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235,953 |
As pointed out above, our project comprised not only numerical modeling and simulation but also laboratory measurements. Utilizing the obtained data and knowledge, we set up an optimization procedure based on the Nelder–Mead algorithm; the input is the vector of measured voltages in a real-world tomograph, and the output consists of the approximate value of one or more required parameters (shape deformation of the domain, electrode placement, and initial conductivity). Principally, the actual procedure involves verifying the physical model of the tomograph via computing an FEM-based numerical model, in such a manner that we obtain the best possible match between the resulting vectors of simulated and measured voltages. The optimization was implemented with the EIDORS library and the relevant Matlab toolbox, the aim being to correlate the numerical model and the real-world measurements. The entire set of tasks has been designed to improve the image reconstruction accuracy and to reduce the artifacts. In more general terms, this article contributes to the state of the art by introducing a novel approach to optimize the parameters of the mathematical model, such as the initial conductivity, electrode positions, and domain shape deformations; importantly, the entire procedure is supported by the measurement of the physical model. The research comprises, above all, laboratory experiments and their analysis to improve the applicability of the tomography in the real-world monitoring of large-sized objects. We assume broader and deeper cooperation with the Department of Water Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology; in this context, the optimized mathematical model will be employed in monitoring the functionality of dams and predicting their material composition.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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389,758 |
In our previous study, a Nb-Si-based alloy consisting of NbSS, Nb5Si3 and Cr2Nb showed acceptable high-temperature oxidation resistance , but its intermediate-temperature oxidation resistance was unclear. In this study, it was selected as the base alloy. Furthermore, to enhance both intermediate- and high-temperature oxidation resistance, 2 at. % of Sn and 2 at. % of Ta were added in the base alloy. The effects of Sn and Ta on the oxidation resistance of an Nb-Si-based alloys at intermediate (800 °C) and high (1250 °C) temperatures were investigated. In addition, the oxidation mechanisms of Nb-Si-based alloys at intermediate and high temperatures were discussed.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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194,759 |
Nucleoprotein samples of HEK293T or H9c2 cells were extracted using a Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Protein Extraction Kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China). For each variant, 3′ biotin-labeled forward and reverse oligonucleotides were annealed to generate labeled DNA probes. According to the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA)/Gel-Shift kit protocol (Beyotime), 100× unlabeled competitor probes were incubated at 25°C for 20 min, and then, labeled probes were added. Completed reactions were run on a 6% polyacrylamide gel with 0.5× TBE running buffer and transferred to a nylon membrane for subsequent chemiluminescence imaging. EMSA results were confirmed via at least three independent experiments. Silver staining was performed to map the shifted protein band between the nylon membrane and the gel after electrophoresis. The shifted protein bands were excised and identified by Beijing Protein Innovation using the Thermo Scientific Q Exactive mass spectrometer platform. Three available online transcription factor (TF) motif databases, JASPAR (Khan et al., 2018), HOCOMOCO (Kulakovskiy et al., 2016), and PROMO (Messeguer et al., 2002) were used to predict allele-specific binding TFs. Proteins identified in predicted TFs and using mass spectrometry were considered priority TFs and the corresponding SNP as priority SNP.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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229,837 |
Although Carrion’s disease is largely neglected and not on international research agendas , in the absence or delay of antibiotic treatment the acute phase of the disease is a deadly infection . Thus, in the pre-antibiotic era severe outbreaks, such as the Central Railway outbreak (1870–1871) and the Southern Colombia outbreak (1936–1946) have been described and accounted for ~7000 and ~6000 deaths, respectively . At present, severe cases arriving to hospitals have ~10% of lethality, irrespective of antibiotic treatment . Death is related to extreme severe anemia resulting from red blood cell lysis and transient immunosuppression which favors concomitant opportunistic infections such as bacteremic Salmonella sp. infections, or the reactivation of latent infections such as histoplasmosis or toxoplasmosis, among others .
| 4 | 0biomedical
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73,477 |
The study followed a total of 1752 live births constituting 1472 person-year of follow-up. The overall infant mortality rate was 88.29 per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 74.3, 104.9). The average maternal age at birth of the index child was 27.76 years. Majority (82.99%) of the infants were born in rural areas and from mothers who were illiterate (72. 71%), and housewives (89.13%).
| 2 | 0biomedical
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64,416 |
The earlier version of the “X chromosome–nucleolus nexus” hypothesis suggested that there could be consequences from expression of previously sequestered Alu elements, particularly from the PAR1 of the X chromosome short arm where there is an exceptionally high content of Alu elements (1). We can now add detail to the hypothesis regarding what consequences could arise from RNA pol III expression of these Alu elements.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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16,135 |
Increased rates of living donation can be accomplished by inclusion of unrelated donors, namely emotionally related donors, such as a spouse, friend, in-law, stepparent, adoptive children, friend, or even an altruistic stranger (118, 119). But concerns lie in this region that expanding the criteria for acceptable living donors can adversely impact organ commercialism (73, 84, 120). Southeast Asian countries allow living donation from a spouse included Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam. In Myanmar, only immediate family members are authorized to donate.
| 2 | 0biomedical
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239,663 |
While multiple mouse models have been used to study the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of CHIKV , none accurately model human disease. Most CHIKV models demonstrate either acute disease or chronic disease, but not both. Haese et al , Ganesan et al , and Teo et al have reviewed multiple mouse models for studying acute versus chronic CHIKV disease. One acute disease model utilizes neonatal mice and mortality endpoints, with injection of large quantities of virus . This is useful to determine the high susceptibility of neonates, but it is not helpful for extrapolating to disease in the general population. Another acute disease model uses mortality of immunocompromised mice, with genetically-modified mice with deficiencies in type I IFNs . These mice are useful because they create a lethal model of disease, with systemic infection and mortality endpoints; however they are not helpful in determining pathogenesis mechanisms, because they lack innate immunity. Other studies have used young (14 day old) C57BL/6 mice injected into the footpad ; these animals have not yet matured and develop severe symptoms due to their immunocompromised status. Also, three day old BALB/c mice injected in the scruff developed viremia peaking at 106 PFU on day 6, followed by death 7 days post-injection . These studies detected specific genes that were upregulated, thus leading to increased severity and death. However, the conclusions are limited to the determination of the genes necessary for a young murine anti-viral response. Therefore, using the humanized mouse model described here, one could incorporate some of the genes detected in these preliminary studies, and determine if trends continue as the animals mature and the severity of disease changes.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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315,361 |
“I request permission for the open-access journal PLOS ONE to publish XXX under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCAL) CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Please be aware that this license allows unrestricted use and distribution, even commercially, by third parties. Please reply and provide explicit written permission to publish XXX under a CC BY license and complete the attached form.”
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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6,401 |
Total RNA was extracted 48 h after transfection using Trizol (Invitrogen), followed by DNase I treatment. cDNA was synthesized with oligo-dT primer (Invitrogen) for RT-PCR and random primer (Invitrogen) for Real-time RT-PCR using ReverTra Ace reverse transcriptase (Toyobo), and RT-PCR was performed with GoTaq (Promega) using primers shown in Supplementary Table S2.
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57,464 |
The study was approved in advance by Ben-Gurion University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and was conducted according to the Israeli Animal Welfare Act following the guidelines of the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council 1996). Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (Harlan Laboratories, Rehovot, Israel) were acclimatized for 2 weeks, housed 2–4/cage in a monitored animal facility with 12:12 light:darkness cycle. Mice had free access to filtered water and standard rodent chow (11% calories from fat, 65% from carbohydrates and 24% from protein; Altromin, Lage, Germany). At the age of 8 weeks, mice were randomly divided into 3 groups for a 10-week dietary intervention: (i) normal chow (NC, as detailed previously); (ii) high-fat diet (HFF, 58.7% calories derived from fat, 25.5% carbohydrate and 15% protein, D12492; Research Diets, New Brunswick, NJ); (iii) reversibility group (HFF→NC) was given HFF for 8 weeks followed by 2 additional weeks of NC (all ad libitum). The two-week time point was chosen to serve our hypothesis focusing on early liver and adipose tissue changes at a time with significant but incomplete body weight reversal, but a near-complete normalization of glycemic control. Mice were weighed weekly at the same hour. For insulin signaling, in vivo insulin was injected after overnight fast 12 min before the mice were killed with CO2 or isoflurane. Tissue lysates were prepared in RIPA lysis buffer from 15 mg liver or 100 mg epididymal adipose tissue, as previously detailed (Nov et al. 2013). When not displayed in the graph, number of mice/group for each analysis is mentioned in the legends and was always derived from 2 to 4 independent experiments.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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380,329 |
Lastly, RBM24-mediated alternative splicing of Cdh23 exon 68 in the inner ear was examined using Rbm24 knockout mice. Rbm24 conventional knockout mice die between embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) and E14.5 because of cardiac problems . In the present work, we used Rbm24 conditional knockout (cko) mice that disrupt Rbm24 gene expression in the hair cells. To do so, Rbm24loxp/loxp mice are crossed with Atoh1-cre mice that express Cre recombinase in the developing cochlear hair cells from E14.5 . RT-PCR results show that Cdh23 exon 68 inclusion is significantly decreased in the inner ear of Rbm24 cko mice compared with that of control mice (Figure 5(b)), suggesting that RBM24 is required for Cdh23 exon 68 inclusion in vivo.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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361,664 |
In today’s organizational environment, workers create their identity more by their skills rather than the organizations they work in. According to Cornelißen et al. (2007), this attitude, to a large extent, plays a role in workers’ decision to leave their current roles in dissatisfactory circumstances in search for alternative jobs. Increasing attention on the self rather than the organization comes with it employee movements within and between organizations. This further makes new employee socialization (onboarding) a key issue not only for firms but also for newcomers. As they go through career life, individual employees undergo socialization at many points, and organizations will have to be dealing with new employees more often because of elastic personnel needs. A number of studies have asserted that during the socialization process the new employees’ experiences at this stage could impact on work-related attitudes, performance, and the possibility of remaining or otherwise in the organization (Bauer et al., 2007; Saks et al., 2007). Considering the fact that a high turnover rate often has an effect on organizational performance and financial costs (Kacmar et al., 2006), employers do not have the luxury of time to wait for so many months for their new employees to settle down in their new organization by themselves (Chen and Eldridge, 2011). Therefore, substantial resources are invested to speed up their adjustment process (Goldstein and Ford, 2002). Thus, examining this process has important theoretical and practical implications (Bauer and Elder, 2006).
