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Code/trivial namea IUPAC name/SMILES notation/InChiKeyb Structural formulac hymexazol 5‐methylisoxazol‐3‐ol Cc1cc(O)no1 KGVPNLBXJKTABS‐UHFFFAOYSA‐N hymexazol N‐monoglucoside 2‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐5‐methyl‐1,2‐oxazol‐3(2H)‐one O[C@H]1C(O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1OC(C)=CC1=O AJQPXMGLDMXYMI‐QNRYFBKSSA‐N hymexazol O‐glucoside 5‐methyl‐1,2‐oxazol‐3‐yl D‐glucopyranoside O[C@H]1C(O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O)Oc1cc (C)on1 MXURVUIFJOLZNZ‐QNRYFBKSSA‐N aThe metabolite name in bold is the name used in the conclusion.bACD/Name 2018.2.2 ACD/Labs 2018 Release (File version N50E41, Build 103230, 21 July 2018).cACD/ChemSketch 2018.2.2 ACD/Labs 2018 Release (File version C60H41, Build 106041, 07 December 2018).
| 2 | 0biomedical
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31,986 |
In this paper, we have developed a simple yet very general model of elastic compatibility stresses in twinned microstructures. These stresses must occur at twin boundaries to provide compatibility at the plane interfaces between two neighbouring twin variants. Our model makes use of the special symmetry of twinned microstructures, building on the fact that only a few components of the stiffness (and compliance) matrices of both twin variants exhibit a change of sign when described in the twin coordinate system, which is tied to the twinning elements, shear direction and twin plane normal. The analytical equations derived for type I, type II and compound twins allow to directly calculate the total stress state for arbitrary applied loads. The only input needed to perform such calculations are (i) the lattice constants (i.e. the geometry of the crystal structure) of the material under consideration, (ii) its elastic constants, and (iii) the twinning elements. Stresses and strains are conveniently calculated in the twin coordinate system. Compatibility stresses are constant throughout each variant and can be of the same order of magnitude as the applied stresses, or even higher—particularly in variants with a lower volume fraction.
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30,826 |
(A) SLC22A3 expression was upregulated in SCC-4 cells transfected with pCMV6-AC-MycDDK plasmid vector containing SLC22A3, as determined by qRT-PCR (upper panel) and Western blotting (lower panel). (B) SLC22A3 expression was downregulated in SCC-25 cells transfected with SLC22A3 siRNA, as determined by qRT-PCR (upper panel) and Western blotting (lower panel). The value of SLC22A3 expression on the day of transfection is designated 1, and the expression levels on different days after transfection are related to this value. An MTT assay was performed to examine the the effect of cell toxicity for SCC-4 cells (C) and SCC-25 cells (D) at 3 days after transfection and treatment with 0, 5, and 25 mM cisplatin. Data are presented as the mean and SE of three independent experiments.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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166,123 |
Affective involvement—believing an issue has personal importance and being emotionally engaged with it—has been shown to increase people's attention to an issue, willingness to express an opinion, political participation, and opinion leadership [10,, , ]. In the context of climate change, issue involvement has been shown to influence both political and consumer advocacy and consumer behavior . Based on this literature, we hypothesize that health professionals’ affective issue involvement will be positively related to their willingness to advocate for climate change.
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7,598 |
The following is the statistical results of experiments. Combining Figure 9a with Figure 9b for analysis, we see the fused system’s estimation error is smaller than the TCAS and ADS-B subsystem’s estimation error. The fused track information is better than that of any subsystem. The fusion system is in a semi-physical simulation environment. A minimum system which combines the ADS-B physical system and TCAS simulation is built. The ADS-B measured values are obtained from an ADS-B Out experiment based on the simulator cockpit platform, which are sent to the air by the ADS-B airborne equipment, and received by an ADS-B ground station. Then the ADS-B measured noise is obtained from the ADS-B truth values and measured values.
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287,007 |
As presented in the Results section and Table 1, the BAC226Q mouse model has validity and fidelity in a full spectrum from genomic DNA, protein, subcellular/cellular pathology, histopathology, specific brain area atrophy, cognitive and psychiatric disorder-like phenotypes, motor behavioral deficits, weight loss, and shortened life spans.
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109,706 |
Key features of Ixodes canisuga females. a Basis capituli, dorsal surface. b Basis capituli of another morphotype, with considerably smaller porose areas. c Basis capituli, ventral aspect. d Coxa I (short, blunt internal spur viewed from a proper angle). Numbered arrows indicate (in the order of presentation in the key): (1) flat “plateau-like” anterior surface of basis capituli around the hypostome basis; (2) inconspicuous, rounded bump, i.e. slightly forward projecting ridge of “plateau”; (3) relatively straight lateral edge of palp; (4) narrow space between porose areas (i.e. less than their diameter)
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70,156 |
The study was originally designed to have a wider range of clinicians (medical students, surgical interns and critical care fellows) also make predictions in order to gather data from clinicians with a more varied range experiences however their rotations were relatively short and the number of evaluations completed by these clinicians was very small. Given the limited number of surgeons’ experiences within this study, it is possible that the accuracy of the predictions cannot be extrapolated to other trauma centers or surgeons. Results from this study indicate that a full evaluation, including imaging, in trauma patients will provide the most beneficial care plan, however further investigations are required to confirm these findings.
| 2 | 0biomedical
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176,866 |
2-(5-Bromo-2-methoxyphenyl)benzo[d]oxazole (10). Compound 9 (2.00 g, 9.3 mmol), 2-aminophenol (1.68 g, 15.3 mmol), and NaCN (0.022 g, 0.465 mmol) were transferred to a 100 mL round-bottom flask. The reagents were dissolved in 40 mL of DMF. An oxygen balloon was attached, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 110 °C for 2 h. Upon completion of the reaction, the volatiles were evaporated. The product was purified using flash column chromatography (silica gel; EtOAc/hexanes, 3:17) and recrystallized from cold EtOH to afford 1.94 g (68%) of compound 10 as light-yellow needles. 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.28 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (ddd, J = 5.7, 2.2, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.63–7.56 (m, 2H), 7.42–7.32 (m, 2H), 6.98 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (s, 3H). 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.0, 157.5, 150.3, 141.8, 135.3, 133.6, 125.4, 124.5, 120.4, 117.9, 113.9, 112.8, 110.5, 56.5. HRMS (EI m/z): [M+•] Calcd. for C14H10BrNO2: 302.9895; found, 302.9904.
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234,889 |
A multicenter, randomized study of patients with uncontrolled focal seizures (27) showed that the adjunctive cenobamate, with dosage groups of 100, 200, and 400 mg/day led to a consistent reduction in focal-seizures frequency after 18-weeks of treatment, with the greatest reduction observed in the 200 and 400 mg/day doses groups. A similar dose-effect relationship was seen when evaluating the responder rates (≥50% in seizure reduction). Post-hoc analysis proved seizure frequencies decreased early during cenobamate titration; while, during the 12-week maintenance phase, significantly more patients under the active 200 or 400 mg/day harms achieved seizure freedom as compared to that receiving placebo. Cenobamate is overall well-tolerated, showing mild to moderate severity AEs on the CNS system, such as somnolence, dizziness, and disturbances in gait and coordination, with a linear incidence-dose correlation and disappearance at maintenance. Four cases of hypersensitivity adverse reactions occurred during two RCTs, including one serious AEs of Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) (26, 27). In this case, the rapid titration of 100 mg/week from 200 to 400 mg dose might have contributed to the higher rates of AEs in the 400 mg group; a lower starting dose and a slower titration rate have been shown to reduce the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions, possibly through the development of immune tolerance (27). As cenobamate inhibits the P450 family cytochrome CYP2C19*18, dosing adjustment is needed when adding cenobamate to ASM regimens containing phenytoin or phenobarbital (28); moreover, a dose reduction of CLB should be considered, counteract the increase in plasma levels of desmethylclobazam, its active metabolite. Cenobamate has also been shown to decrease by 25% the plasma exposure to carbamazepine, through the induction of the CYP3A4. Cenobamate could shorten the QT-interval on the ECG in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, cenobamate is contraindicated in patients with familial short QT syndrome, and caution is required in co-administration with other drugs known to reduce the QT interval since a synergistic effect may occur (26, 27). In a short time, data will help to assess cenobamate active time-window on seizures control and real-life data will help to acknowledge whether freedom rates will be borne out in clinical practice. The mechanisms of action and the potential additive or synergistic interactions of cenobamate with concomitant ASMs also warrant further investigation (26).
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308,045 |
By using bioinformatics techniques, Garcia-Mulero et al. found that the primary origin of bone metastases affects the immune phenotype of their subsequent metastases . Compared with the primary lesions, bone metastases showed more abundance of stromal cells, enrichment in fibroblast, and significant differences in B lineage infiltration score . They also discovered that metastases in different sites tend to be of different immunogenicity. Bone metastases tend to be medium immunogenic while lung metastases and liver metastases tend to be high and low immunogenic, respectively . However, most bone metastases originating from colorectal cancer and kidney tumors belong to high immunogenic and show an increase in immune markers, which might be partly explained by the osteolytic nature of these lesions .
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155,096 |
The present study examined the relationship between personal recovery and clinical recovery and its subdomains, as rated by clinicians and service users. The results revealed that personal recovery was significantly associated with clinical recovery, as rated by both service users and clinicians.
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37,004 |
Odlum (1953: 446) had previously expressed caution that the psychological requirements of young mothers were being obviated by those of their children, reminding readers of Family Doctor, the magazine of the British Medical Association, that “the wishes, and even to some extent the needs, of the baby must be modified to fit in with her needs too”. Children in receipt of constant maternal attention were by no means guaranteed healthy psychological development, but could fall prey to a divergent strain of pathological motherhood, the overbearing “mom” who recurred frequently in American debate (Rioch, 1955: 53; Odlum, 1956: 25; Lunbeck, 2012: 55). A focus on children who experienced a deficit of mother-love obscured the problems of those who were enveloped by it; “smother-love” could be just as dangerous to the unformed psyche (World Federation for Mental Health, 1955: 54). Odlum’s scepticism of Bowlbyite determinism found further confirmation in evidence presented to the MWIA by a French child psychiatrist and expert on adolescent delinquency, Suzanne Serin. Drawing on decades of experience giving advice to juvenile courts, Serin (1956: 32–33) described psychologists who conflated good motherhood with “la femme au foyer” (the housewife) as “zélateurs” (zealots). The connections they made between working mothers and serious emotional disturbances had no reflection in the medical and legal cases in which she had been involved. Anti-work critics, she maintained, had been systematically unable to demonstrate that the work of the mother beyond the home had significant adverse effects “sur sa santé, sur son équilbre, sur la santé ou l’équilibre du mari, de ses enfants ou en general sur la stabilité du couple” (on health, on balance, on the health or the balance of the husband, her children or in general on the stability of the couple). In emphasizing the reduced intellectual traction of maternal deprivation theory outside of Britain, contact with critics such as Serin disrupted the supposed universalism of knowledge about childhood development. By shifting the arguments of writers such as John Bowlby away from the value-neutral spaces they claimed to inhabit, it became possible to detect, as Mead (1954: 477) observed, a “new and subtle form of antifeminism”.
