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251,365 |
The specificity of different antibodies against barley hordeins was presented by immuoblotting. The R5 mAb mainly recognized C-hordeins and an ∼36 kDa band in the B/γ-hordein region but did not recognize D-hordeins (Figure 2). Similarly, the G12 mAb recognized C-hordeins but did not recognize D-hordeins. The G12 mAb recognized more proteins than the R5 mAb in the B/γ-hordein range at around 45 kDa. A combination of antibodies in the Total Gluten kit included the R5 antibody, a HMW-glutenin antibody, and LMW-glutenin antibodies. The recognition pattern of the Total Gluten kit antibody solution resembled that of the R5 where C-hordeins and B/γ-hordein were correspondingly recognized with slightly broader detection. Total Gluten kit antibodies also recognized D-hordeins. Morinaga wheat pAb recognized all groups of barley hordeins, especially in the B/γ-hordein region where a larger number of bands were recognized compared to the other three antibody systems.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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45,994 |
UV-vis absorption spectroscopy [60, 61] is a simple and effective way for detecting the protein conformational changes and the complex formation. The quenching mechanism of the drug and AChE may be further verified by the UV-vis absorption spectroscopy method.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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75,030 |
International and national agreed policy on genetic biodiversity is not reflected in management plans for marine protected areas of the Baltic Sea. Management plans in all four countries that we investigated (Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Germany) are largely void of goals, concerns, strategies, or other mentioning of genetic biodiversity. This is in spite of area protection being expressed as an explicit measure to conserve genetic biodiversity in both international policy and in national implementation documents of these four countries. Thus, outspoken international goals of MPAs to function to conserve genetic diversity and to support gene flow among species appear not to be implemented at the regional level.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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71,717 |
(A) Relative water content (RWC) of leaves from 24-d-old well-watered kai2-2 and WT plants exposed to dehydration treatment. Data represent the means and standard errors (n = 5 plants). Asterisks indicate significant differences according to a Student’s t-test, ***P < 0.001. Rosette leaf samples collected in 3 biological repeats at 0, 2 and 4 h (arrows) were used for microarray analysis. Room temperature and relative room humidity were recorded during the dehydration period. (B) Diagrams illustrating experimental design and comparisons between the treatments. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified from various comparisons are noted in red (upregulated relative to control) or blue (downregulated relative to control). Data were obtained from the microarray analysis of 3 biological repeats. (C) Venn diagram analysis showing the overlapping and non-overlapping DEGs among the comparisons. M-C/W-C, kai2-2 well-watered control 0 h vs. WT well-watered control 0 h; M-D2/W-D2, kai2-2 dehydrated 2 h vs. WT dehydrated 2 h; M-D4/W-D4, kai2-2 dehydrated 4 h vs. WT dehydrated 4 h; M-D/W-D, M-D2/W-D2 and/or M-D4/W-D4; W-D2/W-C, WT dehydrated 2 h vs. WT well-watered control 0 h; W-D4/W-C, WT dehydrated 4 h vs. WT well-watered control 0 h; W-D/W-C, W-D2/W-C and/or W-D4/W-C; M-D2/M-C, kai2-2 dehydrated 2 h vs. kai2-2 well-watered control 0 h; M-D4/M-C, kai2-2 dehydrated 4 h vs. kai2-2 well-watered control 0 h; M-D/M-C, M-D2/M-C and/or M-D4/M-C.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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33,185 |
Theoretically, then, there is no basis for choice between the two methods of constant heating rate and alternating equilibration with heating. The choice of method depends on practical matters, such as control problems, the nature of the sample, and the length of time conditions can be expected to remain sufficiently constant to yield significant zero heat leak data.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
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266,835 |
STROBE Guidelines were consulted and the manuscript was prepared in accordance with the checklist for observational studies. All data was tabulated in an Excel sheet [Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA]. This was followed by calculation of the mean, standard deviations and standard errors of the mean. Paired t-test was applied to determine statistical significance assuming 95% confidence intervals.
| 2 | 0biomedical
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377,755 |
Transient transfections with fluorescent-tagged proteins allow us to track individual neurons in culture over long periods of time . Neuronal survival was studied by automatic longitudinal tracking of neuronal cultures every 24 h after transfection with GFP on a Zeiss Observer Z1 microscope as previously described . Transfected primary neurons were placed on a Zeiss Observer Z1 microscope that maintains stable conditions for temperature and CO2 (37 °C and 5% CO2). Images were acquired automatically at determined positions (designated with particular spatial coordinates) with the 10× long distance objective using the Zen System software (Zeiss). The software enables a sequential and automated repetition of a series of tasks such as locating a particular neuronal field, automatic focusing and image acquisition, and moving forward to the next non overlapping neuronal field. This allows fast and efficient scanning of multiple neuronal fields per plate. Once the full set of images has been acquired, the plate is returned to the incubator until the next scanning. For a typical survival experiment, 10 positions per well and 4 wells per condition were used. Positions were chosen randomly and the selection of neurons to analyze was therefore unbiased. To track the same neuronal fields, a template with the same initial spatial positions was used through the experiment.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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186,988 |
Afterward, it models and simulates the behaviors of fish for electing CHs. The location of the TH is represented as a vector, where pixii=1,2,…,nyii=1,2,…,nzii=1,2,…,n is the location that needs to be found. The CH selection based on preying behavior is quantified as the residual energy of THs and their distances to BSs. At first, each CH assigns a location randomly. Assuming that the current location of the TH is Pi(t), the following location Prand is selected within its sensing range, as shown in the following equation:(3)Prand=Pit+Ran ×Visual,where Visual is the visibility range.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
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184,856 |
One significant LV was identified indicating a relationship between neck strength symmetry and psychological function (p < 0.001), accounting for 78.9% of the cross-block variance (Figure 5). Specifically, when flexor strength was weaker than extensor strength and right rotation strength was weaker than left rotation strength, soccer athletes reported more somatization symptoms but fewer depression symptoms. No significant associations were noted in limited/noncontact sport athletes.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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232,330 |
The three arrestins that were detected are PalF involved in pH signaling , ArtE involved in growth and differentiation , and ArtB of unknown function. The presence of ArtB in our proteome analysis predicts that it might be involved either in the fine regulation of nitrate transporters, but most probably, in the endocytic control of transporters mediating the uptake of secondary C sources, other than glucose.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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384,154 |
The incision over the anterior compartment was placed 1 cm medial to the SPN and was directed proximally to the tibial tuberosity and distally to the anterolateral edge of the tibia facing their landmarks. The incision over the peroneal compartment was placed 1 cm lateral to the SPN and directed towards their landmarks proximally to the fibula head and distally to the lateral malleolus (Fig. 1).Figure 1Double incision with fascia opening for decompression of the anterior and peroneal compartments with black arrows showing the long scissors position to perform the fascial incisions.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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146,748 |
We focused on YES1 based on our previous study . In Western blotting experiments, the phosphorylation levels of Src and YES1 expression were upregulated in BT-474-R/TDR as well as BT-474-R (Figure 2). We also determined the copy number of YES1. YES1 was amplified in BT-474-R and further amplified in BT-474-R/TDR (Figure 3A). To assess the impact of YES1 amplification on T-DM1 resistance, the siRNA-mediated suppression of YES1 expression was examined in BT-474, BT-474-R and BT-474-R/TDR. The efficacy of the YES1 knockdown was confirmed by Western blotting (Figure 3B). The expression of YES1 and the phosphorylation of Src were inhibited in BT-474-R and BT-474-R/TDR. Next, we confirmed significant recovery of sensitivities to T-DM1 after the knockdown of YES1 in BT-474-R and BT-474-R/TDR (Figure 3C).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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12,813 |
While useful for temporal trends, further work would be required to investigate whether there is the potential to detect emerging or re-emerging diseases. The continuous nature of the data collection and the large numbers inspected make it easier to detect a statistically significant change in the overall population in a timely manner. The loss of sensitivity for some conditions and the larger scale may, however, mask more localised fluctuations that are of clinical significance within specified populations or locations. Alternatively, it could draw a number of these fluctuations together into a coherent indication of a problem that would not otherwise be recognised. Furthermore, it is expected that emerging and re-emerging endemic diseases will usually be detected before slaughter; for example by production and clinical monitoring at farm-level. Abattoir inspection could act as an ultimate ‘fail-safe’ in the case of failure at this level, particularly when faced with an insidious, sub-clinical, situation. It enables an alarm to be raised when the other components fail . Elsewhere, several studies have evaluated the use of abattoir data for integration in syndromic surveillance systems, for the early detection of emerging diseases in livestock animals or to measure animal health and welfare. Some of the advantages identified were the good coverage and availability of syndromic indicators; while some of the limitations were the lag of time between reporting and occurrence of disease in live animals and the influence on the results of abattoir-related factors.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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103,527 |
