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The fact that there were less occult LNMs for cancers negative for MET and with DOI ≤ 4 mm compared to cancers positive for MET and with DOI ≤ 4 mm, illustrates that MET positivity could be of added value to DOI ≤ 4 mm for the clinical decision on the treatment of the cN0 neck i.e., whether regular follow-up, watchful waiting, or END is more appropriate. We can imagine that patients with MET positive cancers and DOI ≤ 4 mm could have more stringent follow-up than patients in the same DOI group but with MET negative cancers. We realize that this statement is based on very low numbers and independent validation is necessary.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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48,399 |
EBSD cross-section maps reveal cracks that occur on the newly formed grain boundaries. Also, some porosity arising from the gas bubbles trapped in the layer were found. All the structural defects have a negative effect on the coating properties and need to be avoided.
| 2 | 0biomedical
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275,602 |
For both sexes, the largest absolute increases in the prevalence of select conditions were evident for diabetes, osteoarthritis, and hypertension whereas renal disease showed the largest relative increase over this period (Table 1). Though many conditions increased over time, there was a decrease in the prevalence of heart disease, non-psychotic mood/anxiety disorders, COPD and stroke for men and women. At both time points, prevalence estimates for cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, COPD and cancer were higher for men whereas women exhibited a higher prevalence of osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, non-psychotic mood/anxiety disorders and dementia.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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380,139 |
Specifically, the method assumes that local and imported cases contribute equally to transmission. The results under this assumption are presented in Figure 2. However, it is likely that imported cases contributed relatively less to transmission than locally acquired cases, as a result of quarantine and other border measures which targeted these individuals (Figure 1—figure supplement 2). In the absence of data on whether the infector of local cases was themselves an imported or local case (from which we could robustly estimate the contribution of imported cases to transmission), we explored this via a sensitivity analysis. We aimed to explore the impact of a number of plausible scenarios, based on our knowledge of the timing, extent and level of enforcement of different quarantine policies enacted over time.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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280,817 |
Data on adherence during mass drug administration programs are mixed. In a study of lymphatic filariasis control in India, while 99% of study participants received tablets during the mass drug administration intervention, less than a third (28% in rural and 31% in urban areas) consumed the drugs . In contrast, among 63.3% of the sampled population who received antifilarial drugs in a study in the Philippines, 94.5% ingested the drugs . Common reasons for non-adherence during mass drug administration programs cited in quantitative surveys include fear of medication side effects, preference for other methods to treat illness, lack of awareness or understanding of mass drug administration programs and approaches, and other issues associated with drug distribution, such as being absent during time of drug distribution or a lack of training for drug distributors [16–20].
| 4 | 0biomedical
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124,817 |
Serum biomarkers in APAP patients between before treatment and after six months. Serum CYFRA21-1 of patients with PAP after six months were higher than baseline in aggravated group (P = 0.003). Serum LDH, CEA and CYFRA21-1 of patients with PAP after six months were lower than baseline in relieved group (P = 0.005, 0.005; P < 0.001)
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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313,586 |
Of 7119 melanomas with prior hybrid capture-based DNA sequencing, 37 distinct cases (0.5%) featured small in-frame deletions that resulted in known or likely activation of MAP2K1. Among patients with MAP2K1 in-frame deleted melanomas, the ages ranged from 28 to 89 years, with a median of 66 years. There were 18 males and 19 females. Age and gender did not show significant differences compared with the melanoma cohort overall. Nearly all cases were clinically advanced: most cases were documented at stage IV (n = 25 of 37; 68%), with the majority of the remaining cases documented at stage IIIA-C (n = 10 of 37; 27%). The other two cases were stage IIA and IIC.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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347,590 |
The indirect pathway was calculated and tested for significance. As shown (Fig. 2), bootstrapping yielded a significant indirect effect (ab = 0.037 and 0.022 for models A and B, respectively, both p > 0.001) suggesting some form of mediation. The non-significant direct effect (c’), suggests full mediation. Sensitivity analysis adjusting for age, gender and motorcyclist position did not materially affect the results (not shown). Fig. 2Full mediation models showing the effect of ethnicity on HNI (A) and TBI (B) through helmet use (the mediator)
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377,640 |
After identifying the above‐described changes in mobility and biomechanical properties, we assessed the histomorphology of the tendons during the repair process. A visible distinction in appearance was found between the two groups after 4 weeks of repair: the ERβ−/− tendons were thinner than the WT tendons (Figure 3A‐D). Haematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that the sectioned ERβ−/− tendons exhibited a significantly different tissue organization, as manifested by significantly inferior total histological scores, compared with the WT control tendons (Figure 3E‐G). Furthermore, the interstitial collagen content of the tendons was evaluated by Sirius red staining (Figure 3H, I), and the statistical analysis of scanned images using Zeiss AxioVision 3.0 software revealed that the collagen fibre in the ERβ−/− tendons was significantly lower than that of the WT control tendons (Figure 3J). These histomorphological results revealed that the functional defect in ERβ−/− tendons was related to a reduced collagen content.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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150,900 |
The coherence score \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} }{}$C_{\mathrm {V}}$ \end{document} for the entire period of study (i.e. \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} }{}$T_{1}+T_{2}$ \end{document}) in Fig. 1 A, is consistently larger across the number of topics for pro-vax than for anti-vax, suggesting that the pro-vax community overall has a more focused discussion around COVID-19 than the anti-vax. This is consistent with the pro-vax community featuring a more monolithic discussion around public health – namely, it is focused on advising people to follow professional medical guidance.
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195,543 |
There were two main concerns about data protection in the context of treatment programmes. First, respondents involved in the administration of externally funded programmes noted that it can be impossible to meet the targets set by the treatment programs in a manner that is compliant with data protection standards. Second, concerns were expressed about the continued ability to share personal health information amongst the different organisations involved in the roll-out of these programs when POPIA comes into force. One respondent gave the example of a treatment programme that was shut down for a period of time until concerns regarding the sharing of identifiable personal health information with other third parties were addressed.
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| 1Other
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51,264 |
First, single amino acids and their modifications are critically important for EKLF protein-protein interactions and its function as an activator or repressor9–12, raising the possibility that mutations at these sites or within their consensus sequences could have dramatic functional effects on gene expression control.
| 3 | 0biomedical
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355,846 |
Purposive sampling was employed to recruit registered nurses who have taken care of intubated patients working in intensive care units (ICUs), medical/surgical wards, and anesthesiology departments at seven tertiary hospitals and three secondary hospitals in Korea. The inclusion criterion for participating registered nurses (RNs) was having at least three months of clinical experience. We excluded administrative nurses, such as unit managers or charge nurses from the study. The required number of participants was calculated using the G*Power 3.1.9.2 analysis program. Cohen’s f2 input variables were used to calculate the effect size, and consequently for the multiple regression, which was estimated using R2, based on a previous study . Considering a 10% drop-out rate because of missing data, 120 questionnaires were distributed to staff nurses. Respondents placed the completed, sealed questionnaires in a box located in the nurse station on each floor, and the research assistants collected the questionnaires. In total, 116 questionnaires were returned (response rate of 96.7%) and 112 were finally analyzed, after excluding four questionnaires having missing answers. Data were collected from August to December 2018.
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49,486 |
A systematic review of all articles published prior to December 2017 was performed through a search of the PubMed electronic database. The investigation strategy was based on an advanced search with the following additional filters: English language, age of birth to 18 years, and inclusion of the text words (in all fields) temporal bone and temporal area combined with the operator AND and the text word fibrous dysplasia (in all fields).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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210,823 |
Finally, other studies use computational methods (as DFT calculations) to determine the electrochemical stability of liquid and solid electrolytes or a complementary study involving both experimental and computational methods . In their work, Thompson et al. proposed a complementary computational/experimental work by using alternating current electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, direct current chronoamperometry, and optical absorption band gap measurements combined with first-principles calculations to characterize the electrochemical window of the Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) solid electrolyte. These first-principles calculations were used to predict the density of states (DOS), band gap, and absolute positions of the band edges for LLZO. Authors employed three different levels of theory: (1) the semi-local generalized gradient approximation (DFT-GGA) of Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE); (2) the hybrid functional of Heyd, Scuseria, and Ernzerhof (HSE06); and (3) quasi-particle (QP) calculations based on many-body perturbation theory (G0W0 method). These methods were already used to predict the ESW of liquid electrolytes at electrode interfaces. This work is one of the good examples of the complementarity between experimental and computational methods that can improve the accuracy of the ESW evaluation of electrolytes including SPEs and SCEs.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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279,822 |
The pathways of residual cardiovascular risk, beyond traditional risk factors, with evidence-based therapeutic options. Reprinted with permission.32 COLCOT: Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial; CANTOS: Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study; JUPITER: Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin; PEGASUS TIMI 54: Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Prior Heart Attack Using Ticagrelor Compared to Placebo on a Background of Aspirin–Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 54; THEMIS-PCI: The Effect of Ticagrelor on Health Outcomes in Diabetes Mellitus Patients Intervention Study-PCI; COMPASS: Cardiovascular Outcomes for People Using Anticoagulation Strategies; REDUCE-IT: Reduction of Cardiovascular Events With EPA–Intervention.