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362,078 |
From the EDTA-treated blood, 6 µL and 3 µL were used to prepare thick and thin blood films, respectively. After air-drying, the thin blood smears were fixed with methanol and both smears subsequently stained with 10% Giemsa for 15 minutes. Two experienced microscopists independently examined the slides under ×100 oil immersion to determine the presence or absence of malaria parasites. Parasites were quantified after counting 200 or 500 WBCs. Parasite densities were calculated as parasite per microliter of blood (parasite counted / WBCs counted × total WBC in 1µL of blood). A slide was only declared negative when no malaria parasite was seen after scanning 100 high power fields (HPFs).
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53,269 |
To understand NPY's effects on growth of the precursor cells isolated from the SVF of chick adipose, we evaluated cellular proliferation and gene expression at several time points posttreatment in precursor cells grown under conditions to promote proliferation. In our earlier study, effects on gene expression were measured at 4 h and cellular replication at 12 h posttreatment with NPY (Zhang et al. 2015). The number of proliferating cells was not affected by NPY at 12 h posttreatment in the previous study (Zhang et al. 2015). To evaluate whether this was sufficient time for effects of NPY to be observed as transcriptional or cell number changes, this study was extended to include 12, 24, and 48 h as the end points. In our previous study, at 4 h posttreatment with NPY, there was decreased TPX2 and TOP2A mRNA (Zhang et al. 2015), the opposite of what we observed in this study at 12 h posttreatment. Because expression of these genes decreased at 4 h, but increased at 12 h, the increase at 12 h may not be a direct response to NPY, but rather recovering from the decrease in expression observed at 4 h to reestablish normal growth. Also, at 4 h, expression of NPY and NPY2R increased (Zhang et al. 2015), whereas at 12 h NPY mRNA decreased in response to the same dose. This could be due to a similar mechanism as for TPX2 and TOP2A; that the decrease in NPY at 12 h may not be a direct response to NPY, but rather a recovery to normal homeostatic levels of expression. This is further evidenced by the absence of changes in expression at 24 and 48 h. The direct effects of NPY on the SVF of cells may occur earlier than 12 h. Because of the lack of an effect on cell proliferation at any of the time points measured in either study (12, 24, or 48) it is likely that NPY does not act to enhance cell proliferation in adipose precursor cells in chickens. However, that some transcriptional effects were observed early on during treatment suggests that NPY is affecting metabolic activity of the cells.
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160,908 |
Figure 3a illustrates GMV/TIV, i.e., relative GMV, from the PT studies contrasted against individual data of FT controls. Relative GMV decreased from infancy through early adulthood. Relative GMV calculated from data on infants with and without IUGR reported by Padilla et al. was above the curve describing FT development. All other values were below the 95%-CI. Data from three PT studies of school-aged children , adolescents with brain injury and adults were below the 95%-PI.
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151,082 |
In summary, it is worth emphasizing that bacteria of the genus Bacillus, as this chapter shows, are the most promising targets for the study of QQ-systems since they have ubiquitous occurrence and various mechanisms for the enzymatic degradation of QS-signaling Gram-negative bacteria, namely production of AHL-lactonases, and as shown relatively recently, AHL-acylases. The search for strains capable of effectively counteracting the QS systems of Gram-positive bacteria represents a new and very pressing challenge that has yet to be addressed.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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383,284 |
Importantly, lincRNA-p21 was overrepresented in EVs when compared with their parental cell lines. Gezer et al. had previously described this phenomenon , showing that several lncRNAs with low expression levels in cultured cells were highly enriched in derived EVs. Specifically for lincRNA-p21, there was a fold change between EVs and parental cell lines of 6500 in HeLa cells and 78 in MCF-7 cells. For gene expression calculation, Gezer et al. used a housekeeping gene to normalize and compare gene expression between cells and EVs. In our study, we have used a different approach, as the expression of housekeeping genes may differ between cells and EVs, which could introduce a bias in gene expression calculation.
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306,478 |
To confirm NAG-1 expression in NAG-1 Tg mice, we performed real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on muscle, iWAT, and BAT. The results indicated the expression of human NAG-1 in NAG-1 Tg mice, whereas no NAG-1 mRNA expression was observed in WT mice (Fig. 6A). To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the NAG-1-mediated regulation of blood glucose levels, a quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed to determine the expression levels of several genes related to the insulin signaling pathway. In NAG-1 Tg mice, the mRNA expression of Irs1, Glut4, Akt, Pi3k, and As160 was upregulated in the muscle, iWAT, and BAT (Fig. 6B–D). Western blot data showed an increase in phospho-Akt protein expression in NAG-1 Tg mice, indicating that NAG-1 regulates the phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473. Thus, NAG-1 may improve glucose metabolism and attenuate insulin resistance via the activation of the IRS1/AKT/PI3K signaling pathway. These results were also confirmed by measuring the mRNA expression levels of the downstream effectors of the AKT pathway, including Gsk3b, Foxo1, and Mtorc1. The expression levels of downstream effector genes were significantly downregulated in the muscles, iWAT, and BAT of NAG-1 Tg mice. Additionally, the expression level of Ptpn1, a negative regulator of AKT, was downregulated in the muscles, iWAT, and BAT of NAG-1 Tg mice. Interestingly, the expression level of Mtorc2 was significantly upregulated in the muscles but not in the iWAT and BAT. A previous study reported that Mtorc2 in muscle tissue contributes to glucose homeostasis by positively regulating the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of the Akt substrate As160 and negatively regulating basal glycogen synthase activity20. In contrast, Mtorc2 in adipose tissues controls the expression of the lipogenic transcription factor ChREBPβ, which increases de novo lipogenesis in adipose tissue and impairs hepatic insulin sensitivity21. The mRNA expression level of Pparg was significantly upregulated in the iWAT and BAT, but not in the muscles. As adipose tissue is the major mediator of PPARγ activity on insulin sensitivity, PPARγ activation in mature adipocytes induces the expression of several genes involved in the insulin signaling cascade and, consequently, enhances insulin sensitivity22. Furthermore, the thermogenesis related-genes including Ucp1, Cidea, Prdm16, and Fgf21, significantly increased in BAT of NAG-1 Tg mice, indicating that NAG-1 plays roles in thermogenesis (Fig. 6D). To confirming the effect of NAG-1 on insulin signaling at the post-translational level, we performed the western blot. The results indicated that NAG-1 Tg mice showed a significant positive effect on insulin signaling by enhancing phosphorylated IRS (insulin receptor substrate) at Tyr612 and its downstream Akt by increasing phosphorylation of Akt at ser473 (Fig. 6E).Figure 6Effect of NAG-1 on the mRNA expression level of insulin signaling pathway-related factors. (A) RT-PCR of NAG-1 gene expression in the muscle, iWAT, and BAT. Ctrl indicates negative control. The mRNA expression levels of Irs1, Glut4, Pparg, Akt, Pi3k, Ptpn1 (Pten), Gsk3b, Foxo1, Mtorc1, Mtorc2, and As160 in the (B) muscle tissue, (C) inguinal white adipose tissue, and (D) brown adipose tissue were examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The thermogenesis related mRNA level of Ucp1, Cidea, Prdm16, Dio2 and Fgf21 were also determined in BAT. The expression levels of target genes were normalized to those of Gapdh. Data were analyzed using the Student’s t-test and are presented as mean ± standard error of mean. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001, compared with the wild-type group (n = 3). (E) Western blot data represent the protein expression of p-Akt (Ser473), total Akt, pIRS1 (Tyr612) and pro-NAG-1 in skeleton muscle of WT diabetic mice (WT) and NAG-1 Tg diabetic mice (TG). The graph represents the relative protein expression. *p < 0.05, compared with the wildtype group. (n = 3 mice per group).
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95,685 |
The incidence of arches in our study was highest in blood group “AB” (7%) and lowest in blood group “A” (3.95%) with a range of difference of 3.05%. Shashikala and Ashwini and A. A. Mehta and A. A. Mehta also observed highest percentage of arches in blood group “AB” but the lowest percentage of arches was reported in blood group “O” (5.25%) and blood group “B” (6.15%). However in both the studies the range differences of arches in various blood groups were higher than ours. Deopa et al. reported the highest frequency of arches in “A” blood group (6.43%) and lowest frequency in “B” blood group (3.2%) with range difference of 3.23%.
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354,581 |
Hypovolemia was more frequently encountered in hyponatremic than in non-hyponatremic CRS patients (Fig. 3). Thee prevalence of diarrhea, the number of prescribed diuretic drug classes and, if applicable, the dosages of hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide were the possible underlying reasons accounting for the observations made. (Table 1). Diarrhea on admission was more frequently present in CRS patients both with mild (9 of 59 or 15.3%) and moderate-to-severe hyponatremia (7 of 31 or 22.6%) than in non-hyponatremic ones (9 of 172 or 5.2%, p = 0.0025). Fig. 3Group-wise display of clinical signs of hypovolemia on admission according to presence or absence of mild (Na < 135 mmol/L, Na ≥ 130 mmol/L) or moderate-to-severe (Na < 130 mmol/L) hyponatremia. Numbers indicate the absolute number of patients with hypovolemia and the total number of patients with available information
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352,685 |
In parallel, the theoretical literature on group testing for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic is growing at a fast pace [4, 37–42]. Most of the emphasis has been put on the binary (positive or negative) outcome of tests, with little or no regard on the viral load quantification . Moreover, if the possibility of false negatives is sometimes considered, the increase in the rate of false negatives with dilution of samples due to group testing is not often taken into account .