The production of NAA has been a known process in industry for long, but it is the discovery of the self-ordering regime of the pores by Masuda and Fukuda that supposed a breakthrough in the nanotechnological applications of this material. Since then, extensive research in the production of self-ordered pores in aluminum oxide and of their multiple applications has been carried out . Self-ordered NAA is usually produced in two different experimental regimes, called mild anodization (MA) and hard anodization (HA). In mild anodization, a two-step process is applied in which the first step is carried out at a potentiostatic regime for a long time. The pores start to nucleate on the aluminum surface, and as they grow with the formation of the porous layer, they self-arrange in a triangular/hexagonal lattice . Subsequently, this first layer is dissolved, leaving a prepatterned aluminum surface with a self-arranged array of concavities. In a second anodization step carried out at the same conditions as the first one, the pores start to nucleate at these concavities and form a self-arranged array. This process is usually accomplished with three kinds of acid electrolytes (oxalic, phosphoric and sulfuric ), although several other kinds of acids have also been reported to permit the production of porous anodic films (i.e., malonic , tartaric or citric ). On the other hand, in the hard anodization regime, a higher voltage is applied to achieve a higher porous anodic layer growth rate . The self-ordering of pores can be achieved without the two-step process in oxalic and sulfuric electrolytes. In this hard anodization regime, a danger exists because of the burning of the sample at the high voltage. For this reason, it is necessary to perform a pre-anodization step at mild anodization conditions for a short time to obtain a protective oxide layer and then increase the voltage gradually until a hard anodization voltage is reached. However, this protective oxide layer can be an inconvenience in the further application of the NAA, and an alternative method of hard anodization without the formation of the protective layer has been proposed in which the anodization is performed in two steps: a first sacrificial step at hard anodization conditions to obtain adequately self-ordered concavities on the aluminum surface and then a second step at which a hard anodization voltage is applied from the very start, but at a very low temperature, low acid concentration and high stirring rate for faster heat diffusion. This way of beginning the second step promotes the correct nucleation of the pores without the need of a protective layer. Then, the acid concentration is increased gradually, until adequate hard anodization conditions are reached to complete the process.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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186,016 |
Hydrogel suitability for in vitro cell culture was evaluated using an immortalized retina pigment epithelium cell line (RPE1) (CRL-4000, ATCC). RPE1 cells were allowed to grow on both collagen or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) swelled hydrogels under normal culture media conditions for 72 h. Hydrogel preparation and cell culture conditions are outlined in the proceeding sections.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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261,587 |
The primary objective is to provide data on feasibility, acceptability, compliance, retention and delivery of iCT-PTSD-YP. The secondary objective is to provide initial estimates of the effect of iCT-PTSD-YP on symptoms of PTSD, anxiety and depression relative to a WL condition.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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222,477 |
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a family of neurodegenerative diseases that affect all ethnicities and ages but predominantly affect children (Williams, 2011; Mole and Cotman, 2015). Commonly known as Batten disease, the different subtypes are each caused by a mutation in a distinct ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal (CLN) gene (PPT1/CLN1, TPP1/CLN2, CLN3, DNAJC5/CLN4, CLN5, CLN6, MFSD8/CLN7, CLN8, CTSD/CLN10, PGRN/CLN11, ATP13A2/CLN12, CTSF/CLN13) (Table 1). In addition to these genes, previous research indicates that mutations in potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 7 (KCTD7)/CLN14 may also cause a subtype of NCL called CLN14 disease (Staropoli et al., 2012) (Table 1). However, recent evidence points towards the majority of CLN14 disease cases being progressive myoclonus epilepsy with an autophagy-lysosome defect but without the classic NCL-type storage material present (Kousi et al., 2012; Metz et al., 2018). In addition, recent work suggests that mutations in TBC1 domain-containing kinase (TBCK)/CLN15 may cause a new subtype of NCL referred to as CLN15 disease (Table 1) (Liu et al., 2013; Chong et al., 2016; Beck-Wödl et al., 2018). Mutations in CLN genes cause the lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin, which is an autofluorescent material composed of lipid-protein aggregates (Palmer et al., 1992; Radke et al., 2015). NCL patients experience a variety of clinical symptoms including seizures, progressive loss in vision, movement, and cognitive capability, and premature death (Schulz et al., 2013). The proposed functions of CLN proteins are varied, where some function as lysosomal enzymes, others are predicted to regulate intracellular trafficking or transport across membranes (Cárcel-Trullols et al., 2015). Unfortunately, the cellular roles of most of the CLN proteins are not fully understood, which has motivated the use of a diversity of model systems to study the NCLs, ranging from lower eukaryotic model organisms such as yeast and the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum to animal models and patient-derived cell lines (Huber et al., 2020; Minnis et al., 2020).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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130,205 |
FliD capping protein complexes have been shown to adopt distinct oligomeric states in different bacteria—hexamers in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli , pentamers in Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni and tetramers in Serratia marcescens and Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus . FliD proteins from Salmonella and Pseudomonas are not interchangeable, such that the expression of the fliD gene from Salmonella in a Pseudomonas ΔfliD knockout strain does not restore bacterial motility and vice versa . This is likewise the case for Pseudomonas and E. coli—swapping fliD genes from these bacteria does not impart motility, despite FliD proteins from both of these bacteria forming hexamers. Conversely, both FliD and FliC from E. coli and Salmonella are functionally interchangeable in these bacteria , even though their FliD proteins can assemble into filament-capping complexes with distinct oligomeric states, at least in the bacteria from which they are derived. Near-atomic resolution cryo-electron microscope (cryo-EM) analyses of filaments from several different species clearly show that all studied bacteria produce filaments comprised of eleven protofilaments with conformational similarity in the inner domains and structural diversity in the outer domains ; no such structure of the E. coli flagellar filament exists at any resolution. Thus, with 11-mer FliC filaments capped by either pentameric or hexameric FliD complexes, there is no obvious correspondence between oligomeric states of FliC filaments and FliD capping protein complexes that confers functional flagella in bacteria.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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13,501 |
To examine whether SUMOylation of PES1 also affected the transcriptional activity of ERα, luciferase reporter assays were performed. As anticipated, the highest level of luciferase activity was found in cells that overexpressed both ERα and wild-type PES1, whether with or without E2 treatment, while overexpression of K517R reduced its ability to activate the transcriptional activity of ERα (Figure 6A). The effect of PES1 SUMOylation on the regulation of cyclin D1 expression, a well established ERα-target gene, was also examined. Wild-type PES1 promoted the expression of cyclin D1 in the presence or absence of E2, but this effect of PES1 was compromised when the SUMOylation site was mutated (Figure 6B). Overexpression of UBC9 together with wild-type PES1 further promoted the activity of ERE-Luc reporter in MCF-7 and T47D cells (Figure 6C). Similar result was also obtained from RT-PCR analysis, where a higher level of cyclin D1 mRNA was found in the cells transfected with wild-type PES1 than in the cells transfected with the mutant PES1 (Figure 6D). All these data showed that PES1 SUMOylation had a crucial effect on the regulation of ERα activity.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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117,135 |
The present study is the first report on high sequence similarity between a cytotoxic scorpion in Asia and brown spiders (L. intermedia) from America. This level of sequence similarity was a significant landmark to the discovery of H. lepturus PLD and also for determination of the main chain, active and catalytic sites of H. lepturus PLD.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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210,245 |
Ten pregnancies potentially exposed to valproate were identified between October 2017 and January 2020 in East London. Pre-conception or contraception advice was poorly recorded in the general practice record system before these pregnancies, with only one woman with pre-conception advice and two women with contraception or contraceptive advice recorded. This may be owing to a failure of appropriate counselling or a failure to record such information, or both. Such failures may limit the ability of women to make informed decisions about their treatment with valproate and about family planning.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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27,869 |
The observation from the PSN analysis indicates that many allosteric communications exist from the absorbed residues in the intracellular region to the ligand-binding one, which should contribute to the immobilization-induced change in the conformation of the ligand-binding pocket. In addition, some crucial residues in these allosteric pathways were identified. It can be assumed that the modification on these crucial residues like mutations or chemical modifications should significantly influence the selectivity or recognition of the receptors to odorant molecules.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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260,287 |
Figure 7 demonstrates the accuracy analysis of AIFSDL-PCD technique on the test dataset. The outcomes exhibited that the AIFSDL-PCD system has accomplished increased performance with improved training and validation accuracy. It can be clear that the AIFSDL-PCD methodology has reached enhanced validation accuracy on the training accuracy.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
268,633 |
TGF‐β/SMAD signalling pathway is essential for anti‐HCV activities of TGF‐β1 and TGF‐β2, except TGF‐β3. HCV core level was determined by WB in Huh7.5 cells treated after 20 μmol/L LY2109761 (A) or 50 μmol/L Repsox (B) 6 h treatment prior to co‐incubation with 0.5 nmol/L of TGF‐β isoforms and HCV. At 72 h, intracellular HCV core was detected by WB. Huh7.5 cells were transfected with siRNA for TβRI (C) or siRNA for SMAD2/3 (D). After 48 h, the cells were sub‐cultured and then infected with HCV and simultaneously treated with 0.5 nmol/L TGF‐β isoforms after 24 h incubation. Intracellular HCV core was detected by WB after 48 h. **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 vs solvent control or siRNA control plus solvent control group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 and ### P < 0.001 vs LY2109761 (Repsox or siRNA groups) control. Data represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ANOVA analysis followed by the Student's t test method was used
