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In terms of microbiota-related research, the field of ruminant nutrition is doing tremendous efforts to understand how the gut microbiota can be shaped by feeding to optimize rumen fermentation, nutrient provision to the host, as well as gut health and ultimately prevent diseases along with improving animal performance. Thereby, major focus is placed on the rumen, i.e., the gut segment that harbors a highly complex microbial community enabling the energetic utilization of structural carbohydrates as well as providing key nutrients, such as protein and vitamins, to the host animal . In the last decades, the hindgut microbiota also became a subject of increasing interest for ruminant nutritionists, particularly in relation to high-grain feeding and associated microbial dysbiosis . With few exceptions and irrespective of gut segment investigated, bacteria represent the target domain in nutritional studies with ruminants, as exemplified by the survey of Henderson et al. , who investigated the influence of diet on the ruminal microbiota composition on a global scale, exploring bacteria, archaea, and protozoa. Anaerobic fungi, however, have not been included in this specific study and although AF have been introduced as potent fiber degraders in relevant ruminant nutrition journals very early , these microorganisms remain mostly unconsidered so far . Therefore, including AF in future ruminant nutrition studies should be the logical outcome, as otherwise, a holistic capture of the rumen microbiota and its implications on nutrition seem hardly feasible. As a complemental note, the authors like to direct additional awareness to AF in the hindgut, which may be more vital for equines at first sight. However, a considerable number of active AF is present in the ruminant’s lower gut and since concentrate-rich feeding can shift substrate degradation from the rumen to the hindgut , it would be irrational to disregard the fungal population in this part of the gastrointestinal tract.
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387,526 |
Examples of estimated white matter probabilities for several patients. For each patient, the left column is the probabilities estimated by our classifier, while the right column is the reference labeling done by clinicians using MRI+CT. Each row represents one electrode shank, with individual contacts labeled below. In the reference labeling, red indicates that the contact was labeled as white matter, blue indicates gray matter. In the estimated probabilities, red indicates higher probability of a contact being in white matter according to our classifier. First row: Two of the best patients (EFRI18, LA11), each with > 0.9 AUC. Second row: Two median patients (LA24, LA08), each with 0.86 AUC. Third row: The two worst patients (EFRI17, LA01), representing 0.65 and 0.62 AUC, respectively.
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293,444 |
We simulate three bodies (one sun and two planets) orbiting a common centre of gravity, using a modified version of a freely available n-body physics simulator, as part of the Unity3D gaming engine (version 2017.3.1f1) (Unity Technologies, 2017). The mass of the star is 105 times greater than that of the two planets. This is sufficiently massive so that the wobble of the sun about the centre of gravity of the three-body system is zero to within-software precision. We begin with a simulation in which the semi-major axes of the orbits of the two planets differ by 10%. We run this simulation a total of ten times with the same initial conditions, except that in each new simulation we increase the sizes of both semi-major axes by 10%. This allows us, using first-level DCM models, to obtain estimates of the intrinsic connectivity (gravitational attraction) in the system for each of the ten orbital sizes (see Appendix 1).
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307,727 |
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participant's legal guardian/next of kin. Written informed consent was obtained from the minor(s)' legal guardian/next of kin for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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107,983 |
Leaf material was harvested, flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and ground to a fine powder using a paint shaker (Harbil, Wheeling, IL, USA) and 3-mm-diameter steel balls (Abbott Ball, West Hartford, CT, USA). After sample homogenization, RNA was extracted using TRI Reagent (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) and purified with the SV Total RNA isolation kit with on-column DNase treatment (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). Total RNA concentration and quality were assessed using a NanoDrop instrument (2000c; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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314,940 |
Among the objectives of this study, the following stand out:To find alternatives to facilitate the application and self-application of hypodermic injections, in the administration of drugs, giving more safety and comfort to the action, aiming at reducing the pain intensity felt by the patientMeasure the penetration of needles into an artificial tissue (skin substitute model) by varying the diameters, depth, cannula roughness, lubrication, and bevel angle of the piercing tipAnalyze in the profile projector and in the SEM the bevel of needles used repeatedly to verify the loss of the profile or the formation of burrs that can traumatize the fabric during the reuse of needlesMechanically analyze what can be done to prevent that the needles used in the subcutaneous application do not inadvertently reach the muscle
| 4 | 0biomedical
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71,129 |
There are a variety of NGS technologies based on different principles.26 In most NGS schemes (most notably sequencing by synthesis such as Illumina sequencing27), DNA synthesis is catalyzed by polymerase to add fluorescently labelled dNTPs onto the DNA templates during a series of cycles. At the end of each cycle, the fluorescent signals are analyzed to identify the added nucleotides. NGS allows processing millions of fragments in parallel, which significantly improves throughput and decreases sequencing costs. There are five major steps to prepare a sequencing sample/library: DNA fragmentation, end-repair/A-tailing, adapter ligation, amplification, and quality control/sample pooling (Fig. 1).
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174,444 |
Nine studies provided the source of the criteria used to diagnose sepsis and septic shock. In older studies (published up to, and including 2008), the criteria established at the ACCP and SCCM conference in 1991 (SEPSIS-1) were used. Later studies used the criteria established at the 2001 SEPSIS-2 conference and Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2008 and 2012.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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193,962 |
Cultural tailoring of the intervention was informed through an extensive review of the literature and our formative focus group research with adult African American women (mean age of focus group participants was 38.5 years, SD 7.8). The intervention was designed to be sensitive to, and to leverage, the lived experiences, sociocultural norms, and familial and societal expectations of African American women for the successful promotion of PA. On the basis of the cultural tailoring framework by Resnicow et al , the intervention addressed both surface and deep-structure cultural characteristics of African American women. Surface-level cultural tailoring refers to the most basic level of cultural tailoring and includes matching the characteristics and packaging of a promotion to the overt social and behavioral characteristics of the intended population . Surface-level cultural tailoring of the Smart Walk was achieved through (1) evidential statistics emphasizing the low levels of PA and high prevalence of cardiometabolic disease conditions among African American women (eg, “Only 36% of African American women meet the National PA Guidelines” and “Almost half (49%) of African American women over the age of 20 have heart disease”), (2) images of African American women with diverse physical characteristics (body shapes, hairstyles, and skin tones) performing PA throughout PA module text, and (3) having a local African American woman serve as the study spokesperson in the video modules. Deep-structure cultural tailoring involves recognizing sociocultural norms and values, beliefs, and behaviors of a group and using these characteristics to motivate behavior change . Deep-structure cultural tailoring efforts focused on 3 key concepts: (1) collectivism or ethics of care, (2) physical appearance norms (ie, hair care or body shape concerns), and (3) racial pride or role modeling. Table 2 describes each cultural consideration and how the intervention was designed to influence these characteristics to promote PA.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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91,708 |
On the second testing day, the participants were each fitted with three sports watches (Suunto Ambit2, Suunto Oy, Vantaa, Finland; Garmin Forerunner920XT, Garmin International Inc., Olathe KS, USA; Polar V800, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland) – and their corresponding HR monitors. The watches were set according to each individual’s age, height, weight, HRmax, and sex (Polar V800 only). The participants wore all three watches at the same time. Each participant wore two watches on the left wrist and forearm, the third watch on the right wrist, and the heart rate monitors (paired with the corresponding watch) around the chest. The positioning of the watches and the localization of the paired heart rate monitors was randomized. First, the participants were asked to stand still on the treadmill for 2 min, during which a baseline measurement was taken before the treadmill test began. The first three stages were performed at individual running speeds of 30%, 50%, and 70% of vVO2peak and lasted 10 min each, with a 2 min standing break in-between the stages. The last two stages, performed at 90% and 110% of vVO2peak, lasted 90 s each, with the same standing break in-between. All measurement devices were calibrated before each test and used in accordance with the manufacturer recommendations. The training profile “running” and for Garmin Forerunner920XT “indoor running” was selected from each watch’s menu. The watches were simultaneously started and stopped directly before and after each stage. The data were saved on the watch and synchronized using the proprietary online software (Suunto Movescount, Suunto Oy, Vantaa, Finland; Garmin Connect, Garmin International Inc., Olathe KS, USA; Polar Flow, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland) on a computer after each test. From there, the individual caloric values from the five stages were transferred to a database for further analysis.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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104,956 |
Simulations have been performed for a single-sided crack with depth a~=3.5 mm, width B=10 mm, height H=10 mm and parameters E=2.07×1011 N m−2, ρ=7860 kg m−3, ν=0.3 and γ=0.35, as given in . The results with the Euclidian matrix norm ∥R∥2 of the reflection matrix and the modulus of each of its components are presented in figure 4. It is observed that the value norm ∥R∥2 is more influenced by |R12| which, in turn, influences the amplitude of reflected wave component with eβ1x. The behaviour of Euclidian norm of the transmitted matrix ∥T∥2 is more influenced by the diagonal components of reflection matrix. Figure 4.Norm matrix and modulus of coordinates of the matrix R.
| 3 | 2other
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7,198 |
Cytokinins are hormones that regulate cell division and development and play essential and crucial roles in various aspects of plant growth (El-Showk et al., 2013). Several studies have provided evidence for involvement of cytokinin in the gravitropic response. Since cytokinin has a negative regulatory role in root growth, it was suspected that it might also function as an inhibitor of tropic root elongation during gravity response. In roots, cytokinin is produced in the root cap cells, which regulate growth and gravitropism (Aloni et al., 2004). Lateral exogenous application of cytokinin through agar block to a vertically growing root induced bending towards the site of application (Aloni et al., 2004). These findings confirmed the inhibitory effect of cytokinin on root elongation during gravitropic bending (Aloni et al., 2004). When vertically growing Arabidopsis roots were gravistimulated, free cytokinin was radially transported and got asymmetrically distributed to the lower side of root cap within 30 min as detected by ARR5::GUS expression (Aloni et al., 2004).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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316,859 |
Both groups will receive muscle stimulation via placement of rectangular electrodes (90 × 50 mm) over the motor points of the quadriceps muscles (~ 5 cm distal to the inguinal fold and 15 cm proximal to the upper border of the patella) bilaterally. The stimulator (Pulsecure-Pro KR-7; OG Giken Co., Tokyo, Japan) delivers biphasic, symmetrical impulses (45 Hz; 400-μs pulse duration; 12 s on and 6 s off; intensity, 40–80 mA). The amplitude is increased to elicit visible muscle contractions and to the maximum level tolerated by the patients. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation sessions in both groups are conducted for 30 min per session, once per day, every weekday over a 4-week period, by a physical therapist, beginning on postoperative day 1 and continuing through postoperative day 30.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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200,718 |
Identification of “sub-healthy individuals” with PD-1 expression in PBMCs. (A) Proportion of CD3+PD-1+ cells was <4% in the PBMCs of healthy individuals. PBMCs of 95 individuals (aged >50 years) were analyzed, of which 16.84% of samples had a proportion of CD3+PD-1+ cells >4%. (B) Proportion of CD3+CD4+PD-1+ cells was <10% in the CD3+CD4+ T cells of healthy individuals. In these 95 individuals, 9.47% of samples had a proportion of CD3+CD4+PD-1+ cells >10%. (C) Proportion of CD3+CD8+PD-1+ cells was <10% in the CD3+CD8+ T cells of healthy individuals. In these 95 individuals, 37.9% of samples had a proportion of CD3+CD8+PD-1+ cells >10%. We defined CD3+PD-1+ cells/PBMCs >4% and CD3+CD8+PD-1+ cells/CD3+CD8+ cell >10% as “sub-healthy individuals” (4.21%).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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201,494 |
Chakrabarti et al. showed that luteolin and silibinin have a synergetic effect on the inhibition of glioblastoma stem cells (GbSC). Their study demonstrated that a combination of luteolin and silibinin effectively inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion and induced apoptosis through downregulation of PKCα and iNOS in human glioblastoma SNB19 cells and GbSC cells .