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147,810 |
Based on the nutritional status of preoperative patients, 53 patients were diagnosed and assigned to the Low-risk group with 50 <= PNI or more, 19 patients to the Attention group with 40 <= PNI <= 50, requiring attention in perioperative management, and 14 patients to the High-risk group with PNI < 40. The Attention group and the High-risk group together accounted for 38.4% of the total, and we could not say that the preoperative nutritional status of the subjects in this study was good. Significant differences were observed for TP and Alb among the three groups of PNI, indicating that the High-risk group had poor nutritional status before surgery, especially compared with the other two groups. There was no significant difference in BMI and FOIS. No difference was observed between the groups in terms of other dysphagia conditions, indicating that there was no difference between the groups in terms of preoperative swallowing function.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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360,542 |
Desalting of samples was performed using Oligo R3 resin beads. Briefly, 100 µL of a 10 mg/mL settled Oligo R3 resin (Thermo Scientific, 1-1339-03) in aqueous 50% acetonitrile was placed into a 96-well 0.2 µm PVDF filter plate (Corning, 3504). The plate was centrifuged at 1400 RPM (Thermo Scientific, Megafuge 16) for 1 min to clear Oligo R3 resin with a blank 96-well plate underneath to catch the flow through which was then discarded. 100 μL of aqueous 50% acetonitrile was mixed with the resin and centrifuged again, discarding the flow through. Finally, 100 μL of aqueous 0.1% formic acid were mixed with the resin and centrifuged for a total of two repeats, while discarding the flow through. Samples were then resuspended in 100 µl of aqueous 5% acetonitrile, 0.1% formic and mixed with the now washed Oligo R3 Resin and allowed to shake on a plate shaker (Eppendorf, Thermomixer Comfort) for 5 min at 800 RPM, and then centrifuged (flow through was discarded). The sample peptides were now bound to the Oligo R3 Resin and washed for a total of ten times by the addition of 100 µL of aqueous 0.1% formic acid, mixed for 2 min at 800 RPM, centrifuged, and flow through discarded. Finally, the washed peptides were eluted by mixing with 50 µL of aqueous 50% acetonitrile for 2 min at 800 RPM, centrifuged, collecting the flow through in a clean 96-well capture plate. Elution was repeated with an additional 50 μL of aqueous 50% acetonitrile and retained. Desalted peptides were lyophilized in a speed-vac and stored at 4 °C until needed.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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44,135 |
MYCN amplification is the most prominent genetic alteration in neuroblastoma. Here we focus on the miR-17-92 cluster, which is known to be upregulated in the MYCN amplified tumors . The miR-17-92 cluster is among the first microRNAs recognized as key components of a molecular network that impacts tumorigenesis and tumor maintenance . Table 1 lists the results of the differential expression analysis for the miR-17-92 cluster. All microRNAs from the cluster were found to be significantly upregulated in the MNA tumor samples (at the false discovery rate level of 5%). These findings are similar as described in and , except for miR-17-3p which is now also found as differentially expressed. This makes sense because the entire cluster is simultaneously transcribed.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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351,909 |
Although insufficient experimental evidence was available for the maintained characteristics of the treated fish meal, the CONTAM Panel was of the view that in principle the use of lipid extraction with organic solvent (hexane) followed by replacement with decontaminated fish oil should not lead to any detrimental changes in the quality of the fish meal as long as it was reconstituted with fish oil with similar fatty acid profile. This view is supported by information from literature (Baron et al., 2007). It is possible that the decontaminated oil used to reconstitute the fish meal could be depleted of some beneficial constituents (e.g. lipid soluble vitamins).
| 3 | 0biomedical
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106,263 |
Study involved subjects of samples investigated during recent cross sectional surveys , . The Roma sample is representative to the Roma population living settlements in North-East Hungary in terms of age and sex and includes 646 individuals (Roma). The “General” sample consisting of 1542 individuals representative for the Hungarian general population in terms of geographic, age and sex distributions.
| 2 | 0biomedical
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299,821 |
The Trifecta achievement rate in previous studies has ranged between 31.6% and 87.8% (17–19). Several reasons such as surgical experience, different definitions of Trifecta, and surgical approach could have been implicated as adversely influencing the outcomes of Trifecta. Moreover, patient related factors such as age, preoperative eGFR and comorbid status could also affect the renal functional outcomes. The effect of the surgical technique on Trifecta success was investigated, and conflicting results were obtained (20–22). Acar et al. studied 133 patients who underwent open PN or RAPN, and found that the Trifecta rate was similar between the open and robotic techniques (20). Similarly, Mehra et al. compared Trifecta rates after open, laparoscopic, and robotic PN and found no significant differences (21). In contrast, Zargar et al. reported that robotic PNs were more likely than laparoscopic approach to achieve the Trifecta (22). In a study evaluating the surgical experience found that increased experience leads to higher proportion of Trifecta (19). In our study, the strict Trifecta rate was 59.3%. All patients underwent RAPN, and the first 25 cases of both the surgeons were excluded to avoid the effect of the learning curve.
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149,419 |
There is growing literature that investigates supplementing workforce shortages and undersupply of dermatologists with non-dermatologist clinicians . These articles can generally be categorized into two separate groups that study (a) experience with care and (b) diagnostic concordance.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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130,076 |
According to Formulas (4)–(9), we can calculate the cross−section parameters and stiffness of the TLC composite beam, and the calculation results can be analyzed with Figure 11 and Table 7 . Substituting the results of the numerical analysis in Table 7 into Formulas (5) and (6), γb is obtained. The equivalent section stiffness (EIy)ef of the TLC composite beams is calculated by substituting γb into Formula (5), and the results are shown in Table 7. The connection coefficient γb is between 0.07–0.37, and the stiffness is between 2.09 × 1011 kN·mm2–5.96 × 1011 kN·mm2; therefore, the connection coefficient and stiffness increase with bolt diameter, and the connection coefficient and stiffness are increased by 5 times and 3 times, respectively. Here, a1 and a2 are the distances from the centerline of lightweight concrete and timber to the cross−section neutral axis, and their sum is a constant value. According to Formulas (7) and (8), the numerical results of a1 and a2 are shown in Table 7. It can be seen that the neutral axis of the TLC composite beam cross−section is always on the timber (web), and its position is approximately 35–65 mm at the lower edge of lightweight concrete (flange plate). With the increase in bolt diameter, the neutral axis gradually approaches the lightweight concrete with the increase in bolt diameter.
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| 0Study
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194,812 |
The mean chemerin concentration was significantly higher in the GDM group than in the control group (259.55 ± 63.24 vs. 211.00 ± 49.38 ng/mL, p < 0.0001). The mean lipocalin 2 concentration was also significantly higher in the GDM group as compared with the control group (40.49 ± 15.73 vs. 20.63 ± 7.48 ng/mL, p < 0.0001). The concentration of apelin was slightly higher in the GDM patients but the difference was not statistically significant (10816.45 ± 7329.52 vs. 9988.24 ± 5056.90, p = 0.71) (Table 2, Figure 2).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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85,618 |
Yield 73%; White solid; mp: 53–55 °C; 1H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3): δ 3.85 (s, 3 H), 2.82 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2 H), 1.70–1.51 (m, 2 H), 1.37–1.16 (m, 22 H), 0.86 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3 H); 13C NMR (50 MHz, CDCl3): δ 194.3, 161.5, 52.8, 39.3, 31.9, 29.6, 29.5, 29.4, 29.3, 29.2, 28.9, 22.9, 22.6, 14.1; MS (m/z, ESI): [M + NH4]+ calcd. for C17H32O3 302.3; found, 302.361.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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237,722 |
We have submitted all relevant data of our experiments to the EV-TRACK knowledgebase (EV-TRACK ID: EV200180) (Van Deun J. et al. EV-TRACK: transparent reporting and centralizing knowledge in extracellular vesicle research. Nature methods. 2017;14(3):228–32).
| 2 | 0biomedical
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152,544 |
SPECT is an imaging technology that obtains the morphology, position and functionality of tissues and organs by collecting and displaying the distribution density and flow of radioisotopes in the human body. More than just the imaging of anatomical structures, SPECT can detect functional changes of organs or systems and effectively support disease diagnosis. However, the clinical application of this technology is limited by the less-than-desirable properties of the available radioisotopes (such as short half-lives, lack of tissue-specificity and other disadvantages).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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338,434 |
Background music contains a random selection from the Musan “popular” corpus41. The “popular” section was chosen, as this type of music is most common in everyday acoustic Cocktail Party scenarios. To avoid intro and outro sections, the first and last 30 s were excluded from the music files. The remaining parts were sliced in excerpts of 10 s each to ensure a sufficient length with respect to the longest possible speech file duration. In total, a pool of 3229 different music snippets was included.
| 2 | 2other
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391,119 |
Given this background, this study explores the role of implicit and explicit attitudes toward organic food in explaining the predisposition to buy organic food, considering the hedonic and utilitarian dimensions. This paper has four further sections. The following section offers an overview of attitudes (differentiating between implicit and explicit attitudes) and their hedonic and utilitarian dimensions. Hypotheses are also proposed. The next section then outlines the method (measurement instruments and data collection). The penultimate section presents the quantitative results, including validation of the model and hypothesis testing. The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings, limitations, and recommendations arising from the study.
