text
stringlengths 208
322k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
Who is Thomas Malthus
Thomas Malthus was an 18th-century British philosopher and economist famous for his ideas about population growth. Malthus' population theories were outlined in his book, "An Essay on the Principle of Population," first published in 1798. In it, he theorized that populations will continue to grow until growth is stopped or reversed by disease, famine, war or calamity. He developed what is now referred to as the Malthusian growth model, an exponential formula used to forecast population growth.
BREAKING DOWN Thomas Malthus
Thomas Malthus was a controversial figure. The late 18th and early 19th centuries were marked by philosophers who believed that humanity would continue to grow and improve itself and could create a utopian society. Malthus countered this argument by saying that, throughout history, a portion of the general population has always been poor and miserable, that this was unlikely to change and that these factors actually helped control population growth.
Malthus also wrote "An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent" (1815) and "Principles of Political Economy" (1820). The main tenets of his arguments went against the grain of thinking at the time. He argued that increases in population would eventually decrease the ability of people in the world to feed themselves. He based this conclusion on the idea that populations expand in such a way as to overtake the development of sufficient land for crops. Malthus is associated with Darwin, whose natural selection theory was influenced by Malthus' analysis of population growth. Malthus' views enjoyed a resurgence in the 20th century with the advent of Keynesian economics.
Background of Thomas Malthus
Thomas Robert Malthus was born near Guildford, Surrey in February 1766. His father was successful and educated Thomas at home. Malthus later attended Cambridge University, earning a master's degree in 1791. In 1793, he was made a fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1805, Malthus became professor of history and political economy (the first holder of such an academic office) at the East India Company's college in Haileybury, Hertfordshire, where he remained until his death.
In 1819, Malthus became fellow of the Royal Society and two years later he was named a member of the Political Economy Club, whose members included David Ricardo and James Mill. In 1824, he was elected as one of the 10 royal associates of the Royal Society of Literature. Malthus also co-founded the Statistical Society of London in 1834. Thomas Robert Malthus died on December 23, 1834.
|
<urn:uuid:a81b6863-7848-4e0c-864e-e584351e1776>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.828125,
"fasttext_score": 0.20486849546432495,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9748313426971436,
"url": "https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/thomas-malthus.asp"
}
|
Comb sort is a comparison sorting algorithm. It is an exchange sort, similar to bubble sort.
In comb sort, gaps (distance of two items from each other) are introduced. The gap in bubble sort is 1. The gap starts out as a large value, and, after each traversal, the gap is lessened, until it becomes 1, where the algorithm basically degrades to a bubble sort. This idea can practically kill turtles because some of them would "jump" to the beginning of the list early on.
The shrink factor determines how much the gap is lessened. This value is crucial because a small value means that it would be slower for the gap to degrade to 1, slowing down the process, while a large value will not effectively kill turtles. An ideal shrink factor is 1.3.
comb_sort(list of t)
gap = list.count
temp as t
swapped = false
while gap > 1 or not swapped
swapped = false
if gap > 1 then
gap = floor(gap/1.3)
i = 0
while i + gap < list.count
if list(i) > list(i + gap)
temp = list(i) // swap
list(i) = list(i + gap)
list(i + gap) = temp
i += 1
See Also Edit
Sorting algorithms
Bubble sort - Insertion sort - Merge sort - Quicksort - Selection sort - Heap sort -
Comb Sort
|
<urn:uuid:bef2bfb3-35cc-4493-9fe9-c32a085b41f0>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.15625,
"fasttext_score": 0.9364728927612305,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8383455276489258,
"url": "https://algods.fandom.com/wiki/Comb_Sort_Algorithm"
}
|
Sights > Great Siege Tunnels
The labyrinth of tunnels inside the Rock of Gibraltar known as the Great Siege Tunnels is perhaps the most ingenious defence system devised by man.
At the end of the Great Siege in 1783, the defeated Commander of the French and Spanish troops, the Duc de Crillon, on being shown the fortifications that had led to the defeat of his troops commented, "These works are worthy of the Romans". This comment highlights the ingenuity of those men who against all odds endured the onslaught of the advancing forces and were still able to devise a unique system of defence which afforded them victory.
It was during the war of American Independence, when France and Spain made an all out attempt to recapture the Rock from the British in Gibraltar's 14th Siege, recorded as the Great Siege, which lasted from July 1779 to February 1783. The Governor, General Elliot (later called Baron Heathfield of Gibraltar) is said to have offered a reward to anyone who could tell him how to get guns onto a projection from the precipitous northern face of the Rock known as 'Notch'.
Sergeant Major Ince, a member of the Company of Soldier Artificers, forerunners of the Royal Engineers, suggested that this could be done by tunnelling through the Rock. Permission was granted, and Ince started work under the direction of Lieutenant J Eveliegh, a Royal Engineer, Aide de Camp to the Governor, on May 25th, 1782.
The tunnellers relied on the strength of their arms, on their skills with a sledgehammer and a crowbar, and were also aided with gunpowder for blasting. In five weeks 18 men had driven a tunnel 8 square feet (2.4sq m) by 82 feet long (25m) into the Rock. It is interesting to compare this with the record of a fully mechanised tunnelling company in Gibraltar during World War II, who in a week advanced 180 feet (55m).
Other embrasures were cut and guns mounted, and by the time the Siege ended in February 1783, the tunnel was 370 feet (113m) long and had four guns mounted in it. This first gallery was called 'Windsor Gallery'. Sergeant Major Ince did not stop there - he went on to tunnel two other galleries called "King's And Queen's Lines" lower down the north face of the Rock.
Work did not stop with the end of the Siege, but instead of continuing straight towards the 'Notch', a tunnel was driven downwards and a large chamber opened under the 'Notch' called St George's Hall, where a battery of seven guns was instilled. The Cornwallis Chamber was also excavated at this time.
It was in St George's Hall that Lord Napier of Magdala - Governor of Gibraltar - is said to have given a banquet in honour of General Grant, ex-president of the United States of America.
In gratitude to Sergeant Major Ince, he was given a Commission and granted a plot of land on the Upper Rock still know as Ince's Farm. In addition, the Duke of Kent (Gibraltar's Royal Governor and father of Queen Victoria) presented him with a valuable horse.
The entrance to the Upper Galleries is dominated by a Victorian 64-pounder cannon. There are other Victorian guns in the Gallery dating back to 1850, as well as an original 18th Century cannon.
The Holyland Tunnel, named as such because the tunnel points due East in the precise direction of Mecca, leads from St George's Hall to above Catalan Bay on the East Side of the Rock and affords magnificent views of the Mediterranean Sea. This is just a small part of a network of tunnels inside the Rock of Gibraltar.
During the Second World War, the Royal Engineers (originally the Artificer Company during the Great Siege) including a Canadian contingent, achieved wonderful feats of engineering, adding some 30 miles (40Km) of tunnels.
The Great Siege Tunnels have been brought to life with the installation of various exhibitions within its chambers re-enacting some scenes lived in these tunnels throughout their unique history.
If the Corps of Royal Engineers had not been formed in Gibraltar, there would possibly have been no tunnels excavated.
The original company of Soldier Artificers, as proposed by Edward Cornwallis in 1771, was to consist of one Sergeant Major - Sergeant Major Ince, three Sergeants, two Corporals, three drummers and 60 Privates.
It is interesting to note that their wages ranged from 15p a day for the Sergeant Major down to 4p per day for Privates. That made Sergeant Major Ince's weekly salary ?1.05 and a normal Private's salary ?0.28 a week!
|
<urn:uuid:0f3a8b87-0a06-4169-afb9-9062ac289512>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.02893120050430298,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9814665913581848,
"url": "http://www.gibraltar.gi/tourism/print.php?language=en&category=1&item=4"
}
|
The first thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims, but where did the pilgrims come from and how did they get to the US?
Students will be better able to answer:
• Where did the Mayflower come from?
• What was life like on the Mayflower?
• Who was on the Mayflower?
• Why did they make the journey?
1.)Play the Quiz – The Mayflower – from Plymouth to Plymouth!
2.)Share the quiz to your class group and project the leaderboard on the smartboard or projector!
3.)Using the printable of the map – have students draw the Mayflower on it’s crossing from Plymouth in England, to the place they would call Plymouth rock in Cape Cod.
Spread the word
Share on facebook
Share on google
Share on twitter
Share on linkedin
|
<urn:uuid:d7acf1cc-a91f-4bdd-8223-4e5ef852cdda>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.3125,
"fasttext_score": 0.03662276268005371,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.92537522315979,
"url": "https://quizlingapp.com/2018/11/22/thanksgiving-lesson-plan-the-mayflower/"
}
|
“Unopenable” historic scrolls will yield their secrets to new X-Ray system
Queen Mary, University of London
Source - http://www.qmul.ac.uk/media/news/items/smd/99565.html
VIDEO = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDDjD02IvD0
Pioneering X-ray technology is making it possible to read fragile rolled-up historical documents for the first time in centuries.
The technology, developed at Queen Mary, University of London and Cardiff University means historians will be able to access previously unusable written sources and gain new insight into the past.
Old parchment is often extremely dry and liable to crack and crumble if any attempt is made to physically unroll or unfold it. The new technology, however, eliminates the need to do so by enabling parchment to be unrolled or unfolded ‘virtually’ and the contents displayed on a computer screen.
The system, developed with funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), has now been tested successfully on a medieval legal scroll provided by the Norfolk Record Office.
The technique works by scanning parchment with X-rays in order to detect the presence of iron contained in ‘iron gall ink’ – the most commonly used ink in Europe between the 12th and 19th centuries. This work is done at Queen Mary, using a scanner designed by Dr Graham Davis, Reader in 3D X-Ray Imaging at the university’s Institute of Dentistry.
Using a method called microtomography, a 3-dimensional ‘map’ showing the ink’s exact location is built up by creating images made from a series of X-ray ‘slices’ taken through the parchment.
Advanced software developed by the Cardiff project team combines the data obtained with information about the way the parchment is rolled or folded up and calculates exactly where the ink sits on the parchment. An image of the document as it would appear unrolled or unfolded can then be produced.
The key difference between the new method and other techniques previously developed to read un-openable historical documents is the unprecedentedly high contrast resolution it provides to distinguish between ink and parchment, making the parchment is genuinely readable.
Dr Graham Davis says: “Because no commercial or research X-ray tomography scanners were capable of providing the quality of image we needed, we’ve developed our own advanced scanner which is also being adapted for a diverse range of other scientific uses, including those within our own Institute of Dentistry where enhanced, high contrast images are enabling the detection and analysis of features in teeth that we haven’t been able to see before.”
Professor Tim Wess of Cardiff University says: “This is a milestone in historical information recovery. The conservation community is rightly very protective of old documents and isn’t prepared to risk damaging them by opening them. Our breakthrough means they won’t have to. Across the world, literally thousands of previously unusable documents up to around a thousand years old could now become available for historical research. It really will be possible to read the unreadable.”
|
<urn:uuid:d6fa9f1a-3c1f-498a-94de-6804211a00e0>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02954995632171631,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9337946772575378,
"url": "http://www.archeolog-home.com/pages/content/unopenable-historic-scrolls-will-yield-their-secrets-to-new-x-ray-system.html"
}
|
Study your flashcards anywhere!
Download the official Cram app for free >
• Shuffle
Toggle On
Toggle Off
• Alphabetize
Toggle On
Toggle Off
• Front First
Toggle On
Toggle Off
• Both Sides
Toggle On
Toggle Off
• Read
Toggle On
Toggle Off
How to study your flashcards.
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
A key: Read text to speech.a key
Play button
Play button
Click to flip
17 Cards in this Set
• Front
• Back
the change in a population's genetic makeup over successive generations.
4 components of natural selection
1. genetic variation
2. overproduction of offspring
3. struggle for existence
4. differential survival and reproduction
Example of 1. Genetic Variation (natural selection component)
[The characteristics a species is given to become more advantageous] {longer billed hummingbirds more likely to survive in areas w/ long plants; variation of long & short billed}
Example of 2. overproduction of offspring (natural selection component)
[species reproduce more offspring than end up surviving] {hummingbirds produce many offspring, but only 1 or 2 survive}
Example of 3. struggle for existence & 4. differential survival & reproduction (natural selection component)
[species struggle & try & adapt to the environment]&[species compete for food, shelter, and space] {hummingbirds develop long bills over time giving them adequate food supply so they can pass on their traits}
4 characteristics of populations.
1. distribution
2. spacing of population
3. no. of individuals in pop.
4. density
explain distribution limits.
environment limits where species can live [e.g. too high temps. force species to move to area w/ proper temps.]
3 patterns of small scale.
1. regular
2. clumped
3. random
Interaction of 3 small scale patterns.
1. regular=repel each other
2. clumped=attract each other
3. random=ignore each other
{also, clumped=patchy distribution of nutrients}
Population density correlation in large scale.
Pop. density declines w/ increased organism size
{small bacteria live in highly dense populations}
3 influences of rarity & vulnerability to extinction.
1. geographic range of species=extensive vs. restrictive
2. habitat tolerance=broad vs. narrow
3. local population size=large vs. small
Type 1 survivorship curve description.
*high survival of young & middle-aged
*high deaths of older members
{e.g. humans, red deer}
Type 2 survivorship curve description.
*constant survival
*members die at approx. same rate throughout life
{birds, American Robin}
Type 3 survivorship curve description.
*high deaths of young
*large no. of young
{mackerel lay millions of eggs, but most die in first 70 days}
name of maximal population in presence of limiting resources & symbol for it.
carrying capacity & K
Relationship between offspring no. & offspring size
those that produce larger offspring produce fewer offspring & vice versa
Relationship between adult survival & age of reproduction.
where adult survival is lower, organisms begin reproducing at an earlier age & vice versa
|
<urn:uuid:e2dee362-90b9-4b2a-8e06-8baccf298b35>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.9375,
"fasttext_score": 0.05623263120651245,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7782967686653137,
"url": "http://www.cram.com/flashcards/ecology-natural-selection-and-population-variables-of-species-514835"
}
|
Expressions grouping
Parentheses have second meaning in regular expressions. They simply join (group) characters in a bigger units. Expression in parentheses is treated as a whole and has higher priority for operators. Like in a math equation.
The pattern berry\W* will match only one word with arbitrary number of non-word characters after it: berry,berry,berry!!! Try it yourself while the pattern (berry\W)* will match arbitrary number of words followed by one non-word character: berry,berry,berry!!! Try it yourself Lets notice a side effect - the final group match.
Everything enclosed by parentheses will be subject to repetition with *, +, ? or {} operators. But | - the alternation operator uses groups differently. It takes all characters and groups as a one RegEx. For example this pattern d(uria)|(bana)n will not match the final letter durian Try it yourself The result is the same like without parentheses at all: duria|banan. What we need is d(uria|bana)n durian Try it yourself
In the above example we can notice a side effect, the group which we will maybe not need. There is a special syntax for forcing parentheses to not be a group marker. For last example the d(?:uria|bana)n pattern will not return any group: durian Try it yourself
|
<urn:uuid:5e3c2b6a-45f1-4e7c-aa0e-7a48920fb46b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.4196254014968872,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8388733267784119,
"url": "http://cofoh.com/advanced-regex-tutorial-python/grouping"
}
|
• Join over 1.2 million students every month
• Accelerate your learning by 29%
• Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month
How Does Elizabeth Gaskell Create an Effective Ghost Story?
Extracts from this document...
How Does Elizabeth Gaskell Create an Effective Ghost Story? Elizabeth Gaskell wrote this short story in 1852. It is based on revenge within a wealthy family. It is a ghost story where death plays a significant part. The choice of story teller really makes this 19th century story work. The nurse who tells this story in first person perspective tells us how her early life comes to a halt when picked out to look after Miss Rosamond the cousin of a lord. The tone of this story is very natural, honest, genuine and believable and adds certain freshness. At the start it is a very slow build up. She relates to the reader by expressing her fears truly, she's an outsider the same as the reader and we know this because she has no relation to this family. She also makes it very realistic and with no resistance. The impact of the setting is effective as the house is in the middle of no where, isolated and lonely. There are some safe areas in the house e.g. ...read more.
Automatically the reader is wondering why this family has done such a thing. The use made of the ghosts in the story makes you have all different kinds of perspectives towards them. The ghost of the old Lord Furnivall very sinfully pounds of the organ on nights with severe weather conditions. "He played more and more stormily and sadly on the great organ" This suggests that the playing of the organ grew stronger and louder as the weather got more unpleasant as they grew quickly into winter. When Hester confronted the staff about these incidents they all alleged that they hadn't heard it or held the wind responsible. The danger the phantom child brought was far worse than the old Lords. "I could not choose but to go" Rosamond explained to Hester which says that the Phantom child has a power of Rosamond to make her pursue her to her mother up at the fells, where she would meet her death, but not only do they have a power over Rosamond they also have a power over Miss Furnivall. ...read more.
"Dorothy's coloured changed once or twice" This tells us that Dorothy knew everything that had happened but either couldn't say or didn't want to bring back such bad memories. The images in this story are very obvious and the writer has described them unmistakably throughout the story which gives the reader a clear picture in their minds. One example from the book is "the vast heath-place which gave out no heat" This description makes the reader realise that this was not real but just a re-enactment of something which took place a long time ago. Ending on a moral gives the reader an opportunity to think about things they have done in the past and involves them so then they relate to the book, and that gives the book an exceptionally good end. The moral "What is done in youth can never been undone in age" concludes this 19th century story splendidly. Miss Furnivall mutters these words on her death bed which intensifies the whole story even though the climatic part is over and all together adds great effect. Ghost stories aren't my favourite genre but I still appreciate them greatly! By Rebecca Savage 10.1 15th November 2003 ...read more.
The above preview is unformatted text
Found what you're looking for?
• Start learning 29% faster today
• 150,000+ documents available
• Just £6.99 a month
Not the one? Search for your essay title...
• Join over 1.2 million students every month
• Accelerate your learning by 29%
• Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month
See related essaysSee related essays
Related AS and A Level Jane Austen essays
1. In what ways does Elizabeth Gaskell (the Author), set the tone for the rest ...
Shaw said that her only child should marry for love- and signed emphatically, as if love had not been her motive for marrying the General. Mrs. Shaw enjoyed the romance of the present engagement rather more than her daughter.
2. The Crucible: How is tension created and maintained between John and Elizabeth, and how ...
It then describes the room as low, dark and rather long. This could be a metaphor for John and Elizabeth's relationship. It also sets the atmosphere for the beginning of the scene as very oppressive. Above Elizabeth is heard gently singing to their children.
1. Ghost Story Essay.
As the weeks went on guest became fewer and fewer as they were afraid of the evil within the house. "Jon, Jon, you awake" "What time is it" "11:30am". Jon got up but as he did he thought he heard a quiet thud, thud, thud coming from the room next
2. Short story
The first images when she scanned the room were of that broken window shrouded by the torn and ragged curtains that seemed to drip down from the pole soon to fall apart from rot. The stains on the dilapidated walls reminded her of her husband's drunken fights.
1. how doe arthur miller create tension in the crucible
This show that John is withholding information from Elizabeth and the rest of the community and the audience is aware of this. The room that the scene is set in is described as long, dark with a low ceiling which could be a metaphor for John and Elizabeth's relationship.
2. The Crucible - How does Miller effectively create a sense of tension and conflict ...
the inhabitants of Salem in the 17th Century helped the play to achieve its sense of authenticity. It is important for Miller to create tension within the play to keep the audience interested; he uses this technique in Act two with great affect.
(Husserl 1952, p. 76f.) All families (kinds, species) of objects in the common-sense world are subject to the opposition between normal (standard, typical) and abnormal (non-standard, non-typical) instances.(17) And the normal instances of such species are marked by familiarity, they are understood by common sense, both in regard to what
2. Discuss the Relationship between John and Elizabeth Proctor and its Presentation. In What Ways ...
is conveyed in the way they converse with each other, their actions, and their directions. The audience now start to find out more about their relationship as we discover more of their feelings both towards each other and about the affair. John says, "I think you're sad again. Are you?"
• Over 160,000 pieces
of student written work
• Annotated by
experienced teachers
• Ideas and feedback to
improve your own work
|
<urn:uuid:1a4f82bc-6e5f-43d0-8e6a-e73e8f131e3e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.037041664123535156,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9723119735717773,
"url": "http://www.markedbyteachers.com/as-and-a-level/english/how-does-elizabeth-gaskell-create-an-effective-ghost-story.html"
}
|
There’s a small town in Sweden that has not one, not two, not three, but four elements named after it. Those elements–yttrium(Y), terbium (Tb), erbium (Er), and ytterbium (Yb)–were discovered by part-time chemist Carl Axel Arrhenius in the gadolinite, a black stone that’s also referred to as ytterbite, in Ytterby Mine on the Stockholm archipelago. From wikipedia:
In addition, three other lanthanides, holmium (Ho, named after Stockholm), thulium (Tm, named after Thule, a mythic analog of Scandinavia), and gadolinium (Gd, after the chemist Johan Gadolin) can trace their discovery to the same quarry making it the location with most elements named after it.
In this video, Tom Scott tells the story behind this historical landmark.
Next: How The Elements Got Their Names and Helen Arney performs The Elements with 4 new elements.
See more videos about...
|
<urn:uuid:cb21dcd6-b207-44fb-91e6-330fbe754bb0>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.35212796926498413,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9074990749359131,
"url": "http://thekidshouldseethis.com/post/one-town-four-elements-ytterby"
}
|
Fort Caroline
A depiction of Fort Caroline.
Theodore de Bry engraving
Overall Rating
Add your review (0 reviews)
Grade Level:
Third Grade-Eighth Grade
Architecture, Architecture (Building Styles and Methods), Art, Colonial History, Geography, History, Military and Wartime History
30 Minutes
Group Size:
Up to 36
National/State Standards:
VA.A.1.2, VA.B.1.2, SS.A.4.2.1
Students will create their own fort and identify its parts using historic forts from across Northeast Florida as models.
Students will draw their own fort and identify its parts using historic forts such as Fort Caroline, the Castillo de San Marcos, and Fort Matanzas as examples. This activity may allow students to make connections between other sites they have visited and make comparisons between the building materials used and geographic location.
The worksheet provided has pictures of three forts: Fort de la Caroline, the Castillo de San Marcos, and Fort Matanzas. Explain that the Castillo de San Marcos is located in St. Augustine and was built by the Spanish more than a hundred years after Fort Caroline; that Fort Matanzas is south of St. Augustine and was a Spanish outpost for the Matanzas Inlet, where long before its construction many of the French soldiers and settlers from Fort Caroline lost their lives.
This activity requires writing utensils, paper, and the worksheet below.
This activity is intended as a post-visit lesson. Please either schedule a field trip by calling 904.641.7155 or have your students explore the Fort Caroline section of our website.
Ask the students to do this activity with the mindset of a French soldier who just arrived in Florida, who had to decide what materials to use and how to use them, without knowing anything about the land. On your field trip the ranger would have talked to the students about finding building materials in the natural surroundings, which for the settlers of Fort Caroline included mostly wood and earth, which is vastly different from the coquina used at the Castillo. Coquina must be quarried and that requires a substantial amount of time, planning and knowledge. Why would coquina not have been a good choice for the French settlers at Fort Caroline? Remind students that the forts were used for war, but were also important for the protection of people as temporary homes in times of bad weather or until their individual homes were built.
Pass out the included worksheet. Using these pictures, your students will design their own fort. Once they come up with an idea, have them label the five parts that they think are the most important from the list on the worksheet. Then, on the back of their drawing, have them write those five parts in the order of their importance to the settlement and explain why each was necessary.
This activity does not have a right or wrong answer. Justifying their choices for the most important aspects of a fort allows them to use role-playing and their imaginations. They may even come up with important parts of the fort or settlement on their own!
palisade, cistern, aqueduct
|
<urn:uuid:5785834c-616d-487d-a167-a31c9f259172>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.10119098424911499,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9474206566810608,
"url": "http://www.nps.gov/timu/forteachers/classrooms/build-your-own-fort.htm"
}
|
Chegg Guided Solutions for Mechanics of Materials 3rd Edition: Chapter 8.6
Chapter: Problem:
3 Stars(2 users)
• Step 1 of 5
A Mohr’s circle can be used to show stresses in multiple planes simultaneously.
• Step 2 of 5
Consider the stresses in the X, Y and Z directions as.
Consider the value of stresses as, and .
Construct a 3d Mohr’s Circle:
1) Set . Since is greater than and, set . Since is greater than , set . The final normal stress is .
2) Construct a 2d Mohr’s Circle with
• Draw axes with positive to the right and positive down.
• Next find points X and Y which are located at and respectively.
• Substitute
• Therefore point X is located at (12, 3) and point Y is located at (4, -3).
• Find the center C of Mohr’s circle which is located at .
• Calculate using the following equation:
• Substitute Therefore is 8 ksi.
• Draw a line connecting points X and Y through the center of Mohr’s circle.
• Step 3 of 5
Calculate the radius, R, by using the Pythagorean Theorem with a right triangle formed by the center and either point X or Y.
Therefore the radius of Mohr’s circle is .
The maximum and minimum normal stresses on the xy-plane are given by the equation:
Therefore the maximum stress in the xy-plane is and the minimum stress is .
• Step 4 of 5
3) Construct a 2d Mohr’s Circle with .
• Step 5 of 5
The diagrammatic representation of the 3d stresses is as below.
Picture 1
Find the absolute maximum shear stress by comparing shear stresses on all planes.
The maximum shear stress is located on the yz-plane and is found using the equation below.
…… (1)
The absolute maximum normal stress is the rightmost point on Mohr’s circle, which is 13 ksi. The absolute minimum normal stress is the leftmost point on Mohr’s circle, which is 0 ksi.
Substitute .
Therefore the absolute maximum shear stress is.
Select Your Problem
Step-by-step solutions for this book and 2,500 others
Already used by over 1 million students to study better
Get Study Help from Chegg
|
<urn:uuid:e3f63f82-3bfd-450e-8cb5-63141c72f772>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.03125,
"fasttext_score": 0.0772748589515686,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9241498112678528,
"url": "http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/mechanics-of-materials-3rd-edition-chapter-8.6-solutions-9781118136331"
}
|
General Shop & Tool Safety
Enter your choice in the space provided. When finished click on "Check Answers" to end the test and get your score
Enter your choice in CAPITAL LETTERS
1. Safety glasses must be worn when operating equipment capable of producing small flying objects or debris.
A. True
B. False
2. Tool safety includes:
A. using the correct tool for the job
B. inspecting tools before use
C. forcing a small tool to do a big job
D. A and B
3. Other hazards involved with tool usage may include:
A. elevated noise levels
B. electrical shock
C. airborne contaminants
D. all of the above
4. Machine guards may be removed to make the job easier:
A. True
B. False
5. The most convenient method to safeguard an operator of electrical powered tools is accomplished by:
6. A. bonding
B. using a three wire extension cord
C. grounding and using a GFCI plug
D. double insulation
7. If you get shocked while using an electrically powered tool, report it to your supervisor immediately:
A. True
B. False
8. The proper use of an extension cord includes all of the following, EXCEPT...
A. inspecting the cord before use
B. preventing cords from lying on the floor
C. removing the cord at the plug
D. using an under-sized or under-rated cord
9. Pneumatic tools are powered by:
A. electricity
B. hydraulics
C. compressed air
D. fuel
10. Which of the following should be considered when using fuel-powered tools:
A. ventilation
B. storage of fuels
C. obtaining a Hot Work Permit
D. all of the above
11. The main hazard associated with cutting tools is tool slippage:
A. True
B. False
12. The three major categories of hand tools are:
A. cutting tools
B. torsion tools
C. impact tools
D. A, B, and C
13. Torsion tools, such as wrenches, should always be pushed instead of pulled:
A. True
B. False
14. The main hazard from using impact tools is damage to the...
A. hands
B. eyes
C. arms
D. all of the above
15. A circular saw should be started and stopped outside of the material being cut:
A. True
B. False
16. The uncontrolled grabbing and throwing of the work piece toward the front of the saw is called...
A. backlash
B. pinching
C. kickback
D. cross cut
17. When operating a table saw, it is OK to reach across the saw blade to remove scraps of material being cut:
A. True
B. False
18. When using a wheel or bench grinder, always...
A. inspect the wheel for cracks, damage
B. wear safety glasses
C. use machine guards
D. all of the above
19. When operating a drill press, always check to make sure the chuck is secured before turning the power on:
A. True
B. False
20. The arc, or light, from a welding machine can cause an eye injury known as...
A. glaucoma
B. conjunctivitis
C. welder's flash
D. nystagmus
21. At TAMU, anyone using portable hand tools or powered tools needs to complete a basic safety training
course before being allowed access to equipment:
A. True
B. False
|
<urn:uuid:d9281d4b-c192-4ff9-ba1c-bd569120aa9b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.8864282965660095,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8710441589355469,
"url": "http://labsafety.tamu.edu/shopsaf/Shop_Safety_Exam.htm"
}
|
• On March 4, 1394, Prince Henry, Duke of Viseu, better known as Henry the Navigator, was born in Portu, Portugal. Henry earned his title despite not venturing on many expeditions himself.
Henry supported Portuguese exploration across the Atlantic Ocean, colonizing island groups such as the Azores and Madeira. He also supported expeditions along the northwest coast of Africa. Using small, maneuverable ships called caravels, Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to reach Cap-Vert, in what is today Senegal. Cap-Vert is the most western point in Africa.
Henry the Navigator supported exploration for financial and religious reasons. Finding a sea route to the lucrative slave and gold markets of sub-Saharan Africa allowed Portuguese traders to bypass the Arabic trading networks of North Africa. These networks were run by Muslims. Henry was a strong Catholic, so the trade route allowed him to avoid religious confrontation.
• Term Part of Speech Definition Encyclopedic Entry
avoid Verb
to stay away from something.
bypass Verb
to go around or skip.
caravel Noun
light, two- or three-masted sailing ship.
Catholic Adjective
having to do with the Christian denomination with the Pope as its leader.
coast Noun
Encyclopedic Entry: coast
confront Verb
to address a problem or person directly.
continent Noun
one of the seven main land masses on Earth.
Encyclopedic Entry: continent
discover Verb
to learn or understand something for the first time.
equipment Noun
tools and materials to perform a task or function.
expedition Noun
journey with a specific purpose, such as exploration.
exploration Noun
study and investigation of unknown places, concepts, or issues.
explorer Noun
person who studies unknown areas.
financial Adjective
having to do with money.
lucrative Adjective
profitable or money-making.
maneuver Noun
a skillful movement.
market Noun
central place for the sale of goods.
Muslim Adjective
navigator Noun
person who charts a course or path.
network Noun
series of links along which movement or communication can take place.
patron Noun
person who supports an artist, artistic endeavor, or institution.
slave Noun
person who is owned by another person or group of people.
sub-Saharan Africa Noun
geographic region located south of the Sahara Desert in Africa.
trade route Noun
path followed by merchants or explorers to exchange goods and services.
venture Verb
to take a risky or dangerous opportunity.
Tell us what you think
|
<urn:uuid:d69d2c92-d52c-4635-92f1-30f9ffba6515>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.5492425560951233,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.951719343662262,
"url": "http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/mar4/henry-navigator-born/?ar_a=1"
}
|
stroboscope, instrument that provides intermittent illumination of a rotating or vibrating object in order to study the motion of the object or to determine its rotary speed or vibration frequency. A machine part, for example, may be made to appear to slow down or stop; the effect is achieved by producing illumination in very short, brilliant bursts that always occur when the moving part is in the same phase of its motion.
Early stroboscopic devices utilized either intermittent vision or interrupted light; in both cases a spinning or oscillating disk with a narrow radial slot either allowed the object to be viewed at regular intervals or permitted light to illuminate it at successive instants, thus exposing it at precisely the times it reached a given point in its motion.
The modern electronic stroboscope employs a gas-filled discharge lamp to produce very short, repetitive, brilliant flashes of light. Typically, a flash duration of about one microsecond (0.000001 second) and flashing rates ranging from 110 to 150,000 per minute are achieved. Using special techniques, flashing rates of more than 500,000 per minute have been obtained.
The brilliant short-duration flash produced by a stroboscope is admirably suited for photographing rapidly moving objects. Single flashes with durations of one millionth of a second can be used in such photography, while for ordinary photography, flash durations of one thousandth of a second are common.
|
<urn:uuid:b409c565-2900-4067-81cb-6a468836eb33>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.039276957511901855,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.899913489818573,
"url": "http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/569312"
}
|
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A goldsmith is a person who makes objects using gold or other precious metals.
History[change | change source]
A goldsmith in the mid-17th century.
5,000 years ago, ancient Sumerians made bowls out of gold. Many cultures used gold for making Jewelry or objects used in religious worship.[source?]
Goldsmiths use methods such as soldering, sawing, forging, casting, and polishing to make things out of gold. Goldsmiths traditionally teach their trade to apprentices. Today, Jewelry Arts Schools teach goldsmithing and other similar skills.
Well known goldsmiths[change | change source]
Other pages[change | change source]
|
<urn:uuid:65c09bed-8d98-433d-926b-1bf8f22b7d8e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.024685442447662354,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.890651524066925,
"url": "http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmith"
}
|
Definitions for areaˈɛər i ə
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word area
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
ar•e•aˈɛər i ə(n.)(pl.)ar•e•as.
1. an extent of space or surface:
the dark areas in the painting.
2. a geographical region:
the Chicago area.
3. a section reserved for a specific function:
the dining area.
4. extent; range; scope:
embraced the whole area of science.
5. field; sphere:
new areas of interest.
6. a piece of unoccupied ground.
7. the yard attached to or surrounding a house.
8. Ref: areaway (def. 1). 1
9. the quantitative measure of a plane or curved surface; two-dimensional extent.
Category: Math
Origin of area:
1530–40; < L: level ground, open space in a town, perh. akin to ārēre to be dry. See arid
Princeton's WordNet
1. area, country(noun)
"it was a mountainous area"; "Bible country"
2. area(noun)
a subject of study
3. area, region(noun)
"in the abdominal region"
4. sphere, domain, area, orbit, field, arena(noun)
a particular environment or walk of life
5. area(noun)
a part of a structure having some specific characteristic or function
"the spacious cooking area provided plenty of room for servants"
6. area, expanse, surface area(noun)
the extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary
Kernerman English Learner's Dictionary
1. area(noun)ˈɛər i ə
a part of a place or surface
a beautiful area in the north; a residential area of the city; The house has two dining areas.; Rub harder in that area.
2. areaˈɛər i ə
a field of knowledge, or a single part of a larger activity; = subject
an area of interest/study
3. areaˈɛər i ə
an amount of space covered by sth
the area measures 25m; ²
1. area(Noun)
A measure of the extent of a surface; it is measured in square units.
2. area(Noun)
A particular geographic region.
3. area(Noun)
Any particular extent of surface, especially an empty or unused extent.
The photo is a little dark in that area.
4. area(Noun)
Figuratively, any extent, scope or range of an object or concept.
5. area(Noun)
An open space, below ground level, between the front of a house and the pavement.
6. area(Noun)
penalty box; penalty area
7. area(Noun)
8. Origin: From area.
Webster Dictionary
1. Area(noun)
2. Area(noun)
the inclosed space on which a building stands
3. Area(noun)
the sunken space or court, giving ingress and affording light to the basement of a building
4. Area(noun)
5. Area(noun)
6. Area(noun)
a spot or small marked space; as, the germinative area
7. Area(noun)
extent; scope; range; as, a wide area of thought
1. Area
Area is a quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional surface or shape, or planar lamina, in the plane. Area can be understood as the amount of material with a given thickness that would be necessary to fashion a model of the shape, or the amount of paint necessary to cover the surface with a single coat. It is the two-dimensional analog of the length of a curve or the volume of a solid. The area of a shape can be measured by comparing the shape to squares of a fixed size. In the International System of Units, the standard unit of area is the square metre, which is the area of a square whose sides are one metre long. A shape with an area of three square metres would have the same area as three such squares. In mathematics, the unit square is defined to have area one, and the area of any other shape or surface is a dimensionless real number. There are several well-known formulas for the areas of simple shapes such as triangles, rectangles, and circles. Using these formulas, the area of any polygon can be found by dividing the polygon into triangles. For shapes with curved boundary, calculus is usually required to compute the area. Indeed, the problem of determining the area of plane figures was a major motivation for the historical development of calculus.
British National Corpus
1. Spoken Corpus Frequency
Rank popularity for the word 'area' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #246
2. Written Corpus Frequency
Rank popularity for the word 'area' in Written Corpus Frequency: #295
3. Nouns Frequency
Rank popularity for the word 'area' in Nouns Frequency: #21
Translations for area
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
the extent or size of a flat surface
This garden is twelve square metres in area.
Get even more translations for area »
Find a translation for the area definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these area definitions with the community:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"area." STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. <>.
Are we missing a good definition for area?
The Web's Largest Resource for
Definitions & Translations
A Member Of The STANDS4 Network
Nearby & related entries:
Alternative searches for area:
|
<urn:uuid:3a0a2fef-d395-4d8e-a2e2-a26eef415fa1>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.4980369210243225,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8669592142105103,
"url": "http://www.definitions.net/definition/area"
}
|
Amphibian's skin have an epidermis and a thick dermis. The epidermis is also known as the surface tissue and is serveral layers thick. The dermis layer is this and contains mucous, poison glans, and pigment cells. The skin is smooth, moist, highly vascular, and is used as a main respiratory organ.
The coloration of amphibians can be very colorful or very dull. Many of the species are brown or gray, however, poisonous amphibians tend to have more coloration. This can include having streaks, bright spots, or blotches.
"Caudata ." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 27 May 2010 <>.
|
<urn:uuid:42da15c6-5fdb-4ff6-bc93-845d467a64a0>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.06239962577819824,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9058837890625,
"url": "http://vertebrateproject.wikispaces.com/Amphibians-Integument?responseToken=09e27b5edbf9d457a258a33794cad2966"
}
|
1. Religion & Spirituality
Send to a Friend via Email
Definition of Sanhedrin
Jesus Before Pilate and Caiaphas
As high priest, Caiaphas (depicted in red) was the official leader of the Sanhedrin at the time of Jesus' arrest and trial, and the person chiefly responsible for orchestrating Christ's death.
