id
int32 0
398k
| text
stringlengths 204
42k
| educational_score
float32 1
5
| domain
class label 3
classes | document_type
class label 4
classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
252,952 |
Healthcare workers, especially physicians are an integral stakeholder of antibiotics prescription and the AMR. Driven by the demand, and high prevalence of infectious diseases, health care workers are also one of the main facilitators of irrational prescriber of antibiotics10,49. In our study, more than eighty percentage (80–96%) of the HCWs had the knowledge on antibiotics, and AMR, and mechanisms leading to the emergence of resistance. This finding was slightly higher than a previous finding in Nepal67, India68, and was similar to other previous studies conducted in Egypt69, Zambia70 and Pakistan71. Improving knowledge and practice related to antibiotics might be attributable to the improved education and mass awareness carried out by media, activists, government, and NGO(s)/INGOs. In addition to this, improved status of surveillance, enforcement of law and orders could be other factors to be considered.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
344,190 |
While selective MAPK inhibitors may potentiate cancer immunotherapy, due to the important roles of MAPKs in T-cell function, in some instances, MAPK inhibition may have unintended consequences with respect to cancer immunotherapy (Figure 1). Hence, the success of combining cancer immunotherapy with MAPK inhibitors may be highly context-dependent, and requires further study before advancing such strategies to the clinic. While neutralizing antibodies against PD-1 or PD-L1 are the most frequently used in cancer therapy and may cooperate with MAPK inhibitors (Figure 2), there are several other alternate approaches that are now emerging that have not been adequately evaluated in the background of MAPK inhibition.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
395,081 |
The resting-state fMRI data was processed using the CONN functional connectivity toolbox , version 18a, and SPM12. The preprocessing consisted of the following steps: segmentation of structural data, realignment of functional images (motion correction), slice timing correction, coregistration, normalization into the MNI space, outlier detection/scrubbing using the artifact detection tool (ART), and spatial smoothing with a Gaussian kernel having a FWHM of 8 mm. Denoising was performed by removing the following confounders by using linear regression: (1) the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal from the white matter and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) masks (5 principal components of each signal); (2) scrubbing (as many regressors as identified invalid scans); (3) motion regression (12 regressors: 6 motion parameters + 6 first-order temporal derivatives). The resulting signals were band-pass filtered in the range 0.008 to 0.09 Hz.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
344,591 |
Maize gene constructs and sequence information for the clones used in this study are listed in Supplementary Table 3. NCH1 ORF was custom-synthesized with BamHI and SbfI at the 5′ and 3′ ends, respectively (Genscript Biotech Corporation, NJ). The BamHI-NCH1-SbfI construct was sub-cloned by restriction cloning into an ECGFP donor vector containing eGFP-FLAG-HA (Gumber et al., 2019a, JCB), to create the eGFP-FLAG-HA-NCH1 entry vector, named NCH1ec. Similarly, the BamHI-NCH2-PstI construct was custom synthesized and sub-cloned into an ECGFP donor vector to create the eGFP-FLAG-HA-NCH2 entry vector, named NCH2ec. For construction of the mKAKU41vector, BamHI-mCherry-FLAG-HA-MKAKU41-BamH1 was synthesized by Genscript and cloned in pUC18 at the BamHI restriction site. From this cloning vector, the mCherry-FLAG-HA-MKAKU41 gene construct was amplified using KAKUattF (5′-GGGGACAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCTTCATGGTTA GCAAGGGAGAAGAGG-3′) and KAKUattR (5′-GGGGACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTCTCACGTAG CCCGTCCCCGT-3′) primers and inserted into pDONR221 vector by BP cloning (Invitrogen), to generate the MKAKU41 entry clone, named MKAKU41ec. For the generation of plant expression vectors, the fluorescent fusion protein constructs from these three entry clones were then transferred individually to the destination vector pH7WG2 (Karimi et al., 2002) by Gate LR recombination (Invitrogen).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
385,836 |
Because of the limited understanding of BML, standard treatment has still not been established. Our study results showed that for patients with single or limited nodules, a curative surgery for the removal of pulmonary lesions is important for achieving a good outcome. In the past, some premenopausal patients received surgical castration for the first choice of treatment to BML [13, 17]. The side effect of estrogen deficiency includes vasomotor symptoms, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline and dementia, which will negatively affect their quality of life, even associated with increases in morbidity and mortality . In our series, two thirds of premenopausal patients with preserving ovaries had good prognosis. Besides, PBML of patient 17 even grew after the surgical castration. So the role of oophorectomy for patients with BML is still unknown. Therefore, for young women with PBML, especially those with asymptomatic multiple nodules, ovary-sparing therapy and close monitoring is recommended.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
76,923 |
The operating mechanism under the condition of z-axis vibration is shown in Figure 4. When a z-axial vibration is applied, the electrolyte solution moves along the direction as arrows described, leading to identical movements in channels of A, B, C, and D. Thus, due to the opposite cathode-anode layout in sensing units in channels B and C, the output voltage of the z-direction vibration (uz) is represented as: (7)uz=uA−uB−uC+uD=uA−uB+uD−uC
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
184,769 |
East Coast Fever (ECF), caused by the tick-borne apicomplexan parasite Theileria parva, remains one of the most important livestock diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. More than one million cattle succumb to ECF every year resulting in economic losses for mostly smallholder farmers of approximately 300 million US dollars (1, 2).
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
385,558 |
This study shows that 12.2% of Chinese populations over 55 years have MCI and 10.9% have aMCI. MCI prevalence increases with age. Women, rural residents, and those who live alone and have low levels of education have higher MCI prevalence than others. The results also vary with diagnostic criteria and study periods. Increasing attention should be paid to regional disparities in future studies as socioeconomic disparities across regions continue to grow in China.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
115,792 |
Anxiety and depression were evaluated using the HADS . The HADS was specifically developed to detect anxiety and depression in patients with somatic conditions. It is divided into an anxiety subscale (HADS-A) and a depression subscale (HADS-D), both of which contain seven items with scores from zero to three, giving a possible maximum score of 21. Scores less than eight indicate no clinical distress, scores from eight to 10 point out possible psychiatric morbidity, and scores ≥ 11 suggest probable pathologic levels of distress . Good internal consistency and acceptable reliability of the Chinese versions of the HADS have been demonstrated (with Cronbach coefficients of 0.81 for anxiety and 0.83 for depression) [45, 46]. In the present sample, the internal consistency was 0.86.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
261,048 |
A common theme from participants was the trial support. On the whole, participants felt well supported (n = 7) by the staff who were described to have explained the information really well.‘I felt supported, I didn’t feel abandoned at all’ ‘Information and advice were brilliant, I knew what to expect… I always had five minutes to ask any questions’
| 2 | 1clinical
| 0Study
|
354,027 |
In order to recontextualize research in drug development, we suggest reading the introductory part of the following referenced papers , , , . Even though a fully-automated drug development pipeline seems out of reach for now , the combined efforts from biology, medicine, bioinformatics, computer science and mathematics communities have been spent on improving each part of the drug development pipeline – for example, drug discovery through high-throughput screening (HTS) of drugs via genomic and transcriptomic data , genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to uncover new relevant drug targets , and increasing application of generic algorithms from machine learning. The use of these methods makes sense in a context where a large quantity and diversity of curated information is available about drugs and their therapeutic indications, disease/aggravating factor targets, disease pathways, and gene/protein regulatory interactions.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
100,349 |
We predicted the target of miR-210 by online software miRDB and Target Scan based on target rank and score. Top 20 genes were functionally correlated with activation of NF-κB. Binding site of miR-210 and TNF receptor family was detected by Target Scan 6.0. The 3′-UTR of genes of interest containing the putative miRNA target site(s) WT-TNF-α receptor family (wild-type) and Mut-TNF-α receptor family (mutant) was cloned into the XbaI site of the pGL3 control vector containing firefly luciferase gene linked to the 3′-UTR of gene (Promega, United States). Macrophages were transfected by constructed pGL3 vector with either controls or mimics of miR-210 using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, United States). After 24 h, cells were lyzed and luciferase activity was measured by Dual-Glo luciferase Assay System (Promega, United States) according to manufacturer’s instruction on luminometer. Firefly luciferase reading was normalized by renilla luciferase reporter.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
