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58,350 |
Both GDGTs and GTGTs were identified in the core and polar lipid fraction of log phase cells of P. torridus incubated at 58°C when grown in media with an initial pH of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, and 1.1 (Supplementary Table 2). In the core fraction, GDGTs were always more abundant than GTGTs (Figure 3A). The abundance of core GDGTs per cell decreased with increasing pH of the cultivation medium, with the highest abundance of core GDGTs detected in cells grown at pH 0.3 (14.8 ± 5.5 fg cell−1) and the lowest in cells grown at pH 0.9 (1.1 ± 0.1 fg cell−1). Systematic trends were not observed in the abundance of polar GDGTs or GTGTs as a function of the pH of the growth medium (Figure 3B). However, the abundance of GDGTs and GTGTs per cell was greater in the polar fraction than in the core fraction, regardless of the pH of the cultivation medium (Supplementary Table 2).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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252,970 |
Tepals of saffron (Crocus sativus) is known for its abundant bio-residues that could exhibit various bioactivities. Specifically, phenolic compounds and anthocyanins have been detected from saffron with antioxidant properties. Stelluti et al. compared extraction method of dried saffron tepals by comparing phytochemical composition. Collectively, content of phenolic compound from ultrasound assisted extraction method with safer solvent were comparable to the maceration method, which refers to the potential application of green extraction method for obtaining high yields of antioxidant agents .
| 3 | 0biomedical
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380,390 |
There is considerable variation in the strength of these bivariate relationships among states, however. The top panel of Figure 1, for example, highlights districts in Kentucky and California; the SES achievement gradient is much weaker in Kentucky than in California. Similarly, the relationship between district SES and test score growth is strong and positive in Florida, but flat in South Carolina (see bottom panel of Figure 1). This indicates that the SES achievement gradient grows steeper from Grades 3 to 8 in Florida but remains constant across grades in South Carolina. The large differences among states in the SES–achievement association and its growth across grades suggest that state-level factors may aggravate or ameliorate between-district inequality of educational opportunity.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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387,325 |
Protein concentrations were determined using the BCA protein assay (Cat# PI23225, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). Indicated samples were loaded on 4-20% Novex® gels (Cat# EC60285BOX, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). Proteins were transferred for 1h at 120 V using TGS (25mM Tris pH=8.5, 192mM glycine, 0.1% (mass/vol) SDS), 20% (vol/vol) methanol as transfer buffer to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes 0.45μm (Cat# IPVH00010, Millipore, Billerica, MA), pre-activated in pure methanol. After transfer, the membranes were blocked at room temperature for 1 hour with TBST (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1 % Tween 20), 5% (mass/vol) non-fat dry milk, then incubated separately in the primary antibodies VEGFR2 (Cat#PA5-16487, ThermoFisher), pY1175 VEGFR2 (Cat#PA5-105167, ThermoFisher), Flotilin (Cat#F1180, Sigma) or Neuropilin-1 (Cat#sc-5307, Santa Cruz biotechnology) in TBST, 5% (mass/vol) BSA, overnight at 4°C. Following incubation in horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies from Jackson immunoresearch, blots were revealed by enhanced luminescence (WBKLS0500, Millipore, Billerica, MA) before exposure to photographic film. Films were scanned, digitized, and quantified using Un-Scan-It gel version 7.1 scanning software by Silk Scientific Inc.
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104,224 |
The idea of low gene flow is in contrast with the graphical result of STRUCTURE analysis which revealed unexpectedly high levels of admixture between several subpopulations (PUC, PAC and SCR; see Fig 6). Also, the assignment test confirmed that 11–12% of individuals were assigned to a different subpopulation than according to locality and a similar percentage of individuals were not assigned to any of the studied subpopulations. Apparently, there is some mechanism which allows gene flow between the localities. Natural gene flow is obviously limited, although anthropogenic transfer of this economically important plant might play a role here. Besides the effect caused by migration of people from one village to another, taking sacha inchi seeds with them, another possibility is exchange of seeds on the market. Seeds that are sold are mixtures originating from different areas (pers. com.), and it is therefore unknown as to which plants will grow in the field according to the place of origin.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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281,172 |
The cells of bacterium AFI2 are Gram-positive, motile and produce endospores. Grown on LB agar, it forms round, pink and smooth colonies. AFI2 is catalase-positive and oxidase-negative; indole and H2S are not produced. The Voges—Proskauer reaction is negative. The bacterium does not contain ornithine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase or arginine dihydrolase. It can utilize glucose, arabinose, xylose, maltose, sucrose, ribose, galactose, mannitol and alanine, but cannot utilize lactate, citrate, butyrate, histidine and glycerol. The bacterium hydrolyzes casein, gelatin and aesculin, but does not hydrolyze starch. The biochemical and physiological characteristics of the studied bacterial strains are summarized in Table S1 .
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186,824 |
There are several limitations associated with this study, namely the lack of clinical testing and radiological assessment at 5 years which is a major limitation. Furthermore, the mean age in this cohort was 37.8 years and it could be these older patients have not put the extra demand on the ACL that a younger patient often does, which is also major limitation. In addition, no comparisons can be made to ACL reconstruction procedures as there was no randomisation and all of the patients within the inclusion criteria underwent ACL repair with suture tape augmentation.
| 3 | 0biomedical
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42,811 |
Data obtained in these experiments showed that PEGB consumption prevented recognition memory impairment during ageing. This was in agreement with previous results showing the beneficial effects of polyphenols on NOR in rodents, including a study by our consortium, in 3xTg-AD mice, using the same extract(14,24,25). The NOR task is useful for assessing long-term object recognition memory (up to 24 h). Although the anatomical basis of this memory is still unclear, and might also involve the perirhinal cortex, the important role of the hippocampus in both recollection and familiarity processes has been well described(26–28).
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340,263 |
Total RNA was extracted using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany). The QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit (Qiagen) was used to carry out cDNA synthesis. cDNA was amplified using Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied biosystem) on an ABI PRISM 7009HT System. The relative amounts of target genes were normalized to GAPDH or RN18S and the 2−ΔΔCt method was used for calculations. Validated primers for RT-qPCR are provided upon request.
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| 1Other
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351,003 |
In conclusion, skeletal muscle fiber mTORC1 overactivity is a hallmark of sarcopenia, and the TSCmKO mouse represents a muscle fiber-driven model of accelerated sarcopenia. Our comprehensive gene expression atlas (https://sarcoatlas.scicore.unibas.ch/) of mTORC1-driven sarcopenia covers multiple muscles and multiple aging conditions, thus providing an invaluable resource to further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving sarcopenia. In skeletal muscle, contraction profiles, neural stability39, rates of cell turnover69, and intrinsic compensatory mechanisms38–40 can vary widely. Our multi-muscle data set highlights that the primary drivers of age-related muscle loss and therefore effective intervention strategies may differ between muscles.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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351,905 |
The feed business operator submitted information to demonstrate safe disposal of the waste material. Specifically, the approval from Danish authorities (Miliø‐ og Fødevareministeriet) to carry out the decontamination process has been provided. The operator reported that solid waste is collected and handled by an authorised external company. The extracted oil is decontaminated by a separate authorised process.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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359,536 |
A surveillance study in the United Kingdom (UK) showed that 39 cases of a cohort of 125 COVID-19 hospitalized patients with neurological manifestations presented with altered mental status, with encephalopathy in 16 and neuropsychiatric syndromes in 23 of them, mostly new-onset psychosis (n = 10) or other related psychiatric disorders (n = 7) (Varatharaj et al., 2020). In line with this evidence, in a retrospective descriptive study from a hospital in Madrid, Spain, 10 patients with a lab-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and new-onset psychotic symptoms were identified among 10,000 patients with symptoms compatible with COVID-19 assessed between March and April 2020 in the emergency department (Parra et al., 2020). They had a mean age of 54.1 years, and psychiatric symptoms, mainly delusion, orientation/attention disturbances and auditory hallucination (in 10, 6, and 4 cases, respectively), appeared primarily after the first typical COVID-19 symptoms and were resolved in less than 2 weeks (Parra et al., 2020). These episodes were considered atypical since patients had no familiar history of psychiatric disorders, no substance use disorders, had an atypical age of onset, and presented a fast recovery (Parra et al., 2020). Authors suggested that these atypical psychotic episodes may be explained by systemic inflammatory responses, based on analytical and complementary tests findings, or by side effects associated with COVID-19 treatment (Parra et al., 2020).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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359,684 |
4. Focusing on the FitBit data in this manuscript seems to me to be a more focused approach that would remove a lot of the data clutter the paper suffers from b/c of the multiple devices and myriad analyses that were examined and performed. A revised objective statement could focus more strongly on the FitBit data.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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117,096 |
2,4,6-Triiodobenzonitrile (I3CN), was prepared from I3NH2 (101 mg; Fig. 6 ▸) based on the Sandmeyer procedure described by Britton et al. (2016 ▸). Ethyl acetate (20 mL), toluene-4-sulfonic acid monohydrate (77 mg), and isoamyl nitrite (60 µL) were used in place of water, acetic and sulfuric acids, and sodium nitrite, respectively. The desired chromatographic fraction (Rf = 0.44 in 4:1 hexane–ethyl acetate) was concentrated on a rotary evaporator, giving a beige powder (67 mg, 65%). M.p. 517–518 K; 1H NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 8.431 (s, 2H, H3); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CD2Cl2) δ 147.5 (2C, C3), 127.3 (1C, C1), 120.7 (1C, C7), 101.1 (1C, C4), 99.6 (2C, C2); IR (NaCl, cm−1) 3070, 2227, 1532, 1359, 1206, 1081, 861, 787, 706; MS (ESI, m/z) [M + Na]+ calculated for C7H2I3N 503.7213, found 503.7216.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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167,609 |
