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rTMS could potentially be effective for treating obesity in schizophrenia by reducing hypothalamic inflammation associated with schizophrenia and implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity . In vitro animal and human studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of rTMS in the periphery and in the brain . Pre-clinical studies indicate that the anti-inflammatory effect of rTMS is mediated by increased translocation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) into the nucleus of brain cells . Interestingly, ziprasidone (an antipsychotic medication approved for the treatment of schizophrenia and also considered to possess the least risk of weight gain ) also increased the translocation of Nrf2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus , suggesting that this shared mechanism with rTMS could be responsible for its relatively low liability for weight gain in patients. Theoretically, rTMS could also potentially be anti-inflammatory via its effect on glial cells, since high frequency rTMS was shown to inhibit the proliferation of astrocytes and reduced microglial activation in rodent CNS ; reactive astrocytes and activated microglia can contribute to neuroinflammation and neuronal death and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia .
| 4 | 0biomedical
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308,983 |
As in the discrete case, Eq. (21) enables us to estimate the value of the parameter \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\eta $$\end{document}η given the total cost per item \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sigma $$\end{document}σ from a set of empirical data. There is an important difference though: we now need to set the scale of costs, namely the values of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$s_{\mathrm{max}}$$\end{document}smax and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$s_{\mathrm{min}}$$\end{document}smin, using additional information on the dataset—a problem that did not arise in the discrete case because the first and last categories were fixed. Remember that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$s_{\mathrm{max}}$$\end{document}smax defines the largest possible cost that one can invest in one item, whereas \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$s_{\mathrm{min}}$$\end{document}smin defines the least possible such cost. Once these parameters are known, t is estimated as22\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} t=\frac{s_{\text {max}}-{\bar{s}}}{s_{\text {max}}-s_{\text {min}}}, \qquad {\bar{s}}=\frac{1}{{{\tilde{L}}}}\sum _{i=1}^{{{\tilde{L}}}}s_i, \end{aligned}$$\end{document}t=smax-s¯smax-smin,s¯=1L~∑i=1L~si,where the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$s_i$$\end{document}si are the costs associated to each of the items \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$i=1,\dots ,{{{\tilde{L}}}}$$\end{document}i=1,⋯,L~, measured in the same units as \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$s_{\mathrm{max}}$$\end{document}smax and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$s_{\min }$$\end{document}smin.
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93,627 |
Since the ability of functional recovery after SCI is restricted to a few vertebrate groups, we could gain some insight on how this ability was gained (or lost) during evolution (and hopefully to identify candidate genes underlying this difference) by comparing the evolutionary distribution (presence/absence and degree of conservation) and variation in expression patterns of genes encoding proteins associated to regeneration. To this aim, we first determined the phylogenetic distribution of the group of differentially expressed genes. These genes were used to search for their corresponding orthologs in a collection of species that have different regenerating capacities and are representative of the vertebrate taxonomic diversity: human, mouse, gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica), chicken (Gallus gallus), the green anole (Anolis carolinensis), Xenopus tropicalis, Zebrafish (D. rerio), and the Chinese soft shell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). To identify orthologs we used a strategy that combined an automatic detection step using the program fastortho (http://enews.patricbrc.org/fastortho/) and online web tools containing databases of vertebrate orthologous genes. Additionally, for the case of genes having incomplete annotation in some species and/or conflicting evidence, other resources were used. Details of these procedures are explained in Supplementary File, section under the title “Orthology assignment.”
| 5 | 0biomedical
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74,762 |
Characteristics of physicochemical and gene parameters in the natural and drained peatland sites. Principal components analysis (PCA) ordination plots with 95% confidence ellipses demonstrating the grouping of soil samples according to their physicochemical parameters (a) and target gene abundances (obtained by qPCR) (b). Abbreviations: SWC – soil water content, 16S bacteria – bacterial 16S rRNA gene, 16S archaea – archaeal 16S rRNA gene.
| 2 | 0biomedical
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323,280 |
The vast majority of flavonoids can be found in nature in different chemical forms that can vary in their hydrogenations, hydroxylations, methylations, malonylations, sulfations, and glycosylations. In addition, in nature, when glycids are present in the flavonoids, they are called glycoflavonoids or glycosylated flavonoids. Glycidic substitutions include d-glucose, l-rhamnose, glucorhamnoside, galactose, lignin, and arabinose (Birt et al., 2001). In the absence of glycids, the structure receives the name of aglycone (Nielsen et al., 2006).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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122,736 |
Cortices from rat embryos (E17 and E18) were dissected, dissociated, and plated on 24-well tissue-culture plates (4 × 105 per well) coated with poly-d-lysine (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) as described17, 23, 73, 74. Primary cortical neurons were grown in Neurobasal Medium (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with B-27 (Life Technologies), GlutaMAX (Life Technologies), and penicillin–streptomycin (Life Technologies).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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187,895 |
To assess changes in immune microenvironment of patients with SMM compared to symptomatic MM, we analyzed gene expression data from the 28 patients with SMM compared to 22 patients with MM. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering did not show a distinct gene profiling discriminating patients with SMM versus MM underlying the wide heterogeneity found in SMM ( Figure 2A ). Among the 136 genes differentially expressed in SMM, 30 genes were downregulated and 106 upregulated in SMM compared to MM ( Figure 2B and Supplementary Table 2 ). Global significance score showed that gene sets associated to NK functions were overrepresented in SMM (KLRB1, LILRB1, KLRD1, IRF1, KLRC1) ( Figure 2C ). Upregulation of inhibitory receptors such as KLRB1 (CD161), LILRB1 (CD85j), and KLRD1 (CD94) may indicate impairment in NK cell cytotoxicity. Accordingly, we also observed an increase in inhibitory checkpoints that can be expressed in both NK and T cells such as LAG-3 and suppressors of anti-tumor immunity such as IDO1 ( Figure 2C and Supplementary Table 2 ). In patients with symptomatic MM, we found higher levels of genes previously associated with MM (NCAM1, ATM, CD163, IL32) and genes highly expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) such as MFGE8, NT5E (CD73) and TIGIT.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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248,070 |
Dark red crystals, mp (322–324 °C), 1H NMR; at ẟ 15.73 (s, 1H, OH), 8.56–8.48 (m, 2H, ArH), 8.11–7.99 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.76–7.50 (m, 8H, ArH), 6.93–6.79 (m, 3H, ArH), 3.04 (s, 6H, CH3); 13C NMR 188.42, 170.72, 152.52, 146.35,145.77, 141.12, 140.30, 133.21, 131.73, 130.94, 129.94, 129.79, 129.52, 128.42, 127.74, 126.63, 124.74, 122.38, 122.06, 121.92, 119.40, 116.33, 112.21, 39.31; IR (cm−1), 1510 (N=N), 1570 (C=C), 1670 (C=O), 2840 (CH), 3020 (C=CH), 3420 (OH); Element analysis calculated of C27H23N3O2, C, 76.94; H, 5.50; N, 9.97; present C, 76.90; H, 5.50; N, 9.90: EIMS: m/z (%): 421 (19.44) [M]+..
| 4 | 0biomedical
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107,545 |
Patients often gained a sense of safety and comfort from the constant presence of staff, particularly if they felt frightened by their urges to hurt themselves or others, and were, therefore, willing to accept the invasion of their privacy as a necessary trade-off.
| 1 | 1clinical
| 1Other
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20,666 |
An example of the contents of this memory array generated by a single person walking across the scene is shown in Figure 4B. Gray areas indicate where no event has occurred since the beginning of the recording, while other colors indicate when the most recent event for each pixel occurred.
| 2 | 0biomedical
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261,055 |
Weight loss can be challenging, particularly in this population due to the obesogenic nature of medications and often sedentary lifestyles . Unsurprisingly, therefore, many participants reported having become despondent with their previous weight loss attempts and were increasingly less motivated to keep trying to lose weight. Evidence shows that almost half of appointments for mental healthcare users are missed . The most common reasons for missed appointments included forgetting, work commitments, no transportation and financial constraints. Despite this, the participants in the current study had a high rate of attendance at study appointments, with healthcare professionals commenting on the commitment to attend. It is possible that the attendance was associated with travel reimbursement, however, none of the participants reported reimbursement to have been a factor in their attendance. Practical issues around the timing of transport were reported by a minority of participants, however, these did not deter full involvement in the study.