377,887 |
The third objective of this study was to investigate whether a low complexity nursery diet with a higher amount of fibre provided by corn and soybean was associated with antibody responses to PRRSV, IAV, and M. hyopneumoniae. Pigs fed a low complexity nursery diet were more likely to be seropositive for PRRSV; however, there was no significant association between nursery diet and IAV or M. hyopneumoniae seropositivity. This experimental low complexity diet has also been previously found to have no effect on antibody responses to Salmonella . These results may suggest that the low complexity diet increased the susceptibility of pigs to PRRS virus but had no effect on susceptibility to IAV, M. hyopneumoniae, or Salmonella. Alternatively, these results may indicate that the LC diet elevated the immune response to PRRSV while having no effect on the immune response to IAV, M. hyopneumoniae, and Salmonella. From a production standpoint, the lack of association between antibody responses to IAV and M. hyopneumoniae and feeding the low complexity nursery diet is promising, as it may encourage the implementation of these cost-saving diets with no adverse effects on herd health. However, the results in this study should be interpreted with caution and need to be examined more thoroughly using control challenge studies. Further investigation into the effects of nursery diet complexity on antibody responses to other notable porcine pathogens may help shed more light on the effects of diet on immune development. Other branches of the immune system, such as cell-mediated immune responses, should also be examined. Additionally, the possible effect of diet complexity on the digestive health on the animals requires further scrutiny to ensure adverse effects on digestion do not occur as a result of feeding lower complexity nursery diets.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
343,761 |
To exclude dead cells from our analysis, Zombie Yellow Fixable Viability Dye was applied to the cells prior to extracellular staining. To prevent unspecific binding, FcR blocking reagent (1:10; Miltenyi Biotec GmbH) was added prior to extracellular staining. Extracellular staining was done by anti-CD11b BV510 (clone M1/70, 1:50), anti-CD34 BV421 (clone 561, 1:20), anti-CD14 APC/Cy7 (clone HCD14, 1:50), anti-CD86 BV650 (clone IT2.2, 1:20), anti-HLA-DR FITC (clone L243, 1:50), anti-CD33 PerCP/Cy5.5 (clone WM53, 1:50), anti-PD-L1 PE/Dazzle594 (clone 29E.2A3, 1:50), and anti-PD-L2 APC (clone MIH18, 1:20) antibodies. For intracellular staining, anti-IL-10 PE (clone JES3–9D7, 1:50) was added. Fixation and permeabilization of cells were achieved by using True-Nuclear transcription buffer set according to the manufacturer's instructions. FACS analysis was performed using a BD LSRII cytometer. Data analysis was performed using FlowJo10 (FlowJo LLC). Gating of monocytes, including IL-10 gating, is illustrated in Supplementary Figure 3.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
339,901 |
The same occurs with regard to academic competencies. Studies reporting academic outcomes often offer only one overall academic performance score (i.e., a combination of literacy and mathematics) (Macdonald et al., 2018). However, in our study we have adopted a more multidimensional approach, considering not only an overall academic competency score, but also analyzing the literacy and mathematics competencies separately. And we have used a standardized instrument to do so, therefore offering a more objective, reliable and valid assessment as compared to the use of only qualifications provided by teachers (Marzano, 2000; Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development [OECD], 2012; Castejón et al., 2016; Meissel et al., 2017).
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
|
67,169 |
Participants were submitted to the eligibility analysis, followed by the CONSORT (Randomized controlled trials) rules. The trial followed the double-blind model, with all exams performed by a single colonoscopist. The study was evaluated and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Beneficência Portuguesa Hospital under number 655.036 on May 19, 2014, in São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
| 2 | 1clinical
| 1Other
|
4,523 |
CFP is characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological, and cardiovascular symptoms. In addition, after the initial or acute illness, neuropsychological symptoms may be reported. Clinical features can vary depending on elapsed time since eating the toxic meal, and whether the geographic source of the implicated fish was the Caribbean Sea, Pacific, or Indian Ocean .
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
339,296 |
Phosphorylation of BRCA1-specific residues is a critical step for DNA repair function of this protein. Among these specific residues, previous reports have demonstrated that phosphorylation of ser 988 on BRCA1 is involved in HR activation [29, 30]. To explore the biological significance of the crosstalk between MGMT and BRCA1, we examined the expression levels of this specific residue phosphorylation (ser 988) on BRCA1 in NPC cells. As shown in Fig. 3f, CDDP treatment increased the expression levels of ser 988 phosphorylation on BRCA1 in the nuclei of HONE-1 cells; by contrast, O6BG treatment reduced the expression levels of CDDP-induced ser 988 phosphoprotein in HONE-1 cells. After transfection with siRNA targeting MGMT, the expression levels of ser 988 phosphorylation on BRCA1 were also lower in MGMT-deficient cells treated with CDDP compared with MGMT-proficient cells (Fig. 3g). Accordingly, these findings suggest that MGMT suppression can disturb ser 988 phosphorylation on BRCA1 in NPC cells treated with CDDP.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
183,413 |
This study identified postoperative complications as the only surgical factor independently associated with early recurrence. Postoperative complications are known to have a negative impact on the survival and recurrence of CRLM patients 43-45. In the study of Kaibori et al., postoperative complication was the only independent predictor of early recurrence of CRLM 13. Severe postoperative complications may prolong the immunosuppression caused by major surgeries, and delay the beginning of adjuvant chemotherapy, which is considered to facilitate disease recurrence 13. In the present study, the postoperative complication rate reached a relatively high 52.8% (76 in 144), which suggested that better control of postoperative complications may play an important part in the prevention of early recurrence.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
59,905 |
Calculation and visualization of source level group results (Brainstorm) is done based on the estimated source activity (output of ana04_brainstorm.m). The grand average source level activity is depicted as well as the grand average time series of the pre-defined regions of interest (scouts).
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
382,226 |
Face-to-face communication was seen as key to successful engagement. However, participants reported difficulties in sourcing and funding translators and interpreters. Finding Romani speakers was nearly impossible, given the absence of professional Romani interpreters, and prompt access to Romanian speakers could prove difficult. In one of the cities, leaflets had been developed in Romanian but the interpreters stated that the wrong dialect was used in these.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
109,375 |
We included all patients with a diagnosis of STEMI from January 2003 to June 2013, or non-STEMI or unstable angina from January 2004 to December 2012. Diagnosis of STEMI, non-STEMI and unstable angina were based on physician diagnosis and records of ECG and cardiac biomarker findings. Records were excluded if they did not have a patient unique identifier; if patients had missing values for presence of obstructive airway disease or smoking history; or if ONS mortality data were missing.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
230,747 |
Our recruitment efforts via social media, professional forums, and email yielded 586 volunteers. Of the participants, 18 were identified as multivariate outliers using the Mahalanobis D2 method (p < 0.001). The final sample included 568 adult participants (ages between 18 and 75, M = 34.43, SD = 11.94, 66.4% women). Of these, 427 (75.2%) participants had an academic degree.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
157,102 |
“No studies examined the performance of dengue RDTs to detect remote previous infection…. Overall, there were no studies that directly evaluated the use of RDTs for determination of dengue serostatus, as all studies examined RDT performance in the context of either all samples from patients with possible DENV infection, and/or a subset from samples of secondary infection or convalescent time-points after recent DENV infection. Although all studies included samples from dengue-endemic areas, none of them provided information on vaccination or infection status of patients for other flaviviruses, all of which may lead to cross-reactivity with dengue serological testing…. Development of new dengue RDTs or modification of currently available RDTs may be the most beneficial for vaccination screening.”