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22,260 |
Glove-based sampling recovered more unique OTUs from individual hands than swab-based sampling. Furthermore, the bacterial community compositions recovered in glove-based samples were more similar among participants, whereas swab-based samples demonstrated greater variability in bacterial community compositions among participants (as shown in Fig. 1D). Glove-based sampling results at baseline had higher richness than swab-based results, which indicates there were greater numbers of unique OTUs. We hypothesize that this pattern is the result of glove-based sampling recovering greater total biomass and bacterial communities, as the total surface area of the hand that is sampled by glove-based sampling is larger than the area involved when swabs are used. Glove-based sampling represents more of the entire hand, including the interdigital spaces and fingernails, than swab-based sampling does. The variations in bacterial community compositions observed among the 50 participants were much greater for the swab-based samples than for the glove-based samples, perhaps indicating that the glove-based method recovers resident populations that are more similar between people than previously thought on the basis of results of swab-only sampling studies (23, 24). A potential criticism is that the swabbing was done on the hands prior to glove-based sampling, which may have influenced the study results. However, all hands were prewashed to remove transient bacterial populations prior to sampling, which would reduce the impact of this potential effect. Future studies conducted to directly compare glove-based sampling results with versus without prior swab-based sampling would be valuable; however, this potential limitation is outweighed by the benefit that this study design choice provided—enabling direct comparison of the same hand at the same time for glove-based sampling and swab sampling. Only swab-based samples (and not glove-based samples or culture plate washes) showed an increase in the number of different types of bacteria recovered after all hand hygiene treatments at each time point. These results cannot be conclusively explained. Possible reasons include hygiene treatment reducing the dominant OTU (thus increasing the apparent number of different OTUs), technician sampling technique variability, and/or variability in environmental conditions.
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248,050 |
Our results indicated that departure from the standard family trajectory was associated with substantially lower personal wealth for both men and women, after controlling for childhood characteristics that partly predict selection into family patterns and baseline wealth. However, women’s wealth ranks were substantially lower than those of men, in line with previous research on the gender wealth gap and the within-couple wealth gap (Grabka et al., 2015; Sierminska et al., 2010). In most cases, our results also supported our arguments about higher wealth penalties for greater deviation and lower penalties for moderate deviation from the standard pattern. A range of relevant empirical associations support this claim. First, small fertility-related variations from the socially normalised standard family life course were not linked to substantial wealth penalties for men or women in stable marriages. More substantial variation from the standard was exhibited by very high fertility (i.e. four or more children) within marriage and was linked to particularly high penalties for women but not men. Despite potentially high saving incentives and access to marital wealth premiums, childbearing-related opportunity costs for women rise with each child and accumulate over time. These child-related costs are not fully compensated by male partners as indicated by the substantial gap in predicted personal wealth levels of men and women in the very high fertility marriage pattern. This highlights mothers’ economic vulnerability even within a stable marriage. On the contrary, childlessness within marriage was associated with only negligible differences in personal wealth for women, and small declines for men. The absence of child-related career breaks for women results in longer time they can spend in the labour market and ultimately higher their wealth accumulation potentials. For men, low fertility or even the absence of fertility can be the result of meagre economic capacity or lower saving incentives. Second, patterns of marital instability were associated with low wealth ranks for men and women, reflecting the immediate costs and long-term wealth penalties of partnership dissolution. In addition, selection of financially disadvantaged couples into divorce and more complex family life courses likely matter. For women, highly complex family life courses that included marital dissolution but also aspects such as multi-partner fertility, early family transitions and unmarried childbearing were associated with the highest penalties. This highlights the interplay of different critical family life course aspect in the generation or amplification of inequalities. Wealth levels were not substantially penalised for remarried men who divorced early from their first marriage and had only one child. In comparison, women with a similar family life course experienced lasting disadvantages, potentially due childcare responsibilities while men may have had a substantial amount of time to recover financially, especially given the fact that child support from non-residential fathers is capped in Germany. Third, while the absence of marriage and childbearing over the life course can be considered a substantial deviation from the standard life course, this pattern was associated with only moderately though statistically significantly lower wealth for men but not women. Gender differences were also lowest among respondents in this family life course pattern. The fact that childless women do not incur child-related career disruptions might explain the small wealth difference.
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122,533 |
The high prevalence of gentamicin ototoxicity is due to several features of its pharmacology. First, gentamicin does not produce auditory “warning signs” (hearing loss or tinnitus) that would alert a patient or treating physician to impending toxicity. Second, even though most aminoglycosides (including gentamicin) are renally excreted within hours, gentamicin accumulates over months in the inner ear (32), and it is this accumulation that accounts for the drug’s ototoxic effects even in patients whose serum concentration has remained within normal limits over the course of treatment. Third, gentamicin is both ototoxic and nephrotoxic; as renal function declines and gentamicin excretion decreases, the drug level (and its ototoxic and nephrotoxic effects) escalates, resulting in a positive feedback loop of toxicity. Fourth, gentamicin’s ototoxicity is potentiated by vancomycin (33), which is commonly administered simultaneously.
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284,455 |
As shown in Figure 1A,B, the levels of FDP on POD 1, 2, and 3 were significantly lower in Groups A (P = .007, .009, P < .001) and B (P = .030, .046, .023) compared to Group C. In addition, Groups A (P = .001, .002, P < .001) and B (P = .003, .002, .007) had significantly lower D‐dimer levels than Group C on POD 1, 2, and 3. The levels of FDP and D‐dimer were similar between Groups A and B.
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281,217 |
The plant material (0.5 g of raw leaves) was ground on ice in a mortar with a small amount (1.5–2 mL) of 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.8) and with the addition of glass sand. After that, the homogenate was centrifuged at 15,000× g for 15 min at 4 °C. The protein levels and the enzyme activities were measured in the supernatant (a crude extract of leaves). The total soluble protein was determined as described in , while bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as the standard (Figure S3).
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30,928 |
Group A (the control) received 3 hours of traditional therapy consisting of passive movement, therapeutic positioning, and weight bearing on the affected limb. Group B (the mCIMT) received modified CIMT consisting of 3 hours of shaping practice per session per day and constraint for 90% of the waking hours. Group C received 300 repetitions of shaping practice in 3 sessions per day (100 repetitions per session) and constraint for 90% of the waking hours. Group D received 600 repetitions of shaping practice in 3 sessions per day (200 repetitions per session) and constraint for 90% of the waking hours. The shaping practice performed included picking up a cup from the table, taking it to the mouth, and drinking from it, writing letters or drawing a circle, transferring an object (cell phone) from left to right on a table, taking the hand from the lap to the head and sliding it from the front to the back, brushing the teeth, taking the hand to the nose, and putting and removing shoes. The shaping practice entails tasks being broken down into manageable components according to the patient's motor ability at the time and with progression as the motor ability of the patient improves. Each of these 5 tasks was carried out 20 and 40 times per session in groups C and D, respectively, while they were carried out for 3 hours in group B.
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106,236 |
It is likely that the glycosylation patterns of cell surface receptors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and Neuropilin 1 (NRP-1)) discriminates galectin-1 binding. Croci et al. observed that glycan specific binding of galectin-1 to VEGFR-2 promoted endothelial cell, EC, signaling and preserved the angiogenic phenotype in the absence of the putative binding partner, VEGF-A . Glycome remodeling of the EC surface facilitated binding of galectin-1 to N-glycans expressed on VEGFR-2 in anti-VEGF refractory tumors but inhibited galectin-1 binding in anti-VEGF sensitive tumors, which explains the proliferation of certain tumor types during anti-VEGF treatment . In contrast to anti-VEGF-sensitive tumors, which display high levels of α2-6-linked sialic acid glycans that inhibit galectin-1 binding, anti-VEGF refractory tumors exhibit vasculature glycosylation patterns (e.g., β1-6GlcNAc) that facilitate interactions with galectin-1 and an increase in galectin-1 expression .
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146,440 |
(15) uit=uieqt+uiNt with the equivalent controller (14) and the discontinuous control law as: (16) uxNt=−MuztQx+μxsgn(σxt+αxsxtpxqy)uyNt=−MuztQy+μysgn(σyt+αysytpyqy)uzNt=−McosϕcosθQz+μzsgn(σzt+αzsztpzqz)uϕNt=−1ϱ1Qϕ+μϕsgn(σϕt+αϕsϕtpϕqϕ)uθNt=−1ϱ2Qθ+μθsgn(σθt+αθsθtpθqθ)uψNt=−1ϱ3Qψ+μψsgn(σψt+αψsψtpψqψ) where μi>0 and Δitmax≤Qi . Therefore, nonsingular terminal sliding surfaces converge to zero in finite time. Then, the states of the system (6) are forced to move from the initial conditions to the nonsingular terminal sliding surface (11) and stay on it. So, attitude and position tracking control of the quad-rotor is accomplished under matched disturbances appropriately.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
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187,755 |
Figure 8 shows the fatigue fracture morphology at 810 MPa, and the fatigue source area is shown in Figure 8a. It can be seen from the figure that the crack source is formed in the middle of the sample surface, and the crack diffuses around in a fan-shaped manner. At this time, the crack propagation rate is the slowest. Figure 8b shows the cleavage step in the fatigue source area. Figure 8c shows the stable stage of fatigue crack. There are many secondary cracks in the figure. The secondary crack shown in the yellow circle extends along the tear ridge, and the crack as a whole is Z-shaped. The secondary crack shown in the red circle passes through the tear ridge and consumes a large amount of energy, resulting in the stop of crack propagation. The fatigue stripe is a typical feature of stable crack growth. The fatigue stripe shown in Figure 8c is relatively smooth, so it is a plastic fatigue stripe, and the direction of the fatigue stripe is parallel to the direction of the secondary crack. The fatigue stripes shown in Figure 8d are brittle fatigue stripes with an uneven surface morphology, and there are cleavage steps formed by five cleavage surfaces above the stripes. Figure 8e,f show the morphology of the instantaneous fracture zone. Under a high stress cyclic load, tire indentation appears, as can be seen in Figure 8e,f, dimple morphology appears. In this stage, the crack is in the high-speed propagation phase. Under the action of fatigue cyclic load, dimples of different sizes gradually gather and connect with each other, and finally form a dimple fracture. Combined with the above characteristics, the fracture is a mix of cleavage fracture and ductile fracture.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