| 4 | 0biomedical
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6,139 |
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a widely performed and successful procedure in orthopaedic surgery . For primary TKA, an increase of 673% to 3.48 million procedures is estimated in the United States by 2030 . The additional demand for arthroplasty surgeons is faced with a high number of expected retirements threatening access to TKA and thus leading to a potential supply side crisis . These bleak prospects emphasize the high need of training young surgeons in performing TKAs.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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47,133 |
To establish gefitinib-resistant cell lines, we subcutaneously injected the gefitinib-sensitive cells PC9 and HCC827 into the armpit of mice (Supplementary Figure 1A). When the xenograft tumor became visible 4 weeks later, 3 µM gefitinib was intraperitoneally administered to the mice twice per week. The tumor size was measured and recorded every week (Supplementary Figure 1B). At week 10, the gefitinib-resistant tumor was isolated, dissected into smaller pieces, and grown in culture dishes for 4 more weeks to establish the gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cell lines: PC9/GR and HCC827/GR (Supplementary Figure 1C).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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220,491 |
The plant tissues are complex matrixes, which are rich in primary and secondary metabolites. Therefore, the detection of OTC in plant tissues is a challenge. Like other plant tissues, citrus leaves are rich in flavonoids, phenols, and other metabolites, which could interfere with the determination of OTC using the europium method. Thus, we studied the possible interference of citrus metabolites with the formation of Eu-OTC-Cit complex.
| 2 | 0biomedical
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102,145 |
This is a retrospective audit conducted at an academic teaching hospital involving pediatric oncology patients who were empirically initiated on vancomycin therapy from March 2013 to November 2015. Clinical indications for the addition of vancomycin in pediatric oncology patients include suspected catheter-related infection, skin and soft-tissue infections, pneumonia, severe mucositis or hemodynamic instability. Patients were initially administered vancomycin 60 mg/kg/day and trough levels were collected within 30 minutes of a scheduled dose, after a minimum of 3 doses, with clinical dosing support provided by a pediatric clinical pharmacist. Inclusion criteria were children between 6 months to 18 years of age with an oncologic diagnosis, vancomycin dosage of 60 mg/kg/day (±10%) divided every 6–8 h, and each patient must have received at least 3 doses of vancomycin prior to obtainment of a vancomycin trough level to ensure steady state concentration. Therapeutic trough levels were defined as 10–20 mcg/mL. Exclusion criteria were vancomycin trough levels drawn prior to steady state, a change in serum creatinine greater than 0.3 mg/dL from baseline, patients requiring renal replacement therapy and patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. An extensive chart review was performed to gather the following: age, weight, underlying diagnosis, serum creatinine, urine output, indication for vancomycin, vancomycin doses, trough concentrations, and concomitant nephrotoxic agents, including intravascular injection of iodinated radiographic contrast media, methotrexate, and other chemotherapeutic agents, calcineurin inhibitors, or aminoglycoside antibiotics.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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193,678 |
The CS of clean reads was detected by TideHunter (v1.0) with the parameters ‘-f 2 c 1.5 p 30 l’. Following evaluation by Tandem Repeats Finder (v4.09) with parameters ‘2 5 7 80 5 5 2000 h -ngs’, CS was removed if containing internal tandem repeats, defined by an alignment score >40 or length of internal tandem repeats longer than half of the CS.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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30,091 |
The two compounds occupy a similar position in the LBD, both contacting Y473 only through vdW interactions and instead forming a H-bond with Y327. In the case of the bulkier SR1664, the authors13 have observed steric clashes, not present in the R-enantiomer SR1663, with the F282 aromatic ring and hydrophobic side chains of H11, such as that of Leu 453, as well as that of Leu 465 of the loop 11–12. Therefore, the authors have suggested that SR1664 actively antagonizes PPARγ through a stereo-specific AF2-mediated, F282-dependent clash. Moreover, they have confirmed the role of F282 in the antagonism of SR1664, demonstrating that this ligand becomes an agonist after F282A mutation. However, the shortest distance of SR1664 with F282 is 3.0 Å (NO2-C), a result consistent with a strong vdW interaction rather than a steric clash. As discussed below, the F282A mutation may result in a different position of the ligand into the pocket, thus explaining its agonism towards the mutant. The corresponding R-enantiomer SR1663 shows agonist properties (80% efficacy compared to rosiglitazone). Observing the interactions of the ligand with the protein molecule A of PPARγ in which H12 is in the active conformation (H12 of the molecule B of the dimer is in an inactive conformation and it should not be considered to discuss its interaction with an agonist), a greater protruding of the NO2 group towards F282 is seen, owing to the different stereochemistry, which would result in a strong clash with F282 if this residue were to assume its usual conformation. In fact, there is poor electron density in the position of F282, and the authors were able to assign only the position of the Cβ atom of the F282 side-chain. However, a more accurate observation of the electron density maps reveals a possible different conformation of the F282 side-chain, involving switching from trans to gauche* (Figure S9). A similar situation has already been observed in the structure with the ligand LT17551 (PDB code 3B3K), in which the bulky and rigid diphenyl group of the ligand displaces the side-chain of F282, shifting in turn those of F363 and I456 and opening a new hydrophobic pocket in the LBD between H11 and H3 (Fig. 6).Figure 6F282/F363 switch mechanism. In the PPARγ/LT175 X-ray structure (cyan) the ligand LT175 (green) forces the F282 side-chain to switch from the trans to the gauche* conformation, and in turn the F363 side-chain also changes its conformation by 180°, contacting H449. In the new conformation, the F282 aromatic ring makes favourable pi-stacking interactions with the rings of F360 and F363. Apo-PPARγ residues are in purple.
| 5 | 0biomedical
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100,228 |
To investigate the possibility of RNAs initiating in upstream regions of hypha-specific genes and functioning in regulating gene expression in general, we analyzed the ALS3 locus. ALS3 encodes another hypha-specific protein with multiple properties, including adherence and invasion . Analysis of published transcriptome data [16, 36, 40] revealed the potential presence of a stable yeast condition-specific transcript upstream of ALS3 (Fig 8A). We confirmed the transcriptome results using strand-specific PCR and Northern blotting (Fig 8B and 8C). The relative levels of the putative yeast condition-specific RNA compared to hyphal conditions were measured by qRT-PCR (Fig 8D). The results were consistent with the presence of an mRNA isoform denoted ALS3-Y that was 5 to 15 fold increased under yeast compared to hyphal growth conditions depending on the particular media used for growth. To determine the initiation site of ALS3-Y, we performed 5’ RACE using RNA prepared from cells grown in both yeast and hyphal growth conditions. DNA sequencing of the products revealed the transcript initiation site of ALS3-Y to be -991 relative to the translation start site of ALS3. In addition, the initiation sites of three transcripts specific to hyphal growth conditions were detected at –717, -637 and -435 respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that intergenic morphology specific RNAs may not be specific to HWP1 but rather represent a general paradigm for the regulation of growth phase-specific gene expression in C. albicans.