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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141,941 |
aAdjusted for blood pressure, physical activity per week, education level, smoking status, and energy intake per kilocalories. BMI was controlled for all covariates, except for BMI. Multiple Linear regression model and backward elimination method were used
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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295,383 |
Hi-C sequencing technology is based on Chromosome Confirmation Capture technology, where fragments of DNA that are physically close are ligated with a labelled nucleotide at the ligation junction, enabling selective purification of chimeric DNA ligation junctions followed by deep sequencing [12, 13]. Since sequences on the same chromosome tend to be in proximity, Hi-C interactions provide informative evidence for ordering and orienting contigs, making use of two properties: (1) the intra-chromosomal interaction frequency is significantly higher than the inter-chromosomal interaction frequency; (2) the intra-chromosomal interaction frequency decays with genomic distance .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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40,798 |
Relative fitness of clones that evolved on LNML environment (for 400 generations) on single nutrient‐limiting environments. p values in each cell indicates if the difference between the relative fitness value and one (relative fitness of ancestor) is statistically significant
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
102,042 |
If this were the case, we should find a relationship between the amount of fixations of the observer prior to the anticipatory period and our measures of interest in the test trial. We defined a time segment that started with the first frame the puppet appeared on the scene and ended with the last frame the puppet was visible before it left (57.8 s). For this segment, an AOI covering the observer was drawn (355 × 390 pixels). Subsequently, the number of fixations for this AOI and time interval was extracted as dependent variable. For 25-month-olds, a binary logistic regression with first fixation score as dichotomous outcome variable was performed. The number of fixations of the observer prior to the anticipatory period was entered as independent variable. The logistic regression model was not significant, χ2(1) = 0.03, p = 0.853 (Nagelkerke R2 < 0.01). The number of fixations to the observer (M = 13.9, s.d. = 8.0) could not predict whether 25-month-olds correctly anticipated her subsequent action. For the adults, an analogous binary logistic regression was performed. Also for this sample, the model was not significant, χ2(1) = 0.02, p = 0.964 (Nagelkerke R2 < 0.01). Thus also in adults, the number of fixations to the observer (M = 20.1, s.d. = 8.3) was not predictive for following false belief-congruent action anticipations.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
134,222 |
Univariate Cox regression analysis was applied to screen the prognostic-related DEmRNAs involved in the ceRNA network. The results demonstrated that 8 of the 147 DEmRNAs were significantly correlated with OS. Then, Lasso Cox regression was used to identify hub survival-associated genes by reducing the dimensionality (Figure 3B,C). Finally, multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to calculate the relative coefficients of the genes with the best prognostic value. The result indicated that HMGB3, HSPA1B, KLHL15, and RUNX3 were independent prognostic factors (P<0.05) (Figure 3A). Supplementary Table S3 listed the coefficients for each gene. The prognostic risk score for each patient was calculated. Then, patients were separated into high and low-risk groups basing on the median risk score. The survival analysis showed worse prognosis for patients in high-risk group (Figure 3F). ROC curve was performed to determine the predictive accuracy of this prognostic signature, the AUC value was 0.739 for 3-year survival and 0.899 for 5-year survival (Figure 3G). This revealed that this prognostic signature had good prediction accuracy for ESCA patients. The distribution of survival state showed that the number of deaths increased with the increase of risk score (Figure 3D). Heatmap showed the trend of gene expression in high- and low-risk groups (Figure 3E).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
20,036 |
The data collection instruments used were a questionnaire containing socioeconomic variables [sex (male and female), age (in years), marital status (with or without a partner), education level (in years), monthly family income (number of minimum wages), and occupation (integrated or not into the workforce, i.e., economically active or not)], diagnosis [time since diagnosis (in months), presence of comorbidities, and tumor size (macro or micro)], treatment [use of specific medications, type of medications used, performance of surgery, number of surgeries performed, time since surgery (in months), and performance of radiotherapy)], and disease control. Additionally, we applied the Acromegaly Quality of Life Questionnaire (Acro-QoL), which contains 22 questions divided into two items [physical characteristics (8 items) and psychological characteristics (14 items) ranging from 0 to 110]; this questionnaire evaluates the QoL of patients with acromegaly .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
376,737 |
DM management may include initially glucocorticoids (1 mg/kg/day up to a maximum dose of 80 mg/day up with gradual taper in four to six weeks and steroid-sparing agent) . Pulse glucocorticoids of 1 gm/day for three days can be used for severely ill patients. Tapering glucocorticoids is based on clinical response and improvement in muscle enzymes level. Steroid-sparing agents are generally initiated with glucocorticoids to help taper down glucocorticoids and prevent relapse. These agents include azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and methotrexate. There are no large randomized trials to compare efficacy at this time. Rituximab was also used but was not considered in this patient given reports of the possibility of worsening AIDP after rituximab use . IVIGs also have been used in life-threatening conditions as it has a more rapid onset of action . Given the presence of AIDP, IVIG was the best and safest treatment option for our patient.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
292,620 |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.0001; athe higher total score indicates higher self-compassion; bself-judgment, isolation, and over-identification subscales were calculated by reverse coding: higher values mean lower self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
238,748 |
Some of the symptoms of diabetes, such as polyuria and polydipsia, can be partly confused with those of CF. CF patients often drink heavily due to a dry mouth feeling. Other symptoms of CFRD may be feeling tired, weight loss or inability to maintain ideal weight despite a high energy intake, poor growth rate, and pubertal delay. Furthermore, worsening of respiratory function and an increase in the frequency and severity of respiratory exacerbations may be presenting signs.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
15,484 |
In 5–10% of cases there are extragenital malformations such as heart defects, cleft palate, neural tube defects, and anorectal malformations. It has also been described in the context of various syndromes, such as XXY, XXXXY, trisomies 13 and 18, Fraser syndrome, the Smith-Lemli-Opitz, Opitz-Frias Wolf-Hirschhorn, and (4p−) .
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
330,154 |
Alterations to immune genes precede development of depression in an independent cohort. a EpiDISH cell-type fraction estimation for epithelial and immune cells for the Student Wellbeing Study (SWS); differences were significant by Kruskal-Wallis test (*p < 0.05). b EpiDISH analysis of saliva samples taken from at-risk adolescent girls prior to development of major depressive disorder (MDD; 58); ns, not significant, KW test. c Gene ontology analysis of the top 3000 ranked differentially methylated gene bodies from the MDD study shows significant enrichment for immune system response terms. d Top 1000 gene bodies gaining methylation in the SWS and the MDD cohorts showing overlap; top hits already identified in the SWS cohort are indicated. e Top 1000 promoter regions indicating shared targets between the two cohorts as in d
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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386,072 |
Statistical differences between C57 and DBA for data using Q-PCR, electron microscopy, immunoblotting and conduction velocity were analyzed using Student’s t-test, unless otherwise indicated in the legends. Statistical numeric data are provided in the text (Results and legends). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
211,237 |
The clone 169 wine also displayed higher total higher alcohols content compared with the clone 191 wine before the oak barrel aging (Table 2). Most of the individual higher alcohols were present at higher levels in the clone 169 wine than in the clone 191 wine before aging. Clone 169 wine contained significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher concentrations of 1-pentanol, 1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-pentanol, 2-phenylethanol, and isopentanol. 1-Octen-3-ol exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher levels in the clone 191 wine before the aging process. It has been reported that amino acids in grapes can be metabolized during the wine making process to yield higher alcohols . Therefore, the impact of clonal differences on the higher alcohols levels in these wines before aging might be mainly due to the difference in amino acid composition between these grape clones. Most of the higher alcohols, such as isopentanol, 4-methyl-1-pentanol, 3-methyl-1-pentanol, 1-octanol, and 1-decanol, exhibited a dramatic decrease between 0 and 3 months of the aging process (Figure 1a). Afterwards, the content of these higher alcohols in the wines remained constant or slightly increased until the end of the aging. During the aging period, the concentrations of 1-octanol, 1-decanol, 4-methyl-1-pentanol, and 3-methyl-1-pentanol decreased by 67–70%, 30–40%, 17–21%, and 15–19%, respectively (Table 2). On the contrary, the concentrations of 1-pentanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-nonanol, and 1-dodecanol increased by 14–38%, 10–29%, 37–50%, and 48–108%, respectively (Table 2). It has been reported that esters in wine can be hydrolyzed into higher alcohols during the aging process . We speculated that the accumulation of these higher alcohols in the wines during the aging process might result from the hydrolysis of their corresponding esters. At the end of the aging period, the wine made from clone 169 showed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher content of nine higher alcohols. Regarding these higher alcohols, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, isopentanol, and 3-methyl-1-pentanol showed higher content in the clone 169 wine before and after the aging process, whereas 3-octanol, 1-decanol, 4-methyl-1-pentanol, and benzyl alcohol were present in a higher content in the clone 169 wine after 12 months of aging. It should be noted that the aging process reduced the content of isobutanol, 2-phenylethanol, and 1-octen-3-ol in the clone 169 wine, making the contents of these higher alcohols similar in both clone wines. The benzyl alcohol content was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in the wine aged in the Bordeaux oak barrel than that aged in the Wolin oak barrel after the aging process (Table 2).
