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The gas slides with a specified tangential velocity on microchannel walls while passing through. Moreover, a temperature jump between the fluid and the wall is preserved. Another important phenomenon in dilute systems, such as dilute gas flows, exposes when the channel size becomes as small as wherein the molecular interactions control the physics of flow dynamics. The Knudsen number, which is defined as the ratio of the average path of the free gas scan to the system characteristic length, is a novel metric that measures the degree of dilution of the system. The Knudsen number is used to calculate a system’s dilution. The Knudsen number is, in fact, a crucial characteristic of nanoscale and microscale flows. The flow regime in macro-channels is defined by the values of velocity and viscosity, which are represented in the Reynolds number, and compressibility, which is reflected in the Mach number. The flow regime in MCHs is determined by the most significant parameter, dilution, which is defined by the Knudsen number. Although one of the assumptions in equations of Navier–Stokes is continuity, the researchers have proposed that Navier–Stokes is already applicable to MCHs flows where dilution effects become important by using slip boundary conditions. For gas flows that are examined at the micro and nano dimensions, it is necessary to define new parameters for modeling the molecular interactions. At the molecular level, factors, such as the mean of free path (λ), molecular diameter (d), intermolecular distance (δ), must be considered (Figure 2) .
| 4 | 0biomedical
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272,904 |
For multidrug resistant Salmonella isolates containing the same, or similar, phenotypic resistance patterns and representing identical sequence types, Snippy (version 4.4.0; https://github.com/tseemann/snippy) was used to further distinguish genetic differences based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using the entire genome. Isolate raw reads were used, along with default settings. Reference genomes used were: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2 (Accession No.: NC_003197.2); Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Hadar str. RI_05P066 (Accession No.: ABFG00000000.1).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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336,127 |
We determined that retinal miR-223 levels were upregulated during degeneration in the photo-oxidative damage model, corroborating previous findings using a range of retinal disease models (Fuller-Carter et al., 2015; Saxena et al., 2015; Chung et al., 2016; Watanabe et al., 2016; Huang et al., 2017). This may have occurred either through increased photoreceptor expression of miR-223, or the accumulation of large numbers of miR-223-expressing recruited macrophages in areas of retinal degeneration (Natoli et al., 2017a). We also identified circulating serum levels of miR-223 to also be upregulated in photo-oxidative damage. miR-223 has previously been identified as a circulating biomarker in a range of chronic inflammatory conditions (Zhou et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016; Cisilotto et al., 2020), including neurological disorders (Fenoglio et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2014). In retinal degeneration, it is possible that elevated miR-223 levels in the circulation may be an indication of disease, as occurs in neovascular AMD patient plasma (Ertekin et al., 2014) and in peripheral blood cells (Litwinska et al., 2019). An increase in systemic miR-223 could have occurred due to elevation in the retina in response to light exposure, which has been previously shown to alter retinal miRNA expression levels (Krol et al., 2010). Excess miR-223 may have leeched out of the retina into the blood. Alternatively, miR-223 may have been upregulated in circulating immune cells in response to light exposure.
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18,532 |
People at low-risk of foot ulceration can usually be safely accommodated in a wide range of off-the-shelf footwear without specific requirements, provided the footwear is correctly fitted and appropriate for the activity to be undertaken [10, 15, 16, 32, 33]. For people at intermediate- or high-risk of foot ulceration, see recommendations 4-9. When new footwear is provided to a person with diabetes at low-risk of foot ulceration, advise them that a “wear-in” period may be needed where they slowly increase the number of hours per day the footwear is used, and that they should be extra vigilant of their foot health in this period.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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358,401 |
In Pakistan malaria continues to be a serious public health problem. Around 2.6 million malaria cases were reported nationwide in 2008, with a mortality rate of 50,000 per year.10 Plasmodium Vivax and P. falciparum are the two major Plasmodium species found in Pakistan, with P. Vivax predominating in most regions.11,12 Our study also shows similar results as malaria was found to be the second most common cause of acute undifferentiated fever and most of these were due to Plasmodium Vivax.
| 3 | 0biomedical
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221,486 |
The NM500 machine-learning computer chip (General Vision Inc., Larkspur, CA) classified ACs based on voltage output by assigning categorical labels to continuous data, such as temperature, chemical content, and voltage, as well as providing a confidence metric . The NM500’s neurons interpreted the results and provided a classification based on how close the parameters are to previously trained values. The NM500 reported the level of agreement among the neurons’ interpretations as a confidence and bins them into the following categories: “Identified” (unanimous agreement amongst the neurons), “Uncertain” (some disagreement), or “Unknown” (insufficient number of neurons fired to make a classification). No classification was given if the confidence was “Unknown” .
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267,393 |
We estimated all-cause mortality rates for each country, sex, age, and calendar year, by interpolating UN Population Division abridged life tables.25 To account for excess mortality among HIV-positive individuals we assumed a mortality RR producing an 8-year shorter life expectancy for HIV-positive individuals than for HIV-negative individuals.26 To calculate future mortality rates for tuberculosis survivors we multiplied all-cause general population mortality rates for each stratum by the standardised mortality ratio reported for tuberculosis survivors.2 To calculate future mortality rates for the cohort under a counterfactual where they had not developed tuberculosis, we divided the mortality rates estimated for the tuberculosis scenario by the causal mortality RR estimated for each country.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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169,863 |
As a wetland obligate and a significant consumer of marsh vegetation, the muskrat plays several important roles in wetland ecosystems. Their foraging, travel, and house‐building activities create numerous small openings in marshes, thereby increasing the interspersion of open water and emergent vegetation, which often results in increased structural diversity and plant species richness in wetlands (Connors et al., 2000; Keddy, 2010; Nyman et al., 1993). Different biotic communities are known to respond positively to such enhancements in habitat diversity (Wilcox & Meeker, 1992); in particular, a greater density and diversity of marsh birds and waterfowl have been found in wetlands with an equal ratio of open water to emergent vegetation (Kaminski & Prince, 1981; McDonnell, 1983; Weller & Fredrickson, 1973). Muskrat houses (both new and old) can also create important loafing and nesting sites for marsh birds. For example, the black tern (Chlidonias niger) will use muskrat houses and feeding platforms as nesting substrate (Hickey & Malecki, 1997) and it is quite common to find Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and sometimes trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) loafing or nesting on old muskrat structures. Less recognized are the benefits that muskrats provide to snakes and turtles, many of which are species at risk. In an Illinois, USA, study, a large number of spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata) captures occurred in deep open water pools associated with muskrat lodges where muskrat grazing decreased the vegetative cover, and it was believed that these pools served as refugia for the turtles during periods of high temperature and/or drought (Litzgus & Brooks, 2000). Numerous vertebrate species, including more than ten herptile species, have been observed using muskrat houses, burrows, cleared pathways, and other features for thermoregulation, nesting, cover, and ease of travel (S. Gillingwater, unpublished data; Kiviat, 1978). Furthermore, muskrat activity can influence mussel abundance (Diggins & Stewart, 2000), invertebrate communities (De Szalay & Cassidy, 2001; Nummi et al., 2006), microbial activity (Wainscott et al., 1990), and nutrient cycling (Connors et al., 2000). Muskrats are also an important food item for many predators, such as red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), coyotes (Canis latrans), raccoons (Procyon lotor), raptors, and especially mink (Neovison vison) (McDonnell, 1983).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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117,391 |
MouseTracker software was used to present the stimuli and to record the mouse trajectories of each response25. MouseTracker software provides a more sensitive measure of negativity beyond explicit valence ratings by tracking the trajectory of mouse movements as participants determine the valence of ambiguous facial expressions. During a given trial, a participant’s mouse can either move directly from the start button to their response (i.e., in a straight line) or they may be pulled to some degree toward the opposite response during the decision process (i.e., portraying curvature in their response trajectory). Thus, the mouse’s trajectory reflects the implicit competition between positivity and negativity ratings on each trial.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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183,769 |
b. If you are unable to obtain permission from the original copyright holder to publish these figures under the CC BY 4.0 license or if the copyright holder’s requirements are incompatible with the CC BY 4.0 license, please either i) remove the figure or ii) supply a replacement figure that complies with the CC BY 4.0 license. Please check copyright information on all replacement figures and update the figure caption with source information. If applicable, please specify in the figure caption text when a figure is similar but not identical to the original image and is therefore for illustrative purposes only.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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83,559 |
Another way of minimizing the effects of differences in exposure is by providing feedback during testing (see Rowland and DeLosh, 2015, for a discussion of this). In the current study, however, exposure times were always equated, and no feedback was provided. This effectively makes the covert and overt conditions highly similar to each other, procedurally speaking (this is especially true of the random testing order condition, as participants do not know whether they will be asked to articulate the information after having retrieved it). So, any differences between covert and overt retrieval, with respect to the testing effect, cannot be due to differences in exposure.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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25,659 |
Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of CAM use before treatment and to evaluate whether it’s use is associated with delays in presentation, diagnosis and treatments of breast cancer. This information will assist clinicians and policy makers to formulate strategies and implement public health activities that can prevent delays in presentation, diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in the future.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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247,122 |