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225,246 |
(A and B) The expression alteration of LINC-ROR and SALL4 in GC tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues. LINC-ROR and SALL4 expression were assessed by qRT-PCR in tissue. Data was evaluated statistically using the two-way ANOVA. (C) Minimum, maximum, and mean of level relative expression for the LINC-ROR and SALL4 in GC tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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379,333 |
The δ13C dynamic was hypothetically driven by planktonic organic matter and pH, while the δ15N by microorganisms with a depleted 15N signature at the sewage. Nitrate and nitrite were likely used as a substrate for bacterial metabolism, particularly by Epsilonbacteraeota, under the hypoxic conditions of the sewage. Several members of Bacteroidales, as well as culturable coliforms and ammonium, were stronger markers of sewage and hypoxia during both seasons. The use of 16S rRNA diversity allows us only to infer some functions on bacterial communities, further studies from a metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approach will confirm key genes involved on bioremediation and biogeochemical processes and their expression. Moreover, to define a pathogen only with the genus is vague (e.g., Streptococcus) and the detection of pathogenic factors is desirable; nevertheless, this study give us an idea about the potential risks.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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128,297 |
To compare nested models, we compared chi-square, RMSEA, and CFI values across models. A significant chi-square difference (p < 0.05), a decrease in the CFI higher than 0.1, and an increase in the RMSEA equal to or higher than 0.015 were considered indicating a substantial decrease in model fit (Chen, 2007). When the difference was detected only by the chi-square test, it was not considered relevant as it is well-known that the chi-square significance is also affected by other factors such as the sample size (Iacobucci, 2010). At the following link https://osf.io/t54yf/?view_only=a10011bc93f24cc6ad8bb6ea4cbe6a0a Mplus input and output files produced to test the cross-national and cross-informant measurement invariance referred to similarity and accuracy models of both relationships are available.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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66,449 |
Despite of the health benefits provided by running, overuse injuries are a matter of concern, especially in less experienced runners. Injury rates range between 18.2 and 92.4% among runners (Saragiotto et al., 2014). Overall, women are at lower risk than men for sustaining running-related injuries, although it depends on the factors taken into account (Worp et al., 2015). For instance, males have a higher prevalence for certain injuries, such as patellar tendinopathy or adductor strain, while females suffer patellar femoral pain syndrome and sacroiliac injuries at a higher rate (Watson & DiMartino, 1987; Taunton et al., 2002). One possible reason for the differences in the injury rate and location might be the different running patterns employed by men and women. Some authors have noted that females exhibited greater peak hip internal rotation and adduction during walking and running compared with males (Chumanov, Wall-Scheffler & Heiderscheit, 2008). Besides, while Chao et al. (1983) found higher values of impact peak force in males than in females during walking, Keller et al. (1996) reported no gender-related differences in ground reaction force (GRF) variables during walking and running.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
306,452 |
ANOVA for hip extension ROM revealed a significant time effect (P = 0.01; F = 7.45), no group effect (P = 0.89; F = 0.02), and a significant time × group interaction (P < 0.01; F = 11.71). Pairwise comparison of the hip extension ROM showed an increase in ROM in the vibration group (VFR; P < 0.01; d = 0.85), but not in the non-vibration group (NVFR; P = 0.51; d = 0.15) (see Table 1).Table 1Results of the maximum hip extension ROM, as well as the PRT, MVIC, shear modulus values for the VL, VM, and RF, and the MVIC-EMG-peak-values of the VL following NVFR (left) and VFR (right)NVFRVFRPrePostPrePostROM hip (°) − 1.0 ± 10.3 − 0.6 ± 9.11.0 ± 10.5 − 2.3* ± 9.6PRT (Nm)17.9 ± 2.917.5 ± 2.718.1 ± 2.417.6 ± 2.3MVIC (Nm)307.3 ± 51.8315.9* ± 54.9303.0 ± 58.3317.2* ± 58.2Shear modulus VL (kPa)10.0 ± 1.610.2 ± 1.59.8 1.610.0 ± 1.4Shear modulus VM (kPa)9.0 ± 1.79.0 ± 1.69.0 ± 1.78.9 ± 1.5Shear modulus RF (kPa)9.5 ± 2.98.0* ± 1.810.4 ± 3.08.0* ± 2.3MVIC-EMG-peak values (mV)0.86 ± 0.590.86 ± 0.650.8 ± 0.50.83 ± 0.5MVIC Maximum voluntary contraction, PRT passive resistive torque, shear modulus, ROM range of motion, EMG Electromyography*Significant difference between pre- and post-session data, mean ± SD
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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201,069 |
Plaque reduction neutralisation assays were used to determine if the mouse serum neutralised FMDV, as follows. A volume of 1 µL of test serum, control neutralising serum or PBS were incubated with 12.5 µL of FMDV infected cell lysate for 1 h at 37 °C. After incubation a tenfold dilution series was made. Six well plates with BHKs at approximately 80% confluency were washed with sterile PBS. After the PBS was removed, 100 µL of each virus dilution was added to a well and incubated at 37 °C for 15 min. After incubation, 4 mL of Eagle’s overlay containing 0.6 g low melting point agarose (indubiose), 1% FBS, 5% tryptone phosphate broth, 100 units/ mL penicillin and 100 µg/ mL streptomycin was added on top of the cells. Once the overlay had set, the plaque assay was incubated at 37 °C for two days. After incubation, 4 mL of methylene blue stain (0.1% methylene blue, 3.2% formaldehyde in PBS) was added to fix and stain the cells. This was left overnight before being removed. The virus titre was calculated by counting the plaques in each dilution to establish plaque forming units per mL (PFU/mL).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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33,672 |
Most participants were working in public health facilities in both the intervention (57%) and control arms (70%). The second most common practice type was private health facilities (25%) in the intervention arm, and drug stores (19%) in the control arm. Most HCPs working at public facilities had an intermediate education (i.e. they were assistant pharmacists/doctors or middle nurses); meanwhile, a basic education (i.e. basic drug sellers, basic nurses, village health workers or no medical training) predominated at private facilities and drug stores.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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17,536 |
Personality research, which is conducted in several countries, can especially benefit from the application of AVs. A long history of psychological research has shown that the Big Five Factor model of Personality represents the set of constructs that are most strongly differentiated, non-overlapping, and predictive across domains (Roberts et al., 2015). Although they were first discovered in the English language, replication studies in other languages yielded the same five factors (see e.g., McCrae and Terracciano, 2005; Schmitt et al., 2007). But already Allport and Odbert (1936) noticed that culture and time period can influence responses. There are especially large differences in answering personality items when comparing Western and non-Western cultures (e.g., Mpofu and Nyanungo, 1998; Byrne and Campbell, 1999). DIF in personality items is known to appear because of inadequate translation, research, or development, sampling biases, and different response styles (e.g., Grimm and Church, 1999; Van de Vijver and Leung, 2000; Schmitt et al., 2007).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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171,146 |
In this study, the chemical composition of the latex of this plant was examined by molecular networking. This work enabled the detection of aloin A/B, a compound present also in A. ferox and A. barbadensis, and responsible for the laxative effect of aloe latex. Moreover, 6-malonyl nataloin, a rare anthrone nataloin, was detected in A. djiboutiensis latex. The identification of anthraquinones in the latex of A. djiboutiensis justifies its utilization in medicinal use in Djibouti as a laxative. In vivo animal experimentation consisting of the treatment of mice with A. djiboutiensis latex at a concentration of 200 mg/kg did not show any toxicity. This treatment did not lead to any change in bodyweight and body temperature and had no impact on the morphological examination of the mice. Blood hematological parameters were not affected by the treatment; no anemia and no inflammation were detected. It appeared that the treatment had no major impact on most of the blood chemistry parameters measured (lipids, proteins, urea, creatinine, and electrolytes). A. djiboutiensis treatment does not induce any evident alteration of duodenum, ileum, and colon morphology in CD1 mouse. According to these results and following equations for dose conversion between animals and human , the traditional use of the latex of A. djiboutiensis is safe until at less 18 mg/kg for human level and has beneficial effects for human health. In contrast to other species of aloe, weak antioxidant activity, while the high content of phenolic compounds, observed in latex and leave extract of this plant should be explained by other phytochemical studies, such as the extraction and quantification of chromones.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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296,162 |
Among 229 patients with cystic fibrosis visiting our CF Centre between 1995 and 2019, 11 cases of cancer were diagnosed, mainly in the third decade of life. Ten patients were female, four of whom had cervical cancer or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Six women died from cancer. Cancer screening could potentially prevent early deaths and should be included in routine diagnostics for adults with cystic fibrosis.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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342,346 |
Language difficulties also influenced ethnic minorities during their education. A student mentioned his difficulty with writing an essay about physical examination:“[..] it took me more time than a normal Dutch student, so I have the feeling that I … a kind of powerless feeling.” (S8, male)
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
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151,835 |
Neither thrombotic nor bleeding events had statistically significant effects on survival. Our data show that, although bleeding (12%) and thrombotic events (29%) are a relevant cause for morbidity in the perioperative setting within 90 days after surgery, most of the events occur during long-term follow-up (88% of bleeding events and 71% of thrombotic events, respectively). This stresses the importance of continuous therapy with anticoagulants, as exemplified by four cases where cessation led to severe thromboembolic events: in one patient with underlying MPS, portal vein thrombosis led to fatal mesenteric ischemia two years after transplantation following cessation of vitamin K antagonists due to recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding episodes. This case resembled the course of two patients with underlying PNH, who suffered recurrent albeit non-lethal-BCS after discontinuation of the anticoagulation due to gastrointestinal hemorrhage and a small surgical procedure. Another patient suffered a myocardial infarction as anticoagulation was discontinued due to decreasing liver function. As cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events secondary to atherosclerotic changes are common causes of death in LT patients, the hypercoagulable state associated with BCS may aggravate the baseline risk in this patient group.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