Photo: Getty Images
Definition: The Sanhedrin was the supreme council, or court, in ancient Israel.
The Sanhedrin was comprised of 70 men, plus the high priest, who served as its president. The members came from the chief priests, scribes and elders, but there is no record on how they were chosen.
During the time of the Roman governors, such as Pontius Pilate, the Sanhedrin had jurisdiction only over the province of Judea. The Sanhedrin had its own police force which could arrest people, as they did Jesus Christ. While the Sanhedrin heard both civil and criminal cases and could impose the death penalty, in New Testament times it did not have the authority to execute convicted criminals. That power was reserved to the Romans, which explains why Jesus was crucified—a Roman punishment—rather than stoned, according to Mosaic law.
The Sanhedrin was abolished with the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Temple in 70 A.D.
Pronunciation: SAN hee drin
The Sanhedrin accused Jesus of blasphemy.
©2014 About.com. All rights reserved.
|
<urn:uuid:1db3929b-5482-49d0-b4a6-11e00063071b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.0834190845489502,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9546189308166504,
"url": "http://christianity.about.com/od/glossary/a/Sanhedrin.htm"
}
|
Beam Restrictions
What is the purpose of restricting the primary beam?
In order to reduce radiation exposure it is necessary to decrease the area of the x-ray beam. Proper beam restriction will reduce the amount of primary photons emitted from the tube and collimator thereby reducing the dose to the patient. Also, beam restriction will keep the total amount of tissue irradiated to a minimum so fewer scattered photons are created consequently the image quality will be improved. It is important to control scatter since it has no useful diagnostic effect. Another principle factor in reducing scatter is kilovoltage or the penetrability of the beam. As kVp is increased, fewer atoms interact with the tissue, and more pass through to end up on the image receptor. In radiography, kilovoltage is selected based predominantly on the size of the part examined. Whenever kilovoltage is increased more scatter will result unless it is accompanied by a reduction in mAs thereby reducing scatter and the dose to the patient. Thus beam restriction along with technical factors are very important aspects of radiation protection by reducing the patient dose and improving the image quality (Bushong, 2008).
What are the different types of beam limiting devices?
Some examples of beam restricting devices are:
• Aperture Diaphragms
• Cones
• Collimators
Aperture diaphragms are the simplest type of beam-restricting device. It is a flat piece of lead containing a hole in the center that attaches to the x-ray tube port. The opening can be made in any size or shape, but rectangular is the most common. The main advantages of aperture diaphragms are there simple design, low cost, and ease of use. The main disadvantage is the increase in the unsharpness around the periphery of the image known as penumbra. Other disadvantages include off-focus radiation and no light field for use in positioning. Aperture diaphragms are used in special procedure angiography studies (Carlton & Adler, 2006).
Cones or cylinders are essentially aperture diaphragms with metal extensions that can be either straight or flared and attach to the x-ray tube housing. Cones are extensions that flare and cylinders are straight but both are routinely called cones. The longest cone with the smallest diameter will provide the greatest beam restriction. The advantage of cones is there low cost and ease of use. One difficulty with using cones is alignment. The physical weight of the cones can sometimes cause the tube to angle slightly when used with a horizontal beam causing cone cutting if the central ray is not checked carefully. Today, cones are reserved for select areas of radiology such as sinuses, L5/S-1 spine, and dental radiographs.
Collimators are the most widely used beam restricting device because they contain a light source to help the radiographer center the x-ray beam. They are composed of a lamp, mirror, and a pair of upper and lower lead shutters that are at right angles to each other and move independently. Upper shutters absorb the off focus radiation before it leaves the tube and the lower shutters further restrict the beam to the area of interest. Collimators permit an infinite number of field sizes using only one device and hence reduce the light field to only the area of interest resulting in reduced patient exposure. Some equipment is supplied with automatic collimators that are electronically interlocked with the Bucky tray so the x-ray beam is automatically restricted to the size of the cassette. These devices are known as positive beam limitation (PBL) devices. Accuracy within 2% of the SID is required with all PBL devices (Forshier, 2009).
Ultimately, it is the responsibility of the radiographer to use proper collimation and under no circumstances should the exposure field exceed the size of the image receptor. The radiographer should always limit the field to the part being examined thereby improving the image quality and minimizing the patient dose.
Aperature Diaphragms
|
<urn:uuid:9381f88a-e47b-44aa-94e7-20c14773a4b2>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.11206191778182983,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9247028827667236,
"url": "http://radprotection.wikispaces.com/Beam+Restrictions?responseToken=072340192c68e6316a9d31bbc80a3ee47"
}
|
About | Teaching Blog | Privacy Policy | FAQ | Educational Jargon Generator
Calendar | Grades | Powerpoints | Review Activities | Standards Text | First Five Archive | Online Textbook | Videos
Calendar | Powerpoints | Review Activities | 1st Five Archive
Review Activities | Powerpoints | Standards Text | CellCraft Game
Virtual Lab | eChem | JDraw | JSDraw | GLMol Viewer | JSMol Viewer
Periodic Tables | Molecule Library | TI-83Plus Programs | Chemistry Freeware | Educational Jargon Generator
California Standards Chemistry
Standard 3d Preknowledge
CALIFORNIA FRAMEWORKS SUMMARY: The energy that holds ionic compounds together, called lattice energy, is caused by the electrostatic attraction of cations, which are positive ions, with anions, which are negative ions. To minimize their energy state, the ions form repeating patterns that reduce the distance between positive and negative ions and maximize the distance between ions of like charges.
|
<urn:uuid:f20c062d-2e87-46b0-b58c-617d1ab411e3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.796875,
"fasttext_score": 0.029853641986846924,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8522226214408875,
"url": "http://www.sciencegeek.net/Chemistry/eText/U3/3d.html"
}
|
After decades of drilling , Russian scientists have finally managed to pierce through Antarctica’s ice sheet to reveal the secrets of a unique sub-glacial lake, Vostok, that has been sealed there for the past 20 million years, a scientific source said on Monday. “Yesterday, our scientists stopped drilling at the depth of 3,768 meters and reached the surface of the sub-glacial lake,” the source said.
Explorers hope Lake Vostok, which is the largest of Antarctica’s buried network of icebound lakes and also one of the largest lakes in the world, could reveal new forms of life and show how life evolved before the ice age. Lake Vostok could also offer a glimpse of what conditions exist for life in similar extreme conditions on Mars and Jupiter’s moon, Europa, according to RedOrbit scientific news portal. With the current events happening at Lake Vostok, an old theory saying that German Nazis may have built a secret base there as early as the 1930s, has resurfaced.
It is thought that towards the end of the Second World War, the Nazis moved to the South Pole and started constructing a base at Lake Vostok. In 1943, Grand Admiral Karl Dontiz was quoted saying “Germany’s submarine fleet is proud that it created an unassailable fortress for the Fuehrer on the other end of the world,” in Antarctica.
According to German naval archives, months after Germany surrendered to the Allies in April, 1945, the German submarine U-530 arrived at the South Pole from the Port of Kiel. Crewmembers constructed an ice cave and supposedly stored several boxes of relics from the Third Reich, including Hitler’s secret files.
It is also rumored that later the submarine U-977 delivered the remains of Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun to Antarctica for DNA cloning purposes.
Good stuff.
1. CrankyGeeksFan says:
Lake Vostok is at 77° 30′ S 106° 00′ E. The Germany-explored area of Neuchwabenland (New Swabia) is between 20° E and 10° W.
This is not close.
• Dr Spearmint Fur says:
Shame on you. You should know better than to use accurate facts.
|
<urn:uuid:cc3f6c7c-5c23-44a1-b774-d45f6fa9e134>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.044731736183166504,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9500430822372437,
"url": "http://www.dvorak.org/blog/2012/02/07/update-russians-scientists-ok-speculators-seek-the-remains-of-hitler-and-eva-braun/"
}
|
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Alaska Region
Icon of Blue Goose Compass.
Click compass to view Refuge map.
Ice Wedges, Polygons, and Pingos
As the arctic soil freezes and thaws over many hundred years, it is cracked and buckled to create ice wedges, polygons, thermocarst lakes, and pingos. This web page includes:
Steps of the cycle:
There are a number of ways that polygons, arctic lakes, and pingos form. Here's one way this cycle works in the northern part of the Refuge:
active layer over frozen ground - USFWSA cut-away view of the tundra in summer. The active layer is thawed.
cracks form in soil - USFWSWinter cold causes the soil to shrink, and cracks to form. The active layer is frozen, so it acts just like the permafrost soils beneath it.
ice freezes in cracks - USFWSDuring warm spring days, water seeps into the cracks. It freezes and expands when it is chilled by the still-frozen soil. The frozen water forms wedges of ice in the soil.
active layer thaws but ice remains in frozen ground - USFWSIn summer, the active layer and the tops of the ice wedges melt.
cracks expand - USFWSEach winter, cracks form again in the same places...
cracks freeze creating larger ice wedges - USFWSand each spring, additional water enters and enlarges the ice wedges as the freezing water expands.
cracks freeze creating larger ice wedges - USFWSThis cycle of crack, melt, and freeze continues to enlarge the wedges year by year...
soil is pushed up on each side of cracks - USFWSuntil the soil above the wedges is pushed up, forming ridges. If you look down from above, these ridges create a blocky pattern on the ground, called polygons.
crack widens at soil surface to expose ice wedge below - USFWSIf the ice is exposed, a wedge may begin to melt.
crack widens more and ice wedge melts deeper - USFWSAs more ice is exposed, the ice wedge and the active layer melt lower...
soil and water collect in opening - USFWSuntil a pond begins to form.
developing pond expands - USFWSThe pond water holds heat from the summer sun, so the active layer melts deeper beneath the water.
developing pond expands - USFWSSeen from above, these lakes (called thermokarst lakes) can become longer in one direction when prevailing winds blow waves against the down-wind shore.
pond begins to drain when soil edge deteriorates - USFWSThe lake side may break down, causing the lake to drain.
developing pond expands - USFWSWithout its insulating cover of water, the active layer begins to refreeze.
leaving deep area of thawed, moist soil - USFWSIn winter, the surface freezes over a thawed remnant of the active layer.
active layer freezes in winter over warmer, moist soil below - USFWSThe very wet soil continues to freeze within the permafrost layer, even in summer.
unfrozen water - USFWSAs the unfrozen area continues to contract, the unfrozen water is squeezed under great pressure.
water pushed upward under pressure - USFWSEventually, the water is under such pressure that it pushes upward (the direction of least resistance)...
unfrozen water collects under root mat of active layer and freezes - USFWSuntil the unfrozen water collects under the root mat, and freezes, creating a pingo.
soil cracks open to expose ice - USFWSIf the root mat cracks open enough to expose the ice, the pingo top begins to melt.
ice core melts - USFWSAs the ice core continues to melt, the pingo collapses further.
pingo disappears from tundra - USFWSContinued melting over many years removes most traces of the pingo.
cycle begins again with cracks in tundra - USFWSIf conditions are right, the cycle will begin again.
Return to top
Animation of the cycle:
animation of ice wedge and pingo creation - USFWSThe full cycle in action:
September 12, 2008
|
<urn:uuid:1ddc6a39-08de-4a2f-8d57-fa5e22c2af7f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.13452541828155518,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8828591108322144,
"url": "http://www.fws.gov/alaska/nwr/arctic/permcycl.htm"
}
|
Everyone suspected dinosaurs were giant birds; then one researcher produced 68 million-year-old protein to prove it. Critics rejected those findings as statistical junk. How a femur sparked a new field of biology—and a scientific smackdown.
1. Sixty-eight million years ago, on a soggy marsh in what is now a desolate stretch of eastern Montana, a Tyrannosaurus rex died. In 2000 a team of paleontologist led by famed dinosaur hunter Jack Horner found it. These are scientific facts, as solid as the chunk of fossilized femur from that same T. rex that Horner gave to North Carolina State University paleontologist Mary Schweitzer in 2003. It was labeled sample MOR 1125.
Several facts concerning MOR 1125 are also beyond dispute: First, that a technician in Schweitzer's lab put a piece of the bone in a demineralizing bath to study its components but left it in longer than necessary; when she returned, all that remained was a pliable, fibrous substance. That Schweitzer, intrigued by this result, ground up and prepared another piece of the bone and sent it to John Asara, a mass spectrometry expert at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School. That Asara treated the brown powder with an enzyme and injected it into...
The complete text of “Origin of Species: How a T. Rex Femur Sparked a Scientific Smackdown” is not in the Byliner library, but we love it so much we included an excerpt and a link to the full story on www.wired.com.
Originally published in Wired, June 2009
Great reading. Anywhere, any time
Join Today
Already a member? Sign in
|
<urn:uuid:b18433de-0a4e-405d-a9fc-1cb70d593a96>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.78125,
"fasttext_score": 0.02975231409072876,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9412685036659241,
"url": "https://www.byliner.com/read/evan-ratliff/origin-of-species-how-a-t-rex-femur-sparked-a-scientific-smackdown"
}
|
Tuesday, 3 April 2012
Moving houses
In the 1800s it was common for buildings in the United States to be physically moved and placed somewhere else, either for aesthetic reasons, or to create a vacant lot where a larger building could be constructed. Perhaps the most remarkable example was the moving of the Hotel Pelham in Boston in 1869.
This seven storey building had to be moved to allow a road-widening scheme to take place. The New York Times described the method:
"The entire basement has been laid bare, the foundations slightly raised, and large numbers of small iron rollers inserted under them, and these rollers will move upon a stout foundation wall with straps of iron bound to its top."
The force used to move the building itself was by human-operated iron screws (72 of them) pushing the building one inch every five minutes. The whole process took three months to complete. During this process, the hotel and residents continued their business as normal, and utilities such as water and gas were connected to the moving hotel by flexible tubes.
In the end, however, the road-widening scheme itself was to bring about the end of the hotel. Since street cars were more frequent, people preferred to commute into the city from the more affordable suburbs. Also, the nearby Boston Public Library was moved to another part of the city and businesses stopped setting up in the area. Finally, in 1916, the building was demolished and replaced by offices.
"The Moving of a Freestone Hotel in Boston", New York Times, August 23rd 1869
Peter Paravalos, "Moving a House With Preservation in Mind", Rowman Altamira, 2006
Sample chapter here: http://chapters.altamirapress.com/07/591/0759109567ch2.pdf
No comments:
|
<urn:uuid:7f553da1-cfcc-437d-b380-7f980cf8a334>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.03793066740036011,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9707397222518921,
"url": "http://ersby.blogspot.com/2012/04/moving-houses.html"
}
|
Home > Online Help
> Chapter 34 - VoIP Solutions: SIP > Common SIP VoIP configurations > Peer to peer configuration
Peer to peer configuration
In the peer to peer configuration shown below, two SIP phones (in the example, FortiFones) communicate directly with each other. The phones send SIP request and response messages back and forth between each other to establish the SIP session.
SIP peer to peer configuration
Peer to peer configurations are not very common because they require the SIP phones to keep track of the names and addresses of all of the other SIP phones that they can communicate with. In most cases a SIP proxy or re-direct server maintains addresses of a large number of SIP phones and a SIP phone starts a call by contacting the SIP proxy server.
|
<urn:uuid:044e9d36-f946-49d1-bbba-35f8fa5bc3de>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.032502174377441406,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8420310616493225,
"url": "http://help.fortinet.com/fos50hlp/54/Content/FortiOS/fortigate-voip-guide-52/Common-config-peer2peer.htm"
}
|
The Rhinoceros
rhinoceronPen and ink drawing, Albrecht Dürer, 1515
The Rhinoceros
In early 1514, Afonso de Albuquerque, governor of Portuguese India, sent ambassadors to Sultan Muzafar II, ruler of Cambay, to seek permission to build a fort on the island of Diu. The mission returned without an agreement, but diplomatic gifts were exchanged, including a rhinoceros.
Albuquerque decided to forward the gift, known by its Gujarati name of ganda, and its Indian keeper, to King Manuel I of Portugal.
On the Nossa Senhora da Ajuda, with two companion vessels, all loaded with spices, the animal sailed across the Indian Ocean, around the Cape of Good Hope and north through the Atlantic, stopping briefly in MozambiqueSaint Helena and the Azores.
In the context of the Renaissance, it was a piece of Classical Antiquity which had been rediscovered, like a statue or an inscription.
The earliest known image of it illustrates a poemetto by Florentine Giovanni Giacomo Penni, published in Rome fewer than eight weeks after its arrival in Lisbon.
It was housed in King Manuel’s menagerie at the Ribeira Palace in Lisbon, separate from his elephants and other large beasts at the Estaus Palace.
Manuel decided to give the rhinoceros as a gift to the Medici Pope Leo X. The King was keen to curry favour with the Pope, to maintain the papal grants of exclusive possession to the new lands that his naval forces had been exploring in the Far East since Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India around Africa in 1498.
The previous year, the Pope had been very pleased with Manuel’s gift of a white elephant, also from India, which the Pope had named Hanno.
Together with other precious gifts of silver plate and spices, the rhinoceros, with its new collar of green velvet decorated with flowers, embarked on December 1515 for the voyage to Rome.
The vessel passed near Marseille in early 1516. King Francis I of France was returning from Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume in Provence, and requested a viewing of the beast. The Portuguese vessel stopped briefly at an island off Marseilles, where the rhinoceros disembarked to be beheld by the King.
After resuming its journey, the ship was wrecked in a sudden storm as it passed through the narrows of Porto Venere, north of La Spezia on the coast of Liguria. The rhinoceros, chained and shackled to the deck to keep it under control, was unable to swim to safety and drowned.
The carcass of the rhinoceros was recovered near Villefranche and its hide was returned to Lisbon, where it was stuffed. Some reports say that the mounted skin was sent to Rome, arriving in February 1516, to be exhibited impagliato (Italian for “stuffed with straw”), although such a feat would have challenged 16th-century methods of taxidermy, which were still primitive. If a stuffed rhinoceros did arrive in Rome, its fate remains unknown: it might have been removed to Florence by the Medici, or destroyed in the 1527 sack of Rome. In any event, there was not the popular sensation in Rome that the living beast had caused in Lisbon, although a rhinoceros was depicted in contemporary paintings in Rome by Giovanni da Udine and Raphael.
Valentim Fernandes, a Moravian merchant and printer, had seen the rhinoceros in Lisbon shortly after it arrived and had written a letter describing it to a friend in Nuremberg in June 1515. A second letter of unknown authorship was sent from Lisbon to Nuremberg at around the same time, enclosing a sketch by an unknown artist, Albrecht Dürer.
Without ever seeing the rhinoceros himself, Dürer made two pen and ink drawings, and then a woodcut was carved from the second drawing
The German inscription on the woodcut, drawing largely from Pliny’s account, reads:
Dürer’s woodcut is not an accurate representation of a rhinoceros. He depicts an animal with hard plates that cover its body like sheets of armour, with a gorget at the throat, a solid-looking breastplate, and rivets along the seams. He places a small twisted horn on its back, and gives it scaly legs and saw-like rear quarters.
None of these features is present in a real rhinoceros.
It is possible that a suit of armour was forged for the king’s exhibition of the rhinoceros versus an elephant in Portugal, and that these features depicted by Dürer are parts of the armour.
Alternatively, Dürer’s armour may represent the heavy folds of thick skin of an Indian rhinoceros, or, as with the other inaccuracies, may simply be misunderstandings or creative additions by Dürer.
Dürer also draws a scaly texture over the body of the animal, including the armour. This may be Dürer’s attempt to reflect the rough and almost hairless hide of the Indian rhinoceros, which has wart-like bumps covering its upper legs and shoulders.
On the other hand, his depiction of the texture may represent dermatitis induced by the rhinoceros’ close confinement during the four-month journey by ship from India to Portugal.
[Silvio Bedini (1917 – 2007)]
The Rhinoceros
A critically endangered male Sumatran rhino born in a US zoo has been flown to Indonesia to mate, as part of efforts to save his species. Eight-year-old Harapan, born in Cincinnati, was the last Sumatran rhino in the Western hemisphere.
The rhinos natural habitat in the forest of Sumatra is being devastated by illegal logging, and forest fires set by farmers clearing land for palm oil and pulp plantations
They are prized by poachers as their horns are used in [fake aphrodisiac scams dignified by the term] “Chinese medicine”.
The ancient Sumatran rhino has been declared extinct in Malaysia,
following the fate of black rhinos in West Africa in 2011.
Central Africa’s northern white rhino has been reduced to four animals,
and conservationists say the more plentiful southern white rhinos are under unprecedented attack from poachers eager to sell the horns to Asian and Arab buyers.
After roaming free for millions of years, rhinos may be able to survive in Kenya only if they are protected behind fences in sanctuaries, a leading conservation charity has said.
Those that remain are increasingly vulnerable to extremely well-organised poaching gangs, and people from inside the Kenya Wildlife Service have been found to be colluding with them.
Just last week, preservationists at the Old Pejeta animal sanctuary in Kenya conceded that their one male and two female northern white rhinos will not reproduce naturally.
The animals were flown from the Czech zoo to the Kenyan conservancy in December 2009 in hopes that the natural environment there could be easier for them to breed in than in captivity.
Efforts will now be made to keep the species alive through in vitro fertilization. That experiment could take place with a southern white rhino surrogate mother. Southern white rhinos almost went extinct at the end of the 19th century, plunging down to only 20 at one point. Decades of conservation efforts gradually brought them back to life.
“One can always believe in miracles but everything leads us to believe that hope they would reproduce naturally has gone,” Dvur Kralove Zoo spokeswoman Jana Mysliveckova told Agence France-Presse.
The URI to TrackBack this entry is:
RSS feed for comments on this post.
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Google+ photo
Connecting to %s
|
<urn:uuid:924045e1-17da-45ef-9071-6c9016f40a5a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.029715299606323242,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9301223754882812,
"url": "https://secretgardening.wordpress.com/2015/11/09/the-rhinoceros/"
}
|
send(2) -- Linux man page
send, sendto, sendmsg - send a message from a socket
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
The system calls send, sendto, and sendmsg are used to transmit a message to another socket.
The send call may be used only when the socket is in a connected state (so that the intended recipient is known). The only difference between send and write is the presence of flags. With zero flags parameter, send is equivalent to write. Also, send(s,buf,len) is equivalent to sendto(s,buf,len,NULL,0).
The parameter s is the file descriptor of the sending socket.
For send and sendto, the message is found in buf and has length len. For sendmsg, the message is pointed to by the elements of the array msg.msg_iov. The sendmsg call also allows sending ancillary data (also known as control information).
When the message does not fit into the send buffer of the socket, send normally blocks, unless the socket has been placed in non-blocking I/O mode. In non-blocking mode it would return EAGAIN in this case. The select(2) call may be used to determine when it is possible to send more data.
MSG_CONFIRM (Linux 2.3+ only)
Tell the link layer that forward progress happened: you got a successful reply from the other side. If the link layer doesn't get this it'll regularly reprobe the neighbour (e.g. via a unicast ARP). Only valid on SOCK_DGRAM and SOCK_RAW sockets and currently only implemented for IPv4 and IPv6. See arp(7) for details.
struct msghdr {
void * msg_name; /* optional address */
socklen_t msg_namelen; /* size of address */
size_t msg_iovlen; /* # elements in msg_iov */
socklen_t msg_controllen; /* ancillary data buffer len */
int msg_flags; /* flags on received message */
The calls return the number of characters sent, or -1 if an error occurred.
An invalid descriptor was specified.
Connection reset by peer.
An invalid user space address was specified for a parameter.
A signal occurred before any data was transmitted.
Invalid argument passed.
No memory available.
The argument s is not a socket.
4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX 1003.1-2001. These function calls appeared in 4.2BSD.
POSIX only describes the MSG_OOB and MSG_EOR flags. The MSG_CONFIRM flag is a Linux extension.
The prototypes given above follow the Single Unix Specification, as glibc2 also does; the flags argument was `int' in BSD 4.*, but `unsigned int' in libc4 and libc5; the len argument was `int' in BSD 4.* and libc4, but `size_t' in libc5; the tolen argument was `int' in BSD 4.* and libc4 and libc5. See also accept(2).
Linux may return EPIPE instead of ENOTCONN.
fcntl(2), recv(2), select(2), getsockopt(2), sendfile(2), socket(2), write(2), socket(7), ip(7), tcp(7), udp(7)
|
<urn:uuid:ecf3bd46-1047-46dd-a94b-9a3594b7202a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.05651372671127319,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8262184262275696,
"url": "http://www.linuxmanpages.org/2/send"
}
|
Agra Fort, Agra
save place
World Heritage Sights - Agra Fort, Agra
It was built circa 1568 both to enhance security and as the king's formal gate, and includes features related to both. It is embellished with inlay work in white marble. A wooden drawbridge was used to cross the moat and reach the gate from the mainland; inside, an inner gateway called Hathi Pol (Elephant Gate) mdash;guarded by two life-sized stone elephants with their riders—added another layer of security.
The drawbridge, slight ascent, and 90-degree turn between the outer and inner gates make the entrance impregnable. During a siege, attackers would employ elephants to crush a fort's gates. But without a level, straight run-up to gather speed, elephants are ineffective. Because the Indian military is still using the northern portion of the Agra Fort, the Delhi Gate cannot be used by the public. Tourists enter via the Amar Singh Gate. The gate is similar in design to the Delhi Gate, and both are built of red sandstone.
|
<urn:uuid:f75e6507-ee4d-4f68-8d5b-27af90762414>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.02965390682220459,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.950814962387085,
"url": "https://www.afar.com/places/agra-fort-agra-agra"
}
|
Dec 28, 2008
Tenth - Numerals
Numerals represent a number.
1. kiñe
2. epu
3. kvla
4. meli
5. kecu
6. kayu
7. reqle
8. pura
9. ayja
10. mari
100. pataka
1000. waranka
Note: "pataka" and "waranka" were taken from Quechua[1]
11. mari kiñe
12. mari epu
20. epu mari
22. epu mari epu
110. pataka mari
2498. epu waranka meli pataka ayja mari pura.
Numbers in Mapuzugun are made up of just 12 words that are combined to represent any number.
20 is formed by "epu" + "mari" = "epu mari" = two (times)* ten.
300 from the combination of "kvla" + "pataka" = "kvla pataka" = three (times)* hundred.
*the word "times" is used in the translation as a way to make the structure easier to understand.
Actually, 222 is written: epu pataka epu mari epu (literally: two hundred two ten two) making numbers in Mapuzugun a very easy and very logical construction.
To express "twice / two times" the particle "-ci" is added to the numeral.
Kiñeci = once,
Epuci = twice, etc.
¡Marici wew! = ¡diez veces victoria! [2]
This phrase is commonly used by certain comunities or "lof" of the Mapuce people.
Numbers that did not exist in Mapuzugun were taken from Spanish:
"sero" and
"mijon" /mi'ʎon/.
In his Grammar, Raguileo already added the words "mijon"[1] and "sero"
[1] Cañumil, Tulio et al, op. cit.
[2] Translation by Tulio Cuñimil. In her book Lucía Golluscio (El Pueblo Mapuche: poéticas de pertenencia y devenir. Ed. Biblos, Buenos Aires, 2006, pag. 207) translates this phrase as: "Diez veces estamos vivos... diez veces venceremos!" (ten times alive, ten times we will win/defeat). Howwever, as it is clearly seen "marici" means "ten times" and "wew" means "victory". Each lof added a colective meaning to this expression.
Nov 25, 2008
Ninth - Adjectives
An adjective is a word whose main role is to modify a noun or pronoun, giving more information about the noun or pronoun's referent.[5]
In Mapuzugun, adjectives do not agree neither in number nor in gender with the substantive.[1] They are always placed before the noun they modify.[4]
Adjectives in Mapuzugun can have a plural marker[1] (see note about plural partitive at the footnote in this entry), which is formed by adding the end particle "-ke" to the adjective.
Fvxa (big) ce (people): The big people (grownup/s)
Fvxake ce: In this case, the meaning is "big people" (and not "the" big people)
Kvme (good) zomo (woman):
kvmeke zomo (good women and not "the" good women)
Adjectives do not agree with the gender of the modified noun.
Kvme (good) remanis unchanged, even before certain nouns that intrinsically mark a gender (e.g. wenxu = "man" and zomo = "woman")
Kvme wenxu = good man
Kvme zomo = good woman
Kvme caw = good father
Kvme ñuke = good mother
1. Demonstrative adjectives[1]
Are formed by the Demonstrative Pronoun + the particle "-ci"
Tvfaci: this, these
Tvyeci: that, those
Tvfaci kawej: this horse
Tvfaci zomo: this woman
Tvyeci wigkul: that hill
Tvyeci ufisa: that seep
Note: "tvfa" and "tvye" without the particle "-ci" mean "here there is a..." and "there, there is a..."
Remember the absense of the verb "to be" in this kind of sentences.
Tvfa kawej: "here is a horse", "there is a horse here"
Tvye ufisa: "there is a sheep", "there is a sheep over there"
2. Possessive adjectives:
These adjectives mark possession (to whom something belongs)
1st pers. (iñce) ñi (my)
2nd pers. (eymi) mi (your)
3rd pers. (fey) ñi (his, her, its)
1st pers. (iñciw) yu (our: of the two of us)
2nd pers. (eymu) mu (yours: of you two)
3rd pers. (feyegu) ñi (their: of the two of them)
1st pers. (iñciñ) yiñ (our: of all of us)
2nd pers. (eymvn) mvn (your)
3rd pers. (feyegvn) ñi (their)
Note that both the possessive for the 1st person singular "iñce" and the possessive for the 3rd person in all groups are the same. If the speaker considers that this may be confusing for the hearer, the personal pronoun is added.
Iñce ñi ruka = my house
Fey ñi ruka = his house
Feyegu ñi ruka = their house (of the two of them)
Feyegvn ñi ruka = their house (of them all)
The particle "ta-" can be used, having only an expletiv function[3]
Iñce ñi waka rume moxi (my caw is very fat)[1]
Ñi waka rume moxi
Tañi waka rume moxi
Note: "rume" means "very". "Moxin" means: fat.
Iñciw yu kvzaw zoy kvmey
Our job is better or literally, "(we) our work more good"[1]
Other options:
Yu kvzaw zoy kvmey
Tayu kvzaw zoy kvmey
Note: "zoy" means "more". "Kvmen" (it a verb devived from "kvme" = "good") and means: "to be good".
The possessivo agrees with the subject in the sentence and is palced before the possessed noun.[4]
Tvfa ñi meli kawej = these (are) my four horses (remember the verb "to be" is not in this kind of sentences)
This could also be: Tvfa iñce ñi meli kawej
Note: the adjective is placed between the possessivo marker and the noun.
Tvye (iñciñ) yiñ wenxu xewa = that (is) our dog.
Nota: the
partitive plural is a grammatical number that is used to modify a noun which represents a part of some whole amount, as opposed to the comprehensive plural, used when the noun represents the total amount of something. The partitive indicates an indefinite quantity of a noun.
This case is not found in English.
In Mapuzugun the plural partitive marks a noun without specific identity.
Kiñeke ce koxv iyael kvmentukey = Some people like salty food[2].
Compare this with: Pu mapuce kvmentukey napor = The mapuche people like herbs[2]
Other examples
Re picike poñv xipay = We harvested only small potatoes[2]
Fvtake kagkan mvley gijatun mew = There are big grills in a Guillatun [2]
Kuseke ufisa yafv ilo niey = Old sheeps have tough meat[2]
[2] Catrileo, María, Diccionario Lingüístico-Etnográfico de la Lengua Mapuche, Ed. Andrá Bello, 1998
[3] The "expletive" function of a word (or particle, in this case) means that the word or particle performs a syntactic role but contribute nothing to meaning. It is used to complete or harmonize the phrase.
[4] Catrileo, Maria, Mapudunguyu - Curso de lengua mapuche, Univ. de Chile, Facultad de Filisofía y humanidades, 1988
Note: Maria Catrileo's book is written using the Unified Alphabet and the transcriptions in this entry were adapted by me. Should you find a mistake, please do write me an email or leave your comment for this entry.
Nov 20, 2008
Eighth - Caliwvn (Greetings)
Usual Greetings.
The standard greeting among the Mapuce people is "mari mari".
It cannot be translated literally as it just repeats twice the numeral "mari" = ten.
After this phrase, it is usually added the word "brother/sister" that presents certain particularities.
Women should call both men and women using the word: "lamgen" (also pronounced "lamien" or "lamuan" depending on the local varitations)
Men say "lamien" ("lamgen" / "lamuan") to women BUT "peñi" to other men.
1. Gvxamkan: Conversation:
- Mari mari
- Mari mari, ¿cumleymi?
- (Iñce) k
vmelen, ¿eymi kay?
- Iñce kafey
- Mari mari, ¿cumleymi?
Note the use of the inverted question mark as in Spanish: ¿cumleymi?
This question is composed by the interrogative pronoun "cum-" = how; "-le-" as we explained in a previous entry (Seventh - Pronouns, 4.5.) this particle marks that what is being asked or mentioned is happening at the moment it is pronounced, a sort of Present Continuous marker, although it is also used to "verbalize" words, as in this case. "-ymi" is the suffix for the 2nd. Person Singular.
In her Mapuce Course[1] Maria Catrileo recommends the use of the Interrogative Particle "am", then this question should be: ¿cumleymi am?. According to Prof. Cañumil, the Particle "am" should not be used in this kind of constructions and this is the position I will take for this blog.
- (Iñce) kvmelen, ¿eymi kay?
Note: the Personal Pronoun "iñce" is between brackets to mark its use is not mandatory. The verbal suffix "-n" marks the 1st Person Singular and makes irrelevant the use of the Personal Pronoun.
The response to the previous question is "kvme-" (of "kvmen" good) + the particle "-le-" + the verbal suffix "-n".
The question "¿eymi kay?" consists of the Personal Pronoun for the 2nd. Pers. Singular.
The particle "kay" is used to "return" the previous question to the other speaker.
- Iñce kafey
Note: "kafey" means "too" (i.e. "me, too")
2. Other greetings:
When leaving. we can say: "Pewkajal" and to this greeting, we can add the usual address "lamien / lamgen / lamuan" or "peñi" depending on the sex of the other speaker, as explained previously in this entry.
At night or in the evening and not to "temp fate" this greeting should be reformulated and becomes "Pewkalekejal"
Notice the use of the particles "-le-" and "-ke-"
Nov 3, 2008
Seventh - Pronouns
4. Interrogative pronouns:
These are words are used to ask about a certain item or information missing in a sentence. They mark some piece of information that is missing and one would like to know more about.
4.1. Cem = What?
It is used to ask about the identity of a thing or things.
...¿Cem am ta tvfa? = what is this?
...Kawej ta tvfa = This is a horse
Note: in another entry I will explain the use of the particle "am". The particle "am" is not translated and works in the sentence as a question marker.
4.2. Iñey = Who? (in some regions it is pronounced: "iñi")
It is used to ask about the identity of a person or people.
...¿Iney pigeymi? = What's your name? (literally: "Who are called you" (notice the used of "who" instead of "how")
...Iñce Kajfv pigen = My name is Kallfü (literally: "I am called Kallfü")
Note: the verb "pigen" is equivalent to the English construction "to be called".
The verb root is "pige-" and the suffix corresponds to the 2nd. Pers. Singular "-ymi". The verb "pigen" is composed by the verbal root "pi-" (to say) and the reflexive particle "-ge-" (in another entry we will furhter describe the use of this particle)
4.3. Cew = Where
It is used to ask about a place
...¿Cew mvley tami ruka? = Where is your house?
...Fvskv Menuko mew mvley = (it) is in Fiske Menuko
Note: the verb "mvley" means "to be" but only in the stative sense. This is one of the few verbs that have its meaning in present (action verbs usually mean the action already happened).
"Tami" is a possessive adjective and it is used to mark possession of nouns ("tañi" = my, "tami" = your, etc.) In the response, the appear "mew" that is used in different sentences and here means "in".
"Fvskv Menuko" is the Mapuche designation of the city of Gral. Roca in Puelmapu.
4.5. Cum = How?
This interrogative pronoun has many derivatives(*)
It is used to ask about the manner or state and generally, it is used in combination with other particles
...¿Cumleymi? = ¿How are you? (note the use of the particle -le-)
...Kvmelen = I'm well
Note: The particle "-le-" usually marks that the action or event is happening now. Also, sometimes it is used to verbalize adjectives. In this case it is added the verbal suffix "-ymi".
The response consists of "kvmen" (good, well) + the particle "-le-" (used as a verbalizer)+ the verbal suffix "-n".
(*) The derivatives from the interrogative pronoun "cum" are:
4.5.1. ¿Cumten? ¿tunten? = How many?
It is used to ask about quantities
...¿Cumten kawaj nieymi? = How many horses do you have?
...Kecu nien = I have five
4.5.2. Cumvl = When?
It is used to ask about the time something happens
...¿Cumvl akualu? = When will he arrive?
...Wvle = tomorrow
Note: In this question, it is used the verbal root "aku-" + the future marker "-a-". The particle "-lu" will be explained in another entry. "Akun" = Arrive, "akulu" = when arrived (but also the one who arrived)
4.5.3. ¿Cumueci? ¿cumgeci? = in what manner?
It is used to ask to talk about the manner or way of something
...¿Cumgeci zewmagekey xuxuka?
...In what way the Trutruca is made?
Note: "zewmvn" = work + particle "-a-" + particle "-ge-" + particle "-ke-" (this particle marks that the action is made with habitude) + the verbal suffix "-y". The "xuxuka" or "trutruca" in Spanish is a typical musical instrument of the Mapuche People.
4.5.4. ¿Cumuelu? ¿cumgelu? = Why?
It is used to ask for the reason or motive something happend or was done.
...¿Cumgelu feypilu “kvmerkelay ñi ilo”?
...¿Why do you say that “my meat was not good”?
Note: "feypi-" is a composed verb: "fey" (this/that) + "pi-" (from the verb "pin" = to say). In quotation marks appear particles and constructions already explained. The particle "-la-" marks the negation (in other entries we will also introduce the other particles to mark negation) and the particle "-rke-" that denote surprise or as a remark in stories or tales (commonly used in narration). "Ilo" means "meat"
4.5.5. ¿Cumal? = What for?