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
380,208 |
The present study showed that TSH elevation within the normal clinical range of FT4 is an independent risk factor of NAFLD and might be associated with liver fibrosis. The prevalence of NAFLD was significantly higher in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism than in those with euthyroidism. TSH was independently associated with NAFLD in multivariate analysis, but FT4 was not an independent risk factor of NAFLD. Furthermore, the FIB‐4 index was significantly higher in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism than in those with euthyroidism.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
188,992 |
The mean BCVA improved from a baseline of 2.08 (±0.57) logMAR to 1.45 (±1.10) logMAR in the CL-associated PK group at a 2-year follow-up (p=0.02), while the mean BCVA improved from a baseline of 1.06 (±0.22) logMAR to 0.07 (±0.12) logMAR in the LASIK-associated PK group at a 2-year follow-up (p=0.002). BCVA, 2 years post-PK, was significantly better in the post-LASIK cohort than that in the CL cohort (p=0.04). All three patients in the LASIK-associated PK group achieved vision well enough to receive an unrestricted driver's license (logMAR 0.3 or better) at a 2-year follow-up. Thirteen patients (54.2%) in the CL-associated PK group were legally blind (logMAR 1.0 or worse) at a 2-year follow-up, and 3 patients (12.5%) in the CL-associated PK group had no light perception in the operative eye at a 2-year follow-up.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
316,571 |
RD cells (104 cells/well) were plated in a 96-well plate, transfected with siRNA for 24 h, and then infected with EV-A71 for 48 h. Then, 0.1 volume of CCK-8 solution (DOJINDO, Shanghai, China) was added to each well and incubated for 4 hours at 37 °C. The absorbance of each well at 450 nm was measured using a microplate reader (Tecan Infinite M200, Tecan Group Ltd., Männedorf, Switzerland). The survival rate of uninfected cells was set to 1, and the survival rates of the other groups were calculated.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
146,868 |
Appropriate operator rates and settings typically rely on the number of probable solutions and the difficulty of the problem. These constraints can be based on some formerly proposed values and numerous trials. The improvement of the GEP models is provided in detail in the next section.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
93,276 |
The genomic DNA of these phages was extracted using the Promega DNA extraction kit (A7280 Wizard DNA cleanup system) (4). The DNA samples were prepared according to the Nextera DNA sample preparation guide and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq platform (2 × 250-bp paired-end reads with 120× coverage). Complete genome sequences were assembled using SPAdes version 3.1.0 (5). Genome annotation was performed using the Rapid Annotations using Subsystems Technology (RAST) server (6) with some additional manual curation. The translated sequence of each predicted gene was compared to known proteins using BLASTp analysis (7), and conserved protein motifs were identified using the Pfam database (8). The genomes were scanned for tRNAs using tRNAscan-SE (9) and ARAGORN (10). The phage 24 genome was found to be circularly permuted with terminal redundancy, in contrast to phage X29, which has defined ends indicated by steep drop-offs in read coverage at the contig ends.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
34,168 |
To see immune reactions against phages, the cocktail was introduced every day for 7 days to mice in three different routes; intraperitoneal, intranasal, and oral. Three mice were used for each route. Control group was treated with SM buffer. One day after the last treatment of a phage cocktail, mice were sacrificed and serum was obtained for analysis of cytokine profile using Multi-Analyte ELISArray kits (Qiagen, USA), of IgE profile using RayBio®; Mouse IgE ELISA Kit (RayBiotech, USA), and of histamine using Histamine Enzyme Immunoassay Kit (SPI Bio, France).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
176,347 |
There was a clear association between increasing PASI response groups and the anchor variable “patient completely satisfied” (Figure 1a). Especially in the range of PASI 50, PASI 75, and PASI 90, the proportion of patients who were satisfied with the treatment increased largely linearly. In contrast, there was no clear difference at a high level between PASI 90 and PASI 100. There was also an almost linear increase between PASI 50 and PASI 90 in patients’ perception of being healed of all skin lesions (Figure 1b). Again, there were no relevant differences between PASI 90 and PASI 100. Remarkably, even in the group with PASI 100, only about 80% of patients felt that their skin lesions had been completely removed.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
275,134 |
R3. In the condition of affective coherence rather than affective incoherence, the affective framing influences the overall evaluation of an argument via System 1-type processes, i.e., leveraging on the convincingness and emotional appeal of the arguments featuring emotive metaphors. Especially in the case of negatively valenced metaphors, participants are more prone to committing the equivocation fallacy, accepting the believable conclusion and finding a premise/conclusion connection alternative to the corrected System 2-type logical connection.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
35,255 |
The rest of this paper is structured as follows. The related literature is summarized in section 2. Section 3 describes the applications of the proposed protocols and the radio model. Sections 4 and 5 present our proposed protocols. Section 6 discusses the sink mobility model. Section 7 compares the overall performance of the proposed protocols with those of existing protocols. Section 8 concludes the proposed protocols.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
316,129 |
Higher BMI has been associated with an increased risk of development and mortality of several cancers including endometrial cancer13–16. Women with obesity (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) have a 1.7- to 4.5-fold greater risk of developing endometrial cancer compared with those who are of normal weight17–21. Moreover, endometrial cancer patients have the highest risk of death among all of the obesity-associated cancers, with a 2.5-fold increased risk of death for women with Class I (BMI: ≥30.0–<35.0 kg/m2) up to a 6-fold increased risk of death in women with Class III obesity10.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
46,169 |
Cell viability was evaluated by the MTT assay following manufacturer’s instructions (Roche). Briefly, viable cells are defined by their ability to reduce MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) to formazan, which is a measure of an active metabolism. The conversion was quantified using a plate reader (TECAN Infinite F200) at 570 nm and optical density value was utilized as an indicator of cell viability.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
163,940 |
a BALB/c mice were divided into three groups and treated with PBS, YB1, or YB1 plus NK depletion antibody, respectively (n = 4 per group). b, c NK cell depletion efficiency (n = 3 mice per group) and plasma IFN-γ concentration (n = 4 mice per group) were monitored at 3 h, day 1, 2, 4, and 6. d, e On the morning of day 4, 4T1-Luci cancer cells were i.v. injected into BALB/c mice and tracked by live imaging (n = 4 mice per group). Data were normalized to YB1-NK depletion group. f–i BALB/c mice were divided into three groups and treated with PBS, YB1 (YB1/IgG) or YB1 plus IFN-γ depletion antibody (YB1/anti-IFN-γ), respectively. All mice were killed on day 5 after YB1 or PBS treatment and lung-infiltrating immune cells were applied to flow cytometric analysis. f The percentage of NK cells to all immune cells in lung across samples (n = 7 per group). g The absolute total number of NK cells per lung across samples (n = 7 per group). Total immune cell numbers were measured by trypan blue exclusion and then multiplied by the percentage of NK cells determined by FACS analysis to give the absolute number of NK cells for each lung. h Flow cytometric analysis of IFN-γ production in lung-infiltrating NK cells across samples after co-culture with PMA and Ionomycin ex vivo for 5 h (n = 5 for PBS group, n = 4 for YB1/IgG and YB1/anti-IFN-γ groups). i Flow cytometric analysis of CD107a expression on lung-infiltrating NK cells across samples after co-culture with YAC-1 cells ex vivo for 5 h (n = 4 mice per group). j Cytotoxicity of lung-infiltrating NK cells against YAC-1 target cells at the indicated NK : Yac-1 (E : T, Effector : Target) ratios (n = 3 biological replicates). All data are presented as mean values ± SEM. All p-values were derived using two-tailed unpaired t-tests. Displayed is one representative experiment of two independent experiments, except for f, g (combined results of two independent experiments). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
147,827 |
In particular, dysphagia and malnutrition occur easily, up to 2 months after surgery, indicating the importance of preoperative nutritional management and rehabilitation. As it is not easy for patients after discharge to recover their weight before surgery, continuous evaluation of their nutritional status and dietary guidance is considered necessary. If no weight gain is observed after surgery, it is expected that the intake will decrease due to decreased oral function, indicating that postoperative treatment planning and rehabilitation planning before surgery are important.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
356,162 |
Our goal in the current study was to systematically compare the performance of a number of univariate and multivariate techniques by manipulating factors justified by the statistical assumptions of the different tests. As such, our investigations are more statistical in nature. While the practical implications of our results could hopefully be useful to the medical research community when confronted with similar data, we believe that applying especially the multivariate techniques requires a solid statistical background which pure experimentalists might lack. Thus, our results would hopefully be helpful to biostatisticians and data analysts who also have a good understanding of the theoretical background of the statistical methods.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