395,615 |
The filter reached the required 99% of bacterial filtration efficiency (Supplementary 4 and 5), respecting all the directives defined from the EN 143 for the P3 medical device marking (Supplementary 6), and it was kindly donated by Vivida (Copenhagen, Denmark), which supported the experimental tests.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
27,028 |
Phosphorylation of Cx43’s C-terminal domain regulates GJIC. This domain is phosphorylated at over a dozen residues [37–40]. Many kinases phosphorylate Cx43, and the predominant effect is a decrease in GJIC . In the ischemic penumbra, significant changes happen in the states of numerous signaling pathways involving those protein kinases, including MAPK family members, PKB and PKC kinases [43–47]. In our study, we assessed protein expression in OGD/R-injured astrocytes and found that Ser368-phosphorylated Cx43 levels were decreased in the plasma membrane but increased in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, PKC, which phosphorylates the Cx43’s Ser368 site, was significantly upregulated and activated in the plasma membrane. Our results were similar to those of a previous immunohistochemistry study that showed ischemia-induced dephosphorylation of astrocytic Cx43 . However, it remains unclear how both Cx43 dephosphorylation and PKC activation occur during OGD/R injury, as under normal conditions, Ser368-phosphorylated Cx43 levels remain whereas no PKC activation is observed. OGD/R injury may induce some other unknown factors. Research has showed that uncoupling of Cx43-based GJIC was more a cause than a consequence of Cx43 dephosphorylation because post-hypoxic decreases in astrocytic coupling occurred before Cx43 dephosphorylation . In cultured astrocytes exposed to hypoxia, Cx43 dephosphorylation occurs in conjunction with reduced GJIC [110, 111]. In our study, we found that SalB inhibited PKC activation and upregulated Ser368-phosphorylation of Cx43, which may be related to enhanced astrocytic coupling. However, CBX inhibited PKC activation and reduced Ser368-phosphorylation of Cx43, which indicates that Cx43 or Cx43-related GJIC may also exert regulatory effects on PKC activity.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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309,801 |
In contrast, FKN reportedly contributes to the pathological process of vascular and tissue injury in inflammation-mediated diseases and pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and transplant rejection, by enhancing migration and adhesion of CX3CR1-expressing leukocytes and promoting their transmigration to inflammatory sites (24, 27, 28). In a mouse heart transplantation model, FKN expression was increased in rejecting grafts, and anti-CX3CR1 neutralizing antibody treatment substantially prolonged graft survival (29). Prophylactic or therapeutic administration of anti-FKN monoclonal antibodies to a mouse collagen-induced arthritis model suppressed the migration of osteoclast progenitor cells derived from a monocyte/macrophage lineage of bone marrow cells into the joint while markedly improving synovitis and joint destruction (30). Furthermore, antibody clone 5H8 reduced skin fibrosis in a systemic sclerosis model (31).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
104,141 |
A 20 year old male pupil claimed that girls perceive schistosomiasis as sex-related, whereas boys do not. Some pupils believed that the sexual perception of schistosomiasis is gender specific and one teenager said that boys would not mind having sex with a girl even though one of them had schistosomiasis. But according to male informants, girls would not allow it.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
49,590 |
The major findings of the present study are as follows: (1) increased Tei index (≥ 0.9) served as a valuable independent predictor of all-cause mortality during 1-year follow up in AL-CA patients, which was superior to LV-EF and other conventionally derived diastolic indices, and similar to both global longitudinal systolic strain and E to global early diastolic strain rate ratio; and (2) combining Tei index (threshold ≥0.9) and GLSsys (≤13%) yielded excellent prognostic utility allowing improved mortality risk stratification in AL-CA patients.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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272,974 |
Line 264, 273. If the authors release all of their data publicly at the NCBI Pathogen Detection web site then they can see if their new WGS data clusters with any known clinical isolate rather than speculating on the possibility they can see if any direct clusters exist in the public release genomes for Salmonella and E. coli. The authors are advised to publicly release their data and make these comparisons and report the results.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
103,471 |
(A) Comparison between genome abundance computed using mini-metagenomics and shotgun metagenomics. Shotgun metagenomic abundance was computed by counting the number of shotgun reads mapped to genomes generated using mini-metagenomics. Mapping was accomplished using bowtie2 with options --very-sensitive -I 100 -X 2000. Abundance profiles were normalized by either the total number of cells or the total number of reads, yielding a measure of relative abundance. (B) Taxonomic specificity of selected genomes. Six genomes with more than 50% of the contigs having phylogenetic lineage assignments at the species level were selected from both springs (black). The plot displays the number of contigs in the genome (dark blue), the number of contigs with genus level assignments (green), and the number of contigs assigned to the species shown on the left of the plot (yellow). Almost all contigs in a genome were assigned to the same species. Two genomes (red) had high levels of specificity at genus level assignments but were predominantly unassigned at the species level: Methanobacterium and Thermodesulfobacterium. These genomes represented novel species in respective genera.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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113,449 |
Both the L1014F (kdr-West or kdr-w) and the L1014S (kdr-East or kdr-e) mutations, the two target site mechanisms conferring a cross-resistance to DDT and pyrethroids were found in almost all the study sites. Previous studies have reported the presence of the L1014F mutation nationwide with variable frequencies across the country and between studies [10, 25]. Indeed, the kdr-w mutation was previously reported in the study area by Pagès et al. ; and, as shown here, its frequencies have increased since this first description. During this study, the kdr-e mutation also found in study populations, was the most widespread and the most frequent kdr allele. Therefore, more investigations are necessary to assess the contribution of each mutations to the resistance level of An. arabiensis across its distribution range. Soderlund and Knipple have reported that the kdr-w mutation confers a highest resistance level, while the kdr-e gives a selective advantage to the individual that carries it .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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236,584 |
EVs from 135E6 cells cultured in EV depleted medium were isolated and purified using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). First, medium was collected and depleted of debris and apoptotic bodies using differential ultracentrifugation (10 min 200 RCF, 20 min 2000 RCF, and 30 min 16.000 RCF, respectively). Supernatant was concentrated using centrifugal filter units (Amicon Ultra 15, 100K, Milipore). Concentrated supernatant was loaded onto a Sepharose® CL‐2B column (Telos SPE, Cole Parmer) and 12 fractions were collected. Fractions 7–9 were further concentrated using centrifugal filter units (Microcon®, PL‐10, Millipore) and mixed with matrigel (Corning) (1:10 V/V). EV containing matrigel was “plugged” in the flank of nu/nu mice (n = 3). After 7 days plugs were removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Vessel growth and infiltrating cells were assessed at three different depths as described in the section Immunohistochemistry and Image Processing.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
151,903 |
Laboratory-reared Ae. aegypti larvae harbored only two bacterial families (Microbacteriaceae and Bacillaceae) (Fig. 2). Similarly, only two bacterial species, namely Serratia liquefaciens (64.5%) and Lysinibacillus sphaericus (35.5%), were identified in laboratory-reared Ae. aegypti adults (Additional file 2: Table S1).Fig. 2Relative abundance of bacterial families molecularly identified (16S rRNA gene sequence analysis) in the midgut of field-captured mosquitoes and laboratory-reared mosquitoes (Gampaha District, Sri Lanka). a Adults, b larvae
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
384,776 |
Penetrating microelectrodes confer huge spatial resolution and selectivity in acute studies, enabling the stimulation of particular wrist movements such as flexion or extension, and allowing the recording of specific finger movements when grouped in subsets . A chronic study which evaluated the results of USEA implantation to the sciatic nerve of cats for 350 days and showed long-term presence of a USEA in the sciatic nerve caused persistent inflammation that extended until the end of the study, and a decrease in fiber diameters, without a significant change in the degree of myelination . On the other hand, a recent trial with a transradial amputee combined EMG signals with two USEAs for 14 months demonstrated reliable recordings during the entire study. The influence of improved tactile perception and object discrimination with these electrodes on dexterous prosthetic control with greater patient motivation has been proven.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
55,250 |
The CMIP5 climate models are the World Research Programme’s most current Coupled Model Intercomparison Project set of future climate projections for year 2070 (CMIP5; cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/). The RCP8.5 representative concentration pathway emissions scenario and climate projections were used.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
279,351 |
Regarded as a common pathological manifestation of patients with atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, hypertension, postmenopausal syndrome, aortic stenosis [1–3] and the aging population , vascular calcification (VC) significantly correlated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, via deleterious mechanical effects on vascular compliance and vasomotion [5, 6]. Pathological abnormalities of VC may cause further adverse cardiovascular events and even induce death. The importance of VC to human health has attracted more attention, but the molecular mechanism of VC is under further investigation.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
130,399 |
Immunostaining was used to compare the phenotype of the hADSCs grown on coverslips, the pristine carbon fibers, and the plasma oxidized carbon fibers (Figures 3, 4). CD44 and CD105 were highly expressed on the hADSCs in all the 3 formats. CD90, another marker of mesenchymal stem cells, showed strong expression on both forms of the carbon fibers. The intermediate filament protein vimentin showed consistent staining of the hADSCs on all the formats.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
282,596 |
For some, this level of fatigue continued for months after treatment. Severe fatigue had ramifications beyond physical limitations. Many participants expressed a real sense of loss as a result of their cancer treatment. Participation in previously enjoyed activities, even simple endeavours such as walking the dog, were “taken away”. Fatigue and weakness, which for some persisted for months after treatment, contributed to a loss of confidence in their ability to remain independent or travel alone. Those who lived alone also reported a fear of falling or having an accident and being unable to access help. Some participants felt this had an effect on mood, admitting they “get very depressed at times”.