It is used to ask about the reason or motive of a future event
...¿Cumal vxvftuafimi bafkeh mew?
...¿What for do you throw it back to the sea/lake?
Note: "vxvf-tu-a-fimi" is formed by the verb "vxvfvn" (deriving the verbal root "vxvf-" + the particle "-tu-" (that is used in different ways: here it means that the action was done voluntary) + "-a-" (future) + "-fi-" (marks the direct object or that generally the action is done on the noun immediately after the verb construction) + the verbal suffix "-(y)mi" (the first "-y-" is suppressed for the particle "-fi-" end in "-i")
4.6. ¿Tuci? ¿Cuci? = Which?
It is used to ask about a thing or person when there are other options
...¿Tuci ñawe ayvymi? = ¿Which of my daughters (do) you like?
5. Indefinite pronoun:
These are those that mark quantaties, identity or other notions indefinitely
They substitute a person or thing indefinitely or whose determination is not intended by the speaker.
The main Indefinite pronouns are: [1]
Kom = all
Tucirume = anyone (used for things)
Cemnorume = anything
Iñeynorume = anyone (used for people)
Kagelu = another
Fenxen = much
Fenxentu = much (time)
6. Distributive pronouns
These are formed by adding the particle "-ke" to the numbers.
Kiñeke = each one.
Epuke kvyeh = every 2 months
Melike xipantv = every 4 years
Note: "kvyeh" also means "moon"
[1] Gramática del idioma Mapuche del profesor Raguileo Lincopil, Agrupación Mapuche “Wixaleyiñ”, Marta Berretta, Dario Cañumil, Tulio Cañumil.
Oct 29, 2008
Sixth - Pronouns
Pronouns are words (a pro-form) that substitute a noun (or a noun phrase) that generally were already included during the communication process.
They usually refer to a person or things and mark its position in the sentence (personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, etc) and also, certain type of pronouns are used to question about the noun (i.e. interrogative pronouns)
The are called "pro-nouns" because they substitute or are equivalent in meaning to a noun.
1. Personal pronouns:
They are words used to substitute any of the 3 grammatical persons without using a noun. They mark the relation between the speaker, the addressee and a third party in a conversation, story, etc.
In Mapuzugun there is 3 grammatical persons (first, second & third) and each of these also have 3 grammatical numbers (singular, dual & plural)
Pronouns in Mapuzugun do not present grammatical gender (there is no difference among the personal pronouns with respect to the gender of the substituted noun).
Based on the material seen up to now, Mapuzugun would not have noun cases.
1.a. Singular:
...iñce: I
...eymi: you (actually: thou)
...fey: he/she/it (it marks a 3rd person or thing in a conversation)
1.b. Dual:
It marks 2 persons or nouns
....iñciw: we two (including the speaker)
...eymu: you two
...feyegu: they two
1.c. Plural:
It marks more than 2 persons or nouns
....iñciñ: we all (including the speaker)
...eymvn: you all (including the hearer)
...feyegvn: they all
The grammatical person is also marked in the verbal desinence (suffix), therefore sometimes the personal pronoun can be omitted during conversation. E.g. the verbal desinence for "iñce" is "-n" and the sentence: iñce nien kawej can be also said nien kawej.
2. Possession marker in Mapuzugun
Personal pronouns are used together with the possessive particle (PP) "ñi" to mark possession Example:
...iñce ñi ruka = my house
...feyegvn ñi kawej = their horses (of them all)
The possessor in the response to a question is usually marked by the personal pronoun:
Question...¿iney ñi ruka tvfa? = ¿whose house is this?
Response:...iñce = I (instead of: iñce ñi ruka = my house)
To mark the possession of a thing, the possessor (and not the possessive marker) is expressed
Question:...¿feyegvn ñi kujiñ bay*? = ¿their animals (of them all) died?
Response:...may, feyegvn = yes, theirs (instead of may, feyegvn ñi kujiñ = yes, their animals)
Note: may = yes.
* The verb in 3rd. person plural should be: bayegvn (i.e. the root "ba-" of the infinitive ban = to die) plus the desinence 3rd. person "-y-" plus the plural marker "-(e)gvn" - although it can be used marking only the 3rd person if the pronoun is included in the sentence.
3. Demonstrative pronouns:
Mark the relative position with respect to the speaker and addressee in the communication process.
The words are:
"fa" marks a place that is close to the place the conversation takes place
"fey" marks a place that is not the place where the conversation takes place or that is close to
"ye" marks a place that is away from the place the conversation take palce.
These particles can work alone but usually are added the particle "tv":
These words, called position markers, are used individually or in combination with other words or particles.
mark a place[1]
...tvfa mew = in this place; here (literally: in here)
...tvfey mew = in that place; there (literally: in there)
...tvye mew = over there
. to mark a place or thing[1]
...tvfa (ta) kawej = this is* (a) horse; this horse (that is here close to us)
...tvfa (ta) ñi peñi = this is* my brother; my brother (he is here)
Note: the particle "ta" marks a relation between 2 words (in Mapuzugun we do not use the verb "to be" in these kind of sentences)
¿tuci? - ¿which?
tvfey - that, those; the one/s there.
iii. To mark or specify a person or thing (or a group of people or things) within another group; this is, to mark that a thing or person excluding others. The particle "ci" is then added to the previous constructions[1]
...tvfaci kawej = this horse, these horses
...tvfeyci wenxu = that man, those men
...tvyeci mawiza = that mountain, those mountains
These words can be used individually as pronouns
...tvfaci = this, these (that is close to where we are / where I am)
...tvfeyci = that, those (that is away from where we are / where I am but close to a 3rd person or object)
...tvyeci = that, those (that is away from where we are / where I am and also away from a 3rd person or object)
They can also occur without the particle "tv-"
...faci kawej = this horse, these horses
...feyci wenxu = this man, these men
...vyeci = that mountain, those mountains
Sometimes, the particle "ci" is used without specifying the position: kawej = this/these/that/those horse/s
In my next entry I will introduce other pronouns (interrogative, indefinite, etc)
[1] Mapucezugun Ñi Cumgeel - Descripción de la lengua Mapuche (Description of the Mapuche language), Cañumil, T. Versión electrónica,
Oct 24, 2008
Fifth - The noun
Nouns name people, animals, things & places.
In Mapuzugun, generally, nouns do not have neither gender nor number. It is the context that adds to the meaning of the word.
Let's see an example with kawej:
(Iñce) nien kawej = (I) have (a) horse, (I) have horses
Note: as I already explained in my previous entry, the word "kawej" /ka'weʎ/refers to the generic word "equine", without identifying whether is a horse, a mare, one or many.
If the speaker wants to stress a certain characteristic about the horse/s needs to be explicit:
There are certain particles and markers to help be specific:
Independent plural particle: "pu"
...pu kawej = horses, the horses.
Then nien pu kawej means "(I) have horses".
Gender markers in Mapuzugun:
They are used to identify the gender in animated being:
...wenxu: marks male gender.
E.g. wenxu kawej (horse)
...zomo: markes the female gender
E.g. zomo kawej (mare)
Note: to mark male gender to birds and certain small quadrupeds, the word "alka" is used instead ("zomo" remains the female marker)
...zomo mañke (female condor)
...alka mañke (male condor)
To identify both gender and number, the markers /particles are placed after the following example:
...nien pu zomo kawej: (I) have mares
...nien kiñe zomo kawej (I have one mare)
The use of these markers and particles in not mandatory and it is the speaker who decides how precise he wants to be.
Certain nouns have the gender implied in the meaning.
...caw = father
...ñuke = mother
Mapuzugun lacks the definitive article singular (the)
...mapu means both "land / space" and "the land / the space"
...wehu means both "sky" and "the sky"
The particle “pu” could be considered an article although it is not
....pu zomo = the women
...pu wenxu = the men
The indefinite article is marked with the numeral “kiñe” = one.
...kiñe wenxu = a man
...kiñe ruka = a house (one house)
...kiñe alka ñarki = a (male) cat (that is different from: kiñe zomo ñarki = a (female) cat)
Nouns describing inanimate objects do not have gender
...kura = Stone
Nouns in Mapuzugun do not present case (i.e. they do not change the form according the the grammatical function) nor present as other Native American Languages, "possessive forms", i.e., nouns do not change according to the possessor. Certain languages always assign a possessor to certain nouns (like body parts, family members, etc)
In another entry I will introduce composed nouns.
Noun capitalization:
1. The first letter in every sentence and after a stop. Example:
Nien kiñe zomo kawej
2. Proper nouns in general.
Kuan = Juan (many names that contain letters that do not exist in Mapuzugun are adjusted too match the nearest sound)
Maria = María (notice the use of the "r" in Mapuzugun differs from the Spanish "r")
Wenosayres = Buenos Aires (also: "Wenosay")
Temuko = Temuco (City in Gulumapu)
Oct 22, 2008
Fourth - Words
Mapuzugun is not a tonal language (unlike many other native languages of the Americas)
Stress is irregular (i.e. words have no fixed stress patterns) and will depend on the region the language is spoken, according to Prof. Cañumil.
It is common for Mapuzugun dialects to differ in their stress placement for some words.
Loan words from other languages.
Mupuzugun incorporated words initially from other surrounding native languages and later from Spanish.
Some words of Quechua origin are:
...pataka /pa'taka/ = (one) hundred,
...waranka /wa'ranka/ = (one) thousand
Some words of Spanish origin are:
...kucijo /ku'tʃiʎo/ from cuchillo: knife,
...deskan /des'kan/ from descansar: to rest.
In Mapuzugun the majority of "primitive" words (i.e. that do not derive from other words) have 2 syllables and, to a lesser extend, 1 syllable.[2]
Words with 3 or more morphemes are generally of foreign origin.[2]
Mapuzugun is a polysynthetic language, i.e. words are usually formed by the incorporation or agglutination of many morphemes and other lexical elements affecting the meaning of the original word and adding to the extension (length) of the word. Sometimes a single word in Mapuzugun can be translated into a whole sentence in other languages.[3]
This main characteristics of Mapuzugun will be introduced in my next entries.
Syllable formation according to the Raguileo Alphabet: [2]
In Mapuzugun, a syllable can be formed by:
i. an isolated vowel: e.g. a-kun = to arrive, I arrived.
Note: in other entries I will introduce the characteristics of verbs in Mapuzugun: 1. the infinitive of the verb is identical to the 1st Pers. Singular and verbs that express actions imply the action is already concluded (past tense)
ii. a vowel preceded by a consonant or a semivowel: = house = cormorant
iii. a vowel, followed by a non-obstuctive consonant: = sun, day
iv. a vowel followed by a semivowel:ñ-ko = echo
v. by a vowel preceded by a any consonant and followed by a non-obstructive consonant or a semivowel as well:
......ñar-ki = cat
......ciw-kv = chimango
Particles are inserted into verbs (between the root and desinence or suffix) to modify the meaning (in tense, different markers, negation, etc) allowing for the formation of words of up to 12 syllables[2]
Example: verb “kimvn” (to know), we can form the word:
"Probably they (all) will come to let them know"
From Spanish: Posiblemente vengan a darles aviso a ellos. [2]
kim- is the root of the verb "kimvn"
-gvn is the desinence for the 3rd person plural
Inserted in between are among others, the particles:
"-la-" negation marker,
"-(y)a-" future (the particle to mark the future tense is the vowel "a". The semivowel "y" is placed to soften the transition between the negation and the future markers.
"-y-" this is part of the verbal desinence (in this case "-ygvn"). Certain authors consider the "-y-" of the desinence to be a marker of the "realis (or indicative) mood"[4]
"-pa-" marks the direction of the action (in this direction)
"-pe-" marks the immediate past tense (that the action was done recently)
"-tu-" this particle modifies verbal roots in different ways (being also a verbalizer of nouns) In this case, it marks the action had been done previously and is done again this time.
"-ge-" marks that the action marked by the verb is applied to the person indicated in the desinence (in this case "-ygvn")
Particles will be explained in detail in next entries.
Not all sentences will present this structure: there are also other simple sentences that resemble the kind of sentences we are used to:
E.g.. Malal mew mvley re wenxu kujiñ
......malal = corral (an enclosure of livestock)
.....mew = prep. en este caso: "in"
.....mvlen = to be
.....-y = 3ra Pers. Singular = adv. "only"
.....wenxu = adj. "macho"
.....kujiñ = animal (also, animals)
"En el corral hay solamente animales machos"
In the corral there is only male animals
From this sentence we can also conclude that:
....."mew" is actually a postposition,
.....that Mapuzugun lacks articles "the",
.....that adjectives are placed before nouns
.....there is no gender in Mapuzugun (gender is marked through adjectives or modifiers)
Example. "kawej" = horse (this refers to the generic word "equine", without identifying whether is a horse, a mare, one or many).
To mark the gender and number, we use the markers "wenxu" (male) o "zomo" (female) and the numbers "kiñe" (one), "epu" (two), ..., "mari" (ten) etc. "zomo kawej" is then "(the) mare" and "epu wenxu kawej" means "two horses"
We will see this and other characteristics of Mapuzugun in my next entries.
[2] Cañumil, Tulio et al, op. cit.
[4] Fernández Garay, ...
Oct 21, 2008
Third - Writing Mapuche
In my previous entry I introduced and described the Raguileo Alphabet properly, I mean, as it should be from a linguist point of view. I think though that I should also give some further pronunciation samples (the not-so-correct but necessary K like in 'key')
Pronunciation samples for the Raguileo Alphabet.
Note: I will mark the stress only in the IPA symbols, as Mapuzugun has no written accent (like á, é, etc in Spanish).[1] I will not use the IPA stress symbol in the word written in Mapuzugun in order to prevent misinterpretations of the existence of schwa or glottal stop.
A: Always like "a" in "stack"(e.g. "amun" /a'mun/ = go)
Note: the "b" sound like "b" in "bank" does not occur in Mapuzugun
C: this Grapheme represents the "ch" sound as "ch" in "such" (e.g. "ce" /tʃe/= people)
Note: the "d" sound, like "d" in "day" does no occur in Mapuzugun.
Z: Always like "th" in "think" /'θiŋk/. E.g "zomo" /θo'mo/ = woman.
E: Always like "e" in "bed" (ej. "amulen" = to be going)
F: Always like "f" in "fall" (ej. "fvca" /fɯ'tʃa/= old)
Note: the "g" sound like in "get" does no occur in Mapuzugun
Q: This sound does not occur in English. It is similar to "g" in "get" but without producing the stop, which means it is produced without obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. It corresponds to the Grapheme "v" in Mapuzugun, when used as a semivowel[1]. E.g. "liq" /liɣ/ = white (color)
I: Always lie "i" in "free" /friː/ (e.g. "iney" /i'nei/ = who)
Note: "who" presents regional variations: "iñi" /i'ɲi/
Note: The "j" sound (like "ch" in Scottish "loch" /lɔx/) does not occur in Mapuzugun
K: Always like "k" in "key" (e.g. "kiñe" /ki'ɲe/= uno)
L: Always like "l" in "let" (ej. "logko" /'loŋko/ )
B: Not to confuse with "b" sound. This sound does not occur in English. It represents an interdental “l” that is pronounced like the regular L but beginning with the tongue between the teeth /ļ/. E.g. in Mapuzugun: "bafken" /ļaf'keņ/ = lake, sea.
J: It is pronounced like the "ll" in Spanish: /ʎ/ or like "lli" in "million". E.g. "kawej" /ka'weʎ/ = horse
M: Always like "m" in "him" ("mari" /ma'ɹi/ = ten)
N: Always like "n" in "nice" (e.g. "antv" /an'tɯ/ = sun, day)
H: This does not occur in English. It is pronouced like a regular N but beginning with the tongue between the teeth. E.g. in Mapuzugun "hamuh" /ņa'muņ/ = foot
Ñ: Always like "ni" in "onion" (E.g. "ñuke" /'ɲuke/ = mother)
G: Always like "ng" in "sing". E.g. in Mapuzugun: "guru" /ŋɯ'ɹɯ/ = fox.
O: Always like "augh" in "caught" /'kot/ (E.g. "zomo" /θo'mo/ = woman)
P: Always like "p" en "port" (ej. "peweh" /pe'weņ/ = edible seeds of the Pehuén)
Note: P in Mapuzugun is not aspirated
R: Always lije "r" in English: like "r" in "red" (ej. "ñarki" /'ɲaɹki/ = cat)
Note: In some regions this sound is replaced by the allophone /ɻ/ (voiced retroflex approximant consonant) that is the retroflex R in some American English dialects [1] E.g. red /ɻʷɛd/
S: This grapheme represents two sounds and the pronunciation varies due to regional variations and/or to denote affection.
1. It is pronounced like "sh" in "sheep"
2. Like "s" in "sand".
The word for "elderly woman" is "kuse". Its pronunciation will be related to the affection shown to the person.
Neutral: "kuse" /'kuse/ = "elderly person"
Affective: "kuse" /'kuʃe/ = "elderly person" (affective)
Despiteful: the "s" sound is replaced by "z" /θ/: "kuze" /kuθe/ = "elderly woman" (despiteful)
According to Prof. Cañumil, in the Province of Chubut the "s" is pronounced always like "sh" in "sheep".
T: Always like "t" after "s" in English, like "t" in "sty" (e.g. "¡tutelu!" = great!)
X: It is similar to "tr" in "train". E.g. in Mapuzugun: "xapial" /tɹa'pial/ = puma (puma concolor)
Note: other words to name a "puma". E.g. "pagi" /'paŋi/ - "pagkej" /paŋ'keʎ/
U: always like "oo" in "boot" (ej. "akun" /a'kun" = come)
V: this represents the so-called "6th vowel" and does not occur in English. It sounds like the "ao" in Scottish Gaelic's word for "strait" caol /kɯːl/ when the syllable is stressed. When unstressed,
it sounds like "a" in English "about"/ə'baut/.
Mapuzugun examples: "antv" /an'tɯ/ = sun, day
W: Always line "w" in "water". E.g. in Mapuzugun: "wigka" /'wiŋka/ = this word identifies all that is not Mapuche.
Y: always like "y" in "you" /juː/.
Vovels in Mapuzugun are 6: A E I O U V
Vowels are classified in open (or high): e, a, o and closed: i, u.
The 6th vowel should be placed between "i" and "u". Semivowels are 3: Y Q W, that correspond to the closed vowels: i, v, u. If placed before another vocal, they act as semiconsonants.
Consonants are Las are 17: C Z F K L B J M N H G Ñ P R S T X that could be classified in two groups: obstructives and non obstructives.
Obstructives are: C K P T X
Non obstructives are: Z F L B J M N H G Ñ R S
Pronunciation of the Raguileo Alphabet:
a /a/, cv /tʃɯ/, zv /θɯ/, e /e/, fv /fɯ/, qv /ɣɯ/, i /i/, kv /kɯ/, lv /lɯ/, bv /ļɯ/, jv /ʎɯ/, mv /mɯ/, nv /nɯ/, hv /ņɯ/, ñv /ɲɯ/, gv /ŋɯ/, o /o/, pv /pɯ/, rv /ɹɯ/, sv /sɯ/ o /ʃɯ/, tv /tɯ/, xv /tɹɯ/, u /u/, v /ɯ/, wv /wɯ/, yv /jɯ/.
[1] Stress: "intensity of utterance given to a speech sound, syllable, or word producing relative loudness" (Source:
This entry summarizes the information contained in the books previously quoted and [1] "Gramática del idioma Mapuche del profesor Raguileo Lincopil", Agrupación Mapuche “Wixaleyiñ” by: Marta Berretta- Dario Cañumil- Tulio Cañumil. Electronic Version.
Oct 18, 2008
Second - Writing system
The Mapuche Nation has been long split into two countries that actually implement very different policies towards its native peoples[5].
Mapuzugun is a minority language submersed in a vast Spanish-speaking area. In recent years, Mapuche words have been used to name restaurants, supermarkets, shops in general, neglecting the language structures and meanings. This extensive use also disregards the Mapuche's own vision on their language and culture.
Of the 3 writing known systems I will introduce the ones mostly used on each side of the Andes: the Unified Mapuche Alphabet and the Raguileo Graphemic Writing System. Both systems have had different success in gaining the mapuche's support for representing their own spoken language.
The Unified Alphabet (or "Alfabeto Unificado" in Spanish) is mostly accepted in academic circles and certain communities in Gulumapu. It is the result of the "Meeting for the Unification of the Mapuche Alphabet" that took place in Temuco, Chile, in 1986 and was organized by the "Sociedad Chilena de Lingüística" (Chilean Society of Linguistics).
The other is the "Grafemario Raguileo" (Raguileo Graphemic Writing System) or Raguileo Alphabet (Grapheme: a grapheme is the fundamental unit in written languages) that seems to be the most accepted system among the communities and other organizations that seek cultural and political autonomy within both countries at each side of the Andes (and specially in Puelmapu)
The main characteristics of the Raguileo Alphabet is that it assigns only one Phoneme to each Grapheme which facilitates the reading of this polysynthetic language.
I will not include the Azümchefe Alphabet because it is widely rejected by the Mapuche people (mainly sponsored by the Chilean government) and I lack the necessary references and knowledge to compare them.
The list below presents the two writing systems in 3 columns:
AU: Unified Alphabet
GR: Raguileo Alphabet
The 3rd column described the Phoneme listed in the other 2 columns adding its corresponding IPA symbol.
AU....GR...Phoneme that it represents
A........A.......low central unrounded vowel /a/ (some references[3] assign a front position)
CH.....C........voiceless palato-alveolar affricate consonant /tʃ/
E........E........mid front unrounded vowel /e/
F........F........voiceless labiodental fricative consonant /f/
G.......Q........allophone for the phoneme /ɯ/ corresponding to the voiced velar fricative consonant /ɣ/ or velar approximant consonant /ɰ/
I.........I........close front unrounded vowel /i/
K........K.......voiceless velar plosive consonant /k/
L........L........voiced alveolar lateral consonant /l/
L........B........voiced interdental lateral consonant /ļ/
LL......J........voiced palatal lateral consonant /ʎ/
M......M........voiced bilabial nasal consonant /m/
N.......N........voiced alveolar nasal consonant /n/
N.......H........voiced interdental nasal consonant /ņ/
Ñ........Ñ.......voiced palatal nasal consonant /ɲ/
NG.....G........voiced velar nasal consonant /ŋ/
O........O........close-mid back rounded vowel /o/
P.........P........voiceless bilabial plosive consonant /p/
R........R........voiced fricative retroflex consonant /ɹ/
S........S........voiceless fricative palatal consonant /ʃ/
This grapheme also represents the voiceless alveolar fricative /s/. Tulio Cañumil supports the idea that this sound was not in Mapuzugun and might have been introduced from the Runa Simi (Southern Quechua language) or from Spanish. In Puelmapu some regions lack this sound at all (Mapuzugun as spoken in the Chubut Province) according to Prof. Cañumil.
T........T........voiceless alveolar plosive consonant /t/
This grapheme also presents the allophone pronounced as an interdental /t/
TR.....X........voiceless fricative alveolar retroflex consonant /tɹ/
U........U........high back rounded vowel /u/
Ü........V........high back unrounded vowel /ɯ/* when stressed. When unstressed, it is a mid central unrounded vowel /ə/.
* Some bibliography describes this as high central unrounded vowel /ɨ/, e.g. as "e" in roses /'ɹoʊzɨz/[4]
W.......W........allophone for /u/ corresponding to the voiced fricative rounded velar /w/
Y........Y.........allophone for /i/ corresponding to voiced fricative alveo-palatal /j/
D........Z.........voiceless fricative interdental consonant /θ/
In some regions "Z" is replaced by its allophone /ð/ (voiced dental fricative consonant)[2]
This comparative table was taken from reference [1] but corrected accoding to reference [2] at the footnote. Mostly, only API symbols were corrected. I also introduced the notes on regional variations.
The advantages for the Raguileo Alphabet go beyond its acceptance by the Mapuche people. (Anselmo Raguileo (1922-1992) was himself a mapuche poet and linguist):
Some communities take his work as a genuine response to their aspiration for political autonomy and the need to emphasize the independence of the language.
I believe that the Raguileo Alphabet adapts to Mapuzugun better: uses only one grapheme for each phoneme (no digraphs) avoiding misinterpretations in this polysynthetic language, although it uses some letters in a non-standard way from a Spanish perspective.
The major objection against this writing system is that it is more difficult to acquire by Spanish speakers, which to my understanding, stresses Mapuzugun as an independent language: one should decide for a writing system that better adapts to the language needs regardless it is more or less alike Spanish.
I will use the Raguileo Graphemic Writing System for future entries.
I translated this entry and will translate future entries from Spanish and Mapuzugun. Please email me your comments and suggestions!
[1] Uso de la lengua mapuche por la sociedad no mapuche en Patagonia, publicado en Libro de Actas - Encuentro de Lenguas Indígenas Americanas. Santa Rosa: Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Subsecretaría de Cultura del Gobierno de La Pampa & Agencia de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica.
[2] Descripción de la lengua Mapuche - Mapucezugun Ñi Cumgeel, Tulio F. Cañumil, Agrupación Mapuche Wixaleyiñ, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Puelmapu.
[5] I used the construction: "native people" although the preferred designation for the native peoples in Argentina is: "pueblos originarios", i.e. "originary" peoples. The term "originary" means that these peoples were here before the arrival of Europeans.
The language spoken by the Mapuche people both in Argentina and Chile is called Mapuzugun: /mapuθu'ŋun/ or Mapudungun /mapuθu'ŋun/) (from "mapu" = land and "zugun" /θu'ɲun/ = speech") and it is still basically a spoken language despite several efforts to achieve a unified writing system.
There is no academy or literary society acting as a regulatory body for the language. Mapuzugun will heavily relay on oral tradition to transmit history, literature, law and other knowledge across generations until a writing system is agreed upon. Certain institutions that have tried to normalize the language have received huge criticism on both sides of the Andes: Puelmapu (from "puel" /puel/ = East) and Gulumapu ("Gulu" /'ɲulu/= west).
There are three known writing systems and each community (or lof) usually adopts one based on the community's decision.
I will keep aside all political and ideological views, but need to decide on which system I will use for this blog: I will use the Ranguileo Graphemic Writing System (or Grafemario Ranguileo in Spanish) that is widely accepted by most communities in Puelmapu.
Although there are many references about stress patterns in Mapuzugun, regional variations of the language usually include stress variations and the correct stressed syllable will depend on the region one has acquired a specific vocabulary.
I found very interesting the fact that stress actually does not affect the understanding among people fluent with the language (and this has been my experience, too!)
Local variations or dialects are normally accepted as the spoken language of each region and none is considered to have a better or higher status than the other. I have experienced that the usual question when people speak Mapuzugun is that they routinely ask each other "how do you say this in your region?". Regional variations do not seem to prevent people from understanding each other.
For example, the interrogative pronoun "iney" (who?) can be "iñi" /i'ŋi/ depending on the region. Usually both versions are taught.
Also, there is a tendency to replace Mapuzugun so-called 6th vowel by the vowel "i". The 6th vowel is spelled v, ï or ü depending on the writing system.
The sound of the 6th vowel depends on whether it is stressed or not:
When stressed, it is a high back unrounded vowel [1] represented by /ɯ/ using the International Phonetic Alphabet (e.g. Scottish Gaelic's word for "strait" caol /kɯːl/), although other bibliography describes this as high central unrounded vowel and represented by the API symbol /ɨ/, e.g. as "e" in roses /'ɹoʊzɨz/
When unstressed, it is a mid central unrounded vowel , represented by the API symbol /ə/.
Other regional variations include variations in the consonants (e.g. the word for cat is both "narki" /'narki/ or "ñarki" /'ŋarki/)
In my next entry I will describe the Ranguileo Graphemic Writing System and compare it to the "Unified Mapuche Alphabet" mostly used in Gulumapu.
[1] Cañumil, Tulio et al, Descripción de la lengua Mapuche - Mapucezugun Ñi Cumgeel, Agrupación Mapuche Wixaleyiñ, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Puelmapu.
Note: unless otherwise stated, I will use the bibliography available from my language school and other papers provided by Tulio Cañumil. Also, I will use my notes taken during the lessons.
|
<urn:uuid:27ad937a-3879-446f-928b-85a527f8fe0e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.439666211605072,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8617056608200073,
"url": "http://mapuche-language.blogspot.com/2008/"
}
|
free hit counters
Official U.S. Tooth Numbering
Dental Health Care Guides
Official U.S. Tooth Numbering
Tooth Numbering – It is very interesting to see patients’ reply when a dentist is asking which tooth that has the problem. It is often that they have difficulties in explaining the location of the tooth. For your information, there are 32 teeth in an adult, and it is understandable that it can be confusing sometimes. That is why the American Dental Association (ADA) adopted the universal tooth numbering system and the Palmer notation method to make everything easier for both the patients and the dentists.
There is a bit of a difference between the universal numbering system and the Palmer notation method. The first one is the medical professionals using them. Most of the general dentists in United States utilize the Universal Tooth Numbering System, while many oral surgeons and orthodontists prefer the Palmer Notation Method.
Let’s talk about each tooth numbering system, shall we?
Adults Palmer Notation Method for Tooth Numbering divides the mouth into four quadrants; each is represented with a special symbol. There are 8 teeth included in each quadrant, with the front tooth as the number 1 and naturally the wisdom tooth would be number 8.
Note that the special symbol may also be represented in letters, which are: the LLQ (Lower Left Quadrant), LRQ (Lower Right Quadrant), URQ (Upper Right Quadrant), and URQ (Upper Left Quadrant).
Tooth Numbering System
Tooth Numbering System
The Children Palmer Notation Method for tooth numbering difference with the adult version is the use of letters instead of numbers. Because children only have 20 teeth, each of the quadrant uses the letters of A, B, C, D, and E instead of using the numbers of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.
Adults Universal Numbering System uses a different method. This system does not have the quadrant separation, but the teeth are directly numbered. The first number is the farthest back on the right side of the upper jaw (upper right wisdom tooth), continuing until the tooth number 16 which is located at the farthest back on the left side of the upper jaw (upper left wisdom tooth).
The numbering then continues with tooth number 17 is located at the farthest LEFT of the lower jaw (lower left wisdom tooth), continuing down the line until tooth number 32, located in the farthest RIGHT of the lower jaw (lower right wisdom tooth). One thing to remember is that the tooth numbering system counts the teeth that are missing. So if you have a missing tooth, it should be counted too.
The children Universal Numbering System also follows the same system and procedure. The difference is the count number that stopped at 20, and there’s a lowercase letter “d” that indicates the tooth is a baby tooth. In practice, some of the pediatric dentist may use letters instead of numbers. With this in mind, the farthest upper right molar is A, the farthest upper left molar is J, the farthest lower left molar is K, and the farthest lower right molar is T.
There you go. I hope this tooth numbering systems adopted in United States can help you to improve interaction with your dentist or patient.
|
<urn:uuid:b8cf0b99-b0e4-4d0a-b684-93d56913ca50>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.06825804710388184,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9133642911911011,
"url": "https://www.shelbydentalcare.com/official-u-s-tooth-numbering/"
}
|
Direct sampling (children's game)
Children playing at the Monte Carlo beach
The game takes place on the beach of Monte Carlo. The pebbles are samples of the uniform probability distribution in the square. They are obtained directly. It is for this reason that the algorithm is called "direct-sampling" Monte Carlo.
Direct sampling (children's game) in Python
from random import uniform
def direct_pi(N):
n_hits = 0
for i in range(N):
x, y = uniform(-1.0, 1.0), uniform(-1.0, 1.0)
if x ** 2 + y ** 2 < 1.0:
n_hits += 1
return n_hits
n_trials = 10000
for attempt in range(10):
print attempt, 4 * direct_pi(n_trials) / float(n_trials)
Direct sampling (children's game), output
Here is the output of a modified program, for which the pebbles are colored according to whether they fell inside the circle or not. See here for modified program
Output of the direct-sampling program, slightly modified by coloring the "hits" in red and the "non-hits" in blue.
1/ Monte Carlo is an integration algorithm.The above direct-sampling algorithms treats a probability distribution (uniform distribution of pebbles within the square), and an observable, the "hitting variable" (one within the unit circle, zero outside):
2/ Direct-sampling algorithms exist only for a handful of physically interesting models. They are very useful
3/ The existence of a uniform (pseudo) random number generator is assumed. The setup of good random number generators is a mature branch of mathematics. For rough details, see W. Krauth's book.
Markov-chain sampling (adults' game)
Adults playing on the Monte Carlo heliport
Markov-chain sampling (adults' game) in Python
from random import uniform
def markov_pi(delta, N):
x, y = 1.0, 1.0
N_hits = 0
for i in range(N):
del_x, del_y = uniform(-delta, delta), uniform(-delta, delta)
if abs(x + del_x) < 1.0 and abs( y + del_y ) < 1.0:
x, y = x + del_x, y + del_y
N_hits += 1.0
return N_hits
n_trials = 10000
for k in range(10):
print 4 * markov_pi(0.3, n_trials) / float(n_trials)
1. This is a Markov-chain sampling algorithm for the pebble game.
2. Note that we start from a non-thermalized position (x,y) = (1,1), the "club house"
3. The above algorithm is correct for all step sizes delta,but they are not all equally good.
Homogeneous 3x3 Pebble game (detailed balance)
We consider the 3x3 pebble game: one particle moving on a 3x3-chessboard without periodic boundary conditions. We design a local algorithm (discrete version of the adults' game), so that each site is visited with the same probability 1/9:
The discretized version of the adults' random pebble throw consists in moving from a site to each of its neighbors with probability 1/4.
Suppose we are on site a, at one time. We can only move to b or c, or simply remain at a. This gives
On the same time, to get to a, we either come from a, or from b or from c.
This yields the '''global balance condition'''
A more restrictive condition is called '''detailed balance condition''':
Below a Python implementation for the 3x3 pebble game. With positions 1,2,...,9, the four neighbors of site 1 are (2,4,1,1). This ensures that the pebble moves with probability 1/4 to sites 2 and 4, and remains on site 1 with probability 1/2. We start the simulation from site 9.
import random, pylab
neighbor = {1 : [2, 4, 1, 1], 2 : [3, 5, 1, 2], 3 : [3, 6, 2, 3],
4 : [5, 7, 4, 1], 5 : [6, 8, 4, 2], 6 : [6, 9, 5, 3],
7 : [8, 7, 7, 4], 8 : [9, 8, 7, 5], 9 : [9, 9, 8, 6]}
all_pos = []
N_iter = 100
for iter1 in range(10000):
pos = 9
for iter in range(N_iter):
pos = neighbor[ pos][ random.randint(0, 3)]
pylab.title('3x3 pebble game, starting at 9, after '+str(N_iter)+' steps')
Here is output of the above Python program for 5, 10, 100 steps
Inhomogeneous 3x3 pebble game (Metropolis algorithm)
For a general probability distribution
we can use the celebrated Metropolis algorithm
That we illustrate in a Python program for the inhomogeneous 3x3 pebble game.
Stationary distribution (red dots) and Monte Carlo histogram (blue) for the inhomogeneous 3x3 pebble game
Transfer matrix
We return to the case of the homogeneous pebble game.
The hopping probabilities from site i to site j form a 9x9-transfer matrix.
The largest eigenvalue of this matrix is
Approach to equilibrium for the 3x3 pebble game compared to the decay with the second-largest eigenvalue
Exponential convergence
Event though this is not the full story[1] , the convergence of a Markov chain is governed by the second eigenvalue of its transfer matrix. To show this, we plot how the probability to be at site 1 (lower left corner) at iteration i, having started from site 9 (upper right corner), approaches the stationary value 1/9.
Validity of a Monte Carlo algorithm
One often hears that for a Monte Carlo algorithm to be valid (that is, to converge towards the stationary distribution), it must
1. satisfy global balance (or detailed balance0.
2. be ergodic
The mathematically rigorous sufficient condition for the steady state (the eigenvector of eigenvalue 1) to be unique is that the chain is '''irreducible''' (one can go from any state to any other) and '''aperiodic''' (i. e. there exists no states to which one returns ''with probability one'' when starting from it). Under such conditions, starting from any normalized probability distribution, one converges at infinite time to the steady state.
Let us illustrate this point in a two-site problem
Here, eigenvalues are 1 and -1, all states are periodic and one does not converge to the eigenvector of eigenvalue 1.
The 3-site transfer matrix
is an example of a periodic stochastic matrix with complex eigenvalues (of modulus 1).
Negative eigenvalues of the transfer matrix describe oscillations between configurations. This is seen in the above 2x2 matrix. If you start on site 1 at time t=0, you have probability 0 to be on site 1 at odd times t=1,3,..., and probability 0 to be on site 2 at even times t=0,2,4.... So we don't really reach equilibrium. We now modify the above example into
Now, one eigenvalue equals 1, the stationary solution, and one eigenvalue equals -0.98, describing the sloshing back and forth between site 1 and site 2.
1. Markov-chain Monte Carlo algorithms are a very general tool for integration.
2. They access the relevant information in the infinite-time limit , but one can do better (This is the subject, among others, of "perfect sampling" see TD).
3. The dynamics of the Markov-chain Monte Carlo algorithm is not always physically relevant.
4. Many Markov-chain Monte Carlo algorithms satisfy detailed balance, but the full condition is global balance.
1. ^ P. Diaconis ''The Mathematics of mixing things up'' Journal of Statistical Physics 144, 445(2011) []
|
<urn:uuid:440c5546-2fea-4294-b713-595fccd6516d>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.5779845714569092,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.821735143661499,
"url": "https://smac2014.wikispaces.com/01+Lecture+Introduction?responseToken=0a4742803b7638ce358079b5a14376170"
}
|
The Classification of Wood
By Meg Michelle; Updated April 24, 2017
Lumber comes in many different sizes and grades.
The classification of wood for lumber depends on many variables. Size, wood quality and level of pretreatment all play a part in figuring out which sort of wood is right for each construction effort. By knowing the different ways wood can be classified, you can start to identify the correct type for whatever DIY project you are tackling.