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364,217 |
The genome sequence reads for all strains included into this study were combined in Bioproject number PRJNA694299 and are publicly available in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA). The accession numbers of the genome sequence reads of the individual isolates are also indicated in Supplementary Table 1.
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302,155 |
Leaf MDA content (a), SOD activity (b) and anthocyanin content (c) in different sucrose concentrations. Data refers to means ± SE (n = 4). Bars with the same letter are no statistically significantly difference at P < 0.05 by Duncan’s new multiple range method.
| 3 | 0biomedical
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216,931 |
Since the initial concept of “magic bullets” was proposed over a century ago, through to the discovery of hybridoma technology, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are now a vital component in the armamentarium for the management of cancers. The unique ability of mAbs to specifically target a broad variety of tumor-specific antigens has led to their expanded application as antibody-conjugated therapies (ACTs). ACTs combine the specificity of mAbs or antibody fragments, with highly potent payloads often resulting in superior efficacy and/or reduced toxicity . Radioimmunoconjugates (radiolabeled antibodies) are mAb linked to a radionuclide . Radioimmunoconjugates as therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents in the management of cancer have been in development with some success for a few decades now. Significant strides have been made since the first radioimmunoconjugate was developed, leading to improved therapeutic efficacy . Mabs and antibody-related therapies can be efficiently labeled with a variety of radionuclides for theranostic purposes. The radionuclides commonly used include actinium-225 (225Ac), astatine-211 (211At), bismuth-213 (213Bi), indium-111 (111In), iodine-123 (123I), iodine-124 (124I), iodine-131 (131I), lead-212 (212Pb), lutetium-177 (177Lu), technetium-99m (99mTc), copper-64 (64Cu), gallium-68 (68Ga), yttrium-86 (86Y), yttrium-90 (90Y), and zirconium-89 (89Zr) . Based on their radiation properties, therapeutic radionuclides can be classified as β-particles, α-particles, or Auger electron emitters. β- particles are negatively charged electrons emitted from the nucleus with a long range and low linear energy transfer (LET). They are the most frequently used emission type for RIT agents and include lutetium-177(177Lu), yttrium-90 (90Y), and iodine-131 (131I). Alpha-particles, in contrast, have significantly higher energies, very short path lengths, and high LET. Alpha particles are emerging as an exciting new class of radionuclides with increased biological killing efficacy and lack of non-specific bystander effects seen with β-particle irradiation on normal tissue. These include astatine-211 (211At), actinium-225 (225Ac), thorium-227 (227Th), and bismuth-213 (213Bi).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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111,230 |
The pseudocode below describes the GridiLoc algorithm (Algorithm 1). It consists of four key steps: initialization, prediction, update and backtracking, the details of which are discussed in the next sections. In the pseudocode, the ChangedLevel function corresponds to the floor level capture algorithm in .
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99,854 |
Fig 2 shows the distribution of terms over documents in a log-log scale. The y-axis shows the number of documents a term occurs and the x-axis shows the order of terms, from the term that occurs in the highest number of documents to the terms that occur in just two documents.
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92,295 |
Whistles were plastic toys renewed for each subject and placed at a fixed distance from a microphone (Microspot AR-666). The microphone of each participant was acoustically isolated in a tube, so that it did not record the whistles of the other participant. We automatically extracted the different components of the whistles from the recordings using Avisoft-SASlab Pro’s pulse train analysis (Avisoft Bioacoustics, Glienicke, Germany).
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104,353 |
The fragment containing BRE9–13 (706 bp) serving as capture DNA was synthesized by PCR using 5′-biotinylated primers. The μMACS™ FactorFinder kit (Mylteni Biotech, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) was used to isolate proteins interacting with this stretch of the CALB2 promoter. The cleared cell lysate (15,000 x g, 5 min) from 107 MSTO-211H cells (100 μl) was incubated with 1.5 μg of biotinylated BRE9–13 DNA. Putative transcription factor complexes were isolated under non-denaturing (native) conditions according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
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4,734 |
A comparison of the costs obtained in this study with those of article from Araújo’s et al , keeping in mind that methodological differences may compromise the comparison, shows an increase of about 300 million euros in the annual cost of cancer treatment.
| 2 | 0biomedical
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355,069 |
Response: Thank you very much for the comment. We have revised the statement as “Both the groups were benefitted by intervention with a statistically significant decrease in the mean waist circumference (in Group A) and BMI (in both the groups) (Table 2).” One explanation of this phenomenon could be an error in the measurements of the waist.
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74,690 |
Previously we have reported that health literacy scores for retrospective survey participants were negatively correlated with baseline health anxiety scores (p = .01) and participant anxiety level in response to receiving the radiology report (p = .002) . Participant health literacy was also positively correlated with participant age (p = .001, see Fig. 2).Fig. 2Retrospective participant health literacy score by participant age. Plotted distribution of research participant health literacy score based on a composite score from a standard measure ranging from 1 to 100, with higher scores signifying higher levels of health literacy. A significant positive association exists between health literacy score and participant age, p = .001
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247,561 |
KCNQ4 is a voltage-activated potassium channel. Potassium recycling in the inner ear is an important process for maintaining auditory sensitivity. In the labyrinth, this process modulates how hair cells, such as the vestibular type I cell and cochlear outer hair cell, handle their responses to sensory stimulation, by exuding potassium back to the endolymph . Spiral ganglion neuron death and inner hair cell death result in severe hearing loss, as shown in the animal study .
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138,832 |
The recurring formation of new social hierarchies, a major component of the unpredictable chronic stress during the SIS paradigm, is often associated with aggressive behavior, especially in male mice. However, the duration and intensity of aggression within an experimental cohort can significantly impact the development of physiological and behavioral adaptations, thus affecting reproducibility of the SIS paradigm within and between laboratories. Here we provide several tips for optimal modulation, monitoring and scoring of aggression during SIS protocols.
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352,099 |
Both the 3D structures of AOH and cholesterol were downloaded from the PubChem database (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Conversely, the caveolin scaffolding domain (CSD) region still lacks a through 3D characterization. Therefore, the portion 86-KASFTTFTVTKYWFYRL-102, which is thought to include the CRAC motif (cholesterol recognition-interaction amino acid consensus), was modeled in silico using the Build Protein module of the software Sybyl v. 8.1 (www.certara.com). Albeit, a consensus on the secondary structure of this region is still missing, the alpha-helix conformation was chosen in agreement with: (i) previous studies addressing the modeling of CRAC domains ; (ii) evidences pointing to the from-β sheet-to-α helix shift getting close to the central residues of the CRAC motif ; (iii) muclear magnetic resonance data highlighting the predominant alpha-helical structure of CRAC ; (iv) the sheet-helix transitions observed in CRAC motifs, adjacent to trans-membrane helices .