The investigation of amino acid content in this barley collection revealed that M4 stood out with a high lysine content. Interestingly, lysine was part of the amino acids accumulating in all genotypes under LN but reached five times higher levels in M4. In another study investigating amino acid content in four barley varieties, the authors found diversity in the lysine content of grains (Jood and Singh, 2001). In maize, the opaque mutant was identified as accumulating 69% more lysine in its endosperm compared to the parental line (Mertz et al., 1964; Wang et al., 2019). Interestingly, lysine accumulation in the endosperm is related to reduced levels of endosperm proteins like alpha-zein in maize (Wang et al., 2019) and hordein in barley (Schmidt et al., 2015). The level of lysine in M4 grains was not higher than that of M5 or GP (data not shown).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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41,753 |
The following three steps are the main components of the standard complete TORS-SGL for a supraglottic laryngeal cancer (13, 27). They can be performed in any order, provided that exposure remains adequate and allows for a complete visualization of the tumor for oncological monobloc resection (25). For tumors of the vallecula, a transvallecular approach is to be replaced by incision of the tongue base. Weinstein et al. recommend beginning with splitting of the suprahyoid epiglottis, sectioning the epiglottis vertically up to the petiole, then performing each side of the supraglottic laryngectomy one by one (13).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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217,004 |
The p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP) assay was used for measuring AP-A in cells . The optical density was detected at a wavelength of 405 nm using a microplate reader (FLUOstar Omega, BMG Labtech Multi-mode microplate reader, Offenburg, Germany). AP-A was reported as micromolar (µM) using a standard curve according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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302,690 |
Sample size was calculated using the primary endpoint, i.e. recurrence-free survival. Based on the results from Sylvester, we expected a 1-year recurrence rate of approximately 30% in intermediate risk patients treated with the standard treatment of maintenance intravesical chemotherapy in patients with risk profiles equivalent to the study inclusion criteria. Taking the results from Daniltchenko into account, a 1-year recurrence rate of approximately 60% was to be expected in untreated patients with risk profiles equivalent to the present inclusion criteria [16, 17]. The non-inferiority margin of a 15% increase in the 1-year recurrence rate was based on taking half of the observed benefit of the standard treatment over the placebo treatment. This corresponded to a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.676.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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62,336 |
(A) Growth rate of shScr or shHIF-1 BCBL-1 and BC-3 cells measured by counting live cells every 24 hours in normoxia. (B) Proliferation rate of shScr or shHIF-1 cells measured by MTS assay at 72 hours in normoxia using Promega’s CellTiter 96 Aqueous One Solution assay, which measures the amount of NADH or NADPH produced by metabolically active cells. (C) Colony forming efficiency of shHIF-1 cells relative to shScr cells. Error bars represent standard deviations from at least 3 independent experiments. Results shown in B and C are fold changes compared to shScr cells. Statistically significant differences between shScr and shHIF-1 cells are indicated. *P ≤0.05, **P ≤ 0.01.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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334,501 |
The major drawback of traditional chemotherapeutic agents is that they also affect the healthy normal cells during the cancer treatment. However, the extent of cell death can be different among the cancer and non-cancer cells when get exposed to the same therapeutic drug as the operating mechanism is different. Among many different drugs which fall into this category, spiro heterocycles embedded with pharmacologically active units are encouraging applicants for drug discovery since they are likely to interact more proficiently with binding pockets in proteins, which are three-dimensional in nature, and have better solubility, a key property in the course of drug development (Zheng et al., 2014). The medicinal activities of these heterocycles were due to the presence of different structural moieties, and these compounds have the capacity to interfere with the biological systems in a sequential way of protein inhibition or enzymatic degradation pathway. The basic mechanism of these compounds being the induction of apoptosis by binding to the DNA and also acting against the cell division and growth with the arrest of cell cycle, where all these pathways leads to the cancer cell death. Furthermore, the spiro heterocyclic hybrids also serves as the effective inhibitors of many different proteins that includes SIRT1 (Heltweg et al., 2006; Milne and Denu, 2008; Balcerczyk and Pirola, 2010; Rambabu et al., 2013), Mdm2-p53 (Ding et al., 2005; Zhao et al., 2013; Rew et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2014), PLK4 etc and thereby showing affinity for the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) receptor (Benabdallah et al., 2018). Therefore, taking advantage of the physiological behavior of cancer and non-cancer cell's response toward therapeutics, the current study is aimed to develop some novel spiro hybrid heterocycles possessing drug agents that are capable of inducing the cell death pathways to the cancer cells in a controllable manner.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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18,313 |
As presented in Table 3, there was a significant positive effect of the task rule manipulation on strategy suggesting that in the dual-tasking condition participants focused more on two tasks than in the mono-tasking condition. As predicted, however, this effect was qualified by a significant NFC × task rules interaction (see Table 3). The results indicate that there was a significant effect of NFC on strategy in the dual-tasking condition, β = 0.30, SE = 0.10, t = 3.13, p = .002, 95% CI [0.11, − 0.49], suggesting that the higher NFC, the more dual-tasking strategy when dual-tasking was required. However, the effect in the mono-tasking condition was non-significant, β = 0.03, SE = 0.07, t = − 0.43, p = .67, 95% CI [− 0.12, 0.18]. Inspection of differences between conditions showed that they were significant for both low and high NFC individuals (in both cases p < .001). The interaction is graphically presented in Fig. 7.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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328,325 |
The modified Nature Exposure Scale is a five-item scale designed to assess direct physical and/or sensory contact with the natural environment (Wood et al., 2019). This version was preferred to the four-item scale created by Francis (unpublished) in reason of its better model fit. One item is designed to assess exposure to nature in everyday life, two items to assess exposure outside of everyday environments, and two items assessing nature exposure during physical exercise. Each question on the scale is scored on a 5-point Likert scale (ranging from 1 “high/a great deal” to 5 “low/not much”), with higher scores reflecting greater exposure to nature. A total score was computed as the average of the five items.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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268,927 |
After treatment, the latent MTrPs group showed a significantly reduction in TNSS and medications days compared to the SLIT group during 3 months after treatment. This improvement was maintained throughout the follow-up period, which indicates that the onset time of efficacy was at week 1. A statistically significant improvement in the TNSS was also observed in the SLIT group, which was maintained throughout the treatment period with the exception of week 1–8. The results for analyses of efficacy during the follow-up period are presented in Figures 3, 4 and Table 2. The TNSS at week 1, week 2, month 1, month 2, and month 3 for latent MTrPs and SLIT were 4.43 vs. 7.80, 3.08 vs. 7.52, 2.64 vs. 6.59, 2.58 vs. 5.73, and 2.62 vs. 4.59, respectively (mean difference; p < 0.001), which was statistically significant. At the month 6 and the end of the evaluation period (month 9), the differences between latent MTrPs and SLIT groups in mean TNSS and AR symptoms were not statistically significant (p = 0.947, p = 0.196, Table 2) but significantly reduced to TNSS a greater level from baseline (from 8.36 ± 1.96 to 4.00 ± 2.15, from 8.66 ± 2.31 to 3.68 ± 2.74). Moreover, the medication days for the latent MTrPs group were different from those for the SLIT group during the follow-up period (Figure 4). However, eight (17 %) patients reported that injection treatment did not work in the latent MTrPs group.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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17,589 |
The AVs provided in Table 2 can be applied not only in a research context (e.g., global workforce, developmental and educational research and policymakers), but also in occupational context. For example, large international companies that base their application and selection process on assessed cognitive and non-cognitive skills can apply vignettes in order to minimize cross-cultural bias in the assessment of non-cognitive skills.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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252,877 |
In SAMP8 mice in the OxA-RNAi group, synapses were abundant in the hippocampus (marked in turquoise), the mitochondrial bilayer structure was clear, and the internal cristae was arranged in a relatively orderly manner (purple box indicated by the arrow). The myelin sheaths were intact but showed some degree of dissolution (green box indicated by the arrow), the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes were clearly demarcated, the synaptic clefts were tight, and there were many synaptic vesicles (blue box indicated by the arrow). The postsynaptic membrane was relatively intact and moderately dense (yellow box indicated by the arrow).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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49,909 |
The recent advent of deep learning techniques has given scientists and engineers a new point of view for a variety of traditional scientific and engineering issues. Modeling that is based on a DNN is generally referred to as deep learning. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) with a single hidden layer were developed in the 1940s and continued to prosper throughout the 80 s and 90 s16–23. During the same period, ANNs were applied to a variety of tasks. Unfortunately, ANNs with a shallow structure were nearly abandoned after the new millennium, since their performance did not exceed that produced from conventional rule-based engineering. The term “deep-learning” was born from the failure of previous shallow-learning structures with a single hidden layer. DNNs were created by simply employing multiple hidden layers in an ANN.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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263,639 |
Our results show that there is a practical advantage of including low defocus values (<1 µm) during data collection from optimized samples. In our GPCR experiments, we typically use a defocus range of 0.5–1.5 µm. Current particle handling strategies in the most popular image processing packages impose a restriction on the minimum particle box size that will preserve delocalized high-resolution components at the maximum defocus in the dataset. As demonstrated here, higher defocus values necessitate larger box sizes that could be impractical and/or reduce productivity. Similar to processing approaches from the early days of cryo-EM39, the recently introduced M package overcomes this limitation by performing a CTF sign correction on a larger area before extracting the particle box32. This was shown to solve the resolution limitation of higher defocus values and could allow their use in the future without detrimental effects.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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47,279 |