Linear mixed models indicated increases in the level of entrainment between 10 and 30% BW oscillation amplitudes: 35–56% more steps entrained during experiments (effect of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$A_{m}$$\end{document}Am on ESR, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p < 0.001^{*}$$\end{document}p<0.001∗) and the average duration of entrainment bouts increased by 0.20–0.49 or 60–148 s (effect of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$A_{m}$$\end{document}Am on \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Delta \overline{t}_{e} , \;p < 0.001^{*}$$\end{document}Δt¯e,p<0.001∗), depending on the oscillation frequency. Conversely, higher oscillation frequencies led to decreases in the level of entrainment when ranging from − 6 to + 6% baseline preferred frequency: 13–23% less steps entrained during experiments (effect of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Delta f_{m}$$\end{document}Δfm on ESR, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p < 0.001^{*}$$\end{document}p<0.001∗) and the average duration of entrainment bouts decreased by 0.09–0.24 or 27–71 s (effect of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Delta f_{m}$$\end{document}Δfm on \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Delta \overline{t}_{e} ,\; p = 0.001^{*}$$\end{document}Δt¯e,p=0.001∗), depending on the oscillation amplitude. An interaction between oscillation frequency and amplitude was not significant (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p = 0.273$$\end{document}p=0.273). In fact, this interaction was not significant in any of the models tested. Figure 4c,d illustrate higher levels of entrainment at larger amplitudes and lower motor frequencies, despite large inter-subject variation overall.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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352,269 |
Among the four characteristics (chasing, fission–fusion, leadership, and interactive), ‘interactive’ (five-fish school) has much to be considered because the effect of the calculation method of IIT 3.0 for a specific group size cannot be rejected; however, our timescale analysis helps to distinguish four- and five-fish schools as autonomous systems. As discussed in Section 2.3, comparing the global group integrity with the mean-field method, we can evaluate the interaction heterogeneity in terms of the group integration. First, it turned out that the degree of the interaction homogeneity can be observed for all group sizes in the long timescales. This result ensures that the same kind of approximation done in mean-field also works in the group integrity framework: the bottom-up and the top-down processes in the group match in the long timescale. Second, around the reaction time of Plecoglossus altivelis, such an approximation does not work. Especially, compared with other group sizes, the five-fish school exhibits the outstanding property that the local group integrity exceeds the global group integrity. This trend indicates that the average approximation underestimated the causal power of the local interaction. The local interaction generates more group integrity than in case of homogeneous interactions. In the result of Section 2.5, we also point out that this heterogeneity shows some resonances (the action of an individual starts to have strong causal power). Although this view still might be speculative, it gives some hints for future study.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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197,883 |
Beside socioeconomic or cohort effects, several local factors such as improper tooth alignment have also been connected to an increased caries prevalence . Although policy makers have long demanded for a causal relationship between different forms of malocclusion and caries, these associations have been only insufficiently investigated [1, 7].
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| 1Other
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44,999 |
30,619 human mtDNA sequences sampled from across the globe downloaded from GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/). 113 were removed due to poor sequence quality. 30,506 sequences were included in this study and aligned to Revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) and Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence (RSRS) using BLASTn (S1 Table).
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269,795 |
Based on the participants’ experience, being at the heart of the COVID-19 crisis management has led to self-efficacy in the organization. Summary of the participants’ views on organizational self-efficacy included reducing the need and dependency, coordinating all medical group specialties, forming scientific groups, developing intersectoral communication, and strengthening management interfaces.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
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226,594 |
Nomogram is a visible and trustworthy statistical prediction tool, which was utilized widely to provide tailored individual prognostic information. Nomogram was composed of fundamental variables like demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment features (12). Rink had constructed a nomogram that included gender, T stage, margin status, LN-density, and adjuvant chemotherapy to predict recurrence and cancer-specific survival for patients with a single lymph node metastasis (13). Meanwhile, a nomogram integrating multiple molecular markers was constructed to access disease recurrence and cancer-specific mortality for BC patients with locally advanced and node-positive (14). However, these models failed to obtain high accuracy (C-index 0.63 and 0.66 for Rink’s model) and incorporate variables not easily available. Moreover, the models were not specially designed for all bladder cancer patients with positive lymph nodes. To our knowledge, it is the first study to construct a prognostic nomogram to predict cancer-specific survival (CSS) in all node-positive patients.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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175,667 |
In the case of nutraceuticals, these needs are not lost, and adequate preventive information must be provided to the patient regarding the scientific evidence that prompts the practitioner to prescribe a nutraceutical, any side effects, and the real expectations of treating the pathology through the administration of nutraceuticals. This preventive therapeutic alliance increases the understanding and availability of the patient by increasing therapeutic adherence. On the medico-legal level, it is also increasingly necessary to consider the increased attention to the safety of treatments. In Italy, even the safety of the patient is a right recognized by law, and the mandatory incentive of all organizational and technical measures is envisaged to manage clinical risk and increase patient and operator safety. Every prescriber of nutraceuticals must be aware of this imperative vision and should therefore pay the utmost attention to the possible effects of administration and any interactions with drugs or other pathologies that the patient may present.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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164,233 |
If it should be necessary to limit the number of admissions for organizational reasons or because of a PPE shortage, it is wise to favor visits that, in the circumstances, can offer the greatest possible benefits to the largest number of both patients and visitors.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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131,036 |
As far as benign thyroid nodules are concerned, this systematic review shows that the best RFA results have been generally obtained in nodules with baseline volume <10– 20 mL . Therefore, we believe that RFA should be used to treat preferentially symptomatic benign lesions if their volume does not exceed 20–30 mL (unless they are cystic or predominantly cystic). Our results highlight also that the best RFA results have been generally obtained when energy delivered was >1300 J/mL. Therefore, guidelines should emphasize the importance of energy delivered as a key to successful treatment.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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289,439 |
Reviewer #2: Thank you dear authors, i realize that most of the comments are corrected. However, i have still concern on the sample size determination and sample section. You need to show how you come up with 331 participants/calculate showing the formula and the parameters used and how you chose them. I am not convinced about the selection of your study participants. In addition, include how you collected the data and the quality control measure used .
| 1 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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232,558 |
We observed substantial interphysician variability between the experts’ manual contours. Substantial variability in the manual contouring of the targets and OARs between institutions and observers was demonstrated in a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) multi-institutional and multiobserver study . Such interphysician variability is an obstacle in accurately assessing the efficacy of radiotherapy and risk of long-term adverse effects. Incidental radiation exposure to the heart during breast radiation therapy increases the risk of heart disease with regard to the dose–response relationship between heart radiation dose and an acute coronary event [13, 14]. Moreover, radiation-related hypothyroidism , radiation pneumonitis , and secondary contralateral breast cancer have been reported in patients with breast cancer. In addition, in clinical trials including radiotherapy, standardization of treatment is problematic because of the variability in delineating the target and OARs . In the RTOG 0617 trial , a radiation dose-escalation trial of non-small cell lung cancer, an analysis using deep-learning segmented hearts revealed that the actual heart doses were higher than originally reported owing to inconsistent and insufficient manual heart segmentation. Our results demonstrated that the ACS could solve this issue. For example, the lateral border of the breast had the largest variation among the experts’ manual contours in this study. The most widely used RTOG guidelines and ESTRO guidelines define the lateral border of the breast as a clinically palpable breast or lateral breast fold; therefore, clearly defining it on a CT image is difficult. The ACS can aid in standardizing delineation when the definition of the boundary of an organ is ambiguous.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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36,081 |
We first calculate the amplitudes of the IMFs from an automated EMD procedure. We then locate the extrema of one IMF and define the interval between two neighbouring maxima (or minima) to be one period T, as shown in figure 6a. Unlike the Fourier transform that becomes ineffective in time-series analysis when the signal frequency changes with time, EMD is well suited for generating IMFs whose frequencies vary with time, i.e. when the period is a function of time: T=T(t). We set a moving time window of size w and calculate the average IMF amplitude within the window. The window contains a fixed number of IMF periods. As the period varies with time, the actual time span of the window also changes with time. As an example, we show in figure 6a two windows wm and wn, each containing the same number (7) of IMF periods. Apparently, their sizes are different. The amplitude values are weighted magnitudes and are calculated as Am=(1/2)∑i∈wm(xi+1−xi)(|yi+1|+|yi|), where xi and yi are the position and magnitude of the IMF, respectively, and the factor (xi+1−xi) is the corresponding weight. The calculation is repeated when the window is moved to the next position by the step size Δw, which is also chosen to contain a certain number of IMF periods. Small values of w and Δw result in rapidly oscillating amplitude functions, whereas too large values of w and Δw would cause a loss of information. Empirically, the window size can be chosen to include several IMF periods, e.g. six to nine, where the moving forward step size Δw can be set as one.