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
|
9,488 |
The plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase plays the important roles in plant growth under optimal and Al stress conditions. In several plant species, the Al-resistant genotypes show higher activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase than the Al-sensitive ones, which is associated with higher gene expression and protein abundance as well as the penultimate threonine-residue phosphorylation of the enzyme and its interaction with 14-3-3 proteins. Providing the motive force for MATE-mediated transport of citrate anion out of root epidermal cells and maintaining the physiological H+ and charge gradients across the plasma membrane might be the two main functions of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase under Al stress. Further work is needed to improve plant Al resistance by modulating activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase, especially in plant species relying on facilitated citrate exudation as the main Al-resistance mechanism. However, some fundamental questions remain unclear. For example, activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase occurs also under P deficiency and salt and heavy metal stresses. Possibly, Al toxicity shares a similar signaling pathway with these abiotic stresses to regulate the plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity. Moreover, the research on the interaction between Al toxicity and plasma membrane H+-ATPase has focused so far on just several plant species, such as soybean, faba bean, wheat, tea, and Arabidopsis; therefore, the function of plasma membrane H+-ATPase in response to Al toxicity in other plant species, especially in Gramineae such as barley, maize, and sorghum where MATE-mediated citrate exudation occurs under Al stress, needs to be elucidated.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
113,541 |
All data were represented as positive standard error of the mean (SEM). Significance was calculated as stated:by two-tailed Student’s t-test (Figs. 1c, 2e, 3d, 4f–h, 6a, b and 7b–d and Supplementary Figs. 1g, 2e, f, 3d, 4c, 5c, e, 7a, 8c, d, and g);by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Figs. 1d, 2a, c, 4b–d, 6d, f and 7e and Supplementary Figs. 1d, e, h, 2c, 4e, 5a, f, 7c and 8h).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
144,880 |
The project was designed using the DMAIC (define, measure, analyze, improve, control) methodology of Lean QI. The DMAIC methodology is a Six-Sigma data-driven improvement cycle designed to identify and address inefficiencies in a process, improve process outcomes, and make these improvements more predictable over time . We chose this technique as it allowed us to improve our processes rapidly and iteratively over the 12-week pilot phase.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
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364,429 |
cVLP morphology was studied by CryoTEM. A 2–3 μL amount of sample was blotted onto holey carbon grids (Quantifoil Micro Tools, Großloebichau, Germany and Micro to Nano, Haarlem, Netherlands) previously glow discharged in a PELCO easiGlow glow discharger unit. The samples were subsequently plunged into liquid ethane at −180 °C using a Leica EM GP cryo workstation and observed in a JEM 2011 electron microscope (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) operating at 200 kV. During imaging, samples were maintained at −173 °C, and pictures were taken using a CCD-multiscan camera (Model No. 895, Gatan Inc., Pleasanton, CA, USA).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
97,617 |
Antidepressants and ω-3 fatty acids modulate IL-1β-induced changes to the expression of enzymes of the kynurenine pathway. Co-treatment of cells with IL-1β and ω-3 fatty acids or antidepressants decreased the expression of IDO (a). Co-treatment with DHA, sertraline or venlafaxine decreased expression of KMO (b). Co-treatment with DHA upregulated KMO production (c). Co-incubation with sertraline or venlafaxine decreased the upregulation of ACMSD (d); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
96,482 |
The city-level annual mean concentrations of PM10, SO2 and NO2 during 2009-2014 were demonstrated in Figure 1. The detailed data were listed in Supplementary Table 1. The interannual variations were not pronounced, so we used mean pollution data during the observed period to represent the pollution level of a certain city. Figure 2 showed the scatter plots of air pollution against esophageal cancer mortality rates. The city-level mean concentrations of PM10, SO2, NO2 were plotted against the city-level age-standardized mortality rates of esophageal cancer in 2015, respectively. Figure 2 (A1), (B1) and (C1) showed 17 points each representing a certain city in this study. As shown in the scatter plots, there was a point with extraordinary high mortality rate in each plot. That point represented the Tai’an City. Tai’an has been a high risk area of esophageal cancer in China for decades. The specific carcinogenic reasons were not clear yet. But they might only reflect regional situations and cannot be applied extensively. After excluding the data of Tai’an, the correlations between air pollution and esophageal cancer mortality rates became stronger, as demonstrated in Figure 2 (A2), (B2) and (C2). Table 1 listed r/rs values and p values of correlation analyses. Results including and excluding Tai’an City were listed separately. PM10 levels and NO2 levels both had significant linear correlations with age-standardized esophageal cancer mortality rates. Table 2 showed only statistically significant models of multiple linear regression analyses. Collinearity diagnostics was made on each model and there was no collinearity between the independent variables. After introducing smoking rates as an adjustment, PM10 was still an independent risk factor that increased esophageal cancer mortality rates in Shandong Province. The entire models of multiple linear regression analyses were listed in Supplementary Table 2. Supplementary Figure 1 and Supplementary Table 3 demonstrated the scatter plots and results of correlation analyses between air pollution and mortality rates of all cancers combined, diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease. There was no statistically significant linear correlation. The results further proved the specific effect of air pollution on esophageal cancer rather than a general effect.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
238,561 |
The above findings indicate that the technology is profitable and can be easily integrated into industrial plants. The multi-objective optimization highlighted the possibility of increasing the NPV up to about EUR 75,000, with a water ratio of 85%, by including in the integrated process a second MD unit, which allows the reduction of water use. The proposed technology shows a huge potential for the relevant industry sector as it provides a solution for the simultaneous reduction of costs and environmental impact, thus moving the pickling process towards a higher level of sustainability. Future research directions are oriented towards the further testing of the system at the pilot scale, followed by the system scale-up and application to real scenarios.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
130,045 |
Mean Real Bioclimatic Index of spring (March, April, May, and June) from a period of 40 years (1975–2015). Error bars indicate standard deviation (SE). Solid horizontal line indicates mean spring RBI for the whole period. Dashed horizontal line represents the 10th percentile of lower values of RBI. The years for which we calculated the age pyramids are inside the black square
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
16,682 |
In light of high reproducibility and excellent sensitivity of FR-IMI within pulmonary adenocarcinomas, we chose to explore FR-IMI with OTL38 in the second most common NSCLC histology, SCCs. SCCs account for nearly 30% of all lung cancers, and nearly 35% of all NSCLC histologies. Unlike pulmonary adenocarcinomas, previous data describing FRα expression patterns in SCCs was unclear and ranged from 10% to nearly 60% [20, 21]. In addition to inconsistent expression values, previous reports have been limited due to a small sample size, sampling error introduced by microarray analysis, and poor generalizability to surgical patients. Because of these limitations we sought to execute a feasibility study aimed at exploring FR-IMI in patients with resectable pulmonary SCC.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
89,744 |
B. distachyon used in this study were grown under LD conditions (16 h light/8 h dark) in growth chambers with temperatures of 22 °C during the day and 16 °C at night. For most experiments, the B. distachyon accession Bd21 was used. To minimize the crosstalk effects of photoperiod and vernalization on Bd21-3, seeds of transgenic and control plants were placed on moistened filter paper in Petri dishes and subjected to 4 °C cold treatment for 1 week before planting under the indicated conditions. Unless stated otherwise, all plant seedlings or leaves were harvested at Zeitgeber time 16 for use in the experiments.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
282,887 |
Two data matrices were constructed for the phylogenetic analyses. Data matrix 1 (D1) used Chanos chanos as an outgroup taxon, whereas data matrix 2 (D2) used Elops saurus instead of Chanos chanos as the outgroup taxon. Each data matrix includes 55 morphological characters and 40 taxa (see Appendices S2–S3), analyzed using parsimony and Bayesian inference methods respectively.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
9,747 |
Studies reporting incremental economic burden of comorbidities in psoriasis patients compared to those without comorbidities are very limited in the literature. Kimball et al. estimated the incremental economic burden associated with comorbidities in patients with psoriasis using data from the Ingenix Impact National Managed Care Database (IMPACT) (1999–2004) . Resource utilization and costs during the 6-month follow-up period were compared for patients with comorbidity vs those without. In this study, it was reported that hyperlipidemia (27.3%) and hypertension (25.4%) were the most common comorbidities followed by depression (9.2%), diabetes (8.7%) and cardiovascular disease (8.6%). Our study also found that hyperlipidemia (33.53%) and hypertension (34.33%) followed by cardiovascular diseases (17.71%), diabetes (14.24%) and depression (7.78%) were the most frequently reported comorbidities in psoriasis patients. Furthermore, Kimball et al. reported that patients with comorbidities were more likely to experience urgent care, greater hospitalization rates, and outpatient visits than patients without comorbidities. Similarly, our study also reported higher healthcare resource utilization burden for psoriasis patients with comorbidities vs. those without comorbidities.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
106,930 |
Next, we sought to determine the factors that assist in IKKβ degradation. Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are a family of molecular chaperones that may exhibit immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions (Shao et al., 2013; Bakthisaran et al., 2015). To verify a series of sHSPs expressed in the brain, we evaluated whole brain tissue, neurons, astrocytes and microglia with PCR (Figures 3A,B). HSPB1, also known as HSP27, exhibited high levels in neurons, astrocytes and microglia. HSPB1 induces beneficial outcomes in neuroprotection, and overexpression of HSPB1 in transgenic animals confers robust cellular protection against a variety of neurological insults and diseases, including cerebral and cardiac ischemia (Stetler et al., 2009; van der Weerd et al., 2010). Thus, we first examined the involvement of HSPB1 in Ac2-26 treated microglia. We used OGD/R to directly trigger hypoxia-ischemia in microglia in vitro. In contrast to neuronal cells in which the expression of HSPB1 is selectively induced under stress (Quraishe et al., 2008), both protein and mRNA expression levels of HSPB1 in microglia were inhibited after OGD and reversed by Ac2-26 (Figures 3C,D). Furthermore, HSPB1 increased in primary microglia treated with Ac2-26 alone or before NCM (Figures 3E,F). According to the above results, both Ac2-26 and HSPB1 exist in the cytoplasm, and Ac2-26 promotes HSPB1 expression. We also sought to determine if Ac2-26 directly targets HSPB1 in the cytosol; Figure 3G reveals interaction of ANXA1 and HSPB1. To further analyze the domain of ANXA1 binding to HSPB1, we constructed a plasmid with 1–43 amino acid residues from the N-terminal of ANXA1 (Rosengarth et al., 2001 #1029) with GFP tag (GFP-ANXA1-N), and found HSPB1 only in GFP-ANXA1-N expressed cells (Supplementary Figure S1A). Further, we transferred the plasmid Flag-Ac2-26 into cells. Co-immunoprecipitation result showed that HSPB1 interacted with Ac2-26 (Supplementary Figure S1B). Together, these results indicated that Ac2-26 physically associates with HSPB1 and induces its expression.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