| 4 | 0biomedical
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21,823 |
During the leaf growth simulation, we recorded the osmotic and turgor pressure values of each cell that appeared (≈43,000 cells in 100 cell files in total), as described in Section 2.4 of Methods. We performed cluster analysis of these profiles to reveal groups of cells with similar pressure changes during their symplastic growth. Consequently, we obtained 10 clusters of cells, for which osmotic and turgor pressure, isosmotic cell length (biomass) and visible cell length changes are shown in Figures 5A,D, respectively. We observed separation of all cells into groups with short (clusters 1–4), medium (clusters 5–6), and long (clusters 7–10) lifespans. Cells from the first group exhibit a short time before their division and a constant osmotic pressure during their lifespan. These four clusters differ in turgor pressure/biomass changes. Clusters 1, 3, and 4 exhibit constant values of the turgor pressure for most of the cells. Cells from these clusters mostly reside in the DZ (Figure 5E). Cells from cluster 2 present an increase in both visible size and biomass (Figures 5C,D) at the end of their lifespan. These cells appear in the DZ a short time before the simulation finishes and are likely to enter the TZ soon after their appearance.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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229,452 |
ʻ … we'll see some of his friends, but we can't see other friends … he's finding that harder to understand, and therefore there's been more sulking and tantrums going on. Because sometimes we can go, and sometimes it's a no, and I can see how that's harder to understand.' (P7)
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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172,289 |
Given that diabetes is a major risk factor for the development of PAD (2, 6), progression of PAD, and major adverse limb events and cardiovascular events, we evaluated the role of Snhg12 silencing in a mouse model of obesity and diabetes. Commercially available db/db mice at 8–10 weeks of age were loaded with 2 consecutive daily doses delivered intramuscularly into gastrocnemius ipsilateral to the side of FAL and received biweekly injections with serial laser Doppler imaging for 2 weeks, until blood flow recovery had plateaued (Figure 6A). Consistent with what was observed in C57BL6 mice with tail vein–injected naked gapmeRs, Snhg12 knockdown in db/db mice delivered locally to the gastrocnemius muscle showed significantly reduced blood flow recovery as early as 6 days postoperatively (by 56%), and there was a trend toward increased toe, paw, and leg ischemia scores (Figure 6B and Supplemental Figure 9, A and B). The kinetics of Snhg12 expression in db/db mice after FAL were somewhat similar in trend to those observed in C57BL/6 mice although without significant differences observed at day 3 or day 11 (Supplemental Figure 9C). Snhg12, which was more highly expressed in the gastrocnemius EC fraction, was reduced by 30%–35%. A similar percentage knockdown was achieved in the gastrocnemius muscle non-EC fraction; however, there was no significant Snhg12 knockdown in PBMCs or liver (Figure 6C). Like in C57BL/6 mice, SNHG12 knockdown in db/db mice resulted in a leftward shift in myofiber cross-sectional area frequency histogram and a significant increase in the number of myofibers with cross-sectional area less than 500 μm2 in comparison with control knockdown mice (Supplemental Figure 3B). The percentage of non-myofiber area (extracellular matrix) was modestly increased in SNHG12-knockdown db/db mice; however, this did not reach statistical significance. Despite only 30%–35% knockdown of Snhg12 detected in RNA extracted from gastrocnemius muscle after 2 weeks of biweekly injections, immunofluorescence from gastrocnemius muscle ipsilateral to FAL showed reduced vessel diameter (by 38%) and vessel number (by 83%) in comparison with controls. Moreover, the phenotype also included decreased total CD31 fluorescence (by 76%) in Snhg12-knockdown db/db mice, implying a more severe angiogenic phenotype in this diabetic model compared with C57BL/6 mice (Figure 6D and Figure 3E). Despite increased baseline levels of inflammation in diabetic models of obesity, there was no difference in tissue accumulation of leukocytes as measured by CD45 and no changes in M1-like or M2-like macrophage polarization as measured by CCR7 or CD206 expression by immunofluorescence (Supplemental Figure 9D).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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169,897 |
A more plausible explanation for muskrat decline in Ontario is a change in the overall quality of muskrat habitat, particularly in the structure and composition of Great Lakes coastal wetlands that were previously occupied in large numbers by muskrats as shown in this study. Proulx and Gilbert (1983) demonstrated that muskrats prefer to occupy areas of marsh with a 1:1 interspersion of emergent vegetation and open water, a structural pattern of habitat patchiness often referred to as a “hemi‐marsh.” Yet, there is evidence around the Great Lakes basin that the structural diversity of wetlands has declined. The research of Wilcox et al. (2008) has shown that Lake Ontario coastal wetlands have experienced a significant decrease in both emergent marsh habitat heterogeneity and the amount of emergent‐open water edge in the past 50 yrs since regional water‐level control was implemented. At the Point Pelee Marsh, one of our two study sites, Markle et al. (2018) demonstrated that both marsh habitat diversity and open water connectivity have declined since 1931, with the most significant reductions occurring between 1959 and 2015. Similarly, at our other study site, the Matchedash Bay–Gray Marsh, aerial photograph interpretations by Taylor et al. (2015) demonstrate a large increase in the areal coverage of dense emergent vegetation along with a correspondingly large decrease in the extent of aquatic habitat between the years of 1973 and 2008. These reductions in habitat structural quality coincide with the time periods over which we have demonstrated a decline in muskrat abundance at both of our study sites.
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394,381 |
A similar sorption behavior with broad isotherms and steep desorption steps at low pressures was frequently observed for H2 and CH4 adsorption in IFP MOFs and in supramolecular hydrogen-bonded imidazolate frameworks (HIFs) with gate effects (IFP = imidazolate framework Potsdam), in part also for CO2 adsorption in IFPs . Such a broad desorption behavior is rarely observed in microporous MOFs and only observed for MOFs with flexible substituents. The structurally authenticated IFPs possess very small, less than 1 Å, pore aperture windows to the cavities and flexible ethoxy or methoxy groups form the pore aperture windows . For H2 sorption at 77 K IFP-7 , IFP-8 and IFP-9 exhibits an open-loop hysteresis due to almost irreversible adsorption at higher relative pressure. Although H2 is a small molecule with a kinetic diameter of only 2.89 Å at 77 K, the sorption isotherms can deviate from ideal equilibrium experiments as pronounced kinetic effects occur because of the small channel size and the gate effect. In IFP-7, 98% of the adsorbed H2 is trapped in the framework when the pressure is reduced from 840 mmHg to 100 mmHg, and 70% of the adsorbed H2 remains when the pressure is further reduced to 7 mmHg . In IFP-8, 98% of the adsorbed H2 is trapped in the framework when the pressure is reduced from 760 mmHg (1 bar) to 114 mmHg (0.15 bar) .
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233,794 |
All oxidative stress variables both in serum and kidney tissue (Table 2) were altered in the diabetic control animals. The markers of oxidative damage were significantly increased, and those of antioxidant defense were decreased. Likewise, the concentration of 3-nitrotyrosine (nitrosative stress) was also increased. Hydroxytyrosol administration reduced this imbalance significantly, except for the serum concentration of oxidized low-density lipoprotein with 1 mg/kg/day (Table 2) and the decrease in antioxidant defense quantified in the renal tissue of the diabetic controls, which did not change with either of the doses used. Finally, the concentration of 3-nitrotyrosine, which was elevated in the diabetic controls, decreased significantly, both in serum and in kidney tissue, with both doses of hydroxytyrosol.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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372,479 |
Our initial screening of the NarrowExchangeRate (NER) operators revealed that the NER{DAE,DBE,DCE} operator outperformed the standard NarrowExchange / NER{} operator about 25% of the time on simulated data, however it was also very sensitive to the dataset. Therefore we wrapped up the two operators (NER{} and NER{DAE,DBE,DCE}) within an AdaptiveOperatorSampler operator so that the appropriate weights could be learned. In this round we benchmarked the Bactrian + adapt (real) setting with the adaptive NER operator (Table 4). The benchmark datasets are fairly non clock-like and therefore could potentially benefit from NER (Table 5).
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377,900 |
In recent years, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods have achieved remarkable success in image and speech recognition, medical diagnosis, learning associations, classification, and regression analysis [20, 21]. ML methods have also been used to predict ligand binding strength by replacing linear scoring functions. These methods can be characterized by explicit and implicit features derived from protein, ligands, or protein–ligand pairs . First, ligand binding strength depends on the vector summation of intermolecular interaction features such as hydrophobic, H-bond, π–π, cation–π, and charge interactions. Thus, several methods have been developed for extracting these features in different ways in the featurization process [23–25]. These features are either derived from an atom-centered or grid-based approach. For featurization, Gomes et al. represented the structure of proteins and ligands as a combination of neighbor lists and atom types in their atom-centered approach for DL. Wallach et al. and Ragoza et al. represented the protein–ligand complex in a 3D-grid box to extract various interactions for the classification task. AtomNet , Pafnucy , KDEEP , and RosENet are some recent examples using an atom-based or grid-based approach to extract the features to build a convolutional neural network (CNN) model. Although the state-of-the-art DL predictors showed statistically significant and robust performance in their tested protein–ligand databases, interpreting the models is a challenge and a problem hampering further progress. Obviously, the features for affinity prediction is complex for describing atomic information in 3D space and the dimensions of 3D features is higher than data dimension such as other drug discovery prediction models (eg. 3D QSAR). Notably, the features embedded through a featurization process tend to show inscrutable patterns for human and the models fail to show how to understand their prediction for the decision-making of drug design (especially, preferred substructure of a ligand, its desirable binding pose, and the correlation with binding affinity). Therefore, a simple and interpretable featurization is required to explain an effective binding mode together with its predictive model that has reliable predictive power.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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375,662 |
Sennikov stated that the proposal had three Examples, which covered different situations in macrophytes and microphytes. It was especially applicable to cases where a potential type specimen or designated type might be represented by several individuals: vascular plants mounted on a single herbarium sheet; a preparation with several small individuals, or a package with many items inside, some of which belonged to the type and others of which did not. In some cases those items were demonstrably different things…
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363,758 |
This cohort study was approved by the institutional ethics board of Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine (Ethical approval number #3302), and written informed consent was obtained from all patients. In this study, the eligibility criteria for patients who underwent repeat pancreatectomy is as follows: 1. The patients after the initial pancreatectomy who were radiologically and pathologically diagnosed with invasive pancreatic malignancies (PDAC, PACC, and invasive IPMC). 2. The patients who had pancreatic tumors with isolated local recurrence only in the remnant pancreas. 3. To ensure accuracy and homogeneity of the follow-up data, the patients with incomplete available records were excluded. 4. To analyze the long-term outcomes of patients after repeat pancreatectomy, the incomplete follow-up records (the follow-up duration within 3 years) were excluded.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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2,733 |
A two-way interaction effect between hearing aid signal processing setting (linear amplification without noise reduction, linear amplification with noise reduction and fast-acting compression) and noise type (SSN, 4TB) in aided conditions with Hagerman test are shown. There was a significant difference between SSN and 4TB (i.e., in dB, in terms of speech recognition performance) in linear amplification without noise reduction, and in non-linear amplification fast-acting compression condition. However, there was no significant difference between SSN and 4TB in linear amplification with noise reduction condition.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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335,658 |
In addition to intravenous fluids, patients with SCD routinely require transfusions with allogenic RBC. These can be lifesaving when hematocrit levels are critical. Unfortunately, transfusions have been associated with increased mortality and morbidity in the general population of critically ill patients , and the pulmonary microvasculature is hypothesized to be the culprit . In order to investigate the role of RBC-induced damage in the pulmonary microvasculature that might result from transfusion, Seo et al. fabricated a vascularized microfluidic model that incorporated a mechanical stretching system to mimic respiration. This model demonstrated that the perfusion of primary human pulmonary microvascular EC lined channels with RBC resulted in the abnormal cytoskeletal rearrangement of RBC and release of the EC intracellular protein high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a DNA-binding protein released during necroptosis of ECs that then acts as an inflammatory cytokine and has been implicated in vascular injury in the setting of transfusion . Furthermore, by altering the shear stress at which RBC were perfused they found that lower hemodynamic shear stress (0.14 dyn/cm2) resulted in significant loss of intracellular HMGB1, suggesting the low microcriculatory flow seen in critically ill patients may predispose to vascular injury. Finally, by incorporating the mechanical stretching experienced by the pulmonary microvasculature during respiration, they demonstrated that the physiologic deformation of the endothelialized channel significantly increased extracellular release of HMGB1 in the setting of RBC transfusion, but not when being perfused with culture medium. This suggests that ventilation may play a role in transfusion-induced microvascular injury in the lung.