41,707 |
High protein diets during gestation have been associated with higher adiposity and decreased energy expenditure in young male rats (101). Sex-specific effects of HP diets during both gestation and lactation predispose females, but not males, to higher body weight and adiposity (99, 102).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
266,852 |
The interest in researching the radiation effects on glasses, which began in the 1950s, has been growing enormously since then . The glass properties are thoroughly linked to the inter-atomic forces and potentials in the lattice . It is accepted that, when a glass is subjected to ionizing γ-radiation, it acquires some ‘radiation-induced defects’, which alter its network . The interaction of a glass with the incident γ-rays is linked to the rate of creation and buildup of such radiation-induced defects during the course of irradiation . These defects may arise because of atomic displacement by momentum and energy transfer, charge trapping, ionization, and/or radiolytic effects. The interaction processes in a material occurring due to γ-rays are mostly through the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. At ≤10 kGy levels, electron–hole pairs are formed in the glass, some of which dissociate and are trapped at sites intrinsically present . The radiation interaction may include alterations in the valency of the lattice or impurity ions . Generally, the term ‘defect centers’ is ascribed to the electrons/holes trapped at different lattice imperfections in the glass network. Such defects mainly affect the structural and optical characteristics of the glass . The nature and the concentration of the defect centers vary with the dose, preparation technique of the material, and its composition.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
203,842 |
Chemical engineering strategies can be used to conveniently endow cells with new functions while preserving their biological competence. Chemical engineering strategies mainly target the primary amine and thiol residues of membrane-associated proteins and the hydroxyl residues of polysaccharides, which can be used as active sites for various covalent conjugation schemes (Sletten and Bertozzi, 2009). For example, through amidation reactions, functional molecules containing carboxyl groups can be combined with the amino residues of cell membranes. It has been reported that tetraacetyl-N-azidoacetylmannosamine-mediated click chemoselective labeling of target cells with azide groups is followed by click chemistry to enhance the accumulation of conjugates (Wang et al., 2017) (Figure 5). Moreover, the strategy of modifying RBC membranes with human recombinant hyaluronidase enabled human recombinant hyaluronidase PH20 to be stably fixed to the extracellular domain of erythrocyte membrane proteins via the cell impermeable linker NHS-PEG-maleimide. Because hyaluronidase overexpression has been found in cancer studies and can reduce the effective drug concentration of treatment, anchoring hyaluronidase to NP-coated cell membranes could potentially improve the spread of NPs in tumors and increase the access of biomimetic systems to tumor cells (Zhou et al., 2016). Thus, chemical strategies are generally convenient and can provide cells with new functions while maintaining their biological functions. However, a limitation is the lack of specificity of the reaction, which may impair the biological activity of the natural protein and affect the original function.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
281,253 |
PE was dissolved in DMSO at a final concentration of 10 mM and added to the assay mixture containing 10 mU of purified AR (84 nM on the basis of a 34 KDa molecular weight) or 8 mU purified PTP1B (52 nM on the basis of a 36 KDa molecular weight). The reaction was started by the addition of the substrate. The DMSO concentration in the assays for AR determination was kept constant at 0.7 % (v/v) in order to avoid effects on AR activity . The inhibitory effect of PE was determined by measuring the reaction rates in the presence of a fixed substrate concentration (2.5 mM p-NPP and 0.8 mM L-idose for PTP1B and AR, respectively) and increasing inhibitor concentrations (at least 14-16 different concentrations). The IC50 (the inhibitor concentration able to decrease the enzymatic activity up to 50%) values were determined by nonlinear regression analysis using Prism GraphPad 6.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA), fitting experimental data to the following equation:ViV0 = Max − Min1 + xIC50slope + Min where Vi/V0 represents the relative activity calculated in presence of each inhibitor concentration; “Max” and “Min” represent the maximum and minimum value of the activity, respectively; “x” is the concentration of the inhibitor; and “slope” represents the slope of the curve in the transition zone.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
288,468 |
Previous work showed that pnc-1 mutants have a reduced nose touch response and a foraging defect, most likely due to prolonged TRPV channel signaling by its NAM agonist (Upadhyay et al. 2016). Nose touch response in our assay was not significantly reduced in a pnc-1 mutant on live food in contrast with previous work (Upadhyay et al. 2016), perhaps due to differences in the assay where we allowed the animals to move into the eyelash compared with Upadhyay et al. who touched the animal with the eyelash. However, growing pnc-1 animals on dead E. coli, which are unable to compensate for the reduced production of NAD+ (Vrablik et al. 2009), reduced their nose touch response to a level similar to glr-1 mutants. Growth on dead food increases the severity of the pnc-1 gonad developmental delay and male spicule phenotypes (Vrablik et al. 2009; 2011) and supplementing dead food with NAD+ reverses the effect of dead food on these phenotypes, but supplementary NAD+ did not restore nose touch in worms on dead food. There may be a separate process that modulates OLQ survival which relies on a different NAD+ salvage pathway metabolite, such as nicotinic acid, that is absent in UV-killed E. coli. Or the ASH or FLP neurons, which contribute the majority of function in gentle nose touch response (Kaplan and Horvitz 1993), are sensitive to reduced levels of NAD+ or salvage pathway intermediates but this sensitivity cannot be compensated for by exogenous NAD+.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
214,727 |
Next, we modified the design by cutting both ends of the stool directly from the front and rear walls, opening a hole in those walls and folding the cut material inward (Figure 6a). This design saves even more material and storage space, since its ends could be placed inside the cut walls again. The angle formed between the front/rear wall and the seating surface should be the same as the angle between the ends and the seating surface, since both pieces should have the same length. During preliminary simulations, high longitudinal displacements were found at the bottom edges. Hence, we closed it on the bottom side by extending the front/rear walls to the bottom (Figure 6b) and connecting them.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
91,440 |
A total of 943 inmates participated in the study, including 10 from the infirmary inpatient ward, 62 from the women’s building and 871 from the men’s buildings. Participants from the two latter originated from 35 cells, including 26 cells from the men’s buildings and 9 from the women’s building. The cells had an average surface area of 44 m2 (standard deviation [SD] 18.5) in the men’s building and 42 m2 (SD 16.4) in the women’s building, an average number of 33 (SD 19) and 8 (SD 5) inmates per cell, and therefore an average available surface area of 1.3 m2 and 5.2 m2 per inmate, respectively.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
319,460 |
In conclusion, the results obtained by applying the methodology proposed by the Federico II Model of Healthcare Zooanthropology, during the indicated study period, demonstrate how the patients subjected to AAT showed an improvement in both cognitive function and mood (e.g., changes in MMSE values and GDS, respectively). Therefore, we propose the use of AAT (with the dog) adapted to a protocol of formal ROT, as a non-pharmacological therapy above all in the treatment of cognitive deficits deriving from Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, this type of intervention could be particularly useful when Alzheimer’s patients show reluctance to perform daily stimulation activities or are stalled in other non-pharmacological therapies.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
30,388 |
Particularly with regard to increasing life expectancy in the EU, PA opportunities in everyday life of older adults require special attention in terms of promoting PA. The transition to retirement is a promising starting point for interventions promoting an active lifestyle, because people tend to establish new routines and give up previous ones. For example occupational PA opportunities, such as PA at work or active transport to workplace, are no longer relevant. Van Dyck et al. showed that this opportunity not only lasts during the actual transition to retirement, but also during the first years of retirement . In order to pursue a holistic approach to health promotion, variables of all levels should be included in accordance to Bronfenbrenners ecological systems theory [17, 18].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
282,139 |
The total number of encounters with hospital, medical, and health services for LBP per person, over 12 months from baseline assessment, will be analysed using negative binomial regression to estimate the between-group difference in the rate of using hospital, medical, and health services for LBP at 12-month follow-up. Negative binomial regression takes into account individual follow-up time, frequency of using hospital, medical, and health services for LBP, non-normal distribution over time, and non-independence of repeated measures . The effect of baseline pain and disability levels, number of previous treatments, symptom length, co-morbidities, and age will be accounted for in the model. The effect of group allocation on continuous outcomes (e.g., physical function, physical activity) will be assessed using linear regression models. All analyses will be performed by intention to treat.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
151,465 |