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3,708 |
Prepared from 1a . Red solid (92 %). Mp 152–154 °C. Rf = 0.37 (20 % EtOAc/Hex). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.89 (d, J = 8.73 Hz, 2 H), 8.30 (ds, J = 8.90 Hz, 2 H), 9.34 (s, 1 H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 128.67, 135.59, 145.44, 151.15, 152.50, 166.47, 218.57. Calc. 255, found 256 [M+H]+.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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396,831 |
Various strands of right‐wing ideology present in the 1970s and 1980s led to the development of the NC in England and Wales. First, there were concerns about ‘the very diverse curriculum offerings in the upper years of secondary schools’ and corresponding lack of control over what was being taught (Black, 1995a, p. 160). Second, ‘a breed of emerging right wing leaders who had risen through the selective, state school system … were conscious of the loss of style of work they had enjoyed’ and were critical of the changes in the examinations and assessment which ‘were seen as part of a general threat to standards’ (Black, 1995a, p. 160). Concern for traditional models of education and society more broadly featured in this notion of slipping standards (Lawton, 1994, p. 144). However, Taylor (1995) also argues that it was not only the right wing of the political spectrum that was concerned with slipping standards. James Callaghan, the Labour Prime Minister, in his Ruskin College speech in October 1976 also argued for a vision of schooling that is ‘both rigorous and relevant’ (Taylor, 1995, p. 162). However, he goes on to acknowledge that, although Callaghan may have started the move towards an NC, it was Margaret Thatcher in 1998 who was responsible for what he perceived as ‘a highly prescriptive and contentious National Curriculum’ (Taylor, 1995, p. 163).
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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275,763 |
Visual description of the duration of the phases required to develop a rapid test for previous outbreaks (the dates refer to each phase thanks to a color code) (a) and of the current SARS-CoV-2 detection technologies (b). PCR, antigen, and serological tests with the respective criteria for results interpretation (T = test line, C = control line). The bottom plot gives an outlook of the infection progression and the phases in which each test result is more effective.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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284,498 |
A wing-pitch motion is commonly observed in insects , and is also described for butterflies . The amplitude of the wing-pitch motion (αA) of a butterfly, which is about 50° , is much smaller than that of other insects, such as a cicada, 100° , a dragonfly, 135° , a hawkmoth, 95° , a mosquito, 145° , or a fruit fly, 135° . Some researchers postulated the reason to be that the fore and hind wings of a butterfly partially overlap, limiting the degree of freedom of the wings . Other authors stated the wing-pitch angle to be unnecessary because a body-pitching oscillation plays a role equivalent to that of wing rotation . It is of interest to ascertain the reason that a butterfly flies with a small αA, and what would occur on flying with a larger αA.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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267,774 |
In our study, we see an increase in the rate of practicing believers, from 49% in 2010 to 85.50% in 2020. Therefore, feeling supported by one’s faith may alleviate the symptoms of depression and anxiety . López and his team showed the place of spirituality in the acceptance of gynecological cancers in women with gynecological cancers that had a high level of spiritual well-being. Paola Lissoni demonstrated a relationship between the degree of spiritual faith and the response to chemotherapy in patients with advanced cancer. Tumour regression, lymphocyte count, and three-year survival were all significantly higher in patients with a high faith score.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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222,750 |
Depletion of PHBs has been observed to make cells more receptive to apoptosis, while overexpression of PHBs makes cells less susceptible (Peng et al., 2015). For example, depletion of PHB1 in mice results in lethality during development and high levels of apoptosis (Park et al., 2005; He et al., 2008; Merkwirth et al., 2012; Peng et al., 2015). For the cell line Kit225, PHB1 and PHB2 knockdown with siRNA results in increased cell death through the ROS H2O2 (Ross et al., 2017).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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211,864 |
(A) Circos plot showing the distribution across the 13 T. gondii chromosomes of the m6A sites predicted based on peaks corresponding to differential error rates determined after depletion of METTL3. (B) The motif at error rate sites matches the consensus m6A target sequence. The sequence logo is for the motif enriched at sites with differential error rate in T. gondii METTL3 KD (left logo) and A. thaliana fip37L mutant (right logo) (C) Metagene plot showing average Z-score of differential error sites along a normalized transcript with a clustered Z-score heatmap displaying individual transcripts with a sufficient depth for analysis (>50 reads). The m6A mark is most abundant in annotated 3’-UTRs. (D) Detection by nanopore of a large chimeric mRNA originated from the readthrough of TGME49_222860 into the TGME49_222840 locus and on the opposite strand the impaired termination at TGME49_222850. The nanopore differential error sites and the alignment of sequences containing the m6A motif of T. gondii strains are shown. (E) Schematic representation of the different RNAs expressed at the TGME49_294200 locus upon METTL3 depletion, based on nanopore-mapped reads. Exons are shown with colored thick bars and introns with thin lines. The read-through beyond the locus boundaries is displayed, as well as the differential splicing outcomes on the respective exons, resulting in chimeric RNAs. (F) Schematic representation of the nanopore mapped RNA reads illustrating the readthrough from TGME49_285930 into the TGME49_285920 locus following the KD of METTL3. Exons are shown with colored thick bars and introns with thin lines. The nanopore differential error sites (Z-score >50) are indicated and a zoomed peak-centered view shows the sequence containing m6A consensus motif across the three canonical strains of T. gondii.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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367,091 |
The DTI datasets were pre-processed with the FMRIB Software Library (FSL v5.0.9)3. First, eddy current distortion and head motion were corrected by registering the diffusion-weighted images to the first b0 image through the affine transformations. Second, the data were skull-stripped by using the FMRIB Brain Extraction Tool. Finally, diffusion parameters of fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), and mean diffusivity (MD) were calculated by using the DTIFIT toolbox.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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283,613 |
Stem cell renewal can be achieved by symmetric division, as well as asymmetric division . Symmetric division of stem cells is a highly conservative and precisely regulated process of division resulting in formation of two cells, which differ in potentials, morphology, and functions . During long-term cultivation, the population of GFP+ cells acquire heterogeneity, which we explain by the differentiation of the part of the cells. FACS sorting of this heterogeneous population allowed us to obtain cells with low and high clonogenic activity. The clonogenic activity of the BSC8_SORE/Clone 10/GFP+ cells were 10 times higher than the activity of the cells from the original BSC8 line. This confirmed that the GFP+ cells had stem properties.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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163,845 |
In conclusion, orthodontics represents a proper way to positively modify periodontal tissues. Although the concept was previously well known, our study highlights how aligner treatment can be considered as a valid orthodontic technique to achieve effective results.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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286,634 |
For the samples immersed in distilled water, a broad band corresponding to the OH group vibrations of about 3600 to 2800 cm−1 is observed. This indicates the phenomenon of hydrolysis or water absorption by the resin and filler. This is also true of samples exposed to aqueous solutions. However, the mentioned effect is most visible in the case of the sample immersed in alkaline solutions (NaOH, Na2CO3). An increase in the intensity of the methylene group band is also observed. Signals from both the ester and ester carbonyl stretching vibrations are reduced. This result suggests that the breakage of the ester bond occurred due to hydrolytic degradation. Similar observations regarding the UPR were made by Visco et al. .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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38,124 |
Whole-brain in-vivo MRF quantifications were acquired with the proposed method in 6 healthy volunteers (4 men, 31 ± 6 years old) and 4 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients (2 men, 42 ± 5 years old). T1, T2* and PD values were obtained for white matter and grey matter by segmenting a slice of each healthy volunteer with the segmentation toolbox of SPM12. To avoid partial voluming effects in small structures, the masks were eroded with MATLAB image erosion algorithm (disk radius = 1 pixel). T1, T2* and PD for MS patients were determined by manually placing ROIs in the lesions, as identified on separate clinical measurements.
| 5 | 0biomedical
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122,321 |
Bmal1 and Per1 are parts of the molecular circadian clockwork. Bmal1 acts as positive regulator in the circadian feedback loop and interacts with CLOCK to activate transcription of Per and Cry genes, whereas Per1 is considered as negative regulator, inhibiting its own transcription by building a repressor complex of the PER1 protein together with CRY, which translocate to the nucleus and inhibits the CLOCK:BMAL1 complex .