| 5 | 0biomedical
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168,067 |
A general observation is that the baseline of the recorded UV–vis spectra is elevated in the full studied wavelength range, because of the extinction (apparent absorbance) of the aerogel particles. The light absorption (absorbance) of BSA is superimposed on this baseline (cf. Figure 3). Independent experiments confirm that the measured apparent absorbance of the aerogel particles is directly proportional to their concentrations. This forms the basis of the turbidimetric quantification of the colloid aerogel particles, as demonstrated in several cases in prior literature . Furthermore, Beer’s law is valid for the BSA, i.e., its absorbance is directly proportional to its concentration. Finally, the apparent absorbance of the aerogel particles and the absorbance of BSA are additive. Therefore, the total measured absorbance can be expressed as their sum in every wavelength as given in Equations (9) and (10). The validity of these considerations has been demonstrated in several prior cases dealing with sorption in colloid systems . At = AtBSA + AtAERO + AtPROD + AtAGGR(9) At = {εBSA[BSA] + εAERO[AERO] + εPROD[PROD] + εAGGR[AGGR]}l(10)
| 4 | 0biomedical
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101,412 |
Streptomyces scabrisporus NF3, an endophytic actinomycete, isolated from the tree Amphipterygium adstringens, in Mexico (1), exhibits the potential to produce diverse bioactive compounds, for instance, the antibacterial hitachimycin (2) and the antitumoral alborixin (3). This species encompasses aerobic sporulating Gram-positive bacteria with a high G+C content (69 to 73%) (4). While other strains of the species have been isolated and characterized previously (3–6), only strain S. scabrisporus DSM 41855 was sequenced so far. The genome of this strain is composed of 199 contigs, making comparative analyses problematic.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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189,530 |
In this study, we reviewed different applications of the smart gait with a focus on the various tasks artificial intelligence algorithms perform across many industries and disciplines, such as health and wellness, security, forensics, and energy management. We further identify four emerging trends in the SG research: 1) population-wide scale health data will be available and empower end-to-end automatic, ubiquitous, and continuous deep learning approaches for big data-driven intelligent systems, 2) Fast-growing innovations in other technologies such as cloud computing, smart textiles, blockchain, and 5G will offer new opportunities and pose new challenges for SG systems and demand fast congruent growth, 3) SG systems will need to address concerns about user privacy, safety, comfort, and experience captured by the paradigm, “human-in-the-loop” (Sedighi Maman et al., 2020); these will be enforced by human rights advocates and regulatory bodies, and 4) the need for AI in health applications to benefit from the fast, low-cost, and accuracy of “black box” intelligent systems while still being transparent and understandable, as captured by the paradigm of XAI. SG is a valuable tool in kinetic and kinematic analysis, disease monitoring, diagnosis, and rehabilitation, sports performance, fall risk assessment, detection and prevention, gait-based biometrics for person identification, re-identification and continuous automatic authentication, age and gender recognition, physical skill and mobility assessment, fitness tracking, gait modeling and simulation, crowd monitoring and anomaly detection, human pose estimation, indoor tracking, and localization. SG is often integrated with other smart systems that utilize biomedical signals such as electrocardiograms, body parameters such as temperature, blood pressure, respiration rate, energy expenditure, and heart rate, and environmental signals such as room temperature and humidity. SG is often part of a smart IoT framework embedded with sensors, monitoring devices, and AI-enabled actuators that are all connected and in continuous communication. SG is everywhere, in our smart devices, smart homes, classrooms, cars, stores, cities, and energy grids. Smart Gait research will continue to grow fast in the future and will benefit from advancements in other technologies such as sensors, blockchain, IoT, textiles, 5G, cloud computing, and big data. These new technologies will also pose new demands and offer new opportunities for smart gait research. SG research will continue to address user privacy issues, security of health data, patient comfort, worker safety in the workplace, enhanced user experience, fatigue monitoring and injury prevention in sports.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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40,749 |
Table 1 shows the confusion matrix obtained after applying LDA and SVM to a sample test formed by 40% (49 objects) of the sample data (the remaining 74 objects were used to train the algorithms). In order to select the optimal values for parameters γ and C of the SVM classifier, a cross-validation procedure was applied to the training dataset for each pair of values (γj,Cj),j=1,...,m on a grid in the interval [2−10, 210]. Columns refer to existing pole-types and rows refer to predicted pole-types. The last column represents errors of commission (EC, or the ratios of poles classified as a type that is different from the true type) and the last row represents errors of omission (EO, or the ratio of poles representing a specific type that have been classified in another category). The last two rows register the overall accuracy (ACC) and the kappa index (k). ACC is the fraction of correctly classified poles with regard to all the poles in the sample. k is also a measure of the accuracy in the classification, but it takes into account the possibility of the agreement occurring by chance:k=observed accuracy − change agreement1 − chance agreement
| 4 | 0biomedical
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270,368 |
It is essential to consider that the standard communication technologies that operate on land do not work underwater, which proposes a more significant challenge to build sustainable technology that can scale and be plugged into the internet to transfer the vast amount of underwater sensed information. However, radio waves can communicate underwater, with lower frequencies, bandwidth, attenuation, and considerable propagation delays. These drawbacks limit their operation to only a few meters in shallow sea applications (Palmeiro et al., 2011; Jahanbakht et al., 2021). Figure 6 presents a reference architecture model of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) that will help us to understand the technological challenges at various layers. To accomplish the more extensive IoUT roadmap, these underwater sensor networks’ deployments must be first understood and standardized and investigated deeply into the underlying technology that can support high bandwidth high data-rates and connect to satellite and IP-based networks. A detailed application scenario for IoT based underwater communications is presented in Fig. 7.
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10,561 |
Seventy-one villagers did not meet the inclusion criteria because of (a) illiteracy, (b) age (over 40 or under 18), or (c) pregnancy. In the final analysis, 241 villagers were recruited (124 and 117 in the intervention and control groups, respectively). Univariate analysis demonstrated that only the age of participants was significantly different between the intervention and control groups (Tables 1 & 2). Most participants had never heard of thalassemia. More than 50% of our participants had only completed primary school and the majority were factory workers.Table 1Socio-demographic characteristics of the participantsIntervention group (N = 124)Control group (N = 117)P-valueSex0.06 Male12 (9.7)21 (17.9) Female112 (90.3)96 (82.1)Age (18–40 years old)0.04 < 2537 (29.8)28 (23.9) 25–3044 (35.5)17 (14.5) 31–4043 (34.5)72 (61.5) Mean (SD)28.5 (6.3)30.2 (6.8) Median (range)28 (18 to 40)32 (18 to 40)Education0.29 Primary school64 (51.6)64 (54.7) Secondary school31 (25.0)33 (28.2) High school17 (13.7)15 (12.8) Bachelor degree12 (9.7)5 (4.3)Main occupation0.10 Factory worker63 (50.8)47 (40.2) Unemployed24 (19.4)27 (23.1) Own business13 (10.5)22 (18.8) Agriculture & labor12 (9.7)15 (12.8) Teacher12 (9.7)6 (5.1)Household (Reil/month)**4000 Riels = 1USD0.23 < =500,00057 (46.0)46 (39.3) 500,100–990,00033 (26.6)50 (42.7) > =1,000,00034 (27.4)21 (18.0) Mean (SD)670,967 (297,076.3)609,658.1 (264,327.2) Median (range)600,000 (120,000 to 2,000,000)600,000 (140,000 to 2,000,000)Household (Reil/month)**4000 Riels = 1USD0.23 < =500,00057 (46.0)57 (46.0) 500,100–990,00033 (26.6)33 (26.6) > =1,000,00034 (27.4)34 (27.4) Mean (SD)670,967 (297,076.3)670,967 (297,076.3) Median (range)600,000 (120,000 to 2,000,000)600,000 (120,000 to 2,000,000)Self-social economic perception0.71 Poor84 (67.8)83 (70.9) Average37 (29.8)29 (24.8) Above average3 (2.4)5 (4.3)Table 2Characteristics for medical history of individuals from the intervention and the control groupsIntervention group (N = 124)Control group (N = 117)P-valueFrequency to see doctor0.43 Never43 (34.7)33 (28.2) Once/year25 (20.2)19 (16.2) 2–5 times/year35 (28.2)47 (40.2) 6–24 times/year21 (16.9)18 (15.4)Reason to see doctor0.67 Check up59 (47.6)57 (48.8) Follow-up (chronic diseases)22 (17.7)27 (23.0) None43 (34.7)33 (28.2)Right to health coverage0.60 Self-pay109 (87.9)99 (84.6) Social security, welfare official & non-government organization15 (12.1)18 (15.4)Number of living child0.39 No child37 (29.8)32 (27.4) 1–2 child (children)64 (51.6)53 (45.3) > =3children23 (18.5)32 (27.3) Mean (SD)2.16 (1.3)2.38 (1.4) Median (range)2 (1 to 7)2 (1 to 8)Number of child mortality0.05 None116 (93.6)106 (90.6) 1 child7 (5.7)2 (1.7) 2 children1 (0.8)5 (4.3) > =3 children0 (0)4 (3.4) Mean (SD)1.12 (0.35)1 (1 to 2) Median (range)2.5 (1.29)2 (1 to 5)Heard about thalassemia0.07 Never110 (88.7)112 (95.7) Ever14 (11.3)5 (4.3)Means of hearing about thalassemia0.31 None110 (88.7)112 (95.7) Health center & doctor/nurse11 (8.9)1 (0.9) Friend & family/ relatives3 (2.4)4 (3.4)Having thalassemia child0.30 None124 (100)116 (99.2) Have0 (0)1 (0.8)Having thalassemia relative0.96 None123 (99.2)116 (99.2) Have1 (0.8)1 (0.8)
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118,176 |
Template preparation and sequencing of final libraries was conducted on the Ion OneTouch 2 system and Ion PGM using Ion PGM™ Hi-Q™ OT2 Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and Ion PGM™ Hi-Q™ Sequencing Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) on the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Barcoded bacterial and fungal libraries were multiplexed on a single chip on a 400 bp run to obtain sequencing data. Specimens were run in batches of 20 on an Ion 318™v2 chip (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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293,814 |
We hypothesized that physiological changes in dogs parasitized by L. infantum change the dog’s odour making them more attractive to P. perniciosus and therefore enhancing the parasite’ s transmission success. To test this hypothesis, attractiveness of infected and uninfected dogs to P. perniciosus were assessed under both laboratory and field conditions.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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310,545 |
With the maturation of gene chips and high-throughput sequencing technology, many genomics databases have emerged in the field of cancer research. Among these, TCGA databases are commonly used and widely recognized, which are based upon 126 sets of tumor genome research data. Some practical online analysis websites such as cBioPortal (http://www.cbioportal.org/) have been derived based on TCGA. Based on multiple cancer samples, the online tool cBioPortal can calculate the frequency of changes in the expression of each candidate key gene in cancer patients.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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173,453 |
Given the notable selection bias associated with the above factors, we sought to improve the external and internal validity of the results using the more sophisticated meta-regression technique to demonstrate that common factors typically seen in clinical practice and in the literature to modify the relationship of cancer vs. non-cancer on TAVR mortality did not appear to do so at least in the included studies. This gives some degree of greater confidence that the main findings in this study (that includes a large meta-analysis level of patients with advanced meta-regression techniques) may be genuine hypothesis-generating findings warranting larger, longer, and randomized trials on this topic.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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199,513 |