Three RCTs were identified applying TBIs, which were tested against usual care arms , in the context of a collaborative care approach. TBIs delivered in the context of collaborative care trials yielded lower posttreatment (SMD –0.20, 95% CI –0.36 to –0.04; I²=0%) and long-term (12 months: SMD –0.23, 95% CI –0.39 to –0.07; I²=0%) depression severity compared to usual care arms (see Figure 11).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
21,406 |
In our study, wood sawdust fibers with high cellulose content are used as fillers in a natural rubber matrix. By EB irradiation, cross-linking, grafting and degradation of these types of NR/wood sawdust composites mainly occurs. The cross-linking process leads to the increase of composites cross-linking degree and to the improvement of some physical and mechanical properties. The grafting of NR macromolecules leads to the formation of a grafted co-polymer at the interface between the two phases, a fact that will significantly improve their compatibility leading to the obtaining a polymeric composite having optimum properties. Natural rubber and cellulose from wood sawdust join together through the C–C and C–O–C bonds, as shown in Figure 15. Our experimental results, confirmed by other author studies , show that with the increase of cross-link density, the hardness and tensile strength have increased, whereas the elongation-at-break decreased . Thus, it can be considered once again that wood sawdust acted as filler in natural rubber blends and leads to reinforcement of them.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
277,892 |
The left graph shows a sample commercial DMA, while the right shows a residential DMA. The commercial DMA has lower consumption than its pre-COVID baseline, while the residential DMA peaks around 3 months after the ECQ then drops down to near pre-COVID levels.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
386,370 |
The various pre-rigor holding temperatures and time (display days) did influence (p<0.05) color stability but no significant difference was found due to AES (p>0.05). When compared to AES-5, AES-35 samples had significantly lower L* values (indicator of lightness) regardless of time (display days) or stimulation and AES-35 samples had the least L* values at day 1 and 4. Farouk and Swan , found 24 h post mortem samples held at 35°C had significantly higher L* values when compared to 5°C samples and it was suggested that high rigor temperature caused protein denaturation. In this study, samples were exposed to high pre-rigor temperature only for 3 h. The values of red (a* values), yellow (b*) color, hue angle (indication of discoloration) and chroma (indication of saturation of color or vividness) values decreased as display days increased. The values were significantly lower on day 7 when compared to day 1. Our results are contradictory to the recent findings of Kim et al , who reported that hot-boned beef loins within 30 min post mortem kept in a 38°C water bath during the pre-rigor seemed to have greater L*, a*, hue and chroma angle values at 1 day post mortem compared with the loins held at 15°C, regardless of ES of the beef carcass. The discrepancy between the two studies may have been due to the long storage at high temperature (at 38°C) until rigor in their studies which had resulted in the protein denaturation and myofibrillar lattice shrinkage .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
56,580 |
This research with individuals with diabetes took place as part of a broader piece of research on the use of forums by UK‐based individuals with LTCs.32, 33 A qualitative approach was selected as it allowed for an exploration of the opinions and perspectives of individuals with diabetes. Semi‐structured interviews enabled participants to discuss the topics that were relevant to their health and use of internet forums, rather than using a more prescriptive method of data collection. A broad interview schedule addressing participants’ use of diabetes forums was developed, although it should be emphasized that the schedule provided a guide for the interview and did not represent a prescriptive itinerary. Interviewees were given space to express their own opinions and ideas, and, in many cases, their responses shaped the order and structure of the interview.34
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
171,181 |
PPARβ/δ signaling positively affects the lipid profile by increasing HDL cholesterol and lowering LDL cholesterol (83). Hydroxymethylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins, represent another pharmacotherapy whose pleiotropic effects offer insights into shared mechanisms of pathophysiology between dyslipidemia and diabetes. This highly efficacious lipid-lowering drug class inhibits the rate-limiting step of cholesterol synthesis (84). The pleiotropic anti-diabetes and antioxidant effects of statins (85), however, allow insights into the interconnectedness of mechanisms of both dyslipidemia and DM. Retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RMECs) treated with simvastatin demonstrated an upregulated peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), an endogenous molecule which activates PPARγ (86). Upregulation of the PGC-1α pathway decreased generation of ROS, which contribute to DR pathogenesis by exposing both pericytes and endothelial cells of the retinal vasculature to oxidative stress thereby contributing to vascular degeneration (86). Decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity also contributed to this reduced generation of ROS (86). Furthermore, in vivo administration of simvastatin reduced ROS-mediated apoptosis of both pericytes and vascular endothelial cells in rats and attenuated apoptosis of bovine retinal endothelial cells in vitro by decreasing p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, modulating PARP signaling, along with decreasing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and vascular permeability (86). Pharmacological control of the PPARγ pathway and its regulators by both TZDs and statins, respectively used for treating diabetes and dyslipidemia, illustrates the molecular interplay among pathways involved in the pathogenesis and therapy of these two disease states. Furthermore, it illustrates their mutual connections to key mediators in DR pathogenesis such as elevated ROS production and apoptosis of retinal neurons and cellular components of the retinal vasculature.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
309,857 |
The respective average BCFs of Zn, Cd, Cr and Pb are presented in Figure 10 in the order of Pb > Cd > Cr > Zn. High BCF implies great potency of plant to attract metals from soil, or poor capability of soils to retain metal ; while low BCF implies high biding ability of metals to soil .Figure 10Average bioconcentration factor.Figure 10
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
111,522 |
It is this latter strategy that we explored in our recent work on poly(2,5-dihydroxyaniline) (PDHA)15. The molecular design of this BQ-based polymeric material (see Fig. 1) presents appealing properties for battery applications. The hybrid redox node - electron conducting chain structure was expected to enable simultaneous charge conduction and n-type redox while maintaining a low molar mass per repeating unit. Aside from its electrical conductivity, the polyaniline (PANi) backbone was also selected given the limited solubility of high molar mass polyanilines. The theoretical charge storage capacity for a two-electron redox process in BQ units of PDHA was estimated at 443 mAh g−1. Given the relatively high electrical conductivity of 100 mS cm−1 15, PDHA was also advanced with potential for high power performances.Figure 1Molecular design and target electrochemistry of the hybrid redox node - electron-conducting PDHA.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
32,767 |
Sea fog is a common phenomenon of sea weather and has a significant impact on fisheries, navigation, and flight safety. Laser weather radar1 is a commonly used sea fog detection technology with excellent azimuth accuracy, distance resolution, and high—quality, low background noise. Laser photon radar based on single photon detectors is used to detect the range and concentration of clouds, humidity, wind fields, air pollution, pollutant diffusion, and to provide weather forecasts2,3.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
273,265 |
Our study showed that similar to other vasodilator stress agents, ATP stress CMR is also predictive of MACE. A stress induced perfusion defect on ATP stress CMR was associated with a higher risk of MACE (hazard ratio = 3.63) over a median follow-up of 3.3 years with an annualized event rate of 2.8%. The main drivers of this increased risk were the incidence of cardiac hospitalization, late coronary revascularization and cardiac death which were significantly higher in patients with stress induced perfusion defects on ATP stress CMR examinations. Alternatively, absence of a stress induced perfusion defect on ATP stress CMR had an annualized event rate of 0.4%. With multivariable cox regression analysis, stress induced perfusion defect, LVEF and MI detected by LGE were independent rick factors for MACE.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
218,224 |
The intervention consisted of a package of three interventions—GS training, financial literacy education and contraceptive counselling. The first study arm (GS arm) received four sessions on GS. These sessions were focused on building knowledge, awareness, critical consciousness around power, care work and gender inequalities. Additionally, the sessions sought to build skills in egalitarian decision-making, conflict management, negotiation, and communication. In arm 2 (GSFL), in addition to GS training, the participants received three sessions on financial literacy and household budget management. Participants were introduced to key financial terms as well as trained on financial planning, decision making and household budgeting. Arm 3 (ALL) received all three interventions. In addition to the GS and GSFL training, they received an additional session on contraceptive counselling. The content of the family planning session was the same as the counselling offered by nurses in family planning clinics in Ibadan, Nigeria, where the study took place.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
129,048 |
The great advantages of the binder and material jetting techniques are the possibility to print different colors and materials in one object. BJ, unlike Polyjet, does not need any supporting structures, but the printed objects are less force resistant [3–5].