| 2 | 1clinical
| 0Study
|
186,192 |
A unique aspect of the ultrafast QPM‐DW scheme is the efficient energy conversion into multiple selected narrowband intervals when using a femtosecond laser source (35 fs FWHM, details in Supporting Information). Since there is no similar effect that can produce such high spectral densities at selected wavelength for femtosecond pump pulses, our concept defines an entirely new approach for tailored hyperspectral nonlinear light generation. Also worth mentioning is that, in contrast to classical DW generation, QPM enables the generation of spectral features in the anomalous dispersive range without relying on soliton‐self frequency shifts. Note that the peaks are extremely well‐defined in spectral location and bandwidth, underlining the high accuracy of the periodic modulation. Another advantage is the millimeter range of the modulation, which is technologically addressable straightforwardly and enables very good reproducibility.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
59,343 |
An initial crystallization screening was performed with commercially available crystallization screens (Molecular Dimensions) and a Gryphon robot system (Art Robbins Instruments) in a 96-well format. First crystals were obtained at 12 °C and a protein concentration of 6.3 mg ml−1 after several weeks in a crystallization condition containing 0.2 M sodium chloride, 0.1 M HEPES sodium salt, pH 6.5 and 10% PEG 4000. Subsequent microseed matrix screening40 identified a reliable crystallization condition containing 0.15 M ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M MES, pH 6.0 and 15% PEG 4000. Optimization was done in a 24-well format using the hanging-drop vapour diffusion method at 12 °C and a protein concentration of 7.3 mg ml−1. Native protein crystals for data collection were obtained after a few days using the streak seeding technique41 in latter crystallization condition but with 18% PEG 4000 and supplemented with 25% glycerol. Native crystals were directly flash-cooled in liquid nitrogen. To obtain phase information, selenomethionine-substituted protein was produced42, purified and crystallized in the native crystallization condition supplemented with 15% glycerol using the streak seeding technique with seeds from native crystals. Selenium-derivative crystals were flash-cooled in liquid nitrogen in latter condition with 17% PEG 4000 and with 25% glycerol as cryoprotectant.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
4,627 |
C. ulcerans is closely associated with Corynebacterium diphtheriae and was first reported in 1927 by Gilbert and Stewart, who isolated this bacterium from the throat of a patient with a diphtheria-like illness . It has been reported that a DT-non-producing C. diphtheriae becomes a DT-producing strain by the infection of bacteriophage . It has been suggested that C. ulcerans also possesses the DT gene on a bacteriophage lysogenized in the chromosome [16, 17]. The C. ulcerans strains producing DT can cause respiratory illness in humans and animals.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
152,835 |
Species-level differences of gut microbiota between groups. Achromobacter piechaudii and Achromobacter sp.LC458 were the absolute dominant species in the UC group. NG: normal group; UC: UC model group; UC + MOX: moxibustion group; UC + MES: mesalazine group; NG + MOX: normal rats with moxibustion group
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
41,868 |
The occurrence of Ipswichian, or reworked Ipswichian deposits in the 3rd Terrace suggests the development of an extensive floodplain on the valley floor, similar to the present floodplains of the River Great Ouse and the Cam. The lower Great Ouse and Cam valleys are areas where Ipswichian deposits have been reported from the Great Ouse 3rd Terrace since the nineteenth century [57,64,65,72,73–80]. With their fragmentary nature these deposits have more recently been placed within either MIS 7 or 9 on the basis of apparently characteristic pollen assemblages, plant macro-remains and faunal indicators (e.g. ). However, the lack of reliable numerical dating for these periods prevents independent testing of these assertions. Moreover, the reliability of the biostratigraphical indicators employed to reach these interpretations remains questionable in the absence of independent confirmation of their stratigraphical validity. Until these matters have been resolved, the river terrace chronologies continue to provide a firm basis on which to reconstruct the geological evolution of the region.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
214,541 |
To be more illustrative and explain how to build a model describing the behavior of repair factors at sites of damage, we shall take the specific example of PARP1. As discussed previously, PARP1 can be either in a PARylated or an unPARylated form and is either bound to the lesions, where it is catalytically active, or diffuse within the nucleus. Based on this description, one can build the simple model presented on Figure 3. This model is a simplified representation of reality and the conclusion that we will be able to draw when fitting it with the experimental data will be limited to the assumptions we made to build it. Here, for example, a critical assumption is that PARylated PARP1 cannot bind to DNA lesions (Figure 3A).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
308,468 |
In general object detection (such as PASCAL VOC), IoU50 is used as the threshold to determine positive and negative samples. However, for pest detection, different bounding boxes with the same IoU value have different performances. Therefore, we design a SI with the position suppression method to optimize the training and test processes. Specifically, the calculation method of SI is shown in Formula (4):
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
259,745 |
The only parts of a composite insulator (finished product) that could be used for this test are the sheds of the insulator. A cutting die (with specific dimensions depending on the selected dumb-bell type test piece) is used to cut the test pieces from the sheds of the insulator. ISO 37 requires 2.0 ± 0.2 mm thickness for dumb-bell type 1, 2, 3, 1A test pieces and 1.0 ± 0.1 mm for type 4 test pieces . The thickness of the sheds of composite insulators, as finished products, usually exceeds the thickness of 2 mm, and therefore this deviation from the standard is inevitable.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
376,511 |
To simulate the mathematical relation of complex physical and chemical behavior, a fuzzy inference structure is used, called ANFIS, and uses neural networks to learn the physical or chemical process, and fuzzy logic is used for decision making. Many studies use Takagi and Sugeno to recommend the if–then ANFIS method60. In the first step of the learning process, all learning data is categorized at various levels of membership formations (MFs). Membership formulations create conditions that can be fixed with the physical process to create the best description of that physical process. According to Fig. 2, the first feedback from the learning step is modified based on the AND rule. The function ith rule is expressed as:Figure 2Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system pattern for the simulation of liquid velocity at different neural nodes. Input parameters are x, y, and z computing nodes in the bubble column reactor. Two membership functions are considered in each input parameter in the schematic figure.12\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${w}_{i}={\mu }_{Ai}\left(X\right) {\mu }_{Bi}\left(Y\right){\mu }_{ci}(Z)$$\end{document}wi=μAiXμBiYμci(Z)
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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251,057 |
Single dose of ibogaine (28.8 μmol/L) increased amplitude of spontaneous contractions immediately after addition. Amplitude levels were elevated in spontaneously active uterine muscle one hour after ibogaine addition staying at that level for 2 h (p < 0.01). During the 4th hour, the amplitude of spontaneously active uteri treated by ibogaine was at the level similar to those recorded at the beginning of the experiment (ANOVA, time effect p < 0.001, post hoc test p < 0.01; Figure 1a,b). However, addition of a single dose of ibogaine (28.8 μmol/L) to Ca2+-stimulated uteri had no effect immediately after addition but led to a decrease in amplitude magnitude after 4 h (ANOVA, time effect p < 0.001, TxH interaction effects p < 0.01; post hoc test p < 0.05; Figure 1a,b).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
261,653 |
Most professional nurses, 116 (75%), reported that the maintenance plan of the medical equipment is not regularly monitored. Furthermore, 94 (61%) of the professional nurses reported that they do not have enough medical equipment in the clinics. Almost the same number of professional nurses, 71 (46%) and 70 (45%), respectively, indicated that the infrastructure of the clinic is suitable and not suitable to render quality health care services. The majority of the professional nurses, 116 (75%), said that staff members are free to voice their concerns about service delivery (Table 1).
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
284,486 |
Kinematic functions of (a) flapping, (b) sweeping, (c) body and (d) wing-pitch angle. The broken lines with error bars are experimental data; the shaded areas are standard error of mean (s.e.m.); the solid lines are fitted curves. The wing-pitch angle of a butterfly comprises slow pronation, rapid supination, slow supination and rapid pronation in chronological order. The shaded area represents the downstroke, which lasts for 0.6 period.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
79,550 |
The average pairwise multilocus Gst ranges from 0.0038 ± 0.00001 (CHB-CHD) to 0.0421 ± 0.0001 (JPT-LWK), with the mean of 0.0255 ± 0.0114 over all pairs (Table 2). The average pairwise multilocus Gst in African populations ranges from 0.0059 ± 0.00001 (LWK-YRI) to 0.0128 ± 0.00002 (MKK-YRI), with the mean of 0.0081 ± 0.0025 over population pairs. The average pairwise multilocus Gst in non-African populations ranges from 0.0038 ± 0.00001(CHB-CHD) to 0.0352 ± 0.0001(TSI-JPT), with the mean of 0.0212 ± 0.0109 over population pairs. The average pairwise multilocus Gst among African and non-African populations ranges from 0.0206 ± 0.00004 (MKK-TSI) to 0.0421 ± 0.0001 (JPT-LWK), with the mean of 0.0324 ± 0.0064. over population pairs.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
312,561 |
Aβ25-35 and a control peptide Aβ35-25 are from Sigma. Before use, 2 mM Aβ25-35 stock solution was prepared by water and aged in a humidified chamber at 37°C for 5 days to obtain aggregates of Aβ peptides. The control peptide Aβ35-25 followed the same procedure. After 12 h infection of adenovirus, the cells were treated with 20 μM Aβ25-35 or Aβ35-25 by directly adding to the medium.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
372,593 |
Hence, this study aims to characterize the bacterial community and antibiotic resistance in Lake Bolonha, one of the main sources of water in the metropolitan region of Belém-Pará, Brazil. As described for other aquatic systems, anthropogenic activities may result in an altered bacterial community, with a higher prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes. To confirm this hypothesis a metagenomic approach and culture-dependent methods were applied to identify the presence of ARGs and ARB, as well as to monitor the environment for its potential role in the spread and evolution of antibiotic resistance. In terms of culture-dependent analyses, a special focus was put on resistance to β-lactams, which are among the most commonly used antibiotics. Clinically relevant β-lactams include 3rd-generation cephalosporins (e.g., cefotaxime) and carbapenems (e.g., imipenem). These are widely used to treat infections caused by important pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which cause a variety of diseases in humans and animals (Nordmann and Cornaglia, 2012; D’Andrea et al., 2013; Djenadi et al., 2018). Carbapenems are used as last resort drugs to treat infections caused by multidrug resistantbacteria (Tacão et al., 2015).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
341,683 |
Representative profiles of PAR and Chl-a taken in CM, HER and ST are shown in Figure 4. The photic zone is 5–6 m thick in ST, and 9–10 m in CM and HER. It may be inferred that the stronger the attenuation of PAR is, the shallower the DCM is formed. The depth for 1% PAR (Z1% in Figure 1) could even be used as a proxy to predict the approximate position of the upper Chl-a peak in these pit lakes (Figure 4b). There are, however, DCMs situated below this reference depth in all three pit lakes (Figure 4b). In ST, DCM exist at depths where PAR intensities are as low as 1 µmol m−2 s−1, which represents around 0.03% of the radiation reaching the lake surface (Figure 5a,b).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
391,347 |
For the tyramide signal amplification kit (TSA), HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies were used. A maximum of three primary antibodies were used for one staining, and the sections were incubated with one secondary antibody at the time for 1 h at RT. Thereafter, the sections were washed in PBS 3 × 5 min. For development, TSA reagent coupled with either Cy3.5 FITC or Cy5 (Perkin Elmer, 1:100 in amplification buffer) was added to the tissue sections for 15 min at RT in the dark. Before incubation with the next secondary antibody, the HRP activation from the previous staining was abolished using 0.4% sodium azide for 10 min, followed by washes and incubation with 1% H2O2 for 15 min. The sections were blocked with TNB blocking buffer for 30 min. After incubation and development of all secondary antibodies, the sections were dipped in 70% ethanol five times, incubated in 0.3% Sudan black for 20 min, dipped in 70% ethanol twelve times, washed in PBS, and mounted using EverBrite Hardset mounting medium (Bionordika).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
30,796 |
We next assessed whether the antiviral effect of CTLs was dependent on the capacity of expansion. The CFSE staining assay showed that expansion of HTNV peptide-specific CTLs was readily detectable. As shown in Figure 4, PBMCs of HTNV-infected mice after stimulation with GP6 had a considerable expansion potential with 49.23% cells belonging to Generation 3 (Figure 4A). A similar level of expansion potential was observed in the NP1 stimulation group (Figure 4B). However, when stimulated with anti-mouse CD3 as a control, PBMCs had proliferative activity with 59.1% of cells belonging to Generation 3 (Figure 4C), which was higher than cells stimulated with HTNV-specific epitopes. The negative control of no peptide stimulation showed a low expansion coefficient with 39.99% (Figure 4D). The statistical results were provided in Figure 4E. HTNV-immunized mice with GP6 stimulation group showed a significant proliferation ability compared to the group with no peptide stimulation (P < 0.05). Previous studies have demonstrated a strong linkage between HTNV-specific CD8+T cell expansion and the control of HTNV infection. These data demonstrate the proliferative potential and capacity of specific CD8+ T cells in protecting from HTNV infection.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
118,119 |
Approximately 75 % of veterans who are enrolled in United States (US) Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care have another form of health coverage (e.g. Medicare, Medicaid, private health insurance) and many obtain care from multiple health care systems each year. While this “dual use” may allow for increased health services access and choice, it is associated with negative consequences: poor communication among providers , incomplete or duplicate diagnosis and treatment plans [3, 4], fragmented services, diminished continuity and coordination of care, increased emergency department and hospital utilization, adverse events , and increased costs [6–8].