Effective cell-mediated immune response plays an essential role in the host defense against intracellular pathogen Mtb. Immunity to TB is still understood to be driven and maintained by T-cell derived immune response . However, B cells, as one of the major adaptive immune cells, are thought to play a limited role . Recent evidence shows that B cells can regulate immune response to Mtb via the modulation of cytokine production and macrophage activation . Moreover, one most recent study indicates that human B cells can phagocytose Mtb, which can in turn regulate the immune activation of B cells . The data suggest that B cells, as effectors in both the innate and adaptive immune response, can modulate host defense against Mtb infection and play a significant role in determining the clinical outcome of TB infection . Despite this, the contributory role of B cells in the protection against Mtb infection is less defined than the role of T cells.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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394,380 |
Compounds 4–7 still feature adsorption isotherm branches that can be viewed as a composite of Types I and II. However, there is essentially no desorption until p/p0 <~0.1–0.15 for 4–6 (for 6 after the second adsorption run). For 7, the desorption starts around p/p0 <~0.3. For 4–7, about 80% of the adsorbed N2 is still retained at a very low p/p0 of ~0.01. There is a final steep desorption branch at p/p0 of ~0.01 for these remaining 80%. Such a very steep desorption branch is also a characteristic feature of H2(a) hysteresis loops and can be attributed either to pore-blocking/percolation in a narrow range of pore necks or to cavitation-induced evaporation .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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214,045 |
To prepare the T‐Cup device, between 5 and 6 g of granular RT64HC were added to a clean coffee capsule. The material was melted by heating the cup by placing it in a hot (close to boiling) water bath. Next, the cup was taken out of the water bath and a 3D printed vial holder was placed in the cup, together with four standard 200 µL PCR tubes. Once the T‐cup was cooled down, the vials are removed, leaving imprints of the vials inside the device. The prepared devices can be stored safely at ambient temperature for months, and probably years, ready for use.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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273,966 |
The semi-structured interview guide consisted of 28 open-ended questions related to four topics: the provider’s usual clinical practice, HPV vaccine guidelines in the practice, the provider’s personal attitude and perception of the community attitude towards HPV vaccination, and provider communication with patients (Table 1). According to Neergaard et al. , the interview guide for qualitative description research is more structured than other qualitative methods and is based on expert knowledge to focus on areas poorly understood in a healthcare context. Interview length ranged from 36 to 73 min, with an average of 56 min. The providers answered all the questions covered in the interview guide. At the conclusion of the interview, each participant signed a voucher to receive $50 check in the mail as compensation for their time, and received published information on HPV vaccination guidelines.Table 1Sample Questions from Provider Interview GuideHPV vaccine guidelines in the practice• Can you describe to me the procedures for administering required vaccines [e.g., Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis (Tdap) and Meningococcal (MCV4)) to preteens (11–12 year olds) and teens (13–18 year olds)] in your practice?▪ Follow-up probe: Examples of procedures include ordering and administering vaccines, recall/reminder systems to bring patients in for vaccines, standing orders to improve vaccination, quality improvement procedures to track and increase vaccination rates.• How do these procedures compare to the procedures used for the HPV vaccination which is recommended but not required?▪ Follow-up probe: For instance, Tdap and MCV4 are required for school entry but HPV isn’t; does this influence how vaccines are ordered or stocked in your practice?• What do you know about the HPV vaccine guidelines/recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices or ACIP?• Do you think the process of administering the HPV vaccine to patients in practices in your area is difficult or easy?▪ Follow-up probe: What factors make it easy (use the following probes* if needed: financial, legal, behavior change, concerns relative to cancer) to adopt the HPV vaccine guidelines in practices in your area?▪ Follow-up probe: What factors make it difficult (use the following probes* if needed: financial, legal, behavior change, concerns relative to cancer) to adopt the HPV vaccine guidelines in practices in your area?* The interviewer only offered probes to the provider when s/he was not able to respond to the question (e.g., staying silent) or asked the interviewer for an example
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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67,774 |
Firstly, ALP was verified as a surface protein. Transmission EM (TEM) immuno-gold labeling showed that native ALP localizes on the surface of the S. eriocheiris (Figures 1A,B). After preparation of membrane protein, cytoplasmic protein, and total protein of S. eriocheiris, ALP antiserum (dilute1:2000) was used to determine whether immunoaccessible domains were present on the S. eriocheiris surface using western blotting. In agreement with TEM (Figure 1C), the results showed that the ALP signal was detected in the lanes of total protein from S. eriocheiris (T) and membrane proteins (M), but not in cytoplasmic protein (C), thus indicating that ALP is exposed on the surface of S. eriocheiris. Arginine deaminase (Arg), as has been previously demonstrated, was one of the S. eriocheiris cytoplasmic proteins used as a negative control. The Coomassie stained PAGE gels used in the Western blots in a Supplementary Figure as loading control (Figure S2).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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261,351 |
The findings of beliefs for fewer side effects with HM in this study is similar to what has been reported in other Ugandan and African studies, . Whereas many have perceived HM as being safe and devoid of adverse side effects, this may not be totally true as few studies have been conducted to objectively verify it. Ekor (2014) suggests that these perceptions are not only false, but also may be misleading to many of the users. This is possibly due to the fact that many people globally underestimate the toxicity of herbals and never realize that these agents could be as toxic as (or even more than) synthetic drugs .This may also be based on misinformation provided by herbalists, relatives and friends that HM are natural foods without any toxic element . Although some studies have backed up the safety of some herbal remedies used in SCD , there is increasing proof of the interactions of herbal remedies and conventional medicines with potential for serious adverse effects .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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189,100 |
In the majority of cases, the growth efficiency was increased by tree species mixing. This again indicates that there were no overall species-specific patterns and that both density and efficiency effects needed to be considered for understanding, modelling or silvicultural steering.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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368,157 |
The analysis of the SALSA simulations described in the previous section highlights how an initial density of 5 M cells might not be ideal, as it was associated with non-viable conditions in the innermost part of the virtual scaffold. To test if a different initial population density could increase the uniformity of cell distribution and stiffness we simulated the same experiment considering starting populations of either 625 K, 1.25 M or 2.5 M cells. The results of this in-silico analysis are reported in Figs. 5 and 6, for MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines respectively.Figure 5MCF7 cells. Analysis of the role of initial population cardinality on the simulated variables as a function of the distance from the scaffold center. The color scale are defined as in Fig. 4. Figure 6MDA-MB-231 cells. Analysis of the role of initial population cardinality on the simulated variables as a function of the distance from the scaffold center. The color scale are defined as in Fig. 4.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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376,669 |
Compared to non-transformed cells, cancer cell metabolism is reprogrammed to support accelerating proliferation and to adapt to the tumor environment . The same needs exist for metastatic cells. Several studies showed that metastasizing cells become dependent on glycolysis for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production . The in vitro OS cell line model demonstrated an enhanced metabolism in malignant and metastatic OS cells compared to benign cells. The metastatic cell line showed a faster metabolic flux in the glycolysis and TCA cycle compared to the malignant cell line when glucose or glutamine was used as a nutrient source, leading to reduced pools of CCM. Ribose-5-phosphate showed a reduced label incorporation in both malignant and metastatic cells compared to benign cells, suggesting a decreased flux through the pentose phosphate pathway. This is similar to the metabolic changes we saw in our clinical samples from female patients.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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362,516 |
In this work, MXene was proven to play a critical role in achieving elastomer with long-term thermo-oxidative resistance. To investigate the relationship between MXene and thermo-oxidative resistance, our group explored the effect of MXene on oxygen and free radicals in the matrix. The results show that MXene is efficient in absorbing oxygen and the generated free radicals in the NR matrix and can inhibit the diffusion of oxygen toward the interior. Such characteristics of MXene endow NR/MXene with outstanding thermo-oxidative resistance. Moreover, MXene, like graphene and carbon black, absorbs molecular chains, inhibiting the migration of MXene toward the surface of the sample. Therefore, MXene shows long-term outstanding thermo-oxidative resistance in the NR matrix, which far exceeds conventional antioxidants, such as amine antioxidants, phenol antioxidants, and heterocycle antioxidants. This work provides a good guide for the design of elastomer with the long-term outstanding thermo-oxidative resistance.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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6,365 |
Finally, a qualitative study (27) evaluated the sexual behavior of migrants with respect to stigma and discrimination toward people with HIV. It was linked to poor knowledge about HIV, with people not understanding exactly how it was transmitted. It should be mentioned that this type of discrimination differs with respect to the measure in this investigation since it alludes to social discrimination in general. However, it was found that there was a link between general discrimination and safe sex, although it was not presented as a predictive variable within the analysis of regression.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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260,573 |
For the collection of finger bending, commonly used sensors include inertial-based acceleration sensors and flexible stretch and bend sensors. Considering the comfort of wearing, we use the flexible sensor we designed, combined with the design of the circuit and the appearance of the glove, so as to complete the manufacture of our data glove.
| 1 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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115,094 |
7) Subsection “Oligomeric state analysis of membrane proteins in nanodiscs”, second paragraph: if that was true, then switching to diff. scaffold proteins or isotopes should show such species, but I don't think that they are actually released intact from the nanodiscs! This is too important to brush over with a "cannot yet be assigned" comment. Please elaborate this point in the paper.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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252,976 |
Flowers from Coreopsis have been used for ethnopharmacological purposes due to its known biological activities including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. Kim et al. performed metabolic profiling and their inhibitory effect on dipeptidyl peptidase from five original cultivars and mutant cultivars to evaluate the effect of mutation in each species. The results from this study can help to discriminate various cultivars, which could be further processed for dietary supplements .