Classification by Size
One of the first classifications of lumber is based on its dimensions. Lumber is typically cut into lengths of 2-foot multiples. The width ranges from 2 to 16 inches. As thickness changes, so does the name of the piece of lumber. A piece that is less than 2 inches thick is called a board. One that is 2 to 5 inches is called dimension lumber. Anything thicker than 5 inches is called timber.
Classification by Level of Dress
Lumber may be purchased at various levels of pretreatment known as "dressing." Rough lumber is wood that has been cut to a specific size, but has not had any extra work done, such as smoothing or making the edges perfectly uniform. Dressed lumber has been smoothed and trimmed for uniformity. Worked lumber is taken one step further than dressed lumber, and is more prepared for immediate use. An example of worked lumber is matched lumber, which is cut in such a way that the grooves of one piece can easily fit into the grooves of another.
Classification by Grade
Lumber is graded on a scale from 1 to 5. Grade 1 is lumber that is used for construction. It typically has moderately sized knots and is easily painted, making it ideal for siding and furniture making. Grade 2 is used for similar purposes, but there are more, larger knots. Grade 3 is lower-quality wood, sometimes bearing signs of splitting. This grade is typically used for non-cosmetic work, such as crates or subflooring. Grade 4 shows even more signs of defects, meaning much of the wood has to be cut away, so it is also used for jobs such as subflooring. Grade 5 is the worst quality and is typically used for throwaway projects, such as roughing out concrete pour areas.
Hardwood vs Softwood
Two different types of wood are used in lumber: hardwood and softwood. Hardwood comes from deciduous trees such as oaks and maples. Softwood comes from coniferous trees such as evergreen pines. One of the main differences between hard and soft wood is its cellular composition, with hardwoods having large, porous cells that are visible to the naked eye. Because hardwoods are so dense, they are highly durable. They are a good choice for outdoor use as well as furniture construction. Softwoods are more apt for indoor construction. Both are utilized for flooring.
About the Author
|
<urn:uuid:69808641-6e82-4db2-90e6-df0bba4e1cba>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.24324095249176025,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9716368913650513,
"url": "http://sciencing.com/classification-wood-8407052.html"
}
|
Using the laws of motion and the Universal Law of Gravity, describe the motion o
Nov 2nd, 2014
Price: $50 USD
Question description
Unit III Lab Exploration Activity
Step 5: Exploration Activity: Satellites
NOTE: The step 5 exploration activity will be submitted through Blackboard, not the MasteringPhysics website, as a separate assignment. For further clarity, please consult your professor.
There are a number of Earth observing and planet observing satellites launched by NASA. Using information easily available on the internet and through the NASA website, select a satellite to research. For your satellite, answer the following questions:
The satellite is launched by a launch vehicle, either a rocket or the Space Shuttle. What was the launch vehicle? What was the weight of the satellite? Calculate the escape speed.
Describe the orbit of the satellite.
Using the laws of motion and the Universal Law of Gravity, describe the motion of the satellite.
Conclude your research with a review of the satellite's purpose.
Summarize your findings in a 1-2 page paper. Include appropriate formulas and calculations to support your points. Include relevant images. However, make sure that all images and information are referenced appropriately according to APA requirements.
Tutor Answer
(Top Tutor) Studypool Tutor
School: University of Maryland
Studypool has helped 1,244,100 students
Review from student
Studypool Student
Ask your homework questions. Receive quality answers!
Type your question here (or upload an image)
1826 tutors are online
Brown University
1271 Tutors
California Institute of Technology
2131 Tutors
Carnegie Mellon University
982 Tutors
Columbia University
1256 Tutors
Dartmouth University
2113 Tutors
Emory University
2279 Tutors
Harvard University
599 Tutors
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2319 Tutors
New York University
1645 Tutors
Notre Dam University
1911 Tutors
Oklahoma University
2122 Tutors
Pennsylvania State University
932 Tutors
Princeton University
1211 Tutors
Stanford University
983 Tutors
University of California
1282 Tutors
Oxford University
123 Tutors
Yale University
2325 Tutors
|
<urn:uuid:06e1cab4-5b44-4018-8f3c-96cabad15f90>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.049285888671875,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8335759043693542,
"url": "https://www.studypool.com/discuss/263965/using-the-laws-of-motion-and-the-universal-law-of-gravity-describe-the-motion-o"
}
|
Spectral power distribution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Spectral power distributions)
Jump to: navigation, search
In color science and radiometry, a spectral power distribution (SPD) describes the power per unit area per unit wavelength of an illumination (radiant exitance), or more generally, the per-wavelength contribution to any radiometric quantity (radiant energy, radiant flux, radiant intensity, radiance, irradiance, radiant exitance, or radiosity).[1][2]
Mathematically, for the spectral power distribution of a radiant exitance or irradiance one may write:
M_\lambda=\frac{\partial^2\Phi}{\partial A\partial\lambda}\approx\frac{\Phi}{A \Delta\lambda}
where M(\lambda) is the spectral irradiance (or exitance) of the light (SI units: W/m3 = kg/(m·s3)); \Phi is the radiant flux of the source (SI unit: watt, W); A is the area over which the radiant flux is integrated (SI unit: square meter, m2); and \lambda is the wavelength (SI unit: meter, m). (Note that it is more convenient to express the wavelength of light in terms of nanometers; spectral exitance would then be expressed in units of W·m−2·nm−1.) The approximation is valid when the area and wavelength interval are small.
Relative SPD [edit]
Because the luminance of lighting fixtures and other light sources are handled separately, a spectral power distribution may be normalized in some manner, often to unity at 555 or 560 nanometers, coinciding with the peak of the eye's luminosity function.[2][3]
References [edit]
1. ^ Mark D. Fairchild (2005). Color Appearance Models. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-470-01216-1.
2. ^ a b Michael R. Peres (2007). The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography. Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-80740-9.
3. ^ Wyszecki, Günter; Stiles, Walter Stanley (1982). Color Science: Concepts and Methods; Quantitative Data and Formulae (second edition ed.). New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-39918-6.
External links [edit]
|
<urn:uuid:c413292f-bb0d-437e-8148-c6051264d403>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.05458146333694458,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7265172004699707,
"url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_power_distributions"
}
|
Using R for Introductory Statistics 3.2
June 6, 2010
...continuing my sloth-like progress through John Verzani's Using R for Introductory Statistics. Previous installments: Chapters 1 and 2 and 3.1.
Comparing independent samples
Boxplots provide a visual comparison between two or more distributions. For problem 3.8, we're asked to compare the reaction times of cell phone users verses a control group, to test the theory that using a cell phone while driving is a bad idea. Comparing the centers and spreads can be done with the following boxplot.
boxplot(time ~ control, reaction.time, names=c('control', 'phone'),
ylab='reaction time in seconds',
main='Reaction time with cell phone usage')
The tilde operator, ~, is used to define a model formula, which is something I aspire to understand someday but currently am clueless about.
Looking at the same data as a density plot might give a better picture of each distribution.
main="Reaction time with cell phone usage",
xlab="reaction time in seconds")
lines(density(reaction.time$time[reaction.time$control=='C']), lty=2)
Still, boxplots are nice because they give you a sense of the center, range, dispersion, and skew of a sample in a compact and comparable form. Plus, you can plot several boxplots side-by-side.
boxplot(morley$Speed ~ morley$Expt,
col='light grey', xlab='Experiment #',
ylab="speed (km/s minus 299,000)",
main="Michelson–Morley experiment")
mtext("speed of light data")
abline(h=sol, col='red')
Problem 3.11 uses data from the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiments attempting to find variations in the speed of light due to earth's motion through the aether, believed at the time to be the medium through which light waves traveled. The correct value for the speed of light is shown in red.
And finally, whadya know, this stuff came in handy for some (probably not very rigorous) performance analysis.
Tags: , ,
Comments are closed.
|
<urn:uuid:e59dd542-e53d-46f4-93c4-1dfcb178747e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.019694268703460693,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8603199124336243,
"url": "http://www.r-bloggers.com/using-r-for-introductory-statistics-3-2-2/"
}
|
Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »
Sign in
Intersect With Model Tool
Intersect With Model Tool: Creating complex geometry
Creating complex geometry
To create complex geometry using the Intersect With Model Tool:
1. Create two distinct geometries, such as a box and a tube.
2. Select the Select tool (Select Tool). The cursor changes to an arrow.
3. Triple-click on the tube to select all of the entities of the tube.
5. Move the tube such that it intersects the box completely in any way you like. Notice that no edges exist where the tube meets the faces of the box on the box's top face. The tube should remain selected although it is within the box.
6. Context-click on the selected tube.
7. Select Intersect Faces > With Model from the context commands menu. The tool creates edges where the tube intersects the box.
8. Delete or move the portions of the tube that you do not want to keep. Notice that SketchUp will have created new subdivided faces where the tube intersected the box.
updated 10/16/2012
|
<urn:uuid:8b37769e-4bde-413e-a8c4-e8c290a2f3d9>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.05296289920806885,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8424732089042664,
"url": "http://support.google.com/sketchup/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=94857&topic=2458149&ctx=topic"
}
|
Where results make sense
Topic: Migrations Period
Related Topics
In the News (Sat 18 May 13)
Migrations - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Migrations
Species migration is the spread of the home range of a species over many years, for example the spread of the collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) from Turkey to Britain over the period 1920–52.
Migrations may be temporary (for example, holidaymakers), seasonal (transhumance), or permanent (people moving to cities to find employment).
It can lower the birth rate or increase the average age of the population, ease unemployment or cause a shortage of workers, cause an influx of new skills that are brought back or a loss of the more skilled and highly educated.
encyclopedia.farlex.com /Migrations (662 words)
Völkerwanderung - Biocrawler
The German term Völkerwanderung ['fœlkər"vandərʊŋ] ("the migration of peoples"), is used in historiography as an alternate label for the "Migrations Period", of Germanic, Slavic and other tribes on the European continent during the period AD 300–900.
They saw these migrations as a contributing factor leading to the break-up of the Roman Empire, in which they attributed moral factors, contrasting vigorous and manly Germanic kultur with a decadent and slothful civilizazion.
Other migrations that happened later in the history of Europe generally did not give rise to new states (except for Turkey, for example) and comprised mainly temporary invasions.
www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Migrations_Period (354 words)
Human migration - WebArticles.com
In its natural origins, it includes the separate migrations first of Homo erectus then of Homo sapiens out of Africa across Eurasia, doubtless using some of the same available land routes north of the Himalayas that were later to become the Silk Road, and across the Strait of Gibraltar.
Western historians refer to the period of migrations that separated Antiquity from the Middle Ages in Europe as the Great Migrations or as the Migrations Period.
www.webarticles.com /print.php?id=215 (1359 words)
ZFIN Pharyngula Period Description
With the rapid cerebellar morphogenesis of the metencephalon (Fig.
During most of the period, until about 40 h, the most precise staging method, and the most difficult, depends on using Nomarski optics to locate the leading tip of the migrating portion of the posterior lateral line primordium, as it moves steadily along the length of the trunk and tail (Fig.
The method is tedious, and the migrations of the primordia on both sides of a single embryo are not always synchronous.
zfin.org /zf_info/zfbook/stages/phar.html (1307 words)
Middle Ages
The period saw major technological advances, including the invention of cannons, spectacles, and artesian wells; and the cross-cultural introduction of gunpowder, silk, the compass, and the astrolabe from the east.
www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/m/mi/middle_ages.html (4420 words)
Phrygian Period in Anatolia
www.ancientanatolia.com /historical/phrygian_period.htm (916 words)
Human migration Summary
First Homo erectus migrated out of Africa across Eurasia, beginning about one million years ago, no doubt using some of the same available land routes north of the Himalayas that were later to become the Silk Road, and across the Strait of Gibraltar.
Since the 14th century, the Serbs started leaving the areas of their medieval Kingdom and Empire that was overrun by the Turks and migrated to the north, to the lands of today's Vojvodina (northern Serbia), which was ruled by the Kingdom of Hungary in that time.
www.bookrags.com /Human_migration (3669 words)
At worst, the period is regarded as a cultural setback from the high point of classical culture in Greece and Rome, an often poor and superstitious descendant of that culture.
This early period, which saw the same types of migrations and multiculturalism as the classical and prehistoric periods, is the story of the introduction of a standard cultural form and its consequent social structure on the various peoples of Europe.
In the late medieval histories of Europe concerning the classical period, the various figures and stories of central and northern Europe from the classical period, such as the stories of Arthur or Atilla, are all recast to conform to the European social and religious practices of the time.
www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/MA/INTRO.HTM (1568 words)
Free Email Migrations - The Basics? (Site not responding. Last check: )
A light switch migration focuses on achieving a speedy migration of mailboxes to the new system, in effect flipping a switch whereby one day users are utilizing the legacy email system and the next they are utilizing the new email system.
The dual migration strategy’s purpose is to shrink the amount of time it takes to perform mailbox migrations during the critical deployment time period by reducing the amount of data that must be migrated during that time.
Using this strategy, the Standard migration process is changed considerably such that each mailbox is actually touched twice, once to migrate a limited amount of mailbox data and again to migrate the balance of mailbox data.
www.freeemailmigrations.com /migrationstrategyguide.shtml (1384 words)
www.newadvent.org /cathen/10285c.htm (287 words)
E-Books : Transylvania, A Short History: 3: The Period of the Great Migrations - Historical Text Archive
The Goth period of Transylvania was a period of destruction.
Before the Huns, responsible for the largest migrations of peoples of these times, could themselves take over the reign of this area, there was an interlude of several events associated with the Gepids.
During this period, the Dacians and other splinter groups, who retreated behind the Roman borders, were forced to move further west-southwest from the Carpathians.
www.historicaltextarchive.com /books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=14&cid=3 (1690 words)
International Migrations
The single largest contributors to the Great Migrations were the European states on the Mediterranean littoral, Germany, the Austrian Hapsburg empire, and the Russian Empire, while by far the largest net recipients were in South America.
The population growth of the prosperous Argentine Republic was mostly drawn from the incredible rate of immigration: One-third of the German emigration, half of the Spanish emigration, one-third of the Italian emigration, and half of the total Russian and Austrian emigration permanently settled in Argentina.
The settlement of French Guyana in the 1850-1910 period by almost a million and a half Afro-Brazilians, French Antilleans, and French West Africans was also historically significant.
www.ahtg.net /TpA/migrations.html (1862 words)
[No title]
In the least friendly assessm ents of the European Middle Ages, the period is a kind of holding pattern, a temporary bathroom break on the way to the revival of classical culture in the fourteenth century.
The period of Celtic dominance in Europe began to unravel in the first centuries AD, with the expansion of Rome, the migrations of the Germans, and later the influx of an Asian immigrant population, the Huns.
www.wsu.edu /~dee/TEXT/middleages.rtf (22456 words)
4. Population Trends and Migrations. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
A concerted international approach to population issues was hampered, however, by the opposition of the Catholic Church and, under Republican administrations, of the United States; these factors limited United Nations action by the 1980s.
Most birth control policies were national; they varied by region and time period (China's policy changed several times) and also varied in effectiveness.
A rough periodization described the new international migration patterns.
www.bartleby.com /67/2643.html (996 words)
It remained worthwhile to encourage and protect new immigrants, and it was not until the period from 1910 to the Great Depression that this system of regulation became significantly restrictive.
Not all these bills were passed, but deportation of immigrants was especially common during this period, not only if they were becoming a financial drain on the state, but also if their political or ideological beliefs were considered subversive.
War and unrest caused notable internal migrations, pushing people from regions of strife to calmer areas, or from the countryside to urban environments.
www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/migrations/six1b.html (1042 words)
2 Analyzing the Time-Stability of Transition Probabilities
For correlated migrations the estimated standard deviation is computed analogously to (9).
In order to illustrate the testing procedures presented in Section 2.2 in the following the hypothesis is tested that the data from the three periods came from the same theoretical transition probabilities.
Clearly, from the construction of the three periods we may expect, that the test rejects the null hypothesis.
www.stat.nus.edu.sg /mirror/xplore/tutorials/ratingmigrationsnode3.html (673 words)
The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions or Völkerwanderung, is a name given by historians to a human migration which occurred within the period of roughly AD 300–700 in Europe[1], marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages.The migration included the Goths, Vandals, and Franks, among other Germanic, Bulgar and Slavic tribes.
The migration may have been triggered by the incursions of the Huns, in turn connected to the Turkic migration in Central Asia, population pressures, or climate changes.Migrations would continue well beyond 1000 AD, successive waves of Slavs, Alans, Avars, Bulgars, Hungarians, Pechenegs, Cumans, and Tatars radically changing the ethnic makeup of Eastern Europe.
migration movement may be divided into two phases; the first phase, between AD 300 and 500, largely seen from the Mediterranean perspective, put Germanic peoples in control of most areas of the former Western Roman Empire.
webraindor.info /wiki/volkerwanderung (373 words)
Indentured labour was the practice of binding individual workers to a set term of service in a specific country for any employer who would purchase his or her contract of indenture.
The contractual agreement under which an individual migrated could be established either by the governments of respective countries or between private organisations within those countries, although these arrangements were often subject to government scrutiny.
This first period of European indentured labour had ended by the early nineteenth century, however the abolition of slavery within the next few decades by European countries created a labour shortage in most of their overseas colonies, and planters looked primarily to Asia to fill the gap.
www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/migrations/home5.html (303 words)
The Settlement of Polynesia, Part 2
One solution to overcrowding was migration to marginal areas of the inhabited island, or to a new island.
Cultural instability is attested to in a wealth of traditions on tribal warfare, which is known to have resulted in famines, the emergence of cannibalism, and the widespread destruction of image ahu...Ecological and archaeological data suggest man-induced environmental change as an explanation for cultural decadence.
Individuals and groups still migrate, but if we look at the earth as an island in space (size is relative to the balance between resources and population), then people are just moving from one part of the island to another.
pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu /migrationspart2.html (1746 words)
Migrations have always been one of the most important cultural factors bringing about social change in the whole regions or even continents.
Recently different types of migrations have come into being and have intensified but there seems to be only one direction: from poorer countries and continents to richer ones.
Regardless of the type of migration which dominates in a given country and its structure and regardless the extent to which people of a country take part in migration movements to other countries, migrations are phenomena whose impact cannot be underestimated due to their size but first of all because of social and cultural consequences.
www.ecsanet.org /conferences/ecsaworld3/sokolewicz.htm (4915 words)
This Paleo~Indian Period stretched from the earliest migrations by Asiatic peoples onto this continent (by way of the Bering Strait land bridge) until the end of the Wisconsin Glaciation, or about the year 8000 BC.
The Protoarchaic stage was a period of greater diversification.
Although the wooden portion of the weapons did not survive over the centuries, the shape and lightness of the points would indicate that they were actually used as arrows to be shot from a bow rather than as the point of a hand thrown spear.
www.motherbedford.com /Indian5.htm (3756 words)
The Polynesians and Their Migrations, by Alfred Russel Wallace
His evidence to prove this is of two kinds:--first, he endeavours to show that a migration has taken place; secondly, that the Polynesians are in their physical, mental, and moral characteristics, a true Malayan race.
So far we have the strongest corroboration of there having actually been a migration in the fact of the community of language, and all the legends of these migrations speak of them as having been made by simple men, the natural ancestors of the existing Polynesians.
And even the direct evidence of migration having been generally from the west, is by no means so clear as M. Quatrefages appears to believe; for one of the latest authorities on the subject, Mr.
www.wku.edu /%7Esmithch/wallace/S131.htm (1988 words)
Home - Newcastle Institute for the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities - University of Newcastle
The numerous 're-assessments' of the migrations of this period have obscured the fact that mobility has been an essential part of human history, and that migrations offer fascinating opportunities for the study of fashionable (agency, identity) as well as traditional (origins, numbers) issues.
The renewed scholarly interest in migrations in the last couple of years, partly stimulated by results of DNA analysis, is beginning to address these issues.
This paper will summarize the changes in perspectives on migrations, and then suggest a number a key issues or questions on early medieval migrations which DNA studies might be able to contribute to.
www.ncl.ac.uk /niassh/dna/harke.htm (224 words)
BS Foundations chapter 6
As we have seen, the period from the third century onwards was marked by a significant transformation of the Roman world.
The period of migrations and invasions destabilized existing social patterns, even for people who did not undertake mass migrations.
During the period of Merovingian rule, the role of God became twofold: that of the God of Battles and as an almost magical force which had to be furthered for the safety of the realm.
www.oglethorpe.edu /faculty/~b_smith/ou/bs_foundations_chapter6.htm (18106 words)
Carl K. Savich - The Kosovo Crisis: Origins and History
During the pre-historic period, the Balkan Peninsula was settled by tribes speaking dialects of the Indo-European language groups.
According to Batakovic, "the great migration of the Serbs in 1690 was a major turning point in the history of the Serbian nation." Many Kosovo towns were deserted and depopulated which Albanian tribes from the Malisor highlands settled.
The migrations are ascribed to the process of "overall economic growth" and the "relative lag in economic development." The second interpretation was that the Kosovo Serbs were being driven out by Albanian separatists and by the policies of the Albanian authorities who ruled Kosovo when it achieved de facto republic status.
extended stay hotel baltimore
Models of migration to the New WorldThere are two main models for the history of the first settlement of the Americas.
This period is further divided into two first phase, from 300 to 500 AD, saw the movement of Germanic and other tribes and ended with the settlement of these peoples in the areas of the former Western Roman Empire, essentially causing its demise.
This permanent migration was relatively small however and was one of the reasons why the Crusaders eventually lost the their hold on the Holy the 14th century, German military colonists settled the Baltic region, becoming a ruling elite.
becomingawriter.co.uk /extended_stay_hotel_baltimore.htm (1563 words)
The Kosovo Crisis: Origins and History | Carl Savich | Columns | Serbianna.com
The Austrian-Turkish wars led to the Great Migration of 1689-90, when thousands of Serbian families were forced to abandon their homes and villages in Kosovo and leave the province.This migration pattern will be examined because it explains why the demographic changes occurred in Kosovo.
The Serbs had earlier migrated from the north and north-east region of the Black Sea.After the 586 siege of Thessaloniki, Slavic groups settled the Praevalitana and the region south of the Shkumbi river where Slavic place-names predominate.
InÝThe Migration of Serbs and Montenegrins from Kosovo and Metohija: Results ofthe Survey Conducted in 1985-86, by Ruza Petrovic and Marina Blagojevic, the conclusion is that of 103,000 Serbs and Montenegrins that migrated out of Kosovo, 17% migrated prior to 1961, while 83% migrated during the ìtwo critical decadesî of the 1960s and 1970s.
www.serbianna.com /columns/savich/011.shtml (10230 words)
Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)
Copyright © 2005-2007 www.factbites.com Usage implies agreement with terms.
|
<urn:uuid:e60666dd-6dde-4a7d-8040-e20ee736731f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.08323830366134644,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9301019310951233,
"url": "http://www.factbites.com/topics/Migrations-Period"
}
|
Edition: U.S. / Global
A Tough Act to Follow
Lesson Plans - The Learning Network
Lesson Plans - The Learning Network
Teaching ideas based on New York Times content.
Overview of Lesson Plan: In this lesson, students take on the role of impersonators as they identify the distinctive human traits that comedians and imitators single out in order to do their jobs.
Jackie Glasthal, The New York Times Learning Network
Suggested Time Allowance: 1 hour
Students will:
1. Explain what an impersonator does, and speculate on some of the ways an impersonator might research his or her subject.
2. Find out how Will Ferrell researches his role as an impersonator of President George W. Bush by reading and discussing “Live, From New York, It’s George Bush!”
3. Identify the distinctive traits of a particular media figure.
4. Write a monologue spoofing the traits of the person selected above, and then perform it, as an impersonator would, for the class.
Resources / Materials:
-student journals
-classroom blackboard
-copies of “Live, From New York, It’s George Bush!”(one per student)
-TV, VCR, DVD, and/or computers with Internet access, allowing students to analyze the traits of a particular media figure
Activities / Procedures:
1. WARM-UP/DO NOW: If possible, have the class screen a videotape of Will Ferrell or another impersonator imitating a famous media figure. Or, as an alternative, challenge a student to impersonate George W. Bush similar to the way Will Ferrell does on “Saturday Night Live.” In their journals, students will then respond to the following prompt (written on the board prior to class): “What does an impersonator do? How do you think an impersonator goes about researching a person that he or she will be trying to imitate?” After about five minutes, discuss student responses as a class.
2. As a class, read and discuss “Live, From New York, It’s George Bush!” focusing on the following questions:
a. Who is Will Ferrell? Where are you likely to see him on television? What is he best known for right now?
b. Why, according to the New York Times article, does Mr. Ferrell feel ambivalent about the inauguration of President Bush?
c. Who are some other famous impersonators, and who are they famous for impersonating?
d. In what ways do Will Ferrell and Darrell Hammond’s impersonations of George W. Bush and Al Gore differ from those of these earlier impersonators?
e. What was so distinctive about the appearance of George W. Bush and Al Gore on the “Saturday Night Live” prime-time election special?
f. Why does Michael Beschloss theorize that comedians in general played a large role in coverage of the 2000 election?
g. What traits did Mr. Hammond and Mr. Ferrell use in order to create their impersonations of Al Gore and George Bush, respectively?
h. How did George W. Bush respond to Will Ferrell’s impersonation of him?
i. How does Mr. Ferrell feel about George W. Bush? How does he feel about sharing his views of the new president?
j. How does Mr. Ferrell compare his imitation of George W. Bush with Darrell Hammond’s impersonation of Al Gore?
k. What career-related worries does Mr. Ferrell have about his imitations of George W. Bush?
l. In addition to appearing on “Saturday Night Live,” where else has Mr. Ferrell appeared recently?
3. Each student will select a particular media figure from the world of politics, entertainment, or sports that he or she would like to try impersonating. The student will then identify distinctive traits of that person, using the following categories to guide them: facial features, mannerisms, catch phrases, clothing, general appearance, and “other features.” If possible, allow students time to view videos or media appearances by the person he or she selected. Offer students an opportunity to share their selections–and the character traits they identified–with the rest of the class. If time allows, invite classmates to suggest additional traits that strike them about each of these particular media figures.
4. WRAP-UP/HOMEWORK: Imagining that they are impersonators, students will write a monologue (complete with stage directions and times when particular physical actions or facial expressions are warranted), spoofing the media figures that they selected above. They will then rehearse their monologues, and perform them for the rest of the class.
Further Questions for Discussion:
–How easy or difficult was it to do this activity? Why was that?
–How easy or difficult do you think it would be to make a living as an impersonator? Why do you think so?
–Do you think that impersonators are “mean” in the way that they spoof traits of famous people, or do you think that, in this case, “imitation is the sincerest form of flattery”? What makes you think so?
–Does everyone have traits that an impersonator can work from, or do you think that some people are easier to imitate than others?
–Do you think that there are any traits that are beyond the scope of an impersonator? For example, are there things that you can capture about a person on paper that it would be more difficult for an impersonator to make use of in his or her routine?
–What skills and abilities do you think a good impersonator needs to have?
Evaluation / Assessment:
Students will be evaluated based on their written journal entries, participation in class discussions, how observant they are in identifying their subjects’ unique character traits, the monologues they write, as well as how well these monologues are performed.
impersonating, mimicry, mock, inauguration, ambivalence, preparedness, burdensome, hilarious, uncoordinated, bumbler, recurring, dispute, propelled, snowballing, prime-time, caricatures, loom, slurred, condescending, inarticulate, unabashed, steadfastly, idiosyncrasies, mannerisms, railroaded
Extension Activities:
1. Make a list of traits that you associate with President George W. Bush. Distinguish between those that you feel are positive, and those that you think are negative. Then write a short essay in which you explain whether, in general, you think positive or negative traits are easier to impersonate, and why you think that is.
2. Research the work of a caricature artist, such as Sir Max Beerbohm, Neil Portnoy, or Kevin Middleton. Then draw a caricature of the media figure that you impersonated, trying to capture as many of the traits that you identified as you can. When you’re done, write a short essay in which you compare the ways that a caricature artist and an impersonator capture a person’s basic traits.
3. Select a recent news event and write a skit parodying the event, imitating the format of a “Saturday Night Live” skit, such as the one that Will Ferrell and Darrell Hammond appeared in, spoofing the presidential debates. Or, as an alternative, write a skit that similarly spoofs an unlikely news event, such as Will Ferrell visiting George W. Bush for a weekend in Kennebunkport, or George W. Bush inviting Al Gore to become a member of his cabinet.
4. Hold a class debate on the positive and negative aspects of celebrity impersonations. Points that you may want to consider include: If you don’t have anything nice to say, is it better to say nothing at all? What message do celebrity impersonations send (and is that a good or a bad thing)? And, how do you think people feel when they see themselves impersonated, and should that matter?
5. Imagine that you are George W. Bush and write a letter to Will Ferrell telling him how you feel about his impersonations of you.
Interdisciplinary Connections:
American History- Select a famous impersonator, either currently working in the field, or from the past, and write a biography of his or her life. Include information on how his or her impersonations impacted political or other historical circumstances of the time.
Global History- Research the role of impersonators in another country or culture. Who do these impersonators tend to imitate, and what purpose do these impersonations serve? Do they ever imitate public figures from the United States and, if so, how are these people portrayed? Present your findings to the class.
Math- Create a survey in which you will poll people about how they feel about the role of late night talk shows during the 2000 election. Be sure that you create your poll in such a way that it will be easy to tally the results. For example, use yes or no, or multiple choice questions. Then, create a bar graph, or circle graph, showing what you learned.
Social Studies- List some of the actions that George Bush has already taken since he took office on January 20, 2001. Select one that you feel is positive, and one that you feel is negative, and explain in a short essay why you feel the way you do about them.
Other Information on the Web:
NBC: Saturday Night Live (http://nbctv.nbci.com/snl/) is the official site of the show, with clips, bios, show history, and more.
E! Online: Will Ferrell (http://www.eonline.com/Facts/People/Bio/0,128,52834,00.html) is a profile of the actor with screen credits, multimedia files, and more.
Academic Content Standards:
Grades 6-8
(CTSS – ‘english’, ’6-8’, ’8’)
Grades 9-12
(CTSS -’english’, ’9-12’, ’2’)
(CTSS – ‘english’, ’9-12’, ’8’)
Comments are no longer being accepted.
|
<urn:uuid:37cfe1b8-27d8-482c-9892-eef9aee0c1f7>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.34553974866867065,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9238137006759644,
"url": "http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2001/01/26/a-tough-act-to-follow/"
}
|
Michigan’s Native Peoples
printer iconPrintemail iconEmailfavorites iconSave to Favorites
Buried under layers of glacial ice until about 10,000 years ago, the land that is now Michigan was inhospitable to many of the native cultures that thrived in much of the Midwest, like the Paleo and Archaic Indians. Some of the first signs of civilization can be found in the Upper Peninsula’s Keweenaw Peninsula, where the Copper Culture Indians of about 5000–500 B.C. left evidence of their skill as prehistoric miners, devising ways to extract copper from bedrock and fashioning it into tools. Archaeologists believe they may be the world’s earliest toolmakers.
Later, the Algonquin Indians migrated to the Great Lakes region from the banks of the St. Lawrence Seaway, probably after A.D. 1000. The Algonquins were divided into three tribes: the Ottawa (or Odawa), the Ojibwa (or Chippewa), and the Potawatomi. Together, they called themselves the Anishinabe (first people) and named their new land Michi Gami (large lake). In and around that lake, they found the state’s abundant wildlife—including fish, white-tailed deer, moose, elk, and black bear—and rich natural resources that nourished the tribes for centuries.
The three tribes coexisted peacefully, each moving to a different area. The Ottawa settled around Sault Ste. Marie, the Straits of Mackinac, and the Leelanau Peninsula; the Ojibwa moved west, along the shores of Lake Superior; and the Potawatomi headed south, to the southern half of the Lower Peninsula. They communicated regularly, and their peaceable relationship proved valuable when others came to their lands. Together, they successfully fought off the warring Iroquois who came from the east in the 1600s, and presented themselves as a strong, unified people when the Europeans arrived.
Buy Moon Travel Guides
Loading books
Find Activities>>
|
<urn:uuid:3ad8f7c7-1e5f-4195-94d8-4e2c36f9458a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.765625,
"fasttext_score": 0.23453974723815918,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9213529229164124,
"url": "http://www.moon.com/destinations/michigan/background/history/michigan-s-native-peoples"
}
|
Uranus has 5 big moons and 10 smaller ones, mostly composed of ice and rock. Many are heavily cratered, but Uranus too has its oddball moon. Miranda, the largest moon, has a surface unlike any other moon in the solar system. The surface is broken into distinct areas that seem to bear no relation to each other. One area may be wrinkled, while the area beside it is hills and craters. It could have been a major impact that gave Miranda its jumbled appearance but it could also have been caused by rising and sinking areas in the interior.
Oberon is another of the larger moons. Its surface has a dense covering of ancient craters and faults. There is one mountain possibly volcanic about 5 km high.
Titania is another heavily cratered moon. This world also has many valleys about 100 km wide and hundreds of km long. One valley cuts across the entire surface of the moon.
Ariel is heavily cratered and fractured but it also shows signs of renewed surface probably by ice flowing up to the surface from impacts.
|
<urn:uuid:67e85af3-1891-4047-84c6-6c3a6bc29ed9>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.5534327030181885,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9624333381652832,
"url": "http://starryskies.com/solar_system/uranus/uranus_moons.html"
}
|
photo tips
Home | Photo Tips | The History of Sepia Photography
The History of Sepia Photography
Photography technology has come a long way in the last 200 years, although we can still see many seeds of the older styles of photography alive today. The use of Sepia canvas effect being used in digital photography is one great example of this phenomenon. Sepia canvas photography is still an alluring way to photograph because it gives a softer feel than a photo in gray scale.
While today, a digital photograph would be able to be turned into a Sepia canvas effect by changing the color scale on the photograph, historically Sepia canvas photography was created using ink that was extracted from a Cuttlefish. This technique of Sepia canvas photography was used in the 1700's and 1800's and at the time was a new an important development in the production of photography. The term "sepia" from Sepia canvas photography comes from "Sepia officinalis" which is another term for the common Cuttlefish. The Cuttlefish was found in the English Channel and became a very in demand breed of fish when it was discovered that their ink was useful in the production of Sepia canvas effect. The Cuttlefish released a unique colored blackish brown dye from its siphon when it was alarmed, the fish would use the dye to mask itself as it made a getaway from its predators. This dye was extracted from the sac of the Cuttlefish and harvested for the production of Sepia canvas effect. After the dye was extracted from the fish it would be made into a pigment by dissolving it into a mixture of photography fluids and acids. Once this process was complete the Sepia canvas photography pigment was finished.
After the pigment was created the sepia canvas photography was developed as a side effect of an attempt to make photographs more durable and long lasting. Sepia canvas photography was created by a photographer developing their prints as he would normally do. At a certain point he would bleach the paper to remove all of the silver pigments from the photo. After this step he would add the Sepia canvas effect pigment and soak it in the Sepia bath. From this process the photos would take on a brownish tint and now recognized as a Sepia canvas effect. The original reason for adding sepia to prints was to make the photographs more sturdy and durable and from that Sepia canvas photography was born.
In order to produce this sepia canvas effect today there are several options. If photographs are shot with a film camera, the photos can be treated with an updated version of sepia canvas effect pigment during the processing phase. Currently using this processing method to develop your Sepia canvas photography can be quite pricey and many photographers look for a digital option in getting their Sepia canvas effect. Most up to date photography software has an option to add the sepia canvas effect to your photos, this is the most simple and effective way to get Sepia canvas photography of your own.
uploader your image
|
<urn:uuid:86d393e1-6b86-4ff0-9bc5-cdc8a9c85e51>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.75,
"fasttext_score": 0.02467435598373413,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9776776432991028,
"url": "http://www.photoincanvas.co.uk/photo-tips/the-history-of-sepia.php"
}
|
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to: navigation, search
English [edit]
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia en
Etymology [edit]
Either via French or directly, from Latin continuus.
Pronunciation [edit]
• enPR: kən-tĭnʹyo͞o-əs, IPA: /kənˈtɪnjuəs/, X-SAMPA: /k@n"tInju@s/
• (file)
Adjective [edit]
continuous (not comparable)
1. Without break, cessation, or interruption; without intervening time.
a continuous current of electricity
2. Without intervening space; continued; protracted; extended.
a continuous line of railroad
3. (botany) Not deviating or varying from uniformity; not interrupted; not joined or articulated.
4. (analysis, of a function) Such that, for every x in the domain, for each small open interval D about f(x), there's an interval containing x whose image is in D.
5. (mathematics, more generally, of a function) Such that each open set in the range has an open preimage.
Each continuous function from the real line to the rationals is constant, since the rationals are totally disconnected.
6. (grammar) Expressing an ongoing action or state.
Usage notes [edit]
• Continuous is stronger than continual. It denotes that the continuity or union of parts is absolute and uninterrupted, as in a continuous sheet of ice, or a continuous flow of water or of argument. So Daniel Webster speaks of "a continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England." By contrast, continual usually marks a close and unbroken succession of things, rather than absolute continuity. Thus we speak of continual showers, implying a repetition with occasional interruptions; we speak of a person as liable to continual calls, or as subject to continual applications for aid.[1]
Synonyms [edit]
Antonyms [edit]
Derived terms [edit]
Related terms [edit]
Translations [edit]
See also [edit]
References [edit]
1. ^ continual/continuous”, Brians, Paul Common Errors in English Usage, (2nd Edition, November 17, 2008), William, James & Company, 304 pp., ISBN 978-1-59028207-6
|
<urn:uuid:f9c866f5-d676-4ac0-9f97-025eb26b41bf>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.020042061805725098,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8583226799964905,
"url": "http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/continuous"
}
|
Science Fair Projects Ideas - Scutum (shield)
All Science Fair Projects
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia for Schools!