| 2 | 0biomedical
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378,713 |
Finally, we can investigate how stimulus features are encoded by investigating Uc. In Fig 8 we show the feature weights for three different features in V1. We observe that different areas of early visual cortex show inhibition or excitation for the selected features. This provides insight into how stimulus features are represented across cortex.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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300,002 |
Lastly, feather and GeoTIFF files containing spatial information on the CISI and the sub-scores per system are provided. Here, the CISI is a dimensionless proxy scaled between 0 (no CI intensity) and 1 (highest CI intensity) as a result of the composite index procedure described in the Methods Section. We provide the CISI normalized at global level, and per continent (Table 2). Again, these files are provided for the two resolutions.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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166,503 |
To explore whether curcumol reduces hepatocyte senescence through inhibition of NCOA4, LO2 cells were transfected with NCOA4 CRISPR Activation Plasmid and the transfection efficiency was confirmed by Western blot (Figure 5A). At first, the effect of curcumol on iron deposition was reversed by overexpression of NCOA4 (Figure 5B). Then, we assessed the role of NCOA4 on lipid accumulation and cellular senescence by Oil Red O and SA‐β‐gal staining. The results showed that the effects of curcumol on lipid accumulation and cellular senescence were attenuated by transfection with NCOA4 plasmid (Figure 5C). Besides, overexpression of NCOA4 weakened the effect of curcumol on the expression of cellular senescence‐related markers p16, p21, γ‐H2AX, H3K9me3 (Figure 5D). Similar observations were found in the indices of telomere and telomerase system TERT and TRF1 (Figure 5E).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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246,981 |
Both BAT-23 and BAT-12 presented good validity evidence and thus both can be used to measure burnout levels among workers from Brazil and from Portugal. The advantage of using BAT-23 concerns its finer-grained assessment of burnout (i.e., more items lead to capturing more content of the construct); however, if time is a constraint and other measures are being collected, BAT-12 can be a more parsimonious alternative. As the results showed, the obtained raw scores for BAT-12 and BAT-23 presented an almost perfect correlation (i.e., 0.98). Moreover, short-versions of psychometric instruments are preferable since their validity evidence is not compromised with its shorting from the full-length version. The main goal of using a short-version is to reduce the time burden of assessment. Usually, short-versions have lower estimates of reliability than full versions. The BAT-12 results were (in some of the first-order dimensions) slightly lower than the BAT-23 ones, although with no meaningful losses in terms of its satisfactory validity evidence. Practitioners and researchers opting between BAT-23 and BAT-12 will have to balance between time-saving of brevity versus construct content coverage and validity evidence . The BAT-12 option seems to be the most balanced, since its validity evidence is equivalent to its longer counterpart, and longer instruments can present several problems, for example, boredom, fatigue, increasing dropout rates, and lack of attention .
| 3 | 2other
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21,334 |
Importantly, in this study, we found moderate positive correlation exists between p-Stat3 and integrin αvβ6 by Spearman correlation analysis. To some extent, it demonstrated that certain interaction and relationship exist between protein expression levels of the two genes. This result is just in line with recent evidence that ITGB6 promoter contains a functional TATA box located −289 to−150 and that is binding sites for transcription factors STAT3 in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells . Namely, integrin beta6 was downstream target genes of STAT3, which was involved in positive regulation of integrin beta6 transcription. In fact, integrin beta6 expression could be primarily regulated at the level of transcription initiation [30, 31], as well as at translational level . It has been reported that under certain conditions, transcription factors including Ets-1 , STAT3 [12, 13], Smad3, AP-1 and C/EBPα could promote the initiation of integrin beta6 expression.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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290,368 |
Our study considered patients aged 50–69 years. This could limit the generalizability of our results to countries where screening is proposed to different age groups. However, 50–69 years is by far the most commonly used target for FIT-based screening programs worldwide (11). Anyway, we are confident that our study allows to depict the Italian scenario and to answer our research question on the impact of screening among patients of a homogeneous age group.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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62,770 |
For generic homopolymers, the sign and magnitude of ves are determined by the effective chain-solvent interactions, which in turn depend on the chemical makeup of the chain. For proteins, the interplay between chain-chain and chain-solvent interactions is specified by the amino acid sequence, whereby the composition and patterning of a disordered linker will determine the balance of chain-chain and chain-solvent interactions (Das et al., 2015; Holehouse et al., 2017; Martin et al., 2016). Therefore, the effective solvation volume of a disordered linker is determined directly by its primary sequence.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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97,613 |
IL-1β modulates the production of metabolites and enzymes of the kynurenine pathway. Treatment with IL-1β affected the kynurenine pathway by (a) increasing levels of kynurenine and quinolinic acid and decreasing levels of anthranilic acid released into the supernatant, and (b) up-regulating the expression of IDO, KMO, KYNU and ACMSD; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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305,422 |
To date, surgery is a treatment of last resort for irAE colitis. An emergency colectomy is usually performed due to perforation or toxic megacolon . A less aggressive therapeutic approach has occasionally been described and involves the formation of a defunctioning ileostomy without a large bowel resection in order to deviate the fecal stream instead of resecting the colon. In patients with severe acute IBD colitis, a colectomy is usually performed when conservative therapy fails. However, there may be room for construction of an ileostomy as an alternative in the emergency setting in selected cases in both CD and UC .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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32,161 |
hiPSC-MSCs-derived EVs (1012 particles) were suspended in 500 μl PBS (Exo + I/R group) and injected into rats immediately after the initiation of reperfusion via the inferior vena cava. The control group was only injected with 500 μl PBS. a Representative histopathologic images of kidney sections harvested at 48 h after reperfusion (H&E staining; scale bars, 100 μm). b Blood samples were collected; serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, MDA content, and SOD activity were evaluated. Data are presented as means ± SEM, n = 6 rats per group; statistical significance: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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122,007 |
The flight wings of insects are thin and membranous structures, reinforced by thicker and stiffer veins. Unlike birds and bats, insects have no muscles within the wings, complicating direct control over the aerofoil shape. Nevertheless, insect wings elastically deform (bend and twist) during flapping as a result of the inertial and aerodynamic forces that emerge from the flapping motion [23–25]. Although the direct flight muscles of insects act on the base of the wings to fine-tune wingbeat kinematics, much of the change in wing twist and camber within each flapping cycle is accomplished by the mechanical properties of the elastic wing structure [26–28]. The adaptation of a wing's mechanical properties for ‘automatic’ adjustment of twist and camber during flapping flight poses an intriguing question: To what extent are such deformations tuned to optimize flight for insects of the same species but varying in body size? This question poses a complicated problem because alteration in wingbeat kinematics probably leads to alteration in inertial and aerodynamic forces, leading to alteration in wing deformation. However, altered wing deformation in itself leads to alteration of the flows over the wing, thus altering the aerodynamic force. Hence, wing deformation and the resulting aerodynamic forces are interlinked, resulting in a complex interaction that is difficult to predict .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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25,106 |
For the two accessions raised in the greenhouse, tissues were flash frozen in liquid nitrogen prior to RNA extraction. Neustanthus phaseoloides (CPP02) was sampled for young leaves, young shoot tips, and buds. Unfortunately, kudzu never flowered in the greenhouse, so only young shoot tips and young leaves were harvested for CPP27. For the wild collected kudzu (Pmnk6), only young leaves were harvested. RNA extraction, cDNA library construction, and transcriptome sequencing were carried out as previously described . cDNA libraries from CPP27 and CPP02 were multiplexed with two other libraries not reported here across one titer plate on the Roche 454 Genome Sequencer FLX platform using Titanium chemistry at the Brigham Young University Sequencing Center (Provo, UT, US). Pmnk6 was also multiplexed with three other transcriptomes not reported here and sequenced using Roche 454 pyrosequencing, but using Roche’s next improvement on the titanium chemistry that produced reads ~ 800 bp long. The raw sequence data generated from CPP27, Pmnk6, and CPP02 were deposited at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under accession numbers SRR5925648, SRR5925647, and SRR5925649, respectively.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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24,678 |
To extend the antineoplastic profile of msFGFR2c to different types of cancer, we further determined the effects of msFGFR2c on lung cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. As shown in Figure 10A, NCI-H1299 cell line was FGFR1IIIc and FGFR2IIIb positive since high mRNA expression level of FGFR1IIIc was observed in NCI-H1299 cells, which was about 3-fold higher than that of FGFR2IIIb. While little or hardly any FGFR1IIIb and FGFR2IIIc were detected in NCI-H1299 cells. ELISA assays demonstrated that the concentration of FGF-2 reached 93 pg/mg in the cell culture medium and 1732pg/mg in the cell lysates. (Figure 10B). BrdU cell proliferation assay in Figure 10C showed that msFGFR2c significantly inhibited the proliferation of NCI-H1299 cells in the presence of FGF-2. Then we determined the expression levels of FGFR1 and phosphorylated FGFR1 after the treatment of msFGFR2c. The results showed that msFGFR2c significantly suppressed FGF-2-activated phosphorylation level of FGFR1 in NCI-H1299 cells (Figure 10D).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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176,450 |
Third, the maximum weight in Uw(:,2:end) is w¯=0.5086, which is Uw(8,4), as shown in Scheme 1c. As w¯>wb, obtain Uℓ(8,4)=203 and initialize CN=∅. Here, |ℒw¯|=1, x^=HkUm(8,4) and RNℓw¯(i)=8. As Vun<Uℓ(8,4)≤Vnew, it is the label of the unconfirmed component. Since w¯>wl, a new target status information is obtained by (27) and CN=[CN,4]. Via (32) and (33), Uw(8,:)=0 and Uw(:,4)=0, Scheme 1d is obtained.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