| 4 | 0biomedical
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28,094 |
To assess the cost associated with the conducting trials using these two competing designs, we considered a linear cost function for both SMART designs. Let c1 and c2 be the cost of the medication (M) and behavioral intervention (B), respectively. Additionally, we assumed that the reduced and increased intensity of the first-stage intervention are at half and twice the cost of the first-stage intervention, respectively, and that augmentation of the first-stage intervention in the second stage (M + B) has the cost c1 + c2. Using these parameters, the cost for the time-varying SMART design in Fig. 1 is\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{c} cost={c}_1\left({\displaystyle \sum_{A_{1i}=M}{T}_{1i}}\right)+{c}_1\left({\displaystyle \sum_{A_{2i}=\mathrm{M}}\varDelta \mathrm{t}}\right)+\left(\frac{c_1}{2}\right)\left({\displaystyle \sum_{A_{2i}=M-}\varDelta \mathrm{t}}\right)+\left(2{c}_1\right)\left({\displaystyle \sum_{A_{2i}=M+}\varDelta \mathrm{t}}\right)+\\ {}\kern5em {c}_2\left({\displaystyle \sum_{A_{1i}=B}{T}_{1i}}\right)+{c}_2\left({\displaystyle \sum_{A_{2i}=\mathrm{B}}\varDelta \mathrm{t}}\right)+\left(\frac{c_2}{2}\right)\left({\displaystyle \sum_{A_{2i}=B-}\varDelta \mathrm{t}}\right)+\left(2{c}_2\right)\left({\displaystyle \sum_{A_{2i}=B+}\varDelta \mathrm{t}}\right)+\left({c}_1+{c}_2\right)\left({\displaystyle \sum_{A_{2i}=M+B}\varDelta \mathrm{t}}\right),\end{array} $$\end{document}cost=c1∑A1i=MT1i+c1∑A2i=MΔt+c12∑A2i=M−Δt+2c1∑A2i=M+Δt+c2∑A1i=BT1i+c2∑A2i=BΔt+c22∑A2i=B−Δt+2c2∑A2i=B+Δt+c1+c2∑A2i=M+BΔt,
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
30,568 |
T790M mutations were not detected in plasma at disease progression for any of the three SCLC‐transformed patients, and two of them (patients 122 and 218) retained the EGFR‐activating mutations in plasma after SCLC transformation. TP53 mutations were detected before EGFR‐TKI initiation in all three patients’ baseline plasma samples, at low levels (< 1%) compared to the EGFR‐activating mutations, and their levels in plasma increased with disease progression (patient 122, 223) or decreased when patient demonstrated clinical response (patient 218) during small‐cell lung cancer‐directed chemotherapy (Figs 5 and 6, and Appendix Fig S5). Analysis of the plasma samples collected after transformation in all three patients revealed the emergence of CNAs that have been previously reported to be associated with SCLC, including MYCL1, SOX2 and SOX4 (George et al, 2015; Figs 5 and 6, and Appendix Fig S5). In each patient, we also identified gain or loss of cancer genes as part of larger chromosomal events (> 5 Mb; Figs 5 and 6, and Appendix Fig S5). These may have contributed to the biological change or may represent passenger events as a result of greater genomic instability of the TP53‐mutant clones. We observed focal copy number changes at key oncogenic drivers that may play a role in driving disease progression, for example, amplification of KRAS in patient 223 (Fig 5) and amplification of EGFR in patients 122 and 218 (Appendix Fig S5 and Fig 6).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
117,453 |
We show here for the first time that in vivo cisplatin induces an acute accumulation of p53 at the mitochondria of DRG neurons, peripheral nerve, and spinal cord. An in vitro study in HeLa cells (Li et al., 1999) has shown that mitochondrial p53 precedes a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential. Here we demonstrate that in vivo the cisplatin–induced increase in mitochondrial p53 is associated with a rapid loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) in DRG neurons. We also show that pre-treatment with the small compound PFT-μ prevents both the increase in mitochondrial p53 and the subsequent reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential in sensory neurons. These findings indicate that the increase in mitochondrial p53 in response to cisplatin causes the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
184,824 |
The development of a protective vaccine for ECF is a challenging task. Animals treated with the ITM protocol can remain life-long carriers and can potentially spread vaccine strains into areas previously free from them. It requires a continuous cold chain in liquid nitrogen, co-treatment with oxytetracycline, skilled personnel for delivery and is laborious to produce [reviewed in (51)]. Consequently, the development of a subunit vaccine with minimal risks and easier production processes is necessary. Multiple avenues are currently being pursued to achieve this (2, 48, 52–55); however, the majority of these approaches appears limited to specific MHC class I haplotypes, or the induction of an antibody response.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
150,131 |
Progressive overload ensures health and performance benefits are achievable and sustainable [1, 2]. There are many ways to apply progressive overload in exercise training with recreational and athletic populations . Wearable resistance (WR) is a method whereby external loading is placed upon the body during exercise with the goal of increasing movement difficulty, therefore providing a greater training stimulus—all without causing undesirable movement patterns [4, 5]. A variety of WR loading orientations have been examined including trunk loading via weighted vests [6, 7], weighted pulley systems and loaded back packs , and lower limb loading via thigh and foot weights sewn into clothing and weighted ankle bands . During exercise at sub-maximal intensities (6.4–14.4 km h−1), these loading orientations have shown considerable increases in oxygen consumption (V̇O2) [6, 7, 9, 10], heart rate (HR) [7–10], and perceived exertion during exercise. However, negative side effects including altered running mechanics have been reported when weighted vests were worn and discomfort has been perceived with the use of weighted ankle bands and loaded back packs .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
155,566 |
To evaluate the accuracy of unmixing algorithms with a simulated GT, we simulated two-photon videos using NAOMi (Song et al., 2021) with typical parameters used during video-rate two-photon imaging (section “Materials and Methods”; Supplementary Figure 2C). We identified GT transients from the GT traces exported by NAOMi, and evaluated our algorithm’s unmixing accuracy by comparing the algorithm-detected transients with the GT transients (section “Materials and Methods”).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
71,215 |
Specificity test of qLAMP method was carried out by seven duck-origin viruses and a goose-origin virus (mentioned in virus and samples). The results showed that our assay could only detect N-GPV and GPV, while no amplification signals were detected in other viruses (Figure 4A). The specificity of qLAMP assay could also be confirmed by green fluorescence in the UV light (Figure 4B), and typical ladder pattern seen in the agarose gel electrophoresis (Figure 4C). In addition, no positive results were obtained in negative control (NC), which indicates that this qLAMP assay has a good specificity for N-GPV detection.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
259,404 |
In this study, we successfully synthesized the multifunctional compound CO-HPPH-TH302/Lipo, which efficiently combines CD44 targeting, fluorescence imaging, photodynamic therapy and hypoxia-activated prodrug synergistic therapy. This synergistic therapy managed to amplify the effects of each individual therapy as well as reduce the side effects in vitro and in vivo. The novel nanoparticle possesses good biocompatibility and excellent destruction ability.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
331,903 |
Please note while forming your response, if your article is accepted, you may have the opportunity to make the peer review history publicly available. The record will include editor decision letters (with reviews) and your responses to reviewer comments. If eligible, we will contact you to opt in or out.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
327,836 |
Future studies of combined visual analysis of the NM and N1 loss in patients with parkinsonism, with larger samples of clinically homogenous subtypes, will improve our understanding of the neuroimaging characteristics of these conditions. It would also be of interest to evaluate MSA-C and adult-onset spinocerebellar ataxias NM and N1 imaging findings.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
248,921 |
As occurring with IFA and RDTs, ELISA tests to detect malaria were first based on Pf antigen detection, with poor sensitivity against non-falciparum species (De Carvalho et al., 1992; She et al., 2007). In the last few decades, however, efforts to better understand the seroepidemiology of malaria-endemic areas as part of the Malaria Elimination Program have prompted the search for reliable targets for the specific detection of all Plasmodium spp.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
61,894 |
The number of systematic reviews of PROMs published is increasing, and the COSMIN checklist is widely used in many of these reviews. A decade after its publication, an update seemed necessary. Users of the COSMIN checklist, including us, have suggested several improvements to the checklist—published and unpublished. For example, a study often received a ‘fair’ quality rating only because it was not reported how missing items were handled. It was argued that this would not necessarily lead to biased results of the study. Or a well-performed study was rated as ‘poor’ only because the sample size was small. It was argued that a number of small high-quality studies together can provide good evidence for the measurement properties of an instrument if the results are pooled. Furthermore, users found it somewhat confusing how to handle studies that use item response theory (IRT) methods. It was unclear how to use the box General requirements for IRT studies in combination with the IRT standards for measurement properties.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
1,495 |
We wondered how pre-aHCT patients compared to our group of healthy individuals regarding their DRC. BER was lower in pre-aHCT patients as compared to healthy individuals (p = 0.0134) but NER was not (p = 0.4347). Especially the subgroup of control patients, those who never developed t-MDS/AML, showed a much lower BER capacity than healthy individuals (average 23.3% and 39.5%, respectively–p = 0.0013) (Fig 6). After adjustment for age at aHCT, NHEJ repair in patients was marginally higher than in healthy individuals (p = 0.0149), but SSA repair was not (p = 0.4287). Interestingly, although patient samples post-aHCT followed the same patterns identified for healthy individuals (Table 3), with a correlation between NHEJ and SSA (r = 0.676, p = 0.0003) on the one hand and between BER and NER on the other hand (r = 0.478, p = 0.012), pre-aHCT patients did not show the correlation between NHEJ and SSA, which was mostly lost (p = 0.345, p = 0.161). Moreover, and unlike in healthy individuals, neither NHEJ nor SSA in pre-aHCT patients displayed any relationship to the person’s age at time of aHCT (r = 0.004, p = 0.985 and r = -0.253, p = 0.186, respectively–Table 5). Overall, these results indicate that pre-aHCT DRC measurements have features that are not consistent with those observed for other samples, including repair for the same individuals after transplantation.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
338,264 |
rs2328386 confers a C>T change in the large, zinc-finger containing transcription factor, HIVEP2. Like rs34631960, rs2328386 was also annotated to an intronic region; therefore, the SNP may be unlikely to have direct functional effects. HIVEP2, also known as Schnurri (Shn)-2, contributes to asthma pathogenesis through its role as an NFkB binding protein, and regulates Th2 cell differentiation and responses. Furthermore, HIVEP2 is also a negative regulator of Th2-mediated allergic airway inflammation; Shn-2 deficient mice demonstrated increased eosinophilic inflammation, mucus hyperproduction and airway hyperresponsiveness. HIVEP2 is likely to be involved in other asthma phenotypes, as it mediates multiple aspects of growth and development for a variety of biological pathways and tissues, notably the nervous system, immune response pathways,[36–38] and bone remodeling. HIVEP2 could potentially contribute to asthma severity and drug response through glucocorticoid receptor activity; Hivep2 expression is inducible in dexamethasone-stimulated, mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages, via glucocorticoid receptor-mediated effects on chromatin reorganization. Furthermore, as it also binds to the enhancers of multiple genes in the MHC region of chromosome 6, HIVEP2 regulates the activity of a variety of additional genes involved in immune responses, inflammation and glucocorticoid response. Variation in HIVEP2 has also been noted as a contributing factor for neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia, and HIVEP2 is thought to promote the activation of inflammatory pathways precipitating these diseases. Our findings suggest that HIVEP2 variation may also contribute to age-dependent corticosteroid response in asthma patients.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
55,233 |
Data collected from visitors during the Days of Science and Technology 2016 ID - index of the participant, Height[cm] - height of the participant, Weight[kg] - weight of the participant, BMI - body mass index, Muscle-mass[%] - percentage of muscles in the body, Water[%] - percentage of water in the body, Fat[%] - percentage of fat in the body, Flexibility[cm] - how much the participant was able to bend (negative - could not even touch their feet, positive - bent even further), “—” - blank data (data were not filled in).