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222,660 |
Testosterone (T) and Estradiol (E2) are essential in male physiology. Both hormones participate to the development of sexual characteristics during adolescence and contribute to general health in the adulthood [1–6]. The biosynthesis of T and its conversion to E2 involve enzymatic processes that maintain the delicate balance between the two hormones. Hence, an adequate regulation of the participating enzymes is of primary importance. In particular, the enzyme aromatase catalyzes the peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogens. Aromatase, also known as estrogen synthetase (gene CYP19A1), is widely expressed in several tissues and organs of the human body, including testis, granulosa of ovarian follicles, placenta, skin fibroblasts, prostate, adipose tissue, bones, breast, brain . Furthermore, it was found also in vascular smooth muscle cells , skeletal muscles , liver and gastric mucosa . In particular, the adipose tissue that is very rich in aromatase content , produces considerable amount of circulating estrogens .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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98,851 |
Hypothetical model representing the biological importance of the ArathNictabas in A. thaliana cells. The cell and organelles are not drawn to scale. Data available from eFP browser suggest that BGLU23 is upregulated and TGG1 is downregulated after Pseudomonas infection.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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237,433 |
To a solution of 2a and/or 2b (10 mmol) in 2-propanol (20 mL), methyl hydrazine carbodithioate 3 (1.22 g, 10 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. The solid product was filtered off, recrystallized from Acetic acid to afford the target molecules 4a and 4b, respectively.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
383,258 |
Although described since the beginning to be the main actor of ferroptosis inhibition, it has been recently described that the cysteine-GSH-GPx4 axis can be, at least in part, dispensable. A recent genetic screen of genes complementing the loss of GPx4 in resistant cell lines uncovered new players for ferroptosis inhibition. A specific oxidoreductase, previously known as apoptosis-inducing-factor mitochondrial-2 (AIFM2), capable of recycling reduced ubiquinol (Co-enzymeQ10H2) from ubiquinone at the expense of NAD(P)H, has been presented as a potential ferroptosis inhibitor due to the fact that its overexpression complements the loss of GPx4 in PFA1 and human fibrosarcoma (66, 67). Therefore, since then, this AIFM2 oxidoreductase has been re-named to Ferroptosis Suppressor Protein-1 (FSP1) (Figure 2). Those compensatory mechanisms depend on the NAD(P)H-mevalonate pathway that synthesize ubiquinol. Ubiquinol traps radicals undergoing lipid peroxidation in the membrane. Therefore, the discovery of this parallel GSH-independent mechanism for lipid peroxide scavenging is of great interest for development of ferroptosis-based potential chemotherapeutics. Finally, membrane lipid composition and more importantly the long polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is playing a key role in ferroptosis sensitivity. This PUFA membrane enrichment is triggered by the specific enzyme acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4). Interestingly ACSL4 was preferentially expressed in a panel of basal-like breast cancer cell lines and predicted their sensitivity to ferroptosis (68).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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182,401 |
Three hundred eighteen women participated in the adenomyosis cohort study. After 98 women were excluded because of exclusion criteria (n = 88) and no pathological confirmation of adenomyosis (n = 10), the 220 patients were analyzed in this study. The clinicopathological characteristics and treatment strategies of the 220 patients reported here are detailed in a recently published paper. 14 The outline of the treatment is as follows. Based on the severity of the present disease, 140 women underwent surgical resection as the first‐line treatment and 130 women were histologically confirmed to have adenomyosis. Of the 128 women who received the pharmacologic management as the first‐line option, 90 women eventually underwent surgical resection, mainly due to the insufficient effectiveness of current hormone therapies. The reasons for switching from hormone therapy to surgery were as follows: (1) progressive anemia due to recurrence of persistent abnormal uterine bleeding (n = 64), (2) exacerbation of abdominal compression symptoms (n = 11), (3) severe pelvic pain (n = 5), and (4) side effects of drugs including mental health problems (n = 10). Seventy‐three women (33.2%) exhibited intrinsic adenomyosis, 77 women (35.0%) exhibited extrinsic adenomyosis, and 70 women (31.8%) exhibited unclassifiable phenotype based on the MRI. Figure 1 illustrates the detailed selection process for study design.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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189,449 |
The present study had several limitations. First, this was a single-center study with a relatively small number of patients (albeit large for this clinical entity). Second, this was a retrospective study with all inherent bias due to its nature. Although left ventricular dysfunction was not related to valvular disease itself in most of patients, it is difficult to rule-out valvular disease as a cause of heart failure in the these patients due to the high prevalence of atrial fibrillation and due to the study design. Unfortunately, we were also unable to evaluate some important data, e.g., electrocardiogram analysis. Third, patients who did not undergo 18F-FDG PET/CT or gallium-67 cardiac scintigraphy and those whose tests were negative were excluded from the analysis. This bias may have contributed to underestimating 30-day mortality.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
148,469 |
The biological significance of Dolly the sheep, the first cloned mammal by using an adult somatic cell, was far-reaching. First, it answered the long-standing question of genetic/cellular equivalence among cells in the adult organism, which had occupied the minds of scientists for over a century. Secondly, it represented a new dawn for biotechnological applications in medicine and agriculture. Importantly, NT carried out under optimized conditions can erase epigenetic memory of somatic cells enabling multiple rounds of re-cloning without loss of developmental potential (Wakayama et al. 2013), emphasizing the powerful reprogramming capacity of oocytes (Alberio et al. 2006, Halley-Stott et al. 2013). Indeed, the physiological parameters of 6-year-old Dolly clones were equivalent to age-matched control animals, which indicates that NT does not have long-term detrimental effects on aging (Sinclair et al. 2016). Thus, although the overall efficiency of NT remains low, the animals that develop full-term can be clinically healthy and fertile.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
373,600 |
PQ phenomena measurements and limits are covered by specific standards . The main reference is the IEC 61000-4-30, which defines the methods for PQ parameter measurement and the related accuracy requirements; as regards, harmonics (and interharmonics) measurements, it refers to IEC 61000-4-7. The instrument’s compliance with such standards is crucial to enable their use for monitoring or even billing purposes. In more detail, IEC 61000-4-30 defines two classes of measurements, i.e., classes A and S (correspondent to classes I and II of IEC 61000-4-7, respectively). Class A instruments are meant to be used for contractual applications or compliance verification with allowed disturbances limits; class S instruments are allowed for statistical applications such as surveys or power quality assessment and they obviously entail processing requirements lower than those of class A.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
230,781 |
The current research was undertaken as a first step in conceptualizing behavioral failures proneness in its multidimensional aspect. We report the initial stage of developing and validating the Failures Proneness questionnaire, an all-encompassing measure of common behavioral failures in daily life. The newly formulated questionnaire heeds Lawton and Parker’s (1998) call for a multifaceted research approach, which incorporates distinct categories of behavioral antecedents of accidents (Lawton and Parker, 1998). It includes six reliable and valid factors which encompass both cognitive components implicated by human errors (Lapses, Disorganization-Errors, and Temporal-Errors), and motivational components associated with deliberate violations and risky behaviors (Procedural-Violations, Non-compliance-Violations, and Risks). This factor structure is congruent with Reason’s (1990) typology of lapses, mistakes and violations, while also offering a distinction between different types of mistakes and different types of violations.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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26,462 |
(A-C) Density gradient purified coelomocytes (ph: phagocytes, v: vibratile cells, and rs: red spherule cells) were settled and glass slides, fixed with paraformaldehyde, and stained with DAPI. (D-G) Total live coelomocytes were settled or added to glass slides and handled according to Fig 3 with no lectin-dye conjugates added. Representative images in the Rhodamine, FITC, and DAPI channels were taken on a Zeiss Axioimager.Z2 microscope with a cooled CCD camera using an Apotome.2 structured illumination accessory and a Plan-Apochromat 40x objective. The exposure times were identical to those used in Fig 1 for stained samples. Respective phase contrast images were taken (without the Apotome.2 feature) to confirm the identity of each cell. The images for the fluorescent channels are shown individually and merged. Note that no pictures were taken in the DAPI channel for live cells and in the FITC channel for phagocytic cells as no fixed phagocyte showed binding to lectin-FITC conjugates (see Fig 1).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
41,549 |
One benefit of PPPs may be in the efficient transfer of tacit knowledge (know-how) through collaborative interactions. However, our review demonstrated that market transactions in cellular immunotherapy may also account for such knowledge transfer (Table 2). For example, the agreement between Asterias Biotherapeutics (Fremont, CA, USA) and Cancer Research UK provided for negotiations to adapt the technology transfer plan associated with a joint development project to use the company’s expertise in cell-manufacturing and industrial scale-up to improve manufacturing/production of the research institute’s cellular immunotherapy candidates. The company committed to the transfer of manufacturing/production know how, including in the form of training of research institute staff. Similarly, the agreement between Northwest Biotherapeutics (NW Bio) (Bethesda, MD, USA) and Kings College London provided for technology transfer and training via its manufacturing service provider, Cognate BioServices (Memphis, TN, USA).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
