x〉)=v(|y〉)=1,(ii)or v(|x〉)=1 and v(|y〉)=0,(iii)or v(|x〉)=0 and v(|y〉)=1.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
343,707 |
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) was used to study the optical properties of colloidal dispersions of AgNPs. Absorption spectra were recorded on a Lambda 25 spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) in spectral range 300–700 nm with a 1 nm data step, scan speed of 240 nm/min. Measurements were accomplished in a polystyrene cuvette with 1 cm light path.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
258,915 |
To display the microbiome space between samples, beta diversity was calculated through nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). NMDS analysis of unweighted UniFrac ( Figure 3A ), PCA of unweighted UniFrac PC1-2 ( Figure 3B ) and PCoA of unweighted UniFrac PC1-3 ( Figure 3C ) displayed that the samples of AIH and HCs were observably separated in the direction of the NMDS1, PC1 and PC1 axes, indicating that the overall oral microbial composition was different between AIH and HCs. The single most striking observation to emerge from the data comparison was a significant difference in oral microbial communities between AIH patients and HCs. Supplementary Data S2–S5 showed the details of the NMDS, PCA and PCoA analyses respectively.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
369,427 |
Thymol is a natural component of essential oil extracted from many plant varieties, such as Thymus vulgaris, Lippia gracilis, Origanum vulgaris and plants of the Myrtaceae family. It can be defined as a low molecular weight phenylpropanoid (also isoprenoid or terpenoid; Figure 6) and, as with many other structurally related constituents of essential oils (e.g., eugenol, carvacrol), is a secondary metabolite endowed with antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. However, thymol has a low solubility in water and is a volatile compound—two factors that limit its development as a drug. Therefore, biocompatible delivery systems for this bioactive compound are in high demand. Alvarez Echazú M.I. et al. investigated the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the thymol by means of a CS-based HG designed for oral local delivery . CS was selected as base polymer for several reasons: (i) it is a biodegradable and non-toxic scaffold which may undergo enzymatic hydrolysis within the oral cavity ; (ii) it is a mucoadhesive polymer due to its polycationic character that allows interaction with the mucin ; (iii) as previously stated, it possesses its own antimicrobial activity exerted by ionic interactions with the microorganism’s anionic cell surface proteins and/or a chelating mechanism ; (iv) it is a biomaterial suitable for oral tissue regeneration . The CS-based HG was prepared by a spraying method by using a NaOH 1 N solution containing thymol to afford the sol-gel transition and a delivery system with the desired physicochemical and structural properties (e.g., swelling behavior, porosity, viscosity). The in vitro assessments proved the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of this thymol-containing HG together with its biocompatibility. The authors proposed such a HG system as an alternative for periodontal disease treatment.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
32,569 |
It seems unfortunate that the Bioconductor methylation packages all create their own read functions from scratch in order to create their own specialist S4 objects. Each defines a complex S4 class, unique to that one package. If Bioconductor provided a fast, light-weight, base-R style function to read Bismark files, then all the packages could use that as building block instead of re-writing from scratch.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
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