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312,488 |
Our continuing interest in the palladium-catalyzed reactions of functionalized alkynes with boronic acids [32–33] prompted us to explore the palladium-catalyzed reaction of the readily available alkynyliodobenzamides 2 with boronic acids 3 as a viable route to the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of 4-alkylidene-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones 3 (Scheme 1a).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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342,977 |
All documents reported a lack of essential medicines in health facilities [27, 33, 36, 39]. This is one of the greatest challenges in South Sudan. The MoH is in charge of pharmaceutical supply to all primary healthcare facilities, including those handled by NGOs. Pharmaceutical supply is based on a push system (focused on forecasting rather than demand). This system was described as being unresponsive to needs.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
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298,982 |
1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 10.06 (s; H-11; 1H), 6.02 (dq; J = 1.9, 1.0 Hz; H-1; 1H), 5.71 (quint; J = 1.6 Hz; H-1; 1H), 4.51–4.40 (m; H-14; 2H), 4.37–4.25 (m; H-5, H-6 and H-8; 6H), 3.30 (t; H-9; 2H), 2.48 (s; H-13; 3H), 1.87 (dd; J = 1.6, 1.0 Hz; H-3; 3H), 1.83–1.70 (m; H-15; 2H), 1.32 (dq; J = 14.6, 7.3 Hz; H-16; 2H), 0.92 (t; J = 7.4 Hz; H-17; 3H).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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323,533 |
Changes of α7nAChR expression levels in Lung Cell Populations in Obese Mice. The α7nAChR expression levels of α7nAChR+ alveolar macrophages (a), α7nAChR+ interstitial macrophages (b) were increased after stimulation of LPS. Detailed statistical results can be seen in Supplementary Table S9. RCD group, n = 8; RCD + LPS group, n = 8; HFD group, n = 8; HFD + LPS group, n = 10. α7nAChR+ AM MFI: by ANOVA, post-hoc LSD-t method. P < 0.001, comparing RCD + LPS group to RCD group; P < 0.001, comparing HFD + LPS group to HFD group; P < 0.01, comparing HFD + LPS group to RCD + LPS group. α7nAChR+ IM MFI: by ANOVA after logarithmic transformation, post-hoc LSD-t method. P < 0.001, comparing RCD + LPS group to RCD group; P < 0.001, comparing HFD + LPS group to HFD group; P < 0.001, comparing HFD + LPS group to RCD + LPS group. RCD, regular chow diet. HFD, high-fat diet. LPS, lipopolysaccharide. IM, interstitial macrophages. Mo, monocytes. AM, alveolar macrophages. Gr, Granulocytes. MFI, median fluorescence intensity. Data were presented as Mean ± SD. ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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290,446 |
A refinement of this solvent ranking procedure is available if two or more solvents are known to dissolve the desired solute(s). All of the identified functional solvents are in this scenario included into the selection bar in step (ii); after the update button is pushed, the program calculates the mean HSP values for these known functional solvents and ranks the remaining solvents as regards to their Ra distance from this mean of the HSPs of the functional solvents. A further improvement of the solvent ranking is possible when the HSPs of the solute are known. Then the solvent-ranking procedure follows the path: (i) mark the “known HSP of your solute”, (ii) include the values for δD, δP, and δH, and (iii) click the update button.
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| 1Other
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178,678 |
Further data analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics (v 22.0, IBM Corp., Endicott, NY, USA). Differences observed for isolated biomarkers of high and low groupings of VO2MAX were assessed using the Mann–Whitney U test for independent samples. The distribution of exhaled VOC values observed across time were assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis H test for related samples. An alpha value (p) of <0.05 was deemed as statistically significant and, where appropriate, is reported as its Bonferroni-adjusted value.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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137,466 |
The transformed E. coli cells with the plasmids containing the fusion protein constructs were plated on LB-Agar plates, which were surface-covered with 500 uM IPTG. The visualization and imaging of the grown colonies were performed under standard UV light (360–400 nm).
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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136,935 |
Two review authors (WYF and LHR) will independently screen the titles and abstracts according to the inclusion criteria. We will record the selection process insufficient detail to complete a PRISMA flow chart. Two review authors (LHR and YLQ) working independently will extract all data and will call upon a third review author to resolve disagreements. We will design and use a specific structured online data extraction form to ensure consistency of information. data extracted will include study characteristics (such as first author, publication year, country, setting and journal), number of participants randomized, patient characteristics (sampling, age and gender), intervention details, outcome measures.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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99,426 |
A total of 96 cowpea accessions from twenty-four countries were used in this study. They included 33 accessions from Portugal, 10 accessions from Spain (for a total of 43 accessions representing the diversity of Iberian Peninsula germplasm), and 53 accessions from genebanks at the National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal), the National Plant Genetic Resources Centre-National Institute for Agricultural and Food Technology Research (CRF-INIA, Spain), the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK, Gatersleben, Germany), the Botanic Garden Meise (Belgium), the University of Perugia (Italy), and the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA, Brazil). These 53 accessions were chosen to represent worldwide cowpea diversity (Additional file 1). From these 96 accession, 86 belonged to ssp. unguiculata, while 10 were part of the ssp. sesquipedalis.
| 3 | 2other
| 0Study
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249,566 |
While our study and others have demonstrated that NVC findings correlate with cutaneous and muscle disease, they may also correlate with ILD in DM. The presence of multiple capillary abnormalities was found to be associated with a concurrent diagnosis of ILD (12). It has also been reported the presence of enlarged capillaries correlates with the presence of pulmonary involvement (15). Furthermore, the presence of microhemorrhages have also been correlated with ILD severity in a combined analysis of patients with MDA-5 antibody positive dermatomyositis and anti-synthetase syndrome (20). Ultimately, only two patients in our cohort had pulmonary involvement and we were likely underpowered to detect a relationship between ILD and NVC.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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101,215 |
After the initial segregation phase, it is expected that the characteristic length grows at a particular growth rate, R¯(t)∝tα, where α is the growth rate. For CH and CHC with constant mobility, in addition to the variable mobility CH model, this region extends from approximately a time of t=0.1 to t=10. Owing to the faster dynamics of the variable mobility CHC model, this region exists approximately from t=0.1 to t=0.8. After these times the system enters the long-term, slow growth phase. To determine the growth rate, a linear fit is made to the appropriate region. The slope of this fit is taken to be the growth rate parameter α. The complete results for the mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation for all considered systems are presented in table 1. Table 1.Statistics on the growth rate for the CH and CHC models with constant and variable mobilities.modelmobilitynoisemeans.d.coefficient of variationCH1—0.28140.02150.0764f(1−f)—0.17590.00620.0352CHC110−90.28250.01970.069710−70.26720.02410.090210−50.17600.01340.0761f(1−f)10−90.17650.00920.052110−70.37190.01480.039810−50.42780.01540.0360
| 4 | 0biomedical
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101,786 |
Nephrotoxicity represents the principal dose-limiting adverse effect of CP . The mechanism of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicityis (CIPN) is very complex and involves the impairment of membrane transporters, such as the organic anion transporters (OATs) and the organic-cation transporters (OCTs) , drug excretion systems, such as the multi-drug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1) , and the multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP), which are membrane glycoproteins that mediate the Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent export of organic anions, including cytotoxic and antiviral drugs, from cells . This cytotoxic mechanism also involves enzymes that bound to the brush border of microvillus membrane, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT), which are collectively called renal brush border membrane enzyme (RBBME), as reported by Farooq et al. In this study, the authors showed that the activities of RBBBME changed in rat model for Ramadan fasting as a consequence of maximal velocities alterations of the enzyme reactions .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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121,574 |
P2G enhances endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) infiltrating in ischaemic gastrocnemius muscles. At the indicated time‐points after surgery, EPC localization in the ischaemic gastrocnemius muscle tissue was identified by a EPC marker CD34 by immunohistochemical staining (A), and the quantitative analysis of EPC density was expressed as capillary number per muscle fibre at W1 (B); The expression of another EPC marker CXCR4 (C) in the ischaemic gastrocnemius muscle tissue was detected by Western blot assay, followed by quantitative analyses of the optical density relative to the loading control actin (D). The localization of CXCR4 + EPC in capillary and small blood vessels was determined by co‐immunofluorescent staining of both CD31 and CXCR4 (E). n = 5 for PBS, 4 for AMD and 8 for P2G group respectively. *P < 0.05 versus PBS, # P < 0.05 versus AMD3100, Bar = 50 μm.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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25,708 |
The finding that most of the anti-malarial medicine market share is comprised of drug stores in Kinshasa may provide an opportunity to increase access to affordable, quality-assured ACT medicines, as evidenced in other countries where these facilities are a common source of treatment [11–13]. The affordable medicines facility, malaria (AMFm), a large scale pilot to increase access to subsidized quality-assured ACT, demonstrated significant improvements in availability, affordability and relative market share for these medicines among the private sector and in drug stores in particular . Since the AMFm pilot, follow-up ACTwatch surveys have shown a sustained improvement in the availability of quality-assured ACT medicines among drug stores in these countries [11–13]. The success of the private sector co-payment mechanism in these countries suggests that a similar strategy could be effective in improving the availability, affordability and market share for quality-assured ACT in Kinshasa.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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192,910 |
Attitudes toward people with mental illness through the Social Distance Questionnaire (40), a modified version of the Bogardus Social Distance Questionnaire (41). This assesses 7 areas, i.e., renting a room, being a worker, a neighbor, caretaker of the children, marrying their children, introducing to a young woman they are friendly with, recommending for a job working for a friend. It uses a 4-item Likert scale, i.e., 0 = definitely willing, 1 = probably willing, 2 = probably unwilling, 3 = definitely unwilling. The total score is obtained by the sum of all items. Higher scores represent greater desire to distance oneself from people with mental illness. The internal consistency reliability Cronbach's α of this measure was 0.92 (40).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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69,180 |
Until a few years ago, accumulating evidence from single neuronal recording studies in monkeys has suggested the importance of the fronto-parietal mirror system in understanding the actions of others in monkeys8–10, and later in humans11,12. The activity of these neurons has been interpreted as a “simulation” of other agent’s actions when they belong to the observer’s repertoire, like grasping to eat or place food in a container13.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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336,994 |
Necrosis was not observed after 6 h and appeared in low percentage after 24 h in any condition of exposure. After 48 h the highest rate of necrotic cells (approx. 18%) was associated with P25, while approx. 10% were detected for TiO2@MSN and MSN (Figure 5).