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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106,782 |
No significant relationships between ABCB1 genotype and best response, TTNT, OS, or the frequency of hematological AEs were demonstrated for any of the four SNPs. This is consistent with the findings of Schilthuizen et al., who also found no correlation with outcomes following induction chemotherapy or HDT-SCT for the 1236C>T, 2677G>T/A and 3435C>T polymorphisms . In contrast, Drain et al. and Maggini et al. reported correlations of survival with both 3435C>T and 2677G>T/A genotype [7, 8]. Buda et al. demonstrated a trend towards improved TTP, progression-free survival, and response rates for patients with the 3435T variant when treated with doxorubicin and bortezomib, but not for patients treated with single-agent bortezomib . Our results do not support any correlation with TTP or response rate for this SNP, which is in accordance with the result of the bortezomib arm in the study of Buda et al. However, the Kaplan–Meier curve showed a clear trend towards improved TTP, and there was a trend towards prolonged DoR, in patients carrying the 1199A variant allele versus patients with the homozygous G/G genotype. There was a difference in mean TTP of 1 year between the genotype subgroups, which is a rather dramatic and clinically relevant difference in relapsed patients with an incurable malignancy associated with high mortality rates. This trend was also clear in the multivariable Cox regression analysis of TTP, with a P value of 0.06. Subgroup analysis indicated that the influence of this genetic variant was limited mainly to patients with standard-risk cytogenetics, in whom the difference in mean TTP between genotype groups was 2 years. This is perhaps not unexpected, as it is likely that deleterious structural aberrations may overcome subtle variations in drug transporter activity. Nevertheless, in view of the small size of the subgroups in our analysis, this result requires confirmation in a larger cohort.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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293,284 |
The HVA, distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA) and tibial sesamoid position (TSP) were measured in weightbearing foot anterior–posterior images according to the measurement method described in previous literature (Fig. 1A, B, E) . According to the congruency and incongruency of the first MTP joint in patients with hallux valgus, we innovatively designed two new measurement indicators, the metatarsophalangeal joint angle (MTPJA) and congruency index (CI), which was defined by the MTPJA as follows: on the weightbearing foot anterior–posterior images, we drew a straight line between the inner and outer edges of the articular surface of the proximal phalanx and the distal metatarsal, respectively, and the angle between the two straight lines was the MTPJA (Fig. 1C). The CI was calculated as described in our previous article . The ratio of the curve length of the metatarsophalangeal joint contact surface to the curve length of the metatarsal head cartilage surface was defined as the CI, which was designed to measure the congruency of the MTP joint (Fig. 1D). There are currently no quantitative indicators to assess whether the metatarsophalangeal joint is congruent; it is based only on the physician's subjective observation of whether the articular surfaces at both ends of the metatarsophalangeal joint were parallel (Fig. 1F). Based on this, we selected two doctors with 20 years of experience in foot and ankle surgery and divided the 245 feet into the congruency and incongruency groups. The HVA, DMAA, MTPJA, CI and TSP were statistically analysed among different degrees of hallux valgus and between the congruency and incongruency groups. Diagnostic tests were performed for the DMAA, MTPJA and CI, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity and critical value were calculated.Fig. 1The imaging indicators of the first MTP joint on the weightbearing foot anterior–posterior images. A hallux valgus angle, HVA; B distal metatarsal articular angle, DMAA; C metatarsophalangeal joint angle, MTPJA; D congruency index, CI; E tibial sesamoid position, TSP; F evaluation of the congruency of the first MTP joint
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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81,444 |
The present study was designed to develop a Dutch national nursing subset of patient problems based on a standardised terminology (SNOMED CT). This study identified 119 comprehensive, unambiguous and accurately defined patient problems covering nursing practice. The study is beneficial for clinical nursing practice, because nurses will be helped by the interoperability of nursing information within and across different healthcare settings. The results also can contribute to the development of an international subset in order to investigate nursing care across nations consistently.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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152,346 |
Poyntz et al. proposed that an increased exposure to NTM after BCG vaccination may play a role in this location-dependent variation. A murine model was utilized to administer either live (oral) or killed (systemic) Mycobacterium avium in those with BCG vaccination. The findings showed increased Th1 and Th17 responses in those exposed to killed M. avium, which is associated with increased protection. On the other hand, those exposed to live M. avium showed increased levels of Th2, associated with decreased protection, thus coming to the conclusion that exposure to NTM may induce varying effects on BCG vaccine efficacy, depending on route and viability . With this knowledge, we are aware of the need for better models to understand exactly how different NTM exposure conditions may compromise future forms of the BCG vaccine.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
109,985 |
Life satisfaction of the veterans was measured by the satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) questionnaire. SWLS includes five general questions that evaluate an individual’s subjective well-being in reference to their own criteria and perceptions. In this self-judgmental process, the person assesses his/her own life on the basis of their own self-imposed standards. The questions are rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from “totally disagree” to “totally agree” (1 to 7). The overall score ranges from 5 to 35. SWLS was validated (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.83) by Bayani et al. .
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
206,427 |
Figure 7a shows, as expected (cf. RMSs in Table 3), that the S20 smartphones obtained larger magnitude of DD phase residuals when they were lying down (left column). In contrast, the S20 smartphones achieved smaller magnitude of DD phase residuals when they are in an upright position (right column), despite having fewer number of satellites (cf. Figure 5). This implies that the smartphone setup has played a significant role in the quality of the phase observations and that the S20 internal antennas seem more sensitive to interferences when the smartphones are lying down. We also remark that there are some large excursions in the DD phase residuals in the top row and right column of Figure 7, when there is also fewer number of satellites, which correspond to incorrectly fixed solutions (cf. Figure 5).
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
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39,700 |
Prematurely born infants may suffer from severe pulmonary complications in association with ASD and pulmonary hypertension even as adults [12, 37–39]. Thus, prematurely born children may benefit from early percutaneous treatment to eliminating the left-to-right shunt [12, 37–39]. Prematurity was not a risk factor in our study for neither minor nor major complications, indicating that prematurely born infants can be considered for percutaneous closure of ASD. Even if ASD closure is safe for prematurely born infants, longer follow-up studies are needed to determine the long-term safety and benefits of early ASD closure.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
71,027 |
Concerning fertilisation rate Robson et al. (2008) found no significant difference between the low- and high grade follicles. Neither did Chui et al. (1997) and Palomba et al. (2006). The study of 2008 with patients > 40 years, however, had an ambiguous outcome (Palomba et al., 2008). A significant difference in fertilisation rate was described between the experimental and the control group in the population sample with FSH serum levels <10.9 IU/L, whilst no significant discrepancy was found in the group with serum levels >10.9 IU/L. The same conclusion can be drawn for the embryo quality and the ongoing pregnancy rate. A corresponding positive correlation for the fertilisation rate and PF vascularity was reported by Bhal et al (1999). However Huey et al. (1999) showed a positive correlation between the fertilisation rate and the Doppler indices RI and S-D. Therefore no firm conclusions can be drawn of the prognostic value of PFBF on neither oocyte retrieval rate, oocyte quality nor fertilisation rate.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
263,444 |
Hypothesis 4: Stressful life events positively moderate the indirect effect that promotion focus has on creativity via boundaryless mindset (H4a), and negatively moderate the indirect effect that prevention focus has on creativity via boundaryless mindset (H4b).
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
158,759 |
* = significant heterogeneity; RR = relative risk; OR = odds ratio; HR = hazard ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; ⨁◯◯◯ = very low quality of evidence; ⨁⨁◯◯ = low quality of evidence. For milk and coffee consumption, I2 and Egger’s p-value were unobtainable from dose-response meta-analyses, thus values from high vs low comparisons are presented as an estimate where available.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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306,528 |
High pressure is a convenient probe to examine the flexibility of MOFs, as it allows both the effect of direct pressure and pressure-induced guest adsorption on the structural response of the framework to be investigated.7 Presently, high-pressure X-ray crystallography using diamond anvil cell (DAC) apparatus has been used to survey the pressure-response of only ∼0.2% of the MOF structures deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD).8 In spite of the small number of MOFs studied, numerous generalised structural behaviours have been identified, such as ‘gate-opening’ linker rotations,9–11 ‘breathing’ of the pore volume,12–14 pore-shape changes,10 negative linear compressibility (NLC),15–18 polymorphic phase transitions,19 reversible or irreversible amorphisation,20,21 and even bond breakage,22 which are relevant to practical applications, including sensors,23,24 actuators,1 gas storage devices and filters,25,26 and drug-delivery.27–29 The pressure-response and mechanical properties of porous frameworks depends upon the nature and quantity of adsorbed guest, and is thus linked to the choice of pressure-transmitting medium (PTM), which, when small enough, can enter the framework pores during compression.10,30
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
186,428 |
In order to test general knowledge about Neuroscience in a sample of Brazilian individuals from varied backgrounds, we created a 30-item questionnaire that aimed to cover a range of neuroscience topics as well as common neuromyths. Besides including questions previously asked by authors in other countries, we searched for the neuroscience-related questions that showed up most often in Google searches conducted in Brazil in Portuguese.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
53,367 |
This current analysis involved only BP-DES and the first-generation DP-DES. A large number of randomized patients were included and this study also satisfied all the criteria suggested for a well-conducted meta-analysis in terms of robust data, low heterogeneity among the subgroups analyzing the long-term outcomes, low risk of bias, and highly conducted statistical analyses, and hence could be used in clinical medicine to predict prognosis in patients who were implanted with either BP-DES or first-generation DP-DES.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
368,872 |