101,415 |
antiSMASH 3.0 (11) analysis of the S. scabrisporus NF3 genome revealed 50 secondary metabolites gene clusters: six type 1 polyketide synthase (PKS), two type II PKS, one type III PKS, 11 nonribosomal polyketide synthetase (NRPS), 10 PKS-NRPS hybrids, and 16 bacteriocins. Only two clusters shared complete identity with previously reported operons, and 17 clusters appear to be novel compared to S. scabrisporus DSM 41855 and showed reduced similarity to other prokaryote clusters. Interestingly, one cluster encodes a predicted linaridin, a rare linear ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptide (RiPP) (12–14). The operon (21 kbp) contains seven predicted biosynthetic, two regulatory, and two transporter genes, of which 50% do not show similarity to known linaridin operon genes.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
115,717 |
An additional 35B variant within a vaccine serotype lineage is shown with ST1092 that is typically associated with serogroup 6 strains (Figure 1). Because these putative 35B switch variants were not detected during extensive strain surveillance before and shortly after conjugate vaccine implementation (3,4,13), it is plausible that these serotype switches occurred after implementation of conjugate vaccine. The observation of a 35B variant within the antimicrobial 15A/ST63 lineage brings the number of serotype switch events generating 35B strains described in this study to 5; (35B/ST11818, 35B/ST156, 35B/ST162 from 2015–2016, and 35B/ST10174 from 2009). Except for the 35B/ST162 variant, these serotype switch events were predicted on the basis of progeny PBP type to involve the 35B/ST558 strain as the cps35B donor (online Technical Appendix Table).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
25,867 |
Studies based upon vaginal-rectal swabs both in both high-income and low–middle-income countries (LMICs) have shown that 10–40% of women are rectovaginally colonised by GBS during pregnancy.10 A review of GBS carriage by Stoll et al32 in low-income countries showed 19% GBS carriage in sub-Saharan African women, while country-specific studies in Africa showed carriage rates of 28.4% in South Africa,26 21.2% in Malawi,33 23% in Tanzania34 and 22% in the Gambia.35
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
216,769 |
Eligible participants were invited to take part in a semi–structured interview, conducted one–to–one by telephone or video–conferencing facility (Microsoft Teams) and audio–recorded with consent. Interested participants provided their contact details to a member of the research team and arranged a time that was mutually convenient. Participants were not reimbursed for their time, although to maximise participation they were offered the opportunity to take part in a prize draw for a £30 online shopping voucher. Consenting participants provided both verbal and written signed informed consent. Interviews were informed by a semi–structured topic guide (Supplementary File S1) developed using the five–step process outlined by Kallio et al. . The topic guide considered the following broad areas: to gather insight into the emotional highs and lows of being a healthcare trainee during the pandemic; to identify any facilitators, obstacles or barriers to accessing the e–package; to identify perceptions of healthcare trainees towards the value of the e–package during and after the COVID-19 pandemic; and to gather views on longer–term support for psychological wellbeing in healthcare trainees.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
30,599 |
A Joint Commission statement on sentinel events found that 84% involved a breakdown in communication, usually between physicians, with 62% relating to continuum of care issues.2 In addition, one study found that 24% of liability claims against ED providers included care transitions as a contributing factor.3 Previous studies have described a subjective decrease in the handoff error rate and an increase in physician satisfaction with the use of standardized transfer of care processes. Despite these results, there has been little consensus regarding the most valuable components of standardization. Research is limited due to a lack of objective measurements of error reduction after the implementation of checklists or other standard processes. Multiple sources including the Joint Commission, American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), and a survey of emergency medicine (EM) residency directors have noted the need for improved standardization of patient checkout for a more complete transfer of information.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
361,208 |
There is a need to understand the adoption and maintenance of exercise behavior in older adults, since the current levels of PA participation of this group are insufficient compared to the positive effects derived from their practice . The TTM is a useful tool within this procedure, since it provides us a detailed vision of the process of acquisition of a new habit. This model has demonstrated to be one of the most effective models within the process of behavior change, with a significant impact in the promotion of PA . Up to date, the TTM has been applied for different behaviors and in different age groups, but there is paucity of research in promoting PA in older adults. Therefore, the objective of this review is to identify the relationship between the different TTM constructs: Stages of change, processes of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy in relation to PA in the population over 60 years. This review will increase the knowledge about the recent applications of TTM in the promotion of PA in the group of people over 60 years.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
374,783 |
Flucloxacillin has low MIC90 values for Streptococcus pyogenes (0.064 mg/l) and group C and G streptococci (0.25 mg/l) (EUCAST Antimicrobial wild type distributions of microorganisms; https://mic.eucast.org/Eucast2/) and is effective in cases of “cellulite” sensitivity but showed a higher rate of adverse side effects compared to penicillin G. The use of flucloxacillin should be limited to the treatment of infections by penicillinase-producing, methicillin-sensitive staphylococci. Thus, we do not recommend flucloxacillin as the first-choice treatment for erysipelas.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
95,177 |
In the manuscript, the reporter transactivation data presented by Figure 1A-G and Figure 1—figure supplements 4, 5A, 7 and 8A, B, D were generated by treatment of three different cell types with fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-receptor ligand FGF2, and thus reflect the Krox24 reporter transactivation by endogenous FGFR signaling. In the revised manuscript, we evaluated the capacity of endogenous signaling of two other RTK families, EGFR and TRK, to transactivate Krox24 reporters. Author response image 3 shows induction of EGR1 expression and transactivation of Krox24 reporters, mediated by endogenous EGFR signaling in 293T cells (activated by addition of EGF) or by endogenous TRK signaling in PC12 cells (activated by additions of NGF). Altogether, this demonstrates the capacity of Krox24 reporters to monitor the ligand-dependent activation of endogenous RTK signaling in cells.10.7554/eLife.21536.022Author response image 3.(A) 293T cells and (B) PC12 cells were transfected with pKrox24 reporters alone (293T) or together (PC12) with vector carrying Renilla luciferase under constant promoter (pRL-TK). Cells were treated with EGF (50 ng/ml) or NGF (100 ng/ml) for 24 hours before the level of Krox24 transactivation was determined by luciferase (A) or dual-luciferase (B) assay. Values are averages from four biological replicates (each measured twice) with indicated S.D. Statistically significant differences are highlighted (Student's t-test; ***p<0.001). Results are representative for three independent experiments. The levels of EGR1 induction by EGF or NGF treatment were determined by western blot. Actin serves as the loading control.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21536.022
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
289,895 |
People in the COBrA cohort were matched 1:1 with the HARPdoc participants using propensity scores, as described more fully in ESM Methods. The final matched dataset of 81 participants from each cohort only included participants who were inside the region of common support, thus excluding participants who had a propensity score so high or low that they did not have a sufficient match. The key sociodemographic and clinical characteristics for the matched participants from both cohorts are presented in a comparison table, and compared using univariate descriptive analysis, to give some preliminary information on relevant characteristics. Following Bonferroni adjustment, p<0.002 was taken to indicate a significant difference.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
302,915 |
In order to examine whether the interaction between α-syn and S100A9 depends on ionic strength, the aggregation experiments were repeated under different concentrations of NaCl. Our results showed that higher concentrations of NaCl and 35 μM S100A9 accelerate the aggregation kinetics. However, matters become much more complicated when we examine the differences in structural aspects. In the absence of S100A9, the FTIR spectra show that the presence of additional NaCl stabilize the structure of A3 population. If α-syn samples contain S100A9, the secondary structure of α-syn fibrils remains stable up to 125 mM. The further increase of NaCl concentration causes a shift, which makes the FTIR spectrum similar to that of S100A9-free sample populations A2 or A3. These results point towards the conclusion that α-syn and S100A9 interactions are only significant at lower ionic strength conditions and that the interplay between both proteins is, in fact, at least partially dependent on ion-pair formation.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
225,041 |
One of the hallmarks of cancer cells is the metabolic reprogramming undergone to allow the cancer cells to survive in densely populated tissues with limited nutrients. The Warburg effect is a well-characterized metabolic shift in which cancer cells increase glucose uptake and glycolytic rates to increase energy production. More recent discoveries uncovered the heterogeneity of metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells to also include increases in oxidative phosphorylation and the use of alternative carbon sources (i.e., glutamine, fatty acids, and serine). Various studies have revealed a metabolic regulation system between cancer cells, immune cells, and stroma and have demonstrated the targetability of these metabolic shifts in preventing disease progression (151–158). Surprisingly, studies have also revealed regulation and correlation between metabolic shifts and cytoskeletal proteins in cancer.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