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4,119 |
In the zebrafish, three different chromatophores are defined: melanophores, iridiphores and xanthophores . More than 100 genes are known to affect pigmentations when mutated . Among these different mutant lines, various phenotypes are observed, such as ear development defects , and reduced overall size at 5 dpf . Whitfield et al. showed that some mutations on genes affecting the otoliths can induce defects in other parts of the zebrafish, such as the chromatophores or the cartilaginous element of the jaw. The inner ear and cranial bones have a cranial neural crest origin, whereas chromatophores originate from the trunk neural crest cells . In nacre mutants, we observed developmental abnormalities in the otoliths and in some cartilaginous bones of the jaw (ceratohyal bone, quadrate, pterosphenoid), in some dermal bones of the skull (parasphenoid and), and in the axial skeleton in the form of a delay in the formation of dermal bones (vertebrae) of mesodermal origin. The neural crest-mesoderm interface is described as a barrier that prevents the contact between the connective tissue precursors, but the mesoderm environment is involved in the regulation of cell movement . In vitro experiments have shown interaction between the neural crest cells and the mesoderm for inner ear formation . Our observations are consistent with the notion that the cranial neural crest, the trunk neural crest and the mesoderm strongly interact during skeleton development.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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100,459 |
Identification of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is important to elucidate protein functions and identify biological processes in a cell. The knowledge of PPIs can help people better understand disease mechanisms and drug designs. In the past several years, a large number of technologies have been developed for the large-scale analysis of PPIs. In general, there are three categories of methods for detecting PPIs: methods based on the information of evolution, methods based on natural language processing, and methods based on features of amino acid sequence.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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139,509 |
The compression of accuracy rate between resident and fellow was represented in Table 2. No significant differences were observed among them in almost all accuracies (P > 0.05), except for cup ± 1 size accuracy that residents were higher (68.9% vs. 59.1%; P = 0.043). Also, no significant difference was detected between the accuracy of templating performed in the first months with the second months of the arthroplasty course period (P > 0.05).Table 2Cup and stem size templating accuracy; comparing resident and fellowPatientsCup accuracy (N = 391)PatientsStem accuracy (N = 346) ± 0 ± 1 ± 2 ± 0 ± 1 ± 2Total391 (100%)28.9%63.9%83.1%346 (100%)27.2%61.0%78.6%Physician Resident193 (49.4%)30.1%68.9%85.5%163 (47.1%)28.2%57.7%78.5% Fellow198 (50.6%)27.8%59.1%80.8%183 (52.9%)26.2%63.9%78.7% P value*0.620.0430.220.680.230.97Month at arthroplasty course (first vs. second)273 (100%)238 (100%) First month118 (43.2%)26.3%71.2%89.0%100 (42.0%)31.0%58.0%76.0% Second month155 (56.8%)33.5%63.9%82.6%138 (58.0%)25.4%55.8%79.0% P value**0.200.200.140.340.740.59Fellow templating198 (100%)183 (100%) First 3-months114 (57.6%)30.7%63.2%85.1%106 (57.9%)24.5%63.2%79.2% Second 3-months84 (42.4%)23.8%53.6%75.0%77 (42.1%)28.6%64.9%77.9% P value*0.290.180.080.540.810.83Bold values are statistically significant valuesP value* = Chi-square test
| 4 | 0biomedical
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74,593 |
The literature showed that, one of the dimensions of FCCHC is education and information sharing with families. Healthcare personnel share the complete and unbiased information about the child and his/her treatment process with family in order to help them participate in the care and decision-making effectively. They also listen to family, their choices and perspectives. In the other words, information sharing is a 2-way and mutual process.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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154,110 |
PEs have been studied primarily in non–help-seeking, general population samples with prevalence rates conservatively estimated at ~7%. The overall risk associated with PEs for transition to clinical psychosis is estimated at ~8% [35, 36], but some studies report higher transition rates (e.g., ~25% ). The risk of transition depends on a number of factors such as the degree of persistence of the PEs, the presence of affective symptoms, and environmental factors [28, 79].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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14,318 |
Data were first fitted to second order polynomials and the fit was then compared to a first order polynomial fit, which was chosen when p > 0.05 for the second order equation. The p given in figures with first order and second order fits indicate that the slope is significantly different from 0 or that second order fits are significantly better than first order fits, respectively. n.s., not significant.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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391,935 |
Surgery, by design, involves incisions and tissue manipulation. These interventions cause discomfort at best, and intractable pain at worst. Veterinarians are increasingly aware of the need to identify and treat pain, but are often presented with challenges, sometimes brought about by their underlying attitudes (14–16). There are even some misconceptions on how different dog breeds perceive pain (17). Aside from the concerns surrounding ameliorating pain, one must also consider the role that pain plays in problem behaviors (18).
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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353,412 |
The tumor microenvironment has a tremendous impact on the behavior of cancer cells. CAFs, which are part of the tumor microenvironment, are particularly important . By secreting factors that alter cancer cell activities they contribute to tumor progression . Here, the effect of the CAF-secretome (CAF-CM) on the transcription factor Sox2 in breast cancer cells was investigated. The rationale behind this study was the overwhelming evidence that this embryonal stem cell factor is involved in tumor growth, CSC activity and drug resistance . Short-term as well as long-term effects of CAF-CM on MCF-7 breast cancer cells were examined. Experiments with prolonged exposure are important, as, in tumor patients, cancer cells are permanently in contact with their microenvironment. While short-term administration resulted in moderate upregulation of the Sox2 protein expression, long-term treatment yielded partly in huge Sox2 levels. Withdrawal of CAF-CM after long-term treatment had little effect on these high Sox2 level. This suggests that prolonged CAF-CM treatment resulted in permanently high Sox2 expression. While CAF-CM caused a rise in the Sox2 level in all cells of the MCF-7/AnD5 sublines and additionally increased the number of Sox2hi cells, it affected only certain fractions of cells in the BT474 and T47D cell lines. In these cell lines, three types of Sox2-expresser could be distinguished, Sox2hi, Sox2low cells, and cells with no Sox2 expression. In T47D, CAF-CM increased the proportion of both Sox2hi and Sox2low cells by ~60-fold, whereas, in BT474, it raised the proportion of only Sox2low cells by ~3-fold. The percentage of cells expressing Sox2 after CAF-CM treatment rose to 37% in the BT474 and to 2.8% in the T47D population. Hence, in all three ERα-positive breast cancer cell lines studied, CAF-CM induced Sox2 expression, but to a different degree.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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188,597 |
Protein values were considered missing if they fell outside the range of detection. A threshold for missingness for any biomarker was then set so that if any particular protein was outside the limit of detection for more than 50 patients (i.e., 30% missingness), then that protein would be excluded from analysis. This thresholding resulted in 15 biomarkers removed from analysis due to missingness. Fifty-seven biomarkers were subsequently included for analysis. For those remaining proteins, we then applied a constant-value imputation approach: for protein levels that were below the limit of quantification (LOQ), a value lower LOQ × 0.5 was imputed using the LOQ of the respective protein. For those above the LOQ, the upper LOQ value was used. By removing high-missingness variables prior to imputation with constant values, we reduce the likelihood of misrepresenting the relationship between the measured proteins and injury outcome that were the result from technical limitations of the assay.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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131,289 |
Chen et al. proposed another model to estimate the future response to the first-line treatment in PBC patients . In this case, the authors defined the treatment response based on the Barcelona criteria combined with the Paris I criteria. Although similar predictive variables were used, the reported discrimination ability was lower than these of the URS model (AUROC 0.763 (95% CI: 0.701–0.817) and 0.798 (95% CI: 0.681–0.887) in internal and external validation, respectively). The authors did not report on any measures of the model's calibration. We were not able to validate or compare the predictive performance of this model due to the inability to evaluate the treatment response as defined by Paris I criteria.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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205,819 |
Such insights into the functional basis of microbial interactions of the Ustilaginales, where members of the same species can either be plant pathogens or beneficial epiphytes, show us that there might be no clearly demarcated barrier between organisms which behave as a pathogen and a plant-protecting microbe (i.e. a pathogen’s antagonist). Similarly, different strains of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum can act as microbial antagonists against other F. oxysporum strains (van Dam et al., 2016). The differences in their lifestyle have traced back to the effector repertoire, with the epi-/endophytic strains having fewer or no host-specific effectors (de Lamo and Takken, 2020). Moesziomyces sp., however, encodes a fully equipped set of effector genes (Eitzen et al., 2020, Preprint), including a functional homolog of the U. maydis core virulence effector Pep1 (Sharma et al., 2019). This evidence suggests that anamorphic Ustilaginales yeasts have the potential to form infectious filamentous structures (Kruse et al., 2017) and at the same time raises the question of which factors drive the adaptation of these organisms to either a pathogenic or an epiphytic lifestyle.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
278,486 |
The Marshall-Lerner condition stipulates that a country's trade balance is positively affected by the depreciation of her currency when the absolute export demand elasticity plus the import counterpart is bigger than 1 (Bahmani et al., 2013). Magee (1973) documented that the aforesaid impact can manifest after some period of time during which the trade balance declines and thus proposed the term “J-curve” effect. Since then, manifold studies have devoted to examine the J-curve effect as well as the link between exchange rate and trade balance in various countries and reported different findings (Bahmani-Oskooee and Ratha, 2004; Bahmani-Oskooee and Hegerty, 2010; Phong et al., 2019a).