When pure CO is fed to the fermentation, the dry offgas undergoes CO2 removal prior to recycling; this operation is not needed if H2/CO2 was used as feedstock. Since gas recycling has not been included in process designs reported in literature , the possible effects of not including it are discussed within the sensitivity analysis.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
263,702 |
Neonatal functional impairment severity classified as per Couly and modified by Cole . Neonates for whom airway obstruction was treated with prone positioning and sucking difficulties with facilitation means (soft-nipple bottles, vertical positioning, thickened milk, etc.) were classified as grade 1; those for whom the airway obstruction was judged tolerable (partial pressure of CO2 < 50 mm Hg, oxygen saturation [SaO2] > 90% > 95% of the time, apnea hypopnea index < 10/h if polysomnography was done) in prone position and without ventilatory support but tube feeding was justified for > 8 days were classified as grade 2; and those for whom airway obstruction required intervention (intubation, nasopharyngeal airway, non-invasive ventilation or tracheostomy) were classified as grade 3. In Paris and between 01 July 1997 and 01 July 2007 (when the study participants were neonates), tracheostomy was the preferred technique for severe cases.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
339,956 |
Radical trachelectomy (RT) with pelvic lymphadenectomy, originally reported by Dargent et al. in 1988 , has become a new treatment option for young patients in Japan with early invasive uterine cervical cancer who desire preservation of their fertility [2–4]. This operative modality is recently performed even during pregnancy . Recent data indicate that the oncologic results following RT are comparable to the results following standard radical hysterectomy (RH) [6–8].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
162,172 |
Pearson’s product-moment correlations were used to examine the relationship between trabecular bone volume and motor activity in the SCI subjects only. With no change in motor function, sham subjects were not included in these analyses. There was no correlation between BMS scores collected on Day 28 and trabecular bone volume (r = −0.14, p > 0.05, Figure 6A,B). However, both open field activity and rearing behavior were significantly correlated with trabecular bone volume (r = 0.44, 0.54 respectively, p < 0.01, Figure 6C,E). The correlation between open field activity and bone volume was driven by the young male subjects (r = 0.74, p < 0.005). Correlations between bone volume and activity were not significant for any other group. The correlation between rearing and bone volume was powered by the young subjects (r = 0.54, p < 0.01, Figure 6D,F), although at an individual group level the only correlation that was significant was for the old females (r = 0.74, p < 0.05).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
303,307 |
As demonstrated by Table 1, samples were collected from large-scale swine farms across three provinces in Northern Vietnam. A total of 174 swine oral, 116 swine worker nasal wash, and 58 bioaerosol samples were collected. Of these, four (2.3%, 95% CI: 0.6–5.8%) swine oral samples and one (1.7%, 95% CI: 0–9.2%) bioaerosol sample were positive for S. suis by culture and then confirmed by PCR. Of the 4 positive swine oral samples, three were collected from Quang Ninh province, and one was from Bac Giang province. The positive bioaerosol sample was from Bac Giang province. S. suis was not detected in any of the swine worker nasal wash samples (95% CI: 0–3%) . There was no significant difference in prevalence of S. suis in swine oral and bioaerosol samples.Table 1Prevalence of S. suis in swine oral, human nasal, and bioaerosol samples.Table 1Sampling locationCollection dateProportion positiveSwine oralSwine worker nasalBioaerosolBao Thang, Lao Cai25 Oct 20190/120/80/423 Nov 20190/120/80/428 Dec 20190/120/80/417 Jan 20200/120/80/428 Feb 20200/120/80/424 March 20200/120/80/4Total0/72 (0%)0/48 (0%)0/24 (0%)Hiep Hoa, Bac Giang31 Oct 20190/120/80/427 Nov 20190/120/81/425 Dec 20190/120/80/414 Jan 20200/120/80/421 Feb 20200/120/80/411 Mar 20201/120/80/4Total1/72 (1.4%)0/48 (0%)1/24 (4.2%)Cam Pha, Quang Ninh15 Nov 20192/60/40/26 Dec 20190/60/40/26 Jan 20200/60/40/29 Feb 20201/60/40/29 Mar 20200/60/40/2Total3/30 (10%)0/20 (0%)0/10 (0%)All provincesProportion positive (%)4/174 (2.3%)0/116 (0%)1/58 (1.7%)95% CI0.6–5.8%0–3%0–9.2%
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
298,849 |
In terms of future research opportunities, analysis of the potential differences between countries with preset additional data collection points would be of interest. The value of this data can be enhanced by complementing it with self-reported height data entered via a patient app. Future research may also allow for automatic self-measurement of height using novel augmented reality technology on mobile phones. Finally, integration with EHRs may facilitate clinical workflows, as has been demonstrated in other therapy areas .
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
363,104 |
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), is a key GBM oncogene that phosphorylates a wide variety of substrates involved in stress recovery and cancer pathogenesis. During stress, mTOR function is diminished to conserve cellular energy35,36. We previously demonstrated that mTOR effectors are contained in SGs37 and therefore postulated that mTOR activity would be low in U251 cells with sustained SGs. To ascertain the status of mTOR signaling in our model, we examined the phosphorylation level of the mTOR effector rpS6 in raloxifene-treated cells post-hypoxia. rpS6 phosphorylation was decreased up to 2 h post-hypoxia in raloxifene-treated cells relative to control cells (Fig. 5C) in correlation with sustained SGs. No change was detected in phospho-rpS6 levels between raloxifene and control cells that were maintained in normoxia (Fig. 5D). See Supplementary Fig. 2 for whole western blot images.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
38,109 |
While MRF has successfully enabled efficient multi-parameter quantification in a single-slice, its applicability with improved coverage has been limited. Conventionally, full magnetization relaxation needs to be ensured prior to the acquisition of the next slice in order to use the same signal model for each measurement. A recent study has proposed shortened relaxation intervals, maintaining similar quantification accuracy at the cost of compromised precision due to lower SNR in the baseline images18. Further, simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) imaging19 has been incorporated into MRF20,21 by creating time-varying phase modulation between the acquired slices, in order to alleviate the problem of confined coverage and to increase scan-time efficiency. While obtaining an acceleration factor up to 3, computationally complex kernel fitting is needed for complete slice separation and additional training data must be acquired prior to the measurement, increasing overall measurement time. Further, quantification precision is compromised due to overlapping coil-geometries in the SMS reconstruction20. Most recently, 3D MRF methods were also proposed for improved spatial coverage22,23. In these studies highly regularized image reconstructions23 or repeated acquisition from the steady-state22 were used to enable reconstruct of a continuous imaging volume from a 3D stack-of-spirals k-space.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
369,499 |
Another important finding in this study was that the changes observed in all HOOS subscales were clinically and statistically meaningful at the group level. The MDC value for groups was found to be between 1.4 and 3.0 points in different subscales, which indicates that the Polish version of the HOOS has an ability to detect differences of more than 3 points between the measurements. As expected, the sensitivity of the HOOS subscales was lower at the individual level. The MDC should preferably be smaller than the other important benchmark, not calculated here, minimal important change (MIC) that is the smallest change score needed for the effect to be considered clinically relevant. A MIC of 8–10 points was considered to be appropriate for different KOOS subscales and seems to be convenient even for HOOS subscales. The MDC value of 12 points that was detected in the HOOS subscale ADL was at slightly higher level as the MIC, however not small enough to be classified as clinically relevant even for individual subjects. Since MDCs for other subscales should be between 15 and 26 to be considered remarkable with 95% confidence, they could not be easily detected in individuals. MDC values obtained in our study were higher than those observed by Ornetti et al. and similar to MDCs reported by Naylor et al. which ranged from 18 to 24. The smallest MIC values, between 6.1 and 8.6 score points, have been presented by Arbab et al. who validated the German version of the HOOS. These low values might be related to large size of the study group (251 patients) and to the fact that MDC was calculated basing on the confidence level of 90%.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
58,791 |
Values are expressed as the mean± standard deviation or median (range) of a continuous variable, or as a percentage of the group from which they were derived (categorical variable). Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test between IFI cases (proven/probable) and negative control groups. Subsequently, a backward stepwise multi-variates logistic regression was used to identify those factors independently associated with the onset the invasive fungal infection. Adjusted Odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals(CI) were calculated. We did another sensitivity analysis to examine the impact of “possible IFIs” in the control group. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software for Windows software (version 17.0).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
334,531 |
In describing our experiences with computational text analysis, we hope to achieve three primary goals. First, we aim to shed light on thorny issues not always at the forefront of discussions about computational text analysis methods. Second, we hope to provide a set of key questions that can guide work with thick social and cultural concepts. Our guidance is based on our own experiences and is therefore inherently imperfect. Still, given our diversity of disciplinary backgrounds and research practices, we hope to capture a range of ideas and identify commonalities that will resonate for many. This leads to our final goal: to help promote interdisciplinary collaborations. Interdisciplinary insights and partnerships are essential for realizing the full potential of any computational text analysis that involves social and cultural concepts, and the more we are able to bridge these divides, the more fruitful we believe our work will be.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
82,626 |
We further investigated chloroplast integrity using immunoblotting. AtCYO1 interacts with CP43, CP47, and LHCB1 but not D1 and D2 in PSII [15, 20] and with PSA-A and PSA-B in PSI . At 6 DDI, these chloroplast proteins were still detectable in AtCYO1ox-4 but not in WT (Fig. 3b). In addition to these PSII and PSI proteins, a subunit of the cytochrome b6f complex in the thylakoid membrane (cytochrome f) and several soluble proteins in the stroma (RBC-L, FNR, TRX-M) were also preferably maintained in AtCYO1ox-4. The maintenance of RBC-L was also supported by Coomassie staining following SDS-PAGE (Additional file 7: Figure S4). Taken together, these results indicated that AtCYO1 overexpression broadly affected the maintenance of photosynthetic proteins during senescence.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
329,070 |
For the CCVs used here, we set the functions \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${q}_{1}(t)$$\end{document}q1(t) and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${q}_{2}(t)$$\end{document}q2(t) to evolve linearly23 from a neutral vocal tract to the Spanish vowel a, in a time T = 490 s (mean CCV duration across participants). The evolution of the plosives is driven by the functions \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$m(t)$$\end{document}m(t) that activate the vocal tract closures. To calculate the effort associated with each CCV, a range of intervals Δt between closures was explored to account for every possible degree of overlapping between both plosives17. In all cases, efforts are positively correlated with τ′ in the cluster. Effort values in Fig. 4b were obtained setting an interval of Δt = 200 ms between closures (mean τ across participants) for every CCV in the cluster.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
200,951 |