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
231,299 |
In their first study, Lewinska et al. investigated whether flavonoid-induced genotoxicity may also provoke cancer cell death. Cyto-and genotoxicity of diosmin in DU145 prostate cancer cell lines were studied. Diosmin decreased cancer cell number and proliferative activity in a different manner. Intracellular production of ROS and superoxide was increased after diosmin treatment. This compound stimulated DNA double stand breaks (DSBs) and micronuclei production. Diosmin was found to be the most potent genotoxic agent in DU145 cells, which in turn resulted in its pro-apoptotic activity. It was also found to be DNA hypomethylating agent capable of modulating the epigenome of cancer cells, leading to changes in gene expression patterns. Taken together, this dietary flavonoid glycoside was found to be active against DU145 cells by promoting genotoxic events and concomitant apoptotic cell death .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
34,070 |
The antiviral activity of IFN-α is exploited for therapy. Currently, there are two classes of approved treatments for chronic hepatitis B: nucleos(t)ide analogs (NUCs) and IFN-α. Nucleos(t)ide analogs target the viral reverse transcriptase limiting virus replication, but they cannot clear HBV infection. Interferon-α is the only approved treatment that can cure HBV infection, although the response rate remains limited to 5%–20%, and side effects are often difficult to tolerate. As for other cytokines, the antiviral mechanisms of IFN-α are multiple and include immunomodulatory as well as direct antiviral effects.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
281,429 |
In this paper, we have presented a comprehensive review of EEG signal analysis methods for the assessment of mental stress. A rigorous procedure was adopted for the search strategy and identification of relevant studies. The review emphasized the major discrepancies between the research findings. It also suggests that various data processing methodologies have contributed to numerous conflicting outcomes. These various can be attributed to a number of variables, including the lack of a consistent procedure, brain regions of interest, type of stressor, duration of experiment, EEG signal processing, feature extraction technique, and the type of classifiers used. In addition, we have reported the effect of sample size bias in connectivity estimation. This problem can be solved by equalizing sample sizes between different conditions or participants, using statistical methods that explicitly account for sample size bias, or employing connectivity approaches that are not affected by sample size bias. Moreover, understanding the relationships between mental stress and the complex and diverse EEG characteristics, such as time-varying, functional, and dynamic brain connections, necessitates the integration of several data analysis methods. As a result, we propose combining the network connectivity measures with deep learning to increase the accuracy of assessing mental stress levels.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
390,679 |
Cells were treated with 5 μg/mL actinomycin D to inhibit transcription. TCam‐2/CDDP cells were lysed after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours following actinomycin D treatment. RNA was isolated and reverse‐transcribed as previously described. Transcript levels were determined using qPCR and normalized to levels of 18s RNA. Fold change was calculated relative to TFAP2C levels at the 0 hour time‐point.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
208,435 |
Interference with research paradigms, animal or human safety concerns, and the culture within institutions were all identified by participants as barriers to change. In some cases, refined rodent euthanasia procedures that compromise research data or endanger the health and wellbeing of humans or animals cannot be implemented. However, in these cases efforts should continue to investigate risk mitigation strategies to enable deployment of refinements. Similar to previous research, the current study has identified organizational reasons for resistance to change. 29 Future research should specifically focus on the cultural aspects of laboratory environments that create barriers to change.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
351,321 |
All membranes were evaluated by an Arbin fuel cell testing system (Arbin Instrument Inc., College Station, TX, USA) where the anode was supplied with a 2 M methanol aqueous solution at a flow rate of 2 sccm while the cathode was fed with humidified pure O2 at a flow rate of 500 sccm. The single cell was activated by a constant-voltage activation method at 0.4 V for 2 h and tested at 80 °C. Three specimens were evaluated, and a reproducible result was given.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
301,320 |
This study demonstrates that the SpyCatcher-mi3 nanoparticle platform can be used to make a dmSTh-based vaccine candidate. Neutralizing antibodies were obtained with the double mutant mi3-SpyC:SpyT-STh-L9A/A14T nanoparticles both with and without the dmLT adjuvant. However, the responses varied between individual mice, as reflected by both the anti-STh IgG serum titers and the ability of the sera to neutralize STh. Although dmLT adjuvanted single mutant mi3-SpyC:SpyT-STh-A14T resulted in higher titers and a higher fraction of neutralizing sera than the double mutant nanoparticles, even more consistent responses were obtained in a previous study using unadjuvanted AP205-SpyC:SpyT-STh-A14T VLPs . This suggests that the AP205 VLPs , carrying up to 180 STh mutant peptides per particle, may be superior to the mi3 nanovaccine platform that carries 60 STh per particle for constructing an STh-based vaccine component. In addition, AP205 may be more immunogenic by efficiently encapsulating RNA, which can stimulate Toll-like receptor 7 and 8 signaling, and by forming a tightly packed capsid surface in contrast to the porous mi3 nanoparticles .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
278,446 |
Patients with AML were identified via retrospective chart review from a list of patients presenting to JHH who at initial presentation had a bone marrow biopsy showing >20% blasts and by acquiring a query of patients who tested negative for the t(15;17) translocation by FISH and who were then confirmed to have AML by bone marrow biopsy and other genetic studies. Those who met the aforementioned inclusion criteria (n = 72) were separated into a discovery cohort presenting prior to 1/2019 (n = 60) and a validation cohort presenting on or after 1/2019 (n = 12). Detailed data set descriptions can be found in Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 1.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
26,109 |
The system with the rare earth oxides Sm2O3 (fig. 3H) and La2O3 (fig. 3I), showed the same rhombohedral solid solution phase as was found in the CaO, SrO, and BaO systems (fig. 2B–D). The unit cell dimensions are given in table 1. The phase did not form in the Lu2O3 system (fig. 3G) nor in the MgO system (fig. 2A); consequently, the minimum cationic radius required for formation of this phase lies between that of Lu3+ and Ca2+ or between 0.85 and 0.99A (Ahrens).