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
63,096 |
Breast cancer incidence, prevalence, survival and mortality data between 1990 and 2014 were obtained from the Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization (IKNL) and the National Cancer Registry (NCR) .As survival data within this database is generated in cohorts, most recent 10-year survival was available until 2009. Additionally, data was available for up to 4-year survival in the latest cohort (2010–2013). Tumors in this registry are coded according to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O). Regarding multiple primary cancers, the registry follows the guidelines developed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the International Association of Cancer Registries (IACR). In this study we differentiate between early, locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer based on the Tumour Node Metastasis (TNM) classification and IACR guidelines [11, 12] .Stage 0 (DCIS) and Stage I were defined as early breast cancer, stages II to III as locally advanced breast cancer, and stage IV was labeled as metastatic breast cancer. In the performed analyses (see below), the results are reported per separate stage where possible. This distinction was made based on the differences in treatment guidelines with recommendations ranging from breast-conserving surgery to mastectomy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or a combination of different treatments in stage IV [13, 14].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
302,689 |
Primary study endpoint was recurrence-free survival (RFS) after 12 months. Recurrence-free survival is defined as the time interval between the date of randomization and the date of recurrence or death (= target event) or the last known alive date without recurrence (i.e., patients who are alive and recurrence-free at the time of an analysis will be censored for recurrence-free survival at the time of their last contact). Recurrence was defined as urothelial cancer detected in follow-up visit and subsequently resected by TURB and verified as urothelial cancer by histopathology. In this non-inferiority trial, the hypothesis of the primary endpoint can be formulated as\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\text{H}}_{0} :{\text{ HR}}_{{{\text{RFS}}\left( {{\text{Hexvix vs White}} - {\text{light}}} \right)}} {\mkern 1mu} \ge {\mkern 1mu} {1}.{\text{676 vs}}.{\text{ H}}_{{1}} :{\text{ HR}}_{{{\text{RFS}}\left( {{\text{Hexvix vs White}} - {\text{light}}} \right)}} {\mkern 1mu} < {\mkern 1mu} {1}.{676}. $$\end{document}H0:HRRFSHexvix vs White-light≥1.676 vs.H1:HRRFSHexvix vs White-light<1.676.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
148,077 |
In presenting our findings, we distinguish between two types of mConsulting services: Those delivered through nationally/regionally available provider platforms run by commercial companies, government agencies or non-governmental organisations (NGOs), using written communication (text messaging, app-based information and web chats) audio and/or video channels. Consultants include real people and algorithm-driven computers andmConsulting undertaken by local healthcare workers using their phones to speak to community members using their phones. Health workers include pharmacists, community health workers, nurses, clinical officers and doctors.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
346,514 |
To further confirm the function of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in contextual fear memory, MCC950, a selective inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome [49, 50], was administrated to mice, as shown in Fig. 4a. Consistent with the results in Nlrp3−/−mice, treatment of MCC950 showed no effect in mice under normal conditions (without foot shocks) (Fig. 4b; ANOVA: F(1, 24) = 0.27, p = 0.61). Moreover, a similar level of contextual fear response was induced by electric foot shocks in both saline- and MCC950-recipient mice (Fig. 4b, Fig. S4c, t test, p = 0.978). However, two-way ANOVA on the fear responses throughout the four extinction training days revealed a significantly enhanced fear memory extinction in MCC950-recipient mice (extinction, F(3, 61) = 14.26, p < 0.01; MCC950, F(1, 61) = 6.194, p < 0.05; interaction, F(3,61) = 0.815, p = 0.49). On test day 4 (after 3 extinction trainings), MCC950-recipient mice displayed significant lower fear response than saline-recipient mice (Fig. S4d; t test, p < 0.05). In the EPM and OF tests, MCC950 treatment significantly rescued the behavioral preference induced by foot shock compared with saline, as evidenced by significant higher entries, time spent, and distance traveled at the open arms and center area, respectively (Fig. 4c-j). Meanwhile, no significant difference in the anxiety-like behavior was detected at the normal condition between MCC950- and saline-recipient mice. The above results demonstrate that the inhibition of the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome also enhances the process of fear memory extinction and attenuates anxiety-like behavior induced by electric foot shock in contextual fear memory. Fig. 4Administration of MCC950 enhances fear extinction and attenuates anxiety-like behavior. a Trial schematic for MCC950 administration (1 mg/kg), contextual fear memory paradigm, extinction training, and behavior tests. b Fear responses of 4 extinction training days. Saline/Ctrl, n = 4; MCC950/Ctrl, n = 4; saline/FS, n = 7; MCC950/FS, n = 12. c Representative image of mice track plot in EPM test. d-f EPM test after 4 extinction trainings. Saline/Ctrl, n = 8; MCC950/Ctrl, n = 8; saline/FS, n = 7; MCC950/FS, n = 9. g Representative image of mice track plot in OF test. h-j OF test after 4 extinction trainings. Saline/Ctrl, n = 8; MCC950/Ctrl, n = 8; saline/FS, n = 7; MCC950/FS, n = 9. Data shown are mean ± SEM. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (b), two-way ANOVA (b), and t test (d-f, h-j). NS, no significance; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
55,824 |
In this study, we explored whether long-term PBM had any impact, beneficial or deleterious, on gliosis and/or neuronal survival in aging. We chose the caudate-putamen complex, or striatum, of the basal ganglia for investigation mainly because of our long-standing interest in Parkinson's disease (El Massri et al., 2016a, El Massri et al., 2016b, Shaw et al., 2010), and that it represents a central “hub” of functional neurotransmission for many other neural centers, from the cerebral cortex to the thalamus and to all the other nuclei in the basal ganglia (Parent and Hazrati, 1995). Furthermore, except for features of the dopaminergic system (Darbin, 2012), few studies have explored the glial and neuronal organization of the striatum, together with the greater basal ganglia, in aging. Indeed, no previous study has explored the effects of PBM in this key brain area in aging. To this end, we examined several cellular structures of the striatum, namely, the 2 types of glial cells (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]+ astrocytes and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 [IBA1]+ microglia), 2 types of neurons (parvalbumin [Pv]+ and encephalopsin [Eno]+), and 1 type of termination (tyrosine hydroxylase [TH]+). In general, by using these striatal structures as examples, we aimed to gain insight into the overall age-related changes evident in the basal ganglia and the impact after PBM.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
37,643 |
Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 7. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. For comparisons, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed followed by post hoc tests for within group comparisons (Dunn’s test, or Bonferroni test). For comparisons of two independent groups, student’s t-tests was used. Statistically significant differences are indicated in the figures by *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01 and ***p ≤ 0.001.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
7,737 |
Weight loss experiments were carried out for different concentrations of the inhibitor (50–500 ppm), different immersion times (2–8 h) and different temperatures (308–338 K) in 100 ml of 15% HCl solution. Every sample was weighed by an electronic balance before exposing it to the acid solution (100 ml). After immersion, the samples were cleaned by sodium bicarbonate solution, followed by rinsing with acetone, and the sample was weighed again in order to calculate the inhibition efficiency (η%) and the corrosion rate (CR). The inhibition efficiency and the surface coverage (θ) were determined by using the following equations : 2.1θ=w0−wiw0 and 2.2η%=w0−wiw0×100, where wi and w0 are the weight loss values in the presence and absence of inhibitor, respectively.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
340,134 |
It has been proposed that beige adipocytes could have utility as a cell therapeutic for treating T2D by serving to normalize circulating blood glucose levels. One of the main obstacles preventing the use of thermogenic adipocytes in a cell therapy setting, however, is the availability of a sufficiently pure cell source with functional characteristics that enable translational development5. Although several reports have described the generation of brown and beige adipocytes from human pluripotent stem cells10,18–21, none of these reports demonstrate utility in clinical development because of inefficient differentiation, genetic modifications, and/or lack of in vivo functional validation. Two previous reports22,23 describe the generation of beige cells from human ADSCs but these methods are inefficient and generate cell populations of uncharacterized composition. Moreover, in vivo activity of these cells has not been previously been reported. A functional, defined source of beige adipocytes would also have significant potential for the development of new pharmacological and natural product-based therapeutics in the T2D and obesity areas4,5,24. The “cell source” problem described above however, has severely limited this approach25.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
194,620 |
The unaffected limb of the lymphedema patients may have the disease with only mild or no symptoms, and the impedance may fluctuate with posture, lifestyle, or rehabilitation program. Hence, there are fluctuations in the bioimpedance of the contralateral unaffected limb in our study. Nevertheless, most of them displayed no significant changes (Figure 3). The increase in bioimpedance should be an indicator of lymphedema reduction. However, there was a lack of significant correlation between reduction in limb circumference and increase in limb bioimpedance in our study. Since the circumference measurement cannot reflect the practical ratio of extracellular water to intracellular water, the result could be interfered easily with the changes in soft tissue components, causing it difficult to evaluate localized lymphedema and demonstrate the improvement and severity of lymphedema.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
335,904 |
In this study, the DWV vectors were constructed using a full-length infectious cDNA clone of DWV by inserting sequences coding for the egfp reporter gene using a novel arrangement, which has not been applied to constructing picorna-like vectors previously , and included the insertion of a foreign gene into DWV ORF between the sequences coding for the leader protein (LP) and the structural virus protein (VP2). This novel arrangement of the foreign gene insertion did not disrupt replication or encapsidation. While we have shown the value of this approach for the expression of the reporter protein, the same approach might be applied for expressing other proteins or RNA molecules important for functional studies or even for maintaining honey bee health. Indeed, the potential of genetically modified bacteria for providing disease-modulating dsRNA for honey bees has been shown recently , and it is quite possible that DWV-based vectors might be enlisted for the same role.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
75,493 |
To determine if there was a functional category of genes differentially expressed due to the transgenes, we performed Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis (Fig. 3b) using expressed genes as the reference, and selected all terms that were enriched in one of the clusters. The enriched terms were associated with proteolysis, various aspects of amino acid or carbohydrate metabolism, transport, and pheromones. The genes regulated by all three of the transgenes (clusters 1) were enriched for genes encoding typsins with serine-type endopeptidase function (e.g., Serine protease 6). The genes down-regulated following lilli RNAi or Su(Tpl) RNAi but not Cdk9 DN induction (clusters 2 and 3) were also enriched in genes encoding proteolysis functions in addition to metabolic, sensory, and transport functions. We show two examples of gene groups encoding important digestive enzymes that were down-regulated by transgene induction: the Lysosomal alpha-mannosidase (LMan) genes (Fig. 3c) and chymotrypsin encoding Jonah genes (Fig. 3d). We found that these genes required lilli and Su(Tpl) (but not Cdk9) for high level expression (clusters 2 and 3). They also both showed strongly midgut-biased expression in wild-type flies , and their wild-type functions involve carbohydrate hydrolysis in mannose production and proteolysis (serine-type endopeptidase activity) respectively.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
57,412 |