All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 25 (IBM). Descriptive statistics were used to present the data, which were divided into categorical, ordinal and continuous variables. The normality of the distribution of the data was tested with the Shapiro–Wilk test. Continuous variables were evaluated with the Mann–Whitney U test and presented as medians (ranges), whereas categorical and ordinal variables were evaluated with the chi‐square test. The relationships between variables were determined by adjusting for confounders in a multiple logistic regression analysis. Linear regression analyses were performed for continuous variables, presented as unstandardized B coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and binary logistic regression analyses were performed for categorical variables, presented as odds ratios (ORs), 95% CIs and p values. p values of <.05 were considered statistically significant.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
22,617 |
For semiquantitative RT-PCR, retrotranscribed RNA was amplified with Taq polymerase in a total volume of 20 μl. To determine the linear range of amplification for each primer pair, samples were withdrawn after 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, and 34 cycles. PCR products were separated on agarose gels and visualized by ethidium-bromide staining. qPCR was performed in a volume of 10 μl with the iTaq SYBR GREEN supermix (Biorad) using 45 cycles of 15 s at 95 °C and 30 s at 60 °C for RIP-qPCR and the circadian RNA kinetics, or in a volume of 20 μl with EvaGreen and GoTaq polymerase (Promega) using 45 cycles of 15 s at 95 °C, 20 s at 55 °C, and 20 s at 72 °C to investigate differentially expressed genes, respectively, in a CFX96 cycler (Biorad). Cq values were determined and relative expression levels were calculated based on non-equal efficiencies for each primer pair . Data were normalized to PP2A (At1g13320) and expressed as the mean expression levels of the independent biological replicates with two technical replicates each ± standard deviation or as indicated in the figure legend. RIP-qPCR was performed as described . Primers are listed in Additional file 2: Table S18.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
292,846 |
Globally, tree species are growing within narrow hydraulic limits and are susceptible to long-term productivity loss under climate change . Adverse effects of climate change such as hydraulic failure , altered productivity and increased tree mortality have already been reported. Plants generally respond to abiotic stresses by adjusting morphological, physiological, and biochemical attributes . In this regard, reduction in stomatal conductance allows the species to regulate water loss, however, such adjustments may result in CO2 starvation, decrease in plant growth, biomass production, total leaf area, and increase in root:shoot ratio under severe conditions . Increased production of various osmolytes like proline, carbohydrates, and soluble sugar has been linked with retaining water in the cytoplasm and preventing protein denaturation and cell membrane damage . Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide radical (O2−), singlet oxygen (1O2), and hydroxyl radicals (OH), and increased production of various antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidases (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) has also been evidenced under water stress to prevent cellular damage . Therefore, to overcome the drought-induced adversities and to reduce sapling mortality due to water stress, enhancing drought tolerance in plants becomes a prerequisite . In this regard, various approaches, including exogenous use of plant growth regulators, have shown promising results in mitigating the detrimental effects of drought stress on different plant species.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
249,135 |
The statistical analysis procedures involved a descriptive analysis of the CADA items, subscales, and overall scale as well as the demographic characteristics of the participants. Following the same statistical analysis that was applied to the original instrument, the CADA questionnaire scores were calculated as means and standard deviations . Frequencies and percentages were calculated for the participants’ demographic characteristics. Associations between the CADA questionnaire scores and participant characteristics were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The inter-item correlation was calculated to evaluate the extent to which items in the scales assessed the same content, and an acceptable level of inter-item correlation ranged between 0.2 and 0.4 . Finally, a principal component analysis was performed to determine the interdependencies among the CADA questionnaire items. The Promax oblique rotation method was used to assess the extraction components. Data analysis was carried out using IBM’s SPSS version 20.0 (IBM Corp, Version 20.0, Armonk, NY, USA). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
279,240 |
Following the WHO (2017) definition, we defined the intra‐household DBM as multiple family members (i.e., mothers aged 15–49 years old living with their children under‐5) affected by different forms of malnutrition (i.e., overweight/obesity and anaemia). Therefore, we identified two main forms of household‐level DBM: (i) a mother has overweight/obesity and at least one of her children has anaemia, or (ii) a mother has anaemia and at least one of her children has overweight/obesity.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
198,958 |
Meningioma is the most common intracranial nonglial extra-brain tumor, whose incidence accounts for about 20% of intracranial tumors, which is only lower than glioma. At present, according to the World Health Organization, meningiomas are generally divided into 15 subtypes . Different meningiomas are treated differently. Therefore, the correct identification and classification of meningiomas before surgery is of great significance for clinicians to choose treatment. The most commonly adopted clinical examination methods of the central nervous system are CT and MRI. CT images can clearly show intratumoral calcification, adjacent skull bone changes, and hemorrhage . MRI has higher resolution for soft tissues, and can be used for multidirectional and multisequence imaging, which has important guiding value for the location, diagnosis, and preoperative evaluation of meningioma . Studies revealed that MRI signal changes were related to the pathological components of tumors. When the bleeding component is in the subacute phase, T1WI and T2WI are both high signals; when T1WI is low signal and T2WI is high signal, it is tumor necrosis in the tumor . However, there are few studies on MRI signal changes and tumor analysis, especially the correlation between T2WI low signal and meningioma subtypes.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
388,578 |
We were first to explore VPO1 related to CVRF that are present in patients with PAD, revealing a correlation between VPO1 and worsening kidney function. VPO1 levels associated with eGFR as well as with changes in eGFR, confirming its association with kidney function.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
25,767 |
Effects of NMN on microglia activation and neutrophil infiltration in mouse cICH model. (A) Representative images and quantitative analysis of Iba-1 (microglia marker) immunohistochemistry staining at 24 hours post cICH. **P < 0.01, n = 5 per group. (B) Representative images and quantitative analysis of MPO-1 (neutrophil marker) immunohistochemistry staining at 24 hours post cICH. **P < 0.01, n = 5 per group.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
98,565 |
The PK study was carried out in accordance with the guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Eight male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 180–220 g were kept at the animal center of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Tianjin, China) with controlled conditions (temperature at 25 ± 2°C and relative humidity of 55 ± 5%). They were allowed free access to food and water and acclimatized for 7 days until 12 h before the experiment. According to the clinical dose used in human for each day, the rats were administered an oral dose of 4.2 g kg−1 N. incisum extract suspended in 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt aqueous solution (CMC-Na) and an amount of blood sample (200 μL) was collected at time 0, 0.083, 0.167, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h into heparin-pretreated tubes from the fossa orbitalis of each rat after oral administration of the extract. Blood plasma was immediately obtained by centrifuging the collected blood at 3300 ×g for 10 min and storing at −20°C until analysis.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
122,356 |
Compared to no handwashing (control A), the seven handwashing protocols resulted in an average log reduction in E. coli concentration of 1.94–3.01 without soil load and 2.18–3.34 with soil load (Fig 3). For both soil load conditions, handwashing with water only resulted in the smallest reduction (1.94 and 2.18 log). Without soil load, handwashing with NaDCC resulted in the greatest reduction (3.01), and with soil load HTH resulted in the greatest reduction (3.34). Percent reduction in organisms ranged from 98.859–99.902% without soil load and 99.334–99.955% with soil load, as demonstrated by the lines plotted in Fig 3.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
164,527 |
The beat-and-glide swimming model exhibited short-duration (hundreds of milliseconds) swimming episodes with left-right alternation and tail beat frequencies between 20 and 60 Hz (Figure 4C–G, Figure 4—video 1). The characteristics of the swimming episodes in our simulations were close to those described for free swimming in larval zebrafish by Buss and Drapeau, 2001, though the swimming output in our simulations had larger episode durations, shorter inter-episode intervals, and lower tail beat frequencies (Table 5).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
14,136 |
Across samples from (A) all 103 patients, (B) ETS-positive cancers, and (C) ETS-negative cancers. SCNAs present in more than one patient were plotted. The green lines represent the cut-off (5 patients) for defining recurrently altered regions. Chromosome numbers are indicated in black. Genes potentially involved in prostate cancer development in the minimal regions of alteration are annotated in black.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
277,617 |
In a recent study on claims data, we tried to overcome both aspects to some degree: In that study, we predicted mortality using predictor variables from a dataset of over 40,000 potential risk factors and indicators, many of them repeatedly collected from over 300,000 individuals (unpublished). Prediction was possible with high (and useful) accuracy. Notably, the most important risk indicators were not diseases or any specific treatments provided, but unexpected ones like the costs for transporting individuals or the fact that individuals consumed inpatient instead of outpatient care. As outlined below, using such large datasets, with longitudinally collected and broad data may allow to overcome the current constraints in prediction modeling. The technologies to harness these data (compute, algorithms, storage) are available; the main question, however, remains: Where to take the data from and what data could be used?
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
330,040 |
Of note, motor performance inside the scanner was neither significantly different between the affected or unaffected hands nor between patients and healthy controls, due to the relative simplicity of the motor task. Hence, any differences in neural activity/connectivity (see below) are unlikely to be primarily driven by differences in overt motor performance.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
372,463 |
The AVMVN kernel assumes its parameters live in x∈RN for taxon count N and that these parameters follow a multivariate normal distribution with covariance matrix ΣN. Hence, the kernel operates on the logarithmic or logistic transformation of the N leaf branch rates, depending on the rate parameterisation: x={logrforreallogq1-qforquant(24) where r is a real rate and q is a rate quantile. The AVMVN probability density is defined by AVMVN(x→)=MVN(x→,(1-β)ΣNN+βINN),(25) where MVN is the multivariate normal probability density. β = 0.05 is a constant which determines the fraction of the proposal determined by the identity matrix IN, as opposed to the covariance matrix ΣD which is trained during MCMC. Our BEAST 2 implementation of the AVMVN kernel is adapted from that of BEAST .