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
121,579 |
Fibrosis is one of the major causes of muscle dysfunction, and ischaemic muscles suffer serious fibrosis accompanied by recovery. Sirius‐red staining showed that the PBS group had an aggravating collagen deposition in the ischaemic gastrocnemius muscle as time passed, which was ameliorated in the P2G or AMD3100‐treated groups. Collagen deposition in the ischaemic gastrocnemius muscle treated with P2G or AMD3100 was attenuated at 2 and 3 weeks after administration when compared with that of PBS (Fig. 5A). Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a well‐documented indicator of fibrosis, and Western blot results showed that its expression in the P2G‐ or AMD3100‐treated groups was significantly lower than that of PBS at 2 and 3 weeks after ischaemia (Fig. 5B and C), which further proved that P2G can alleviate fibrosis in ischaemic tissue.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
166,667 |
Murine adipose-derived stem cells (mASCs) (<10 passages; Cyagen Biosciences, Santa Clara, CA) were incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2 atmosphere in a cell culture media [Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F-12)] containing 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% (v/v) penicillin streptomycin. When the confluence reached 80%, cells were detached from the tissue-culture dish by using 0.25% (w/v) trypsin/0.1% (w/v) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) after washing with Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Carlsbad, CA). Murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) were cultured in DMEM-knockout medium containing 15% FBS, 1% PS, 1% Glutamax, 1% NEAA, 0.1% β-mercaptoethanol, 0.2% leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and two inhibitors (PD0325901 and CHIR99021) at 37°C, 5% CO2 atmosphere.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
291,956 |
In particular, bimetallic nanocrystals are a very attractive combination of noble metals and non-noble metals (cheap first-order conversion metals), which offers opportunities to reduce noble metal use and the overall cost of the catalysts. For example, Toshima et al.19 The hydrogenation of nitrobenzene by bimetallic Pd−Ni NPs were more effective than Pd NPs. Structures of bimetallic nanomaterials have aroused interest in their potential applications in organic reactions, fuel cells, and sensing devices. Accordingly, several synthetic approaches such as water heating systems, electrochemical deposition, seed-mediated growth, and galvanic conversion have been developed. In this present study, we have developed bimetal Pd–Ni-containing oxide by the facile hydrothermal preparation approach. The synthesized sample is characterized by the specialization of essential test techniques to identify their essential physical and chemical characters. The morphological results show that the spherical PdO nanoparticles are evenly doped with NiO. Catalytic reduction of azo dyes and aromatic nitrophenols using NaBH4 was carried out to evaluate the catalytic efficiency of the resulting catalyst. For the first time, we have demonstrated the reduction of azo compounds with higher volume than the traditional reduction process. The PdO doped NiO show efficient catalytic reduction of azo compounds than the pure NiO. PdO–NiO catalyst exhibit excellent rate constant for the reduction of azo compounds, which is higher than the reported other precious metal catalysts. Our findings give certain insight for the catalytic reduction based on the oxygen-containing transition bi-metal catalysts.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
372,229 |
Three concentric circles were overlaid on the en face image (Fig. 1). The inner circle was automatically circumscribed around the disc location, which was marked in black by the optovue OCT-A and had different diameters among images. Second, the middle circle and, last, the third circles were placed homocentrically with diameters of 1 mm and 2 mm greater than the inner circle, respectively. The information in the inner and outer coaxial annular regions of interest (ROI) with widths of 0.5 mm and their superior and inferior halves were then used for reporting parapapillary choroidal microvasculature (PPCMv) density values in populations. The main novelty in our calculation of PPCMv density is the automatic removal of black shadows because of large retinal vessels (which may be wrongly interpreted as black background region).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
27,034 |
This study has some limitations. First, application of selective pannexin hemichannel blockers such as 10Panx1 could have provided more precise observations about hemichannel activity. Furthermore, it should be noted that hemichannels release not just ATP but also glutamate and other molecules. The roles of other connexins such as Cx30 should also be considered, though Cx43 is the main astrocytic connexin. Second, we only examined a single timepoint, but a comparison of our results to previously published ones suggests that a timepoint has an important effect on Cx43 distributions. Examining earlier timepoints and performing dynamic and continuous observations may provide more comprehensive results. In vivo studies may also provide further elucidation.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
333,983 |
Limitations to our study were the lack of standardized preoperative MRIs for better understanding of preoperative acetabular orientation. Most patients received preoperatively an external MRI which was not comparable with the follow-up MRI with sufficient quality. Still comparison of global acetabular cover (combined ASA) and acetabular orientation amplified by femoral torsion enables us to consequently make a sound conclusion for postoperative placement even without standardized preoperative MRI imaging. Although we had a good follow-up rate of 85.9%, only 66 (66.7%) hip MRIs could be obtained, leaving 33 without 3 dimensional imaging. Control collectives for 3-dimensional measurements in dysplastic hips originate from Asian countries maybe describing a different pelvic morphology and making comparisons difficult. Also, the time period of the follow-up rate of 5 years and the number of MRIs might not be sufficient to asses enough progression of osteoarthritis or decline in PROMs to filter out certain poor placements of the acetabulum.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
321,951 |
In line with our hypotheses, the observed differences between models with binary or continuous biomarkers indicate that dichotomization in some cases may decrease sensitivity to predict changes in cognition. Moreover, permutation findings suggest that biomarkers that are dynamic at a given disease stage are less suited to binarization; among CU participants, for instance, R2 values decreased when binarizing amyloid PET, CSF p-tau, and NfL, but were relatively unaffected when tau PET and MRI-based measures were dichotomized. By contrast, dichotomization of tau PET and MRI-based measures decreased R2 values among CI participants. Though the use of quartiles was superior to binary data, our findings do not support them being an optimal alternative to continuous data. These findings require confirmation in follow-up studies with larger cohorts and more varied cognitive measures, but they point to the fact the binarization may lead to loss of information when the tested biomarker changes on a continuum (e.g., tau PET) rather than more clear transitions from one stage to another (e.g., CSF Aβ42). In practice, this means that more complex models that take continuous data into account may outperform simple binarization, for example when selecting participants likely to decline cognitively in a clinical trial.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
161,832 |
Liquid chromatography separation using CSH C18 column (1.7 μm, 2.1 × 100 mm, waters) was selected to perform reverse-phase chromatography. The lipid of meibum was redissolved in 200 μL 90% isopropanol or acetonitrile then centrifuged at 14,000 x g for 15 min, and finally, 3 μL of the sample was selected for injection. Solvent A: acetonitrile–water (6:4, v/v) with 0.1% formic acid and 0.1 Mm ammonium formate. Solvent B: acetonitrile–isopropanol (1:9, v/v) with 0.1% formic acid and 0.1 Mm ammonium formate. The initial mobile phase was 30% solvent B at a flow rate of 300 μL/min. It was held for 2 min and then linearly increased up to 100% solvent B in 23 min, followed by equilibrating at 5% solvent B for 10 min. Mass spectra were acquired by Q-Exactive Plus in positive and negative modes, respectively. ESI parameters were optimized and preset for all measurements as follows: source temperature, 300°C; capillary temperature, 350°C, the ion spray voltage was set at 3,000 V, S-Lens RF Level was set at 50%, and the scan range of the instruments was set at m/z 200–1800.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
314,380 |
Feces in the caecum of mice were collected and genomic DNA was extracted from bacterial fecal pellets using a DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The DNA purification kit (Omega Biotech, Doraville, GA, USA) was used to remove contaminants. Primer pair 27F-534R for V1-V3 regions of bacterial 16S rRNA genes was synthesized by Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI; Shenzhen, China). PCR amplification was performed using the 2X Taq PCR Master Mix (Biomiga, San Diego, CA, USA) following the protocol developed by the Human Microbiome Project (Methe et al., 2012).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
379,540 |
In the last few years, nickel‐based catalysts have drawn enormous attention not only because of their promising activity and stability in alkaline electrolytes but also due to their function as anodes in large‐scale commercial alkaline electrolyzers. Over the last few years, the suitability of numerous nickel‐based oxidic and non‐oxidic materials has been widely explored for efficient alkaline OER also in the context of structural‐activity relationships.[ 4b , 5 ] The pronounced activity of such Ni‐based electrodes has been ascribed to the presence of nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) species at the surface, which serve as the OER active site. For the non‐oxidic Ni‐based materials (chalcogenides, pnictides, or alloys), it has been shown that the transformation occurs prior to the OER either only at the surface of the electrocatalyst forming core–shell type structures or progressively throughout the bulk ensuring a defect‐rich and high surface area NiOOH. Lately, several strategies including heteroatom doping, morphology and size control, compositional tuning, defect creation as well as interfacial engineering have been successfully utilized to enhance the density of active sites as well as electronic conductivity of Ni‐based electrodes resulting in reasonable OER catalytic performances. Thus, discovering a suitable and novel Ni‐based (pre)catalyst to substantially improve the activity and durability of current OER catalysts remains a formidable challenge and is one of the intensive efforts of current research.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
262,097 |
In an attempt to find some structures with potent antiplatelet activities, based on the studies mentioned above, we synthesized aryl hydrazone derivatives of ethyl acetoacetate (Figure 1). We aimed to evaluate the effects of simultaneous conjugation of the hydrazone group with the ketone and ester moieties on the induced antiplatelet activities.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
95,320 |
The poorly defined role of FXII forms and features and paucity of studies in patients, strongly support investigation of FXII in MS. We investigated multiple FXII-related variables, as well as FXII activation in the intrinsic TG, to explore their association with MS.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
233,054 |
Due to the characteristics of the development of tourism industry, resource accumulation factors of tourism industry will also affect TFP of urban agglomerations. Therefore, this paper selects resource accumulation factors such as residents' disposable income (DI), technological innovation (TP), marketization institution (MI) and transportation infrastructure (TI) as control variables. Among them, the data of DI comes from the China Statistical Yearbook. TP is measured by the ratio of the total number of patent application to the total land area of urban agglomerations. Referring to the practices of other scholars, this paper uses the marketization index in the “China Marketization Index Report” published by Wang et al. (59) as the maketization institution variable (MI). Therefore, MI index of each urban agglomeration is the arithmetic mean of the corresponding marketization index of the provinces or cities included in the urban agglomeration. TI is measured by the ratio of the total length of the road, railway and inland waterway to the total land area of the urban agglomeration.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
|
120,265 |
We present a novel method to select agents for hazard identification that has been applied in the IARC Monographs Programme. Although the data used to construct the chemical network graphs are publicly available, they had not previously been organized in a unified manner that would allow for the simultaneous analysis of the volume of literature on a particular chemical or group of related chemicals. Beyond the KEGG classification, we broadened the pesticide categories for visualization by including pesticides with at least one phosphorous atom or two chlorine atoms in the OP and OC pesticide classes, respectively. Doing so enabled us to map pesticides by chemical similarity and to include pesticides that may have been missed by pesticide databases or were discarded owing to an error in assignment of chemical class. Accordingly, using a chemoinformatics approach, we were able to integrate information on chemical structure similarity for 980 compounds with the results of systematic, automated text mining of cancer-relevant published information in public databases. The use of web technologies streamlined the integration of information retrieved from different databases/sources and improved efficiency through creating network maps to visualize both key chemicals and chemicals that were less studied but chemically related and that may act through a similar mechanism. By enhancing the visualization of large-scale public data, our chemoinformatics approach can complement other technologies that employ biomedical text–mining strategies to support cancer risk assessment and research (Korhonen et al. 2012).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
245,383 |
Despite concerns that populations of Yellow-bellied Gliders are declining, there remains a paucity of knowledge on the population dynamics and status of individual populations. Implementation of PAM for Yellow-bellied Gliders will allow for more efficient and robust assessment of habitat use and the influence of threatening processes on populations. For PAM to be effective for determining the presence or absence of Yellow-bellied Gliders in a site and at any time of year, we recommend deploying ARUs for six nights of good weather conditions (calm or light wind, and no rain). If the weather forecast includes some nights of windy or wet conditions, this survey period should be increased accordingly. Extended periods of poor weather conditions should be avoided. ARUs should be programmed to record for four hours beginning from the hour of sunset. Based on Yellow-bellied Glider calls being audible to approximately 400 m, each ARU will have a detection area of around 50 hectares. Further research is necessary to determine if PAM can be modified to estimate abundance of Yellow-bellied Gliders, either by determining the relationship between calling rate and abundance (e.g. elephants, ; some bird species, , or using arrays of ARUs to determine the location of calls for distance-based abundance estimates .