The application of copulas in credit risk has thrived in recent years. One of the first and most influential contributions to this field was given in . Li put forward a method to determine default correlations and—without going into detail—modeled dependences in credit risk by means of Gaussian copulas. In contrast, we run Monte-Carlo simulations of credit portfolio losses with empirical input and analyze the resulting empirical copulas in detail. Moreover, we study the deviations from Gaussian copulas. Even though Gaussian copulas—which boil down to a linear correlation of Gaussian variables—are often inadequate, we will also consider the loss correlation coefficients as a crude measure for the dependence from time to time.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
176,041 |
In terms of the associations between the perceived safety of nighttime walking on campus and participants’ demographics (e.g., age, school year, and months at the university), walking environment (e.g., number of companions), perceptual factors (perception of the walking environment), and psychological factors (e.g., anxiety and psychological distress), when the music-listening and non-music-listening groups were compared, these two groups showed similarities and differences. For both groups, the variables of age, duration at university, and number of companions were not correlated with their perception at a significant level. However, how they perceived their walking environment (i.e., perception of image control/management and territoriality) was positively correlated with perceived safety for both groups at a significant level. The finding that the number of people accompanying a participant on their nighttime walk was not as influential in determining their feelings of safety as their perception of the space being free of strangers gives rise to the need to consider the perceived environment as well as physical environment for CPTED. This is especially important for university campuses, where the perception of crime may not accurately reflect crime statistics. This aligns with the discussion of defensible space from the CPTED perspective , which applies to the general community. This concept emphasizes people’s (users or residents) perceptions of a space as being an agent for influencing their reactions to that space . One such perception of a space involves ownership, which has been highlighted in multiple studies , and for this perception, various strategies, including supportive activities, were suggested to encourage safe activity and thereby discourage illegitimate or criminal activity. As such, the efforts to promote supportive activities are increasing , and this preliminary study presents implications for how to incorporate music into environmental design for university campuses to influence students’ perceptions of their campus and their psychological state.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
213,994 |
We identified a subset of mutations from the assembly and NGS data that are recurrent variants in the spike protein. Van Dorp et al. have already reported such recurrent variants in SARS-CoV-2 evolution, which is a likely phenomenon of positive selection signifying the adaption of SARS-CoV-2 in human hosts. Furthermore, most recurrent variants show no evidence in increase of viral transmission and are likely induced by host immunity through RNA editing mechanisms . However, some variants might significantly influence SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infectivity. Among such variants, the non-synonymous D614G mutation has become most prevalent among several populations. We identified around 99.1% of the samples with a D614G variant, which supports a previous theory of an increasing frequency of the D614G variant in the global pandemic . Studies show evidence that the D614G variant is associated with high levels of viral RNA in COVID-19 patients, suggesting a role of D614G mutations in enhancing the viral infectivity in patients [34, 38–40]. In contrast to these findings, it remains unclear whether the D614G variant makes the infections more severe or may impact vaccine design , as the viral load does not correlate with disease severity and the variant is not in the RBD of the spike protein, which interacts with the human ACE2 protein.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
236,382 |
A custom image processing program was written in MATLAB (Natick, MA) to quantify morphological features of branching phenotypes. Maximum intensity projections of confocal z‐stacks were processed using ImageJ (NIH). Next, images were exported as JPEG files and imported into MATLAB. RFP signal was used to identify network features. Masked image segments were enumerated and evaluated for percent coverage, branch length, and branch points.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
127,399 |
Histological findings of the artificial ulcer after ESD in esophagectomy specimen of the Non-TA group. a Histological findings of the resected specimen around the artificial ulcer of one representative case. The disrupted part of the muscularis mucosae indicates the boundary of the artificial ulcer (black arrow). The dotted line indicates the ESD ulcer scar. In the artificial ulcers’ scar, sufficient volume of fibrous tissue is found beneath the regenerated epithelium. The thickness of the muscularis propria layer is not very different from that of the normal esophageal wall. All other Non-TA group specimens had similar subepithelial fibrous tissue thickness. EVG, original magnification × 20. b Histological findings of the artificial ulcer of another case in higher magnification. Muscularis mucosae is not found in the area. Under the regenerated epithelium, thick subepithelial fibrous tissue is observed. The muscularis propria layer is thick. HE, original magnification × 40. Sq squamous epithelium, ReEp regenerated epithelium, MM muscularis mucosae, MP muscularis propria, CM circular muscle, LM longitudinal muscle, SF subepithelial fibrous tissue, EVG Elastica van Gieson staining, HE hematoxylin and eosin staining
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
13,380 |
We firstly report the results for those datasets using four different classification algorithms, i.e. Random Forests (RF) ; Adaptive-Boosting (AdaBoost) ; k-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) ; and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) (see S1 Text). Note that, we also report the results obtained by the best-performing classification algorithm (Opt-Classifier) for each GO term, in order to alleviate the bias on choosing different classification algorithms. Then we report the results for evaluating our newly-proposed Drosophila-specific protein function prediction method, FFPred-fly+, exploits the best-performing types of features for individual GO term domains.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
376,617 |
The biosynthesis of ACh has been well established in neurons. In brief, extracellular choline is imported via CHT1, catalyzed into ACh with mitochondria-derived acetyl-CoA by ChAT in the cytoplasm. The ACh is then packaged into vesicles and released via VAChT. However, the biosynthesis and release of ACh in tuft cells remains largely unknown. So far, only the expression of ChAT on tuft cells, and the release of ACh from tuft cells have been experimentally validated (Ting and von Moltke, 2019; Hollenhorst et al., 2020). On account of the absence of VAChT and CHT1 in gastrointestinal tuft cells, we highly deduce that, except the canonical biosynthesis pathway of ACh, tuft cells may synthesize and release ACh through different pathways (Figure 1).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
42,130 |
Concerning adiposity (Table 2), we found an effect of sex on perirenal, perigonadal and abdominal fat, and perirenal and perigonadal fat percentage relative to body weight. An effect of perinatal diet on perirenal, perigonadal and abdominal fat, as well as their respective percentage relative to body weight was found. Interaction between sex and perinatal diet was specifically observed in perirenal fat weight and the percentage of perirenal fat relative to body weight. Particularly, PC males exhibited an increase in perirenal and abdominal fat weights as well as their respective percentages relative to body weight compared to CC males (**/*** p<0.01/0.001). PC females only showed an increase in perigonadal fat percentage with respect to CC females ($ p<0.05). Moreover, CC and PC females exhibited a decrease in the perirenal, perigonadal and abdominal fat weights compared to the respective CC (**/*** p<0.01/0.001) and PC (##/### p<0.01/0.001) males (Table 2).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
182,061 |
Csf1rko mice were reported to have enlarged spleens and evidence of extramedullary hematopoiesis . This is not the case in Csf1rko rats. Given the apparent lack of macrophages within hematopoietic islands in the fetal liver (Fig 1) we were especially interested in resident BM macrophages, which are believed to be an essential component of the hematopoietic niche . As previously reported in outbred animals , the inbred Csf1rko rats were entirely deficient in osteoclasts expressing tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) (not shown). However, IBA1+ positive island macrophages were detectable in the residual BM cavity of Csf1rko rats at 7 weeks with similar stellate morphology to WT (Fig 11A).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
122,930 |
CD4+CD25brightFoxP3+ Treg cells, similar to conventional CD4+ T cells, express specific coinhibitory and costimulatory receptors involved in signaling pathways that modulate their functions. One such receptor is programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), which is expressed upon T cell activation, and provides a negative feedback to the effector functions of T cells during inflammation. It was recently demonstrated28 that human circulating Treg cells expressing high amounts of PD-1 are impaired in their ability to suppress CD4+ effector T cells. Indeed, high PD-1 expression identifies a population of dysfunctional, IFNγ-producing Treg cells, which are present also in healthy individuals, and which have been found to be expanded in tumor infiltrating Treg cells in malignant gliomas28. Thus, to further characterize the features of circulating Treg in MS individuals, we evaluated the expression of PD-1 in CD4+CD25brightCD45RA− cells by flow cytometry, in PBMCs obtained from MS and HD. As shown, this subset comprises the majority of FoxP3+CD39+ effector Treg cells. Results show that Treg cells from MS patients express significantly higher levels of PD-1 compared to HDs (Fig. 5a and b), denoting an exhausted and dysfunctional status. Expression of PD-1 by the other Treg subsets was comparable between patients and healthy controls (not shown).Figure 5PD-1 expression measured as percent of positive cells (a) or MFI (b). PD-1 expression was measured on cells gated on blue dots: healthy donors (n = 12); red dots: MS patients (n = 13). Statistical comparisons were performed by Student’s unpaired T test. Cells were gated on CD4+CD25brightFoxP3-exon2+ *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
53,728 |
Physico-chemical water quality parameters were measured in situ using a YSI Professional Plus handheld multiparameter instrument (YSI Inc., Yellow Springs, OH), a VWR turbidity meter model No. 66120-200 (VWR, Radnor, PA) and a Swoffer 3000 current meter (Swoffer Instrumentsz, Seattle, WA). Total coliform and E. coli counts were determined using Colilert-24 (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME). Chemical analysis included dissolved chloride (mg/L) and ammonia (mg/L) using automated colorimetric (SM-4500-Cl G) and phenate methods (SM-4500-NH3 G) . Additionally, nutrients (orthophosphates, nitrites, and nitrates) were analyzed following methods described by Murphy and Riley and Wood et al. , respectively.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
87,576 |
All manipulations were performed under a nitrogen atmosphere by standard Schlenk techniques or in an MBraun Labmaster glovebox. Glassware was dried at 150 °C overnight. Diethyl ether, n-pentane and tetrahydrofuran were purified by the Glass Contour solvent purification system. Deuterated benzene was first dried with CaH2, then over Na/benzophenone, and then vacuum transferred into a storage container. Before use, an aliquot of each solvent was tested with a drop of sodium benzophenone ketyl in THF solution. The tris(carbene)borate ligand precursor, PhB(MesImH)3OTf2, was prepared according to a literature procedure.131H NMR data were recorded on a Varian Inova 400 MHz spectrometer at 20 °C. Resonances in the 1H NMR spectra are referenced to residual C6D5H at δ = 7.16 ppm. IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum Two spectrometer in THF solution. Cyclic voltammograms were measured using a CH Instruments Model 600B Series Electrochemical Analyzer/workstation in a glovebox with a glassy carbon working electrode. Elemental analysis data were collected by Midwest Microlab, LLC (Indianapolis, IN).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
311,825 |
The (u, v, w) kinematic variables, i.e., the orthogonal components of the mid-surface displacement vector u given by Equation (8), can be interpolated using translation DOF (ui, vi, wi) of control points and the same NURBS basis functions Ri(ξ) used for the physical geometry discretization. These interpolations are explicitly given as: (24a)u=∑iRiuie (24b)uie=uiviwiT (i=1,2,…,ncp)
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
148,775 |
Many trial descriptions are written in medical terms and may lack cultural considerations as well. Despite efforts to organize information into readable, comprehensive sections on Trials Today, we are not able to control the wording used in trial descriptions. The issues faced by people with lower health literacy have been shown to result in lower rates of use of clinical trial search engines .