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
For information on any area of science that interests you,
Scutum (shield)
The scutum was the standard shield carried by Roman legionaries. Unlike the round or oval shields of most infantrymen of the time, the scutum was squat and squarish. Scutums were constructed largely of overlapping bentwood, set in place by steaming over a curved form (in much the same way as a modern plywood chair is made). This meant the shield was strong and yet light enough to be carried over long distances. The scutum was shaped roughly as a section of a cylinder, so the centre of the scutum as vertical, allowing it to absorb (and deal) heavy blows, while the sides sloped away from the attacker, allowing arrows and enemy blows to glance off without transmitting the full force of the impact to the legionary sheltering behind. The boss in the centre of the shield (the umbo), constructed either from bronze or iron, was itself a melee weapon, being heavy and dense enough to stun or wind an opponent (easing the legionary's subsequent strike with his gladius). Legionaries would typically advance alternately with the scutum and then (with the scutum partially raised, crowding and blocking the opponent) with the gladius.
The shape of the scutum allowed packed formations of legionaries to interlock their shields to provide an effective barrier against enemy archers. In a conventional hand-to-hand battle, legionaries would advance in lock-step and strike in unison from behind their thrust-forward scutums (the concurrency of motion intended to give each legionary the partial protection of his neighbours' scutums). The most novel (and specialised, for it afforded negligible protection against other attacks) was the testudo (latin for "tortoise"), which added legionaries holding shields from above to shield against arrows raining down from parabolic trajectories.
The name Scutum has been adopted as one of the 88 modern constellations, and by UK raincoat maker Aquascutum .
External link
03-10-2013 05:06:04
Science Fair Coach
What do science fair judges look out for?
Science Fair Projects for students of all ages
All Science Fair Site
All Science Fair Projects Homepage
|
<urn:uuid:4c2a4e44-e3e1-4769-ba33-581b7b7eebba>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.890625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02868121862411499,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9272394776344299,
"url": "http://www.all-science-fair-projects.com/science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Scutum_(shield)"
}
|
Best for Puzzles
There are many words that can have one or more letters removed so as to form new words. For example:
A basic subtraction clue will have a definition of the solution, a definition of the word to be operated on, and an indication that one or more letters are to be removed. A number of cryptic devices are employed to indicate subtraction or deletion of letters from a word. Here are three clues using the examples above:
Crime is the result when clergyman loses his head (5)
Observing naught, losing heart (6)
Declares a piece of poetry is unfinished (5)
Among the ways of indicating that an initial letter is to be subtracted you will encounter: beheaded, not started, first off.
For the subtraction of the middle letter or letters: heartless, hollow.
For the subtraction of a final letter: incomplete, endless, not fully.
For the subtraction of initial and final letters: without limits, lacking wings.
And here, for reference, is a more extensive list of subtraction indicators.
Next: Complex Clues
|
<urn:uuid:bccbd9b4-7819-48f3-8b48-79246f81ea85>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.90625,
"fasttext_score": 0.08976364135742188,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8821738362312317,
"url": "http://bestforpuzzles.com/cryptic-crossword-tutorial/subtraction.html"
}
|
Eddie's Class
8th Grade
From the 1800's to mid 1880's Americans faced many challenges in the North East, South, and the West. Some were very successful and some were oppressed. Explain how people would have been successful or oppressed in every region and what were the factors? You need to write 3 paragraphs, one on each region.
1848 Chapter 2 from book "Blacks Join The Gold Rush." In this chapter there is a newspaper story description from 1848 where Blacks are said to earn more than an East Coast governor.
1879 "Committee Investigation on Relocating Blacks" This gives us personal accounts of Blacks settling in Indiana and the benefits and struggles of shift.
Create a GoAnimate where you debate whether you would rather go to California, Indiana, New York, or the South i nthe 1800's.
|
<urn:uuid:5bcd8c66-9332-469c-b906-d86d1a3c696d>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02099013328552246,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9217293858528137,
"url": "http://gonzalezedward.blogspot.com/2014/06/8th-grade.html"
}
|
Explore BrainMass
Writing Java program from scratch
Program reads info about students and their scores from a file and output the name of each student w/all his/her scores and the total score, plus the average score of the class, and the name and total score of the students with the highest and lowest total score.
4 files are provided: - contains simple input library
FileIOHelper.class - contains a class for simple file input
Sutdent.class - class for student records
info.txt - sample input file
Program performs following actions: 1.Ask the user to enter the name of a file containing information about student scores and input the file name 2.Input the student info from the file and store it in an appropriate array of Student objects 3.Output in a well formatted table the name, individual scores, and total score for each student 4.Output the number of students in the class, the average total score, and the maximum and minimum total score in the class
The input file will contain info about student scores in the following format:
<number of students>
<student name>
<score 1>
<score 2>
<score 3>
<student name> . . .
The first line <number of students> must contain the number of students in the input file, <student name> is a string representing a student name, and <score 1>, <score 2>, <score 3> are integers representing the 3 student scores. Solution must work with an input file following this format but with an arbitrary number of student records.
Sample interaction b/t a user and the program:
Enter file name: info.txt
Name Score1 Score2 Score3 Total
Andy Smith 200 250 400 850
Jake Wise 120 220 330 670
The total number of students in this class is: 2
The average total score of the class is: 760
Andy Smith got the maximum total score of: 850
Jake Wise got the minimum total score of: 670
The FileIOHelper class provides 2 class methods: FileIOHelper.getNumberofStudents(String fileName): takes a String parameter which is the name of an input file in the format described above, and returns the number of students in the file
2.Student FileIOHelper.getNextStudent(): takes no parameters, inputs the name and scores for the next student in the input file, and returns a Student object w/the corresponding value.
A Student object has a name (String) and 3 scores (integers). The Student class provides the following (instance) methods to manipulate Student objects:
1.Student(String name), a constructor: takes a String parameter, the name, and creates a Student object w/the given name and 0 for all the scores
2.String std.getName(): returns the name of student std std.getScore1(): returns the first score for student std std.getScore2(): returns the second score for student std [continued for 3rd score]
5.void std.setScore1(int score): takes an integer score, and sets the first score for student std
6.void std.setScore2(int score): takes and integer score and sets the 2nd score for student.std [continues for 3rd]
Solution Preview
Please see attached file.
<br>In order to run the program, please save the file "info.txt" into a floppy disk and call ...
|
<urn:uuid:1d91c7e7-1690-495f-88ae-9075f1521a12>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.41813844442367554,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7921093106269836,
"url": "https://brainmass.com/computer-science/java/22990"
}
|
It is Mercury’s fault(s)…
Post contributed by Valentina Galluzzi, INAF, Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (IAPS), Rome, Italy
Any celestial body that possesses a rigid crust, be it made of rock (e.g. terrestrial planets, asteroids) or ice (e.g. icy satellites), is subject to both endogenic and exogenic forces that cause the deformation of crustal materials. As a result of the mass movement, the brittle layers often break and slide along “planes” commonly known as faults. In particular, tensional, compressional and shear forces form normal, reverse and strike-slip faults, respectively. On Earth, plate tectonics is the main source of these stresses, being a balanced process that causes the lithospheric plates to diverge, converge and slide with respect to each other. On Mercury, there are no plates and therefore the tectonics work differently. Instead its surface is dominated by widespread lobate scarps, which are the surface expression of contractional thrust faults (i.e. reverse faults whose dip angle is less than 45°) and this small planet is in a state of global contraction.
Image 1. Endeavour Rupes area on Mercury, image is centred at 37.5°N, 31.7°W. Top: MESSENGER MDIS High-Incidence angle basemap illuminated from the West (HIW) at 166 m/pixel. Bottom: MESSENGER global DEM v2 with a 665m grid [USGS Astrogeology Science Center] on HIW basemap, the purple to brown colour ramp represents low to high elevations, respectively. Endeavour Rupes scarp is high ~500 m. For scale, Holbein crater diameter is approximately 110 km.
• Blog Stats
• 63,164 hits
• Io
• Mercury Tectonics
|
<urn:uuid:8cdaa32b-14b4-47a6-b0ce-25c22891b57f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.06754165887832642,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8884146213531494,
"url": "https://planetarygeomorphology.wordpress.com/tag/tectonics/"
}
|
Free-Floating Microbes
Many different microbes, including several types of algae, bacteria and archaea, float in the water of Great Salt Lake. This community of free-floating microbes is often referred to as plankton, phytoplankton, or a pelagic community. The types of microbes living in the water vary by location, season and salinity.
Free-floating microbes harvest energy from the sun through the process of photosynthesis. In the south arm of Great Salt Lake, these organisms supply oxygen and food for the brine shrimp population.
A related species, the red colored Dunaliella salina, lives in the more saline water of the north arm. >
< Dunaliella veridis is a single-celled green algae that thrives in the south arm of Great Salt Lake.
Following the food supply
Satellite Image
In this May 1985 satellite image, the normally pink water of the north arm of Great Salt Lake is bright green due to the growth of Dunaliella veridis
Image STS51B-146-0119 courtesy of the Image Science & Analysis Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center.
The algae Dunaliella veridis are the brine shrimp's favorite food. The success of Dunaliella largely determines to what extent the brine shrimp population thrives, and brine shrimp tend to thrive in areas where the Dunaliella population is greatest.
During a period of flooding in the 1980s, excess fresh water poured into the lake, significantly decreasing the salinity. Diatoms, which prefer less saline waters, took over in the south arm. Because they are covered in hard silica cell walls, diatoms are tough to digest and make a poor diet for brine shrimp. The salinity in the north arm, which is normally too high to support brine shrimp, decreased to the perfect level for Dunaliella veridis to thrive. Brine shrimp, birds, and fleets of brine shrimp cyst fishing vessels soon followed.
APA format:
Genetic Science Learning Center. (2014, October 1) Free-Floating Microbes. Retrieved May 18, 2017, from
CSE format:
Chicago format:
Genetic Science Learning Center. "Free-Floating Microbes." Learn.Genetics.October 1, 2014. Accessed May 18, 2017.
|
<urn:uuid:a9f6fca1-b9ba-4c21-b137-f6d04ddf2234>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.020550906658172607,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8967222571372986,
"url": "http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/gsl/foodweb/ffmicrobes/"
}
|
American English
Definition of burst verb from the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary
Verb Forms present simple I / you / we / they burst
he / she / it bursts
past simple burst
-ing form bursting
jump to other results
1. 1[intransitive, transitive] to break open or apart, especially because of pressure from inside; to make something break in this way That balloon will burst if you blow it up any more. The dam burst under the weight of water. My grocery bag burst and spilled food all over the floor. (figurative) He felt he would burst with anger and shame. a pipe that had burst burst something Don't burst that balloon! The river burst its banks and flooded nearby towns. Thesaurusexplodeblow up go off burst erupt detonateThese are all words that can be used when something bursts apart violently, causing damage or injury.explode to burst loudly and violently, causing damage; to make something burst in this way:The jet smashed into a hillside and exploded. The bomb was exploded under controlled conditions.blow (something) up (somewhat informal) to be destroyed by an explosion; to destroy something by an explosion:A police officer was killed when her car blew up.go off (of a bomb) to explode; (of a gun) to be fired:The bomb went off in a crowded street. When used about guns, the choice of go off (instead of “be fired”) can suggest that the gun was fired by accident.burst to break open or apart, especially because of pressure from inside; to make something break in this way:A water pipe burst and flooded the kitchen.erupt (of a volcano) to throw out burning rocks and smoke; (of burning rocks and smoke) to be thrown out of a volcano:Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980.detonate (somewhat formal) (of a bomb) to explode; to make a bomb explode:Two other bombs failed to detonate.Patterns a bomb explodes/blows up/goes off/bursts/detonates a car/plane/vehicle explodes/blows up a firework/rocket explodes/goes off
2. 2[intransitive] + adv./prep. to go or move somewhere suddenly with great force; to come from somewhere suddenly He burst into the room without knocking. The sun burst through the clouds. The words burst from her in an angry rush.
3. 3[intransitive] be bursting (with something) to be very full of something; to be very full and almost breaking open The roads are bursting with cars. to be bursting with ideas/enthusiasm/pride The hall was filled to bursting point. The hall was full to bursting.
4. Idioms
be bursting/bulging at the seams (informal)
jump to other results
to be very full, especially of people
be bursting to do something
jump to other results
to want to do something so much that you can hardly stop yourself She was bursting to tell him the good news.
the bubble bursts
jump to other results
there is a sudden end to a good or lucky situation When the bubble finally burst, hundreds of people lost their jobs. The optimistic bubble has now burst and economists agree the recession will continue.
burst somebody's bubble
jump to other results
to bring an end to someone's hopes, happiness, etc. He seemed so happy—I couldn't burst his bubble so soon.
burst open, burst (something) open
jump to other results
to open suddenly or violently; to make something open in this way The door burst open. Firefighters burst the door open and rescued them.
Phrasal Verbsburst inburst in on somebody/somethingburst into somethingburst on/onto somethingburst out
See the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary entry: burst
|
<urn:uuid:c4f517d4-3c60-47f4-81f3-eea9e39bd8b3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.02969282865524292,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.933375358581543,
"url": "http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/burst_1"
}
|
Sign up
Here's how it works:
1. Anybody can ask a question
2. Anybody can answer
This was another question from my son's workbook. It said:
Which one is it? Why?
share|cite|improve this question
up vote 5 down vote accepted
share|cite|improve this answer
Convection, as the warmer less dense particles are at the surface of the pool while the colder denser ones at the bottom are gaining kinetic energy and are at the bottom this is a convection current.
share|cite|improve this answer
This is not entirely correct. The answer is both conduction and convection. Convection moves warmer water away from you towards cooler water and conduction transfers heat from your body to the cooler water. The displacement of water during the entrance into the pool is a form of forced convection through displacement... – honeste_vivere Mar 7 at 15:20
Your Answer
|
<urn:uuid:ffed98fe-4ce8-4136-8958-2121bdf27660>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.9998825788497925,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9542491436004639,
"url": "http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/43103/what-would-jumping-into-a-pool-and-feeling-cold-be-called-conduction-or-convec?answertab=oldest"
}
|
Skip to navigation | Skip to content
Sheep smarter than we think
Do we owe sheep an apology? A new study suggests they're not as wool-brained as we think (Image: iStockphoto)
PhD student Caroline Lee, who works with CSIRO Livestock Industries, found sheep can not only work out how to get through a complicated maze but they get better every time they do it.
"We basically showed that sheep are smarter than people think," she says.
Lee tested 60 sheep by putting them at the start of maze about 18 metres by 8 metres, from which they could see their companions at the other end through open-bar fences.
On day one the sheep made it to the end of the maze in an average of 90 seconds, Lee says, but by day three they'd cut the time down by two-thirds and were taking fewer wrong turns.
The drugged sheep couldn't match the performance of their drug-free flockmates.
Not all sheep are equal
But the research suggests some sheep are smarter than others, says Lee, whose work is being used to sort out the bright sparks from the more cognitively challenged.
"Preliminary results show that there does seem to be some [genetic region] for cognition," she says.
"He can monitor the animals better and there's less labour for him," Lee says. "Smarter sheep are more able to deal with the system."
A-mazing sheep
In a paper accepted for publication in the journal Applied Animal Behaviour Science Lee reports that the maze could also be used to test sheep for spatial memory and learning defects associated with some neurological conditions, such as annual ryegrass toxicity.
Lee's work, the first to use a maze test on sheep, also won her a Fresh Science award.
The research comes after a separate study published in Nature in 2001, found sheep have an uncanny memory for faces.
Tags: environment, agricultural-crops, cloning-and-dna
|
<urn:uuid:5a8b02ab-2b44-47ee-9d65-400db4a5ce63>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.022537946701049805,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9770180583000183,
"url": "http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2005/08/30/1444224.htm"
}
|
Lesson 3: Nature's Powers and Natural Kinds
Modeling -- pp. 31-34 on modeling various natures; pp. 134-135 on human cognitive powers; pp. 180-185 on human powers in operation; pp. 38-45 on the elements; pp. 45-73 on modeling inorganic natures.
Elements -- sec. 24 on sensation and perception; sec. 25 on intellection; secs. 26-27 on appetition and sensitive appetites; sec. 28 on volition; sec. 29 on man; sec. 22 on life and soul.
1. Identify the basic powers found in human nature. How may they be represented in a stimulus-response model?
2. How are protomatter and natural form represented in the powers model of an inorganic nature?
3. Compare the Aristotelian model of an inorganic nature with that of the modern physicist.
4. How can the Bohr model of the atom cast light on the function of the natural form in inorganic processes?
5. Contrast the modern chemist's explanation of chemical combination with that of the natural philosopher.
6. Contrast the modern physicist's explanation of radioactivity with that of the natural philosopher.
Lesson 3 Figures:
Purchase This Course << Previous Next >> Return to Top
|
<urn:uuid:ed905705-e76b-4938-8421-79f376c5723e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.8967272043228149,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7151522636413574,
"url": "https://icucourses.com/pages/020-03-assignments-and-figures"
}
|
What Is Free Will?
Only available on StudyMode
• Download(s) : 167
• Published : December 1, 2012
Open Document
Text Preview
What is free will? Free will is about people can make the choice on their action or decision freely. Choice is between good and evil. For example, you think that you study at HKU SPACE community college is free; it is because you could have studied at City university instead of HKU SPACE community college.
Determinists believe that the level of which human beings has influence over their future is itself dependent on present and past, that mean every event is determined by the previous events. If an event is determined, it is impossible for it not to happen given everything that happened before it. Moreover, determinism is follows from physicalism, it is because every event is a physical event and every physical event is given the laws of physics. In the meantime, determinism thinks that every event is predestined but not by random, so we could not have luck. Furthermore, people’s choice is depended on their preference and some external factors to make a decision. For example, considering your choice to study at HKU SPACE community college again, you chose SPACE rather than City University because you preferred SPACE to City University, so it means that your choice was caused by your preference. To summarize the determinists’ argument: firstly, whatever happens is determined by prior events; secondly, we act freely whenever we could have acted otherwise. Finally, if our actions are determined, we could not have acted otherwise. Therefore, we have not free will. Apart from these, determinism thinks that we are unfree is because both luck and free will is our illusions. We think there is luck it is because we fail to predict the outcome of a rolling dice or a flipping coin. Although the outcome of a rolling dice is determined, we cannot get all the variables in order to calculate the result.
Indeterminism states that free actions are uncaused actions so they are indeterminate, those free actions are actions which happen randomly. For example, if my arm’s behavior is uncaused, then it may sometimes move up and sometimes move down, which is totally out of my control. As a result, we have no free will since indeterminism is true, then our action is out of my control.
On the other hand, Robert Kane introduces the theory of modified indeterminism which defines free actions are caused by our decisions but they are indeterminate before we make decisions. For instance, when you have inner conflicts, you are torn between action A and action B, which creates a neutral indeterminacy. As both of the actions have a 0.5 chance of occurring, the probability of the occurrence of A would change to 1 if you decide to perform A. The action A is caused by your own decision although it is indeterminate before you make the decision.
Nevertheless, Taylor rejects the theory of indeterminism due to the cause of your decision. If there is no cause, we do not have free will because the action is out of our control even though this action resulted from an inner club-wielding desire of yours, you have nothing to do, and that it arose, to be followed by its inevitable effect. This behavior can be concluded as erratic, impulsive and irresponsible. Also, the reason of rejecting modified indeterminism is the decision is not free events because it has a cause. So it has contradiction in this theory.
In order to support his argument, he introduces the theory of agency to further explain his point. In this theory, an action is both free and rational, it must be such that the agent who performed it did so for some reason, but this reason cannot have been the cause of it. Moreover, there is an extraordinary conception of causation, according to such agent, which is a substance and not an event, can nevertheless be the cause of an event. For example, you pick a drink from the fridge, and then you represent the agent that causes the action - pick a drink from the fridge, without any reasons that control...
tracking img
|
<urn:uuid:736d84eb-3eb2-4aa7-a837-fe698f52d223>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.828125,
"fasttext_score": 0.37560057640075684,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9607017040252686,
"url": "http://www.studymode.com/essays/What-Is-Free-Will-1273857.html"
}
|
Skip to content
The Watchers – East Antarctic rifting triggers uplift of the Gamburtsev Mountains
January 18, 2012
Gamburtsev Mountains (East Antarctic) are the most unique of all mounatins on Earth because they lie below the surface of the Earth! Valleys dotted with an interconnected lake system and a sheet of Antarctic ice is without doubt the most peculiar mountain system ever discovered on our planet. Although they were uncovered by a Russian seismic survey in 1950, research work was very limited until University of Columbia geophysicist Robin Bell studied mountains and revealed some fascinating news including the obfuscated origin of this range.
Since the first discovery of The Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains more than 50 years ago, their origin has remained a mystery. The Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains are the least understood tectonic feature on Earth, because they are completely hidden beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, covered by up to 15,750 feet (4,800 m) of ice.
During the International Polar Year, seven nations pooled their resources to carry out the AGAP project aimed at understanding how youthful looking mountains could have formed in the middle of an apparently stable Precambrian craton. These mountains are as large as the European Alps, boasting heights of over 3,000 meters and an expanse of 1,200 km, yet researchers know almost nothing more about them. Latest aerogeophysical results indicate that a unique combination of processes led to the formation and uplift of the Gamburtsevs mountains which are buried under nearly a mile and a half of ice.
Nearby rocks suggest they are quite ancient, but their steep, rugged shapes, which resemble the Alps, are what one would expect of young mountains. About a billion years ago a thick root formed beneath the Gamburtsev Province as a mosaic of plates collided to form the core of East Antarctica. One of largest rift systems in the world that extends for over 3,000 km from India to central East Antarctica provided the tectonic trigger to uplift the Gamburtsev Mountains in two phases about 250 and 100 Ma ago. The billion-year-old root was rejuvaneted during the rifting processes and helped uplift the range. Finally, fluvial and glacial erosion cut deep valleys and helped uplift the peaks prior to 14 Ma ago.
An artist’s illustration of how the Gamburtsev mountains appear. (Credit: British Antarctic Survey)
Researchers flew approximately 74,500 miles (120,000 kilometers) with two aircraft equipped with ice-penetrating radars, lasers and magnetic and gravity meters to collect new data from the Gamburtsev region, to learn more about their mysterious origins. Magnetic anomalies seen throughout the Gamburtsevs match those of approximately 1-billion-year-old rocks seen to the north, ones predating the evolution of animals and plants on Earth. This evidence suggests the root of this mountain range was born around that time from collisions of several continents or microcontinents, findings are corroborated by gravity and other data.
Until recently, researchers have assumed the vast majority of the ice that makes up ice sheets forms as snowflakes compact over millions of years. To image the ice below the frigid surface, scientists used two Twin Otter aircraft equipped with ice-penetrating radars, laser ranging systems, gravity meters, and sensors that measure magnetic fields. The planes scanned the surface in north-south flights spaced 5 kilometers apart, crossing in east-west lines every 33 kilometers.
Previous studies have found temperatures below the ice sheet, caused by the warmth of the planet below, that could melt water. But scientists thought there was much less meltwater, playing a far less important role in ice sheet structure, than the new work suggests.
An early visualization of the Gamburtsev Mountain range with the ice ‘removed’ so we can image what lies below. The graphic is plotted by combining radar ice thickness data from the field campaign, and satellite data from NASA ICE Sat for surface elevation contours. Once the data is plotted into a graphic we can begin to examine this expansive mountain range, currently hidden under the weight of many meters of ice. The data reveals a topography that looks more like a sharply chiseled river valley than a smoothly carved glacial landscape.
The Great Flood detailed in Genesis, which was powerful enough to cause such land mass formations, provides a possible answer to this mystery. Considerable creation science research has already been conducted regarding the formation of mountains in general, the Earth’s past Ice Age, and the Earth’s present ice caps. According to the creation model, the Flood deposited extensive amounts of sediment. While still soft, the sediments were deformed and uplifted, and water running off the continents carved further mountains.
This research is an important contribution to our understanding of Antarctic tectonics with a number of important wider implications, such as deciphering mountain-building processes in continental interiors and their effects.
The next step will be to assemble a team to drill through the ice into the mountains to obtain the first rock samples from the Gamburtsevs. Amazingly, we have samples of the moon but none of the Gamburtsevs. With these rock samples, we will be able to constrain when this ancient piece of crust was rejuvenated and grew to a magnificent mountain range.“ researcher Robin Bell of Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
NERC Open Research Archive (full paper)
The Watchers – East Antarctic rifting triggers uplift of the Gamburtsev Mountains.
No comments yet
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Google+ photo
Connecting to %s
%d bloggers like this:
|
<urn:uuid:a4ecb142-527c-4227-a1fc-851831ab5597>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.875,
"fasttext_score": 0.04082667827606201,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9223603010177612,
"url": "https://abraveheart1.wordpress.com/2012/01/18/the-watchers-east-antarctic-rifting-triggers-uplift-of-the-gamburtsev-mountains/"
}
|
1. Abraham bought Sarah’s burial site for 400 shekels.
It was the year 2085 (counting forward from Creation). Abraham was grieving because his beloved wife had just gone to her eternal rest at age 127. He was still relatively young at 137 and missing his wife. However, he had to find a place to lay her to rest. He chose a cave in Machpelah and negotiated the purchase with Ephron the Hittite, who was the owner.
2. Ephron the Hittite did not want to sell the land for even 400 shekels
Since the Hittites honored Abraham as a great Prince, Ephron did not even want to sell the land, valued at 400 shekels of silver, to him. He would have given it to him.
However, Abraham’s business sense was not dulled by grief and he insisted on purchasing the property at the current value. Sometimes people have a way of reclaiming gifts! He weighed the 400 shekels of silver and the land was his. The transaction was completed in the presence of the people of the city – right in the city gates. Then Abraham buried Sarah in the cave in Machpelah (Genesis 23).
3. What was the composition of the Currency Exchange System in Abraham’s day? – revealed by 400 shekels of silver
Abraham weighed the 400 shekels of silver to Ephron. The scriptures say that this was current money among the merchants” (Genesis 23: 16). This scripture reveals that:
• There was a system of currency called money in the times of Abraham.
• It was used as a medium of exchange – this was not bartering.
• The words “current value” implies that the value of the money varied in the same manner like a stock market.
• Silver was the form in which the money was minted
• The silver had a particular value in weight called the shekel.
• Abraham had to weigh his silver in order to arrive at the value of 400 shekels.
• How much was one shekel worth back then?
NB: Compare this historical practice with the value of gold, which is also based on a system of weights called grams or grains. The concept is the same.
4. What is the Hebrew meaning for “… money with the merchant”?
Cachar (H 5503) is the Hebrew word used for “money with the merchant”. Its usage reveals that people traded in goods and used money as the means of exchange, as early as Abraham’s time. Other examples:
• Joseph’s brothers sold him for 30 pieces of silver – human trafficing exposed (Genesis 37: 28).
• Solomon’s merchants bought linen from Egypt on his behalf (1 Kings 10: 28).
Trafficing and trading were two words commonly used in the King James translation to describe trade in those days http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H5503&t=KJV
The scenario and the language reveal that Abraham was a Business Magnate and well respected among the Canaanites.
5. What is the current value of silver in everyday currency exchanges?
Silver is relatively inexpensive today, but it may have been rare in Abraham’s time. Interestingly, silver still remains the medium of exchange worldwide and its usage as a medium of exchange shows me that its value seems to be relatively consistent: For example:
a. US Currency
• A dime = 10 cents or 10 parts of 100.
• Quarter = 25 cents or 25 parts of 100
• A US dollar = 100 cents or 100 parts of 100 or
b. Eastern Caribbean currency (value of silver)
• 5 cents = 5 parts of 100
• 10 cents = 10 parts of 100
• 25 cents = 25 parts of a dollar
• 50 cents = 50 parts of a dollar
• $ 1.00 = 100 cents or 100 parts of 100.
In the US currency, copper is used as the means of exchange for values less than 10 cents.
6. What is the current value of 400 shekels?
The Current exchange rate for the shekel is US $103.6914. Based on the exchange rate, it seems that Israel that would make a great place for investments; all else being equal.
Have fun exploring the current value of silver at this site
Have a great day!
|
<urn:uuid:084aa959-d862-45e5-add8-41c178179afa>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.1779952049255371,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9579735994338989,
"url": "https://pppministries.wordpress.com/2010/06/25/currency-exchanges-in-the-times-of-abraham/"
}
|
Wednesday, December 28, 2011
Weaubleau's Round Rocks
Driving back to Minnesota with the family after Thanksgiving, Passenger attempted to amuse Driver with area factoids from Wiki and its links. We were on Highway 13 approaching Osceola, MO, which is north-northeast of Weaubleau. So that prompted a search for information on the enigmatic Weaubleau Eggs, aka “round rocks.”
Google offers this photo:
Thousands have been found in the vicinity, but they're rare elsewhere on Earth. The most common sizes run from golf-balls to grapefruit. Over the years, residents of Weaubleau and Osceola built stairways and walls from them.
Most are round or ovoid, a little flattened on one side. Cracking them open reveals that the bulk of each egg is chert, a hard, glossy sedimentary rock that results when silica replaces portions of calcium-carbonate limestone. Flint is one type of chert.
Weaubleau eggs often have a small piece of gray or greenish mudstone at the center, hence comparisons to eggs and their yolks. Sometimes the mudstone may hold the fossil of a conodont, a tiny, toothy eel.
Round rocks sometimes occur together in ancient gravel deposits. This geology paper on the Weaubleau crater calls them shale-filled paleokarst pockets. Here's a photo from that paper:
The current consensus among the rock-minded is that the round rocks originated with a meteorite impact circa 320-340 million years ago. Given that there are three non-concentric rings visible with synthetic-aperture radar, the cause may have been two or three serial impacts in close proximity. At any rate, something produced rings of shocked rock, the largest of which is about 12 miles in diameter.
Weaubleau counts as one of the Top 50 biggest meteor impacts detected on Earth, and offers more visible remnants than the average site.
There's another possible distinction, even rarer if confirmed. Weaubleau could be one of a near-linear string of craters along the 38th Parallel:
If these are not coincidental, the Weaubleau event would be part of the only known serial-meteorite-impact on Earth.
But this caveat: Planetary geologists say a serial impact on Earth is improbable. Given the Earth's relatively weak gravity well, compared to that of Jupiter, terrestial gravity is supposed to be too weak to break up even poorly cemented comets. So before agreeing, they'd want more proof that the 38th Parallel craters are of the same age.
But the Moon appears to have several crater strings from serial impacts, so it's not impossible.
Back to rock hunting. The best place to find a specimen is near the rim of the crater. North of Osceola, we turned off the main highway and found this estimable egg in a ditch:
It's a little more than seven inches in diameter, and weighs 13 pounds, so it's on the upper end of egg size. And no, we don't plan on breaking it open to see if there's a baby conodont fossil inside.
What would form such odd objects, and in such great numbers? One TV news account surmised that the eggs were formed immediately by the impact and flew like so many cannonballs from ground zero. More likely is that the impact threw out little pieces of mudstone from the crater that, in time, prompted chert formation. The phrase doesn't roll off the tongue like the term "cannonball," but rockhounds say that Weaubleau eggs are spherical nodules of chert that nucleated around siltstone clasts.
1 comment:
|
<urn:uuid:67b31d8a-61fb-4d78-8140-ad99ab09f833>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.765625,
"fasttext_score": 0.310371994972229,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9366835355758667,
"url": "http://disaster-wise.blogspot.com/2011/12/weaubleaus-round-rocks.html"
}
|
-: On Circles and Angles :-
Maþs:Circles Infinity
It is interesting to note þat maþematicians one and all, hold þat þe circle is measured by its radius, when in þe real world, noþing of þe kind happens. In practice, þere are þree kind of circle.
Full Circles
A circle, cylinder, disk, or sphere one might fully handle, is measured by its diameter.
Arcs of Circles
A horizon circle one stands in, and measures þe distance between remote points by a measure of arc, or inclines over small angles (such as a road), are measured by þe radius to arc-lengþ measure, is in radians.
Circles in þe Sky
A circle in þe sky might be visualised as being mapped onto a wall-chart, þe coordinates are found by þe remainder against a day-cycle (right ascession) or year (degree), and þat coordinate mapped onto þe chart. Stylistic day-degrees, of which 3.00 make þe circle are used to plot þe point. Signs represent monþs, and þe measure of right ascession is given by siderial time.
Scientists and maþematicians measure angle of þe circle from þe right-most point, (ie x=1), and measure anti-clockwise, so þe top is 90, þe left is 180, and þe bottom is 270.
Þe normal convention, is to measure in clock-face notation, even where degrees are given. Top or norþ is 0, Right or East is 90, Bottom or Souþ is 180, and West or Left is 270. Such are to be found on compasses.
A good deal of time is spent trying to replicate þe degree-like unit, such as þe metric degree, 400 (twe: 340) make þe circle. Þe angle system þat comes down to us is þe nominal sumerian year circle, þe year divided to 360 (twe: 300) days, and þen divided as time is, to 60 ghurries, of 60 pali of 60 vipali. (to use þe hindoo terms).
In practice, a circle is a single þing to be divided. Þe normal divisions of anyþing by roman practice is into uncia or twelfts. Even to þis day, one can give a coordinate of circle by a clock-face expression (six-oclock).
A circle is a single þing, a cycle, and is divided accordingly. A circle, is þus divided into (twe: 100) degrees of (twe: 100) minutes of (twe: 100) seconds.
While one might divide þe sphere into angles of excess, a sphere being two circles of excess, þe rule taken here is þat all space is 1, and all lesser angles are written as fractions according to þe twelfty-number. A cube-corner holds 0:15 sphere, and is þus 15 solid degrees. Þe rule of excess is þat þe angles between þe faces, form a triangle of þree right-angles, ie 30+30+30 gives 90, þis excedes þe euclidean triangle by 30 degrees.
Maþematicians use radians, and þeir prismatic powers. But þe solid radian exceeds þe sphere surface in nineteen dimensions. Þe tegmic power of þe radian, is somewhat less þan þe solid angle of a regular simplex, þe simplex lying somewhat less þan sqrt(n/4) of þis angle, but definitely greater þan 1 (and 1:72 for dimensions greater þan N=24).
In any case, Euclid did not rely on trignometry and radians in his classic 'Elements', and þe Polygloss does not brook þe elements of maffamatiks eiþer.
Of Tau and Eta
Unlike constants like Napier's exponent-constant e, Pi is not someþing þat one is invariably lead to. Þe brief here, so to speak, is to set a constant to hive off þe irrationalities, raþer þan someþing þat all people are invariably lead to.
c/1 = 6:34 Tau, is someþing þat maþematicians are invariably seemed to be lead to, by way of þeir use of radians, and arc-measures over small angles. Þe various taylor series etc for measures like cosines and sines, evaluate to a radian, when þe number fed in is "1". Its downfall is þat real people simply do not use circles by radius.
c/2 = 3:17 Pi. Þe ancient measure of þe ratio between þe diameter and circumference of a circle, stand in þis ratio.
c/3 = 2:11.40 Þe diameter of a circle, as arc. Heaþ discusses a Sumerian measure of þe circle, where þe circle is taken to have a diameter of 60 ells, and þe circumference is divided into 180 ells, each of 24 digits.
c/4 = 1:68.60 Eta=h, comes from þe crind product, where þe volume of a sphere of n dimensions, is given by þe formula CPn = h^(n % 2) / n!!. Þe percentage sign, as in REXX, means to discard þe remainder. Þe double exclains (!!), mean to multiply downwards in steps of 2, as long as þe number remains positive.
In terms of þe tegum product, CTn = (n-1)!! h^(n%2). Naturally CTn * PCn = PTn = n!. All þree products are coherent, which means in a dimensional analys, one can freely associate L^n to mean Cn.L^n etc.
c/6 = 1:05.80 Þe ratio between þe sextant and radian. Þe ratio of a hexagon to an inscribed circle (boþ of circumference and area), stand in þis ratio.
c/8 = 0:94.30 Þe ratio between a circle inscribed in a square (circumference and area), and a cylinder in a cube. It is raþer interesting þat þe density of wheat to water stand pretty much in þis ratio: a cube holding a pound of wheat would hold also a cylinder of a pound of water.
Þe values of Pi
Þe following table gives various approximates to þe constant hait pi. Some irrational values might arise from þe use of square roots, etc. For example, þe equating of a quadrant arc of 10 to a quadrant chord of 9, produces a square root of 2.
Alþough þe table gives an indicated value of a number typically referred to as (twe: 3:17), it does not mean þat any real attempt is being tried to find a more exact value. Þe example above, known to þe Egyptians, is mearly someþing one might find wiþ a sewing tape, for example.
Þe values of Pi
Pi in
3.000 000 000 000 3 Þis is þe value of pi, assuming þe hexagon represents þe circle. In Sumerian measure, a circle of diameter 60 ells, has a circumference of 180 ells (Heaþ).
3.072 000 000 00 A five inch sphere has þe same volume as a four inch cube.
3.125 000 000 00 Þis value of pi appears as one of þe forms in Berriman. It was also known as an approximation to þe Egyptians.
3.136 000 000 00 A five-inch sphere has a volume of 65 1/3 cu in (= 2744 / 42).
3.141 361 256 54 600/191. Þis is þe value of pi, when one radian equals 57.3 degrees. As an expression of 1/pi = &38&24/120, is accidently equal to þe solid angle of þe twelftychoron x5o3o3o þis being 38s 24f or &38&24/120 of þe 4 sphere.
3.141 567 230 22 823543/262144: Þis appears to be þe best approximation to pi, using numbers whose prime factors are 2, 3, 5 and 7. Þe value is 7**7/8**6. Written in octal, þe value of pi is 3.1103 7552 52, and þis number is 3.1103 67.
3.141 592 653 59 Pi to 11 decimals. (twe: 3:16E8.E212.7796)
3.141 592 920 35 355/113, a very good approximation to pi. If ye want to run an experiment, þe result depends on pi, ye can fake þe results using þis approximation.
3.141 600 000 00 3.1416: Þis value of pi is known in India. Interistingly, þe recripical of þis written in twelfty is 0: Note: 3.1416 is 187×168.
3.141 640 786 50 1.2 phi², þis is known from a number of different sources.
3.141 666 666 66 377/120. Þis version of Pi is known in þe sexagesimal form 3&8&30/60. In þe form 3&17/120, it reflects a version of 1.2 × phi². In þis form, it can be written as 1.2×377/144, where 377 and 144 are fibanacci mumbers.