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
172,028 |
*DC is not a state; however it met the criteria for inclusion in the state-level analysis. ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; DC, District of Columbia; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LLT, lipid-lowering therapy; VHR, very high-risk.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
345,424 |
Furthermore, if the input file is an Imaris Filament Tracer file rather than a NL ASC file, the actual geometry of the spine is already in its position and orientation. Hence, we process the file to: (i) extract the tracing; (ii) create its corresponding 3D mesh; (iii) store the spines in a database (transforming them to be centered on the origin and aligned along the Y-axis); and (iv) place the geometry of these spines in their real position and orientation.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
232,669 |
Studies in primary neurons demonstrated that activation of Reelin’s downstream receptor apolipoprotein E (apoE) resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of Dab1 and activation of Erk1/2, whereas experiments involving Dab1 knockout neurons revealed that Dab1 was not essential for Erk activation . Another study on cortical neurons has shown that Dab1 phosphorylation promotes subsequent Src family kinase (SFK) activation in a positive feedback loop, which may explain why it is partially implicated in Reelin-mediated MEK/Erk1/2 activation. The same study examined Dab1 deficiency and potential signaling abnormalities in vivo, analyzing the forebrains of wild-type and heterozygous Dab1 knockout mice. According to the findings, the basal phosphorylation levels of Akt and Erk1/2 were significantly reduced in juvenile (3–4 weeks old) heterozygous Dab1 knockout mice compared to wild type . Similarly, in our study, both Erk1/2 and mTOR, a downstream effector of Akt, expression in yotari kidneys decreased in embryonic phases. Concerning postnatal developmental stages, the yotari animals showed a significant decrease in the Erk1/2 expression within all observed structures at all observed time points. Therefore, we can hypothesize that a similar signaling pathway model exists in kidneys: the Erk1/2 signaling pathway in the yotari mice kidneys is dependent on Reelin with Dab1 only partially implicated in Reelin-mediated MEK/Erk1/2 activation.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
172,902 |
In this study, we analyzed the OPL (“middle limiting membrane”) in serially acquired OCT studies from patients with TB SLC receiving treatment and compared these findings to those from normal healthy control subjects using objective semi-automated quantitative metrics.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
58,844 |
Although the SDR performance in Figure 4 seems to suggest good performance, it may not necessary refer to the optimum setting. In fact, when λ is fixed to a constant value, the matrix factors deconvolution process may still be subjected to under- and over-fitting. In the previous sparsity algorithm, λ is fixed for the whole process and this sparsity may not necessarily suited for the whole signal. This calls for the need to allow each temporal code to have its own sparsity parameter. In the adaptive sparsity algorithm in Equation (53), the sparsity parameter λ is updated alongside Wτ and Hϕ in the process. Therefore, the sparsity parameter is optimized for each element of the temporal code. In addition, we plot the histogram of the converged adaptive sparsity parameters in Figure 5. The plot strongly suggests that the histogram can be represented as a bimodal distribution. We have used the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to learn the distribution of this histogram and the result produces two Gaussian distributions with mean 0.16 and 1.1. The global mean of the GMM is given by 0.92.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
182,931 |
Between 01-05-2010 and 30-06-2017, a total of 457 XDR-TB patients received treatment at 27 PMDT units in Pakistan (Supplementary Table S1). Out of these 457 patients, the complete drug resistance pattern information was available for 404 patients and they were included in the current study (Figure 1). The mean age of patients was 32.9 ± 14.1 years. The results of cross-tabulation between patients’ sociodemographic, clinical and microbiological characteristics and treatment outcomes are given in Table 1. Patients were resistant to a median of 7 drugs (interquartile range [IQR] = 6–8). A total of 182 (45.5%) patients were concurrently resistant to all the three SLIs and 166 (41.1%) to all the five FLDs (Table 2). Out of 397 pulmonary XDR-TB patients, SCC was achieved by 244 patients (61.5%). Median time to SCC was 3 months (IQR = 2–5 months). Among 244 patients who achieved SCC, 110 (45%) were culture converted by second month of treatment, 170 (69.7%) by 4th and 206 (84.4%) by 6th month of treatment.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
388,942 |
CME suppressed NF-κB, STAT3, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in MDA-MB-231 cells. MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with CME at the indicated concentrations for 24 or 48 h. Cell pellets were collected for Western blot analysis. The expression of key proteins in the (A) PI3K/AKT/mTOR, (B) NF-κB, and (C) STAT3 signaling pathways. β-Actin was probed as a loading control. Protein expression is indicated, as fold of control. Three independent experiments were conducted and representative blots are shown.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
302,550 |
If applicable, we recommend that you deposit your laboratory protocols in protocols.io to enhance the reproducibility of your results. Protocols.io assigns your protocol its own identifier (DOI) so that it can be cited independently in the future. For instructions see: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-laboratory-protocols. Additionally, PLOS ONE offers an option for publishing peer-reviewed Lab Protocol articles, which describe protocols hosted on protocols.io. Read more information on sharing protocols at https://plos.org/protocols?utm_medium=editorial-email&utm_source=authorletters&utm_campaign=protocols.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
247,295 |
D and R fish were periodically checked for the presence of adult monogeneans, and if >5 worms were present on all gill arches from one side, fish were euthanised with an overdose of anaesthetic (MS-222, 1 g/10 L of water). The monogeneans were carefully collected from gill arches, placed in Petri-dishes with a thin layer of filtered sea water, and observed under the stereomicroscope, using fine needles.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
29,453 |
A cut-edge, or bridge, of a network is an edge whose removal disconnects the graph. A cut-edge is trivial if one of the connected components induced by the cut-edge is a vertex and non-trivial otherwise. A simple network is one whose cut-edges are all trivial (so note, for instance, that trees on more than two leaves are not simple networks). A blob is a maximal subgraph of a network that has no cut-edge (i.e. a “biconnected component”, also known as a “block”), and that is not a vertex (Gambette et al. 2012).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
145,252 |
GW, gestational week; MD, malformations of cortical development; WMDI, white-matter damage of immaturity; M/PCA, middle/posterior cerebral artery; AVM, arterio-venous malformations; R/L, right/left; B, bilateral; U, unilateral; CP, cerebral palsy; GMFCS, Gross Motor Function Classification System; NA, not applicable; BCVA, best corrected visual acuity (decimals); RE/LE, right/left eye; GC+IPL, ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer; VFI, visual field index; OCT, optical coherence tomography; CVI, cerebral visual impairment; HFA, Humphrey Field Analyzer.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
1,763 |
Inference of demographic growth using haplotypes with linked microsatellites is typically based on the distribution of pairwise differences between multi-locus haplotypes, also known as the mismatch distribution, as the shape of this distribution is determined by the time and magnitude of historical population expansions . Based on this, here we present a new metric, distance homoplasy (DH), which quantifies the proportion of mutations separating two multi-locus haplotypes that are not observed due to homoplasy. Our rationale for using this measure are studies that use the mode of the distribution of pairwise differences as the basis for estimating τ . Therefore, underestimation of the proportion of pairwise differences should impact the mismatch distribution which in turn should alter the inference of τ. DH is expressed as:
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
1,275 |
MCF7 cells were irradiated with 0 or 2Gy using 137 Cesium irradiator. 1h after IR, each replicated treatment were further treated with vehicle or 5x 1μM LCL521. For the 5-time treatment, media were replaced every 24h with fresh media that contained either vehicle or 1μM LCL521. After that, cells were cultured for 4 weeks and then stained with crystal violet (1g/500ml formalin). Representative crystal staining is shown. Colonies count is presented in S2 Fig.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
41,694 |
Postprandial thermogenesis is defined as the increase in energy expenditure after a meal or after ingestion of a given nutrient. This parameter results from the energy cost corresponding to absorption, digestion, and metabolism of nutrients provided by the meal. In humans, it has been shown that postprandial thermogenesis is in the range of 15–30% of the ingested energy for protein, while for carbohydrates and lipids this value is, respectively, between 5 and 10% and 0 and 3% (68, 69). Mikkelsen et al. showed that when protein energy contribution in meal is increased from 11 to 29%, the energy expenditure is also increased of about 10% per day (70). The increase in energy expenditure associated with the consumption of protein may partly explain their satiating effect. Indeed, several authors have suggested that increased metabolism had an inhibitory effect on food intake (71, 72).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