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
90,251 |
MBP can be detected already 1.5–8.0 h after injury (Yamazaki et al., 1995), but MBP peaks somewhat slower than S100β and NSE (Berger et al., 2005, 2006). Serum MBP remains elevated for even up to 2 weeks (Thomas et al., 1978). The time course of MBP was shown to be different in various types of TBI; in pediatric patients, serum MBP peaks later in inflicted TBI compared with noninflicted TBI (Berger et al., 2005, 2006). Specific temporal patterns thus may help in distinguishing brain injury induced by child abuse from accident-based brain injuries.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
285,735 |
sgRNA was transcribed from a sgRNA-coding PCR product with a 5′ T7 promoter sequence using HiScribe T7 Quick High yield RNA Synthesis kit (NEB) (Tables S1 and S2). The transcription reaction was performed at 37 °C overnight and then purified by phenol: chloroform extraction, followed by ethanol precipitation. Purified sgRNA was quantified by spectrometry and stored at −80 °C.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
199,743 |
Bone scintigraphy was mentioned in 14 of 20 guidelines (70%). It was recommended on a case-by-case basis by 12 guidelines,3,4,25,35,36,37,38,43,44,45,46,48 for children 2 years and older by 1 guideline,37 as a complementary test in case of negative radiological skeletal survey results and if the suspicion of abuse remained high by 10 guidelines,3,4,25,35,36,38,44,45,46,48 without giving more details by 1 guideline,43 and not recommended by 2 guidelines.5,41
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
239,304 |
Lastly, it is important to highlight supramolecular sensing methods that rely on changes in electrical properties such as via impedance measurements and field effect transistors (FETs). Supramolecular sensing of enantiomeric composition using field-effect transistors (FET) has been reported with cyclodextrin-functionalized silicon nanowire FET (Si NWFET) (Duan et al., 2013). The supramolecular interface of this device was able to distinguish L- and D-enantiomers of thyroxine molecules (Figure 8). The reported affinity constants for L- and D-thyroxine are 1.02 ± 105 M−1 and 7.11 ± 108 M−1, respectively. The involved mechanism shed the light on supramolecular interface built by functionalization of Si NWFET with cyclodextrin to benefit both practical device design and fundamental research study. Another example of supramolecular FET-based sensing was demonstrated with CB derivatives to detect amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) (Jang et al., 2017). This OFET-based wireless sensoring platform offered a sensitive, flexible, and rapid approach for real-time liquid phase ATS detection. The limit of detection generated by this supramolecular biosensor was on the picomolar range, showing the highest sensitivity towards ATS to date. Moreover, the OFET based mechanism enables the feasibility to fabricate this portable and miniaturized sensor to drive the development of on-site real-time detection. Currently, there are several other macrocyclic receptors used in electrical sensors not only for solution-based analytes, but also for vapors. Calixarenes, porphyrins, and cyclodextrins are among those that have demonstrated good selectivity and fast readouts when coupled with electrical transducers for biosensing (Phillips et al., 2020).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
306,078 |
In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that aspirin had anti-inflammatory effects, effectively reduced the expression of inflammatory factors, inhibited myocardial apoptosis, and had a certain protective effect on the prevention of MH. This study may provide experimental evidence for the clinical treatment of MH.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
129,445 |
In the FR5 record, the transition to B/A, lasting from 14.81 ± 0.03 to 14.33 ± 0.04 ka BP, is centered at 14.57 ka BP and lasted 480 ± 50 years (Figs. 8, 9A). However, the gradual multicentennial enhancement of the ASM differs from the abrupt 40 year warming in Greenland (c′ in Fig. 8A)46, but consistent to the gradually strengthen of ISM (c′ in Fig. 8B)47. These slow low-latitude hydroclimatic responses could require a long adjustment time to the dominant hemispheric-scale thermal forcing from Greenland11. In addition, the consistency between the NGRIP and FR5 records during the period of YD and B/A, (a′, b′ and c′ in Fig. 8) validates the accuracy of GICC05 chronology (Table 1).Figure 9Stalagmite and marine records for H1, H2, and H3. (A–C) Furong δ18O records (red) with the best fits from the RAMPFIT program25. 230Th ages and errors are given by record. (D–F) The records of the ice-rafted detritus (IRD) (black lines with solid diamonds) and magnetic susceptibility (MS) (gray lines with hollow circles) are derived from marine sediment core SU8118 in the North Atlantic1. 14C ages with their errors (in black) are given by record.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
47,028 |
Expansion of NKp44+NK cells in PB, SF, and synovial tissues of patients with RA. (A, B) Cells were prepared from PB and SF of patients with RA, KOA, and normal controls (NC) and were then stained for CD3, CD56, and NKp44. Lymphocytes were defined by the forward and side scatter gates (Gates-1). NK cells were defined by CD3-CD56+ lymphocytes (Gates-2-Q1). The proportion of NKp44+NK cells marked with NKp44-positive NK cells was penned in Gates-3. The representative flow chart (A) and statistical analysis (B) are shown. ∗∗∗P < 0.001. (C) Representative dual-labeling immunofluorescence shows that CD56+ (green) cells express in both RA and KOA synovial tissues, while NKp44+ (red) cells express only in RA. NKp44+NK cells with coexpressed CD56 and NKp44 show a round to oval morphology (white). Original magnifications were ×200. The results represent 3 independent experiments. KOA = knee osteoarthritis, NC = normal controls, NK = natural killer, PB = peripheral blood, RA = rheumatoid arthritis, SF = synovial fluid.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
396,942 |
MSCs were seeded in 96 well plates and treated with increasing concentrations of CM-272. MTT was added at a final concentration of 0.5 mg/ml and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. Cells were then washed with PBS and incubated in the dark for 10 min in the presence of dimethyl sulphoxide. Absorbance at 570 nm was measured utilizing the Multiskan Sky Microplate Spectrophotometer.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
205,109 |
Researchers interviewed national and sub-national officials from the Ministries of Health and Agriculture in each country using purposive sampling, targeting officials responsible for AI or zoonoses (May–September 2019). We conducted interviews with poultry owners utilising a convenience sample targeting smallholder poultry owners in areas with a recent outbreak of AI in Cambodia and Vietnam. In Laos, large-scale poultry farmers, often without experience of an outbreak, were targeted.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
26,038 |
No explanatory variants were found for most of the loci (suggestively) linked to LVH, for which there are a number of potential explanations. Linkage peaks are not precise in highlighting the location of the causal variant; even the region of interest cannot be easily pinpointed. Additionally, we did not take into account alternative mechanisms, such as structural and copy number variations (CNVs) or repeats in the linkage regions. Lastly, causal rare variants may be located outside the coding sequence, which we did not include in our sequencing analyses.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
214,115 |
GR is substrate of multiple protein kinases including cycling-dependent kinases (CDKs), AKT, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β as well as all MAPKs (Figure 4). While it is accepted that GR phosphorylation is crucial for its functional impact, the in vivo relevance at some sites is still controversial. In addition to cell-type specificity clues, reported differences might be due to the requirement of multiple GR PTMs to drive functional specificity. For example, GR phosphorylation has a prominent role in receptor turnover mediated by K419 ubiquitination .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
144,996 |
The ligand DB14770 exhibited the highest frequency of total interactions, followed by DB12121, DB03916, and NCI106112 (Fig 8). Detailed calculations identified Glu4 and Arg6 as residues strongly H-bonded to DB14770 with a high frequency of 322% and 290%, respectively. These amino acids also had ionic interactions with the occupation of more than 100%. In addition, DB14770 was found to interact with the key residue Leu5 (131%) by hydrophobic contact and one non-hot-spot Lys3 (190%) through electrostatic interaction. The analysis indicated that DB14770 took part in the number of interactions, especially establishing potent hydrogen bonds with IL-8 active site residues, and the binding strength of this compound was outstanding.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
162,853 |
The enzymatic activity of the recombinant enzymes against XOS (xylobiose, xylotriose, and xylotetraose) was performed in 100 µL sodium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 5.7) containing 10 mM substrate and 1.3 µM enzyme at 45 °C for various times (15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, and overnight). After each incubation time, the reaction was terminated by heating to 100 °C for 5 min and then analysed by TLC and HPAEC-ED. TLC was conducted using butanol:ethanol:water (5:3:2, v/v/v) as a mobile phase, and sugars were visualised by spraying the TLC with 5% H2SO4 in ethanol, followed by heating. For HPAEC-ED, a Dionex CarboPac PA1 guard column (2 mm × 50 mm) and Dionex CarboPac PA1 analytical column (4 mm × 250 mm) were used with a flow rate of 1 mL/min, using 200 or 150 mM NaOH as a mobile phase in an isocratic mode.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
209,228 |
When the genotype inferred from the X and Y chromosomes doesn’t match that reported by the participant then this is known as sex discordance. Although it could be due to gender reassignment or sex-chromosome aneuploidy it could also indicate unreliable data and individuals with sex discordance are therefore generally excluded. The genetically determined sex of individuals in UK Biobank is made available in UKB Data Field 22001 16 and can be compared to the gender reported at baseline, UKB Data Field 31 17 .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
222,351 |
Artificial neural networks cover several architectures, one of which is convolutional neural networks. A convolutional neural network, by definition, has one or more layers of convolution units. Therefore, convolutional neural networks reduce computational complexity and ensure translational invariance.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
386,115 |