332,302 |
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) greatly improves the survival and the quality of life of TB patients living with HIV and prevents HIV transmission and reduces mortality risk between 54% and 95% . In this study, of the 72 TB cases registered, ART service could not be established because there was no documented record on ART in the TB register. Pontororing et al. found that in South Africa ART coverage among patients with TB could not be ascertained as ART was not documented in the TB register or on the TB treatment card . The results of this study, however, contradicts what was found in Cameroon where 82% of TB/HIV coinfected patients were enrolled on ART [15, 16]; the authors found that 52% of the HIV-positive TB patients in their study had access to ART during TB treatment. The inability of this study to measure ART utilization is because HIV-positive TB clients are usually referred to the VCT unit for such services which do not report progress back to the DOTS centre. It is therefore proper that ART for eligible patients be given at the DOTS centre or the VCT staff gives feedback to the DOTS centre staff.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
102,656 |
The clay soil with slightly basic pH seemed to promote M. bovis “Côte d’Or” survival which disagrees with previous studies suggesting that M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis and M. bovis survived better in sandy soils with acidic pH [21, 24, 26, 31]. However, Ghodbane et al. demonstrated a one year persistence of cultivable M. bovis in a sandy soil with a basic pH (8.3) spiked with 108 CFU g- 1, suggesting that M. bovis may survive a long time in soils harbouring a large range of pH. Finally, since the iron content is significantly higher in soils A and B from our study than the one in soils described in previous studies, this parameter may also be taken into account to explain the various results obtained for the survival of M. bovis. Further work should address this question by inoculating M. bovis to a large panel of contrasted soils and using a correlation statistical approach to decipher which are the major soils parameters affecting M. bovis survival length.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
40,343 |
For the clinicians, the need for further assessment of the family unit, prior to commencing weekly outpatient treatment, was seen as important for a positive treatment experience, and thus made them the view the FAP a necessary treatment step in better consolidating ongoing FBT for these families.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
13,290 |
Subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected by biopsy from alternate sides of the tail-head 1 d before and 7 d after IMI (Figure 1). The biopsy was performed as previously described with modifications. Briefly, the clipped tail-head area was thoroughly scrubbed with poviderm scrub (Povidone Henry Schein Inc., USA) and 2% lidocaine (Henry Schein Inc., USA) was injected subcutaneously in the area of incision. A 4 to 5-cm incision was made to expose the tissue which was collected using sterile forceps and a scalpel. The incision was sutured closed. Biopsied tissue was placed in a sterile Petri dish containing gauze sprayed with RNAse Zap (ThermoFisher, USA). Connective tissue and large vessels were dissected out using a sterile scalpel blade and the tissue was washed using a sterile physiological saline solution with the aid of a disposable sterile syringe. The cleaned tissue was dissected into 3 pieces. Two pieces were transferred to 2.0 mL self-standing cryovials (cat#, 26-201, Genesee Scientific, USA) and put in a foam box with dry ice for transport to the laboratory and then stored at −80°C until analysis. The other piece was put in a 1.5 mL tube containing 10% neutral buffered formalin (#16004-126, VWR, USA) to be fixed for histological analysis.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
358,516 |
The K-means method is a special case of Naive Bayes based on the Expectation-Maximization. At the outset, K-means randomly initialized the first iteration of centroids corresponding to the initial set of clusters. A distance metric was utilized to assign each data point to the nearest centroid based on the metric defined. Throughout each iteration, the centroids of the clusters were recomputed based on the points of the newly assigned cluster (Supplementary Fig. 45a). The cycle continued until there was a negligible difference between the centroids computed in successive iterations.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
|
128,330 |
Finding partial metric invariance in cross-national comparison questions the meaning of the construct in the different nations, and separately for each informant; thus, when similarity and accuracy are compared across nations, it is important to consider that the meaning of the construct on which similarity and accuracy are evaluated is slightly different in the two (or more) nations. Partial scalar invariance in cross-national comparison strongly affects the interpretation of similarity and accuracy and the cross-national comparison, and this is even more problematic if cross-national partial scalar invariance is found for only one informant. Similarly, when cross-informant partial metric invariance is found, the researcher is unsure about the interpretation of the similarity or accuracy variable, because he/she is not sure that the meaning of the construct is equivalent for the two informants. Also, cross-informant partial scalar invariance could affect the amount of similarity and accuracy, because one of the two informants partially overestimates (or underestimates) the level of the construct, so the discrepancy could be affected. Partial strict invariance is the less problematic situation, because the amount of residual is not directly involved in the estimation of similarity and accuracy latent variables. Generally speaking, if partial invariance is due to only one parameter, this reasonably does not have a great impact on the interpretation of results (Dimitrov, 2010), but if there are more items involved, researchers need to reflect on the meaning and amount of similarity and accuracy. For instance, in the analyses, many problems are related to item 6 (“Offered to conduct a conversation”): many cross-national measurement differences are due to the fact that support scores of Italian parents and children could be overestimated, because the intercept of that item is higher compared with the parameter for German parents and children. One possible reason for that could be the higher percentage of Italian young adults cohabiting with their parents than German ones. Since that finding is pervasive, researchers could evaluate to delete the item from analyses. In other cases, it could be sufficient to be aware of possible biases in the estimates.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
|
267,829 |
Teachers should provide topic-related language materials, such as video or audio, while also supplementing literature materials with orientation and the appropriate degree to integrate language learning and consolidation into the application. The task's input materials primarily come from English resources on the Internet, which are directly from the front lines of application and have authentic, rich, and practical characteristics. Through research-based learning, students find, sort, and use them, resulting in language acquisition.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
58,749 |
The risk of introducing P. vivax into previously malaria-free areas is related to population movements , as recently demonstrated in Greece [1, 8, 34]. Thus, extensive knowledge about local epidemiology and the genetics of P. vivax malaria is of the highest importance in order to achieve effective control measures in malaria-endemic areas.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
191,595 |
Schematic view of the proposed mechanisms by which PD-L1 mediates FMT induced by TGF-β in HLFs. The binding of active TGF-β with cell surface receptors (TGF receptor I and II, TβRI and TβRII) activates the receptor kinase which further recruits and phosphorylates Smad3. Activated Smad3 then translocate into the nucleus where it binds with other co-factors to activate transcription of FMT related genes. PD-L1 can be increased by Smad3 and p38 pathways downstream of TGF-β. Increased PD-L1 further binds to Smad3 and enhance its transcription activation of FMT genes including α-SMA. In addition, PD-L1 also facilitates GSK3β phosphorylation at Ser9 and thus inhibiting GSK3β dependent degradation of β-catenin. Increased β-catenin may also contribute to TGF-β induced FMT gene expression through binding with the transcription factor, T cell factor (TCF).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
135,522 |
To examine the moderating role of blood donor stage in the relationship between motivation and future blood donation intention, we conducted a three-step hierarchical regression analysis. All control variables and independent variables were standardized. The first step was to designate gender, age, and SES as control variables, the second step was to enter the variables of motivations and blood donor stages, and the third step was to enter interaction terms of motivations × blood donor stage as predictors. This procedure was performed two times because blood donor stage was a categorical variable with three levels. This categorical variable was coded as two dummy variables twice. In the first hierarchical regression, we treated new donors as a control variable for comparing with loyal donors and regular donors. Specifically, new donors were denoted as λ1 = 0, λ2 = 0, loyal donors were denoted as λ1 = 1, λ2 = 0, and regular donors were denoted as λ1 = 0, λ2 = 1. In the second hierarchical regression, loyal donors served as a control variable for further examining their difference from regular donors. Specifically, new donors were denoted as λ3 = 1, λ4 = 0, loyal donors were denoted as λ3 = 0, λ4 = 0, and regular donors were denoted as λ3 = 0, λ4 = 1.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
363,383 |
Together with the research on new monomers, intensive efforts have been recently devoted to the study of more ‘green’ alternatives for the synthesis of PLA, through the replacement of toxic and polluting heavy metal catalysts with organocatalysts . Up to now, various catalytic systems have been developed for the metal-free polymerization of both lactides and OCAs. To this regard, thioureas , benzoic acid , 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene and 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene represent some of the most effective organocatalysts (Figure 1). However, their application in bulk remains a major challenge, which still prevents the transition to industrial scale . Bulk conditions for lactide ROP with basic organocatalysts have been widely investigated displaying however serious drawbacks, related to their low thermal stability and racemization of L-lactide . On the other hand, acidic organocatalysts have been scarcely explored until now, with only a few recent studies in bulk, exploiting triflic acid (TfOH) and diphenylphosphate (DPP) respectively, as Brønsted acid catalysts.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
105,652 |
IHB carrier status did not increase the risk of adverse effects such as preterm rupture of membranous (PROM), stillbirth, preeclampsia, eclampsia, gestational hypertension, and antepartum hemorrhage during pregnancy. Women who are IHBcarriers can be managed as any other low-risk pregnancies if they do not have other antenatal complications or associated risk factors such as additional diseases in pregnancy. However, these results should be assessed with further well-designed studies.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
206,327 |
Autophagosome formation was assessed in native Huh7 and Huh7-KO cell lines. Huh7, TMEM41B-KO, MINAR1-KO, and FKBP8-KO cells were seeded in a 96-well formation (1.5 Mio cells per plate). LC3-GFP was transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 for 24 hours. After 24 hours, cells were treated with 100 nM rapamycin (Sigma-Aldrich, S-015) or an equal volume of DMSO for 6 hours, and GFP was analyzed using an EVOS FL Auto 2 Imaging System, using 10× and processed as mentioned above. Alternatively, transfected cells were infected with HCoV-229E at an MOI 0.1 for 24 hours, and GFP expression was analyzed. Images were quantified for autophagosome formation by manual counting using 5 images per condition and 3 replicates in Fiji. Autophagosome formation was normalized to number of transfected cells. In order to determine LC3II and p62 protein expression, 1 Mio cells were seeded in a 24 well plate at day 0. At day 1, cells were infected with HCoV-229E at an MOI of 1 for 24 hours or treated with rapamycin at a final concentration of 100 pmol/ml for 6 hours. At indicated time points, cells were lysed for western blotting as mentioned in the respective method section.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