The studies above evaluated recovery from a 10 day period of transient DUX4 induction. To test the effects of the shortest possible period of expression, we treated animals with doxycycline via a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection (Figure 4A). We refer to this mode of induction as a ‘burst’ of DUX4. We observed a decline in muscle mass of both the TA and the gastrocnemius-soleus 10 days post-burst, which was fully recovered in the TA one month post-burst, and improved but was not fully returned at the 30 day time point in the gastroc-soleus (Figure 4B). The single burst causes muscle damage and regeneration as visualized by centrally nucleated small fibers, smaller fiber size and elevated extracellular matrix deposition (Figure 4C). We investigated the loss of endothelial cells and expansion of FAPs by flow cytometry and found the expected increase in frequency of PDGFRα+ cells and decrease in endothelial cells (CD31) 10 days post-burst (Figure 4D,E). By day 30, the number of endothelial cells had returned to normal, however the number of FAPs remained significantly elevated. The expression of genes associated with FAPs, endothelial cells, and fibrosis supported these findings (Figure 4F). This suggests that burst expression of DUX4 in fibers leads to long-term changes, well past the time point of DUX4 expression, particularly in the fibroadipogenic compartment, even when gross histology is not abnormal.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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180,139 |
The combination of Gastrodia elata Blume,Polygala tenuifolia Willd., Cistanche deserticola Ma, Rehmannia lutinosa (Gaertn.)DC., Acorus gramineus Aiton and Curcuma longa L.(GPCRAC) is commonly used in Chinese medicinal prescription for AD therapy, such as Tianma Xingnao capsule, which has been licensed for clinical use in China and widely used to treat headaches, chronic pain, fatigue, memory loss and insomnia (Youli et al., 2013; Yaming et al., 2021). Several active ingredients extracted from these six traditional Chinese medicines have shown neuroprotective properties. Curcuma, the primary ingredient of Curcuma longa L., have receives a lot of attention for its promising neuroprotective effects in the prevention and treatment of AD (Chainoglou & Hadjipavlou-Litina, 2020). Gastrodin, the major functional component of the orchid plant Gastrodia elata Blume, is widely recognized for its vast variety of biological functions. Meng et al. reported that Gastrodin, has the potential to promote hippocampus neurogenesis by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines generated by oligomer-induced A42 in a dose-dependent manner (M. Li & Qian, 2016). Additionally, Gastrodin was able to reduce the abnormal expression levels of synaptic proteins (Xiao et al., 2016). The main active ingredients of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. include oligosaccharide esters (3,6′-disinapoyl sucrose, Sibiricose A5, Sibiricose A6), Onjisaponin, and Xanthones (She et al., 2011), which have been documented to possess mitigative effects on neurotoxicity. Previous study have indicated that Onjisaponin B could contribute to the restoration of cognitive ability by improving the antioxidant capacity in D-gal induced aging rats (Li et al., 2018). Furthermore, Ethnocide, a physiologically active component isolated from Cistanche deserticola Ma, can help with learning and memory loss by modulating hippocampus insulin, glucose transport, and energy metabolism (Dai et al., 2020). Also, it was previously shown that Acteoside, which is found in Cistanche deserticola Ma, can ameliorate the deficiency of learning ability in mice induced by scopolamine (Lee, Jeong, Lee, & Kim, 2006). Taken together, these active components isolated from these Chinese herbs may exert synergistic action against AD through multiple targets and pathways. Moreover, the combination of extracts derived from these six Chinese medicines have been developed as an adjunct to dietary supplements for treating AD (CuralUtra, Batch No. CM18220191028-2, Product code: T-4010-1). It is also applied for a patent of novel formula to improve cognitive impairment (patent number: 201911113149. X). Even though there are lots of evidence of therapeutic application of GPCRAC extracts in AD treatment, but it remains unknown whether the efficacy of the GPCRAC extracts in AD experimental model and the further mechanism. And, the exploration of potential pharmacological mechanisms is still a challenge in the research of TCMs containing multiple herbal constituents. The powerful proteomics technology is now pushing forward the frontiers of Chinese medicine compound mechanism research. Quantitative proteomics based on Mass Spectrometer (MS) has been shown to be a powerful technique for elucidating novel pathophysiological processes and possible therapeutic targets, allowing for in-depth analysis of protein expression variations. Through proteomics analysis, we assessed the possible protective effect of GPCRAC extracts in scopolamine-induced model mice and investigated the underlying mechanism.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
331,481 |
Intensity showed differences as a function of sex depending on the contraction level (Fig. 4). There were no significant differences detected in intensity due to age; however, there were significant differences detected due to sex. The intensity was higher (i.e., less negative) for older males compared to older females for the 50% MVC (p = .007) and 100% MVC (p = .007) isometric knee extension and approaching significance for the 75% MVC (p = 0.051). Younger males had greater intensity compared to younger females at 25% MVC (p = .043), 50% MVC (p = .007), 75% MVC (p = .017), and 100% MVC (p = 0.008). For the isokinetic contraction, older males had significantly higher mean intensity compared to older females (p = .003).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
375,818 |
Sennikov had written to a friend in Lund telling him that this proposal had failed in the mail vote and that now they would be in great trouble. Numerous exchange catalogues published in Lund in Sweden had on the title page a statement “Printed as manuscript” in the Swedish language. They had always considered that these manuscripts were not effectively published. These manuscripts all had authorships of scientific names and many new combinations. If the proposal was reintroduced Sennikov would be extremely happy to skip this sort of literature.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
32,117 |
Endothelial damage due to accumulation of AGEs, activation of PKC, increased expression of VEGF and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), increase in ROS leads to breakdown of BRB resulting in diabetic macular edema [36–39]. Studies on streptozocin induced diabetic rats have associated increased expression of endothelial NOS with BRB breakdown . Our study found a positive correlation between the serum levels of TBARS, NO and CAT and CST on imaging. Subclinical macular edema identified by OCT has been suggested as potential organ-specific biomarkers of DR .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
316,809 |
For the CCK-8 assay, 1 × 103 cells were incubated in 96-well plate (NEST Biotechnology, Wuxi, China). After cells attachment, 10 μl CCK-8 was added to each well and incubated for 2 h, and then the absorbance value at 450 nm was measured using a spectrophotometric plate reader (BioTek ELX800, USA) at given gradient time (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 day). For the colony formation assay, 600 cells were incubated in 6-well plate for ~7–14 days. Cell colonies were washed, fixed, stained, and counted.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
172,060 |
The panels on the left show the predictions of the total number of cases and 95% PIs of STXGB-FB (blue dashed lines and regions, respectively) compared with the COVIDhub-Baseline (red dashed lines and regions). The panels on the right show the predictions of the total number of cases and 95% PIs of STXGB-SG compared with the COVIDhub-Baseline using a similar color scheme. The solid black lines represent the total number of observed cases at each forecast date. a and b One-week horizon, c and d two-week horizon, e and f three-week horizon, and g and h four-week horizon.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
325,063 |
EBPi ‘intention and behaviour’ dimension scores, reflecting the participants’ self-reported EBM behaviour in daily practice, in study groups exposed to standalone EBM workshop only (controls), 15–24 months of exposure to deliberate EBM practice during residency training (former Isala), 4‑year intensive and active exposure to deliberate EBM practice in clinical PhD research programme (PhDs) and the reference group of ongoing long-term daily exposure to deliberate EBM practice (current Isala). The p value reflects a post-hoc between-group comparison (one-way ANOVA)
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
9,751 |
The impact of comorbidities on health care cost may be attributable to the additional medical resources consumed for treating these illnesses. In addition, the coexistence of psoriasis and another illness may exacerbate the deleterious effects of each condition. The presence of comorbidities in patients with psoriasis may complicate the management of both diseases. Our findings can provide a more complete picture to health care providers and policy makers of the economic implications of psoriasis. These findings suggest that comorbidities deserve serious consideration, both clinically and economically, in the overall treatment and management plans for patients with psoriasis.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
387,569 |
Lipid conversion into FAMEs was done by preparing a suspension of the vegetable oils (100 mg) in a freshly prepared solution (4 mL) of 0.5 M NaOMe in anhydrous MeOH, and heating to 50°C for 30 min, with vigorous shaking (each 5 min). Then, the reaction was quenched with glacial AcOH (200 μL) and diluted with H2O (8 mL). Finally, FAMEs were extracted three times with n-hexane. The mixture was stored at 4°C, and analyzed without further derivatization. From the FAME yields obtained, and average purity (triglyceride content) of the different vegetable oils analyzed near 99% could be estimated.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
82,645 |
There is considerable evidence that ketamine and its active metabolite, hydroxynorketamine, produce their antidepressant actions by strengthening excitatory glutamatergic synaptic transmission involving AMPA receptors (AMPARs) (Maeng et al., 2008; Li et al., 2010; Autry et al., 2011; Koike et al., 2011; 2014; Zanos et al., 2016) and that defects in excitatory transmission in brain regions controlling reward and mood contribute to the pathology of depression (Pittenger and Duman, 2008; Lim et al., 2012; Yuen et al., 2012; Kallarackal et al., 2013; Thompson et al., 2015). A key mechanism underlying the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine in rodents (e.g., Kittelberger et al., 2012; Middleton et al., 2008; Hunt et al., 2011) and in humans (Cornwell et al., 2012; Driesen et al., 2013), as well as its hydroxynorketamine metabolites [e.g., (2R,6R)-HNK; Zanos et al., 2016], may be a transient period of high-frequency cortical activity, characterized by an increased power in the γ frequency band as measured by electroencephalogram (EEG).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
346,315 |
To further understand the molecular characteristics of the different subgroups of ESCA, DGE was performed for transcriptomics in the 2 stromal groups (Fig. S2c). GSEA results for DGE genes (Tables S12, S13) confirmed that collagen fibril organization, extracellular matrix disassembly, extra cellular structure organization, and connective tissue development were significantly enriched in the S2 group (Fig. 5A). In addition, the heatmap identified distinctly high expression of stromal genes (such as COLA2, FN1, and MMP14, Fig. S2d) in the S2 group. In addition, boxplot results indicated that patients in the S2 group demonstrated higher EMT activation by upregulating relevant markers such as CDH1, CDH2, vimentin (VIM), tight junction protein 1 (TJP1), snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (SNAI1), MMP9, and TWIST1 (Fig. 5B).Figure 5Molecular and mutation landscapes for stromal groups. (A) GSEA for high-low stromal score. (B) EMT markers in different stromal subgroups. (C) Top 10 mutations in the S1 and S2 groups. (D) Scatter plot of enrichment of known oncogenic signaling pathways in the S1 and S2 groups.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
356,453 |
(Identity Theorem for Real-Analytic Functions ) For some n∈N let U be a subset of Rn and f,g:U→R be two real-analytic functions that agree on a set A⊆U. Then, f and g agree on Rn if one of the following two conditions is satisfied: (i)A is an open set.(ii)A is a set of positive Lebesgue measure.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
190,376 |