3.141 818 181 81 864/275. Þis equates a cubic foot wiþ 2200 cylinder inches.
3.142 337 619 40 24/35 sqrt(21). Þis comes from 1 cyl ft = 2800 hoppus in = 36 Litre.
3.142 561 983 47 1521/484: Þis is 3&3&3/22. Þis ratio is a square (of 39/22), and þus a 44-inch circle has þe same area as a 39-inch square.
3.142 696 805 27 20/9 sqrt(2): Þis is þe square root of 800/81. Þis is þe value of pi, implied by equating þe quadrant to 10 parts, where þe inscribed square has an edge of 9. Þis is known to þe ancient Egyptians. Þis value also makes an f-unit equal to a cubic inch on þe surface of an eighteen-inch four-sphere, þere being 14400 f-units making full space.
3.142 857 142 85 22/7: 3&1/7. Þis is þe most common approximation to pi, used in calculations. Metrologically, it is not at all common. Þe one place where it arises is þe rating of þe Wine Gallon as 294 cylinder inches, and 231 cubical inches.
3.146 108 329 53 6912/2197: Þis equates a 13 inch cylinder wiþ a 12 inch cube.
3.150 000 000 00 63/20: Þis value of pi appears in Berriman, etc, as a form of þe geographic pi.
Þe Swedish army mill uses þis pi.
3.152 161 253 53 Þe geographic pi , defined as lengþ of equator ÷ polar axis. Boþ of þese measures have been extensively used in metrology.
3.160 493 827 16 256/81, a value known to þe Egyptians. A nine-inch circle has þe same area as an eight-inch square.
3.162 277 660 17 sqrt(10): At one time, þe square root of 10 was put forward as a version of pi.
3.200 000 000 00 32/10: Four parts of Four Þe value pi used in þe NATO army mil, since it gives þe binary division of þe circle demanded by þe compass rose.
army mil
Þe circle is divided into an exact number of units, which are meant to correspond to milliradians. Þis generates a pi-approximate, eg 3.15 or 3.2
Cylinder measure
Þe cylinder of unit height, and unit volume.
Geograpic pi
Þe ratio of þe polar axis to þe circumference of þe Earþ. Boþ measures have been used extensively in metrology.
© 2003-2009 Wendy Krieger
|
<urn:uuid:e472ec52-f051-4e53-bfeb-b4e0fefe2bfc>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.796875,
"fasttext_score": 0.1642494797706604,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9242944121360779,
"url": "http://os2fan2.com/glossn/ptcircles.html"
}
|
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In mathematics, in the area of statistical analysis, bicoherence is a squared normalised version of the bispectrum. The bicoherence takes values bounded between 0 and 1, which make it a convenient measure for quantifying the extent of phase coupling in a signal. It is also known as bispectral coherency. The prefix bi- in bispectrum and bicoherence refers not to two time series xt, yt but rather to two frequencies of a single signal.
The bispectrum is a statistic used to search for nonlinear interactions. The Fourier transform of the second-order cumulant, i.e., the autocorrelation function, is the traditional power spectrum. The Fourier transform of C3(t1,t2) (third-order cumulant) is called bispectrum or bispectral density. They fall in the category of Higher Order Spectra, or Polyspectra and provide supplementary information to the power spectrum. The third order polyspectrum (bispectrum) is the easiest to compute, and hence the most popular.
The difference with measuring coherence (coherence analysis is an extensively used method to study the correlations in frequency domain, between two simultaneously measured signals) is the need for both input and output measurements by estimating two auto-spectra and one cross spectrum. On the other hand, bicoherence is an auto-quantity, i.e. it can be computed from a single signal. The coherence function provides a quantification of deviations from linearity in the system which lies between the input and output measurement sensors. The bicoherence measures the proportion of the signal energy at any bifrequency that is quadratically phase coupled. It is usually normalized in the range similar to correlation coefficient and classical (second order) coherence. It was also used for depth of anasthesia assesement and widely in plasma physics (nonlinear energy transfer) and also for detection of gravitation waves.
Bispectrum and bicoherence may be applied to the case of non-linear interactions of a continuous spectrum of propagating waves in one dimension [1].
Bicoherence measurements have been carried out for EEG signals monitoring in sleep, wakefulness and seizures.
The bispectrum is defined as the triple product
where is the bispectrum evaluated at frequencies and , is the Fourier transform of the signal, and denotes the complex conjugate. The Fourier transform is a complex quantity, and so is the bispectrum. From complex multiplication, the magnitude of the bispectrum is equal to the product of the magnitudes of each of the frequency components, and the phase of the bispectrum is the sum of the phases of each of the frequency components.
Suppose that the three Fourier components , and were perfectly phase locked. Then if the Fourier transform was calculated several times from different parts of the time series, the bispectrum will always have the same value. If we add together all of the bispectra, they will sum without cancelling. On the other hand, suppose that the phases of each of these frequencies was random. Then, the bispectrum will have the same magnitude (assuming that the magnitude of the frequency components is the same) but the phase will be randomly oriented. Adding together all of the bispectra will result in cancellation, because of the random phase orientation, and so the sum of the bispectra will have a small magnitude. Detecting phase coupling requires summation over a number of independent samples- this is the first motivation for defining the bicoherence. Secondly, the bispectrum is not normalized, because it still depends on the magnitudes of each of the frequency components. The bicoherence includes a normalization factor that removes the magnitude dependence.
There is some inconsistency with the definition of the bicoherence normalization constant. Some of the definitions that have been used are
which was provided in Sigl and Chamoun 1994, but does not appear to be correctly normalized. Alternatively, plasma physics typically uses
where the angle brackets denote averaging. Note that this is the same as using a sum, because is the same in the numerator and the denominator. This definition is directly from Nagashima 2006, and is also referred to in He 2009 and Maccarone 2005.
Finally, one of the most intuitive definitions comes from Hagihira 2001 and Hayashi 2007, which is
The numerator contains the magnitude of the bispectrum summed over all of the time series segments. This quantity is large if there is phase coupling, and approaches 0 in the limit of random phases. The denominator, which normalizes the bispectrum, is given by calculating the bispectrum after setting all of the phases to 0. This corresponds to the case where there is perfect phase coupling, because all of the samples have zero phase. Therefore, the bicoherence has a value between 0 (random phases) and 1 (total phase coupling).
• Hagihira, S., Takashina, M., Mori, T., Mashimo, T., & Yoshiya, I. (2001). Practical Issues in Bispectral Analysis of Electroencephalographic Signals. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 93(4), 966-970. Retrieved from
• Hayashi, K., Tsuda, N., Sawa, T., & Hagihira, S. (2007). Ketamine increases the frequency of electroencephalographic bicoherence peak on the alpha spindle area induced with propofol. British journal of anaesthesia, 99(3), 389-95. doi:10.1093/bja/aem175
• Nagashima, Y., Itoh, K., Itoh, S.-I., Hoshino, K., Fujisawa, A., Ejiri, A., Takase, Y., et al. (2006). Observation of coherent bicoherence and biphase in potential fluctuations around geodesic acoustic mode frequency on JFT-2M. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 48(5A), A377-A386. doi:10.1088/0741-3335/48/5A/S38
• He, H. (2009). The Canonical Bicoherence - Part I : Definition, Multitaper Estimation, and Statistics. Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions, 57(4), 1273-1284. Retrieved from
• Maccarone, T. J., & Schnittman, J. D. (2004). The bicoherence as a diagnostic for models of high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 357(1), 12-16. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08615.x
• Mendel JM. "Tutorial on higher-order statistics (spectra) in signal processing and system theory: theoretical results and some applications." Proceedings of the IEEE, 79, 3, 278-305
• M J Hinich, "Testing for Gaussianity and linearity of a stationary time series", Journal of Time Series Analysis 3(3), 1982 pp 169–176.
• HOSA - Higher Order Spectral Analysis Toolbox. (shareware for Microsoft Windows-type personal computers.)
• Sigl, J.C. and N.G. Chamoun. 1994. An introduction to bispectral analysis for the electroencephalogram. Journal of Clinical Monitoring 10:392-404.
• T.H. Bullock, J.Z. Achimowicz et al., "Bicoherence of intracranial EEG in awake, sleep and seizures", Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology and EEG, 1997,vol.231,pp. 130–142.
• J.L. Shils, M. Litt, B.E. Skolnick, M.M. Stecker, "Bispectral analysis of visual interactions in humans", Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 1996;98:113-125.
|
<urn:uuid:ba197d3a-f870-4dbd-bdfa-503ec153641c>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.03717482089996338,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8490251898765564,
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicoherence"
}
|
Discrete Event Simulation
Application Description
The Discrete Event Simulation (DES) algorithm is commonly used to simulate systems of interacting stations, e.g., circuit simulation, units in a battle field, assembly line etc. The interacting objects in the system are modeled as stations, which store some state. During the course of simulation, the stations interact with each other via messages or events, and cause changesin their own state or the state of other stations. The changes are modeled as events being sent from a station to other stations. An event causes the target station to potentially update its state and generate new events destined for other stations in the system dependent upon this change. The system is represented as a graph where nodes are the stations and edges represent the communication links between the stations. Every event has a time stamp associated with it. The system evolves by processing the events in their time stamp order. The data parallelism in this algorithm arises from multiple events executing on different stations in the system. This benchmark uses Discrete Event Simulation to model logic circuit simulation. Here the processing stations are logic gates, which are interconnected with each other through wires (edges in the graph). The events in the system represent a change of value on the input or output of a gate. The simulation starts with some predefined initial events for the inputs of the circuit. Processing these initial events causes additional events to be generated in the system. When the input of a gate changes, it updates its output and generates new events to update the inputs of the gates in its fanout and so on. The simulation finishes when there are no unprocessed events.
Ordered Algorithm
The basic condition for correctness of the simulation is that events be processed in time stamp order. Therefore, the commonly used sequential algorithm orders the events in a priority queue. The algorithm iterates over this priority queue, removing the event with least time stamp during each iteration, and processing it. Processing of an event may generate new events which are added back to the priority queue for processing. The algorithm terminates when the priority queue becomes empty. Figure 1 below shows the pseudocode for this algorithm.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Graph circuit = /* create graph from netlist */ Set events = /* initial events */ PriorityQueue pq = new PriorityQueue(); pq.addAll(events); while (!pq.isEmpty()) { Event e = pq.removeMin(); Station s = e.targetObj(); List newEvents = s.simulate(e); pq.addAll(newEvents); }
Figure 1: Pseudocode for Discrete Event Simulation: Sequential Ordered Algorithm.
Unordered Algorithm
Chandy and Misra [1] proposed an unordered algorithm for Discrete Event Simulation. Their algorithm is based on an insight from data-flow architectures that a station must adhere to certain firing rules. For example, a station can fire, i.e., process events, only after it has received events on all of its inputs, at which point it can determine a set called Ready-Events. Let T(i) be the timestamp of the latest event received on input i of a station. Then the set Ready-Events is { Event e | timestamp(e) <= min(T(i) forall i) }. Here min(T(i)) is the minimum of the time stamps of the latest event received on all inputs i. The key observation here is that the events received on an input always have monotonically increasing timestamps. A station can therefore safely process all events in the Ready-Events because it will never receive an event with a timestamp lower than min(T(i)) on any of its inputs. A station with a non-empty Ready-Events set is called an active station.
Even though Chandy-Misra's algorithm is (globally) unordered, each station processes its Ready-Events in timestamp order. Moreover, if a station sends a message with timestamp T to one of its neighbors, it must send a NULL message with timestamp T to the remaining neighbors that have not received a message with timestamp T to avoid deadlock. The NULL messages do not correspond to any change in state but merely serve to inform other stations of how far a station has advanced its simulation time. When a station processes an incoming NULL message, it sends out corresponding NULL messages to all of its neighbors. Figure 3 shows the pseudocode for the unordered DES algorithm. The graph nodes corresponding to active stations are stored in an unordered workset. In each iteration, the call to simulate() computes and processes the Ready-Events (line 6). The outgoing neighbors that have become active are added to the workset(lines 7-10). The algorithm terminates when there are no active stations left.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Graph g = /* read in graph */; Workset ws = new Workset(); ws.addAll(g.nodes()); foreach (Node n : ws) { Station s = n.getStation(); s.simulate(); // process ready events for (Node m: g.getNeighbors(n)) { if (m.isActive()) ws.add(m); } if (n.isActive()) ws.add(n); }
Figure 2: Pseudocode for unordered algorithm for Discrete Event Simulation.
[1] K. Mani Chandy and Jayadev Misra, Distributed Simulation: A case study in design and verification of distributed programs, IEEE Trans. Software Eng. 1979
Data Structures
There are two key data structures used in unordered Discrete Event Simulation:
Unordered Set
The unordered workset used to hold the stations with nonempty Ready-Events set.
The network of gates is represented as a directed graph. The logic gates are the nodes in the graph and the interconnecting wires are the edges in the graph.
Available Parallelism
The active elements in the unordered DES algorithm are stations that have non-empty Ready-Events set. An iteration processing events on a station needs to acquire ownership of the station itself and its outgoing neighbors, to which it can send events. Therefore the neighborhood comprises a station and its outgoing neighbors.
Figure 4 shows the available parallelism of the unordered DES algorithm for an input circuit of a 6x6 tree multiplier. Initially the input ports are the active stations because the inputs store the initial events of the simulation. Thus, initially there is low available parallelism. The circuit has large fanouts in the middle, therefore the number of active stations (thus the parallelism) increases rapidly. The available parallelism decreases towards the end because there are few outputs and due to the fact that there are no more active stations left.
Figure 3: Available parallelism in unordered Discrete Event Simulation.
Important Optimizations
One Shot: Usually, parallel activities need to save undo operations for the changes made to graph and other shared data, so that if an activity aborts, the shared data can be restored to its original state. Saving and performing these undo operations incurs an overhead. Our implementation of Chandy-Misra's algorithm employs One-Shot optimization, where at the beginning of an iteration, the executing thread acquires ownership (abstract locks) on the node being processed and all of its out-going neighbors. A thread that fails to acquire all the locks aborts itself and does not have to perform any undo operations. While on the other hand, a thread that succeeds in acquiring all the locks does not need save any undo operations because it is guaranteed to complete the iteration.
No Duplicates on Worklist: Galois worklists, currently, do not protect against addition of duplicate items i.e. do not support set semantics. Putting duplicates on the workset in unordered DES does not affect correctness, but, the duplicates generate unnecessary iterations , and, increase chance of conflict among threads. Two threads processing the same node will conflict with each other when acquire abstract locks on the node. To ensure uniqueness of items on the worklist, we keep a list of boolean flags for each node, which indicate whether the node is on the worklist. When adding a node to the worklist, the flag corresponding to a node is set to True if it was previously False. The flag reset to False when the node is removed from the worklist. This list of flags provides a cheap way of implementing set semantics.
Events processed per iteration: The size of Ready-Events set can grow very big for some nodes in the graph for certain inputs. This size also depends on scheduling policy used for active nodes. A naive policy would be to process just one event from Ready-Events set whenever the node becomes active. However, overheads such as accessing the work-set dominate in this policy. On the other extreme, we can choose to process all of the nodes in the Ready-Events set. This can lead to load imbalance because the time per iteration becomes very big. Therefore we define, as a parameter, an upper bound on the number of events to be processed from Ready-Events set in each iteration. This parameter is also used to control the size of Ready-Events set on the outgoing neighbors of a station. If the size were not controlled, the scalability of the implementation becomes limited by serialization due to memory allocations in the parallel section. Using this parameter, we can reserve enough memory for Ready-Events set at initialization time to avoid most of memory allocations in the parallel section.
We measured the performance of our Galois C++ based implementation of unordered DES. We used a 64 bit Kogge-Stone tree adder circuit as our input. The corresponding graph contains 1306 nodes and 2289 edges. The simulation performs 89 million events. Figure 3 shows the execution time of this experiment for different number of threads. at higher number of threads is limited due to lack of enough parallelism. Threads have to wait more often to remove items from the worklist, which becomes a bottleneck. Nevertheless, our implementation scales to 15 on this large input.
Figure 3: Performance results.
Machine Description
Performance numbers are collected on a 4 package, 10 cores per package, Intel Xeon E7-4860 machine at 2.27GHz. Thread numbers above 40 use SMT. The machine has 128GB of ram with 20GB dedicated to 2M hugepages used by the Galois allocator. The operating system is Ubuntu Linux 10.04 LTS (Linux 2.6.32). All runs of the Galois benchmarks used gcc/g++ 4.7 to compile with a patch to the C++ runtime to improve the scalability of exception handling. All other implementations were compiled with Intel ICC 12.1 with thread parallelization provided by Intel Cilk.
|
<urn:uuid:a07d3743-d76e-4429-be67-a70297527a8e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.10765314102172852,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9156558513641357,
"url": "http://iss.ices.utexas.edu/?p=projects/galois/benchmarks/discrete_event_simulation"
}
|
Conclusive presumption
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A conclusive presumption (in Latin, praesumptio iuris et de iure), also known as an irrebuttable presumption, is a type of presumption used in several legal systems.
England and Wales[edit]
In English law, a conclusive presumption is a presumption of law that cannot be rebutted by evidence and must be taken to be the case whatever the evidence to the contrary.
For example, a child below the age of criminal responsibility cannot be held legally responsible for his or her actions, and so cannot be convicted of committing a criminal offence. The age has continually been under debate with adjustments being made in line with rulings, the results of psychological research and to some extent public pressure. The age was seven at common law, and raised by the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 to eight (section 50) and by the Children and Young Persons Act 1963 to ten, at which it remains.
In Australian law, it is a conclusive presumption that no child under the age of 10 can be held responsible for criminal action.[1] This presumption exists to protect children by acknowledging that they do not have sufficient development to understand the gravity and consequences of committing a criminal act.[2]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987 s5
2. ^ Thomas Crofts, Doli Incapax: Why Children Deserve its Protection
|
<urn:uuid:89e026b1-27ca-4697-8333-db3a9973da10>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.10712116956710815,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9518096446990967,
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conclusive_presumption"
}
|
Quick Tip 8: affect和effect
Both “affect” and “effect” are common words in scientific writing. Do you know the difference?
This distinction is confusing because both affect and effect can sometimes be both a noun and a verb. However, most of the time you only see affect as a verb and effect as a noun.
An “effect” is a result. The verb “affect” means to have an influence on.
Let’s look at some examples from scientific writing.
Several types of bias might have affected the results of this study.
There the verb affect was used to say that the bias might have influenced or affected the study results.
Clinical trials have not demonstrated a consistent or convincing beneficial effect.
There “effect” was a noun. The author was describing the result or effect of clinical trials.
|
<urn:uuid:9ebbd43d-b799-40ad-81a7-3bb38d401a91>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.9375,
"fasttext_score": 0.24953001737594604,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.963028609752655,
"url": "http://ustoptenediting.com/quick-tip/8"
}
|
Revival of Canning
By: Jessie Skaggs
Prior to the industrialization of the food system in the 18th and 19th centuries, people preserved their foods because they had to. When the bounty of summer and fall produced more food than was needed at the time, being able to extend the life of their food into less-bountiful times and prepare against unforeseen disasters often meant the difference between survival and starvation. The earliest methods of preservation centered on variations of drying, smoking, salting, and fermenting, while later innovations in canning provided new preservation options. Although we no longer have to preserve food out of necessity, in recent years canning has been making a comeback for a variety of reasons. This paper will examine the recent canning revival by giving brief background information on food preservation, followed by a discussion on the development of the canning process, and will end by examining the recent growth in popularity of canning.
One of the most common early methods of food preservation was drying. This method involved leaving out a piece of meat (often by hanging it up or setting it out in the sun) and letting the sun or wind change the texture of the meat so that it was “portable and lasting” (Shephard 2000, 30). This enabled the meat to be stored for later consumption or as sustenance when traveling. Different regions also employed different drying methods based on their climate. Going back to the fifth century B.C., early Egyptians were able to take advantage of their warm, dry climate by laying out fish in the sun, allowing them to be dried out by the sun and wind (Shephard 2000, 32). In the cooler climate of the Faroe Islands, located between Great Britain and Iceland, inhabitants built timber structures roofed with straw and dirt that allowed a flow of cool air to dry and preserve meat (Wilson 1989, 8).
It is hypothesized that in order to speed up the drying process, the use of the low heat of a fire was employed, which eventually led to the use of smoking as a preservation technique (Wilson 1989, 15). By both partially cooking and by drying, smoking was a useful method in areas where drying was not an option because of wet weather conditions. It also added an interesting flavor to the meat by creating a fire with different types of wood (oak, birch, hickory, etc.) or fuel (berries, green leaves, herbs, etc.), which could have made it more appetizing (Shephard 2000, 111).
Salt was also used to speed up the drying process by applying salt to the flesh, which helped to remove moisture from the meat (Wilson 1989, 16-17). By adding salt to water with a combination of other herbs and spices, a pickling brine was made that meat was then submerged into and was able to kept for longer than just salting alone (Shephard 2000, 66). The killing of a pig in the autumn and its subsequent preservation enabled families to eat “its way, from nose to tail, along the ‘mart ox’ during the ensuing months” (Robertson 1997, 115).
In areas were drying, smoking, and salting weren’t an option due to climate conditions, fermenting provided a viable alternative of food preservation. Partially fermenting meat before it was cooked helped to improve its taste, giving it a “heightened” flavor (Shephard 2000, 134). Fermentation though is primarily used as a vegetable-based form of preservation. By excluding air and allowing the food to naturally ferment, it promotes the growth of certain microorganisms while inhibiting the growth of others, which changes the flavor of foods and often creates new foods altogether; think of how cabbage changes into sauerkraut or how grapes turn into wine (Shephard 2000, 125).
The changes that food can undergo in fermentation are similar to those that can occur in canning; by promoting and inhibiting the growth of certain microorganisms, foodstuffs are altered and preserved. Place water, vinegar, salt, and spices into a jar with cucumbers and heat the jar until sealed and you have pickles. But how did the process develop? The story of the development of canning often goes like this: As with most food preservation methods, the desire to extend the shelf life of food and avoid starvation prompted Napoleon Bonaparte to offer 12,000 francs to anyone who could develop a method of preserving food for his army and navy, stating that “an army marches on its stomach” (English 2010, 13). He insisted that these preserved food stuffs should be easy to transport, inexpensive to manufacture, and nutritious (ibid). The winner was French confectioner and chef, Nicholas Appert. It is an often repeated romantic story with Nicolas Appert as the canning hero (if there could be such a person). However, in her book “Pickled, Potted, and Canned,” Sue Shephard proposes a revised version of this story, which includes a little bit more international intrigue than one might expect.
Experimenting for almost ten years prior to developing his heat in a water-bath method, Appert campaigned for his bottles of preserved foodstuffs with local villagers, the Société d’Agriculture, and the French Navy and government, with all responding positively to his invention. It was after several trial runs with the navy and a special demonstration to a government commission that the French government decided to reward Appert with 12,000 francs for his efforts. His use of glass bottles proved problematic for the French Navy though and it was recommended that he find another container for preserving food that would be more convenient for long voyages.
The process of a warm water bath that Appert used (with a few more primitive sealing methods) was not too far off from what modern canners use. In his article on industrial food preservation, H.G. Muller gives an example of processing peas (Muller 1989, 125):
The peas were placed into sturdy glass bottles which were then knocked on a stool to compact the content. The stool had been covered with leather and stuffed with hay. Corks were then inserted into the bottles and beating into place with a wooden bat. Next the corks were tied with wire and covered with a seal of quicklime and cheese which remained stable on heating. The bottles were then placed into canvas bags so that it was easier to pick up the pieces if they exploded. They were then heated in a water bath. After cooling to room temperature the corks were covered with rosen, a natural resin, and the seals and containers were inspected.
It is after the publication of Appert’s book detailing the canning process that the story gets interesting. The same year the book is published, an Englishman by the name of Peter Durand patented a tin can method of preservation, which included much of the same language used in Appert’s book. Some have made dubious claims about these similarities but Shephard contends that Durand and Appert were actually working together on refining the canning process with Durand acting as Appert’s agent. Because Appert had received money from the French government for publishing the details of his canning process, he was not able to patent the process and therefore make any money from it. Additionally, the English had developed a much more advanced system of tin-plate production than the French and it would have been too expensive for Appert to import the metal from England. With these reasons in mind, it seems logical that Appert and Durand could have been working together in order to secure money and develop a refined canning process. Whether or not the two were working together, the fact remains that their work, in addition to the work of others, proved to be revolutionary in the area of food preservation.
Once the canning process had been fully developed and deemed safe with advances made by Louis Pasteur, mass production soon followed (Robertson 1997, 120). The Civil War and subsequent World Wars further fueled the demand for portable, nutritious food and helped to spread the gospel of canned food to the masses (Shephard 2000, 254). But with this increased mechanization and the later availability of cheaper, more processed foods, there was a decreased usage of traditional canning methods. It was no longer necessary to can and preserve to the extent it had been done previously in order to survive (Hunter 1989, 134). By the mid-nineteenth century, cookbooks contained far fewer recipes for food preservation but many contained recipes on how to use canned foods (Hunter 1989, 144). Cookbooks geared towards working-class women were especially devoid of preservation recipes while cookbooks aimed at middle-class were not (ibid). This has been attributed to the cost of equipment, supplies, and ingredients as well as the investment of time and planning that goes into preserving food – all of which women in middle-class homes allegedly have more of in comparison with women of the working class (ibid). In an attempt to explain this relationship, Hunter says:
Exactly because it moved out of the mundane, or those things essential for everyday survival, [preserving] had nothing to fall back on to prove its necessity or relevance. Preserving, while attempts were being made to reclaim it in terms of nutrition, became fundamentally superfluous to daily needs. In a curious way the situation focuses on the fact that during the nineteenth century preserving in any but the most basic sense was beyond the poor, and the working classes: they were too impoverished to practice frugality and thereafter too impoverished to practice nutrition.
Despite no longer needing to preserve food for survival, canning and food preservation have seen resurgence in popularity in recent years. According to a recent article, 2010 sales of Ball glass canning jars have already increased 10 percent over the previous year, which is substantial considering sales in 2009 were up 30% over 2008 (Dickerman 2010). Additionally, canning classes across the country are reporting increased enrollments (Campoy 2009) and the demographic seems to be skewing younger. Although there is a lack of significant, in-depth research on these new canners, according to the brand manager at Jarden Home Brands (the parent company of Ball brand jars) they are “women between 39 and 55 who live in more urban areas” (Weigl 2010), while a recent survey on revealed that “nearly half of [their] readers who can their food are age 40 or under and, of those, many were first time canners” (Mick 2009).
What has fueled this renewed interest in canning? Some attribute it to growing concerns about our industrial food system. With its increased use of petroleum based fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides, some feel that the industrial food system has left us increasingly vulnerable to shocks in our energy system (Emery and Edwards Forkner 2009, 4). When every one calorie of food requires ten calories of oil to produce, the industrial food system contributes nearly 20% of all fossil fuel usage (Astyk 2009, 3, 7). Documentaries like Food Inc. and King Corn have brought some of these problems within the industrial food system into the public consciousness by focusing on its effects on the environment, the American farmer, and consumer health. These issues are further amplified in popular books like Michael Pollan’s “The Omnivore’s Dilemma,” and Barbara Kingsolver’s “Animal, Vegetable, Miracle.” In her book “Independence Days,” Sharon Astyk (2009, 4) discusses how our food system is linked to our energy system:
Follow the lines of the major issues of today – energy, economy, environment, globalization, disenfranchisement, a growing sense of powerlessness among people – and most of lines track back to basic questions of food and energy. If all these issues are so tightly intertwined, might we also find that personal action in one corner reverberates throughout the system?
People are beginning to take small steps towards removing themselves from the industrial food system in order to make these changes that “reverberat[e] throughout the system” (Astyk 2009, 4). Part of that is buying local food and supporting producers who are good stewards of the land as well as taking on gardening projects in order to grow your own food (Mick 2009). And in order to extend the season and eat locally all year round, canning and food preservation offers a way to do all of the above by controlling what goes into our food.
Decreasing dependence on the industrial food chain also offers a more sustainable alternative for some canners. Most supermarkets only have “three days worth of food on the shelves” (Astyk 2009, 9) and the US has a “very little food available for a crisis” (ibid). By preserving the food grown in your own garden or purchased from local producers, and reducing your dependence on the industrial food system and the vulnerability that comes with it, you are creating a more sustainable alternative in what could be an unpredictable system.
For others, food preservation, and canning in particular, is a way to save money in uncertain economic times. According to the Ball Jar company (who makes jars used in the canning process), canning can help to reduce a family’s grocery bill (Ball Jar Online 2010):
Burpee Seed Company ( estimates that for every $50 spent on seeds and fertilizer, a gardener can yield $1250 worth of produce. As it’s not feasible for a family to enjoy all of that fresh produce all at one time, home canning allows you to preserve that fresh, home grown flavor from your garden for use all year long, and saving on your grocery bill.
The Wall Street Journal published an article that examined the cost for one canning session. After paying a $100 fee for a canning class and $33.42 for cucumbers and canning supplies, eight one-pint jars of pickles were produced with a final cost of $2.14 each. In comparison with $2.43 for a jar of pickles from the supermarket, there appears to be a moderate cost savings in canning (Campoy 2009). Although the exact amount of savings can be debated considering the up-front investment of jars, equipment, food, and the like, in the long run canning and food preservation do offer for those willing to take up the sometimes daunting task of canning, a reward for their investment, particularly for those willing to grow their own food.
If done properly, the reward of canning can be delicious and for some, that is reason enough. Experimenting with flavors and trying out non-traditional recipes like Rhubarb and Amaretto Chutney (English 2010, 109), Basil Banana Pepper Jelly (Kingry and Devine 2006, 132), or Lemony Pickled Cabbage (Ziedrich 2009, 204), gives canners the license to express creativity while at the same time, have food to eat later or to give away as gifts.
The concept of canning is one that is very personal to me. Growing up in rural Kentucky during the Depression and World War II without many conveniences, my grandparents’ grew their own food and preserved it as a means to feed their families – if they didn’t, they didn’t eat. Even after many modern conveniences were available, they still grew and canned their own food. Whether this was done to ensure a steady food supply throughout the winter, out of habit, or just for the pleasure of doing it, I don’t know but I suspect it was a little bit of all of the above. During many of my summers, I would go to my grandparents’ small farm and help plant corn, tomatoes, cucumbers and green beans. After harvesting, I would help my grandmother with canning – breaking beans and shucking corn for pickling, using a neighbor’s grapes to make jelly, putting up quarts of tomato juice, slicing cucumbers for pickles – all to be stored in “the smokehouse” to enjoy over the winter and spring until it was time to start again the following year.
Originally taught how to can by his mother (my grandmother), my father has carried on the canning tradition. During the summer of 2009, he put up an estimated 500 quarts of tomato juice, spaghetti sauce, salsa, pickles, sauerkraut, pickled corn, pickled beans, green beans, pork sausage, burgoo (a meat-based stew that has origins in Kentucky), peach jam, and peppers. In discussing why he cans, reasons ranged from the quality of the food (it’s delicious and healthy) to its cost-effectiveness (at an estimated $0.32 per quart, it’s cheaper than traditional grocery stores). But the most compelling reason was in an example he gave. In the rural part of Kentucky where my parents’ live, it’s not uncommon for a winter storm or severe weather to knock out power in the area for hours or days at a time. To my father, knowing that he has quarts of delicious, healthy food readily available for himself and my mother that won’t spoil without refrigeration, there is comfort and security in that knowledge.
For me, as a novice canner, my desire to can comes from a similar place. I like knowing that I’m taking part in a more sustainable food practice by canning food that has been grown in an environmentally-conscious way by farmers I know, having pride in knowing that I can provide food for myself and others that I’ve worked hard to create, and being secure in the knowledge that there is food no matter what disaster may (or may not come). As previously discussed, many of these reasons are shared by many modern canners as well. These ideas lend themselves to a sense of self-sufficiency and an awareness of your place in the world at large that is as timeless as the art of canning itself.
Works Cited
Astyk, Sharon. Independence Days: A Guide to Sustainable Food Storage and Preservation. Canada: New Society Publishers, 2009. Print.
Campoy, Ana. “Putting Up Produce: Yes You Can.” The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc., 15 Oct. 2009. Web. 1 Dec. 2010.
Dickerman, Sara. “Can It: At-home preserving is ridiculously trendy.” Slate. Washington Post.Newsweek Interactive Co. LLC, 10 March 2010. Web. 1 Dec. 2010.
Leave a Reply
|
<urn:uuid:409885ce-53e4-4004-ab4a-e91c1b571817>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.05617028474807739,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9655548334121704,
"url": "http://www.indianafoodreview.com/archives/issue-1/revival-of-canning"
}
|
The History of Krasnoyarsk
The History of Krasnoyarsk
The initiative of building a fort south of the town of Yeniseisk belonged to voevoda (the military governor of the province) Yakov Khripunov. In 1628, he managed to send a troop of Cossacks upstream along the Yenisey to the “Tyulkin’s land”. The unit was under the command of Moscow’s nobleman named Andrey Dubenski.
With assistance of local Arin’s and Kacha’s Tatar tribes, they built a main part of the fort in two months by August 1628. By the beginning of winter, the fort was finally completed. The fort became an outpost for almost one hundred years. In those days, it was a wooden castle surrounded by a ditch, a wall and five towers. Every year, Krasnoyarsk was under attacks from the raiders coming from south. Sometimes cossacks had to withstand a siege for months, but to this date an enemy has never conquered the town.
In the beginning, the fort was named Novo Kachinski (New Kacha’s), Krasnyi (or Red) and then, from the end of the seventeenth century, it was named Krasnoyarsk. It received town status in 1690, when Siberia was finally united with Russia. In those days, there were only about 2,500 people living in Krasnoyarsk, and mostly males. But the picture totally changed during the next 20 years. According to a census dating from 1713, the number of males and females was almost the same. Krasnoyarsk, the former military settlement, was becoming a town.
Krasnoyarsk continued its growth and development after the Civil War. The first socialistic industry in Krasnoyarsk after the Revolution of 1917 was the factory “Spartak”, established in 1922. In addition, former railroad repair shops were reconstructed into a huge train engine repair plant at that time. These were the first noticeable achievements after the wartime.
In 30s of 20th century the city got involved into the rapid Soviet industrialization. The upcoming WWII stimulated the Krasnoyarsk’s economy even more, turning it into very industrial city. Since 1934, Krasnoyarsk has been the administrative center of the Krasnoyarski krai (Krasnoyarsk region) with its increasing level of development of different industries. At the beginning of 1941, there were 38,824 people employed in different branches of industries. During WWII, the number of industries in Krasnoyarsk had grown sevenfold compared to pre-WWII times. The city outgrew the city of Irkutsk, becoming the main industrial center of Eastern Siberia. The WWII is also significant to the region as the most eastern battle with Nazis took place on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk region. In August of 1942 the German warship attacked the port Dixon on the Kara sea shore.
After WWII, a principal new stage in the development of the city came with the opening of hydroelectric plants along such rivers as the Angara and the Yenisey. There arrived energy-dependent industries such as electricity production, chemical manufacturing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, black and non-ferrous metallurgy, and pulp and paper processing.
Krasnoyarsk also became a big center for scientific researches as well as high and middle levels of education. Nowadays there are numerous of research and development institutes, state higher educational institutions, junior technical colleges, and public schools. Among these institutions is the branch of Russian Academy of Science.
“Big” culture and arts presentations in the city’s theaters include opera, ballet, drama, musical comedy as well as puppets and the young people's performances. There is also a symphony orchestra, an organ hall, art galleries, a local lore museum, a museum of Vasiliy Surikov, and the world-renowned State Krasnoyarsk Dance Company Academic of Siberia.
If you are willing to learn more about the place and its roll in Russia’s history, book our tours and we will be happy to share our best knowledge about our city.
Ostrog (fort) Krasniy Yar
Andrei Duibenskiy
first train station in Krasnoyarsk
steam engine at the Krasnoyarsk Railway Station
Trans-Siberian Railroad Bridge 1910
Regional Studies Museum 1910
our aim is communism!
Victory Memorial (WWII)
|
<urn:uuid:764d47f6-0c4a-4689-995e-d8c9b4699a59>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.028964221477508545,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9586368203163147,
"url": "http://sibtourguide.com/history/"
}
|
Short notes on the Order of Mollisols
i. Mollisols get their name from a Latin word meaning soft.
Soil | Just another weblog
image source:
ii. The surface layer of a moliisol is soft, dark, fertile, and deep.
iii. The typical moliisol is formed under closely spaced grasses.
iv. If the climate is too dry for a dense stand of grass, the soil is likely to be an aridisol – too hard, light, or salty to be a moliisol.
v. Rainier climates usually support trees whose leaves form a mat on the surface rather than a thick mixture of organic material and mineral soil.
vi. Earthworms are an important aspect in softening and mixing a mollisol; they add one more reason that the order of mollisols includes some of the most productive soils in the world.
|
<urn:uuid:928dc582-9bc3-4246-ac75-1b7fc8e8a8d9>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.10706156492233276,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8475171327590942,
"url": "http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/geography/short-notes-on-the-order-of-mollisols/2924/"
}
|
Build and decorate your submarine model.
Ages 8 - 12+
Learning outcome: Maritime and sea exploration are highly important for transportation of goods and people. Learn how ships can float over water due to buoyancy. Understand what is density, how it varies over objects and comprehend that density is a significant factor which determines whether an object will sink or float on a fluid.
Experiment Method Description: Build and decorate your submarine model. Use a sink filled with water to tests its buoyant behavior. Alter its density using a combination of materials such us air, water and investigate whether it will float or sink.
Components: Engino parts, plastic skins and paper outlines, sink with water, plastic bottle, pebbles.