Combining TMS and EEG (TMS-EEG) of M1 has the potential to measure cortical function while limiting peripheral confounds. During EEG recording, a TMS stimulus delivered over M1 results in a transient waveform known as the TMS-evoked potential (TEP). The TEP is thought to represent a mixture of several different signals, including, but is not limited to, the physiological response of cortical stimulation, cranial muscle activation artifacts and sensory artifacts from the auditory click of the TMS coil . After removal of muscle and sensory artifacts, a TEP waveform emerges that appears to be largely consistent across different research groups. The TEP after M1 stimulation consists of a number of peaks and troughs that are labelled by their deflection (negative or positive) and the time after TMS stimulus—N15, P30, N45, P55, N100 and P180 . Simultaneous measurement of MEPs has allowed the M1 TEP to be placed in the framework and the existing literature of MEPs and has given insight into the origin of these peaks. Earlier peaks such as the N15 and P30 scale with corticospinal excitability (CSE) , whereas the latter peaks (N45 and P100) are specifically modulated under GABAergic, pharmacologic manipulation . The apparently selective modulation of individual peaks supports that they represent distinct physiological events. Another feature arising from M1 TMS is highly synchronized oscillatory neural activity. In the absence of TMS, EEG and MEG recordings of humans detect this oscillatory activity, which is believed to reflect rhythmic fluctuations in cortical excitability driven by synaptic, intra- and extracellular currents . The functional impact of these fluctuations is most apparent in M1, where stimulation at the peak or trough of beta-frequency oscillatory activity results in larger or smaller values of CSE .
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
170,760 |
This PKU Adult dietetic SOP is a practical interpretation of the European PKU guidelines . It helps the adult IMD dietitian to translate and further develop the guidance into care in the UK. This document is the first consensus SOP for the dietetic management of an IMD in adults in the UK. Its purpose is to promote care equity for patients with PKU, followed up in IMD dietetic services across the UK and to support service provision. It can be used as a tool for training dietitians new to the specialty.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
68,366 |
After the habituation phase, participants were instructed to count the number of fair trials and not to move as much as possible. In the test phase (Fig 2), three characters, including a Helper or a Hinderer, were presented. The test animations consisted of two distributions conducted by either a Helper or Hinderer. First, two stars, the receivers of the distributions, were presented, one on the upper left side of the screen and the other on the upper right side. Then the Helper or Hinderer appeared with two strawberries, and remained in the lower centre of screen for four seconds. After that, an agent, the Helper or Hinderer, began the distribution of the two strawberries to the stars. The Distribution phase included two fairness conditions (Fair, Unfair), with each agent performing either a fair distribution, giving one strawberry to each star, or an unfair distribution, giving all strawberries to the same star. To ensure that participants concentrated on the animations, they were required to count the number of fair distributions over all the trials. We analysed ERP data from the onset at the end of the second distribution. Each animation was 18 seconds long.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
247,848 |
Another SR on local adjuvant therapies used to treat periodontitis Grade C severity found that simvastatin gel, alendronate gel and metronidazole gel showed some clinical benefits, but the the results were inconclusive and “off-label” products were included in the analysis . Their clinical results differ from our previous and current review as we segregated the analysis based on the frequency of LDA application as well as excluded discontinued and experimental adjuncts to cater to the current LDA market for the benefit of clinicians. Direct comparison between single and repeated LDA applications is rarely explored and was only reported in two RCTs from our search , in which the authors found some added benefits in the repeated use compared with the single application of their studied adjunct. The present SR suggests that it may be inappropriate to make any definitive conclusions with regards to the clinical efficacy of repeated LDA applications since there was considerable heterogeneity in the methodology.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
276,046 |
Narratives could help prevent the audience from reacting negatively to messages about a controversial topic. Stories about personal experiences are more readily digestible than argumentative, generic expositions and therefore pose fewer obstacles for a broad audience, including people with high and low reading and health literacy skills (Boeijinga et al., 2017a). In the context of health communication, a message is considered a narrative if it has an identifiable structure from start to finish, between which a situation unfolds, events take place, and a problem is addressed (Hinyard and Kreuter, 2007). It is also typical that a character—often an “I”-narrator—experiences the events and describes them from her or his own perspective (de Graaf et al., 2012). When readers (or listeners, viewers) are “transported” into the story, they are neither motivated nor able to properly perceive any guiding and moralizing intentions of the narrative (Green, 2006). Additionally, recognizable story characters with comprehensible goals and achievable solutions can be relevant role models for their target group (Hoeken et al., 2016; Boeijinga et al., 2017b) and arouse interest through specific story details that lead to deeper processing (Bernstein, 1955).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
90,690 |
All recombinant proteins were expressed in E. coli BL21 cells by IPTG induction (20°C for 16 hr). His6-tagged and GST fusion proteins were affinity-purified by batch purification in standard buffer (20 mM Hepes pH 7.5, 500 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol) using Ni-NTA Agarose (GE Healthcare) or Glutathione Sepharose (GE Healthcare), respectively. GST-tagged importins and RanGTP (His6-Gsp1Q71L-GTP) were expressed and purified as previously described (Fries et al., 2007; Maurer et al., 2001; Solsbacher et al., 1998).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
369,673 |
a Schematic diagram of the experimental design. b The tumor burden (percentage of human-CD45-positive leukemia cells versus total live cells) growth curves in PB after grouping. Data represent the average ±SD, n = 12 mice per cohort. c PB engraftment on day 28, represented by the percentage of human CD45+ cells. Data represent the average ±SD for cohort vehicle, sorafenib, DAPT, and Combo, n = 6, 5, 4, and 7, respectively. (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01). d Kaplan–Meier survival of the mouse cohorts (n = 8 each), indicating the median survival of vehicle (28 days), DAPT (29 days), sorafenib (45.5 days), and Combo (52.5 days) group mice (*P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001). e–g Spleen engraftment at the end of treatment, represented by (e) the percentage of hCD45+ cells, f organ weight, and g images. Image of the spleen was acquired separately (SONY ILCE-5100), and the original images were trimmed to an equal size of 1.5 cm × 3 cm. Data represent the average of n = 4 mice per cohort ±SD (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). h Representative images of organ infiltration (spleen, liver, bone marrow) analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of human CD45 (hCD45). Statistical analysis is shown on the right. Error bars represent the average of three independent experiments ±SD. (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). Images were acquired by NIKON Eclipse ci (Tokyo, Japan) at ×400 magnification. Scale bar, 50 μm.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
294,768 |
Briefly, first, a “scout exam” of the abdomen and the pelvis was performed, followed by a multiphasic CT study. The latter was first performed without contrast medium and then during the venous phase after an injection of iodate contrast medium. In both phases, with and without contrast, the whole abdomen and pelvis were checked to be sure that the colon was completely included. In selected cases, integrative scans were performed, especially if patients already underwent colonic surgery. The radiologist indicated the colon tract in which the lesion was present, choosing among the colonic segments as shown below.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
171,266 |
Three types of adult participants (≥18 years) were included: 1) university students (medical students excluded) from the University of Copenhagen, who had applied for a course through the organisation Student2Student (a voluntary organisation of medical students who teach BLS courses to non-medical university students); 2) conscripts in the Danish Military; and 3) retired elderly people who had applied for a BLS course through the Danish foundation TrygFonden. Participants were excluded if they had ever studied to become a health care professional (paramedic, nurse, physician, or other). The only additional criterion was a satisfactory continuous assessment at an ERC BLS course (4 h) where enrolment took place through the three organisations listed above. All BLS courses were provided free of charge. Participants received a reimbursement of 200 DKK (approximately €27) for their participation.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
264,067 |
Among PanNEN patients, those with HH can be misunderstood or have an average delay between initial symptoms and final diagnosis of about 25 months . However, HH can occasionally present during the follow-up of patients with originally metastatic NF-PanNEN, with a negative impact on the prognosis . Malignant INSs, that exhibit local invasion and/or distal metastases, as a biological feature that differentiates malignant cases from benign ones , account for 10% of all cases of INSs . Some pathological criteria could also be suggestive of malignancy, including lesions >2 cm, grading >G2 according to WHO 2019, or the presence of vascular invasion, perineural invasion or necrosis . They are usually characterized by severe HH that is refractory to symptomatic treatment and unlike benign INSs can cause prominent neuroglycopenic symptoms.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
233,434 |
The symptoms experienced by our patient during the acute attack were not associated with MRI changes within the initial days of migraine onset. This is consistent with previous findings described by Roth et al. which suggested that changes in imaging tend to be found later during the course of an attack. This dissociation of clinical symptoms and imaging findings is not unique to FHM patients and is also notably found in Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome . In our patient, cortical swelling and restricted diffusion in the left cerebral hemisphere was appreciated by day 4 of the attack and persisted throughout the series of MRI images obtained during the course of the patient’s hospital stay. A unique feature of our patient’s imaging findings is the hypointensities observed on ADC. This finding was not reported in the studies included in Table 1. Belvís at al. describe transient changes in ADC seen during a persistent visual aura which seems similar to the findings observed in our patient. Future studies of the condition may benefit from the inclusion of transcranial doppler or angiography to further observe these reversible vasospasms.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
94,836 |