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
242,636 |
Finally, we emphasize that our consideration reveals also a wide parameter range, see figure 7c,e,f,i, where all equilibria of equation (2.1) are unstable. In this case, any simple collective dynamics of neurons is not possible, therefore more complex non-stationary patterns can emerge in system (1.1), see figure 3.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
63,001 |
Compared to information on medicine prices and availability in general, little is known about the impact of local medicine production on prices and availability. In 2008, Mackintosh and Mujinja surveyed four rural districts in Tanzania and found 46% of selected tracer medicines were made locally, and there were no significant patient price differences between medicines from the three main countries of origin (India, Tanzania and Kenya) . In 2014, Mujinja et al. reported that medicines produced in Tanzania were equally likely to be found in rural and urban areas of the country, but imported medicines displayed an ‘urban bias’ . A further study in Tanzania found a higher proportion of medicines in public sector outlets were made locally (22%) than in the private sector (9%) and the mission sector (12%) . Across all three sectors, 16%, 69% and 15% were made in Tanzania, India and Kenya, respectively. In other countries, three studies found locally produced medicines had lower patient prices compared to imports. Kuanpoth found locally produced ARVs had lower patient prices compared to imported ARVs in Vietnam . Chowdury and Kabir found locally produced over-the-counter essential medicines in Bangladesh had lower patient prices compared to imports . Sweileh et al. found lower patient prices for antibiotics made locally compared to imports . One study, conducted by Shafie and Hassali in Malaysia, found some locally produced generics had higher patient prices compared to imports .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
302,227 |
SK, MS, FK, AS, TM, AB, DK, and KK conceived the focus of the review, wrote, and drafted the paper. NW and SE contributed intellectual content and expertise. SK, MS, and FK prepared the figures. SK supervised the study. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
56,583 |
A thematic method of analysis was employed, with a view to examining comparisons and contrasts across participants and within cases. Thematic analysis was chosen as it provided a flexible approach to analysing qualitative data and involves identifying themes in a body of data.36 Themes were considered to capture something important about the data, and to represent a level of patterned response or meaning within a data set. This process allows the development of a conceptual scheme which enables the researcher to ask questions of the data.37 The initial themes that had been noted throughout the initial analysis process provided the basis for an exploratory coding frame, where labels were assigned to portions of the transcripts. This served as a process of “data reduction,” whereby the boundaries of analysis are delineated (Namey, Guest, Thairu, & Johnson38).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
144,666 |
Several ecological mechanisms have been studied as potential drivers of AIV dynamics in wild birds [16, 17, 19, 21]. Among wild waterbird communities, three ecological mechanisms have been suggested as the primary drivers of the seasonal AIV dynamics in the northern hemisphere: (i) the annual congregation of migratory birds at staging and wintering sites increases contact rates between individuals, and thereby infection rates , (ii) an increase in the abundance of immunologically naïve young birds results in a higher number of individuals susceptible to infection in the waterbird community [16, 22] and (iii) increases in energy-demanding activities, notably in relation to migration, potentially impairing immunocompetence [21, 23]. In general, the ecological drivers for disease dynamics are importantly linked to seasonal variation in resources in the northern hemisphere [21, 24, 25]. Large parts of the globe, however, are far less seasonal .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
382,527 |
Abbreviations: PA Physical Activity, T0 Baseline, T1 1-year follow-up, T2 2-year follow-up, AST Active School Transport, LPA Light Physical Activity, MVPA Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity, BMI Body Mass Index, VO2max Maximum Oxygen Consumption, AST Active School Transport; Path a, the effect of the AST at T0 (exposure) on PA at T1 (potential mediator), adjusted for T0 level of PA; Path b, the effect of PA at T1 on the outcome at T2, adjusted for level of the outcome at T1; Path c, the total effect of T0 AST on the outcome at T2, adjusted for T0 and T1 levels of both the outcome and PA; Path c ’, the direct effect of T0 AST on the outcome at T2, adjusted for T1 levels of both the outcome and PA; Path a*b, the indirect effect of T0 AST on the outcome at T2, adjusted for T0 levels of both the outcome and PA; 95%CI, 95% Confidence Intervals; (β), Regression Coefficient
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
203,612 |
The peak at 3427.5 cm−1 (a) in Figure 5 is less intensive for the sample with shorter time of deposition (3 min, green), as compared to the sample with 15 min of deposition (blue), which might confirm that the longer time of deposition causes the increase in the number of -OH groups referred to the deposited layer. Thus, the intensity and broadness of this peak stem from the larger share of -OH groups in the deposited layer, which results in mass increase obtained in longer time of deposition. The peaks are derived from alginate. The bands c–g in Figure 5 refer to two samples with deposits (green—3 min/35 V and blue—15 min/35 V) in the regions 1700–1800 cm−1, 1300–1500 cm−1, and 1250–1000 cm−1, which cause flattening of the peaks of the poly (lactic acid)/reference sample, which is associated with covering the carrier with a deposit layer. The effect of flattening increases over time of deposition.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
375,796 |
Mabberley commented that he had spent quite a lot of time going through The Gardeners Dictionary […abridged, ed. 4. 1754]. Most of the “accidental binomials” in this work were generally not coined by Miller, but were binomials taken from pre-Linnaean works.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
92,218 |
In palliative care, when attending to patients’ needs and concerns the main goal is to improve the quality of life for patients and their families.1 To assess and manage the characteristic multidimensional nature of suffering, defined as “total pain” , a multi-professional team, working in close collaboration, is needed. In several countries, Sweden included, self-referral to PTs is possible, which means that physiotherapy is accessible to all. However, in palliative care, self-referral is rare, and instead referral is often done by other palliative team members, usually registered nurses (RNs) . Other health care staff (HCS) may be reluctant to refer patients with palliative care needs to physiotherapy because of the belief that PTs lack the necessary knowledge and skills required for palliative care, that they may foster false hope among patients and their families or because the HCS want to limit the number of professionals involved with the patient and their families [11–13]. This may hamper appropriate and equal access to physiotherapy, with poor identification of and response to the patients’ rehabilitative needs . The close collaboration between the team members and the patients and their families therefore puts high demands on the transparency and understanding of the responsibilities, knowledge and skills of various professionals.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
201,888 |
Activation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway by EVs was markedly inhibited by pcDNA-ZFAS1. (a) The influence of EVs and ZFAS1 on p-Akt expression was detected via IHC in vivo; (b) The influence of EVs and ZFAS1 on Nrf2 and HO-1 expression was detected via IHC in vivo; (c) Activation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway by EVs was markedly inhibited by pcDNA-ZFAS1 in vivo. * P < 0.05 compared with the group MI. # P < 0.05 compared with the group MI+EVs.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
348,930 |
Datasets were obtained from the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra) with accession number SRR12136243 (−7 d), SRR12149783 (30 d), and SRR12149843 (90 d), and the Genome Sequence Archive in the BIG Data Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics (BIG), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences under accession number CRA002742 (180 d, 270 d and 315 d), and are publicly accessible at http://bigd.big.ac.cn/gsa.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
272,211 |
Dental caries is still a major problem worldwide , though it could be prevented in most cases. A bad start with oral health maintenance in early childhood may result in caries in the primary teeth, which often predicts caries in permanent dentition . Young children depend on their parents for their health behaviours, daily hygiene, lifestyle habits and oral health maintenance, including tooth brushing, eating behaviours, and dental visits. Preventing dental caries, especially in preschool children, requires considerable investment from parents. Therefore, it involves a trade-off in investing resources, notably money and time, against the anticipated benefits. To date, parents’ willingness to invest in resources to prevent dental caries in their offspring is rarely studied.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
226,352 |
In South Africa, active transmission cycles of the rabies virus in domestic dogs have been reported in the mid-20th century.26 The history of dog rabies control in South Africa is characterised by intermittent success and also failures resulting in outbreaks and consequently also human cases.18,26 Since 2004, the disease has emerged in locations where it was controlled before, as is evident by outbreaks in Vhembe district of Limpopo province, Ehlanzeni district of Mpumalanga province, the Bojanala Platinum district of North West province and the Botshabelo surroundings in Free State province.27,28,29,30 In addition, a great number of outbreaks of dog rabies were reported in Soweto, Gauteng province, in 2010, marking the first report of sustained dog-to-dog transmission of the rabies virus in this province.31 The locations described here are mostly densely populated, which further raises the concerns of the possibility of the human rabies cases occurring considering the close association of dog rabies outbreaks and human cases.17,26,27,31 On average, 10 cases of human rabies are laboratory confirmed in South Africa annually since 1983 (National Institute for Communicable Disease South Africa, pers. comm, 2019). The surveillance of human rabies in South Africa relies on the submission of samples of clinically suspected cases followed by laboratory investigation and confirmation. These statistics are considered an underestimation given the burden of dog rabies in the country.8 Dog bite registers are routinely kept at healthcare facilities in South Africa, although dog bites are not considered a notifiable medical condition. However, the data collected in the registers are not routinely analysed in order to monitor the epidemiology of dog bite cases or used to direct public health responses. In this study, data obtained from bite registers from a hospital serving a community affected by dog rabies in Mpumalanga province of South Africa were investigated.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
68,334 |
The anonymous online survey, available in English and French, was launched in October 2012 and was available until May 2014. The survey was open to individuals 18 years of age and older living anywhere in the world, but recruitment targeted a Canadian sample. The study was advertised as “women’s health and hygiene” but eligibility was not based on participant gender identity and as such the survey was not limited to participants who identified as “woman” or “female.” Informed consent was obtained prior to the start of the survey. Advertisements were posted on Canadian city webpages of online classifieds (e.g., Kijiji). Recruitment emails with a request to help disseminate the study were sent to Canadian organizations and groups with a possible interest in the research (e.g., women’s health organizations, sexual and gender diversity groups, older women’s groups, Indigenous women’s groups). Social media (i.e., Facebook, Twitter), including paid Facebook advertising, was used to promote the survey around the country. A participant recruitment firm was hired also to assist in recruiting participants from particular demographics.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
134,401 |
In this data set, the single-cell time traces of cell area (with unit μm2) were recorded every three minutes using microfluidic devices. The experiments were performed under seven growth conditions with different media (Edinburgh minimal medium (EMM) and yeast extract medium (YE)) and different temperatures. For EMM, cells were cultured at four different temperatures (28°C, 30°C, 32°C, and 34°C), while for YE, three different temperatures (28°C, 30°C, and 34°C) were applied. For each growth condition, 1500 cell lineages were tracked and each lineage is typically composed of 50 − 70 generations. Note that for a particular cell lineage, it may occur that the cell was dead or disappeared from the channel during the measurement [4, 76]. Such lineages are removed from the data set and thus the number of lineages used for data analysis for each growth condition is actually less than 1500. In addition, we emphasize that in this data set, the size of a cell is characterized by its area, which has rarely been measured in previous experiments; more commonly used quantities are cell length and cell volume. To make our results more easily comparable to those in the literature, we convert the cell area data to cell length data (with unit μm) by using the information of mean cell diameter for each growth condition, which can be estimated from the fluorescence images provided to us by the authors of .