Academy Of STEAM Buoyant Forces
ABN: 73 755 615 943
Privacy Policy
Phone: 0410 711 313
• Facebook Social Icon
• Twitter Social Icon
• Instagram Social Icon
PO Box 3413
Nerang DC Qld 4211
|
<urn:uuid:8f1c794f-974d-4ba7-a95e-8ae989e514d5>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.921875,
"fasttext_score": 0.03887331485748291,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7444950938224792,
"url": "https://www.theeducationalwarehouse.com/product-page/academy-of-steam-buoyant-forces"
}
|
Find the word definition
n. A benevolent organization of popular origin found among overseas Chinese communities for individuals with the same surname.
Kongsi or "clan halls", are benevolent organizations of popular origin found among overseas Chinese communities for individuals with the same surname. This type of social practice arose, it is held, several centuries ago in China. The Chinese word Kongsi is used in modern Chinese to mean a commercial " company"; the modern term for such associations is 會館 (Pinyin hui guan, literally meaning "meeting hall").
The system of kongsi was utilized by Cantonese throughout the diaspora to overcome economic difficulty, social ostracism, and oppression. In today's Cantonese communities throughout the world, this approach has been adapted to the modern environment, including political and legal factors. The kongsi is similar to modern business partnerships, but also draws on a deeper spirit of cooperation and consideration of mutual welfare.
It has been stated by some that the development and thriving of Cantonese communities worldwide are the direct result of the kongsi concept. A vast number of Cantonese-run firms and businesses that were born as kongsi ended up as multinational conglomerates. In the Chinese spirit, derived in large part from Confucian ideals, these kongsi members or their descendants prefer not to boast so much of their wealth but to take pride in earning worldly and financial success through their work ethic and the combined efforts of many individuals devoted to group welfare.
In Borneo, mining kongsis united to form kongsi federations that functioned as self-governing states. Among the largest kongsi federations was the Lanfang Kongsi, which organised the mostly Hakka Chinese miners who had settled in western Borneo and established a republic, the Lanfang Republic, in what is now the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan.
|
<urn:uuid:1608f38a-ef68-45cd-85c0-3d9a89b154a6>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.39853352308273315,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9621074199676514,
"url": "https://findwords.info/term/kongsi"
}
|
The Facts About Wax: New Medical Guidelines Recommend Avoiding Ear Wax Removal
Most people feel the need to remove ear wax or cerumen, which is the mixture of secretion, hair and dead skin. But new guidelines released by the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Foundation state that, as long as the ears are functioning properly, people should leave ear wax in its place.
Highlights from the report include:
• Overall, ear wax is beneficial and self-cleaning.
• Each year, 12 million people in the United States seek medical care for impacted ear wax.
• Ears should only be cleaned by a professional using wax-dissolving agents such as water and saline, or though manual removal or irrigation. When individuals try removing ear wax themselves, they often end up pushing the wax further into the ear.
• Individuals who wear hearing aids should have their ears cleaned once or twice a year by a healthcare professional. This process prevents wax buildup that can cause feedback from the hearing aid or damage the device.
Published on:
Category: Audiology
|
<urn:uuid:ea950ed4-b09a-4aaa-bf8a-a0171b15dcc0>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.01957857608795166,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9339892268180847,
"url": "https://www.cornerstoneent.com/the-facts-about-wax-new-medical-guidelines-recommend-avoiding-ear-wax-removal/"
}
|
The Louisiana Purchase: Branching Out
President Jefferson usually gets the credit for the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, which doubled the size of the young nation. But this ignores one important actor, the U.S. Congress. Nearly every step of the process involved the approval of, and funding from, the Legislative Branch. This DBQuest will walk you through primary sources that show the give and take between the two branches.
• Identify the role of the president and Congress in the Louisiana Purchase.
• Explain the historical events that led to the Louisiana Purchase.
• Draw on several sources to generate questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration.
• Describe checks and balances used by the executive and legislative branches during a historical event.
|
<urn:uuid:4e058430-083f-46f3-a3ce-b645d0518c50>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.796875,
"fasttext_score": 0.9751951694488525,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9207885265350342,
"url": "https://www.icivics.org/node/2558544/resource?referer=node/2521102&page_title=A%20Growing%20Nation"
}
|
kids encyclopedia robot
Blockhouse facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Fort Pitt blockhouse (scaled down replica)
Model of the Fort Pitt blockhouse
In military science, a blockhouse is a small fortification. It usually has one or more rooms with loopholes, allowing its defenders to fire rifles or handguns in various directions. It usually refers to an isolated fort in the form of a single building. It serves as a defensive strong point against any enemy that does not possess siege equipment or, in modern times, artillery. A fortification intended to resist these weapons is more likely to qualify as a fortress or a redoubt. In modern times, it be an underground bunker. However, a blockhouse may also refer to a room within a larger fortification, usually a battery or redoubt. The term "blockhouse" is of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Middle Dutch blokhus and 18th-century French blocus (blockade).
Images for kids
kids search engine
Blockhouse Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
|
<urn:uuid:40415e14-3ae6-4863-bac4-530a5a45a847>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.6043539643287659,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9498812556266785,
"url": "https://kids.kiddle.co/Blockhouse"
}
|
Health&Fitness Talk
Supporting Healthy Life Styles
Amyloidosis Amyloidosis
Amyloidosis is a term used for a group of disorders in which abnormal proteins called amyloids are mistakenly deposited into the tissues and/or organs.... Amyloidosis
by Kimberly Allen RN
Amyloidosis is a term used for a group of disorders in which abnormal proteins called amyloids are mistakenly deposited into the tissues and/or organs. These abnormal proteins or amyloids are usually made by cells in the bone marrow and can be deposited in any organ or any tissue throughout the body. Amyloidosis is considered rare with only 1,500 to 3,500 newly diagnosed cases every year.
The area around the eyes is a common spot for Amyloidosis deposits.
Amyloidosis can affect anyone at anytime, however it is more commonly diagnosed in people over 60 years of age. People with certain disease like chronic inflammatory or infectious diseases as well as people with certain cancers like multiple myeloma also have an increased chance of developing amyloidosis. Amyloiosis has also been associated with dialysis. Dialysis is unable to remove the large amyloid proteins therefore they build up in the surrounding tissue. However, with improved dialysis techniques the incidence of amyloidosis has decreased.
In addition to the dialysis related amyloidosis there are 3 main types of amyloidosis;
1. Primary Amyloidosis (AL) develops when a particular cell called a plasma cell in the bone marrow starts overproducing certain proteins that are part of an antibody called the light chain. With the exception of multiple myeloma this type of amyloidosis is not associated with other diseases but is considered an independent disease entity.
2. Secondary Amyloidosis however develops as a result or complication of another disease including chronic inflammatory diseases like RA or chronic infections like TB. This type can also develop secondary to multiple myeloma.
3. Familial Amyloidosis known as ATTR is a form of inherited amyloidosis that is quite rare. This type of amyloidosis is an autosomal dominant inherited condition which means that all children of a person with this type of amyloidosis have a 50% chance of also inheriting the disease.
There are also several types of localized amyloidosis. In these types of amyloidosis the amyloid protein deposits are found in specific area of the body and are different than the amyloid proteins that are deposited throughout the body.
The symptoms of amyloidosis vary depending on the organ or organs affected. Because it can affect many different organs including the heart, lungs , liver, kidneys, etc the symptoms may also be vague and not noticeable in the early stages. However, when symptoms do manifest they usually include weakness and fatigue, shortness of breath, poor appetite and weight loss.
As there is no cure for amyloidosis researchers have been studying several different medications including the use of Alkeran or Cytoxin as well as dexamethasone as these medications disrupt the growth of abnormal cells that produce amyloid proteins. Researchers are also studying several other chemotherapy medications to determine if they are effective in treating and managing amyloidosis. Ask your Dr if any of these medications might be appropriate for you or if there are any clinical trials that may be available.
Another treatment that is currently being uses with good results is peripheral blood stem cell transplant. These are considered aggressive therapies and are not for everyone. Stem cell transplants carry significant risks including death so you should discuss your options thoroughly with your Dr and weigh the benifits and risks before making any decisions.
|
<urn:uuid:c0aa19cc-6fce-4f7b-9443-6ff852cec683>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.4135313034057617,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9461445808410645,
"url": "https://www.healthandfitnesstalk.com/amyloidosis/"
}
|
Conjunctivitis | Sickness Finder
Description conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis origin of the word comes from the Latin name of the conjunctiva – the tunica conjunctiva and Latin suffixes -itis, Czech -itida, which indicates that the disease is an inflammatory nature.
Conjunctiva is the mucous membrane that passes to the eyeball and front covers sclera to the edge of the cornea. The space between the conjunctiva and sclera eyelids called conjunctival sac.
Conjunctivitis can be classified according to several criteria, which complement each other. According to the course is divided into hyperacute (when symptoms develop within a few hours after meeting with infections), acute (symptoms develop usually within a few hours or days, during the week there is a disability other eye and takes no more than 4 weeks) and chronic lasting longer than four weeks.
According to the originator is in the most general level can be divided into infectious whose agents are bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi and noninfectious arising from permanent irritation – for example in relation to allergies, possibly with overall disease organism.
Breakdown conjunctivitis is very colorful and detailed, for good understanding and tidy analyze different types of conjunctivitis by agents and will be here only the most common types because many others in our geographical positions rare (for example, some parasitic conjunctivitis) or the disease itself occurs worldwide very seldom.
1. Bacterial Conjunctivitis
This type of conjunctivitis is the most common in the winter and spring. Purulent inflammation of a character often arise within a few hours, so we can talk about hyperakutním or acute – by the originator – inflammation. It’s not the most common type of conjunctivitis, make up only about 5% of conjunctivitis.
Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis is caused by infection by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Neisseria meningitis, which are the agents in the first case, gonorrhea, meningitis second.
Inflammation develops within a few hours, there is a swelling of the eyelids, purulent secretions thick and swollen glands. Therapies are on this conjunctivitis antibiotics in high doses – both locally in the form of ointments and total administration in tablet form.
Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by the streptococcus genus, hemophilus orstaphylococcus. Manifested lacrimation, mucopurulent secretion that adheres lids. Conjunctiva arewith blood. Children usually originator spread throughout the body and causing systemic symptoms of inflammation in the body, such as temperature.
Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis are often caused by Staphylococcus aureus, less often on their formation may participate in intestinal bacteria. This kind of inflammation is accompanied by inflammation of the eyelids.
2nd Viral conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis caused by viruses are the most common, the typical symptom is a feeling of “sand in the eyes”, which surely everyone ever experienced.
Transfer is accomplished with personal care items that are contaminated with secretions from the eyes or respiratory tract, or by direct contact with an infected person who is most contagious the first 10 days.
Here division conjunctivitis complicated, for simplicity, there are shown some types.
Typical viral agent (působitelem) are adenoviruses. Conjunctivitis caused by them is a highly infectious disease and its transmission occurs easily, such as the already mentioned personal care items or direct contact with an infected person. Secretions which inflamed eye produces a watery, slightly mucoid. A frequent finding is also swollen glands.
In children, the most commonly may occur in the so-called faryngokonjuntivální fever, which is directly related to the inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and fever. Infection has a rapid onset, zduřují nodules may occur pseudomembrane. Pseudomembrane is composed of “stiff” secretions can be separated from the conjunctiva. Direct therapy exists here, recommended cold compresses and medications that cause blood vessel withdrawal.
Another type of conjunctivitis are those caused by herpes viruses (Herpes simplex viruses that affect haze). This species is manifested by increasing nodes, the conjunctiva can find tiny sacs.
Third chlamydial conjunctivitis
Chlamydiae are parasites that survive inside cells, such as interface between the viruses and bacteria. In humans, the most common Chlamydia trachomatis.
Chlamydia act as ocular inflammation, and inflammation of the urethra, fallopian tubes, and cervix.They are sexually transmitted.
As a consequence of chlamydial infection arises conjunctiva special type of inflammation calledtrachoma. It will not occur, but it is the most common cause of blindness in third world countries because of the reasons for the low level of hygiene. Most often begins 5th day after the introduction of infection into the eye (inoculation) and a foreign body sensation in eyes, on both sides inflammation and purulent discharge from the eye. Trachoma often returns even after successful treatment, because it does not confer immunity against. Therapy is usually tetracycline antibiotics.
The second type of inflammation that Chlamydia causes is inclusion conjunctivitis in adults, which is a sexually transmitted disease that is most frequent occurrence in young adults, and the introduction into the eye occurs after hand contact with infected genitalia and subsequently with the eye. It manifests itself in about seven days of infection and develops a different time, in a matter of weeks to months, gradually affects the other eye. The patient usually has little trouble, which often does not attach importance, therefore, is not to early treatment and this kind of inflammation that might go into a chronic, lasting longer than four weeks.
4th Allergic Conjunctivitis
Conjunctiva is a place where very often the contact with allergens human immune system. It’s obvious, because this place is the outside world relatively well open. If the organism to a given allergen hypersensitivity, allergic reaction develops.
It is most often manifested by itching, burning, excessive tearing, swollen eyelids and conjunctiva or different degrees of thickening of the cornea. Secretions in this case is watery to mucoid, but not purulent. It occurs either seasonally or year-round.
The inflammation occurs due to allergic reactions – the allergen binds to the cell, specifically on mast cells, which have in themselves vesicles with substances that act on the surrounding tissue aggressively, so long as they spillage. A spillage occurs just after the stimulation of the body given allergen.
Conjunctiva in this type of inflammation is pale and itchy and burning. As for treatment, it is necessary to cooperate with the allergist and necessary it is to avoid or at least limit the maximum contact with the allergen allergies.
Risk factors for conjunctivitis
Risk factors are generally listed contact with agents. The eye is the organ most sensitive and easily hurt, not so developed protective barrier, or the infection has facilitated the passage way.Conjunctiva is the body that is exposed to the outside world even more.
It is important to adhere to hand hygiene, if it is present another disease in an organism – such as a sexually transmitted disease, streptococcal disease and others.
Further, it may be a risk factor in a small amount of tears – tears are one of the mechanisms that eye conjunctiva and protects constantly bathe and prevent infectious agents capture and invade tissue. Excessive dryness of eyes occurs, such as in sunny weather, especially if you do not protect your eyes with glasses or too windy weather. Eyes should be against such adverse conditions protected if it arises despite the feeling of dry eyes, it is necessary to apply the so-called artificial tears, which are mostly counter in pharmacies.
Prevention conjunctivitis
Preventing been mentioned in the preceding paragraph. The most important element is increased hygiene in the case that he had developed infection. If the infection only fear is fundamentally good use its funds for personal hygiene, ensure the cleanliness of hands, wasted a “nemnout ‘eyes and in adverse weather conditions will try our best to protect your eyes.
Signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis
For viral conjunctivitis will be the first signal that something is wrong in the morning feeling “sand in the eyes”, later adding a clear discharge, which would have a structure similar to water or sparse mucus. When you look at the conjunctiva, will definitely red and waterlogged.
If you disability bacterial conjunctivitis and the conjunctiva same as in the previous case, but also added effluent, which is thick and purulent. Pain in eye will also be present.
In allergic conjunctivitis, the first manifested itching, burning, if you look at the conjunctiva, will be unlike previous cases paler.
Chlamydial infection is first manifested feeling of foreign body in the eye, later added effluent, which is often purulent. Regarding inclusion conjunctivitis symptoms are much milder
Treatment of conjunctivitis
First, something investigative methods. If a doctor suspects conjunctivitis, conducted a thorough slit lamp examination. If it is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the present congestion of conjunctiva (conjunctiva loses its pink color and the blood to brick red. This is due to the fact that the capillaries in the mucosa in the presence of inflammation expand = dilate), conjunctiva is swollen (due transmittance stretched fluid from capillaries that are often damaged due to inflammation and cracks on them (fenestration)). Furthermore, the present excessive secretion of tears.
Doctor investigating both the lower conjunctival sac, the upper conjunctival sac and so-calledeversion (twisting) of the upper eyelid. To verify the diagnosis and determination of the causative agent is carried swab from the conjunctiva, which is sent to the microbiological examination.Is used to determine whether it is a bacterial, viral, fungal or chlamydial disease, and according to this determination is further chosen therapy.
If it is a chronic conjunctivitis, the doctor can remove it from the conjunctival biopsy to a detailed study of conjunctival tissue, and also to select the best treatment.
For bacterial and chlamydial conjunctivitis are used to antibiotic therapy. Locally administered in the form of eye drops or ointments, generally administered tablets.
The therapy may be supported washings eye jodopovidonem, a disinfectant with addition of iodine as already evident from the name.
For viral conjunctivitis definitely do not take antibiotics. Recommended therapy cold compresses,drugs that tapered capillaries or antivirals in drops or ointments.
Allergic conjunctivitis is primarily treated by removing the allergen from the life of allergic or can support the combat allergy symptoms with antihistamines. It is important to cooperate with allergologist.
How do I help myself
As for the treatment itself, is not a man much opportunity as you help yourself. The most important requirement remains strict adherence to hygiene. If the patient manages, it is safe both for himself and his surroundings.
It should be appreciated that most generators conjunctivitis is highly contagious and transmission to another is easy as well as the possibility of introduction of infection from the eye to the whole organism (valid but on the contrary, that in the overall impairment of the organism can be failure of hygiene dragged infection to the eye ! if chlamydia is the most common cause of disease introduction into the eye right hands, where parasites items stuck after contact with the genitals).
Complications conjunctivitis
There are frequent because of difficulties caused in connection with human conjunctivitis lead very soon to the doctor. The problem can occur in young children, which may conjunctivitis overlooked.
Such complications may be for example in bacterial conjunctivitis pseudomembrane formationand membranes. Pseudomembrane are formed by stiff, coagulated (= arrissed) secretion, which adheres to the mucosa, but can be from the surrounding mucosa yet separated. They occur most often in severe adenoviral infections, in infections with Neisseria.
You can not separate the membrane because the material that constitute it penetrates the mucosa and trying to tear will tear the cover of the conjunctiva. Membranes occur in severe infections caused by streptococci.
Other names: conjunctivitis, conjunctival inflammation, conjunctivitis acuta, conjunctivitis chronica, acute conjunctivitis, chronic conjunctivitis, conjunctivitis hyperacute, acute conjunctivitis, chronic conjunctivitis, bacterial conjunctivitis, viral conjunctivitis
Share your experience:
|
<urn:uuid:35a20ca6-5b0f-40ff-9ef6-e974b3358572>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.019733905792236328,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9255674481391907,
"url": "http://sicknessfinder.com/conjunctivitis/"
}
|
Drumlims Flashcards Preview
Geography - Ice on the Land > Drumlims > Flashcards
Flashcards in Drumlims Deck (2)
Loading flashcards...
What are drumlins formed of?
Moraine or till.
How are drumlins formed?
When the glacier is overloaded with moraine from freeze-thaw weathering, abrasion and plucking, and it has also melted so it has less energy to carry the material.
When the glacier meets the obstacle on the ground it does not have the energy to carry the moraine over it, so it deposits moraine around it.
More is deposited first creating blunt end.
Less is deposited creating the tapered end.
|
<urn:uuid:dd9bf55b-35be-46b6-9f7e-436e8792ae30>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4,
"fasttext_score": 0.4682607054710388,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9172873497009277,
"url": "https://m.brainscape.com/flashcards/drumlims-5886303/packs/8676774"
}
|
p.p1 layer of soil. With a deep, common,
p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 36.0px Helvetica}
p.p2 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 88.0px Helvetica; color: #ffffff}
p.p3 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 40.0px Helvetica}
p.p4 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 48.0px Helvetica}
p.p5 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 45.0px Helvetica}
p.p6 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 25.0px Helvetica}
p.p7 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 25.0px Helvetica; color: #0433ff}
span.s1 {color: #0433ff}
span.s2 {font: 36.0px Helvetica}
span.s3 {color: #000000}
The Canadian Shield, also called the Laurentian Plateau is a large area of
exposed Precambrianigneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks (geological
shield) that forms the ancient geological core of the North American
extends south into the northern reaches of the United States.
Canadian Shield
Canadian Shied formation
The construction of the Shield involved the collision and build-up
of a large number of tectonic plates beginning more than 3 billion
years ago and was largely completed by about 800 million years
ago. The core of most of the world’s major continents was created
by the same plate-tectonic process. The Canadian Shield was
formed by a combination of plate tectonics, volcanic
eruptions, sedimentary deposits and erosion. It was the first
part of North America to be permanently above sea level,
and the rest of the North American continent formed around
economics it.
i. Stephen Marshak. Essentials of Geology. 3rd
ii. Tsuyoshi Iizuka, at al., Geology and Zircon
Geochronolgy of the Acasta Gneiss
Complex, Precambrian Research, 153 (2007)
pp. 179 – 208
iii. World Wildlife Fund (2001). “Northern
Canadian Shield taiga”. WildWorld Ecoregion
Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived
from the original on 2010-03-08.
iv. https://tackk.com/jzm15m
v. Clark, Bruce W. (1999). “Geologic
History”. Making Connections: Canada’s
geography. Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice Hall
What is canadian shield
The Canadian Shield is one of the world’s richest areas in terms
of mineral ores. It is filled with substantial deposits
are many mining towns extracting these minerals. The largest,
exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the
Shield since the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact
The Canadian Shield is a large area that
consists of beautiful landscapes. Lots
of people already come to the Canadian
shield to canoe, hike, ski or snowboard
and enjoy nature. Since there are many
cities in the Canadian shield, tourists
can rest at nearby hotels if they are not
accustomed to sleeping outdoors. Or by
constructing small cabins near popular
attractions so that the tourists would
not have to leave their destination.
|
<urn:uuid:e6226a6b-446f-4cbe-a3e4-583312c1f25c>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.11340194940567017,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8181182146072388,
"url": "https://wallaceandjames.com/p-p1-layer-of-soil-with-a-deep-common/"
}
|
What is a craniotomy?
A craniotomy is an operation performed by neurosurgeons in order to treat various conditions affecting the brain.
In simple terms, craniotomy means a ‘hole in the head’ (Crani- = head; -otomy = hole).
A craniotomy involves making an incision in the scalp and removing a window of bone from the skull (this bone is secured back in position at the end of the operation). This allows access to the inside of the skull and brain, and the tumour is either biopsied (a small piece taken to be sent to the pathologist), or excised (removed).
Brain surgery has undergone major developments over the past 15 years or so. The result is that neurosurgeons can operate on parts of the brain previously thought to be unreachable. Furthermore, brain surgery has become much safer and is more likely to be successful than it was previously.
What is a stereotactic craniotomy?
Almost all tumour craniotomies are performed with the assistance of computerized navigation techniques, also known as ‘stereotaxy’. This is done order to improve the accuracy of the surgery, reduce the size of the incision, and increase the safety of surgery by avoiding important structures in the brain.
Stereotaxy works like a satellite navigation or GPS system in your car. It allows the surgeon to use a wand or a pointer to see exactly where he or she is in the brain or on the skull, as depicted on a CT or MRI scan within the operating theatre. This ‘real-time’ navigation facilitates location and removal of the tumour.
There are two types of stereotaxy. The original type is frame-based, where a special frame (for example the CRW frame) is fixed to the skull, relevant brain scans are performed, and surgery is carried out with the frame remaining on. This is a very accurate system, but has the disadvantages of inconvenience, additional time requirements to fit the frame and perform the scans, restricted surgical access to some regions of the head, and patient discomfort (if the patient is awake when the frame is put on). Despite these disadvantages, frame-based systems continue to be used in some situations, and are slightly more accurate than frameless systems. For some tumour biopsies, a frame-based system remains the safest and most appropriate method of stereotaxy.
The second (and more popular) type of stereotaxy is frameless stereotaxy. These systems, such as the Stealth and BrainLab, rely on the application of small markers (‘fiducials’) which are stuck to the patient’s head before the brain scan is performed. Anatomical landmarks such as the nose, eyes and ears may be used instead of fiducials. More recently, surface tracing techniques have done away with the need for fiducials and anatomical landmarks in some situations.
Frameless stereotaxy is slightly less accurate than the frame-based systems, however its numerous advantages have meant that it is used by the vast majority of contemporary neurosurgeons performing brain surgery.
Whilst stereotaxy represents a tremendous advance in the field of neurosurgery, it is not infallible. All stereotactic techniques suffer from the limitations imposed by ‘brain shift’, the phenomenon whereby the brain moves after part of a tumour or some brain (cerebrospinal) fluid (CSF) is drained. Its utility therefore declines as the operation progresses. A potential solution to brain shift is intraoperative MRI, which allows the surgeon to see exactly where he or she is once some of the tumour has been removed.
What are goals of surgery for brain tumours?
There are several potential goals of a tumour craniotomy. These may include one or more of the following:
• To establish a diagnosis. This is called a biopsy. This is usually done through a small hole (burr hole), rather than a craniotomy, but in some situations a craniotomy is the best option. Biopsies are often done at the same time as removal of the tumour.
• To reduce pressure on the brain (intracranial pressure). There are several types of surgery to achieve this:
• Tumour debulking. The goal here is to remove enough of the tumour to reduce the amount of pressure on the brain (partial resection).
• Tumour removal (excision).
• Drainage of a cyst (fluid filled structure) associated with the tumour.
• The primary goal of brain tumour surgery usually is to remove as much of the tumour as possible without injury to the surrounding brain. This may be particularly complicated if the boundaries of the tumour cannot easily be identified at surgery, or if the tumour is invading critical structures such as blood vessels or cranial nerves
• Preventing future problems or deterioration from tumour growth or haemorrhage.
• Alleviating seizures (epilepsy) or determining precisely which area of the brain is causing seizures.
• Curing the condition (benign tumours).
• Increasing the length and quality of survival time (malignant tumours).
The alternatives to surgery depend upon the type, size, location, and number of tumours being treated, as well as the patient’s overall condition:
• Stereotactic biopsy through a small hole (burr hole) in the skull. This can be used to obtain a diagnosis and may enable the drainage of some fluid from a tumour cyst to relieve raised intracranial pressure.
• Radiotherapy. This may be delivered to the entire brain (whole brain radiotherapy) or to the area of and surrounding the tumour. Not all tumours are amenable to radiotherapy.
• Stereotactic radiosurgery. This involves blasting the tumour with a single treatment session of concentrated radiotherapy. It may be useful for small tumours, as well as deep tumours which may not be amenable to surgery. The Gamma Knife is the best-known system.
• Chemotherapy. These may be given in oral (tablet) form, or into the bloodstream (intravenous). Not all tumours are amenable to chemotherapy.
What tests will be required before surgery?
A number of diagnostic tests are often performed before surgery is recommended or carried out. In some cases the diagnosis will be fairly certain before the operation, but in many cases the exact problem will not be clear until surgery is carried out.
A brain CT scan is the usual initial investigation that most patients will have had before being referred to a neurosurgeon.
The following investigations may then be ordered:
1. MRI Brain
This gives much more detail than a CT scan, and is important for surgical planning. It may also detect smaller tumours and vascular malformations which may be missed with CT.
2. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
MRS gives information about the likely chemical composition of the tumour, and therefore its probable diagnosis. It can be done at the same time as the MRI in some institutions.
3. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission CT (SPECT) scans
These give information about the blood flow and metabolic activity of a mass within the brain. They are frequently useful in differentiating between a recurrent tumour and the effects of radiotherapy, both of which may look identical on MRI.
4. Cerebral angiography/CT angiogram (CTA)/Magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA)
These tests provide detailed information about the appearance of blood vessels in the brain. Angiography may be helpful where a tumour appears very vascular, or where a diagnosis of a vascular malformation or aneurysm is being considered.
5. CT Chest, Abdomen and Pelvis/Nuclear Medicine Bone Scans/Breast Ultrasound or Mammogram
These scans help to pick up tumours elsewhere in the body. This process of “staging” is frequently important in deciding the best way to manage brain metastases.
6. Plain X-rays of the skull are rarely needed nowadays.
What do you need to tell your neurosurgeon before surgery?
Modern neurosurgery is generally fairly safe, but serious complications can always occur. In order to reduce the risks associated with your surgery, it is important for your surgeon and anaesthetist to be aware of certain health problems and medications.
It is important that you tell your surgeon if you have:
• Blood clotting or bleeding problems
• Ever had blood clots in your legs (DVT or deep venous thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary emboli), or if anyone else in your family has
• Been taking aspirin, warfarin, or anything else (even some herbal supplements) that might thin your blood
• High blood pressure
• Any allergies or reactions to medications or tapes
• Excessive scarring (keloid) or poor healing after surgery
• Any other health problems
You should tell your anaesthetist if you have:
• Heart problems or chest pain
• Respiratory (breathing) problems
• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Previous problems with anaesthesia
Your surgeon and/or anaesthetist may order several additional tests before surgery, including:
• Blood tests (for anaemia, blood clotting problems etc.)
• ECG (to examine your heart electrical activity)
• Chest X-ray
Special precautions
If you are a smoker it is imperative that you stop 3 or 4 weeks before surgery, and should not resume smoking for at least a few months afterwards (but preferably never!).
It is important that you stop certain drugs before surgery, especially ones that thin your blood. If you are taking aspirin, warfarin, or other blood-thinning agents (including herbal products) it is very important that you contact us two weeks before your admission so that we can discuss stopping them with you. If you are taking warfarin we may need to admit you earlier but each case varies, so it is important that you phone and we can discuss the plan for you.
Obviously, in situations where your surgery is urgent, we will take other precautions to avoid or minimize bleeding that may arise from any medications you have been taking.
What are the specific risks of this type of surgery?
As with all types of surgery, there is a risk of complications, and the likelihood of these complications will depend upon your condition and exactly what procedure is being undertaken. You should discuss your specific circumstances with your neurosurgeon.
Whilst the majority of patients will not have any complications, there is a small risk of problems.
In general the risks of craniotomy include, but are not limited to:
• Stroke or haemorrhage
• Infection
• Seizures
• Impaired speech (dysphasia), with problems either understanding speech or actually speaking
• Blindness
• Deafness
• Memory loss
• Cognitive impairment (problems with your thinking)
• Swallowing impairment
• Balance problems
• Hydrocephalus (fluid build-up within the head necessitating a ventricular drain or shunt)
• Numbness of the skin around the scalp incision
• Headaches (these usually settle after a couple of weeks following surgery, but may last longer)
• Cosmetic issues, with a small dimple in the skull where the holes were drilled.
• Death
• Significant scarring (‘keloid’)
• Wound breakdown
• Drug allergies
• DVT (‘economy class syndrome’)
• Pulmonary embolism (blood clot in lungs)
• Chest and urinary tract infections
• Pressure injuries to nerves in arms and legs
• Eye or teeth injuries
• Myocardial infarction (‘heart attack’)
• Stroke
• Loss of life
• Other rare complications
What does the operation involve?
• Anaesthetic and Preparation
A general anesthetic is given and a breathing (‘endotracheal’) tube is inserted. Intravenous antibiotics, and frequently dexamethasone (steroids which reduce some types of brain swelling) and anticonvulsants (medications to prevent seizures) are administered. A catheter is often placed in the bladder (this will be removed the next day). A dehydrating agent, such as Mannitol, is often given in an attempt to control brain swelling.
The patient is then positioned according to the area of the brain that must be operated upon. The hair over the incision area is then clipped and shaved, and the frameless stereotactic navigation system is set up. Local anaesthetic and adrenaline are then injected into the proposed incision site.
• Incision
A curved or straight incision is made in the scalp over the appropriate location. The scalp flap is then pulled back to expose the skull.
• Craniotomy (bone removal)
One or more small holes (burr holes) are drilled in the skull with a high speed drill. This sounds dangerous but is actually quite safe in skilled hands. A surgical saw (craniotome) is then used to connect the burr holes and create a “window” in the skull through which brain surgery will take place. The removed piece of bone (bone flap) is kept sterile, and is usually secured back in position at the end of the operation.
• Removal of the Tumour
When the dura (lining over the brain) is exposed, an assessment of the likely location of the underlying tumour is performed. The dura is then incised with a scalpel and scissors, and the underlying brain is exposed.
A small incision is made in the surface of the brain and the neurosurgeon proceeds along the appropriate path until the tumour is reached. After the tumour is identified, it is carefully dissected from the normal surrounding brain.
A biopsy (small piece of the tumour) is sent to the pathologist for analysis. A ‘frozen section’ analysis usually takes around 20-30 minutes and should tell the surgeon whether the tissue taken is likely to be a tumour, and roughly what type of tumour it is. The frozen section is not, however, 100% accurate, and the tissue is then prepared and stained for a more thorough and accurate pathological evaluation, a process which usually takes 2-3 days.
Special microsurgical and other instruments are used by the neurosurgeon to locate, incise, and remove the tumour. These may include a microscope or special magnification glasses (‘loupes’), lasers, and an ultrasonic tissue aspirator (abbreviated to ‘CUSA’) that breaks up and then aspirates (sucks away) the abnormal tissue.
With meningiomas and metastatic tumours, it usually easy to distinguish the tumour from the normal brain tissue around them, and a fairly complete excision is usually possible (also known as a ‘gross macroscopic excision’). This is in contrast to surgery for gliomas, where the tumour boundaries are usually unclear and difficult to identify. Furthermore, the tumour cells in glioma usually spread well beyond the visible edges of the tumour, deep into the brain and sometimes into the other side of the brain.
Once the tumour has been removed, the surgeon ensures that there is no significant bleeding (this process is known as obtaining haemostasis).
In situations where there is a large cystic component to the tumour, a drain and reservoir may be inserted into the cystic cavity. This allows easy drainage of fluid if it accumulates in the cyst after surgery, by simply passing a small needle through the scalp and into the reservoir.
An intracranial pressure monitoring device is occasionally implanted, and a drain is sometimes placed within the fluid channels in the middle of the brain (the ventricles).
• Bone Replacement
After the dura has been stitched back together, the piece of bone that was removed is replaced and secured using small plates and screws, or several small clamps which hold the bone flap fairly firmly.
If there are significant defects in the skull from the drilled holes (which may cause cosmetic issues or feel may uncomfortable when combing your hair) these will be filled and the skull recontoured using acrylic or titanium. This is known as a reconstructive cranioplasty.
• Incision closure
The operation is completed when the incision is closed, usually in two or three layers. Unless dissolving suture material is used, the skin staples will have to be removed after the incision has partially healed (usually around 7 days after surgery).
What happens next?
• Neurological Observation
You will be transferred to the recovery room immediately after surgery, where you will wake up. The recovery room nurses will monitor you closely, particularly in relation to your level of consciousness, arm and leg strength, as well as breathing, blood pressure and heart rate.
Once you are more awake and relatively stable, you will be moved to the neurosurgical high dependency unit or a closely monitored bed on the neurosurgery ward, where your condition can be closely monitored for around 24-48hrs. These highly specialised areas provide ongoing close observation with highly-trained nursing care.
The first 24 hours after surgery represents the period of highest risk for post-operative bleeding. Your blood pressure will be kept under control and your level of consciousness will be watched closely. In some cases a monitor may be used to measure the pressure inside your skull. A CT or MRI scan is often performed the day after surgery to make sure things are satisfactory. When fully conscious and completely stable, you will be returned to your regular room.
• Postoperative Pain and Nausea
A dull headache is common, but is usually all the post-operative pain that is expected. Pain medication will be ordered for this. Nausea and vomiting may also occur, and these will be treated with medications.
• Incision care
The incision will be covered with a dressing, and sometimes a crepe bandage. The wound is usually checked, cleaned and redressed 3 or 4 days after surgery. The staples are usually removed 7 or 8 days after surgery. The wound must be kept dry for the first 2 weeks following g your operation.
• Fluid Replacement and Nutrition
Intravenous fluids will be ordered during the early recovery period and continued until you are fully awake and tolerating a reasonable amount of liquid by mouth. For the first few days, all fluids intake and output will be carefully monitored, due to the danger of brain swelling lessens.
• Emotional changes
Brain surgery is generally fairly stressful, both physically and psychologically. It is common to feel discouraged and tired for several days after surgery. This emotional let-down must not be permitted to obstruct the positive attitude essential to recovery and a return to fairly normal activity.
• Discharge
The amount of time spent in the hospital may be different for each patient, and will depend upon the condition for which you underwent a craniotomy, as well as your post-operative recovery. Discharge is planned in consultation with the patient, their family, as well as the physiotherapist, occupational therapist, nursing staff, and neurosurgeon. Some patients are able to be discharged home, but others require a period of inpatient rehabilitation to optimize their outcome and make it as safe as possible for them to return home.
What happens after I am discharged from hospital after brain surgery?
If a significant neurologic deficit remains after surgery, a period of rehabilitation is often necessary to maximise your improvement. Otherwise you are likely to be discharged home.
Your GP should check your wounds 4 days after discharge. We will advise you when to have your staples removed at your GP’s surgery or by the Precision Neurosurgery Practice Nurse (this is usually 7-8 days after surgery). You should not sign or witness any legal documents until you have been seen by your GP. You will need to take it easy for 6-8 weeks.
In summary, you should try to do around an hour of gentle exercise, such as walking, every day. You will be reviewed after 6-8 weeks by your neurosurgeon. You should not drive a motor vehicle, operate heavy machinery, or return to work until your neurosurgeon gives you the go ahead.
What follow-up is required?
Your neurosurgeon will review you 6-8 weeks after discharge, but will see you sooner if there are any problems. You will need to see your GP frequently during that time, so that your wound can be monitored for signs of infection, and your medications can be adjusted.
Before returning to see your neurosurgeon, a CT scan or MRI may be arranged. This will depend upon your specific circumstances.
You should keep in contact with the Precision Neurosurgery Registered Nurse, and relay any concerns to her.
Radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy after surgery may be recommended for malignant tumours. You will usually be referred to a neuro-oncologist and a radiation oncologist for their opinion and treatment.
Successful recovery from brain tumour surgery requires that the patient and their family approach the hospitalisation and recovery period with some degree of confidence based on a thorough understanding of the process. This will be complemented by the availability of your neurosurgeon, practice nurse, GP, and other treating specialists to give you advice, information and guidance. Support groups can be very useful in helping you to get through this difficult time, and the input of a psychologist can also be invaluable.
What are my discharge instructions after craniotomy?
These discharge instructions will vary according to the nature of your condition, exactly what type of craniotomy was performed, and your post-operative course. Your Neurosurgeon and/or the Precision Neurosurgery Registered Nurse will give you specific advice which should be followed.