MAPKs modules can interact with upstream and downstream protein components to regulate numerous physiological responses. As the first member of MAPK cascades, MAPKKKs may participate in multiple signal transduction pathways and regulate various biological processes1,5,50. Up to now, no complete MAPK cascades have been reported in cotton. In this study, based on Y2H assays with three biological replicates, a total of 18 interaction pairs of MAPKKKs/MKKs were identified in cotton. Of them, 13 were novel compared with that in Arabidopsis, implying the inherent difference between Arabidopsis and cotton in signaling pathways. When data on MKK-MAPK and MKK-MAPKKK protein interactions were combined with data on their expression patterns, 38 potential MAPK signaling modules were identified in cotton.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
108,803 |
Herein, we hypothesize that Gpr43-dependent effect of SCFA during bacterial pulmonary infections leads to a controlled inflammatory response. This raises the idea that GPR43 may be a relevant receptor that interfaces the crosstalk between host health nutritional state and lung immunity by intestinal microbiota energy source.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
188,240 |
The Rome criteria, mainly used for scientific purposes, separate functional constipation (FC) from irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C). These two different categories should be mutually exclusive. However, in clinical practice, many gastroenterologists have difficulties in clearly separating these two entities, because between them exists a significant overlap, which should be better considered as a continuum .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
30,612 |
Incorporating published suggestions, the standardized care transition process included six features: Outgoing and incoming emergency physicians were encouraged to 1) openly discuss the care being delivered with the goal of identifying errors and optimizing patient safety and ensure that 2) care transitions were performed in a standard location, as a group, to allow the necessary information review with limited interruptions; and 3) an incoming senior resident was designated as the care transition “data resident” who was tasked with reviewing each patient’s electronic medical record (EMR) data (nursing notes, laboratory data, imaging, pending orders and vital signs). The data resident was accountable (by signature) for identifying inaccurately reported data. (All incoming residents and faculty were asked to document MCI that were identified later during the course of their shift.) 4) Both incoming and outgoing residents and faculty were encouraged to review each patient’s EMR data during the care transition to identify inaccuracies. 5) The incoming residents and faculty were given the opportunity to ask additional questions at the end of each patient-care transition report and were queried regarding comprehension of the report.(6) The outgoing faculty or most senior outgoing resident was designated the “interruption manager” and was responsible for handling ongoing ED issues to minimize interruptions of the care transition process.
| 4 | 1clinical
| 1Other
|
134,071 |
Financial capability, defined as “a consumer's ability to apply financial knowledge and perform desirable financial behaviors to achieve financial well‐being” (Xiao & O'Neill, 2014, November), is gaining attention in practice and public policy. Today's financial context is more complicated in that it offers more types of financial products and services from which to choose than in previous generations, and people have greater responsibility for making some financial decisions with long‐term ramifications compared to previous generations that had, for example, increased access to pensions. The growth in individual responsibility dovetailing with the growth in financial products and services, including those in the Alternative Financial Services sector, has resulted in a higher risk than ever for making financial decisions. As a result of the recent global financial crisis and subsequent growth in income and wealth inequality to unprecedented levels in recent U.S. history, there is growing recognition that people need stronger financial capability to avoid and recover from financial difficulties and poverty (Miller, Reichelstein, Salas, & Zia, 2014; Mitchell & Lusardi, 2015).
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
361,119 |
The reflection models are solved in two steps: first a Boundary Mode Analysis solution for the port and then a Wavelength Domain solution for the full geometry (the MUMPS solver with the default settings is used throughout). The port geometry corresponds to the 2D waveguide cross-section models and the same meshing is applied. The Boundary Mode Analysis is given the selected known guided mode solution as the starting point. The only difference between a 2D cross-section model and the corresponding port in a 3D model is that the boundaries are now PML instead of PEC. However, as already mentioned, as long as the fields decay enough before reaching the boundaries, this difference is not significant for the solving and launching of the mode. Therefore, the Boundary Mode Analysis yields essentially the same solution. The power in the launched guided mode is defined by the port settings, and this value is hence used to verify the power extraction calculations. The full geometry beyond the port is meshed using free tetrahedral mesh, except for the PMLs for which a swept mesh is used (with six elements across). We use the same meshing settings as with the 2D models, but, due to computational budget limitations, convergence of the results is checked by varying the maximum mesh element sizes by a factor of ≥2 (i.e., the mesh is always coarser than with the previously defined finest value). The waveguide length, substrate or superstrate region height, and PML layer thickness and stretching do not affect the physics in the models and are selected purely based on avoiding causing numerical errors or artifacts.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
72,908 |
Strict compliance is important for studying sleep history because the lack of compliance in submitting sleep logs will result in missing data. Likewise, delaying the submission of sleep logs past the moment of awakening would likely introduce noise or variance to retrospective estimates of sleep/wake variables associated with the previous night . Non-compliance is a particularly salient issue for sleep diaries because completing a daily diary creates an extra burden on participants, who have to take time out of their day to fill out the questionnaire at the instructed time. In fact, we found that compliance in submitting sleep logs tended to worsen significantly over time according to a linear function, revealing a specific limitation associated with relying solely upon sleep logs for long-term sleep measurement. By contrast, strict compliance for wrist actigraphy is arguably much simpler because it only requires participants to wear the device correctly and make sure that the battery is charged.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
362,191 |
We will also evaluate the validity of videoconference vs accelerometer data collected from the physical performance tests. ActivPAL3 data will be downloaded using the activPAL software (version 8; PAL Technologies Limited). Attempts will be made to synchronize the event files to the video in order to obtain objective measures of the degree to which video assessments might accurately reflect actual motion recorded objectively by other means. The event files include the start and stop time for each sitting, standing, and stepping event, and the duration of each event. The event file (CSV file) will be processed using the activPAL Processing R package (version 1.0.2) . Once the sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit transitions have been identified (derived from activPAL’s inclinometer data), we will use similar methods as Pickford et al to use the peak angular velocity of thigh rotation (derived from activPAL’s acceleration data) to accurately determine the start and end of the movements for both the TUG test and the 30-s CST .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
187,598 |
The scatter of the bond strength of FAGC is larger than that of PCC. This results in the fact that for the bond strength of FAGC, although the estimated mean value is higher than that of PCC in the same case, the characteristic value may be lower than that of PCC in the case of a small bar spacing.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
149,427 |
Melanoma ECHO was developed in the context of adult learning theory and active learning in medical education. This framework provided robust bases for the development of didactic topics and discussions, based upon the evidence on how adults learn . More specifically, each Melanoma ECHO session was rooted in a transformative learning theory approach, which focused on the “cognitive process of meaning-making” . This was achieved through the “learning cycle”: (a) Participating PCPs’ gained melanoma-related experience by attending virtual collaborative knowledge-sharing ECHO sessions. (b) Participating PCPs shared their de-identified real-life patient cases for mentoring and education. Participating PCPs and hub-team experts all added to an increased learning experience by reflecting and sharing their knowledge and opinions. (c) Participating PCPs shared their knowledge and expertise regarding other similar cases. (d) Participating PCPs applied newly gained knowledge and expertise to patients in their practice. (e) Participating PCPs continued attending ECHO sessions and screening patients in their clinic.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
315,383 |
(2) In Figure 3, Figure 3(a) and 3(b) are based on the results of remote sensing images interpretations conducted using ENVI software. Remote sensing images were described in the section of “Data sources and processing” of the revised manuscript. So these figures have no copyright restrictions. (Lines 259-262)
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
390,504 |
The image model for this task takes a single radiograph as input and outputs the probability that this radiograph is abnormal. We use a 50-layer Residual Network (ResNet-50) architecture modified to emit a binary classification result on each radiograph in the training set, and leverage ImageNet-pretrained weights for model initialization.9,45 The model is implemented using the Keras software package46 and trained using the Adam optimizer with early stopping, a learning rate of α = 0.0001 with learning rate decay rate of 0.1 on plateau in the validation loss, a weight decay value of 0.005, and the binary cross-entropy loss function. We train models on the full dataset for 30 epochs with early stopping and use an equivalent number of batches for models trained on subsets of the dataset. Images were preprocessed using histogram equalization, downsampled to 224 × 224 resolution, Z-score normalized using global mean and standard deviation values computed across the dataset, and replicated over three channels (for compatibility with a model originally for RGB images) before injection into the training loop. Batch size was set at 60 radiographs, the maximum possible on the single 1080 Ti GPU that was used to train each model. Models over 30,000 training images took approximately 6 h to train. For each exam in the test set, we compute an output score by taking the mean of the image model outputs for all radiographs in the exam following Rajpurkar et al.32
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
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