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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328,154 |
Gnrh is regulated by sex steroids in both mammals [for review, see (224) and (225)] and fishes. In teleosts, sex steroids can stimulate or inhibit the activity of Gnrh neurons, thus indirectly regulate gonadotrope function, as shown in Table 3 and previously discussed in (240). The effects of sex steroids seem to depend on the specific Gnrh cell population and the maturation stage of the fish. For instance, in yearling masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou), castration in under-yearling precocious males increased gnrh3 mRNA levels in the ventral telencephalon but not in the POA, suggesting that the Gnrh3 cell populations are differentially regulated by gonadal steroids (89). In medaka, E2 significantly suppressed gnrh expression in embryos (233) but not in adults (90), suggesting that the effect might be stage-specific in some species. Interestingly, in the spotted scat (Scatophagus argus), E2 inhibited gnrh1 expression in a dose-dependent manner and this effect was abolished by a broad spectrum Esr antagonist or an Esr1-specific antagonist, but not by an Esr2 antagonist (238), which suggests that Esr1 mediates the inhibitory effect of E2 in this species.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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329,736 |
A normalized cross-correlation (NCC) and phase correlation algorithms were used to derive multi-temporal surface flow velocity from two successive pairs of Landsat, ASTER or Sentinel-2 images using Image correlation software (CIAS)42,60 and COSI-Corr43, respectively. In CIAS, we used search window size ranged from 80 × 80 to 120 × 120 and a reference windows size of 10 × 10 and eliminated ≤0.6 correlation coefficient from the glacier flow data20,60. In COSI-Corr, we used a search window of 64×64 to 16×16 at a step size of 4 pixels. Directional filtering was also used to remove incorrect displacements. Finally, velocity vectors were visually verified on satellite images and any remaining erroneous displacements were removed. All the corrected surface displacements were converted to a daily scale.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
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43,571 |
The effect of the coupling between topology and dynamics can be more dramatic when the network structure is multilayered. Multilayer or multiplex descriptions of networks add a new degree of freedom to the topological properties and they are useful mathematical frameworks to describe scenarios where interactions occur in several contexts or different processes happen to the same set of nodes23–25. In social networks, this, for instance, comprehends situations in which the relations can be of different nature (friends, family, coworkers, etc). In technological ones, it can correspond to connections with different bandwidth in each layer. The interactions on each of these contexts or layers rely on diverse network topologies, connecting a similar set of nodes and possessing a certain overlap in the links across layers. Note that a fraction of the nodes, but not necessarily all, can be present simultaneously in the several layers, bridging the information through them and playing a relevant role on the dynamics on these networks26. Beyond social systems, a similar framework can be used for temporal networks, with each layer corresponding to a time period27, or spatial networks in which each node is a given area and the connections can represent different transport media28. The multilayer approach requires the introduction of new, and a generalization of already existing, concepts and metrics. Likewise, some of the features of dynamical models running on multilayer networks must be revised since this extra degree of freedom may yield new phenomenology. When studying processes in multilayer networks, a fair question is whether adding the information of the layers is necessary and will lead to results fundamentally different from a representation in a single network that aggregates all the links of the different layers. Recent works have addressed this question, confirming that multilayer structures and multiplexity give rise to phenomena that are not appreciated in one-layer networks in areas like epidemic spreading29, game theory and agent-based models30–34 or transportation systems35, 36. Besides finding new results, it has also been shown that reducing the dynamics on a multiplex network into that on an effective single-layer network is not possible in certain cases as happens for the voter model37.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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178,114 |
Downscaled and historical frequencies of tropical cyclones crossing the coastline of the continental U.S. are shown in the top row of Fig. 2. As before, only storms whose lifetime maximum wind speed exceeds 40 kts (21 ms−1) are included, but in this case each storm is counted only once.Fig. 2As in Fig. 1 but showing the continental U.S. annual landfall frequency and U.S. landfall power dissipation index.The landfall frequency (top row) includes only storms whose lifetime maximum wind speeds exceed 40 kts (21 ms−1). The landfall power dissipation index (bottom row) is in units of m3s−3. The linear regression lines in the bottom row are from ordinary linear regression.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
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18,598 |
In elastography, the applied strain is theoretically up to 1% of the total depth of the tissue . When the strain is greater than 1%, decorrelation noise will appear in strain images. Figure 24 shows the strain images of the lesion phantom for applied strains of 1%, 2% and 3% using short and chirp pulses. The square boxes in Figure 24 indicate the regions from which the CNRe values shown in Table 3 are computed. As can be clearly seen, the chirp pulse successfully suppresses decorrelation strain noise.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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218,449 |
In conclusion, CD34+ cell transplantation is likely to improve neurological prognoses, even in the chronic phase, based on pre-clinical studies using a murine chronic stroke model. If this treatment is established as the standard treatment for chronic stroke, the benefits to the healthcare economy will be high.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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138,585 |
In this work, kinetic studies were used to predict the rate at which adsorption takes place, which is the most important factor in adsorption system design and in determining the adsorption efficiency. It shows how fast or slow an adsorption process is and which kinetic order it follows. Pseudo-first and pseudo-second orders of the reaction are two kinetic models usually used to describe the reaction order of adsorption systems. Such kinetic models for the removal of Cr(VI) ions and Pb(II) ions are presented in Figure 8 and the calculated parameters were outlined in Table 3. Based on the correlation coefficient (the values of R2) and the reduced chi-squared values (χ2) for the pseudo-second-order kinetics for both Cr(VI) and, to a less extent, for Pb(II) (see Table 3), one can conclude that the adsorption process may obey this kinetic model. It is worth mentioning here that by comparing the experimental qe and the calculated ones (qe,cal) one can see that the values are exactly the same (see the inset values in Figure S8 and those reported in Table 3).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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66,260 |
We report here that PULs are an equally important feature of genome organization in the Roseburia/E. rectale group of Firmicutes. The genome of R. intestinalis XB6B4 was found to contain 33 gpPULs, which contained 106 of its 131 GH genes. As in Bacteroides, these gpPULs appear to be substrate-specific, and include linked transport systems and regulatory genes. ABC transport systems predominate, accounting for 79 % of transporters within gpPULs in R. intestinalis XB6B4 and 56 % in E. rectale A1-86, with cation symporters and PTS systems found in smaller numbers. No evidence was found for close homologues of the Bacteroidetes Sus proteins; binding of polysaccharides in the Roseburia group therefore seems likely to involve the CBMs present in many GH enzymes, whilst ABC transport components are assumed to mediate binding of oligosaccharides prior to transport in the majority of cases. gpPUL-encoded GHs in E. rectale and R. inulinivorans are known to be highly inducible (Scott et al., 2011; Cockburn et al., 2015), as is seen in Bacteroides (Martens et al., 2008, 2011; McNulty et al., 2013). The adjacent transcriptional regulators of the Roseburia/E. rectale group tend to be LacI- and AraC-type proteins with only a few examples of the hybrid two-component system transcriptional regulators. Hybrid two-component system transcriptional regulators and extracytoplasmic function sigma factors are, however, the most frequently observed regulators in Bacteroides PULs (Sonnenburg et al., 2006). The differences revealed here in membrane organization, SPs, transport and regulatory systems all suggest that the detailed organization and regulation of degradative enzymes differs in this group of Gram-positive bacteria from that in Bacteroides spp. It is also apparent that these features may differ substantially in a second family of Firmicutes that is highly abundant in the human colon, i.e. the Ruminococcaceae (Wegmann et al., 2014; Ben David et al., 2015; Ze et al., 2015).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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257,587 |
It is unknown if there are regional or geographical variations in the conceptualization of the term self-management. The existing definition and conceptualization of self-management varied depending on several attributes, such as the primary focus of the intervention, its process and outcomes, and the roles and responsibilities of both the patients and the providers [26, 32, 35].