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
89,103 |
As part of an extensive rework of our whole sample processing, also the former analytical method (Ganzera et al., 2006) was adapted to the current needs. To determine the intracellular nucleoside and nucleotide content, a new analytical method was established. All samples were measured with two independent analytical procedures, which were HPLC and CE.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
310,652 |
As many similarities are observed between AS and nr-axSpA patients in terms of disease characteristics, and studies have demonstrated content validity of AS PRO instruments in the broader axSpA population , the objective of this study was to explore the content relevance of the ASQoL instrument specifically in patients with nr-axSpA.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
243,309 |
In fish, the transcriptional factors t-bet, gata3, and fopx3 have already been reported as those capable of governing and modulating the activation and polarization of T cells to effector subtypes . T-bet is a master transcriptional factor associated with the Th1 profile capable of coordinating the immune response against intracellular bacterial infections , which has been described in rainbow trout during bacterial and parasitic infections . Regarding gata3, this molecule is also a master transcriptional factor, but it is associated with Th2 phenotype. Th2 cells are involved in the modulation of B cells (by cytokines, such as IL-4) to produce immunoglobulins . Finally, foxp3 is a transcriptional factor related to regulatory profiles (Treg), modulating different processes, such as immunosuppression and homeostasis. .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
146,643 |
(A–I) Wild-type embryos labeled for Fog protein (the ligand to the GPCR upstream of Rho-dependent myosin II activation, (J)) and myosin II, visualized by SqhGFP. Fog is magenta in (A, D, G) and as a single channel in (A’, D’, G’), myosin II is green in (A, D, G). Also shown are corresponding quantifications of apical cell area (B, E, H) and average medial Fog fluorescence intensity (C, F, I). Time points analyzed were before any apical constriction and tissue bending commencing (t<<0 min; ~stage 10), at t=0 min (~early stage 11) and once invagination had commenced (t>>0 min; ~late stage 11/early stage 12). (J) Schematic of the GPCR pathway leading to myosin II activation. (K) Average medial Fog fluorescence intensity negatively correlates with apical cell area. Pearson coefficient r=–0.436; n=823 cells from seven embryos. (L) Average medial myosin II fluorescence intensity positively correlates with average medial Fog fluorescence intensity. Pearson coefficient r=0.439; n=823 cells from seven embryos. (M–O) In hkb−/− mutant embryos at a time point where invagination would have been well advanced in wild-type embryos (t>>0 min), medial myosin II (M) and Fog fluorescence ((M’) and quantified in (O)) are concentrated in cells in the center of the placode, where cells also show constricted apices (N). (P) Quantification of average medial Fog fluorescence intensity according to radial position in wild-type versus hkb−/− mutant embryos. Whereas in the wild-type Fog intensity peaks at the posterior end of the placode where the invagination pit forms, in hkb−/− mutant embryos Fog is dramatically reduced at the invagination pit. Number of cells: wild-type n=823 from seven embryos; hkb−/− n=765 cells from five embryos. (Q–S) In fkh−/− mutant embryos at a time point where invagination would have well advanced in wild-type embryos (t>>0 min), medial myosin II (Q) and Fog fluorescence ((Q’) and quantified in (S)) are very homogenous across the placode and no longer enriched within the placode compared to the surrounding epidermis. Apical area quantification shows there is only a mild central cell constriction and no invagination (R). (T) Quantification of average medial Fog intensity in fkh−/− mutant embryos. In contrast to wild-type embryos with Fog enrichment at the posterior pit, levels of Fog are more homogenous in the placode in fkh−/− mutant embryos with an increase toward the anterior. Levels are comparable to the rest of the epidermis (see Figure 3—video 3). The intensity curves shown for wild-type and fkh−/− mutant embryos are comparable in their shape, though the absolute intensities shown are not directly comparable, as fluorescence intensity was normalized in each image by dividing the average fluorescence per cell by the 98th percentile value to account for embryo to embryo variability in staining efficiency. Number of cells: wild-type n=823 from seven embryos; fkh−/− mutant n=512 cells from five embryos. In all analyses of the wild-type, t=0 min is defined as the frame just before the first sign of invagination at the future pit was evident. hkb−/− mutants were aligned using as a reference of embryo development the level of invagination of the tracheal pits that are not affected in the hkb−/− mutant as well as other morphological markers such as appearance and depth of segmental grooves in the embryo. See also Figure 6—figure supplement 1.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
178,755 |
Given a vehicle, its continuous variables include tire angle, engine speed, vehicle speed, and most physical variables related to power. The data structure of continuous-variables parsing algorithm is similar to that in prior section. It also uses IDENTIFIER as grouping label to filter each unit. 1/2/0.5/1.5 bytes are common filtering units for continuous-variables parsing algorithm. The index of filtering unit is based on ‘sliding’ combination. Take 2-byte filtering unit and big endian byte order as an example: for a CAN data frame with DATA FIELD 0 × 01, 0 × 02, 0 × 03, and 0 × 04, the corresponding values of each filtering unit are 0 × 0102, 0 × 0203 and 0 × 0304.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
278,827 |
Human immunodeficiency virus is now a chronic, manageable disease. People living with HIV have an extended life-span. But this has come at a cost: metabolic changes in PLWH include the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, serum lipid perturbations, cardiovascular disease and changes in the distribution of body fat.9 Whilst there appears to be a variety of pathological processes at play, the underlying process is not identical in PLWH and the uninfected. Increased waist circumference, for instance, is less frequent in PLWH.9 Factors contributing to these metabolic outcomes are the host response to HIV infection, specific ART drugs, HIV-associated lipodystrophy and alcohol consumption.10 Genetic factors are likely to prime some in the absence of environmental factors such as smoking.9
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
200,378 |
In addition to predominant bacterial phylotypes, members of γ-Proteobacteria such as Coxiella, Aquicella, Acinetobacter, and Aliivibrio, as well as Desulfovibrio, Planctomycetes, and Leptotrichia, were also present as single clones mainly in the intestine. These are known as intracellular parasites of protozoa and animal cells31, which suggest that these species are unlikely to be true symbiotic bacteria, and their presence most probably resulted from the contamination of this tissue as reported for Aquicella siphonis parasitizing an amoeba31.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
153,528 |
Additional file 1: Fig. S1. GS3 is subject to alternative splicing. (A) GS3 AS variants were shown by agarose gel electrophoresis. (B) GS3 AS variants were sequenced by reverse primer. (C) GS3 AS variants from Huaidao 5 were sequenced by the forward primer. Fig. S2 Structures and sequences of GS3 alternative splicing variants. (A) Structures of GS3 alternative splicing variants. Gray boxes represent UTR. Black and red boxes indicate exons. Gray and blue lines denote introns. (B) Sequences of GS3 alternative splicing variants. Fig. S3. Clone number of GS3 alternative splicing variants. Fig. S4. Expression pattern analysis of (A) GS3.1 and (B) GS3.2 by qRT-PCR. R1-3, root in seedling, tillering and heading stage, respectively. St1-2, stem in elongation and heading stage, respectively. L1-3, leaf in seedling, tillering and heading stage, respectively. Sp, spikelet. P1-3, panicles with 2 mm, 3 cm and 5 cm length, respectively. En1-3, Endosperm of 3, 12 and 20 days after pollination, respectively. The results from three biological replicates are consistent. Data are shown as mean ± SEM from three technical replicates. Fig. S5. Expression analysis of GS3.1 and GS3.2m overexpressors. (A) Expression level analysis of GS3.1 and GS3.2m overexpressors by qRT-PCR. Ubiquitin was used as internal control. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. (B) Sequencing of the amplification products from GS3.2 and GS3.2.m The red box indicated the mutation between GS3.2 and GS3.2m. Table S1. Information of alternative splicing of GS3 homologs and effects on grain size. Table S2. Summary of grain traits of GS3 variants overexpressors. Table S3. List of primers used in this study.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
132,213 |
According to the sources, it appears that Salmonella isolates recovered from sewer samples (SS) and hepatobiliary samples (HS) were more resistant to the tested antimicrobial agents compared with those collected from other sources (Figure 2B). Moreover, among different serovars identified in this study, Salmonella serovars Derby and Goldcoast appear to be the most resistant to the tested antimicrobial agents (Figure 2A). However, it should be noted that this conclusion cannot be generalized since only one strain of Salmonella Derby and two strains of Salmonella Goldcoast have been identified in this study. Additionally, Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from ST34 appear to be more resistant than isolates from ST19 (Figure 2A).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
156,517 |
Regarding return to work for unmet medical needs, the OR for return to original work of workers who deemed their treatment period sufficient was 1.72 (1.34–2.21); that for those who deemed their rehabilitation service needs to have been met was 1.35 (1.12–1.63); and that for those who deemed their medical needs to have been met was 1.64 (1.18–2.27) (Table 2). These findings concur with the results of precedent studies, which showed that better perceived health by workers led to higher rates for return to original work [4, 15] and that medical or rehabilitation needs influenced injured workers’ decisions to return to work.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
141,162 |
Ethical approval and data protection: The study was presented and approved by the regional committee for medical and health research ethics (reference number: 2018/781) and advised by the Data Protection Officer at OUH (reference number: 18/06503). Written informed consent was obtained prior to the hypnosis session, after the participants had been given information about the study and their rights. All data were securely stored.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
338,859 |