In the identification of the “morally lofty” emotion, the number of test pictures was 71, and the number of correct classifications was 19. Because of the similarity between the picture features of “seclusion” and “morally lofty,” the effect of the machine in the emotional classification was not good, and the paintings expressing “morally lofty” emotion were often misjudged as “seclusion,” thus affecting the visualization of features under the category of “morally lofty.” However, an analysis of a small number of classified and accurate graphs revealed that the visualized area of distinctive features was the center of the main concentrated picture and that the area corresponded to the blank in the picture, as shown in Figure 14.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
|
357,020 |
NPs were stabilized in IL1/IL2-mixtures, with the NP size depending on the IL mixture. Both ILs have the same cation [Bmim] but differ in the anion, which is [(Tf)2N] for IL1 and [(Pf)2N] for IL2. We assume that the differences in NP sizes for the IL1/IL2-mixtures only depend on the differences in the anion sizes of the used ILs. Although the NP nucleation process is expected to occur mainly at the IL surface , the surface conditions for IL1 and IL2 should be comparable, since the anions are expected to be mainly present in the “bulk” IL phase, leaving the surface population to the cation (if it has a comparably long alkyl chain) . For IL1 and IL2 (both [Bmim]), the alkyl chain length is identical. Thus, the process responsible for the NP size differences is assumed to also take place in the IL “bulk” after the previous NP formation on the IL surface. As depicted in Figure 1 and noted in Table 1, the [(Pf)2N] anion is bigger concerning volume than [(Tf)2N], but both have a comparable structure. Both ions have the same charge, but in the case of [(Pf)2N] the charge is distributed over a volume approximately 25% bigger than the volume of [(Tf)2N], decreasing the interaction energy and cation-anion cohesion energy, as reported by Fernandes et al. for increasing anion radii . Thus, the charge density of the [(Pf)2N] anion is lower compared to [(Tf)2N]. Additionally, due to the bigger [(Pf)2N] volume, the number of [(Pf)2N] anions in the first stabilizing layer of the NP cage is less compared to [(Tf)2N] for the lack of space. Both characteristics of the [(Pf)2N] lead to a lower coordinative ability and thus a weaker NP stabilization with respect to [(Tf)2N]. This means that, with increasing IL2 and thus increasing [(Pf)2N] portion in the IL mixture, the NP size should also increase due to more likely physical interactions between the caged NPs which then can grow together. Figure 3 and Figure 7a indicate that a linear increase in the mean NP size and broadening of the size distribution towards bigger NPs occurs with increasing IL2 portion, which supports these assumptions. Additionally, several other studies found an identical behavior of stabilized NPs, however they did not compare IL mixtures of different compositions, but pure ILs with the same cations but different anions and thus different anion volumes . In these cases, the NP sizes differ by several nm up to tens of nm. In contrast, our approach shows only a slight size increase of 1.2 nm (the biggest increase). Thus, our approach gives the opportunity for a much finer tuning of the desired NP sizes by adjusting the appropriate IL mixture and confirms the dependency of NP size on anion volume. The maximum NP diameter is not as strongly influenced by the IL1/IL2-mixture compared to the IL1/IL3-mixture. All IL1/IL2-mixtures show comparable maximum NP diameters with respect to IL2, except the mixture 20 vol.% IL1/80 vol.% IL2, where only one NP had a large size. However, this single incident is not statistically significant.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
254,534 |
Next, Noel returns to the network editor, adds a stimulus device to apply negative currents to the inhibitory population during a defined period of time. He also adds multi-purpose measurement devices (“multimeter”) to record the neurons’ membrane potentials as quasi-analog signals. He re-simulates and observes changes in the network activity: during the stimulation phase, both populations exhibit highly synchronous and oscillatory behavior, visible in the membrane potential traces, the spike raster, and the population spike count histogram (Fig. 7, bottom left). As a last test, he randomly assigns positions to the neurons and observes the animated activity resolved in space (Fig. 7, bottom right).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
67,642 |
Analyses of extracts of headspace volatiles produced by both sexes by GC-MS revealed a single sex-specific peak in six out of seven extracts of males (Fig 3), with a strong molecular ion at m/z 194 (30% of base peak at m/z 123) (Fig 4). The spectrum showed relatively little fragmentation overall, suggestive of a cyclic or highly conjugated structure. The molecular formula was confirmed as C12H18O2 via the high resolution mass spectrum (calcd 194.1301; found 194.1302), corresponding to 4 sites of unsaturation. Pd-catalyzed hydrogenation produced two closely-eluting isomers, both of which exhibited a weak molecular ion at m/z 198 (1% of base peak at m/z 127), suggesting the presence of two C = C double bonds in the parent structure, and an unsaturated, alkylated ring, reduction of which had resulted in the two isomers. In addition, the base peak at m/z 127, from loss of 71 mass units from the reduced parent molecule, suggested the favoured loss of a 5-carbon alkyl chain from a relatively stable C7H11O2 core, such as loss of a side-chain from an alkylated lactone ring. LiAlH4 reduction of the parent compound produced a number of minor products and one major product with the highest visible mass ion at m/z 182 (44% of base peak at m/z 121). This result was not immediately interpretable, other than indicating that there was at least one functional group such as a ketone or ester that was reducible by LiAlH4.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
60,506 |
Twenty-eight female undergraduate students at South China Normal University, age ranging from 18 to 26 (Mage = 20.77, SD = 1.62), participated in the experiment. All of them were right-handed with normal vision or vision corrected to normal. The data from three participants were excluded due to ceiling or floor effects in the baseline rating of the faces, defined as a mean rating more than 2 SD above (1 participant) or below (2 participants) the mean rating of all the faces across all the participants, leaving a total of 25 participants included in the data analyses. The study was approved by the Academic Committee of the School of Psychology at South China Normal University. All participants gave written informed consent before participating in the study.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
194,652 |
To further investigate evolutionary conservation, we evaluated the conservation of predicted TFBSs at conserved elements between human and mouse. We lifted the mouse robust archetypal TFBSs over to the human genome and assessed their proximity to human TFBSs from the same archetype (see Methods). Next, we evaluated the relative distances between mouse archetypal TFBSs lifted over to the human genome and human TFBSs from the same archetype using bedtools reldist following [37, 38]. Across TF binding archetypes, we observed an enrichment for lifted mouse TFBSs to overlap human TFBSs (see the peak at distance 0, corresponding to an overlap, in Fig. 2C). The relative distances between mouse TFBSs lifted over to the human genome and human TFBSs confirm the enrichment for conservation of TFBSs between human and mouse associated with TFs sharing DBD structural classes.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
256,622 |
Differences in reference-based cell type proportions between CVS and term placenta from the same individuals (n = 85, ITU) were calculated using paired Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. All p values were corrected for multiple testing (n = 6 cell types) using Bonferroni correction and compared to α = 0.01.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
232,799 |
We further examined the states that included health equity considerations in their remdesivir protocols. Table 4 presents the narrative text promoting ethical and fair access to remdesivir developed by these states. While of varying length, wording on equity from these protocols clearly defined the disadvantaged population.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
385,685 |
AMPAR-mediated synaptic currents were evoked using a bipolar platinum/iridium electrode (FHC, CE2C275) placed in the Schaffer collaterals ~ 200 μm from the recorded cell. During baseline periods prior to HFS, a pair of 0.1 ms bipolar current pulses (50 ms ISI) was delivered via a stimulus isolation unit (Isoflex, AMPI), and stimulus intensity was adjusted to evoke a response 65–75% of the maximal response at 200 μA. Input-output tests were conducted using increasing stimulus intensity from 0 to 200 μA in 25 μA increments. Changes in paired-pulse ratio were expressed as the peak amplitude of the second pulse as a function of the amplitude of the first pulse over a range of interstimulus intervals. Access and input resistances were continually monitored throughout the recording through a 50 ms, 5 mV voltage step 150 ms prior to synaptic stimulation, and data were discarded if series resistance changed > 20%.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
389,118 |
We conducted a survival analysis using the Cox proportional hazards regression model, to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for vascular risk factors associated with subsequent AD incidence. Survival time was calculated from January 1, 2010, to the date of AD incidence, death, or the end of follow-up (December 31, 2015), whichever occurred first. Each vascular risk factor (categorical, see Additional file 1: Table S1) was first evaluated in the age- and sex-adjusted Cox model. Age was included as a continuous variable. The subsequent fully adjusted Cox model included household income (categorical, medical aid, low [1st–3rd decile], middle [4th–7th decile], or high [8th–10th decile]), smoking status (categorical, never, ex-smoker, or current smoker), alcohol consumption (categorical, rarely [0–2 days/week], light [3–4 days/week], or heavy [5–7 days/week]), exercise (categorical, yes or no [1–7 days/week]), hemoglobin (continuous, g/dL), frequency of healthcare utilization (categorical, first, second, third, or fourth quartiles), depression (categorical, yes or no), Charlson Comorbidity Index (continuous), medication history (categorical [yes or no] for each medication category [dyslipidemia medication, antidiabetic medication, antihypertensive medication, antidepressants, benzodiazepines or sleeping aids, and antiplatelet medication]), and all other vascular risk factors (continuous). Household income was estimated based on insurance premiums using NHIS data. The frequency of healthcare utilization, comorbidities, and medication history was calculated based on the data from 2002 to 2010. In the analysis of TC as a major risk factor, LDL-C was excluded in the full model, and in the analysis for PP, DBP was excluded. In analyses for all other vascular risk factors, TC was excluded due to the high correlation between TC and LDL-C. Multicollinearity between all covariates was tested using a variance inflation factor (VIF), which revealed no significant collinearity (VIF < 2 for all variables). P values for linear trends were also calculated by treating median values of each categorical group as continuous variables (e.g., 173 mg/dL, 217 mg/dL, and 257 mg/dL for each group of TC). The proportional hazard (PH) assumption was satisfied both graphically and statistically using Schoenfeld residuals. No variables violated the PH assumption.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
286,096 |
Extensive research showed that five classes of homeotic genes called the ABCDE model, control floral development at the molecular level. Phylogenetics and classification based on the model plant as reference allowed the identification of the putative functions of longan MADS-box genes. As shown in Figure 6A, only one copy of an A-class functional MADS-box gene was found in Amborella and four homologs were confirmed in rice, Arabidopsis, and the three Sapindaceae species. Phylogeny indicated that A-class genes were present in a one-to-one orthologous pattern in the Sapindaceae species. AP1 and CAL originated from a recent duplication event and have both partially redundant and unique functions (Alvarez-Buylla et al., 2000), and only one gene of longan (DlMADS69) was found in AP1/CAL clade, named as DlAP1. In addition, the number of AP2 genes in the AP2/EREBP family was highly conserved in tested Angiosperm (Figure 6A). Both AP3 and PI which diverged in the ancestors of angiosperms experienced loss events in eudicots, and C and D class genes formed a very close sister group, with each Sapindaceae species having one AG, one STK, and one SHP gene. SEP genes have roles throughout five whorls of floral organs and were duplicated during angiosperm evolution. Four SEP homologs were found in longan, litchi, and yellowhorn. Overall, these results demonstrated that the number of ABCDE genes in Sapindaceae was similar to the model plant Arabidopsis.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
288,638 |