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
280,778 |
This study has a few limitations. The first is the relatively low number of children for each type of alternative kindergarten and their disproportionality to respondents in traditional kindergartens. In fact, the low numbers of respondents in the groups may affect the evaluation of the significance of the differences between the groups, and the negative effect of outliers may skew the scores of the entire group. However, the actual proportion of respondents within each kindergarten is broadly consistent with the actual distribution of children within preschool education.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
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304,107 |
The integration of RSA Meta-QTLs analysis with transcriptome profiling may assist in generating a more reliable list of potential candidate genes involved in RSA. Meta-analysis of QTLs is a powerful statistical technique for reducing the confidence interval of QTL position through refining and confirming QTL positions on a consensus map via mathematical models. In Meta-QTL analysis, a number of independent QTL studies performed across different genetic backgrounds and environments are combined to determine the number of true QTLs enabling researchers to reduce the intervals and the number of candidate genes (Coudert et al., 2010; Comas et al., 2013; Daryani et al., 2021).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
35,040 |
Conformational analysis of integrin based on the 2D hybrid analysis. (A) Illustration of axes used for calculating characteristic angles of atomic model of integrin. The first principal axes of inertia of five components (head, thigh, upper leg, calf, and lower leg) are indicated by arrows of different colors (head, green; thigh, blue; upper leg, red; calf, cyan; and lower leg, magenta). In addition, the yellow arrow connects the “knees” of the two chains. (B) Scattergram of conformations. A sphere is drawn at the position defined by the three characteristic angles of each conformation. The radius of the sphere is proportional to the number of times the conformation was observed (c p n r). Red spheres are for integrins in Ca2+ solution, and blue spheres are for those in Mn2+ solutions. (C) Projection of scattergram of (B) to the plane formed by the extending and swing-out angles. (D) Conformational pathway deduced from distribution of conformations. The bent conformation (the left end) is extended halfway (the second). Then, the swing-out deformation occurs (the third). Finally, the conformation is extended fully (the right end).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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294,710 |
We performed Kruskal–Wallis tests to determine which methods produced the most disparate results. These analyses were done only at the level of ROI means. For event durations, we found that out of 66 pairwise comparisons, 59 differed significantly from each other in both saline and cocaine self-administration conditions, and those methods that were not statistically different from each other were identical for the saline and cocaine datasets (Supplementary Table 1). Similar to event durations, event frequency data varied significantly across most methods. Out of eight methods that produced similar results in the saline group and seven methods that produced similar results in the cocaine group, five were shared between groups (Supplementary Table 2). The differences in amplitude of detected events were also significant across most of the methods and 12 comparisons that did not reach significance were shared between the saline and cocaine groups (Supplementary Table 3).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
10,341 |
Streptomyces coelicolor is an actinobacterial model organism that inhabits soil. Streptomycetes produce a diverse array of antibiotics and bio-modulatory molecules, and are equipped with equally diverse mechanisms to sense and respond to these metabolites that are produced endogenously or exogenously (Bentley et al., 2002; Hopwood, 2007). Several sensor-regulators that respond to RACs have been elucidated in S. coelicolor (den Hengst and Buttner, 2008). They include SoxR, which senses RACs directly through oxidation of its [2Fe–2S] cluster (Singh et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2015), OxyR and CatR that sense peroxides (Hahn et al., 2000, 2002), OhrR that senses organic peroxides (Oh et al., 2007), Rex that senses NADH/NAD+ (Brekasis and Paget, 2003), [4Fe–4S]-containing NsrR that senses nitric oxide (Tucker et al., 2008; Crack et al., 2015), and the Zn-containing anti-sigma factor RsrA that senses RES through zinc-coordinating cysteine residues (Kang et al., 1999; Park and Roe, 2008; Rajasekar et al., 2016). In response to each triggering compound, these sensor-regulators induce a few to 100s of genes to defend cells against the damaging effects of the compounds. For example, activated (oxidized) SoxR induces several genes that may function in export and redox modifications (Dietrich et al., 2008; Dela Cruz et al., 2010; Shin et al., 2011; Naseer et al., 2014). Oxidized CatR, an ortholog of PerR from Bacillus subtilis (Lee and Helmann, 2006), derepresses the catA gene encoding a catalase (Hahn et al., 2000). Upon oxidation, RsrA dissociates from its binding partner SigR (Kang et al., 1999), which then induces more than 100 direct target genes related with thiol reduction, thiol synthesis, recycling of the small thiol molecule mycothiol (MSH), and protein quality control (Kim et al., 2012). Mycothiol, the functional equivalent of glutathione in actinobacteria as bacillithiol in firmicutes, maintains thiol redox homeostasis and detoxifies reactive electrophiles (Newton et al., 2008; Park and Roe, 2008; Gaballa et al., 2010).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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244,169 |
The current paper aims to serve as a guide for developmental researchers seeking information about online data collection, with a focus on using video-chat software for moderated (synchronous) data collection. We begin by explaining how moderated methods differ from unmoderated (asynchronous) methods, including their relative advantages and disadvantages. Next, we describe recommended practices and approaches for designing online developmental studies conducted via moderated sessions. In particular, we provide guidelines for implementing two broad classes of measures: forced choice for young children and looking time for infants. To examine the validity of moderated online methods, we present four sets of studies conducted both in person and online that utilize these measures as well as a meta-analysis that compares results from both data collection methods across the four sets of studies. Finally, we discuss the limitations and potential of moderated online data collection as a viable research method that will continue to shape developmental psychology.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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230,501 |
A set of items were additionally administered to investigate the individual attitudes about uncertainty, including: the level of risk perception (i) before (prior to March 2020) and (ii) during the lockdown period (9 March–3 May, 2020); the level of confidence (iii) in the future and (iv) in the perceived effectiveness of the containment measures. A comprehensive list of the survey items is provided in Appendix A. Responses to the items were provided on a 10-point Likert scale.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
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320,957 |
Several lines of evidence indicate that like HIV-1 (or its component proteins) and the use of meth, some ARVs used in cART can also induce oxidative and ER stress, compromise neuronal energy homeostasis, and trigger structural neuronal damage. In addition, the neurotoxic effects of individual viral proteins have been demonstrated in several publications. Many of these studies focussed on the viral proteins involved in diverse experimental systems, and as such, have shown that gp120, Vpr, Tat, and Nef can evoke neurotoxic effects to subsequently trigger numerous molecular pathways, likely contributing to neurodegeneration. Thus, the possible interaction of multiple HIV-1 proteins in this context would dramatically increase the complexity of the pathogenic cascades implicated in this pathogenesis. At the cellular level, neuronal synaptic regions can also be attacked by the excitotoxicity caused by the direct stimulation of neurons, reactive microglia, and astrocytes, therefore contributing to the coordinated processes of synaptic degeneration. Direct and indirect mechanisms of toxicity add to the damage in some neuronal sub-populations, resulting in neurocognitive deterioration.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
62,130 |
Since principal components incorporate contributions from all threshold measures, there is a possibility that a latent variable created by projecting all thresholds into a principal component would be a better predictor of the chance of failing condition 4 than using only the roll 0.2 Hz threshold. To evaluate this, we performed a logistic regression using latent variables created using the first and second principal components. For unadjusted, log-transformed thresholds, we found that the first component alone had a statistically significant relationship with the chance of failing condition 4 (p = 0.013), while age (p = 0.12) and the second component (p = 0.77) did not. Interestingly, a model that included only the first principal component (BIC 85.2) provided a similar fit quality to age + roll tilt 0.2 Hz thresholds (BIC 85.4), and slightly better fit quality than roll tilt 0.2 Hz thresholds alone (BIC 88.0) or age + first component (BIC 86.9). These results suggest that the first principal component includes both vestibular and age effects. We performed a similar analysis for age-adjusted, log-transformed thresholds. We found that age (p = 0.00033) and the first component (p = 0.010) had a statistically significant relationship with the chance of failing condition 4, while the second component (p = 0.65) did not. In this case, a model that included age + first component (BIC 86.1) provided a similar fit quality to age + roll tilt 0.2 Hz thresholds (BIC 84.9), and a better fit quality than the first component alone (BIC 99.8).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
87,374 |
Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were performed using the JC-1 fluorescent dye by fluorescence microscopy (Invitrogen, Oregon, USA). JC-1 accumulates within the mitochondria and forms aggregates that emit red-orange fluorescence (Ex: 550/Em: 600 nm). When the Ψm is dissipated, cells emit green fluorescence (Ex: 485/Em: 535 nm). Briefly, ECs and HTR-8/SVneo cells were cultured in 24-well plates at densities of 5.0 × 104 cells/well. Treatments with sFlt-1 or serum were applied for 24 h. Then, cells were washed twice with sterile Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) at 37°C, followed by incubation with 5 μM of JC-1 in culture media for 30 min at 37°C, protected from light. The red/green fluorescence was evaluated using a Nikon Eclipse Ti-S inverted microscope and NiS Elements software.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
374,506 |
Average waist circumferences also differed across tertiles based on factor scores, as revealed in Table 4. With all the covariates controlled, waist circumferences were significantly larger for those in the 1st tertile, representing low adherence to the bean intake dietary pattern, compared to the other two tertiles (F = 4.5, P=0.0118).