In general, the activity of Greek oregano essential oil against the tested bacterial strains was at least three times higher when compared to the activity of common oregano essential oil. Here, Greek oregano essential oil effectively inhibited the growth of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, with MIC values ranging from 0.25 to 1 mg × mL−1 and MBC values from 0.5 to 2 mg × mL−1. In turn, common oregano essential oil showed higher MIC values (2–8 mg × mL−1) and MBC (4–16 mg × mL−1), which is equivalent to less effective antibacterial activity compared of Greek oregano essential oil. Moreover, common oregano essential oil showed the weakest bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity on S. aureus ATCC 25923 in the examined range of concentrations (MIC = 32; MBC = 64 mg × mL−1). Taking into account MIC and MBC values, E. coli ATCC 25922 and O157:H7 ATCC 700728 appeared to be the most susceptible bacteria among tested strains. It seems that Gram-negative bacteria were more sensitive to the essential oils used in comparison to Gram-positive ones (Table 4). The observed antibacterial activity of essential oils may be related with their chemical composition. One mode of action of essential oil compounds (especially thymol and carvacrol) is the rapid depletion of the intracellular ATP pool through the reduction of ATP synthesis. As a result, the decrease of intracellular ATP content followed by proton motive force finally enhance the permeability of the membrane. The leakage of ions from the cell provide to membrane damage resulting in disturbances of the osmotic pressure of the cells . In general, the antibacterial activity of Origanum genus essential oils is widely described in literature . However, the comparison of the activity among different subspecies of the genus is rater scarce. Results obtained in the present study indicate on stronger antimicrobial activity of Greek oregano essential oil than common oregano. This may be explained by higher content of carvacrol (37.21%) followed by p-cymene (10.45%) in this essential oil (Table 1).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
349,075 |
An improvement in the adjustment of heat gains from solar radiation to the heat demand profile of the internal glazing of the PCM window was recorded in comparison with the reference window for the combination of an external triple glazing unit and internal single glazing unit.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
296,552 |
A Raman imaging data was a matrix X of dimension m by n, in which the digitized Raman spectrum of each scanning corresponded to a row vector in the data table:1where m is the number of spectra traces in this dataset and n is the number of data points per spectrum along the wavenumber (or any other spectral variable) axis. Specifically, the polysaccharides intensities (2867 to 2920 cm−1) of untreated sample and treated sample were extracted and written as matrices Xun and Xtr with dimension m by l, respectively. They were normalized as:2
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
383,253 |
Besides ATF4, another transcription factor that regulates xCT expression is the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) via the antioxidant response element (ARE) present in the promoter region of xCT gene (40, 41). GSH levels directly correlate with cysteine availability; therefore, a disruption of cysteine uptake, either genetically or chemically, efficiently depletes GSH intracellular levels (16, 42). As described previously, GSH has multiple roles in the cell and one of them is functioning as cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4). This peroxidase, with a selenocysteine at its active site, converts lipid hydroperoxides to lipid alcohols using reducing power of GSH. Lipid peroxides can be produced either spontaneously or by enzyme-catalyzed processes. Free-radical chain reaction occurs in an oxidatively-compromised environment where ROS production overcomes their removal. In the specific case of cysteine-deprived cell death, lipid peroxidation acquires a character of chain-reaction due to the Fenton reaction with ferrous iron (Fe2+). Namely, redox-active metals, like Fe2+, react with peroxides generating highly active hydroxyl radicals (R-HO∙) that further propagate the peroxidation reaction (43). Ferroptosis, coined by Stockwell's group in 2012, designates a specific non-apoptotic cell death caused by such accumulation of lipid peroxides following cystine deprivation (42). Disruption of cysteine uptake and collapse of intracellular GSH pool induces an inhibition of the detoxifying activity of GPx4 and excessive accumulation of oxidatively damaged lipids at the membrane, although it remains unclear if this solely affects the cell plasma membrane, or the effect also extends to organelle membranes. All in all, the different pathways involved in GSH homeostasis are an indication of the complex dynamic and quick turn over of this tripeptide, and provide clues for potential targets for a GSH-depleting, ferroptosis-inducing strategy.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
333,328 |
Blood samples were collected at the clinical trial sites by SRL Medisearch, Inc. (Shinjuku‐ku, Tokyo, Japan); serum brodalumab levels were measured centrally at TANDEM labs (West Trenton, NJ, USA). Following blood sample centrifugation, serum was frozen at ≤−20°C and brodalumab levels were quantified by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; lower limit of quantification [LLOQ] = 0.05 µg/mL; below LLOQ = 0) using murine anti‐brodalumab antibodies—capture antibody and a horseradish peroxidase antibody. The ELISA was developed with 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine and hydrogen peroxide, and optical density signals were measured at 450 and 650 nm. Brodalumab levels were determined based on a four‐parameter regression calibration curve generated using optical density signal measurements.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
170,423 |
The databases Medline, Embase and WHO COVID-19 were searched for all publications from 2019 to 9 February 2021 using a combination of the terms “COVID 19”, “SARSCoV2”, “coronavirus”, “therapy”, “lopinavir”, “ritonavir”, “ribavirin”, “remdesivir”, “hydroxychloroquine”, “corticosteroids”, “anakinra”, “tocilizumab”, “convalescent plasma”, “interferon” and “monoclonal antibodies”. (Table S1 in the Online Supplementary Document). From the articles retrieved, additional references were identified by a manual search among the cited references and through searching journals online. The types of studies included were clinical trials, case reports, observational studies and systematic reviews. To prevent bias, studies with less than 10 patients were not included. Articles which did not have full text available or were not in English were also excluded.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
45,586 |
The results of this study demonstrated that pilocarpine‐induced salivation is enhanced in rats by chronic exercise and that daily exercise increased the expression of AQP1 that may be endothelial cells at the capillaries. As AQP1 probably plays a crucial role in saliva secretion in humans, these findings may lead to a novel strategy for treating xerostomia such as that experienced in Sjögren's syndrome.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
246,150 |
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) interfering with immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-L1/PD-1 quickly became of interest to predict therapy response and survival . HPV-related malignancies are associated with a high density of TILs. TILs (CD3+) can be differentiated by specific markers that define corresponding subpopulations such as helper (CD4+), cytotoxic (CD8+) and regulatory T-cells (FoxP3+, Tregs). In a cohort of 120 patients with locally advanced cervical cancer treated with CRT, Enwere et al. were among the first to assess the prognostic impacts of intratumoral CD8+ lymphocyte density and PD-L1 expression. PD-L1 expression (≥1%) was recorded in 88% of patients. Neither the presence of CD8+ lymphocytes nor PD-L1 expression was associated with survival endpoints after primary CRT . Conversely, immunohistochemical detection of CD3 (pan T-cell marker), CD4, CD8, CD20 (B-cells) CD206 (macrophages) and Tregs in a smaller cohort of cervical cancer patients treated with CRT revealed an association of CD8+ TILS with pelvic lymph node metastases, while elevated levels of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD206+ and FoxP3+ lymphocytes were associated with improved PFS and OS . Using flow cytometry, Fan and colleagues investigated the prognostic impacts of PD-1 expression and density of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in 47 cervical cancer patients. Here, a high PD-1 expression on CD8+ lymphocytes was significantly correlated with a higher incidence of relapse. In addition, a low CD8/CD4-ratio was associated with poor OS in univariate and multivariate analyses . These contradictory results indicate the difficulties in estimating the prognostic and predictive value of immune parameters, which underlie circadian fluxes and other factors. In a meta-analysis including 783 patients from seven studies, high PD-L1 expression was associated with impaired OS (hazard ratio 2.52, p = 0.031). Notably, in this meta-analysis only one study investigated PD-L1 expression in patients treated with CRT . Data on the impacts of TILs, as assessed in another meta-analysis, revealed a shift from an immunosuppressive towards a highly immunogenic TME, with high levels of cytotoxic and helper T-cells during carcinogenesis . In this context, Tregs were associated with shortened survival, suggesting their immune-inhibitory potential . Another approach was pursued by Someya et al. Based on CD8, FoxP3, HLA-1, PD-L1, and XRCC4 expression, they classified a set of 100 cervical cancers treated with CRT in “inflamed”, “excluded” and “cold” tumors. “Cold” malignancies were defined by a lack of CD8+ lymphocytes in the tumor and stroma and were associated with a significantly larger tumor volume and a worse DFS, while “inflamed” and “excluded” tumors showed no statistical differences. The authors proposed that antitumor immunity is influenced by radiotherapy, which may overcome the immunosuppressive TME and turn “cold” into “hot” tumors . A sufficient antitumor T-cell response requires an intact antigen presentation mediated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and the tumor cell itself. HPV infection modulates the innate immune system by changing human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression and activates natural killer cell (NK cell) inhibitory receptors . In addition, HPV oncoproteins E5, E6 and E7 promote immune suppression and evasion. For instance, E5 inhibits the transport of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules to the cell surface, which present either viral or tumor-associated antigens . Moreover, E6 and E7 interact with type I IFN pathways, mitigating antiviral programs of immune response or upregulating PD-L1 expression (E7) to facilitate lymphocyte dysfunction .
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
342,137 |
Viral loads in abdomen according to mosquito dissemination and transmission status: CHIKV (A-E), DENV (F-J) and ZIKV (K-N). Abdomen were homogenized and supernatants were titrated on cells. Means are represented by horizontal bars. ns, non-significant, *p < 0.05.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
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