In Ref. , the authors start from the microscopic mobility patterns of individuals and construct a country-wide network of mobility in Italy, before, during and after the first lockdown. Various parameters of the emerging networks are analyzed, from the perspectives of scaling, dynamics and resilience. Interestingly, strong relations are found with two major economic indicators. Statically, i.e., using a historical point in time, regional mobility levels correlate strongly with official levels of regional GDP. Further, using a fast-moving estimate of the GDP based on several measures (and on its own shown to match the actual GDP when available), they show how well changes in levels of mobility correspond to changes of GDP, and from that they derive the local (regional) estimates of GDP (Figure 5), in near-real time, by far faster than official calculations. This estimate, easily calculated from available data, could allow decision makers to gauge the magnitude of economic impact to various regions following planned restrictions. Thus, again, a microscopic model gives macroscopic visibility into system behaviour and stability.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
360,636 |
Even with this slight inflammatory activation caused by the diet, it is noteworthy that HIIT in obese animals reduced the levels of IL-6, IL-10, and adiponectin. It is known that the stress promoted by physical exercise is linked to an increase in catecholamine discharge and that the catecholamine receptors present in macrophages have great importance in modulating the inflammatory response (Figueiredo et al., 2017). In the condition of obesity, a high-fat diet could lead to an increase in catecholamines, which, in turn, via cAMP response element-binding protein, would suppress the expression of adiponectin (Liu and Liu, 2009). Thus, it can be considered that the lower values of adiponectin and IL-10 in trained animals may also mean that the training was intense for the metabolic condition of obese animals.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
246,270 |
This dominant regime has been widely criticized and we do not aim to repeat all criticisms here (see e.g. Da Costa & Mcmichael, 2007; McMichael, 2015; van der Ploeg, 2009). What is relevant for the current paper is to realize that transformation processes are arenas of struggle and negotiation and that not all actors have an equal voice. For example, smallholder farmers can be given less voice and space at the negotiation table compared to actors of dominant capitalist-oriented system. Thus, certain actors are included, whereas other are excluded (Klerkx & Rose, 2020). This not only accounts for the actors, but also for their epistemologies. For example, evidence from a study on organic agriculture in South Africa showed that niche innovations on organic agriculture hardly break through the existing food regime (Metelerkamp et al., 2020). The existing regime is largely based on mainstream Western scientific knowledge, in which other forms of knowledge are excluded. Knowledge on organic agriculture is hardly taught in conventional agricultural education in South Africa and as such “established institutions may currently do more to perpetuate the current food regime than they do to support emerging alternatives” (Metelerkamp et al., 2020). The same can be said concerning agroecology or agroecological agriculture. Consequently, marginalized knowledge easily remains marginalized unless there is a willingness of actors in the existing regime to change fundamentally. Such an urge for change may occur through development at the landscape level which put pressure on the socio-technical regime. For example, the Covid19 pandemic puts severe pressure on dominant socio-technical regime of the current global food system, reinforcing calls for radically different options, such as the proposal “to take agroecology as the ordering principle for agricultural production worldwide” (Van der Ploeg, 2020: p21). However, reconfiguration is inherently difficult because poor, marginalized and exploited groups of people and their knowledge tend to be excluded.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
228,313 |
Only published papers that included a detailed description of the diagnostic method, information on non-nutritive sucking habits (such as thumb/finger sucking, tongue thrust, and pacifier use), newborn nutrition, breastfeeding types and duration, and diagnosis of malocclusion in the deciduous/mixed teeth of pediatric patients from zero to 15 years old were considered. Furthermore, the period time within the last 10 years (2011-2021) was considered in the search strategy. The following study designs were involved: case-control studies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and cohort studies. Articles that assessed the current evidence about the relationship between breastfeeding and pediatric malocclusion were included. Articles in non-human sources other than human sources, editorial or personal opinion articles, reviews, and articles with inadequate information on how the data was gathered were all excluded.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
201,350 |
Some well-known examples of memory-1 strategies for the simultaneous game include Always Defect, ALLD = (0, 0, 0, 0), Tit-for-Tat, TFT = (1, 0, 1, 0), and Win-Stay Lose-Shift, WSLS = (1, 0, 0, 1). In the alternating game, a strategy called Firm-but-Fair3, defined by FBF = (1, 0, 1, 1) and also referred to as Forgiver27, has been successful in evolutionary competitions. Out of these examples, ALLD and TFT are reactive, whereas WSLS and FBF are not. We say a strategy is deterministic if each conditional cooperation probability is either zero or one. In particular, all of the above examples are deterministic. Otherwise, we call the strategy stochastic.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
351,967 |
We obtained the expression levels of proteins encoded by the 20 hub genes associated with PDAC from the HPA website. No data for proteins encoded by COL5A2, IGFBP5, and MATN3 are reported on the HPA website, and expression profiles of the other 17 genes in PDAC clinical specimens are shown in Fig. 7.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
210,302 |
In terms of behavioral performance, we found that WM training based on both the complex span tasks and spatial N‐back tasks improved some post‐test WM tasks performance of participants in the training group compared to the control group. More specifically, the training effects appeared as the improvements of the digit span backwards task and 2‐back task in the training group, which was consistent with previous research results (Banales et al., 2015; Etherton et al., 2019; Peng et al., 2017). There was no significant difference, however, in the 1‐back task between pre‐test and post‐test of the training and control groups. One possible reason might be that 1‐back task had a ceiling effect. It has been confirmed by many studies that 2‐back task was effective to induce a greater WM load for central executive component of WM to explain the WM training effects more intuitively (Davidson et al., 2018; Peng et al., 2013). Thus, it was naturally not surprising that WM training brought a significant performance improvement in the digit span backwards task and 2‐back task.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
319,225 |
Gene expression variation and level were recalculated on the corresponding subsets of samples using the same methodology as above. Random forest regressions were rerun with the same parameters as above and on the set of features selected for the variation prediction on the full set of samples. Performance of the models was measured with R 2 on the fivefold cross‐validation (Appendix Fig S8A).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
390,459 |
The key technical challenge in applying such weak supervision techniques in practice is combining sources of information that may overlap, conflict, and be arbitrarily correlated in order to provide accurate training labels for a machine learning algorithm. While a variety of previous cross-modal weak supervision approaches have shown promise in medical applications, studies performed to date have generated weak labels from text in ad hoc, application-specific ways. Specific strategies reported in the medical literature range from combining pre-existing disease tagging tools27,28 with handcrafted negation detection rules to provide labels for CXR classification8,23 to ensembling large numbers of distinct regressors that predict specific medical concepts to provide labels for cranial abnormality detection from CT.5 None of these application-specific cross-modal weak supervision approaches are supported by theoretical analysis that characterizes how well the resultant models are expected to perform. Furthermore, because large, hand-labeled datasets are generally unavailable when cross-modal weak supervision is used in medicine, empirical comparison of these models' performance with those trained using hand labels has not yet been possible. Because neither theoretical nor empirical analysis of how cross-modal weak supervision methods perform across diverse clinical use cases has been conducted, it remains difficult for practitioners to confidently deploy these models to improve patient care.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
303,632 |
The adaptation process also informed the rewording of ORIC response options from the group-referenced “we” to “I”. For example, a change-commitment item reflecting motivation is worded as “I have observed that my co-workers are generally supportive of implementing cMDA for STH.” (Appendix 2). These adaptations reflected the discomfort described by health workers in reporting upon the readiness of their peers and supervisors, particularly within hierarchical health systems. The final adapted survey included 36 items, with 20 items measuring readiness for change and 16 items measuring capacity for change. Items were distributed according to sub-constructs of change commitment (n = 8), change efficacy (n = 12), demonstrated capacity (n = 6), flexibility (n = 4), and organizational structure (n = 6). Together, the readiness and capacity items comprise a newly envisioned structural readiness survey that accounts for both cognitive and infrastructural preparedness for change. An additional confirmatory item was included at the end of the survey that asked respondents to rate the overarching readiness of their organization to launch cMDA for STH.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
84,846 |
Transcript levels in kidneys of wild‐type (WT) and mutant (Mut) mice.Transcript levels in brains of wild‐type (WT) and mutant (Mut) mice.Data information: mRNA levels are normalized to GAPDH. Five to ten mice were used for each group. Error bars represent SDs of three experiments. Mann–Whitney U‐test. * indicates a value of P < 0.05.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
310,225 |
All elephants encountered during regular patrols of Samburu and Buffalo Springs National Reserves have been recorded since 1997, including the identity of the individual(s) present, date and time, location and notes on reproductive behaviour. For males, the degree of temporal gland swelling, temporal gland secretion and urine dribbling were recorded following criteria outlined by Poole (1987). We analysed the data using musth as a categorical covariate as either musth or non‐musth. To be considered as in musth, the bulls had to display 2–3 musth signals. The endocrine underpinnings of these signals were assessed in the study ecosystem previously, demonstrating the visual scoring used in this study is indicative of male reproductive hormone levels (Ganswindt et al., 2010, 2005; Rasmussen, Ganswindt, et al., 2008). Observations where bulls displayed just one signal, such as temporal gland secretion, were excluded from the analysis (53 observations). We assumed that the bull was in the same state both the day before and the day after a field observation. In total, we compared 1,375 non‐musth days to 496 musth days from bulls ranging in age from 20 to 52 at the time of observation (Table 1).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
25,705 |
Public sector readiness for malaria case management was overall low with only one in four public sector outlets stocking both malaria testing and quality-assured ACT (24.5%). While availability of confirmatory testing was high (86.8%), availability of quality-assured ACT was much lower (28.7%). Availability of SP for ITPp was also low; only one in five public facilities had SP available on the day of the survey (20.2%).
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
323,061 |
The prevalence rates of potential symptom presentation for the 13 domains (percentages were averaged for the domains with multiple items) of the DSM-5 Cross-Cutting Symptoms Measure in our analytic sample were as follows: depression (33.12%), anger (38.34%), mania (24.25%), anxiety (24.44%), somatic distress (18.31%), suicidal ideation (10.45%), psychosis (4.56%), sleep disturbance (29.75%), memory problems (16.58%), repetitive thoughts and behaviors (12.05%), dissociation (16.01%), and personality functioning (22.68%). For substance use, we present the rates for each specific substance: alcohol use (31.19%), tobacco (21.93%), and illicit drug use (18.35%).