85,183 |
Overlap HES includes single organ and/or defined disorders that are characterized by eosinophilia and eosinophil-associated pathogenesis, including eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders and EGPA. These disorders have distinct clinical presentations and complications and, for this reason, are often approached differently than other forms of HES. Although potential biomarkers for these conditions include the previously discussed general markers of eosinophilia and eosinophil activation, additional disease-specific issues are discussed below.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
24,375 |
All participants completed a battery of seven vocabulary tests and a lexical decision task. Two of the vocabulary tests were established measures of vocabulary knowledge, namely Andringa et al.'s (2012) receptive multiple-choice test and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-III NL; Schlichting, 2005). The other five tests were newly developed.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
313,669 |
Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% CI of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and type 2 diabetes in relation to physical activity (PA) in 2 groups (active vs sedentary) stratified by high and low/intermediate risk genotypes of human leukocyte antigen (HLA), transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2), and fat mass and obesity (FTO)-associated genes. Adjusted for A, age, sex, smoking; and additionally for B, body mass index.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
292,314 |
The porosity of membranes can be affected by many factors such as evaporation time and the coagulation process as well as solvent–polymer interaction. The porosity of the membranes is presented in Table 3. As shown, the overall porosity of the membranes follows the sequence of M6 > M5 > M3 > M7 > M4 > M2 > M1. In comparison with the pristine membrane, the porosity of all of the MMMs was higher. The high porosity of the membranes might be a result of formation of macrovoids and channels during phase the inversion process under the rapid movement of the water molecules. It may also be influenced by the improved hydrophilicity and polymer viscosity. Martin et al. and Otitoju et al. noted that greater hydrophilicity will reinforce the diffusional interaction between solvent and non-solvent, causing a lesser concentration of polymer during interphase between the doped solution and distilled water during the phase inversion process. The higher porosity of all of the MMMs may also play a vital role in the improvement of H2O permeability.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
78,835 |
Interestingly, movement perception is color blind in humans as well: it is driven by the luminance pathway, which sums signals from the red and green cones (Zeki, 1993). Why is movement detection color blind across several animal species, as the evidence so far seems to suggest? One possible explanation is that the capacity to detect and respond to movement—which is critical to many aspects of behavior—is a fundamental building block that visual systems, initially working with a single spectral class of photoreceptor, evolved as part of their basic “Bauplan,” before incorporating additional capabilities such as color vision (Srinivasan, 2011a).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
366,625 |
One final point bears consideration. The novel observations reported in this study have relevance beyond soil or water environments where microbe–arsenic interactions have traditionally been studied. Initial work examining the impact of arsenic on the gut microbiome has clearly established that there are numerous and significant effects, but thus far the basis for these effects is unknown. An initial fate of ingested arsenic is to interact with the gastrointestinal tract microbiome wherein numerous transformations are possible (Coryell et al., 2018; McDermott et al., 2019) and that will have consequences for the host as well as other microbiome members (McDermott et al., 2019). Initial work examining the impact of arsenic on the gut microbiome have clearly established that there are numerous and significant effects, including altered microbiome structure and composition as well as metabolomic profiles (Lu et al., 2014; Chi et al., 2017, 2019a,b; Liu et al., 2019); however, thus far the basis for these changes is unknown. The ars genes/operons of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms are quite common in the human gut microbiome (McDermott et al., 2019), and there is no reason to view their transcriptional control to be any different to that shown in numerous pure culture isolates from virtually every other environment. Now, in addition to the specific ars-encoded functions, the very extensive profile of functions influenced by the ArsR protein documented herein offers a qualitative indication of what might be expected in the human gut microbiome and assists in explaining the very significant microbiome metabolic changes observed in different mouse studies (Lu et al., 2013; Guo et al., 2014; Lu et al., 2014; Richardson et al., 2018; Chi et al., 2019c; Liu et al., 2019).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
349,506 |
Diagnosing schizophrenia before 18 years remains very complex. Indeed, there are no specific criteria for Early-Onset Schizophrenia (EOS) in standard classifications such as ICD-10 , DSM IV-TR or DSM-5 . To date, the prevalence of EOS has not been clearly identified. There is only a very limited number of epidemiological studies. Incidence data with diagnoses based on standardised clinical assessments such as the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children (Kiddie-SADS-PL) , are still rare in the paediatric population [5, 6]. Epidemiological studies concerning EOS are rare and of heterogeneous results [7, 8]. Observations from the National Institute of Mental Health cohort indicate that Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia (COS), with onset before 13 years, is very rare with an incidence of less than 0.04% . In another study, prevalence is described as less than one in 10,000 children between 2 and 12 years of age . In addition, other studies revealed that EOS represents less than 4% of all the schizophrenia diagnoses . Specific and general care for EOS remains difficult and very challenging, and its outcome is worse than for other psychotic disorders .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
352,081 |
Detailed descriptions of the following techniques are available in the Supplementary Materials and Methods:Immunohistochemical analysisRNA extraction and qRT-PCR (primer sequences are shown in Table S2)Western blottingWound healing assayTranswell migration assayCell proliferation assayELISATOP-flash/FOP-flash reporter assayIn vivo xenograft model
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
14,609 |
120 overweight and obese subjects [25 ≤ body mass index (BMI) ≤ 34 kg/m2] aged 40-59 years were recruited at a health-promotion center in Ilsan Hospital, Korea, from June to August 2010. Exclusion criteria were subjects who had cardiovascular disease, renal disease, thyroid disease, inflammatory disease, cancer; women who were pregnant; taking blood pressure (BP), lipid, glucose-lowering medications or supplements at the baseline and during the three-year follow-up. The subjects who participated in weight-reduction programs within the last three years were also excluded. The written informed consent was obtained before study participation and the protocol was approved by the institutional review board of Yonsei University and Ilsan Hospital according to the Helsinki Declaration.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
386,118 |
15 right-handed subjects (10 female, mean age 24.07, SD 3.79) participated in this experiment. The study was approved by University College London Ethics Committee, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Inclusion criteria included healthy, consenting adults over the age of 18 of either gender and right-handed. Exclusion criteria included implanted metal objects or devices (cochlear implant or deep brain stimulator) in the brain or skull, taking pro-epileptogenic medication or a history of spinal surgery. No subject had contraindications to TMS, which was assessed by a TMS screening questionnaire. All subjects gave informed consent, provided by a signed information sheet.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
127,196 |
Simulated saliva fluid (SSF) was prepared by dissolving 12 g of Na2HPO4·7H2O and 7.6 g of NaH2PO4·H2O in 800 mL of distilled water, adjusting to pH 6.75 using HCl or NaOH, and then adjusting to 1000 mL with distilled water. Simulated gastric fluid USP without pepsin (SGF, pH 1.2) was prepared by dissolving 3 g of NaCl in 1450 mL of distilled water and then adjusting the pH to 1.2 using diluted HCl.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
156,588 |
Alginate is used as a hydrogel for the bio-fabrication process. It has strong mechanical properties for ideal bio-fabrication. In another study, alginate was combined with nano-cellulose and used as a bio-ink to assess the biocompatibility with human nasoseptal chondrocytes. An extrusion-based 3D bioprinter printed this combination with optimized process parameters. Alginate–nano-cellulose bio-ink demonstrated post-printing shape fidelity (reversible stress softening behavior), a high degree of shear thinning, and a stable construct volume . Photopolymerizable polymer (composed of urethane acrylate oligomers) was designed with cellular structures with four precisely controlled internal architectures (octahedral, cubic octahedral, pillar octahedral, and truncated octahedral) for biomimetic bone implants. The implants were fabricated by 3D printing technologies and evaluated for their biological and mechanical behavior. Among the four internal architectures, it was found that the pillar octahedral had balanced mechanical and biological properties . The evolution of nature-derived polymer-based new products with a biomimetic approach yields sustainable development in additive manufacturing. Table 1 represents the biomimetic polymers used in functional biomedical applications fabricated through AM techniques.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
365,069 |