246,864 |
The iroB gene is a member of the iroA gene cluster (iroBCDEN), which is essential for iron absorption within the host and is responsible for the synthesis and transport of enterobactin, a siderophore produced by Salmonella spp. . In particular, IroB shows homology with bacterial glycosyl transferases; its specific role is to encode the glucosyltransferase that glucosylates enterobactin .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
333,890 |
Delta albedo (i.e., fixed SZA albedo – local solar noon albedo) at SZA of 28∘. The rows refer to the major biome zones and columns refer to forest type, including evergreen needleleaf (EN), evergreen broadleaf (EB), deciduous needleleaf (DN), deciduous broadleaf (DB), mixed forests (Mixed), and woody savannah forests (WS). In each graph, the x-axis refers to the delta albedo, and the y-axis refers to the number of pixels.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
319,850 |
In our study, we found 21 de novo SNV more than expected by chance that are located in promoters overlapping DHS in the SLE patients compared with controls. Assuming a uniform probability distribution of the de novo SNVs between samples, there are 18 SLE patients that have at least one potentially risk-contributing de novo SNV, which correspond to a frequency of 0.26 in our set of SLE patients and an odds ratio of 1.81 compared with controls. These numbers are comparable to for example the IRF5 locus which is one of the most strongly associated loci in SLE [3, 25]. This comparison suggests that de novo SNVs may contribute significantly to the total burden of risk for SLE caused by genetic variation.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
137,927 |
Western blots were performed as described in our previous studies . Briefly, lung tissues from each mouse were suspended in an extraction’s buffer containing 0.15 µM pepstatin A, 0.2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, and 20 µM leupeptin; homogenized at the highest setting for 2 min; and centrifuged at 1000× g for 10 min at 4 °C. Supernatants contain the cytosolic fractions, while the pellets represent the nuclear ones. Pellets were resuspended in a second buffer containing 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), 10 mM tris-chloridric acid (HCl) pH 7.4, 0.2 mM PMSF, 1 mM Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 0.2 mM sodium orthovanadate, and 20 µm leupeptin. After centrifugation at 4 °C and 15,000× g for 30 min, the nuclear proteins containing the supernatants were stored at −80 °C for further analysis. Specific primary antibody anti-IκB-α (SCB, 1:500 #sc1643), anti-NF-κB p65 (SCB; 1:500 #sc8008), anti-pJNK (1:500 Thermo Fisher), anti-pERK (SCB, 1:500 #sc7383), anti-p-p38 (SCB, 1:500 #sc7983) were mixed in 1× PBS, 5% w/v non-fat dried milk, and 0.1% Tween-20, and incubated at 4 °C overnight. Following this, blots were incubated with peroxidase-conjugated bovine anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody or peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:2000, Jackson Immuno Research, Cambridge, UK) for 1 h at room temperature. To verify that membranes were loaded with equal amounts of protein, they were also incubated with the antibody against Anti-β-actin or anti-lamin A/C (D.B.A., Milan, Italy). Signals were detected with enhanced chemiluminescence detection system reagent, according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Super-Signal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate, Pierce, (Waltham, MA, USA). The relative expression of the protein bands was quantified by densitometry with Bio-Rad ChemiDoc XRS software and standardized to β-actin levels. Images of blot signals (8-bit/600-dpi) were imported to analysis software (Image Quant TL, v2003, Marlborough, MA, USA).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
17,554 |
In our study, we used a set of three vignettes varying in intensity to adjust self-report responses using a non-parametric approach. Specifically, responses to the self-report questionnaires were compared against the responses to the vignettes (see Table 2 for all examples relating a single self-report answer to a set of three vignettes). In this process, the responses of the original 5-point Likert-scales spread across a new 7-point Likert-scale. These adjusted answers are hypothetically free of some DIF forms and can thus be analyzed and interpreted like any other Likert-scale (King et al., 2004; Wand, 2013).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
101,304 |
2-Phenylpyridine (19 μL, 0.13 mmol) was added to a solution of 1 (120 mg, 0.13 mmol) in 5 mL of dichloromethane and the resulting solution was stirred for 40 min at room temperature. After this time, the resulting light yellow solution was concentrated to ca. 0.5 mL and diethyl ether was added to give a white solid. The solid thus formed was separated by decantation, washed with diethyl ether and dried in vacuo. Yield: 63% (82 mg, 0.08 mmol). A CH2Cl2 solution (0.3 mL) of the solid (10 mg) was layered with diethyl ether (5 mL) and stored in a glove box at room temperature to afford crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD2Cl2, 298 K): δ 8.24 ppm (d, J H–H = 5.1, 2H, H o-py-a); 7.92 (t, J H–H = 6.6, 1H, H p-py-a); 7.91 (d, J H–H = 7.9, 1H, H3-py); 7.72 (dd, J H–H = 7.9, 6.7, 1H, H4-py); 7.55 (d, J H–H = 7.9, 1H, H o-Ph); 7.49 (t, J H–H = 6.7, 1H, H p-py-b); 7.47 (t, J H–H = 6.6, 2H, H p-IPr); 7.40 (d, J H–H = 5.6, 1H, H6-py); 7.37 (d, J H–H = 6.0, 2H, H o-py-b); 7.31 (dd, J H–H = 6.6, 5.1, 2H, Hm-py-a); 7.11 (d, J H–H = 6.6, 4H, H m-IPr); 7.09 (s, 2H, CHN); 6.78 (dd, J H–H = 6.7, 5.6, 1H, H5-py); 6.77 (dd, J H–H = 6.7, 6.0, 2H, H m-py-b); 6.75 (dd, J H–H = 7.9, 7.7, 1H, H m1-Ph); 6.46 (dd, J H–H = 8.2, 7.7, 1H, H p-Ph); 5.97 (d, J H–H = 8.2, 1H, H m2-Ph); 2.87 and 2.25 (both sept, J H–H = 6.6, 4H, CHMeIPr); 1.11, 1.05, 1.02, and 0.43 (all d, J H–H = 6.6, CHMe IPr); –18.14 (s, 1H, Ir–H). 13C {1H}-APT, HSQC and HMBC NMR (75 MHz, CD2Cl2, 298 K): δ 165.1 ppm (s, C2-py); 153.5 (s, C o-py-a); 152.7 (s, C o-py-b); 150.8 (s, Ir–CIPr); 148.2 (s, C6-py); 146.6 and 146.4 (both s, Cq-IPr); 145.3 (s, Ir–CPh); 143.6 (s, Cq-Ph); 143.4 (s, C m2-Ph); 138.0 (s, C p-py-a); 137.1 (s, CqN); 137.0 (s, C p-py-b); 136.8 (s, C4-py); 130.2 (s, C p-IPr); 129.5 (s, C p-Ph); 126.2 (s, C m-py-a); 125.7 (s, C m-py-b); 125.6 (s, CHN); 124.4 and 123.7 (both s, C m-IPr); 123.6 (s, C o-Ph); 123.0 (s, C5-py); 121.4 (s, C m1-Ph); 119.9 (s, C3-py); 29.0 and 28.9 (s, CHMeIPr); 26.9, 26.2, 21.3, and 20.8 (all, s, CHMe IPr). 19F NMR (400 NMR, CD2Cl2, 298 K): δ –152.5 ppm (s, BF4). Anal. calcd. for C48H55IrN5BF4 (981.41): C, 58.77; H, 5.65; N, 7.14%. Found: C, 58.70; H, 5.66; N, 7.16%.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
355,696 |
The results from the interview with the five patients with GTPS, and four physiotherapists prompted no major changes in the questionnaire; only a few minor changes were made. In question 1 the Danish word ‘sædvanlige’ was used to describe ‘usual pain’. The patients had difficulty in deciding if the pain score related to the actual pain while answering the questionnaire, or the question referred to their usual pain during the day. This will be solved by making a point of this in the instruction manual and pointing out that the question relates to the usual pain during the day. We also added the word ‘gennemsnitlige’, meaning average to the original term of ‘sædvanlige’.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
334,744 |
Although SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the same family and genus as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, genomic analysis revealed greater similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Thus, researchers classified it as a member of lineage B (from the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses). Initially, the Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses identified this virus as a sister clade to the prototype human and bat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs) of the species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. Later, it was labeled as SARS-CoV-2 (33). The RNA genome size of SARS-CoV-2 is 30,000 bases in length. Among other betacoronaviruses, this virus is characterized by a unique combination of polybasic cleavage sites, a distinctive feature known to increase pathogenicity and transmissibility in other viruses (34).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
144,603 |
The training set and validation set were randomly divided at a quantity ratio of 3:1 to train the model with optimal hyper-parameters. The same proportion of benign and malignant LNs was maintained in the two datasets. We developed models with various values of hyper-parameters on the training set and assessed these models on the validation set to determine the hyper-parameter according to the performance. Once the hyper-parameter was determined, we used both the training set and validation set to train the model for prediction and evaluation on the test set. In this paper, the hyper-parameters included the number of representation patterns and whether adopting the update-and-predict strategy or not. The candidate numbers of representation patterns included 32, 64, and 128. Blind to the final diagnosis of LNs, two experts with experience of EBUS images observation >500 LNs assessed the image quality of the validation sets together as following: score 1 (scattered soft, mixed green-yellow-red), score 2 (homogeneous soft, predominantly green), score 3 (intermediate, mixed blue-green-yellow-red), score 4 (scattered hard, mixed blue-green), score 5 (homogeneous hard, predominantly blue). Scores 1–3 are classified as benign and 4–5 as malignant (4). Four quantitative methods were also used to verify the diagnostic performance of the validation sets. Assessments on the validation set showed that we could yield the highest accuracy when adopting run-twice strategy and using 64 representative patterns ( Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 ). When we trained the model with determined hyper-parameters, we used it to make prediction on the test set. Note that the test set is not used in the phase of training.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
84,920 |
The predictive coding implicit in comparator models of motor (or social) control is clearly cognitivist; rich internal models, which explain a world hidden from the agent, do the functional work of cognition. Such applications of predictive coding at best ignore embodied and enactive cognition and are at worst irreconcilable.5 More generally, while comparator-style models provide much needed ‘guidelines for discovery’ (Chemero 2011), they do not evoke the revolutionary views espoused by philosophers like Andy Clark, who writes:Predictive processing plausibly represents the last and most radical step in this retreat from the passive, input-dominated view of the flow of neural processing (Clark 2015, p. 2).Indeed, the close association of comparator schemes with strictly modular internal predictions may lead many to intuit that all predictive processing approaches are inherently disembodied. Some have already argued exactly this point (Hohwy 2016). To better appreciate the revolution envisioned by Clark, one must envision a ‘massively predictive’ brain, in which neurons ubiquitously encode either predictions or prediction errors in a globally inter-connected hierarchy. Such a framework has been described by Clark and others as ‘radical predictive processing’ (Clark 2013, 2015); note that this is distinct from, though not exclusionary of the ‘Bayesian Brain Hypothesis’, which denotes the more specific ascription that not only is the brain massively predictive in nature, but also that prediction error minimization operates according to probabilistic Bayesian inference (Friston and Kiebel 2009; Knill and Pouget 2004). In either case RPP posits that a localized comparator region of the brain does not (necessarily) carry out the comparison of expected and actual sensory information for a given domain. Instead, cognition is accomplished by a canonical, ubiquitous microcircuit motif replicated across all sensory and cognitive domains in which specific classes of neurons reciprocally pass predictions and prediction errors across the global neuronal hierarchy (Bastos et al. 2012; Douglas et al. 1989). Depending on whether one subscribes to the Bayesian Brain theory, the integration of these signals may also follow the law of Bayesian inference, in which both predictions and prediction errors are weighted by their precision or confidence.6
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
1,135 |