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
153,681 |
While an in situ vaccination effect has been shown to be crucial to achieve abscopal responses and to maximize systemic disease control, local control remains critical especially in the context of limited disease. In this perspective, partial tumor irradiation has also emerged as an innovative concept in order to widen the therapeutic window, especially for large tumors situated close to organs at risk where the classical approach of ablative RT to the whole target is challenging. While radiation oncologists usually make sure that the whole lesion receives the tumoricidal prescribed dose so that no area is underdosed, the partial irradiation approach consists in deliberately excluding a portion of the tumor from the radiation field. In two murine models, Markovsky et al. suggested that partial tumor volume irradiation (10 Gy, 15 Gy or 20 Gy delivered to 50% of the tumor using a 2 x 2 cm collimator) led to tumor responses similar to full tumor volume irradiation (10 Gy, 15 Gy or 20 Gy delivered to 100% of the tumor) via an immunostimulatory mechanism involving an increase in CD8+ T-cell traffic throughout the non-irradiated portion mediated by an increase in ICAM (60). This led to the concept of ADscopal response (61), with an immune-mediated indirect therapeutic effect of RT “close to the irradiated target” (“bystander effect”) rather than away from the target (ABscopal). Clinical data seem to corroborate this hypothesis, as large tumors (>65mL) partially irradiated exhibited local control similar to smaller fully irradiated tumors in the NRG-BR001 phase I trial of SRT (3 x 15 Gy, 5 x 10 Gy or 3 x 10 Gy) in combination with anti-PD-L1. In the partial irradiation group, mean GTV size was 177 cc, and the mean volume of GTV excluded from the irradiated target was 113 cc (19, 61). This concept should be regarded with caution, however, since the “non-irradiated” portion receives non-tumoricidal but significant doses (scatter dose) that could be sufficient to elicit an immune response. Indeed, in the study by Markovsky et al., the non-irradiated tumor sub-volume received a dose of 5% (i.e. 0.5 Gy – 1Gy) or less of the primary in-field dose, and in the NRG-BR001 trial, the median isodose line covering the original GTV in the partially irradiated group was the 13% isodose line (i.e. 3.9 Gy – 6.5 Gy in 3 to 5 fractions). Therefore, we could hypothesize that the ADscopal effect is in effect a response to LDI. The phase II PembroX trial among patients with stage I-IIIA NSCLC is currently assessing the benefit of pre-operative SRT (1 fraction of 12 Gy) to half of the primary tumor following pembrolizumab (NCT03217071). The primary endpoint for this study is the change in number of TILs in the lung cancer tissue from before and after the neo-adjuvant treatment.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
205,800 |
Although present as epiphytes on plant hosts, not all microbes are able to colonize and establish themselves inside leaves. Initial colonization and entry of microbes as a community into a leaf is not a random process in which arbitrary communities adhere and grow, but an organized series of events. Steps involve attachment, movement, and cellular interactions. These steps are facilitated by the leaf surface structure (see above) which regulates colonization as an important priming event in microbial community interactions with the plant (Lebeis et al., 2015; Flemming and Wuertz, 2019). Research hypothesizes that a small community of established microbes associated with the host are inherited vertically through the seed (Nelson, 2018). These microbes are thought to influence recruitment, structuring, and stabilizing of microbiota throughout the plant life cycle (Newcombe et al., 2018).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
294,407 |
However, while the first, non-probabilistic example (where we observe that one state at time 5 is followed by another at time 6) seems unproblematic, the second, probabilistic example is trickier. If we are trapped in a single history, it is unclear how we could ever make an observation such as: “Conditional on the state being in Y at time 5, there is a 50% probability that it will be in Z at time 6.” Making this observation would seem to require looking at many repetitions of states 5 and 6. So, even if probabilistic properties could be generalized via symmetries once we have observed them, it is unclear how we could observe such properties in the first place.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
58,184 |
The Shuxuan cattle are a synthetic dual-purpose breed and mainly distributed in Sichuan Province of Southwest China by crossing the indigenous breed of Xuanhan cattle with both Simmental and Holstein semen during the past 30 years. Finally, it is estimated that the cultivated Shuxuan cattle consist of about 75% Simmental and 10% Holstein blood. In contrast to the indigenous Xuanhan cattle that are a completely horned breed, we currently observed that about 15% of Shuxuan cattle are the polled phenotype according to our field investigation. Unfortunately, no official record is available for describing the horn trait or POLLED genotype for these historically introduced sires of Simmental and Holstein. Because of allelic heterogeneity of polled phenotype as stated above, we directly genotype the proposed candidate variants for polled Shuxuan cattle in the present study and intend to reveal that which mutation(s) had been introgressed into this newly cultivated breed. The results are essential to establish the marker-assisted selection program of hornless Shuxuan cattle.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
89,688 |
AF, arcuate fasciculus; AG, angular gyrus; CU, cuneus; ILF, inferior longitudinal fasciculus; LO, lateral occipital; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; MTG, middle temporal gyrus; PMC, primary motor cortex; SLF, superior longitudinal fasciculus; SMG, supramarginal gyrus; SPL, superior parietal lobule; STG; superior temporal gyrus; PO, pars orbitalis; PSC, primary sensory cortex.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
275,756 |
All spin-polarized calculations were performed using the CASTEP package50 with the following convergence criteria: energy 5.0e−5eV/atom, max. force 0.1 eV/Å, max. stress 0.2 GPa, max. displacement 0.005 Å, and SCF tolerance 1.0e−5 eV/atom. According to previous theoretic work, the (110) surface was chosen as the reaction surface, which herein consisted of 1*1 In–O layers of 8.02 Å in thickness and a vacuum slab of more than 14 Å. The oxygen vacancy ([O])-laden surface was crafted by abstracting a bridging O atom between two surface-In atoms, where a terminal hydroxyl group was then added to form the surface-FLPs-laden surface. The GGA-RPBE functional was used for the exchange-correlation potential, and the plane-wave pseudopotential approach and ultrasoft pseudopotentials were employed for all the atoms with a kinetic energy cutoff of 520 eV. All models were first fully relaxed via geometry optimization and then applied for the energy calculation. The charge density difference was calculated using set of atoms, and the blue and yellow isosurfaces represented electron density accumulation and depletion, respectively, where the absolute isovalue was 0.01. The atomic Mulliken electronegativity was calculated using population analysis.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
361,762 |
In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that MeCP2 inhibits proliferation and migration through the EMT pathway in breast cancer. During mammary gland development, MeCP2 expression in mammary luminal‐restricted progenitor/mature luminal cells is higher than that in bi‐potent mammary stem cells, suggesting that MeCP2 maybe play an important role in maintaining luminal breast cancer and inhibiting proliferation of TNBC cell lines. Our study suggests that MeCP2 up‐regulated epithelial markers, such as E‐cadherin, and that MeCP2 knockdown in breast cancer cell lines increased mesenchymal biomarkers, such as Vimentin. Additionally, in the transition from luminal epithelial markers to mesenchymal markers, we found that MeCP2 knockdown significantly promoted the EMT phenotype, including migration and proliferation in vitro. On the contrary, the overexpression of MeCP2 inhibited EMT, migration and invasion of MDA‐MB‐231 cells. These results indicate that MeCP2 can inhibit EMT at least in part. Our results suggest that MeCP2 may be a new biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
20,559 |
Having determined that the metallic shelves were indeed a source of non-negligible distortion, in order to study the eventual distortion of the fields only due to the incubator's walls, ceiling and floor, all metallic shelves were removed from the incubator, the plastic shelf was positioned at each of its 11 levels and fields were assessed using the coarse grid. Figure 4a shows the 11 MF maps, all plotted in the same colour map scale for ease of comparison (see table 3 for numerical values). First observation to be made is that maps are smooth (i.e. only slightly ‘pixelated’): without the distortion from the metallic shelves, the coarse grid turns out to be appropriate for studying the fields inside the incubator. It is clear that variations within several centimetres are relatively subtle both in each level, and between consecutive levels (which are 4 cm apart). However, differences greater than 40 µT are observed in the upper shelves. Also, even though differences between consecutive shelves are small, the first and the eleventh levels are clearly different. Lastly, we evaluated the effect of performing the measurements either with the incubator door open, or closed (figure 4b). The maps clearly show that components Bx and By (and most notably this latter, perpendicular to the plane of the door) are the most affected by the closing of the door, while Bz is almost unaffected. Comparing differences for the open and closed condition (see Δ for levels 6 and 6* in table 3), it is evident that closing the door has a slight homogenizing effect on the fields inside the incubator. Figure 4.(a) MF total strength (|B|) at the 11 shelf levels of the incubator, measured on a plastic shelf and the incubator's door open. (b) Comparison of field's components and total strength at the sixth level, for the door open and closed. Table 3.Minimum, maximum and differences (Δ) for the 11 shelf levels of the incubator, assessed with a plastic shelf and the incubator's door open. Level 6 was also measured with the door closed (6*). All values are in µT, within a precision of ±2 µT.shelfBxByBz|B|levelminimummaximumΔminimummaximumΔminimummaximumΔminimummaximumΔ110.038.028.0−15.91.817.7−39.0−9.729.328.852.623.8215.741.025.3−13.10.914.0−33.9−14.219.732.649.917.3320.142.422.3−12.10.412.5−30.4−17.313.134.150.616.5424.942.817.9−10.80.911.7−30.9−19.811.136.351.214.9527.541.914.4−9.8−0.19.7−32.4−18.813.633.350.717.4623.640.617.0−11.7−0.111.6−34.4−13.720.727.449.922.56*31.937.15.2−10.3−1.09.3−35.0−16.818.238.950.111.2718.738.920.2−14.0−0.513.5−35.0−10.224.822.152.029.9812.639.727.1−17.2−0.516.7−35.0−7.227.817.355.538.296.540.634.1−20.50.420.9−32.9−4.628.315.356.240.910−0.141.942.0−24.2−1.922.3−36.0−2.633.414.057.043.011−5.341.046.3−28.4−2.426.0−40.5−2.138.412.356.444.1overall−5.342.848.1−28.41.830.2−40.5−2.138.412.357.044.7
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
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