Postharvest fruit decay in passive inoculated fruit was characterized separately for the incidence (percentage of decayed fruits in a box) and severity of decay (index 0–5; 0—no decay, 1—initial decay, 3—spread decay, 5—wide spread decay). In the wound inoculated fruit, the decay diameter was measured in two different directions and the average diameter was used to calculate the radius; the area was calculated by πr2.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
87,913 |
No epidemiologic or cohort study is necessary for understanding pathogenesis , but this visualization of an understandable relationship between external and internal features (most never described in literature) in the involved tissues can invite other institutions with a great number of cases and resources for research on a bigger scale to provide also statistical evidence of the relationships. Concomitant features of a “short cord” like Arnold Chiari malformation and syringomyelie can be explained out of the neuro-osseous growth discongruency.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
59,974 |
Yet, options for control and containment of emerging biotechnologies were almost only trusted when performed by external experts or legal entities, rather than through individual action or personal competence. If influencing technological developments was perceived as possible, it was expected that the field was either regulated by legal and technical frameworks or by experts, such as policy makers or scientists. Bottom-up strategies, such as public protest, were almost never mentioned by the groups. The tenor was a somehow passive approach that may result from the expansive character of emerging biotechnologies and the thus perceived great level of complexity. The group situation might have also influenced this approach as respondents might have held back ideas about bottom up initiatives to avoid criticism by other group members if these control options were seen as unrealistic.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
90,920 |
It is clear that significant advancements have been made in enamel research over the last 5 years since Enamel VIII. Despite these advances, it is equally clear that many issues highlighted there as future priorities (Scientific Advisory Board, 2011) are still pressing. The greater our technical capabilities and knowledge base, the more questions and unknowns we uncover and the more we realize what we do not know. More than 100 researchers from 28 countries attended Enamel 9 and their reported findings provide indisputable evidence of the quality, breadth and vigor of enamel research across the globe. Attendance at the Symposium by >30 early career researchers gives us confidence of the continuing vibrance and sustainability of the enamel field. In addition, it was particularly gratifying to see so many examples of interdisciplinary effort used to address increasing numbers of research questions in an integrated way, as was prioritized at Enamel VIII. Our first priority reflects the need to encourage and hasten the development of this valuable trend.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
135,434 |
Animal protocols had been revised and approved by The Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and Department of Health, Hong Kong (No. 17-283 for Animal Ethics Approval), under the instructions of “Principles of Laboratory Animal Care” (NIH publication No. DH/HA&P/8/2/3). The postnatal day 1 SD rat was dissected to obtain calvaries. Tissues were digested by 1% trypsin for 10 min, 0.2% collagenase for 20 min and 0.2% collagenase for the another 45 min, respectively (Yu et al., 2020). Afterwards, the supernatant was obtained via centrifugation at 1,500 rpm for 5 min. Osteoblasts were incubated in MEM-α, supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% PS. Cell proliferation of osteoblast was conducted by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetra- zolium bromide (MTT) assay. In rat micromass culture, rat embryos were utilized to cultivate mesenchymal progenitor cells from its limb buds. The ectoderms were removed after enzymatic digestion of limb buds with 0.1% trypsin and 2.4 U of dispase ll for 20 min. The cell number was adjusted to 25 × 106 cells/mL. The micromass was maintained with the CMRL 1066 medium, 10% FBS and 1% PS. The medium was replaced with fresh medium after 24 h in culture and renewed every two days. For histological staining of micromass, the cultures were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min. Next, the cultures were incubated in Alcian blue 8 GS solution (0.1 mg/ml) for 1 h. The cultures were then washed and immersed with glycerol, for Alizarin Red S staining. The fixed cells were stained with 40 mM Alizarin Red S (pH 4.2) for 15 min and immersed with glycerol.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
212,623 |
A drought is an event of prolonged conditions with a well below-average water supply that results in negative impacts on the natural systems and economic sectors. Because of the complexity of impacts, droughts are often not directly measurable, but can be characterized using different indicators. Different drought indices such as the Standardized Precipitation Index, Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index and the Palmer Drought Severity Index, have been used to study past changes in droughts for different parts of China, making it difficult to intercompare and synthesize results across the studies. Attribution studies are limited to attributing specific drought events, finding an increase in the probability of the drought events as a result of human influence, including the autumn drought of 2009 in southwestern China and the late spring drought of 2018 in South China . Li et al. found detectable human contribution to the intensification of summer hot drought events in northeastern China where drought events were loosely defined as high temperature and low precipitation through a joint probability distribution of precipitation and temperature. As drought events are defined based on the joint probability distribution, it is difficult to compare those events with droughts that are defined based on traditional drought indicators. Overall, while there is increased attention in attributing droughts, there is still a lack of general understanding of the human influence on droughts in China.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
|
242,242 |
The mice were individually housed in chambers of an Oxymax system (Columbus Instruments, Columbus, OH, USA). After a 2-day acclimation period, their oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured for six consecutive days. The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and energy expenditure (heat) were computed using standard equations.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
357,034 |
Numerous populations of this new species have been documented in the western parts of Kenya’s forests, including Morongiot and Kobujoi areas of South Nandi Forest, Kapsasur area of Nandi Centre, Yale River Trail of Kakamega Forest, Timbilil and Sambret Catchment area of south-western Mau Forest. It usually climbs over tree trunks or twines around shrubs in moist forests or at forest margin at elevations of 1950–2230 m.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
295,355 |
In this meta-regression analysis of 21 RCTs and 3306 participants, we demonstrated all the changes in hemodynamic indices, including ∆mPAP, ∆PVR, ∆RAP, and ∆CI, were associated with ∆6MWD, independent of age, sex, and baseline functional class. However, only ∆mPAP, ∆PVR, and ∆CI, but not ∆RAP or ∆6MWD were related to clinical adverse events, after accounting for age, sex, and functional class. In addition, only ∆PVR and ∆CI were the hemodynamic parameters to be independently predictive of total mortality. But none of the changes in hemodynamic indices was correlated with PAH hospitalization or death due to PAH. The study results may support the use of the changes in the hemodynamic parameters, including ∆mPAP, for the risk assessment in the management of PAH.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
179,088 |
Buddha’s hand (Citrus medica var. sarcodactylus) was grown in the Nyon region (Switzerland) and supplied by the Niels Rodin’s Citrus Farm. Ripe fruit was harvested in October 2020 and stored in a fridge (about 5 °C) until analysis. Before use, it was washed with deionized water and the mesocarp was manually separated from the exocarp.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
220,515 |
The SPE was conducted using an Oasis HLB (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) cartridge (3 cc, 60 mg) cartridge as described previously . A set of standards was prepared in the sample matrix (supernatant from control samples) and cleaned using SPE. Another set of standards was prepared in 60% methanol and analyzed directly. The recovery percentage was calculated using the standard curve that was prepared in the sample matrix and cleaned using the HLB cartridge.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
345,834 |
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that survey tissues for foreign antigens [1, 2]. Following an encounter with a foreign antigen, DCs are activated in a process involving the capture and processing of the antigen, expression of lymphocyte co-stimulatory molecules, migration to lymphoid tissues like the spleen and lymph node for completion of their maturation, and secretion of cytokines to initiate the adaptive immune response [3, 4]. During maturation and migration to the lymph node, DCs undergo global rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton, which are mediated through specific temporal and spatial actions of actin-binding or regulatory proteins . Rac1/2, a small G-protein responsible for ruffling movements, is essential for the interaction between DCs and T cells [5, 6]. The formin mDia1 is essential for DC adhesion, migration, and sustained interaction with T cells . Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein, a molecule that controls Arp2/3-dependent actin polymerization, is required for the formation of the immunological synapse (IS) and DC migration [8–10]. The cortactin HS1 is necessary for organizing the podosome array and is primarily required for directional persistence of migrating DCs [11, 12]. However, none of these actin regulators is specific for DC functions as they are ubiquitously expressed and function in most mammalian cells . Thus, the discovery of a DC-specific actin regulatory protein would help us understand how DC immunity is linked to dynamic actin remodeling at a fundamental level.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
13,330 |