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
21,348 |
The cancer stem cell hypothesis is based on the observation that not all cells in tumors are equal . It proposes that there is a small subpopulation of cells within a heterogeneous tumor that are responsible for forming the bulk of the tumor [12, 13]. These cells are similar to normal stem cells and may arise from the transformation of stem cells or the dedifferentiation of nonstem cells . The common consensus is that they are able to self-renew and differentiate into all of the cells within a tumor . The first evidence of the existence of CSCs was reported in hematological malignancies , with these cells being characterized as the CD34+CD38− fraction . CSCs have now been isolated from various human solid tumors, including bone sarcomas . The first demonstration of the existence of bone sarcoma stem cells was achieved by Gibbs et al. in 2005, who showed that osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma cells include a subpopulation of cells that are capable of growing in spheres and have the properties of self-renewability and multipotency . Thereafter, several CSC markers that are common to other malignant diseases as well as unique to bone sarcomas have been identified (Figure 1). Recent investigation has focused on the molecular mechanisms underlying bone sarcoma stem cells and therapeutic testing using preclinical models.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
340,008 |
Infection screening results of inpatients should be checked immediately after the patient enters the ward. Repeated preoperative CT examination, SARS-CoV-2 (RNA) detection, and blood routine examination after hospital admission are also recommended by some experts. c)Arrange a single room for every patient if possible
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
208,973 |
siRNA and ASO oligos were designed and synthesized from Ribobio (Guangzhou, China). In each case, cells were plated at about 40% confluence before transfection. 20μM oligos were used for transient transfections into cells with Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen) for 48h. The knockdown efficiency was validated with RT-qPCR. The sequences of siRNA and ASO are listed in Supplementary Table S3.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
66,313 |
To assess the socioeconomic status, we used two indicators: whether the patient stayed in subsidized ward class during index admission and whether the patient was assisted by Medifund. In Singapore, hospitals use means testing to evaluate the patient’s eligibility for subsidized wards. It is based on patients’ income or the annual value of their residence. The government aims to share the limited subsidies to all Singaporeans in a fair manner by providing more subsidies to people with lower socioeconomic status. Additionally, those patients who are still unable to afford their healthcare bills after receiving government subsidies and other means of payments including insurance may apply for Medifund assistance. Medifund is a safety net uniquely provided by Singapore government to help patients with special financial difficulties . The actual amount of assistance also depends on the patient’s socioeconomic status.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
223,003 |
The hair number was unaffected by breed (p = 0.70) and environment (p = 0.80). The hair of Girolando cows was longer (0.14 mm) than Gyr cows (p = 0.01). However, length did not differ between treatments (p = 0.36). Skin (p = 0.78) and coat (p = 0.56) color were not different between environments. Gyr coat color (a = red color intensity) was 2.2 times higher than Girolando (p = 0.01) (Table 2).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
96,078 |
Box plots of PC weightings for samples. Boxes showing 25th and 75th percentiles, whiskers extend to data extremes (not including outliers), red crosses represent outliers and notches illustrate medians with 5% significance indicated if their intervals (extremes of notches) do not overlap. Principal component weighting coefficient F-statistic (ratio of mean squares) and P-values for samples in one-way ANOVA test. Outliers identified in PC 3 plotted at bottom right.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
218,876 |
We deploy the PARSE dataset for qualitative performance evaluation of our proposed system on the in-the-wild real images, as described earlier in Section 4.1. In order to estimate 2D joint locations from the given in-the-wild real image, we utilize an off-the-shelf 2D part-detector method that detects an overall 2D skeleton from the given image, while other approaches label the 2D joint positions manually. In our case, the 2D part-detector approach yields a more noisy 2D skeleton from in-the-wild real images comparatively. A few qualitative reconstruction results of our proposed system are shown in Figure 13. These results demonstrate that even with noisy 2D estimated joint positions, our methodology produces very plausible 3D reconstruction poses.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
348,597 |
Figure 6 showed FE-SEM images of the fractured surfaces of PANDB synthesized in xylene under different reaction times. The left images (Figure 6a,c,e,g,i) were taken under a low magnification (×1000) and the right ones (Figure 6b,d,f,h,j) were taken at a high magnification (×5000). Comparing the FE-SEM images at small magnification (×1000), the morphologies of fractured surfaces of PANDB synthesized at different reaction time were all similar. However, the amount of needle-like particles in the product was increased as the reaction time was increased. The optimized amount was observed when the reaction time was 24 h, as shown Figure 6e. Meanwhile, the same phenomenon was observed when the large magnification (×5000) was adopted, as shown in Figure 6f. Furthermore, in Figure 6a,b, the morphologies of fractured surfaces of PANDB synthesized at 6 h did not show an obvious needle-like shape. At the same time, it could be found when the reaction time was 36 h as shown in Figure 6h, and 48 h as shown in Figure 6j, the needle-like particles were tended to be decreased by comparing with those at 24 h.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
312,722 |
Se-doping combined with fabrication of nanofoam morphology leads to massive generation of edges. High resolution TEM (HRTEM) images show that the Se-MoS2-NF possesses abundant edges compared with the MoS2 nanofoam (MoS2-NF) and few-layer MoS2 (MoS2-FL) (Fig. 1c and Supplementary Fig. 5). The clear crystal lattice fringes with an interplanar spacing of 0.66 nm denotes the (002) planes of the 2H phase of MoS2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Fig. 1d) characterizations show that a new doublet peak arises at around 164.9 and 163.7 eV for the Se-MoS2-NF and MoS2-NF samples, which can be assigned to the bridging disulfide (S22−) ligands at the edges34–37. This confirms that establishing a nanofoam morphology is favorable for the formation of more edges. In addition, the S22− content of 23% in the Se-MoS2-NF sample obtained from the peak area is higher than that of 18% in the MoS2-NF, thus implying that Se-doping further promotes the edge formation. This is also reflected by the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy of the Mo K-edge of these samples, which exhibits reduced Mo–Mo coordination of the Se-MoS2-NF compared with those of the MoS2-NF and MoS2-FL (Fig. 1e), thus indicating a decreased lateral sizes and increased exposure of edges in the Se-MoS2-NF21,26,38. DFT calculations also show that Se-saturated edge is more stable than S-saturated edge by 0.16 eV per Se replacing a S atom (Fig. 1f). These results demonstrate that Se-doping can promote the formation of abundant edges via stabilizing the edges. The Se-dopants were directly observed in the atomic-resolution high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) images of the Se-MoS2-NF, showing the homogeneous dispersion of the confined Se atoms in the basal plane and at the edge of the Se-MoS2-NF (Fig. 1g). The magnified image in Fig. 1h clearly illustrates that the S atoms are substituted by the Se atoms in accordance with the simulated image of the atomic model.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
174,363 |
To explore the protective effect of CAT on intestinal I/R in vivo, the mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (Fig. S2E). (1) Sham group; (2) Sham + CAT group: the mice were intraperitoneally injected with 2 mg/kg CAT (Alomone Labs, Shanghai, China) for 4 hours; (3) I/R group; (4) I/R + CAT group: the mice were intraperitoneally injected with 2 mg/kg CAT 1 hour before intestinal I/R in mice. To explore the protective effect of CAT on intestinal I/R in vitro, the organoids were randomly divided into 4 groups (Fig. S2F). (1) NC group; (2) NC + CAT group: 100 μM CAT was added to the organoids for 17 hours; (3) H/R group; (4) H/R + CAT group: 100 μM CAT was added to the organoids 1 hour before H/R.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
360,743 |
A main finding of this study is that BNH children were less likely than their WNH counterparts to be EI-referred. While the reasons behind racial differences in EI referral are not explored in this study, these disparities in access have been reported . A recent systematic review of such research suggests that racial differences in care stem, in part, from differences in provider behavior. Providers tend to dismiss parental developmental concerns and abnormal developmental screening results and attribute them to social rather than clinical risk for BNH families compared to WNH, which could translate to fewer EI referrals.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
245,375 |
Recording for the first four hours (including the hour in which sunset occurred) per night had only a slightly lower nightly detection probability than sampling for 12 h per night, but the greatest cost-effectiveness for processing of recordings in both seasons (Table 3). When recording for four hours per night, an estimated total of 48 h of recording is required in spring/summer (i.e., 12 nights with four hours per night), and 24 h is required in autumn/winter (i.e., six nights with four hours per night) to be 95% confident of a site-specific absence of Yellow-bellied Gliders.
| 3 | 2other
| 0Study
|
158,893 |
Although concentration values for all proteins were within the range described elsewhere , there were some differences between our study and others concerning the potential of different chitinases as biomakers for ALS. This was probably due to the number and subject characteristics of the control group with other diseases, since some of the controls may also exhibit chitinases induction. For example, in multiple sclerosis, an increase in CHIT1 has been reported in the literature , which is in agreement with our findings. Therefore, besides testing larger independent cohorts of ALS and control patients, it would also be relevant to analyze additional control groups (e.g., healthy controls).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
40,639 |
When compared to the tensile strength of the natural human cornea, reported to be around 3.8 MPa (Zeng et al. 2001), sericin-based membranes cannot compete, and even fibroin is less strong. However, the values of Young’s moduli for BMSF, BMSS, or blends are higher than those reported (Hjortdal 1996) for the human cornea (9 MPa for meridional loading and 13 MPa for circumferential loading). The potential ways to improve the mechanical properties of BMSS include chemical crosslinking, mild processing conditions to prevent degradation, or blending with other macromolecular materials. To achieve these aims, work is in progress in our laboratories.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
173,959 |
Hydrocephalus was determined when the ventricular volume increased more than +3 SD above the mean in sham rats. The frequency of hydrocephalus was significantly greater in LCR (71%; 10/14) than in HCR rats (21%; 3/14; p < 0.05, Figure 1D). In LCR rats, SAH induced apparent ventricular enlargement at 24 h (26.0 ± 12.3 mm3; n = 14) compared with HCR rats (12.8 ± 4.9 mm3; n = 14; p < 0.01, Figure 2A,B). In addition, the percentage of damaged ventricular wall was higher in LCR rats (8.3 ± 2.7%; n = 7) than in HCR rats (1.03 ± 0.6%; n = 7; p < 0.01, Figure 2C,D).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
332,140 |
2. Do the authors have any way to differentiate which isolates came from Venezuelan immigrants and refugees? Minus the isolates from this city and this department, the total Colombia burden drops almost in half. So it is critical to attempt to ascertain how many of the typhoid cases derive from the Venezuelan refugee crisis.
| 1 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
323,495 |
Applying the survey definitions of prevalent cases, 35 definite cases and 5 probable cases were identified. Of the 40 survey cases, 27 (68%) were smear-positive TB and 13 (32%) smear negative TB. Three-quarter (30/40) of the survey cases were male and male cases were predominant in in each age groups [Fig 2].