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
58,061 |
H&E stained sections of PDAC tumors clearly demonstrate viable PDAC cells in the tumor treated without NACRT. However, grade IIa destruction of PDAC cells (Evans classification) was detected in the tumor treated with NACRT. Expression of MUC1 and mesothelin was observed in PDAC tumors treated with or without NACRT. The expression levels of these TAAs were similar between PDAC tumors treated with or without NACRT. Representative images of four individual patients are shown. Scale bars = 100 μm.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
190,175 |
Each system of NCF was calculated for mean values and standard deviations. The data obtained were subjected to statistical evaluation using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is done to test several means (more than two) at a time. Tukey's post hoc test is used for two by two comparisons of the groups (Tables 1 and 2).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
9,584 |
Nearly 4.22- and 2.96-fold increase in the magnitude of Cmax and AUC was noted on comparing with pure drug (p < 0.001), respectively. Moreover, there was 2.65-fold reduction in Tmax vis-à-vis pure Mgf (p < 0.001), thus corroborating quite faster onset of action owing to improvement in absorption rate. Besides, maximal variation was observed in the values of Ka, indicating enhanced oral drug absorption of Mgf SPNMS revealing nearly 3.59-fold increase in Ka over plain Mgf (p < 0.001). By and large, the pharmacokinetic studies in rats ratified the superiority of the formulated Mgf SPNMS in enhancing oral absorption of Mgf.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
167,241 |
The limitation of our study is that it is a non-randomized retrospective study with a small case number. In addition, cases appointed for vaginal delivery were highly selected, such that the first twin must be in the vertex presentation. Despite so, there were no significant differences in fetal weight and gestational week at time of delivery between the two groups. To perform a randomized study with strict criteria of either Cesarean or vaginal delivery in twin pregnancy can be difficult since many unknown events can occur after case recruitment. In our study, we found that a low Apgar score is significantly related to non-vertex presentation (either in the first or the second twin), maternal age, and maternal obstetric diseases. Maternal obstetric diseases can also occur after case randomization. More importantly, as mentioned, fetal presentation can change during delivery. The attending obstetrician must be alert and skillful to handle these situations that can happen in only a few minutes of time. In comparison, in the Twin Birth Study, the rate of Cesarean delivery in the planned vaginal delivery group was as high as 43.8% due to a too early timing of randomization [11, 19].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
14,834 |
On day 15, each dog was euthanized by an intravenous overdose of pentobarbital after collecting blood samples. Tissue samples were obtained from each liver lobe and caudal lobe of the right lung. Samples on days 7 and 15 were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for histological examination or stored at −80°C for RNA extraction. Liver samples from each lobe for histological examination were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin and then sectioned at 4 μm thicknesses. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome (MT).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
161,021 |
Few studies have assessed the effects of coffee consumption on insulin sensitivity/resistance indices. Until 2017, only two studies were included in meta-analysis and systematic reviews . Newer studies have been conducted since then, which makes it essential to evaluate the influence of coffee consumption on insulin resistance or sensitivity through a meta-analysis. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of coffee consumption on insulin resistance or sensitivity.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
242,315 |
Only a few fathers mentioned activities they were interested in doing more with their children, including playing and walking around more. Mothers also wanted fathers to be more involved in activities such as playing with the child, holding the child more, and participating more in feeding. Several mothers wanted fathers to help more with household chores and agriculture work.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
359,200 |
The trajectories of solutions \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$\pmb{(x_{n},y_{n},v_{n},z_{n})}$\end{document}(xn,yn,vn,zn) with initial values \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$\pmb{(x_{0},y_{0},v_{0},z_{0})=(20,15,15,0.1), (30,10,10,1.5),\text{ and }(5,20,20,1)}$\end{document}(x0,y0,v0,z0)=(20,15,15,0.1),(30,10,10,1.5), and (5,20,20,1) .
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
165,133 |
In-situ flax fiber specimens 2, 4 and 8 are shown (Figure 8b) as well as in-situ carbon specimen 4 and fracture patterns of the in-situ flax and carbon fiber specimens (Figure 8a). Specimen 2 performed relatively average with a tensile strength of 78.16 MPa. Specimen 4 and 8 represent the worst (specimen 8) and best tensile strength of the sample series with values of 87.28 MPa and 65.50 MPa, respectively. Figure 8 also shows that all specimens are fractured relatively close to the left-hand fixture, which could indicate force transfer from the fixture to the fiber. Additionally, it can be seen that specimens 2 and 4 have a relatively homogeneous fracture pattern with a perpendicular fracture area. There has also been a complete severing of the fibers, indicating a good bond between the fiber and the polymer matrix. Specimen 8, on the other hand, shows a break in the polymer matrix, but the fibers are not damaged. Therefore, it is suspected that the fiber–matrix bonding in sample body 8 is insufficient at the point of breakage and a stair-step-like fracture pattern has occurred in the polymer matrix. During this process, the fibers were likely elongated; however, due to the inadequate bond to the polymer matrix, the fiber did not prevent this fracture pattern. Figure 8a shows the fracture surface of the in-situ flax fiber specimens 4 and 2. It can be seen in both cases that the fibers are well enclosed by the polymer matrix; however, it can also be seen that in some cases the fiber–matrix bond is expandable. This defect explains the different results in the tensile tests. Additionally, it would be desirable if the fiber was more coated with the matrix polymer.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
79,876 |
To determine differences between mutants, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, followed by a Tukey’s test a posteriori to compare the means of all treatment groups. All statistical analyses were performed using the Prism5 software (Graph Pad, La Jolla, CA).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
41,748 |
The underlying principle of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is to be able to reliably perform state-of-the-art oncological resection of the primary tumor through a minimally invasive transoral approach (1). Surgery is assisted by remote-controlled miniaturized surgical instruments and magnified visualization with a high-definition three-dimensional camera. It has proven to be an effective alternative to open surgery, with or without a mandibulotomy approach for oropharyngeal cancer in a large number of studies since its approval by the FDA in 2009 for T1 and T2 lesions. Series showed decreased rates of postoperative complications, improved functional outcomes, and favorable oncological results (2). For a large number of authors, it has become a standard-of-care among other treatment modalities in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma staged T1–T2 (1, 3–5). With laryngeal cancers, TORS has been explored as minimally invasive surgery for supraglottic and glottic lesions, as well as for total laryngectomy. This article provides a review of the evidence available to date in regard to indications for TORS in laryngeal cancer, peri-operative morbidity, functional outcomes, and oncological results.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
142,614 |
Semaglutide has 94% sequence homology with native GLP-1, with three key structural differences that prolong its half-life to approximately one week, without compromising GLP-1 receptor binding (25, 30). In the SUSTAIN program, subcutaneous semaglutide consistently demonstrated superior and sustained glycemic control and weight loss compared with comparators across the T2D disease continuum (31). As reviewed by Meier in this supplement (32), in head-to-head trials with other long-acting GLP-1RAs, subcutaneous semaglutide 1.0 mg produced superior HbA1c and weight reductions compared with exenatide ER 2.0 mg (estimated treatment difference [ETD] –0.62% and 3.78 kg; both p < 0.0001, respectively) (33) and with dulaglutide 1.5 mg (ETD –0.41% and 3.55 kg; both p < 0.0001, respectively) (34). Since the approval of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide in 2017/2018, further information is being gathered through an ongoing series of prospective, noninterventional real-world studies across 10 different countries, which aim to determine its efficacy, safety, and treatment satisfaction in patients in local clinical practice over approximately 30 weeks of treatment (35–43).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
210,080 |
EFS events in the first year were very high at 11.5% compared to next 4 years at 3.09%, 2.24%, 1.17%, and 0.85%. This was partly due to patients who discontinued treatment during the first year. Loss of follow-up was 10.54% and 5.75% in the first and second years post chemotherapy respectively with lower numbers in years 3–5 at 3.94%, 3.30%, and 3.73%.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
123,392 |
Evolution of bite marks and estimation of their age in victims of the Yemenia plane crash. Image credit: IRCGN, 2009. a, b Fresh-looking bite marks: note preserved skin on the outline and neat edges with fresh substrate. c, d Advanced-looking bite marks: note eroded outline and blunt edges with a macerated substrate (see arrows). Scale bars in a–d, 2 cm
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
341,103 |
HHLA2 is highly expressed in tumor tissues and is a positive prognostic marker for patients with KIRC. (A) Compared with normal tissues, HHLA2 expression was higher in tumor tissues from patients with KIRC, based on TCGA and GEO datasets. (B) HHLA2 expression levels were positively correlated with the survival rates in KIRC from TCGA dataset. (C) The ROC curve of HHLA2 was analyzed by using the data from TCGA and GEO. (D) Evaluation of the HHLA2 score. Magnification, 10 and 20×. (E) Normal and tumor tissues from patients with KIRC were stained determine HHLA2 protein expression. (F) The HHLA2 score was significantly higher in the tumor tissues than that in normal samples from the KIRC patients (TMAs numbered Hkid-CRC180 Sur-01 was defined as cohort 1 and HkidE180 Su02 defined as cohort 2). (G) IHC staining showed that HHLA2 expression is positively correlated with survival time of patients with KIRC. **P < 0.01. Score 0, negative; 1, low expression; 2, moderate expression; and 3, high expression.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