20,564 |
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a common complication of diabetes, with no known treatment besides normalization of blood glucose.1 Should a treatment for diabetic PN become available, early detection will become a key to improving outcome. Presently, the clinical diagnosis for diabetic PN is subjective, with many patients seeking a diagnosis only after presenting with symptoms of advanced PN. Earlier diagnosis of PN is needed if new treatments aimed at preserving nerves and stimulating regeneration is to be successful. Recently, determining subepithelial corneal nerve density has been promoted as a surrogate marker for early diagnosis of diabetic PN.2–5 In vivo imaging of corneal nerves by corneal confocal microscopy is a noninvasive procedure, but it can be challenging to implement as a routine examination. Moreover, many images must be acquired and made into a montage for analysis, which can be very labor intensive. As an alternative, we developed an objective functional test of corneal sensitivity.6 The method uses hyperosmolar eye drops to activate transient receptor channel-8 receptors (TRPM8) in the cornea, which results in reflex blinking and squinting if the nerves are intact.7 As diabetic PN develops, damaged corneal nerves lose sensation, which decreases the reflex response to corneal stimulation.8 The motivation for this study was to develop a method of early detection of PN that can be performed annually during a routine clinical visit or eye examination and that could be used to monitor treatment to greatly improve the standard of care for diabetic patients.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
105,400 |
The serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-12 were changed in the DSS treated mice in our previous study . Thus, they were measured using MILLIPLEX™ micro-beads arrays (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) run on Luminex MAPIG instrument following the manufacturer’s recommended protocols. For evaluation of the results, Milliplex™ Analyst v5.1 (Vigenetech) was used. The median fluorescent intensity data were saved and analyzed using a five-parameter logistic or spline curve-fitting method for calculating cytokine concentrations in the samples. The coefficient of quality control variation of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-12 were less than 2.17, 2.36, 4.71, 2.24, 4.18, and 5.92%, respectively.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
274,540 |
Difference between study group and control group regarding Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), and White Spot Lesions (WSL) at different time-points. Data were recorded at baseline (t0), after one month (t1), two months (t2), three months (t3), and six months (t4). The graph shows a tendency among the study group patients to progressively exhibit a better PI and GI compared to the control group. However, no evident differences were present in terms of WSL
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
339,395 |
The largest family of polycyclic aromatic polyketides is the family of angucyclines, with various biological activities . As outlined above, strain 7NS3 was found to produce an emycin A substance that belongs to the angucycline group. Gene cluster region 6.1, detected by an antiSMASH analysis, harbors a predicted type II polyketide BGC, which shows similarity to several known angucycline-type BGCs, such as the kiamycin BGC from Streptomyces sp. W007 (45% similarity) or the lugdunomycin BGC from Streptomyces sp. QL37 (44% similarity) . The most similar genetic organization regarding the potential 7NS3 type II polyketide BGC genes was found to be present in strain Streptomyces sp. 303MFCol5.2 (PRJNA187949), for which a set of 26 genes (BGC region 24.1) showed 65% similarity to gene cluster region 6.1 of 7NS3. However, no type II polyketide has been described for S. sp. 303MFCol5.2 so far. A manual cluster analysis by using BLASTP on each individual gene of region 6.1 from 7NS3 revealed that only the gene region from nucleotide position 182,328–210,753 nt shows similarity to the genes of S. sp. 303MFCol5.2, whereas the up- and downstream regions have higher overall similarity to genes of strain Streptomyces sp. LaPpAH-108 (Figure S5). These gene similarity characteristics can be used as an indicator to define cluster-boundaries of the emycin A encoding cluster (herewith denominated ang) in 7NS3. Thus, we suggest that the ang gene cluster from 7NS3 covers the gene region 182,328–210,753 nt from locus tag IF665_12470-IF665_12600 (Table S2). The ang cluster harbors, overall, 28 open reading frames (orfs), which cover a size of ~28 kb. The clusters include the orfs IF655_12525 and IF655_12530 encoding a typical type II minimal polyketide synthase (PKS) system, as well as the orfs IF655_12520, IF655_12530 and IF655_12535 encoding a putative type II polyketide cyclase, a 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase and an aromatase/cyclase, respectively. The predicted gene products are usually involved in angucycline-specific biosynthetic reactions, suggesting that they might be involved in the biosynthesis of the angucycline-like substance.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
351,612 |
In vitro cultures of Eysenhardtia platycarpa are shown in Figure 1. The seed germination rate was 98% at 10 days of culture and no microbial contamination was observed. The in vitro plants grew easily without plant growth regulators after being transferred to 1-L jars (Figure 1A).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
330,058 |
The finding of enhanced neural activity in stroke patients moving their paretic hand has long been reported by neuroimaging studies (Chollet et al., 1991; Gerloff et al., 2006; Pool et al., 2018; Rossini, Calautti, Pauri, & Baron, 2003; Ward et al., 2003). We here replicated these findings as our stroke patients showed increased neural activation in M1 and premotor cortex of the lesioned hemisphere when moving their affected hand, compared to healthy controls. Despite the consistent reports of over‐activation, its functional role remains controversial, especially regarding the contribution of the contralesional hemisphere (Buetefisch, 2015; Grefkes & Fink, 2011; Xerri, Zennou‐Azogui, Sadlaoud, & Sauvajon, 2014). While some studies suggest a supportive influence (Bütefisch et al., 2005; Lotze et al., 2006) other reports provide evidence for a maladaptive role of the contralesional hemisphere on hand motor function in chronic stroke (Mansur et al., 2005; Nowak et al., 2008; Takeuchi, Chuma, Matsuo, Watanabe, & Ikoma, 2005). One explanation for these heterogeneous findings are time‐dependent changes of neural activity, with a gradual reduction of bihemispheric overactivity with increasing time poststroke (Calautti et al., 2010; Rehme, Fink, et al., 2011) and a reestablishment of more physiological, that is, lateralized activation patterns concomitant to better recovery of function (Calautti et al., 2001; Ward et al., 2003). In line with these findings, our group of well‐recovered chronic stroke patients featured a rather lateralized sensorimotor network when executing simple movements with their right (affected) hand. However, activity within the lesioned hemisphere was still characterized by higher levels of ipsilesional activity within left M1hand and PMv (Figure 3). Furthermore, enhanced neural activity was correlated with lower finger tapping frequencies not only within the ipsilesional but notably also the contralesional hemisphere (Figure 5). This supports the notion that persistent overactivity at chronic stages indicates less favorable outcome for upper limb recovery (Grefkes & Fink, 2012; Rehme, Eickhoff, et al., 2011; Ward et al., 2003).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
40,365 |
In real-time RT-PCR, specificity was evaluated by performing a melting curve analysis (also called dissociation curve analysis) after each amplification. High temperature was used to dissociate dsDNA molecules that associated with fluorescent molecules (e.g., SYBR Green), and the change in fluorescence was determined. Because the dissociation of dsDNA is affected by its length and GC content, different PCR products may have different dissociation characteristics. Specificity can be determined using the melting temperature of the PCR product. A single peak in the −ΔF/ΔT graph denotes a single PCR product (good primer specificity), and two peaks on the melting curve indicate nonspecificity of the primer towards target gene. Primer–dimers may contribute to additional peaks in the melting curve and are identified by lower melting temperatures compared with those of target amplicons. All melting graphs shown here had similar patterns of high −ΔF/ΔT at low temperatures before peaking at expected temperatures. Similar melting curves were observed in a transcriptomic study on human osteoblast genes22 where specificity was confirmed by performing gel electrophoresis of PCR products. In the present study, specificity of HKG primers was verified by performing gel electrophoresis, which produced a single band that corresponded to target amplicon size. All HKG primers were found to be specific for our samples. However, all these primers were initially designed for Symbiodinium clade C.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
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