Experience gained during the IPIN 2016 competition and personal feedback from track organizers and competitors encourages the idea that the EvAAL framework is flexible and robust enough to successfully fit very different use cases when comparing indoor positioning systems.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
11,896 |
A WSN-based greenhouse that uses ZigBee star topology is merged with artificial intelligence (i.e., fuzzy logic controller) in . The ZigBee wireless protocol is adopted to preserve energy by switching between active and sleep states. Thus, power consumption can be minimized, and the battery lifetime of sensor nodes can be extended. ZigBee is currently applied in smart beehives , orange orchards , dairy healthcare monitoring of cows in pastures and barns , automation in irrigation , greenhouse monitoring systems , and livestock monitoring . As a universal standard for WSNs, the ZigBee protocol was used in several agricultural applications because of its low power consumption, low cost, self-forming characteristics, and suitable communication range.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
194,822 |
In our study, we focused on adipokines, which are dysregulated in GDM, and three of them have been analyzed: chemerin, lipocalin 2, and apelin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare circulating levels of chemerin, lipocalin 2, and apelin in the same group of women with gestational diabetes and those with a normal pregnancy. We also evaluated the serum levels of these adipokines in GDM and uncomplicated pregnancy patients in comparison to clinical and demographic parameters.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
73,690 |
To calculate the sample size needed in this cluster RCT, we started with a sample size calculation assuming individual randomization and inflated this number by a design effect to account for randomization by cluster . This inflation factor (IF) is dependent on average cluster size, and the intra-class correlation (ICC). Using this calculation we found that with a minimum of 12 intervention teams and 12 control teams, with the assumption of a detection rate of 0.25% in control teams (based on the LARA study ) and an ICC of 0.03 (based the IRIS study ) we will be able to detect a three- to four-fold increase (Beta = 3.55) in the detection rate with a power of 80% and a significance level of 0.05. This calculation assumes an average of 200 patients in every team.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
146,804 |
As far as the demographic factors and comorbidities are concerned, in order to better understand which of these patient-related variables influenced the preoperative LOS the most, a univariate statistical analysis was carried out (Table 2). Statistically significant p-values are highlighted in bold.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
114,816 |
Because macrophage phagocytosis plays critical roles in the anti-atherogenic machinery34,35, we evaluated whether each HDL type might have distinct effects on macrophage phagocytosis. Pretreatment with HDLHealthy significantly enhanced macrophage phagocytosis, as compared with treatment with the vehicle (Fig. 6). Notably, pretreatment with HDLCAD and pretreatment with HDLHealthy + LTB4 (100 nM) resulted in significant decreases in phagocytosis, and treatment with either BLT1 antagonist LY293111 or U75302 rescued macrophage phagocytosis. These results indicated that functional interactions between HDLHealthy and macrophages contribute to enhanced macrophage efferocytosis, and local low-dose LTB4 may suppress these anti-atherogenic functions.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
321,972 |
The repeated measures ANOVA showed that there was a statistically significant effect of experimental group and time after IA injection on the right knee transverse diameter [experimental group; F (2, 39) = 1239.85, P < 0.01, time after IA injection; F (2, 39) = 29.35, P < 0.01], and there was an interaction between experimental group and time after IA injection [F (4, 39) = 34.14, P < 0.01]. Changes in the transverse diameter of the ipsilateral knee were significantly increased in the carrageenan group compared with those in the control and saline groups at 3 h (carrageenan vs. control; P < 0.01, carrageenan vs. saline; P < 0.01), 6 h (carrageenan vs. control; P < 0.01, carrageenan vs. saline; P < 0.01), and 12 h (carrageenan vs. control; P < 0.01, carrageenan vs. saline; P < 0.01) after injection (Figure 1A). Regarding the mechanical nociceptive threshold, there was a statistically significant effect of experimental group and time after IA injection on the mechanical nociceptive threshold [experimental group; F (2, 60) = 28.62, P < 0.01, time after IA injection; F (3, 60) = 8.97, P < 0.01], and there was an interaction between experimental group and time after IA injection [F (6, 60) = 6.27, P < 0.01]. The mechanical nociceptive thresholds were significantly decreased in the carrageenan group compared with those in the control and saline groups at 3 h (carrageenan vs. control; P < 0.01, carrageenan vs. saline; P < 0.01) and 6 h (carrageenan vs. control; P < 0.01, carrageenan vs. saline; P < 0.01) after IA injection. However, the carrageenan-induced decrease in nociceptive threshold was gradually attenuated, and there was only a significant difference between the carrageenan and control groups 12 h after the IA injection (P < 0.05) (Figure 1B).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
201,604 |
Depth profiles and uncertainty maps of the 3D wooden panel target and actor in various densities of obscurant at a stand-off distance of 150 m outdoors using a maximum average optical power level of 220 mW and a data acquisition time of 1 s. The depth profiles were reconstructed using the cross-correlation with no corrections applied to the histogram or exponential background (row (a)), corrections to the histogram only (row (b)), and with corrections applied to both the histogram and the exponential background (row (c)). Row (d) the super-resolved depth profiles (128 × 128 pixels) reconstructed using the M2R3D algorithm with a processing time of ~ 90 ms per frame (details in main text). Row (e) illustrates the uncertainty of the depth estimate obtained from the M2R3D algorithm, shown as the standard deviation of the estimated depth statistical distribution. An RGB photograph of the scene with no obscurant present is shown for reference. The SBR is also shown for each attenuation length.
| 3 | 2other
| 0Study
|
178,413 |
Light intensity-dependent root growth in wild-type (WT) seedlings. (A) Primary root length of WT seedlings grown for 6, 10, and 14 DAG (n ≥ 10) under increasing light intensities of 40, 60, 80, and 105 μmol m– 2 s– 1 in L (solid bars) and LD (checkered bars). (B) Lateral root (LR) density of seedlings from panel (A). (C) Primary root length of WT seedlings grown in L (solid bars) and LD (checkered bars) without sucrose or with 1% sucrose supplementation in the media. (D) LR density of seedlings from C at 10 DAG. In panels (A,C), the letters indicate statistical significance within the same time point (one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD), p ≤ 0.05). In panels (B,D), the letters indicate statistical significance within all the samples (Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s post hoc test).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
96,338 |
For RT-qPCR analysis (Fig 6A), we used strain 1689 for CSR-1WT , and strain 1755 for CSR-1SIN (kindly shared by the Mello group prior to publication). The Pol II CTD staining experiments (Fig 7A and 7B) were performed using published strains 1905 for CSR-1WT and 1900 for CSR-1SIN .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
267,100 |
Effect of carA and pyrP mutations on bacterial growth and partial rescue of carA mutant with uracil and carA complementation. (A, B) Bacterial growth analysis of wild-type S. aureus JE2 strain, pyrP and carA mutants (from the Nebraska transposon mutant library) and carA mutant carrying a multicopy plasmid expressing carA (JE2 carA mutant comp). (C) Partial growth restoration of carA mutants after supplementation of 2.5 mM of uracil in the medium. (D) Absence of growth restoration with different arginine concentrations. Results represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments (four replicates for each strain). **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns p > 0.005 by Mann-Whitney test.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
300,936 |
Scatter plot of significant correlations between DTI and NODDI metrics and neuropsychological tests (State Anxiety, Trait Anxiety, Depression, Confusion, Ability, Adjustment, Participation, Adaptability, RPQ.13, Backwards, Sleepiness, A Trails, B Trails) for all TBI subjects. For trail making (A and B) the time taken to complete the task is indicated on the y-axis, therefore a negative correlation would indicate increasing DTI or NODDI metrics correlated with an increase in performance. The horizontal axis of the matrix denotes the JHU white matter label, with the vertical axis representing the corresponding relationship with neuropsychological measures. The color and intensity denotes the strength of the correlation coefficient with corresponding p-values as described in Table 2. Red color indicating significantly positive correlations, blue indicating significant negative correlations. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
601 |
Effects of BRD4 knockdown on urothelial carcinoma cell lines. a Western blot analysis of BRD4 expression in 10 UCCs compared to the benign urothelial control cell lines HBLAK, NHUC, and NHUC-TERT. α-tubulin served as a loading control. b Western blot analysis of BRD4 and c-MYC expression after siRNA-mediated knockdown of BRD4 in VM-Cub1 and UM-UC-3 cells. Cells transfected with BRD4 expression plasmid served as a positive control, with 3 μg instead of 20 μg protein loaded. c Relative viability of VM-Cub1 and UM-UC-3 cells after BRD4 knockdown for 48, 72, and 120 h compared to treatment with control siRNA. Relative viability is displayed on the ordinate in percent of the control cells treated with non-targeting siRNA. Differences between control and targeting siRNA were analyzed using Student’s t test (***p ≤ 0.001). d Clonogenicity assays of VM-Cub1 and UM-UC-3 cells after BRD4 knockdown for 120 h and results of quantification (**p ≤ 0.01). e Flow cytometric cell cycle analysis of VM-Cub-1 and UM-UC-3 cells after BRD4 knockdown for 48, 72, or 120 h. Percentages of cells in the respective cell cycle phase are given
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
210,249 |
These data are from a large number of urban GP practices that are located in areas of high ethnic diversity and deprivation, which are factors well documented to contribute to health inequalities.16 However, contraceptive and pre-pregnancy advice are activities undertaken by all GPs and there is no reason to assume that those in the study locality differed in their advice and prescription from any other area.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
8,913 |
Oral azithromycin was shown to be effective for treatment of early syphilis in non-randomized studies and in randomized controlled trials in the U.S, Africa, China, and Madagascar that compared cure rates for this macrolide and penicillin 343536373839. Azithromycin was used for syphilis treatment in Uganda (mid-1990s), in the U.S. (1999 and 2000) and in Canada (2000). However, during 2002-2003, several cases of clinical failure following azithromycin treatment were observed in syphilis patients in San Francisco, CA 40. Laboratory analysis of samples from these patients showed the presence of an A2058G mutation in the T. pallidum 23S rRNA gene. This mutation is identical to the 23S rRNA gene mutation reported earlier by Stamm and Bergen 41 in T. pallidum SS14, a clinical isolate from a patient who failed intensive erythromycin treatment, that was shown previously to be highly resistant to erythromycin and cross-resistant to azithromycin 42. Retrospective analysis of samples from syphilis patients in three U.S. cities (i.e., Baltimore, San Francisco, Seattle) and in Vancouver, Canada showed that although the proportion of samples containing T. pallidum with the A2058G mutation varied between these sites, it increased significantly over time within the sites 26344043. Macrolide-resistant T. pallidum with the A2058G mutation is now present in the U.S., Canada, Europe, China, and Australia 26344344454647484950515253. Additionally, in 2009, Matejková et al. 44 identified a new mutation, A2059G, in syphilis patients in the Czech Republic that has subsequently been detected in syphilis patients in England, the U.S. and China 485253. Most T. pallidum strains containing the A2058G or A2059G mutation can be divided into multiple molecular types indicating that these mutations are not restricted to a single strain type 5154. The origin of the macrolide-resistant T. pallidum strains is unknown. However, Marra et al. 54 and others 4552 reported that these strains were more likely to be found in syphilis patients who had used macrolides previously for treatment of unrelated infections, suggesting that the persistence of low levels of macrolides in a patient’s tissues could have selected for macrolide-resistant T. pallidum that arise de novo. The geographical prevalence of macrolide-resistant T. pallidum varies widely (e.g., 0.7% in Taiwan; nearly 100% in China) 34454950. In regions where macrolide-resistant T. pallidum strains are now highly prevalent, these strains may be able to persist in sexual networks if patients who are infected with macrolide-resistant T. pallidum are not treated with curative antibiotics and continue to transmit the infection. Studies in the rabbit model of syphilis indicate that the T. pallidum 23S rRNA A2058G mutation is stable in the absence of selective pressure 3454. Even in regions that currently have low levels of macrolide-resistant T. pallidum, the use of macrolides for syphilis treatment cannot continue without adequate surveillance due to the potential introduction of macrolide-resistant strains. Chen et al. 55 developed a real-time triplex PCR assay that can rapidly detect the T. pallidum A2058G and A2059G mutations. Timely identification of macrolide-resistant T. pallidum strains with this assay could be useful for informing physicians as to the treatment of penicillin-allergic patients with early syphilis.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