195,986 |
BIMTs appear from the second decade of life—the average age at diagnosis is of 36.9 years . For this reason, together with the appearance of other gene-related tumors, the multiple presence of these lesions could be used as markers for the presence of BAP1 germline mutations.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
173,233 |
When perceiving the environment in a real scenario, an agent would encounter unavoidable errors due to the detection process, image recognition, signal processing, and satellite position-based parameter measurements. Improving model robustness is of great significance, especially in key intelligent control fields such as UAVs and robots, where tiny errors or noise could lead to immeasurable and undesirable consequences.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
290,028 |
For treatment decision, the patient was referred to radiology department. Ultrasound neck showed a large well defined thin-walled cystic neck lesion measuring about 5.1 × 2.6 cm (transverse x anteroposterior). There was no appreciable internal septation or solid tissue in it (Fig. 1). No hypervascularity was noted within or periphery of the lesion (Fig. 2). The internal content of the cyst was of 2 types, basal part was homogenously low echogenic with curved upper border while rest of the part was filled up with anechoic fluid (Fig. 3). Few tiny echogenic foci were also seen in its low echogenic part which were not giving any comet tail artifact to be confidently called as colloid content (Fig. 1). Thyroid gland was not easily visible due to lateral push by this large cyst. Thyroid isthmus was hardly visible clearly. Lobes were found to be normal, but their echotexture was heterogenous and micronodular with normal vascularity and intact echogenicity. According to the location and content of cyst, the closest sonographic differential in our patient was thyroglossal cyst, but it is usually smaller in size, moves with tongue protrusion and more cranial in position. Other differentials could be hemorrhagic or fourth branchial cleft cyst.Fig. 1(a,b): Ultrasound neck showing a large cyst having homogenously low echogenic content with few tiny echogenic foci showing no comet tail artifact (arrows). Thyroid lobes (T) and airway (A).Fig 1Fig. 2Doppler ultrasound showing avascular cyst.Fig 2Fig. 3(a,b): Ultrasound showing internal content of the colloid cyst. Basal homogenous low echogenic and upper anechoic content(a,b). Arrow heads are showing curved upper margin of the basal content (a).Fig 3
| 4 | 1clinical
| 3Clinical case
|
150,998 |
The results are summarized in Table 4. Compared to the original BERT3, SPS-1 shows improved accuracy in all the downstream datasets with an average of 1.1%, verifying our first motivation. Comparing SPS-1 with SPS-2, we note that SPS-2 consistently shows even better performance with an average of 1.9%, which validates our second motivation. Based on these results, we conclude that both steps of the SPS process work as intended to increase the student model’s capacity without increasing the number of parameters used.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
|
391,549 |
In double-stranded DNA, the 5-methyl groups of 5mC bases are located on the outermost edges of the major grove. In 5hmC bases, there is some rotational freedom to place to the hydroxyl groups, but in the EcoKMcrA co-crystal structures, the OH groups are positioned in defined locations in the outer major groove. As the (hydroxy)methyl groups are far apart (∼8 Å away in the NEco-bound DNA), the two modifications must be recognized separately, in distinct pockets that we have termed the proximal and distal pocket, according to the base that they bind.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
317,211 |
Although this study used an established systematic consensus method to generate data from a large multidisciplinary sample of experts, there are limitations to acknowledge. Firstly, the symposium was conducted at a single site in the United Kingdom, therefore not every invitee was able to attend. Moreover, symposium places were limited to 50 hence the 47 delegates who participated in this consensus process only represented a small proportion of the international pool of expertise.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
266,591 |
To observe the effect of EVs on immune cells, we incubated plasma EVs from infected mice at different stages with immune cells. The results suggested that plasma EVs from different infection stages had no significant effect on the differentiation of B cells and CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells ( Figures 6A – C ). Importantly, 20 W-EVs and 7 W-EVs can decrease the related abundant of MDSC compared to 0 W-EVs ( Figure 6D ), 7 W-EVs can increase the number of Treg cells compared to 0 W- and 20 W-EVs, whereas there was no significant difference between 0 W-EVs and 2 0W-EVs ( Figure 6E ). These results showed that the plasma EVs of mice infected at different stages had different effects on different immune cells.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
133,040 |
The correlation analysis of the heating temperature, secondary structural elements, and colour parameters are shown in Table 3. This showed that the heating temperature was significantly positively associated with the redness value (a*; r = 0.962, p < 0.01). Additionally, the heating temperature was positively correlated with the β-sheet content (r = 0.950, p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with the content of α-helices, β-turns, and random coils (r = −0.890, r = −0.927 and r = −0.954, respectively; p < 0.05).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
383,759 |
shRNAs are delivered to the nucleus in a plasmid or lentivirus, and integrated into the host’s DNA, where they are then transcribed leading to the slow accumulation of shRNAs in the cytoplasm. Unlike siRNAs, shRNA expression is stable allowing for long-term screening (> 10 days). However, expression of shRNAs may be lost if the cells lose the plasmid, or if the lentivirus integration is silenced due to negative epigenetic regulation [36, 37]. Therefore, cells need to be cultured under selection for the shRNA phenotype. shRNAi has mainly been used to validate hits identified through other methods. shRNAi was performed on Bombyx mori embryonic cells to knockdown the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) . NPC1 was proposed as a potential baculovirus receptor, due to its interaction with Bombyx mori promoting protein which increases baculovirus production. Two unique shRNAs were used to target the NCP1 gene and a 40% reduction in NCP1 expression was achieved, leading to a substantial reduction in baculovirus infectivity. The receptor was then further validated by performing co-immunoprecipitation experiments with NCP1 and the major baculovirus glycoprotein, gp64. NCP1 was also identified as a potential receptor for Ebola virus, by genetic knockout screening in haploid cells . This was validated by shRNA knockdown of NPC1 in human peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells, which yielded them resistant to filovirus infection.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
11,601 |
An IC or antigen-antibody complex is the result of binding of one or more antibody molecules with one or more antigen molecules (34). The ability of ICs to activate the complement system and to interact with a number of cells determines their biological properties (35). ICs activate complement pathways that opsonize or coat antigen–antibody complexes with large numbers of C3 molecules (36). Opsonization facilitates the clearance of ICs by the macrophage system (36). By maintaining complexes in solution, the complement allows clearance of ICs from their site of formation, minimizing local inflammatory consequences (36).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
2,567 |
This section briefly describes the mechanisms that LTE and Wi-Fi use to transmit in the way that they were initially designed. The analysis of the core differences among these mechanisms will give us the insight to understand in depth the reasons why LTE cannot operate next to Wi-Fi without appropriate coexistence and cooperation mechanisms. Moreover, it will be used as a basis for the subsequent description of the different cooperation protocols.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
284,224 |
Diabetic macular oedema (DME) is the most common cause of vision loss in patients with diabetes . Estimates in 2017 suggested that 451 million people globally are affected by diabetes , and up to 15.3% of them have DME . As the prevalence of diabetes continues to increase , the burden of DME is also expected to grow. The current mainstay of treatment for DME is anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy [4–6].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
178,461 |
The drill planning problem can be seen as a combination of several sub-problems: task planning (consisting of deciding the sequencing of the targets to be drilled), motion planning, and coordination. These problems cannot be treated separately, as the solutions of each problem depend on each other. For instance, task planning must lead to a sequence of drill targets that accounts for the piles generated after drilling (which become obstacles that must be taken into account in motion planning). In other words, the order in which the targets are drilled will affect the ability of the machine itself and other machines to traverse on the bench. Hence, it is necessary to subject the possible choices made to solve one problem to the choices made in resolving the other problems, e.g., verifying through motion planning that a chosen sequence of targets to drill will be kinematically feasible and will avoid the piles of material produced by drilling. There are two approaches in the literature addressing the drill planning problem. One approach is based on meta constraint reasoning (Mansouri et al., 2016) in which the task planning, motion planning and coordination problems are modeled as CSPs at different levels of abstraction, and the meta-constraints capture inter-dependencies between the tasks and motions as a shared abstraction. The second approach implements a multi-abstraction search where an abstract solution is refined incrementally with different types of search at different levels of abstraction (Mansouri et al., 2017).