Data indicated an effect of TZD on adipose tissue by decreasing the release of NEFA and slightly changing the adipocyte size profile. The histological data indicated that TZD-treated goats had a significant decrease in medium-size adipocytes after 1 week of TZD treatment. An increase of small adipocytes is indicative of active adipogenesis. The formation of new adipocytes generally precedes the formation of large adipocytes . Our data are consistent with this general observation because the proportion of large adipocytes was larger in TZD-treated animals in later stages. PPARγ is a well-established master regulator of adipogenesis . Therefore, it appears that TZD had a biological effect on adipose tissue. Surprisingly, no TZD effect was observed in the expression of target genes in adipose tissue. Lack of effect on expression of genes in adipose tissue is consistent with a study conducted in pregnant dry dairy cows . However, in another study where nonpregnant dry cows were used, the injection of TZD affected the expression of several genes, including PPARγ target genes, but the effect was only temporary despite continuous injection .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
205,712 |
The newborn female pups were collected immediately after delivery and ovaries were harvested by carefully removing oviducts and ovarian bursa in calcium‐ and magnesium‐free Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS). The ovaries were further digested in 500 µl HBSS supplemented with 0.25% trypsin, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA), and 0.01% DNase I and incubated at 37°C for 10 min with gentle agitation. To stop the digestion, 500 µl HBSS (plus 10% FBS) was added and the cell suspensions were centrifuged at 400 g for 5 min at 4°C. After aspirating the supernatant completely, the cells were resuspended in 500 µl HBSS. The dissociated single‐cell suspensions were transferred under the microscope (Nikon, SMZ1000), and single germ cell samples were picked up and transferred into the lysis buffer by mouth pipette.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
340,608 |
The adhesive material is assumed to behave as an isotropic material. The strain energy aUr stored in the finite element r of the adhesive material is obtained in a similar manner to the truss energies in the global (x,y,z) coordinate system. Thus, the total strain energy that is stored in the adhesive material made of R elements is:(9)aU=∑r=1RaUr
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
149,144 |
The pooled results from RCTs determine the direction of the clinical hypothesis and the representative effect size. In the gray zone, complementation from data synthesized from observational studies may be necessary. If the pooled results from observational studies are more significant than those from RCTs, the clinical hypothesis could be weakened and confounding bias could be present among the observational studies. In other words, the clinical hypothesis seems more meaningful in clinical studies with a possibility of bias and a low evidence grade, but it has less significant results than previously expected in high-grade studies such as randomized studies. If the pooled effect of observational studies is less significant, the clinical hypothesis can be strengthened, and there is less possibility of bias. This suggests that clinical hypotheses are less meaningful in clinical studies with possible bias and a low grade of evidence, but more meaningful results are produced in high-grade studies such as randomized studies. Finally, the quality of observational studies can be assessed, and trends of pooled effects according to study design (high- and low-quality observational studies and randomized studies) can be investigated (Figure 1). This process will typically categorize three or more groups, and hierarchical trends can be used to complement clinical hypotheses.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
339,920 |
Early findings presented in this brief research report pave the way toward future new advanced approaches for human cardiac regeneration, through in situ direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts populating post-infarct scar into cardiomyocyte-like cells.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
148,849 |
The FFR assessment was performed using the Smart EP module from Intelligent Hearing Systems (Miami, FL, USA). Disposable surface electrodes were used, and the infant’s skin was sanitized with abrasive gel (Nuprep). The electrodes were positioned at Fz, Fpz, M1, and M2. Impedance was maintained below 3k ohms, with the difference between the electrodes kept below 2k ohms.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
394,359 |
Other network metrics (i.e., node resistance and degree) may also play important roles in identifying pivotal stepping‐stones in migration networks for some species. We found that node resistance and degree outperformed betweenness in the southward migration network of greater white‐fronted geese. However, in some smaller networks (e.g., the northward migration network of whooper swans), node removal in the orders of node resistance and degree reduced network connectivity more slowly than random removal. Therefore, node resistance and degree should be used in comparison with betweenness, which is a more general metric that can be applied to designating prioritized conservation efforts for migration networks of various species.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
382,811 |
The topic of breaching sequences has been studied extensively using traditional focal follow techniques (including much of work from Whitehead and Wursig). For one of the juveniles that we tagged, the shortest time between consecutive breaches was 6.5 seconds and for the other it was 10.5 seconds. The third juvenile breached intermittently. This is certainly a very interesting topic, with the caveat that juveniles also performed many other acrobatic maneuvers in-between breaches and the breaches varied widely in emergence% . The scaling of recovery time with body mass is a worthwhile topic and would probably have some interesting implications, but we believe our dataset is too sparse to accurately pursue this (due to the low number of whales with known body lengths, and low number multiple-breach sequences that could assure us of an accurate minimum time between events). We added the following line as documentation of the time between consecutive breaches:
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
91,349 |
We found that 45% (38/83) of FIA-MS metabolites were important for discriminating between SBS-ALD and control group separation on component 1 for PLS-DA (Supplementary Table 3). 7% (6/83) metabolites remained significantly differentially expressed between SBS-ALD and either the NOC or Sham-control group following application of a Bonferroni-based multiple testing threshold. Of these 6 metabolites, only indoxyl sulphate remained both differentially expressed against both control groups and with VIP > 1. Concurring with our observation of SBS-ALD associated microbial dysbiosis, as demonstrated in Fig. 4, 35% of the differentially expressed metabolites were either directly associated with the bacterial metabolism of protein (tyrosine and phenylacetylglycine) or were the hepatic generated downstream metabolites of the same pathway (phenol sulphate, 4-cresol sulphate, indoxyl sulphate, glycine, hippuric acid).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
199,900 |
The categorical variables were presented as counts and percentages, and the seroprevalence estimates were presented together with 95% CI. The 95% CI of the seroprevalence was calculated using the hybrid Wilson/Brown method. The differences between groups were analyzed with Mann–Whitney or Kruskal–Wallis tests. All statistical analyses were performed with the GraphPad Prism 9 software.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
258,171 |
FCV is a highly lytic virus, whose replication cycle have little or no involvement with the Golgi apparatus21. Thus, to address if the observed activation of the Golgi stress response was specific for DENV and ZIKV infections, CRFK cells infected with FCV were analyzed for Golgi expansion or translocation of the TFE3 factor. CRFK cells were chosen because they are highly permissive to FCV and will magnify any putative use of the Golgi complex. GM-130 staining of mock infected CRFK cells was observed as a dotted mark near the nuclei. In addition, TFE3 was observed in the cytoplasm of untreated cells. No changes in the architecture of the Golgi complex or translocation of the TFE3 factor to the cell nuclei were observed in infected CRFK fixed at 5 and 7 hpi (Fig. 4). Yet, CRFK cells can mount a Golgi stress response as indicated by the results obtained in monensin treated cells, where changes in the GM-130 mark and translocation of TFE3 were observed. These results suggest that demanding of Golgi functions during the virus replicative process of DENV and ZIKV, but not FCV, are necessary for activation of the Golgi stress response.Figure 4CRFK cells infected with FCV showed no evidence of Golgi stress or activation of the TFE3 pathway. (A) CRFK cells were infected with FCV and fixed at 5 and 7 hpi. The cells were probed against capsid protein VP1 (green), and GM130 (cis-Golgi, red). Nuclei were counter stained with DAPI (blue). (B) CRFK cells were transfected with 1 µg of plasmid DNA of transcriptional factor TFE3 (pTEF3-Myc), then infected with FCV at MOI = 5 and fixed at 5 and 7 hpi. Cells were probed against capsid protein VP1 (green), Myc (TFE3, red). Nuclei were counter stained with DAPI (blue). Cells were analyzed using a Zeiss LSM 700 confocal microscope with laser sections: 0.45 μm. (C) Percentage of TFE3 translocated from the cytoplasm to nucleus were measured through images analysis with Zen Blue edition 2.6 software and the results were plotted using GraphPAD Prism version 8.01. *p ≤ 0.05.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
13,197 |
The animal experiments concerned with IgA production were approved by the Ethics Committee of Morinaga Milk Industry (Permit Number: 14–005, 14–039 and 14–040) and were performed in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of Morinaga Milk Industry; with the Law Concerning the Protection and Control of Animals and with Standards Relating to the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals and Relief of Pain. The animal experiments concerned with influenza virus infection were approved by the Experimental Animal Research Committee for Ethics and Animal Experimentation, Nihon Bioresearch Inc. (Project No.076132).The experiments were conducted in accordance with the Guidelines for Management and Welfare of Experimental Animals (Hashima Laboratory, Nihon Bioresearch Inc., October 2, 2007; modified on August 27, 2010).
| 1 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
112,267 |
Figure 4a (left-top inset) shows an SAED pattern of the nanoparticles with amorphous structure. The presence of amorphous nanoparticles is expected with room temperature synthesis and has been reported elsewhere (Soulantica et al. 2001). Figure 4b displays EDS analysis of indium nanoparticles showing the presence of characteristic indium peaks. The presence of Al, Ni and carbon in the EDS spectrum relates to the TEM grid.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
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