268,564 |
In order to make a similar extension to these models, we first frame them as instances of self-modulating DTRPs. Such models, where the interarrival time distribution is determined by a conditional rate function have been widely explored in the TPP literature . Their key characteristic is that interarrival times now obey a conditional distribution, the parameters of which are easily computed. More formally, letting Qi denote interarrival times as in Definition 1,
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
328,836 |
RE: We thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. As stated in our manuscript, this is a pilot study that represent preliminary data and we are aware that the patient’s number is limited. We cannot exclude that increasing the patients number to be enrolled it is possible to discover more families having similarities in both groups. Nevertheless, several families in common were linked to the virus presence independently of the ward in which the patients are hospitalized. Furthermore, the severity disease and the intestinal inflammation state were different so the variability expressed at the family level is higher in ICU patients in comparison to those observed in patients hospitalized in the ward as also reported by Ravi et al (PMID: 31526447). Our intent was to describe the common and the exclusive microorganisms belonging to the different groups. We agree that families listed due to only COVID infection (either ward or ICU) are worth of note and for this reason we reported that when considering the i-COVID19 as compared to CTRL, in addition to some bacteria in common with w-COVID19 patients (i.e. Staphylococcaceae, Aerococcaceae, Dermabacteraceae, Actinobacteria and so on Fig.4, and Fig. 6A and Supporting material S5 table) Erysipelotrichaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Pseudonocardiaceae, Brevibacteriaceae, and others reported in Supporting material S5 table were significantly increased while Carnobacteriaceae, Coriobacteriaceae and Mycoplasmataceae were significantly reduced.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
282,281 |
The Methylobacterium genus often comprises a significant part of the plant microbiome (phytobiome). Generally, Methylobacteria are ubiquitous in nature and non-pathogenic to humans or wildlife. They are rod-shaped, obligately aerobic microbes that can thrive in a wide range of environments including soil, air, water, and plants . Most Methylobacterium species stain gram-negative and exhibit polar growth, although some exceptions exist (e.g., M. jeotgali) . The distinct pink pigmentation of many Methylobacterium strains indicates the presence of specific carotenoids which may confer their tolerance to ultraviolet (UV) radiation [10–12] and provide a basis for further classifying individuals as pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs (PPFMs) [1, 13, 14]. Pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs have been suspected to participate in the development of pigmentation within their host-plants by modulating flavonoid and carotenoid levels within host tissues . As facultative methylotrophs, Methylobacteria can either use common carbon sources such as carbohydrates, or oxidize a range of single-carbon compounds including methanol, methylamine, and formaldehyde [1, 14, 16–18].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
293,349 |
Two separate univariate analyses were carried out for two different time‐windows, one analysis was time‐locked to the onset of the face, and the other was time‐locked to the onset of the context. This was only done to parallel Experiment 1 and not to test for any functional dissociation between the two time‐windows. In both cases, statistical parametric maps were created for each participant's block of trials.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
133,360 |
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) means that fetal growth does not reach its due genetic potential due to the influence of maternal, fetal, placental and other pathological factors, which is characterized by the fact that the fetal weight or abdominal circumference estimated by ultrasound is lower than the 10th percentile of the corresponding gestational age (Galan and Grobman, 2019). Based on the growth status of different gestational weeks, fetal weight can be estimated and dynamic monitoring can be used to understand the fetal growth trend. Detailed ultrasound scans of fetal structure are recommended for FGR.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
186,684 |
Furthermore, social support measured by the number of family members or friends participants frequently interacted with did not display a significant mediating effect on the relationship between perceived discrimination and health in the COVID-19 context possibly due to the complex and conflicting effect of social support on health. When deconstructed, discrimination did not affect social support from family members, which was obviously logical. Nevertheless, the potential health-promoting effect of social support from family members should be noted and utilized. However, while social support from friends correlated negatively with perceived discrimination, indicating a certain level of social withdrawal because of perceived discrimination among participants, it was associated negatively with SRH, contradicting the hypothesized buffering effect of social support from friends. This could be due to hostile or cynical responses provided by friends when participants were seeking social support, which may diminish the health benefits of social support . Another explanation lies in the irrationality of contending that social interaction and social support are inherently good . Increased conflict or shared health-compromising behaviors (e.g., tobacco and alcohol use) in social networks may result in adverse health outcomes .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
79,257 |
None of the patients in our series benefited from ketoconazole treatment. The third patient's parents refused this outpatient treatment, and his disease progressed, causing elephantiasis-like lymphedema (Figure 1(b)), as described by Kamalam and Thambiah . We hypothesize that the parents' refusal stemmed from a loss of confidence in allopathic medicine due to the delayed diagnosis of basidiobolomycosis, which was preceded by erroneous treatment for BU including surgical excision. With the failure of allopathic medical and surgical therapies the parents interpreted the unfavorable evolution as evidence for witchcraft (enchantment); in Benin this culturally supported framework for understanding disease warrants traditional therapies including herbal treatments, rather than allopathic approaches [37–40]. It is important that health workers, especially in BU-endemic areas, recognize the clinical symptoms of basidiobolomycosis and ask for histological testing in order to avoid delays in diagnosis and appropriate treatment for this potentially devastating disease.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
36,160 |
For the current study, participants in the toddler trial (n = 1226) who completed an assessment prior to, and post intervention, or at the 32 week follow-up (the majority of participants completed both assessments; 93%) were re-contacted for participation. Participants who declined to be contacted for future research or those who actively withdrew from the EHLS were excluded. Participants were identified as eligible for the original EHLS study if the family had a child in the target age range and met at least one risk factor for socio-economic disadvantage (i.e., parent < 25 yrs., low parent education, single parent, low family income, Aboriginal or non-English speaking background). Families with insufficient oral English to complete assessments or families who would benefit from more intensive support services were excluded. Sample characteristics from the EHLS are documented elsewhere . Participant flow in the EHLS and estimated follow-up participation in EHLS at School are shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1Participant flow in the Early Home Learning Study and estimated follow-up in the EHLS at School Study
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
384,674 |
Local CAG members will participate in an all-site CAG meeting in which CAG members will introduce themselves and receive a brief overview of the study. A second meeting will include all-site CAG members to be trained by the Beaufort, South Carolina CAG members on how the protocol was developed, what to expect, and how to introduce the study to the patient/care partner. CAG members will receive extensive training from the study PI who developed the prior study. A video highlighting the training the PC physicians received by the original CAG members about the development of the culturally based study will be shown to the CAG members so that they are able to convey the community’s role in the development of the protocol. Lastly, CAG members will devise a general flow of conversation script that will facilitate their ability to introduce the study, and will share a simplified diagram of the study that was co-created by all the CAGs, including the original CAG.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
142,947 |
The patient characteristics including laboratory findings were evaluated at the time of drug administration. Clinical features evaluated were age, sex, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS), levels of haemoglobin, serum albumin, serum bilirubin, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)14, and C-reactive protein (CRP), the presence of radical surgery, sites and number of organs involved in metastasis, and counts of leukocytes, monocytes, and platelets. The fibrosis-4 (Fib-4) index is reported as a non-invasive liver fibrosis marker and was calculated using the formula: age (years) × AST (U/L)/(platelet count [103/ μL] × (ALT [U/L]0.5)15. The albumin–bilirubin (ALBI) score has been proposed as a validated index of liver dysfunction and was calculated using the formula: log10 (T-bil [mg/dL] × 17.1) × 0.66 + albumin [mg/dL] × 10(− 0.085)16. The neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was calculated using the formula: neutrophil count/ lymphocyte count. The following cut-off values were defined according to previous reports: Fib-4 > 3.517, ALBI score > − 2.616, and NLR > 5.08.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
273,810 |
Furthermore, although we cannot completely rule out that some participants might have used a counting strategy based on their time perception given that time and space are tightly linked in our perception of the world, we assume that to be unlikely in the present paradigm. Firstly, a passive rotation was used for encoding in order to avoid that participants count their steps and focus on this strategy. Secondly, such a strategy would not be optimally reliable due to the trial-to-trial changes in acceleration and speed of the experimenter-induced passive rotations and would be more efficient in experiments with more fixed duration to distance mapping.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
170,810 |
The aim of our in-vitro study was to determine the accuracy of the digital articulation of milled polyurethane quadrant models using a buccal scan versus that of conventionally mounted stone casts using a digital occlusal analysis device. The null hypothesis is that there will be no difference in the accuracy of the occlusion of digitally articulated milled models and conventionally articulated stone models.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
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