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
154,803 |
PCA displayed that three populations (10 individuals per population) were clustered into two categories (Fig. 2A). One category is AP and SP, another is LP. Furthermore, distribution of AP and SP were scattered. Phylogenetic tree showed that AP was closely related to SP, while LP was distantly related to AP and SP (Fig. 2B).Fig. 2Principal component analysis (PCA) (A) and phylogenetic tree analysis (B)
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
224,451 |
A more recent study sought to determine microbiome‐mediated epigenetic changes in an AD pathogenesis model.45 Butyric acid (BA) is a fermentation metabolite of the probiotic Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) in the skin, with inhibitory growth effects on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a known pathogenic bacteria in AD.46 BA is also a known inhibitor for histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, resulting in increased histone acetylation and increased gene expression. Traisaeng et al demonstrated that mouse skin wounds, pretreated with BA and a BA derivative, BA–NH–NH–BA, and subsequent exposure to S. aureus, resulted in the suppression of S. aureus growth.45 Furthermore, human skin HaCaT keratinocytes treated with BA exhibited increased levels of transcriptionally active AcH3K9 (acetylation of histone H3 lysine 9) chromatin and decreased levels of the pro‐inflammatory interleukin, IL‐6. This exciting study highlighted a probiotic‐induced epigenetic response in host cells that was associated with reduced pathogenicity (growth) for S. aureus. It is clear that more studies are needed to further understand histone modifications in AD.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
333,663 |
Some strengths of the study should be mentioned. First, the current study has a strong research design, as RCT’s are considered the golden standard in effectiveness studies. Second, our study participants were quite mixed and generalizable to a general older adults with chronic diseases population or even the general older adult population. As an example, our research population had almost equal numbers of male and female participants, and the majority of the participants was low educated (e.g., 51%). In addition, our research sample had BMI levels and a mean number of comorbidities (3.5) equal to the general older adult population in the Netherlands. However, selective response is probable. Despite these strengths, the study also had some limitations. Although the CF tests are well-validated sensitive tests, sensitivity still might be too low. However, this is an issue in every study that measures CF, and computer-based tasks (e.g. this RCT assessed CF on an iPad) are actually suggested to improve sensitivity of cognitive assessments . Furthermore, the selective dropout (i.e., older participants, during the intervention period, and those with lower baseline levels of moderate-to-vigorous PA) may have influenced our results, although this is expected to be less harmful because of the reasonably low dropout. In (partly) digital health interventions a dropout rate of 25.1% per cent is thought of as low . Furthermore, we accounted for these possible confounding variables.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
204,059 |
Additionally, by applying our ML model on ∼700 semiconductors from C2DB we have found the bandgap to change nature (direct/indirect) in 12% of the materials when comparing the PBE and ML bandgaps. For these materials, 72% shift from direct to indirect gaps.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
204,324 |
“We considered using Rasch model with RSM instead of other item-response theory models (e.g., the two parameter or the three logistic parameter model with partial credit model or graded response model) because Rasch model with RSM can provide simpler estimation in modeling (i.e., Rasch model with RSM needs not to estimate other parameter like discrimination and the category difference for every two responses). Thus, the benefit of using such a model than other types of item-response theory model is it fits better with the principle of parsimony.”
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
149,442 |
We also found no significant association between items in question 3 “Which of the following made it easier to implement skin screenings in your practice” (answer choices: high-risk patients were in a gown and ready to skin exam; Melanoma ECHO didactics provided tips and tools that were helpful for implementation of skin screenings; participating in Melanoma ECHO increased my confidence in providing melanoma skin exams; patient readiness; and other) and items in question 4 “What were the barriers to skin screening implementation in your practice” (answer choices: It was hard to find time to integrate skin exams into regular appointments; Melanoma ECHO didactics did not provide the practical tips and tools I expected; patients refused full skin exams; and other). For example, the coefficient of association was -0.35 between the patient readiness and patient refused full skin exam (the p-value = 0.5) (Table 5).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
363,469 |
The GMO Panel carried out a scientific risk assessment of maize MON 87427 ×MON 89034 × 1507 × MON 88017 × 59122 and all its subcombinations independently of their origin (see Table 1), for food and feed uses, import and processing in accordance with Articles 6(6) and 18(6) of Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003. The GMO Panel took into account the appropriate principles described in its guidelines for the risk assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed (EFSA GMO Panel, 2011a), for the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of GM plants (EFSA GMO Panel, 2010a) and for the post‐market environmental monitoring (PMEM) of GM plants (EFSA GMO Panel, 2011b).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
49,722 |
Muscle dysfunction is one of the most easily noticeable dysfunctions in CCI patients and the one that regresses most slowly in survivors undergoing rehabilitation. More precisely, the condition is called ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW), and it is a major marker of PMV. ICUAW results from inflammation, hyperglycemia, immobility, multi-organ dysfunction, and possibly some medications (steroids, sedatives, neuromuscular blockers). Patients suffer from proximal and symmetrical loss of muscle strength associated with changes in electromyography (widespread fibrillation and positive sharp waves, decreased amplitude of compound muscle and sensory nerve action potentials, and relatively normal conduction studies). Muscle biopsies reveal atrophy. There is no specific treatment, but efforts are focused on early mobility and judicious use of steroids, sedatives and analgesics as well as adequate glycemic control. Patients should be encouraged to get out of bed, even if receiving ventilatory support. Passive and active muscle rehabilitation strategies are important. Physical activity programs, including walking tests in the ICU, virtual reality games, exercise, and electro-stimulation, should be applied and monitored by specialized professionals. Protein supplements should be administered in conjunction with nutritional therapy.(8,31,69,70)
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
64,195 |
Investigators have reported that patients with hypertension have high prevalence of LV remodeling or geometrical changes [8, 9], but data concerning the cardiac features of hypertensive subjects with or without diabetes remain incompletely described in large population-based samples, especially in the rural population of China, where hypertension is often popular. Therefore, we conducted this cross-sectional study to investigate the impact of hypertension with or without diabetes and its possible gender-dependent effect on LV remodeling, hypertrophy and geometry in northeast rural Chinese population.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
306,946 |
For live-cell single-particle tracking, a cross-correlation single particle tracking method was used to determine the centroid positions of tdEos or mEos3.2 single molecules (Oh et al., 2012; Oh et al., 2014). A trajectory was created by connecting the subsequent xy coordinates through the frames using the nearest neighbor method. The first positions of each trajectory were assembled to generate a localization image. By using pre-acquired ephrinA1 image as a mask, single-molecule signals coming from mobile or immobile ephrinA1 regions were separated to calculate spatially resolved binding kinetics. The dwell time distributions of molecules in the two different regions were fitted with a two-order exponential decay function y=y0+A1e−t/τ1+A2e−t/τ2, providing two characteristic time constants τ1 and τ2. We noticed the data points become noisy for longer dwell time but this population represents less than 0.5% of the total molecules. We applied this model to fit the vast majority of the data. To be consistent τ2 was used for pairwise comparison of each cell. It is inevitable to avoid short-lived fluorescence events in single-molecule imaging due to the intrinsic power law of fluorescence on/off time. Furthermore, the non-bound cytoplasmic molecules may enter into the evanescent field and go out very quickly. These factors contribute to the short decay time. The second order of exponential decay function is not perfect to estimate the off-rate but it represents the statistic value in our system.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
83,706 |
In this manuscript, we will start by reviewing some of the most intriguing anatomical differences described between ASD and neurotypical brains and then move on to discuss what these observations might teach us about how specific aspects of brain development are regulated to ensure normal anatomy and function.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
1,790 |
Apart from estimating homoplasy measures, we also used ABC to estimate the value of τ. We found that ABC and the pseudo-likelihood estimator (MPH) perform equally well to obtain estimates of the value of τ, showing that both methods can correct for the effects of homoplasy. As expected, the expansion time is strongly underestimated by the method that does not take homoplasy into account (LSWH), particularly for older expansion events where there are higher values of MSH and DH (Fig. 4). Additionally, we found that ABC gave good estimations of the value of θ 1, compared to LSWH and MPH which gave overestimations of the actual value of θ 1 (Additional file 1: Figure S5), in line with previous studies done using LSWH and MPH . It must be pointed out that in ABC, as in any Bayesian method, the estimates of the parameters depend on the prior distributions used for the parameters. Prior distributions should contain all the possible demographic parameter values and should not be very wide to avoid low acceptance rates in the ABC algorithm (step 5 of the ABC algorithm in the Appendix).Fig. 4Estimation of τ using three methods (LSWH, MPH and ABC). The boxplots of the estimation of τ were done on simulations where θ 1 = 30, θ 0 = 0.03 and three different values of τ were used, a τ = 3, b τ = 6 and c τ = 9. 100 simulations were performed for each value of τ. The actual value of τ in each plot is displayed with the dashed line
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.