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
131,893 |
(3) As time goes by, the overall value of the project will be iterated by new products, and the value will be weakened. Product development projects are characterized by a long lifecycle and great difficulty, which directly affect the enthusiasm of development team members. The unfairness of performance appraisals will reduce the satisfaction of knowledge employees; lead to an increase in enterprise talent turnover; bring about a series of problems, such as the reduced efficiency of project teams, repeated work and new people taking over; and lead to great management losses. The lag of traditional performance appraisal and the characteristics of long and difficult life cycle of product development project directly affect the enthusiasm of development team members [8–10]. The unfairness of performance appraisal will reduce the satisfaction of knowledge workers; Lead to the increase of enterprise brain drain; It brings a series of problems such as reduced efficiency of the project team, repeated work and new people taking over. And resulted in huge management losses [11–13]. Therefore, in the face of this problem, the research needs to start from the following two points:
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
10,261 |
The recombination proteins include a RecB-like protein (TP84_53) and DNA single-strand annealing protein (TP84_54), which is a member of the ERF (pfam04404) superfamily. In addition, there is a RecU-related protein encoded by TP84_72, which functions as a Holliday junction-specific endonuclease. The SSB protein, encoded by TP84_63 CDS was selected for cloning and expression. An assumed benefit of this selection was the potential practical applicability of this thermostable SSB. The CDS were PCR amplified with forward primers introducing DNA sequences coding for a histidine tag incorporated at the N-terminus for the purpose of metal affinity purification. We cloned the TP84_63 CDS into the expression vector pBAD-MycHisA under an arabinose-inducible araBAD promoter control and expressed this protein in E. coli. The recombinant protein production was analysed by SDS-PAGE. The appearance of a suitable protein band correlated with induction time. The recombinant SSB-His6 protein with an apparent molecular weight of 17.4 kDa was observed (Fig 5A and 5B), which matches the predicted molecular weight for histidine-tagged TP-84 SSB very well (Table 1). The recombinant SSB-His6 protein was purified on a Ni2+ loaded affinity column and subjected to functional assays. The obtained results confirmed those from the bioinformatics CDS assignment. Fig 5C shows PCR amplification of a Candida albicans diagnostic, 470 bp genomic segment. In lane 1 there are 15 or more undesired bands in addition to the expected 470 bp fragment. As the amount of SSB-His6 protein added increases, the reaction is gradually purified. Thus, the SSB-His6 protein apparently interacts with DNA, facilitating correct annealing of PCR primers to single-stranded template DNA. As a result, SSB-His6 has the capability to improve problematic PCR reactions (Fig 5C) , similarly to other SSB proteins . Detailed studies of the TP-84 SSB protein will be published elsewhere.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
361,670 |
Vital components of the acculturation process are found in three main areas, acculturation conditions, acculturation strategies, and acculturation outcomes (Arends-Tóth and Van de Vijver, 2006). Arends-Tóth and van de Vijver (ibid) noted acculturation conditions comprise both group- and individual-level factors—attributes of the host society, which could be seen in the form of perceived or objective discrimination; attributes of the community of origin, e.g., political context; attributes of the immigrants’ group, e.g., ethnic vitality; and personal characteristics, e.g., expectations, norms, and personality.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
341,365 |
Patients diagnosed with AF and/or ischemic stroke during the screening period were excluded and a total of 3660 patients with Down Syndrome, 851 with Klinefleter Syndrome, and 2408 with Turner Syndrome were identified. For comparison, 1:10 age and sex-matched controls without these chromosomal abnormalities were selected for each chromosomal abnormality as a control group. All patients or subjects in the control group were followed-up until December 31, 2014. The average follow-up period was 5.9 ± 2.4 years in Down Syndrome, 5.7 ± 2.4 years in Klinefelter Syndrome, and 6.8 ± 2.5 years in Turner Syndrome.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
174,710 |
in which β0 is the y-intercept, β1 is the regression coefficient of MBW, β2 is the regression coefficient of ADG, and ε is the RFI. RFI Standard deviations above and below the mean were used to group animals into high (> 0.5 SD) and low RFI (<0.5 SD) groups (21).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
341,968 |
Newly formed ERM collagens along with the density of the associated cells apparently enhance vitreoretinal adhesion. Collagens types I, III and V enhance mechanical functions, are major constituents of skin, muscles, blood vessels and fibrotic scar tissues, and can affect the mechanical properties of ERM. However, collagens types I, III and V do not appear in the normal vitreoretinal interface. Recently formed collagens not only provide strong adhesion to various tissues, but also influence the rigidity and digestibility of ERM .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
35 |
The household viruses were genotyped by phylogenetic clustering pattern of their G ORF region with reference G sequences. Representative sequences of all known RSV A genotypes (GA1-7 & ON1) were included. A genome was assigned to a particular genotype if its G sequence clustered with the genotype reference sequence within the same branch with > 70% bootstrap support. To understand the evolution and transmission history of the identified viruses within the same genotype, the sequences were further typed into variants. Viruses were defined as same variant if their divergence was estimated to have occurred no more than a year before their date of collection and this helped identify independent virus introductions into the study area. We inferred these by considering the number of nucleotide differences observed in the G ectodomain region for virus pairs as recently described elsewhere (Agoti et al. 2015a). This method asserts that 4 or more nucleotide differences between viruses in the G ectodomain indicates a distinct virus variant, a criterion that takes into consideration the fragment length, substitution rate and time interval between the samples (Agoti et al. 2015a). The number of variants was also confirmed by the relatedness of the household viruses in the presence of contemporaneous background diversity from multiple countries across the world (Agoti et al. 2015a). A cluster was defined as a group of viruses that do not meet the distinct genotype or variant threshold rules but fall within one tree branch with a bootstrap support of > 50%.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
259,591 |
Cortical actin below the plasma membrane surface plays a significant role in organizing membrane proteins and participates in mechanotransduction. Gawrishankar et al. demonstrated that short dynamic actin filaments interact with plasma membrane proteins containing actin-binding motifs to organize nanoclusters . Membrane tension influences cortical actin and vice versa . Alterations in ERM proteins or filamin A both alter membrane tension .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
41,249 |
The most well-known application for Sagnac interferometers is as a gyroscope , but they have also been widely studied and applied in other sensor applications . Sagnac interferometers use a coherent monochromatic light source. Monochromatic light makes interfering behavior more predictable and coherence is required for phase shift detection . The laser beam is split into two different beams forced to follow a single path but in opposite directions. After rounding the enclosed area, the two beams are recombined in the splitter and the phase shift becomes an optical power output variation. Two different approaches have recently been proposed . Both of them use a similar setup (see Figure 13), which includes a broadband light source (BBS) and an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). The main difference is related to the use of an additional sensitive layer in one case , whereas in the other case the sensing principle is based on the interaction between the evanescent field of a high birefringence (Hi-Bi) optical fiber and the humidity of the environment.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
318,808 |
The ultrastructural study of the sciatic nerve by electron microscopy confirmed our previous behavioral results. Formalin-, oxaliplatin-(CPN) or SNI-induced neuropathic mice showed severe myelino-axonal degeneration of the sciatic nerve evidenced by the presence of irregular shaped myelinated structures, differences in the thickness and alterations of the myelin sheath integrity in the cross-sections of the sciatic nerve (Figure 6A(c,g,e). These modifications were reverted or prevented by PGA injection in both formalin- or oxaliplatin-treated mice (Figure 6A(d,f)), but not in SNI-treated mice (Figure 6A(h)). The quantitative evaluation of the frequency of distribution of myelino-axonal degenerated profiles as a hallmark of damaged nerve revealed that PGA (5–20 mg/kg o.s.) was able to halve the frequency of distribution as several myelino-axonal degenerated profiles/micron2 of nerve section as reported in Figure 6B (mean number/μm2 ± SEM; CTL mice: vehicle: 0.51 ± 0.10/3 μ2 vs. PGA: 0.42 ± 0.09/3 μ2, p > 0.9999; Formalin-injected mice: vehicle: 4.33 ± 0.17/3 μ2 vs. PGA: 2.38 ± 0.14/3 μ2, p < 0.0001; CPN mice: vehicle: 4.98 ± 0.22/3 μ2 vs. PGA: 2.62 ± 0.18/3 μ2, p < 0.0001; SNI mice: vehicle: 4.24 ± 0.19/3 μ2 vs. PGA: 3.67 ± 0.21/3 μ2, p > 0.9999).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
99,962 |
All characteristics of the 28 studies are listed in Table 1. Among the studies, sixteen originated from Asia, eleven from Europe and one from America. A total of 2368 cases were enrolled. An immunohistochemistry assay was used in 22 studies, whereas a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was used in six studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies, and the results showed that all the studies had high-quality (Table 2).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
298,648 |
Hemocyanins have been reported to have solvent cavities or channels within and at the interface of each subunit (Hazes et al., 1993; Magnus et al., 1994). Thus, investigation of these tunnels or cavities was also carried out to understand their behavior in their respective dynamic states (Figure 8). The cumulative pocket volume calculated in Deoxy-HCN (47.8 × 103 Å3) was greater than that in Oxy-HCN (28.5 × 103 Å3) (Figure 8).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
218,325 |
Regarding the four budding/TIL groups, not surprisingly, PD-L1 positivity was statistically significantly more frequent in both high TIL groups. However, this was also the case when dMMR cases were excluded, allowing for the hypothesis that tumors with high TILs might respond to immune therapy even in the case of pMMR.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
153,771 |
Cell lines PC3 (ATCC: CRL-1435), A549 (ATCC: CCL-185), HeLa (ATCC: CCL-2), Pfeiffer (ATCC: CRL-2632), OAW28 (Sigma: 85101601), CCFSTTG1 (ATCC: CRL-1718), DU4475 (ATCC: HTB-123), and NCIH522 (ATCC: CRL-5810) were cultured using standard techniques. Adherent cells were removed with PBS + 10 mM EDTA. 5 × 107 cells were centrifuged at 800 g and pellets were resuspended in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 24 h at room temperature. Cells were subsequently centrifuged at 800 g, resuspended in 70% EtOH and stored at 4 °C until embedding into a paraffin block. PC3, A549, HeLa, and Pfeiffer cell pellets were embedded into a single block and designated as the control CPA. OAW28, CCFSTTG1, DU4475, and NCIH522 cell pellets were embedded into a single block and designated as the specificity CPA. The 60 cancer cell line FFPE CPAs were generated by Advanced Cell Diagnostics. Cell lines were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 24 h at 27 °C and then embedded into a paraffin block.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
63,098 |
The Disability Adjusted Life-Year (DALY) is a measure to express the BoD. DALYs represent the number of healthy life lost due to a disease or risk factor. One DALY can be regarded as 1 lost year of “healthy life”. It is calculated by adding the years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL) to the years lived with disability (YLD, morbidity). YLL regards the sum of years that a person would have lived if the individual would not have the current disease under study and was based on the average life expectancy of women in the Netherlands .YLD expresses the consequences of living with a less than perfect health condition, and is estimated based on the length of time with that condition and the corresponding disability weight. The parameters used to estimate DALYs are mortality, incidence, average duration to death or cure from breast cancer, the disability weight of living with breast cancer and the age at diagnosis. Based on the EUROCARE-4 study, we estimated that the median duration of cancer until patients were either cured or deceased was 4.3 years .This number was subsequently used to calculate the YLL. The Disability weight was assessed at 0.38, that was derived from Disability Weights for Diseases in the Netherlands study, being the average disability weight of all disease stages, weighted by its duration and cure rate .A discount rate of 1.5% was applied to both YLL and YLD, which is the standard discount rate in the Netherlands for discounting health outcomes and utilities. Additionally, the DALY burden was calculated without inclusion of DCIS. The metrics on how DALYs were calculated can be found in Additional file 1.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