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
23,653 |
As in multiple other cancers, the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab has been evaluated for clinical efficacy. In CheckMate 142, Nivolumab 3 mg/kg q2week was combined with ipilimumab 1 mg/kg q3 week × 4 doses, and followed by nivolumab monotherapy . Thirty patients were initially enrolled, with 27 patients evaluable at the interim analysis. Here, nine (33%) patients achieved objective response, with 14 (52%) achieving stable disease, for a disease control rate of 85%. Because follow-up remains limited and the kinetics of ipilimumab responses can be considerably slower, mature data will be extremely important for evaluation of these two approaches. At this point, the combinatorial approach would seem to offer a higher likelihood of disease control, but only slightly greater probability of response. This comes at the cost of substantially more grade 3/4 immunologic adverse events (AEs). In any case, no firm conclusions can be drawn at present.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
6,728 |
Disease onset and clinical presentation. Studies reported different proportions of preterm infants (<37 weeks) among late-onset cases: 49% in the United States 38, 25% in South Africa 24, and 14% in Malawi 22, suggesting this proportion may be lower in LMIC than in high-income countries. A study from Italy showed that term infants develop disease earlier (median 23 days, interquartile range [IQR] 15–42) compared to preterm infants (median 39 days, IQR 28–58) 46.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
29,324 |
The PD-1/PD-L1 axis has also shown to be a potential target in tumor tissues (Topalian et al., 2012; Dovedi et al., 2014; Derer et al., 2016). PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab demonstrated extended survival or maintenance of response in patients with advanced melanoma (Topalian et al., 2014). Objective responses produced by anti-PD-1 antibody were observed in ~20–25% patients with NSCLC, melanoma, or renal-cell cancer (Topalian et al., 2012; Taube et al., 2014; Wolchok, 2015). Besides, association between anticancer treatment response and pre-treatment tumor PD-L1 expression has been observed in early clinical trials (Harshman et al., 2014; Sharon et al., 2014). But initially it can only be achieved when combined with certain vaccine (Larkin et al., 2015). In September 2016, the United States granted anti-PD-1 drug, pembrolizumab as treatment in metastatic melanoma after standard of care treatment (Robert et al., 2015). Besides, Ansell et al. showed that nivolumab achieved considerably encouraging objective response rate (87%) in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. Furthermore, therapeutic targeting of CTLA-4 or PD-1 was also proved to achieve durable tumor regression in NSCLC, bladder cancer, and renal cell carcinoma (Domingues et al., 2014; Kyi and Postow, 2014; Roth et al., 2016).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
324,806 |
To elucidate the yeast-to-hyphal transition mechanism in C. albicans, various hyphal induction conditions were investigated. Numerous host-related environmental factors, including mammalian physiological temperature (37°C), CO2, neutral-alkaline pH, serum, N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), nitrogen starvation, and a discrete set of amino acids have been shown to be involved in the transition mechanism [6, 11–21]. In addition, incubation at 37°C in yeast, peptone, and dextrose (YPD) medium plus serum, YPD medium plus GlcNAc, Spider medium, Lee's medium, and RPMI-1640 medium have been used as common experimental conditions for inducing hyphal formation in C. albicans [6, 11–21]. However, these conditions include excessive complexity, such as carbohydrates, peptides, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and/or buffer components as well as hyphal inducers, such as amino acids, GlcNAc, and serum. Therefore, in addition to hyphal inducers, these supplemental components may complement or play an important role in hyphal induction and elongation.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
76,704 |
GPR55 mRNA was detected in all the regions tested (Fig. 6). The overall expression was lower compared with other endocannabinoid-related targets. Within the RVM, GPR55 mRNA peaked at P21, which again echoes the theme that P21 is a critical time point when developmentally regulated changes occur. In this study, immunohistochemical localisation of GPR55 receptors was attempted but because of technical reasons was unsuccessful. Validation of the quantification of the mRNA levels of CB2 and GPR55 receptors was attempted with immunohistochemistry as part of this wide-ranging study. However, it was impossible for us to validate the specificity of the antibodies against their respective targets, and therefore, these data are not presented in this article.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
57,057 |
Two weeks after the admission of the index case, two of the HCWs belonging to tertiary cases presented during the night to the ED where they stayed for nearly 10 hours. An additional 15 cases could be traced following this single exposure window, namely seven HCWs, two support workers, three relatives of theirs and three visitors to the ED during the time the two HCWs were present. One more community case was related to contact outside hospital with one of the tertiary HCW cases.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
77,284 |
To date, qualitative and quantitative approaches have been used to assess paraspinal muscle composition (e.g. fatty infiltration). Qualitative approaches involve the use of visual grading schemes to assess the degree of paraspinal muscle fatty infiltration on MR images. Recently, the reliability of measurements of lumbar multifidus fatty infiltration, using the Goutallier classification system (GCS) (0–4 grading scale) , which was initially developed to assess fatty degeneration in rotator cuff injuries, was assessed. Although such studies have reported good intra-rater (ICC or kappa 0.71–0.93) [8–10] and inter-rater reliability (ICC or kappa 0.58–0.85) [8–10], these methods do not provide precise measurement and are not suitable to evaluate changes over time. On the other hand, quantitative MRI measurements of paraspinal muscle composition are achieved by segregating pixels within the selected muscle region of interest that are thought to represent fat, using a manual segmentation or threshold method. As the signal intensity of each pixel from an MR image can be assigned a grey scale value, various thresholding techniques using different software applications have been used to quantify paraspinal muscle composition. Though highly reliable [11, 12], manual thresholding techniques are time consuming and not always feasible in clinical and some research settings, and the use of proprietary image analysis software and insufficient descriptions of measurement protocols hinder replication of results by others. As homogeneous tissue may have varying signal intensities (e.g. intensity bias) between subjects and within the same subject on different scan slices due to MR field inhomogeneity , the threshold limit representing lean muscle tissue needs to be identified for each subject and scan slice, making segmentation a time-consuming and complex task. The tedious and rater-dependent nature of such manual thresholding techniques for paraspinal muscle composition assessment provides the impetus for the development of automated or semi-automated segmentation methods. Although, automated and sophisticated methods have been successfully implemented in MR image tissue segmentation of different anatomical structures including the brain, liver, heart [13–16], as well as the quantification of thigh muscle and adipose tissue , we are aware of only one recently developed semi-automated interactive tool for the assessment of paraspinal muscle composition . The threshold values in the interactive segmentation technique, however, are based on visual inspection and, therefore, remain rater-dependent.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
146,523 |
The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment scatter plot among pairwise comparison of Diamondback moth (DBM) strains. The horizontal axis represents the rich path plotted and horizontal axis represents path factor corresponding to rich factor. The size of p-value is represented by the color of the point. The numbers of genes in each pathway are expressed by the size of the point.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
192,524 |
In the traditional modeling method, articular cartilage is obtained by dividing solid elements between two hard bones. In the biomechanical modeling of the ankle in this model, Niu et al. first proposed the concept of adaptive closed-shell structure and applied it to plantar soft tissue modeling, which skillfully solved many problems existing in the field of finite element modeling of biological tissues. Because the thickness of knee cartilage is limited, its thickness is much smaller than that of other dimensions, so the application of solid element division will inevitably produce a large number of deformed elements, resulting in large calculation errors. The original image in the DICOM format obtained by CT scanning is preprocessed in Mimics without any format conversion, which avoids the loss of information, saves a lot of time, and reduces the workload. The definition of threshold 0 is used to complete the extraction of bone contour and realize automation. And the modeling speed and accuracy are improved. The effective solution before is to use entity units whose dimensions in one dimension of a single layer are much smaller than those in the other two dimensions for division. The thickness of cartilage in different positions was simulated by the size of the unit. This method is similar to the shell element in essence, but it is technically difficult to realize the simulation of tissue thickness by controlling the size of the solid element. In addition, the nodes on the edge have no adaptive function. In this model, the shell element is used to simulate the geometric features of cartilage, so as to achieve the surface effect with high matching degree. The simulation of cartilage thickness is completed by a compatible rod element, and the closed mechanical system is generated by the adaptive rod element at the edge of the shell structure, and no new nodes are generated between the compatible rod element and adaptive rod element, which improves the calculation efficiency. The weaving technology of the adaptive rod unit needs good mechanical insight and sensitivity [5, 19].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
263,109 |
Anatomical images were acquired on a GE 3T Signa scanner with an 8-channel head coil at Michigan State University. In each scan session, a whole brain three-dimensional inversion recovery fast spoiled gradient-recalled T1-weighted images with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) suppressed was obtained using the following parameters: time of echo = 3.8 ms, time of repetition of acquisition = 8.6 ms, time of inversion = 831 ms, repetition time of inversion = 2,332 ms, flip angle = 8°, and receiver bandwidth = 620.8 kHz. For voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis, we used the optimized procedure proposed by Good et al. (2001). In summary, anatomical images were first segmented into different tissue partitions (Ashburner & Friston, 2005). Gray and white matter images were nonlinearly registered to a Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) template using a diffeomorphic image registration algorithm (DARTEL) (Ashburner, 2007).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