25,307 |
Because stroke is primarily characterized by localized hemorrhage or ischemia, localized intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic models were established. The hair on the rabbit’s head (approximately 15 cm2) was shaved with electric clippers. Then, the scalp and periosteum were removed with a scalpel; this was followed by electrocoagulation. Once hemostasis was achieved, the surgical field was cleared. The near-elliptical wound was approximately 3.6 cm long in the sagittal direction, and approximately 2.5 cm long in the coronal direction (Figure 1). To minimize water loss from the cranium and wound, an even layer of bone wax was smeared on the exposed cranium and an even layer of medical glue was smeared on the wound surface.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
290,584 |
Besides GA and auxin, CK controls cell division and elongation in the root zone. A previous survey has shown that CK and auxin have antagonist functions in root development. Application of exogenous auxin increases root growth, while CK reduces it [79, 80]. Street et al. (2016) concluded that the CK signaling pathway incorporates histidine kinase receptors (AHKs), histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins (AHPs), and response regulators (ARRs) . Signaling is started by CK binding to and inducing autophosphorylation of the AHK. Receptor phosphorylation was accomplished in AHP and ARRs, ARRs playing a key role in CK signaling .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
59,726 |
The anatomical PW of barrels exposed by the craniotomy was determined at the start of the experiment, either by using ECoG recordings7 or by running a pilot 10 min recording of full-field average uncorrelated-evoked calcium activity. Histology was systematically performed for post hoc confirmation of the PW.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
59,593 |
Three similar Pst genomic DNA insert libraries were sequenced using FLX chemistry with a Roche 454. In addition, paired-end Illumina reads were generated for three additional library sizes: fragment, 3–5 kb insert, and 40 kb Illumina-adapted Fosmids (Fosill library, Williams et al. 2012; Table S2). Three initial assemblies were generated using different algorithms: Life Technologies’ Newbler program, the CLC (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) de novo assembler, and ALLPATHS-LG (Gnerre et al. 2011). To provide the most complete representation of the genome, contigs from the ALLPATHS-LG assembly were first selected, and then unique contigs from the CLC assembly were incorporated; see File S1 for details.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
42,212 |
The effects of time on the practice of biosecurity may be further influenced by inadequate equipment. The time available for cleaning was seen to be predicated on having suitable equipment to hand: the lack of such equipment required either extra work time, or only partial fulfilment of a biosecurity procedure.Catcher: They give you 15 min between each shed.Interviewer: Is that enough? I heard it takes about 40 min at least to clean up the forklift.Catcher: To do it properly, yes but if you have really decent power, then you can do it at a faster pace.− − −Catcher 1: … sometimes you can be there 40–45 min washing the forklift because it’s crap.Catcher 2: Sometimes the hose hasn’t even got a nozzle at the end, you’ve got to put your thumb over it to get any power.− − −
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
238,596 |
We first evaluated whether pUR4 or R1R2 affected proliferation and apoptosis in vitro. Exposing NIH3T3 cells to both molecules for 24 hours did not show any effect. This excludes direct toxicity by pUR4 or R1R2 on the cells (Fig. 4A-B).Fig. 4In vitro effects of pUR4 and R1R2. (A) Neither pUR4 nor R1R2 affect cell proliferation as evidenced by Ki67 staining after addition of 10 μM of either peptide and evaluating proliferation after 24 hours by flow cytometry. N=5/5/5/5 replicates for each treatment. (B) Similarly, neither pUR4 nor R1R2 increase apoptosis as evidenced by AnnexinV+PI+ by flow cytometry after addition of 10 μM of either. N=4/4/4/4 replicates for each treatment. No differences were detected by t-tests in A or B. (C) pUR4 lowers fibronectin in the matrix of MDA-cancer cells. Matrix (DOC-insoluble fraction) was isolated from cancer cell cultures using MDA-MB-231/B-luc+ for 4 days in the presence of FCS, treated daily with the peptides (10 μM) and evaluated by ELISA. The amount was corrected to total protein measured by the BCA method. N=17/22/12/14 replicates (arranged in the same order as the bars). Comparison by t-test. *P<0.05. (D) Staining of fibronectin (green) and collagen (red) in cultures of 3T3 fibroblasts maintained for 4 days in FCS-containing medium and with daily addition of the peptides shows that pUR4 completely prevented fibronectin matrix assembly. The green seen is intracellular fibronectin. Collagen type I was absent in both pUR4 and R1R2 treated fibroblasts. Bars represent 100 μm. Note that the peptides were added within 1 hour after culturing the cells. (E) The same experiment was performed as in D, but the matrix was obtained (DOC-insoluble fraction) and evaluated by Western blotting for fibronectin and collagen I. The amount of protein was measured by BCA and equivalent protein amounts were applied to the gel, because GAPDH cannot be detected in the DOC-insoluble fraction. Fibronectin diminished only with pUR4 treatment, while collagen I diminished with both treatments. N=15/15/7/7 replicates. (F) Neither pUR4 nor R1R2 modulate mRNA expression of fibronectin and collagen I as measured by qPCR. 3T3 fibroblasts were treated once with 10 μM of the peptides and mRNA isolated 24 hours later. N=12/11/11/11 and 14/11/15/12 replicates (The numbers represent the replicates for each treatment and are arranged in the same order as the bars from left to right).Fig 4
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
191,452 |
When a spherical cavitation bubble changes its size in a soft material sample, the stress tensor is developed due to the interplay between the bubble and soft material. Using a nonlinear Kelvin–Voight model , the tensor consists of elastic stress (σe) and viscous stress (σv) as follows:(1)σ=σe+σv σe depends on the current deformation of the soft material sample and σv is strain-rate-dependent (i.e., time-dependent). In the static approach (i.e., a bubble in a soft material sample deforms very slowly), the second term in Equation (1) (i.e., σv) is not considered.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
142,156 |
Study design features. Study design features extract information about whether a trial has randomized groups, the masking technique for groups, if the study includes a placebo group, the number of groups, the number of countries with clinical sites and the total number of sites. These features indicate key aspects about the protocol used in the clinical trial. Increasingly complicated protocols, such as the masking technique and randomization of groups can add increasing complicated procedures that may hinder the success of a trial. However, study design aspects such as double blinding and randomised allocation of participants are required to estimate intervention effects .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
14,280 |
Performance of Df(h22q11)/+ and WT littermates on non-touchscreen assays. Data is presented as means ± SEM. (a–b) Hand-run T-maze. Df(h22q11)/+ mice required more sessions to acquire T-maze alternation criterion (a). No effect of genotype on tests of variable delays (b). Broken line represents random responding. (c) Automated T-maze. No effects of genotype. (d) Novel object recognition. No effects of genotype. (e–f) Water maze. No significant genotype differences in 10-week old animals on task acquisition (e) or a 24 h probe test (f). No effects were observed in 10-week old animals (see Supplementary Fig. S4a-b). (g) Psychomotor vigilance task. No effect of genotype on probe-tests of impulsive-like behavior. (h) Y-maze. No effects of genotype. Broken line represents random responding. (i) Auditory fear conditioning. No effect of genotype (j) Context-dependent fear conditioning. No effect of genotype. (k) Radial arm-maze. No effect of genotype. Asterisk denote differences at which p < 0.05.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
213,030 |
The third stage in these guidelines is to collect information about disaster situations experienced by subjects: (1) the nature of disasters and trauma events, (2) whether they are guilty of loss, (3) whether they are concerned about subsequent threats, and (4) whether they use social resources. The activity is for the disaster psychologist to identify signs of problems and negative emotions by identifying information related to the disaster situation of the target.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
132,579 |
In this study, we report the current prevalence of haemarthrosis in children and adults with severe haemophilia without current inhibitors, and associated HJHS as a measure of joint disease. The study was conducted retrospectively, using data from 2018 in a national database. In a national cohort of 2338 individuals, 463 patients had electronically recorded fully itemised HJHS, with the sample size further reduced to 273 patients who met the fully Haemtrack compliant criteria. During the data collection period, 62% of the national cohort used Haemtrack, 20% of whom fulfilled compliance criteria set by the NHD, permitting analysis of haemarthrosis and joint health status of a representative sample of UK with severe haemophilia without inhibitors. The sample size while small is focused only the most compliant of patients and provides insight to the current compliance rates and reporting of joint diseases to the NHD. The results presented in this paper represent the likely best case scenario for the most compliant cases and this further highlights the 80% of patients who fail to either record or comply with treatment and raises questions as to the real compliance and adherence to treatment, as well as the concurrent joint disease in patients who do not meet the 75% NHD inclusion threshold.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
259,677 |
Despite SARS-CoV-2, two coronavirus-induced epidemics have appeared over the past two decades, including SARS-CoV in 2003 and MERS-CoV in 2012. Researchers have observed an increase in ADCC activity induced by afucosylated anti-MERS antibodies than their fucosylated counterparts, which provides a novel perspective for evaluating the role of the modification of N-glycosylation of the Fc segment in improving ADCC activity (37). Moreover, mechanistic experiments demonstrated that during dengue infection, afucosylated IgG promotes FcγRIIIa signaling, and then enhances replication of the virus in monocytes (38). In addition, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS) patients respond to infection by producing IgGs with enhanced affinity for the activating FcγRIIIa due to Fc afucosylation (17).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
3,251 |
Elimination of neutrophils enhances survival with CRH. Mice were administered placebo or 1A8 neutralizing antibody (0.5 mg) by intraperitoneal route 1 day prior to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection (1 × 105 CFU). Selected groups received CRH (1 mg/kg) by intranasal route 18 h after infection. All groups were compared with the infection‐only group that received placebo treatment. Data represent n = 5 or 10 mice/group. *Significant differences between experimental groups determined by Kaplan–Meier, P ≤ 0.05. Software: Graph Prism.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
231,472 |
The majority of the studies used nonrepresentative and nonrandomly selected samples [24–29] or randomly selected subjects without reporting the extent of the missing data [4, 7–10, 13, 14, 39]. In addition, some studies restricted their samples to subjects with periodontitis and untreated subjects [27, 28], or they excluded subjects with 14 to 23 teeth remaining [24–26]. Studies that limited their assessment of periodontitis to measuring the PPD without assessment of CAL were excluded. The use of PPD alone can be a reversible indicator of periodontitis; i.e., periodontal treatment may reduce the PPD and thus underestimate the periodontitis prevalence [40, 41].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
58,590 |
A cumulative Gaussian curve was fit to participants’ responses, using the Palamedes toolbox , with threshold (α) and slope (β) as free parameters. The depth discrimination threshold was defined as half the difference between the 25% and 75% points on this curve. The depth discrimination thresholds from the Two Dot condition were used to determine the disparity of the central dot in the Three Dot condition, or the location in depth of the central point of the surface in the Surface condition, as detailed above.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
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