47,809 |
Bed net ownership was nearly universal, with 99.5% of 1492 households reported owning at least one net of any type. However, only 70.5% of households reported owning at least one pre-treated net, and a slight majority (53.0%) of households had at least one treated net for every two residents. A total of 22 people (0.43%; 95% CI 95% CI 0.27–0.7) had a fever (temperature ≥ 37.5 °C) at survey; 21.0% of households reported having any fever within previous 2 weeks; and five households (0.33%) reported having a parasitologically-confirmed malaria case within the 2-week period prior to survey.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
22,136 |
The corrosion monitoring systems consists of two separate systems, namely, the AE corrosion monitoring system and the FBG strain monitoring system. The layout of these two systems are depicted in Figure 3. The AE instrumentation made up of AE transducers, preamplifiers and an AE system (Micro-ΙΙ Digital AE System, Physical Acoustic Corp. (PAC), Princeton Junction, NJ, USA). The transducers used were R15 type, which resonate at 150 kHz. The sampling frequency for the recording waveforms was 5 MHz. The threshold level was set at 40 dB, which is sensitive enough to capture corrosion induced signal while allowing the acquisition of all the significant data. The waveforms was amplified with 40 dB gain by a preamplifier. The AE waveforms and parameters, such as events, hits, counts, energy and duration, were recorded on the computer, and can be exported as ASCII files for further processing.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
134,177 |
Although earlier studies showed that most patients with HP-negative gastric MALT lymphoma lacked tumor remission after receiving antibiotic treatment , several case series reported that some patients with HP-negative MALT lymphoma were responsive to first-line HPE treatment (Table 1). In a pooled analysis of 110 patients obtained from 11 studies in which HP-negative status was confirmed by at least three negative HP examinations, Zullo et al. revealed a CR rate of 15.5% (17/110) for HP-negative gastric MALT lymphoma with HPE . In contrast, Raderer et al. reported that the CR rate of first-line HPE for treating HP-negative gastric MALT lymphoma was 38.5% (5/13) . In their study, most patients achieved CR within 9 months after HPE, except one patient who achieved partial remission (PR) at 23 months and subsequently achieved CR at 36 months after HPE (Table 1) . Furthermore, three series with more than 15 patients with HP-negative gastric MALT lymphoma showed that first-line HPE resulted in CR rates of 29.4% (5/17) , 57.1% (16/28, the median time to CR was 11.5 months [range 10.0 to 22.3]) , and 23.1% (6/26, the median time to CR was 2 months [range 1–6]) , respectively (Table 1). Our findings revealed that among 25 patients with HP-negative gastric MALT lymphoma whose HP was negative for all histologic examination, rapid urease test, C13 breath test, and serology examination, eight patients (32%) achieved CR, and the median time to CR was 7 months (range, 1–24 months) for these responders after first-line HPE (Table 1) .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
197,417 |
Impaired recognition of tumor cells is associated with the loss of or decreased HLA expression . This mechanism, which has been described in various solid tumors, could be related to genomic alterations of HLA genes, phenotypic alterations of HLA molecules, or changes in other elements involved in the antigenic presentation machinery. Toffalori et al. elegantly reported an immunological signature of relapse associated with a loss of HLA expression in AML patients . In leukemic patients, the decreased expression of HLA class I molecules may depend on the loci, alleles, tissues, or cells, and it impacts different HLA molecules, leading to a loss of HLA heterozygosity or a complete HLA haplotype loss . The nature of HLA class I downregulation also varies depending on the origin of the leukemia . The decrease in HLA expression occurs most frequently at the time of relapse, thus constituting a potential immunological signature . In 2009, after haplo-identical HLA HSCT, Vago et al. reported a loss of the mismatched HLA haplotype in one-third of the patients (mostly with AML) who relapsed . In a collaborative study, at the time of diagnosis of AML patients, we reported a loss of heterozygosity in the complete HLA region in half of the patients, as well as the loss of the HLA-A, -B, and -C genes—or only the HLA-A gene—in the remaining patients .
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
127,815 |
We tested the activation of NK cells co-cultured with autologous BDCs. Co-cultivation with nonactivated BDCs resulted in an increased frequency of CD69-expressing NK cells compared to controls with only NK cells (70.7 ± 6.1 vs. 41.6 ± 7.9%). Addition of R848 + poly(I:C)-activated BDCs led to CD69 expression by almost all NK cells (99.1 ± 0.2%; p < 0.001) at very high levels (Fig. 5c, d). Similarly, TLR-activated BDCs resulted in a significant increase of IFN-γ secretion by NK cells compared to nonactivated BDCs (4.5 × 102 ± 1.7 × 102 vs. 1.6 ± 1.3 pg/mL; p = 0.019) (Fig. 5e).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
194,511 |
The following are the definition of the basic notations used. XR and XN are the the random variables for continuous primary endpoint in the active control group (reference) and new intervention group (new group), respectively.nR and nN are the the sample sizes for the active control group and new group, respectively.μR and μN are the the means of continuous primary endpoint for the active group and new group, respectively.\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}${\sigma }^{2}_{R}$\end{document}σR2 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}${\sigma }^{2}_{N}$\end{document}σN2 are the the variances of continuous primary endpoint for the active group and new group respectively.ΔL(μR) is the non-inferiority margin, and Δ=μN−μR is the difference of true means.H0 and H1 are the null and alternative hypotheses, respectively.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
8,486 |
Less than 24% of the women showed inflammation-adjusted RBP <1.17 μmol/L at enrollment in pregnancy. Research suggests that the bioavailability of pro-VA and bioconversion efficiency are influenced by VA status (40–42). Traditional cooking methods have limited effects on carotenoid retention (16, 43, 44); however, if pro-VA–rich foods are consumed with inadequate fat or excessive fiber, the efficiency of bioconversion is reduced (40, 44–47). In a population with a relatively low prevalence of insufficiency, the potential combination of insufficient exposure time coupled with traditional diets low in fat and high in fiber may mute the capacity for OFSP to affect indicators of VA status, despite increased VA intakes.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
36,421 |
Experiments with uniaxial tension and biaxial tension (realized as uniaxial strain test, also called “strip biaxial”; ) were performed on the same tensile test machine. In the uniaxial strain test, lateral contraction of the specimen is constrained, leading to stresses in the direction perpendicular to the loading axis, thus subjecting the sample to a biaxial state of tension. Test piece dimensions were selected to generate a free area of 30 mm × 15 mm (uniaxial) and 50 mm × 15 mm (biaxial). Each specimen was loaded to a maximum of 30% nominal strain (loading rate ~10−3s−1) and unloaded back to a pre-force threshold of 0.01 N for 10 cycles.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
167,136 |
When smallpox vaccination was introduced about 200 years ago and up to its discontinuation in 1980, positive side effects were noted by physicians, such as protection against measles, scarlet fever, and whooping cough . Investigation of these observations led to evidence in 1956 of the ‘ring zone phenomenon’, i.e., the production of soluble antivirals in infected chicken embryos and cell cultures. With the help of modern immunological and bioengineering methods, it was later possible to demonstrate that these effects are based on the activation of lymphoreticular cells and the regulatory effect of certain cytokines within the context of the nonspecific immune system . In recent years, it has become evident that cells of the innate immunity may be primed upon encounter with certain pathogens or molecular patterns associated to pathogens, thereby acquiring a higher resistance to a second infection against the same or unrelated pathogens . This concept, known as ‘trained immunity’, gives rise to the development of trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbV), defined as vaccine formulations that induce training in innate immune cells, and the use of nonspecific immunostimulants as ‘trained immunity’ inducers . TIbV could be used during viral outbreaks to confer nonspecific protection as well as to enhance adaptive specific immune responses. Moreover, the ability of TIbV to promote responses beyond their nominal antigens may be useful when conventional vaccines are not available or when multiple co-infections and/or recurrent infections occur in susceptible individuals . Several drugs used in cancer therapy (e.g., BCG-vaccine, mifamurtide) have recently been shown to be able to elicit an enhanced immune response in monocytes after nonspecific restimulation . Interestingly, in vitro and animal studies showed that fungal beta-glucans are also able to elicit trained immunity through activation of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) dectin-1 . It has been speculated that the increased expression of certain PRRs in innate trained cells, as well as the release of typical innate immunity cytokines, such as IL-1β, contribute to enhance adaptive T-cell responses . The pharmaceutical application of beta-glucans has been carried out within TCM for decades, but until now, this concept is largely unknown in Western medicine. The new insights and developments in trained immunity may lead to the possible application of these drugs and fungal beta-glucans as NSIs and/or adjuvants in TIbV in Western medicine. The following sections discuss, in detail, the currently available evidence from clinical intervention studies in humans investigating nonspecific immunity. Subsequently, the pharmaceutical application of fungal glucans in Western medicine and the substantiation of the required evidence for this are discussed.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
28,410 |
This gap analysis resulted in the development of individualized planning for each region and district, unlike in previous years where sub-national plans were very similar to each other since they were developed from a common template. It also garnered teamwork spirit and togetherness because teams now have to sit together and use various BNA tools to develop their plans as well as creating ownership by regions of their plans. This is because regions and districts used their own data to develop their plans unlike previous planning sessions where standardized templates were handed down for use.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
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