The following instructions are a guide for the ‘average’ craniotomy patient:
Whilst most patients will be discharged home after their surgery, some may benefit from a period of inpatient rehabilitation, whilst others may be transferred to another type of medical or nursing facility. Some patients will benefit from ongoing treatment (either as an outpatient or inpatient) by a physiotherapist, occupational therapist, or speech therapist.
You are encouraged to set a flexible plan for your recovery, and should work slowly and steadily to increase your physical and mental tolerance.
During the first week at home, you should relax and just move around at will. Lifting anything over 2-3kg is discouraged for the first two or three months. Over the first few months after surgery, it is common to feel tired and you should rest frequently.
Your dressing will be changed a few days after surgery, and can be removed a week or so later. Once the dressing is no longer required, you can wear a clean hat or scarf until your hair has re-grown. The staples are generally removed at 7-8 days post-op.
You can shower and gently wash your hair with shampoo, but you should keep your wound dry for the first 2 weeks after surgery. The best way to do this is to wear a shower cap. Avoid hair products such as mousse or gels, as well as hair colourants and perms for at least 2 months after surgery.
Walking is the best exercise to undertake after brain surgery. Commence a walking program your second week home and increase the time and distance as each week passes. Aim for 1-2 hours per day on flat ground after two months.
You should avoid riding bicycles or running for at least two months. Other activities should be discussed with your neurosurgeon or the Precision Neurosurgery Registered Nurse.
You can resume sexual activity when you feel comfortable, but this should not be too vigorous for the first month or so after surgery.
Driving should be discussed with your neurosurgeon, as these guidelines vary from State to State, as well as from patient to patient.
The window of bone that was created to perform your operation has been secured in place with either small clamps or some plates and screws. These clamps or plates hold the bone fairly securely, but it usually takes up to 12 months for the bone window to fuse to the surrounding skull via growth of new bone across the narrow gap.
It is likely that you will be prescribed medications on discharge, and specific instructions will be given to you relating to how long you need to take them for, and how to reduce and stop (‘wean’) them. Such medications may be for:
• Pain
• Nausea
• Brain swelling reduction
• Seizure prevention
• Stomach ulcer prevention
What is “normal” after a tumour craniotomy?
The following are common problems encountered by many patients, and usually do not mean anything serious is wrong:
• Headaches: these are usually present daily to some degree, and may persist for a number of weeks. They will change in their location, character and severity as the bone heals and the scalp nerves regenerate.
• Numbness: this is common, and arises because the skin nerves have been cut. The area of numbness usually decreases over weeks to months, but sometimes does not disappear completely.
• Concentration: this is usually impaired for weeks to months after craniotomy. It is common to find difficulty focusing on certain tasks; you may need to re-read information in order to retain it. These symptoms tend to get better with time.
• Emotional instability (lability): you may experience depression, crying spells, anxiety, and sensitivity to noise or people in crowded places. Try to relax and take it easy. Spend more quiet time. If you have major problems with these symptoms and cannot relax, call us and we will arrange for you to see a Clinical Psychologist to receive some strategies to do so.
• Tiredness and fatigue: these are very common, and gradually improve.Once you commence a regular walking program, you will start to feel more energy.
It is common for it to take up to 3 months before you feel “well” again. Have plenty of rest during the day and eat healthy foods. Do not drink more than a small amount of alcohol during this time. Get up at your regular time and get plenty of sleep. Your internal clock would have been severely deranged during your hospitalisation, and it takes some time to return to normal.
What should you notify your neurosurgeon or the Precision Neurosurgery Registered Nurse of after surgery?
• Increasing headache which is unrelieved by pain medication
• Fever (high temperature) or chills
• Swelling or infection of the wound (redness, increasing pain or tenderness)
• Leakage of fluid from the wound, or any opening in the wound after the staples have been removed
• Fitting (seizures) or fainting spells
• Abnormal sensations or movements in your face, arms or legs
• Weakness or numbness
• Drowsiness
• Problems with balance or walking
• Nausea or vomiting
• Pain in the calf muscles or chest
• Shortness of breath
• Any other concerns
What are the costs of surgery?
What is the consent process?
Most frequently asked questions about brain tumour surgery
• What happens at the time of your admission?
Patients are usually admitted to hospital either the day before, or on the morning of surgery. In situations where a number of investigations (scans etc) or consultations are needed you may be admitted a couple of days before surgery. On admission you will be assessed by a physician and a nurse. Blood tests and sometimes an ECG are done to make sure you are fit for surgery. You will also meet the anaesthetist at some stage before your operation.
• I’ve been told I’ll need a Stealth or BrainLab Scan. What is this?
A stealth scan is frequently used by neurosurgeons to help them pinpoint the exact location of a tumour. This makes your surgery safer.
Either the day before or on the morning of surgery you will undergo a brain scan, either a CT or an MRI. This information is loaded into a computer in the operating theatre in order to generate an exact three-dimensional image of your head and brain which can be closely correlated with your real brain during surgery.
Small round surface markers called ‘fiducials’ are stuck to the forehead and scalp. It will be necessary to shave a small amount of hair to ensure that the fiducials make proper contact with the skin and don’t fall off. The markers stay in place until surgery where they are ‘seen’ by the computer. It is important you do not pick the fiducials off or wash your hair before surgery, as they are likely to fall off.
• A biopsy has been recommended. What is this?
A biopsy is the removal of a small piece of tumour tissue. This material is then examined under a microscope by an expert pathologist, and an accurate diagnosis is usually made.
During a closed biopsy operation, a small hole (‘burr hole’) is made in the skull using a high sped drill. A sample of tissue is obtained by passing a needle through this hole and into the tumour.
Closed biopsies may be done under a general anaesthetic or local anaesthetic. The procedure usually takes up to an hour. The skin over the wound is stapled together and the bone grows back over the small hole in the skull in a few months.
Am open biopsy refers to a craniotomy. A craniotomy is performed (see below) before samples of the tumour are taken. In some situations this is safer than a closed biopsy.
• What is the difference between a tumour excision and a debulking operation?
During a tumour excision procedure, the surgeon performs a craniotomy and then removes all (or almost all) of the tumour before replacing the skull and fixing the skin back in place. There are no problems caused by the gap left after the excision.
Tumour debulking (partial removal) is undertaken when it is unsafe to remove the entire tumour. Several features of the tumour may make it appropriate for debulking. For example, the tumour might be very close to, or even invading, critical structures, such as major blood vessels.
The decision to perform either a radical excision or a partial removal is not always black and white. It may depend upon a number of factors, including the neurosurgeon’s judgement and patient preferences.
• How long will surgery take?
Surgery can take as little as an hour, but may take a number of hours. This depends upon the size and position of the tumour, as well as a number of other technical factors. You will usually be in the recovery room for an hour or so immediately after you wake up, and in total you will be away from the ward for at least a few hours.
• What can I expect after surgery?
You will wake up in the recovery room of the operating theatre shortly after surgery is over. You be transferred back to the neurosurgery ward or high dependency unit once you are awake.
When you wake up from surgery you may experience a headache and nausea, both of which are treated with medications.
The incision will usually be closed with clips (staples), which will be removed around a week after surgery. You will be given a staple remover so that these can be removed by GP, however in some situations they can be removed by the Precision
• Neurosurgery Registered Nurse.
Your wound may feel uncomfortable for several weeks after surgery, and it is usual for the skin around the incision to feel unusual as the wound heals and the nerves re-grow. These sensations typically resolve over a couple of months but occasionally persist in the long term.
Headaches are very common following brain surgery, and often take a few months to settle. Mild pain medications (such as paracetamol) usually suffice, and you should contact your GP or the Precision Neurosurgery Registered Nurse if the headaches persist despite such medications.
The scar and surrounding skin may appear bruised for several days. Your eye may be bruised and swollen, but this settles over a week or so. The hair which was shaved begins to re-grow fairly soon after surgery, and the scar (which is ordinarily behind the hairline) fades to a less-noticeable pale thin line over 6-12 months.
• How to I get my life back to ‘normal’ after surgery?
You can gently wash your hair around two weeks after surgery. It is recommended that you use a gentle shampoo for this. It is advised that you avoid hair dyes and perms for a couple of months as these may irritate the incision.
You are advised to avoid flying for around one month after your operation, due to the possibility that changes in cabin pressure may cause problems if you have some air left in your head after surgery.
You can resume light work around the house and a gentle exercise program as soon as you feel fit. How quickly you can return to work will depend upon the nature of your job, and it is best to discuss this with your neurosurgeon.
You are advised to avoid contact sports such as boxing or rugby for at least 12 months. It is safe to resume sexual activities once you feel capable.
Drinking a small amount of alcohol is safe, but you may be more susceptible to the mind-altering effects of alcohol after brain surgery, and there is also an increased risk of you having a fit or seizure if you drink larger amounts.
|
<urn:uuid:acb44a0b-ae57-4e46-99bc-138270b7bb73>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.03125786781311035,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9463436603546143,
"url": "https://www.precisionhealth.com.au/healthcare-services/advanced-neurosurgery-spinal-surgery/procedures-and-surgery/craniotomy/"
}
|
Uganda: Early Political Systems
Country Study > Chapter 1 > Historical Setting > Uganda Before 1900 > Early Political Systems
As the Bantu-speaking agriculturists multiplied over the centuries, they evolved a form of government by clan chiefs. This kinship-organized system was useful for coordinating work projects, settling internal disputes, and carrying out religious observances to clan deities, but it could effectively govern only a limited number of people. Larger polities began to form states by the end of the first millennium A.D., some of which would ultimately govern over a million subjects each.
The stimulus to the formation of states may have been the meeting of people of differing cultures. The lake shores became densely settled by Bantu speakers, particularly after the introduction of the banana, or plantain, as a basic food crop around A.D. 1000; farther north in the short grass uplands, where rainfall was intermittent, pastoralists were moving south from the area of the Nile River in search of better pastures. Indeed, a short grass "corridor" existed north and west of Lake Victoria through which successive waves of herders may have passed on the way to central and southern Africa. The meeting of these peoples resulted in trade across various ecological zones and evolved into more permanent relationships.
Nilotic-speaking pastoralists were mobile and ready to resort to arms in defense of their own cattle or raids to appropriate the cattle of others. But their political organization was minimal, based on kinship and decision making by kin-group elders. In the meeting of cultures, they may have acquired the ideas and symbols of political chiefship from the Bantu-speakers, to whom they could offer military protection. A system of patronclient relationships developed, whereby a pastoral elite emerged, entrusting the care of cattle to subjects who used the manure to improve the fertility of their increasingly overworked gardens and fields. The earliest of these states may have been established in the fifteenth century by a group of pastoral rulers called the Chwezi. Although legends depicted the Chwezi as supernatural beings, their material remains at the archaeological sites of Bigo and Mubende have shown that they were human and the probable ancestors of the modern Hima or Tutsi (Watutsi) pastoralists of Rwanda and Burundi. During the fifteenth century, the Chwezi were displaced by a new Nilotic-speaking pastoral group called the Bito. The Chwezi appear to have moved south of present-day Uganda to establish kingdoms in northwest Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi.
From this process of cultural contact and state formation, three different types of states emerged. The Hima type was later to be seen in Rwanda and Burundi. It preserved a caste system whereby the rulers and their pastoral relatives attempted to maintain strict separation from the agricultural subjects, called Hutu. The Hima rulers lost their Nilotic language and became Bantu speakers, but they preserved an ideology of superiority in political and social life and attempted to monopolize high status and wealth. In the twentieth century, the Hutu revolt after independence led to the expulsion from Rwanda of the Hima elite, who became refugees in Uganda. A counterrevolution in Burundi secured power for the Hima through periodic massacres of the Hutu majority.
The Bito type of state, in contrast with that of the Hima, was established in Bunyoro, which for several centuries was the dominant political power in the region. Bito immigrants displaced the influential Hima and secured power for themselves as a royal clan, ruling over Hima pastoralists and Hutu agriculturalists alike. No rigid caste lines divided Bito society. The weakness of the Bito ideology was that, in theory, it granted every Bito clan member royal status and with it the eligibility to rule. Although some of these ambitions might be fulfilled by the Bunyoro king's (omukama) granting his kin offices as governors of districts, there was always the danger of coup d'état or secession by overambitious relatives. Thus, in Bunyoro, periods of political stability and expansion were interrupted by civil wars and secessions.
The third type of state to emerge in Uganda was that of Buganda, on the northern shores of Lake Victoria. This area of swamp and hillside was not attractive to the rulers of pastoral states farther north and west. It became a refuge area, however, for those who wished to escape rule by Bunyoro or for factions within Bunyoro who were defeated in contests for power. One such group from Bunyoro, headed by Prince Kimera, arrived in Buganda early in the fifteenth century. Assimilation of refugee elements had already strained the ruling abilities of Buganda's various clan chiefs and a supraclan political organization was already emerging. Kimera seized the initiative in this trend and became the first effective king (kabaka) of the fledgling Buganda state. Ganda oral traditions later sought to disguise this intrusion from Bunyoro by claiming earlier, shadowy, quasisupernatural kabakas.
Unlike the Hima caste system or the Bunyoro royal clan political monopoly, Buganda's kingship was made a kind of state lottery in which all clans could participate. Each new king was identified with the clan of his mother, rather than that of his father. All clans readily provided wives to the ruling kabaka, who had eligible sons by most of them. When the ruler died, his successor was chosen by clan elders from among the eligible princes, each of whom belonged to the clan of his mother. In this way, the throne was never the property of a single clan for more than one reign.
Consolidating their efforts behind a centralized kingship, the Baganda (people of Buganda; sing., Muganda) shifted away from defensive strategies and toward expansion. By the mid-nineteenth century, Buganda had doubled and redoubled its territory. Newly conquered lands were placed under chiefs nominated by the king. Buganda's armies and the royal tax collectors traveled swiftly to all parts of the kingdom along specially constructed roads which crossed streams and swamps by bridges and viaducts. On Lake Victoria (which the Baganda called Nnalubale), a royal navy of outrigger canoes, commanded by an admiral who was chief of the Lungfish clan, could transport Baganda commandos to raid any shore of the lake. The journalist Henry M. Stanley visited Buganda in 1875 and provided an estimate of Buganda troop strength. Stanley counted 125,000 troops marching off on a single campaign to the east, where a fleet of 230 war canoes waited to act as auxiliary naval support.
At Buganda's capital, Stanley found a well-ordered town of about 40,000 surrounding the king's palace, which was situated atop a commanding hill. A wall more than four kilometers in circumference surrounded the palace compound, which was filled with grass-roofed houses, meeting halls, and storage buildings. At the entrance to the court burned the royal fire (gombolola), which would only be extinguished when the kabaka died. Thronging the grounds were foreign ambassadors seeking audiences, chiefs going to the royal advisory council, messengers running errands, and a corps of young pages, who served the kabaka while training to become future chiefs. For communication across the kingdom, the messengers were supplemented by drum signals.
Most communities in Uganda, however, were not organized on such a vast political scale. To the north, the Nilotic-speaking Acholi people adopted some of the ideas and regalia of kingship from Bunyoro in the eighteenth century. Chiefs (rwots) acquired royal drums, collected tribute from followers, and redistributed it to those who were most loyal. The mobilization of larger numbers of subjects permitted successful hunts for meat. Extensive areas of bushland were surrounded by beaters, who forced the game to a central killing point in a hunting technique that was still practiced in areas of central Africa in 1989. But these Acholi chieftaincies remained relatively small in size, and within them the power of the clans remained strong enough to challenge that of the rwot.
Data as of December 1990
Last Updated: December 1990
Uganda Main Page Country Studies Main Page
Section 9 of 169
Click any image to enlarge.
National Flag
(USh) Ugandan Shilling (UGX)
Convert to Any Currency
Locator Map
|
<urn:uuid:949fe947-50a3-4a65-ae8e-c4b3bb668437>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.020991086959838867,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9682591557502747,
"url": "http://fact.geoba.se/handbook-page.php?id=1646500"
}
|
Sign In
Forgot Password Create Account
One of the earliest American maps of the state of Rhode Island from the first American gazetteer.
Joseph T. Scott, a Philadelphia engraver and publisher, issued his gazetteer during the early days of American cartography. Scott included much detail of rivers, counties, roads, and towns.
The depiction of roads is quite detailed for the time.
|
<urn:uuid:fd679e5e-f418-48d7-bcd4-51da54d8356a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.17457115650177002,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9609880447387695,
"url": "https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/54673/rhode-island-scott"
}
|
CBSE Class 9 Social Science Syllabus For Year 2018 – 2019
CBSE Social Science Class 9 Syllabus is out now from CBSE Board. In this article, you will get all the details of Social Science syllabus. Syllabus is also helpful for all CBSE Schools following NCERT publications. You can check the best visuals of CBSE Syllabus in our LearnFatafat CBSE Video Courses.
video course social science class 9 syllabus
CBSE Class 9 History Syllabus (20 Marks)
1. The French Revolution:
(a) The Ancient Regime and its crises. (b) The social forces that led to the revolution. (c) The different revolutionary groups and ideas of the time. (d) The legacy. (Chapter-1)
2. Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution:
(a)The crises of Tzarism. (b) The nature of social movements between 1905 and 1917. (c) The First World War and foundation of Soviet state. (d) The legacy. (Chapter 2)
3. Nazism and the Rise of Hitler:
(a)The growth of social democracy (b) The crises in Germany. (b) The basis of Hitler’s rise to power. (c) The ideology of Nazism. (d) The impact of Nazism. (Chapter 3)
4. Forest Society and Colonialism:
(a) Relationship between forests and livelihoods. (b) Changes in forest societies under colonialism.
Case studies: Focus on two forest movements one in colonial India (Bastar) and one in Indonesia. (Chapter 4)
5. Pastoralists in the Modern World:
Case studies: Focus on two pastoral groups, one from Africa and one from India. (Chapter 5)
6. Peasants and Farmers:
(a) Histories of the emergence of different forms of farming and peasant societies. (b) Changes within rural economies in the modern world.
Case studies: Focus on contrasting forms of rural change and different forms of rural societies (expansion of large-scale wheat and cotton farming in USA, rural economy and the Agricultural Revolution in England, and small peasant production in colonial India) (Chapter 6)
CBSE Class 9 Geography Syllabus (20 Marks)
1. India – Size and Location
2. Physical Features of India:
Relief,structure, major physiographic unit.
3. Drainage:
Major rivers and tributaries, lakes and seas, role of rivers in the economy, pollution of rivers, measures to control river pollution. (Chapter 3)
4. Climate:
Factors influencing the climate; monsoon- its characteristics, rainfall and temperature distribution; seasons; climate and human life. (Chapter 4)
5. Natural Vegetation and Wild Life:
Vegetation types, distribution as well as altitudinal variation, need for conservation and various measures. Major species, their distribution, need for conservation and various measures.
6. Population:
Size, distribution, age sex composition, population change migration as a determinant of population change, literacy, health, occupational structure and national population policy: adolescents as under-served population group with special needs.(Chapter 6)
7. Note: Data of pg 53, 54 is to be updated by the teacher in the Text Book NCERT, Class IX Geography.
CBSE Class 9 Political Science Syllabus
1. What is Democracy? Why Democracy?:
What are the different ways of defining democracy? Why has democracy become the most prevalent form of government in our times? What are the alternatives to democracy? Is democracy superior to its available alternatives? Must every democracy have the same institutions and values?(Chapter 2)
2. Constitutional Design:
How and why did India become a democracy? How was the Indian Constitution framed? What are the salient features of the Constitution? How is democracy being constantly designed and redesigned in India? (Chapter 3)
3. Electoral Politics:
Why and how do we elect representatives? Why do we have a system of competition among political parties? How has the citizens’ participation in electoral politics changed? What are the ways to ensure free and fair elections? (Chapter 4)
4. Working of Institutions:
How is the country governed? What does Parliament do in our democracy? What is the role ofthe President of India,the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers? How do these relate to one another? (Chapter 5)
5. Democratic Rights:
Why do we need rights in a constitution? What are the Fundamental Rights enjoyed by the citizen under the Indian constitution? How does the judiciary protect the Fundamental Rights of the citizen? How is the independence of the judiciary ensured? (Chapter 6)
CBSE Class 9 Economics Syllabus
1. The Story of Village Palampur:
Economic transactions of Palampore and its interaction with the rest of the world through which the concept of production (including three factors of production (land, labour and capital) can be introduced. (Chapter 1)
2. People as Resource:
Introduction of how people become resource / asset; economic activities done by men and women; unpaid work done by women; quality of human resource; role of health and education; unemployment as a form of non utilisation of human resource; sociopolitical implication in simple form. (Chapter 2)
3. Poverty as a Challenge:
Who is poor (through two case studies: one rural, one urban); indicators; absolute poverty (not as a concept but through a few simple examples)-why people are poor; unequal distribution of resources; comparison between countries; steps taken by government for poverty alleviation.
(Chapter 3)
4. Food Security in India:
Source of foodgrains, variety across the nation, famines in the past, the need for selfsufficiency, role of government in food security, procurement of foodgrains, overflowing of granaries and people without food, public distribution system, role of cooperatives in food security (foodgrains, milk and vegetables ration shops, cooperative shops, two-three examples as case studies) (Chapter 4)
5. Note: Current status of PDS mentioned in NCERT Class IX Economics to be deleted. (pg no. 49-51)
Source and Credits:
Source and Credits: Syllabus is taken from CBSE website. LearnFatafat is not responsible for any changes in the syllabus. Students are requested to refer in case of any changes.
Click Here For CBSE Class 9 Science Syllabus For Year 2018 – 2019
Click Here For CBSE Class 9 Mathematics Syllabus For Year 2018 – 2019
Click Here For CBSE Class 9 English Syllabus For Year 2018 – 2019
View Courses By LearnFatafat
English Grammar For Kids
Maths For Kids
CBSE Class 10 Course
CBSE Class 9 Course
CBSE Class 8 Science Course
CBSE CLass 11 Physics Course
CBSE CLass 11 Chemistry Course
CBSE Class 12 Physics Course
Karnataka Board SSLC Class 10 Course
Share Fatafat
six − 3 =
|
<urn:uuid:06db2bb4-6a91-419f-9e36-79c8cb93f380>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.4462103843688965,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9096059799194336,
"url": "https://learnfatafat.com/cbse-social-science-class-9-syllabus-for-year-2018-2019/"
}
|
TopCoder problem "LostSortingAlgorithm" used in TCHS SRM 57 (Division I Level Three)
Problem Statement
Many economists like to represent objects with numbers and compare them using various measures. For example, when shopping for houses, they may represent attributes like cost, number of bedrooms, and distance from work as numbers. They can then prioritize these attributes and easily determine the best match. Consider the following 4 houses:
• A: $100,000, 2 bedrooms, 30 minutes from work
• B: $200,000, 3 bedrooms, 10 minutes from work
• C: $300,000, 3 bedrooms, 10 minutes from work
• D: $100,000, 3 bedrooms, 20 minutes from work
One way to prioritize the attributes is as follows:
1) The most important attribute is the number of bedrooms. We don't need a big house, so among all the houses, prefer the ones that have less bedrooms.
2) The second most important attribute is the distance to work. Among houses that are tied after step 1, prefer the ones that are closer to work.
3) The least important attribute is cost. Among houses that are still tied after step 2, prefer the ones that cost less.
If we sort the 4 houses above using this prioritization, we get (from most to least preferred): A, B, C, D. House A is preferred over all other houses because it has 2 bedrooms, while B, C and D have 3 bedrooms each. Houses B and C are preferred over house D because they they are closer to work than D. And, finally, house B is preferred over house C because B is cheaper.
Your friend Helen is shopping for houses, but she forgot to bring her prioritized list of attributes. Luckily, she does have a list of houses that were sorted according to that prioritization. She has asked you to help her recover the prioritized list of attributes.
You are given a String[] clues containing the list of houses sorted from most to least preferred. Each element of clues represents one house and contains the values of the attributes for that house. The i-th character (0-indexed) is the value of the i-th attribute, and is a hexadecimal digit ('0'-'9','A'-'F'). Lower values are preferred to higher values for all attributes. You must determine the order in which the attributes were prioritized to produce this list. Assume that after the given list was sorted, there were no ties (meaning no two houses were equally as good according to the prioritization).
Return a String containing the indices (0-indexed) of the prioritized attributes from most to least important. If there is no possible prioritized attribute list, return "IMPOSSIBLE" instead, and if there is more than one possible answer, return "TOO MANY" (all quotes for clarity).
Method signature:String recoverSortingAlgorithm(String[] clues)
(be sure your method is public)
-clues will contain between 1 and 50 elements, inclusive.
-Each element of clues will contain between 1 and 8 characters, inclusive.
-Each element of clues will contain only digits ('0'-'9') and uppercase letters ('A'-'F').
-All elements of clues will be of the same length.
-All elements of clues will be distinct.
{"12D", "23A", "33A", "13B"}
Returns: "120"
The example from the statement. Four elements of the input represent four houses, where the first character of each element represents the cost ('1' corresponds to $100,000, '2' - to $200,000, and 3 - to $300,000), the second character represents the number of bedrooms, and the third character of each element represents the distance to work ('A' corresponds to 10 minutes, 'B' - to 20 minutes and 'D' - to 30 minutes). The prioritized list of attributes in this case must be "120" (number of bedrooms, distance from work, cost - this is the example we used above).
{"0112", "2102", "1010"}
{"F112", "21F2", "1F1F"}
Returns: "TOO MANY"
{"01234567", "01234568"}
Returns: "TOO MANY"
Returns: "TOO MANY"
Returns: "210"
Problem url:
Problem stats url:
PabloGilberto , Olexiy , ivan_metelsky
Problem categories:
Graph Theory, Sorting, String Manipulation
|
<urn:uuid:a006beb3-1915-47bc-8023-dc6807eb1bb2>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.125,
"fasttext_score": 0.9617299437522888,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9101386070251465,
"url": "http://topcoder.bgcoder.com/print.php?id=2302"
}
|
Acorn Barnacles Facts
Scientific Name: Balanus
Acorn Barnacles
White acorn barnacles attached to a rock in Larsen Bay, Kodiak Alaska.
EdwardSnow / Getty Images Plus
Acorn barnacles are crustaceans in the Balanidae family and Balanus genus that all share the same common name and can include any stalkless barnacle in the order Sessilia. They are part of class Maxillopoda, and their genus name comes from the Greek word balanos, meaning acorn. Acorn barnacles live along rocky shores and are filter feeders. They begin life as free swimmers like other crustaceans but attach themselves to rocks or bottoms of boats and spend the rest of their lives in this position.
Fast Facts
• Scientific Name: Balanus
• Common Names: Acorn barnacle
• Order: Sessilia
• Basic Animal Group: Invertebrate
• Size: from 0.7 inch (balanus glandula) to above 4 inches (balanus nubilus)
• Life Span: 1 to 7 years
• Diet: Plankton and edible detritus
• Habitat: Rocky shores
• Population: Not evaluated
• Fun Fact: In just 2 years, as much as 10 tons of acorn barnacles can be attached to ships, causing enough drag to increase fuel consumption by 40%
Acorn Barnacle Shells
Acorn Barnacle Shells. medveh / Getty Images Plus
Acorn barnacles are crustaceans and not mollusks. They are joint-legged animals that live inside cone-shaped shells, standing on their heads and grabbing food with their legs. Acorn barnacles are also sessile, or fixed in place, and remain in the place they attach themselves to as larvae. Due to their stationary lives, there is no discernible separation between the head and thorax.
Because their legs absorb oxygen, acorn barnacles’ legs are feathery and gill-like. They produce a shell as they reach adulthood, which is made of six fused plates with a hole in the top to allow them to feed and a valve to seal the shell against predators. They also have cement glands that produce brown glue that attaches them to surfaces, an adhesive so strong that not even acids can remove the shell even after they have died.
Common predators of acorn barnacles include starfish and snails. Both have the ability to penetrate their hard shells. Starfish can pull the shells apart while the snails are able to penetrate via the fused plates.
Habitat and Distribution
These creatures live on rocky shores along the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in temperate and tropical regions across the world. They primarily live in tropical, tidal zone, marine environments but can survive in cooler regions. They attach themselves to ship hulls, whales, turtles, and rocks depending on the surface contour, water movement, and light.
Diet and Behavior
Their diet consists of plankton and edible detritus that they filter from the water with their feathery legs. Once attached to a surface, the barnacle’s valve opens, and its legs search the water for plankton. The valve tightly closes when it is threatened by a predator or when the tide becomes low. The door allows them to trap water in their shells and conserve moisture so that they do not dry out.
Acorn barnacles prefer to settle in large groups, which comes in handy during breeding season. Some species, like balanus glandula, can reach population densities of up to 750,000 per square foot. They compete for space with other rock dwellers such as anemones and mussels. Each species adapts to different tidal zones, so different acorn barnacle species can be zoned above or below each other.
Reproduction and Offspring
These barnacles are hermaphroditic, meaning they have both female and male sex organs. Since they can’t fertilize themselves, they rely on fertilizing neighboring individuals. Because acorn barnacles are stationary, they grow long penises, which can be up to 6 times the length of their own bodies at 3 inches. They pass and receive sperm within a 3 inch range, and any barnacles more than this range from any neighbor can not reproduce. At the end of mating season, the penis dissolves only to be grown again the next year.
Each barnacle broods fertilized eggs within their shells. Once hatched, acorn barnacles begin life as free swimming larvae. When they decide to settle, the larvae glue their heads to a hard surface and build their cone-shaped shells of limestone, becoming miniature adults.
Closeup of Balanus balanoides on a stone. HHelene / iStock / Getty Images Plus
Acorn barnacles are any stalkless barnacle species in the genus Balanus, and any barnacle in the order Sessilia can have the same common name. There are approximately 30 different species in the genus Balanus, from the smallest in size, Balanus glandula, to the largest, Balanus nubilus. All Balanus species are hermaphrodites.
Some additional examples of acorn barnacle species are: Balanus crenatus, Balanus eburneus, Balanus perforatus, and Balanus trigonus.
Conservation Status
Most Balanus species have not been evaluated by the the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Balanus aquila has been designated as data deficient. However, their range and prevalence continue to increase as barnacles attach themselves to boats and animals that displace them large distances.
• "Acorn Barnacle". Monterey Bay Aquarium,
• "Acorn Barnacle". Oceana,
• "Acorn Barnacle". Slater Museum Of Natural History,
• "Balanus Aquila". IUCN Red List Of Threatened Species, 1996,
• Lott, L. "Semibalanus Balanoides". Animal Diversity Web, 2001,
|
<urn:uuid:2239fa25-0496-43da-a683-51a2b7889c57>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.8125,
"fasttext_score": 0.06427228450775146,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9186477661132812,
"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/acorn-barnacles-4772301"
}
|
Notianjow Kernuak rag Dallathorian
Cornish Notes for Beginners
Sections 4
Other Sections
Pandr’era why a kîl ? What are you doing? What do you do?
4.2 Actions and locations with the verb boaz.
4.3 Verbs: Examples of the present participle.
4.4 Peleah? Where? (Also spelt peleha)
4.5 Where things are: Prepositions
4.6 Cowz bear: A short conversation
4.7 Pandr’idgeva 'kîl?: What is he doing? Pandr’idge hy kîl?: What is she doing? Pandr'iggans 'kîl?: What are they doing?
4.8 Ea ha Na. Yes and No:
4.9 Ez? (questions)
4.1 Pandr’era why a kîl ? What are you doing? or What do you do?.........back
thera ve or theram: I am This is part of the verb BOAZ used for actions and locations.
thera ve 'cones: I’m working (gones = to work ; cones = working g>c )
thera ve 'tebry: I’m eating (debry = to eat ; tebry eating d > t )
thera ve 'kazowas: I’m listening (gazowas = to listen ; kazowas = listening g > k)
thera ve 'pedhy: I’m drowning (bedhy = to drown ; pedhy = drowning b > p)
In the above examples the first letter of the verb changes. This is called hard mutation and only affects a few letters:
b becomes p d becomes t g becomes c or k
e.g. downsia: to dance becomes townsia: dancing
In practice this change of d to t is often ignored.
Other letters are not affected by hard mutation. Examples of no change:
perna: to buy thera ve 'perna bara: I’m buying bread
(the sound of p in perna cannot get any harder than it is already, so no hard mutation can take place)
meras: to look thera ve 'meras ort an moar: I’m looking at the sea
(It is not possible to harden the m of meras)
lavaral: to say thera ve lavaral nepeth en Kernuak: I’m saying something in Cornish
(It is not possible to harden the l of lavaral)
What causes the hardening?:
Between thera ve and the following 'verb noun' we often write a (e.g. thera ve a predery: I’m thinking). It is this a (known as a verbal particle) which causes the following letter to harden. The a is normally left out but even when it is unseen and unheard the hardening still takes place. This initial harding is like adding -ing in English (singing, talking). It tells us we are using the present-continuous tense.
[ If you've learnt Unified or Kemmyn, note that this a = particle ow and that there are exceptions to the general rule of hard mutation.]
Usage: Remember that this tense in Late Cornish translates two English tenses:
e.g. Thera ve screffa means either I am writing or I write.
Use thera ve (variations theram or therama) to describe what you are doing, where you are or what your permanent occupation is.
Do not use thera to describe how you are (unless you do so with the use of another verb, as in I’m feeling ill). Remember to use tho ve or o ve when describing your self:
e.g. clav o ve: I’m ill.
4.2 Actions and locations with the verb (boaz)..........back
You know how to say I am when saying what you're doing. Now look at the other parts of the verb. These are used for talking about what is happening or where things are but not for describing things with adjectives.
thera ve (or theram): I am thesta: thou art ma e (or mava): he is ma hei: she is
thera nei : we are thera whei: you are mowns (or ma angei): they are
Note that parts of the verb start with m. When talking about locations and actions, use ma instead of ew and use mowns instead of thens.
Questions about actions and locations:
In thera the th is the same as we encountered in thew. It stops the statement from being a question. To ask a question just knock the th off.
In the case of ma e & ma hei, replace with idgeva & idge hei respectively.
idge is pronounced ijy:
era ve / eram: am I esta: art thou idgeva: is he idge hy: is she
era nei:are we era whei: are you idgans / idgan'gei: are they
Some Questions: In the case of thera, knock off the th to leave era:
(Here the particle a is represented by an apostrophe but that isn't normal practice. It's just to help you understand how the phrases are constructed.)
era ve 'merwal? : am I dying?
era whei 'moaz dha'n drea? : are you going to the town?
era nei 'tesky an tavas? : are we learning the language?
idgeva 'moaz? : is he going?
idge hei 'tebry? :is she eating?:
To form negatives use nag (as previously used with ew):
nag era ve 'cara leath: I do not like milk (literally: I am not liking milk)
nag era ve a kerras dho'm wheal: I do not walk to my work (literally: I am not walking...)
nag era nei 'cowz an Sowznak: we dont speak (literally: We are not speaking) English.
nag era whei a cones pecarra nei : you are not working like us (or you do not work like us).
nag era whei 'moaz da moar: you are not going to sea.
nag era nei a pallas an looar: we are not digging the garden.
4.3 Verbs: Examples of the present participle..........back
Here are some more verbs to use. Hard mutation is shown in brackets where appropriate.
moaz: go; doaz: come (d > t); kerras: walk; punnia/poonia: run; neidga: fly; gurtas: wait (g;k); lebmal: jump; sewia: follow; saval: rise, stand, get up; powas: rest; cusca: sleep; eva: drink; gwary: play; debry: eat (d > t) cowz or clappia: speak; lavaral: say; gazowas: listen (g > k); goofen: ask(g > k); clowas: hear, taste, sense; gwellas: see; meras ort: look at; cara: like, love; kelly: lose; whilas: look for; cowas: have, get, find, contain, win; gurra: put(g > c); danen: send(d > t); comeras: take; rei: give; drei: bring (d > t); doan: carry(d > t); perna: buy; gwerha: sell; marhazno: go shopping; gulhy: wash; glanhe: clean(g > c); gwîl or gîl: do, make (g > k); gones: work (g > c); gweras: help; screffa: write; redia: read; desky: learn (d > t); nakevy: forget; dallath: begin, start(d > t); dowedha: end, finnish (d > t); tedna: pull, draw; predery/pedery: think; gudhvas: know, understand (g > c); agery: open; keas: close; gweskal: hit; pallas: dig; serry: become angry;
parra: prepare; terry or squatchia: break; trehy: cut; owna: repair.
The list above gives you enough verbs to make up sentences using thera and ma. Refer back to it when working on following sections.
4.4 Peleah? Where? (Also spelt peleha).........back
We can use peleah / peleha with the forms of boaz in section
peleah era ve? where am I? peleah era ve 'moaz? where am I going?
peleah esta? where art thou? peleah esta 'redia? where art thou reading?
(forms which I translate with thou are for very informal use & prayers. It is best to concentrate on forms translated as you)
peleah ma e? (or peleah mava?) where is he/it? peleah mava 'cones? where is he working?
peleah ma hei? where is she/it? peleah ma hei 'tesky? where is she learning?
peleah era nei? where are we? peleah era nei 'kerras? where are we walking?
peleah era whei? where are you? peleah era whei 'pesgetsha? where are you fishing
peleah mownz? where are they? peleah mownz 'pallas? where are they digging?
4.5 Where things are: Prepositions.........back
To answer the above questions we need these words (prepositions):
en: in war: on dadn: under derâg: in front of adheller dha: behind en creas: in the middle of reb: beside ogas dha: near treeth / ter: between obma: here enna: there hans: over there bedn: against
Peleah ma an eglos? > Ma an eglos war an vrea
Where is the church? > The church is on the hill
Peleah ma an dean? > Ma an dean dadn a bord
Where is the man? > The man is under the table
Peleah ma an bara? > Ma an bara war a bord
Where is the bread? > The bread is on the table
Peleah ma an gâth? > Ma an gath en gistan
Where is the cat? > The cat is in the box
Peleah ma an kei? > Ma an ky derage an tân
Where is the dog? > The dog is in front of the fire
Peleah ma an dyogian? > Ma an dyogian adheller dha'n kea
Where are the farmers? > The farmers are behind the hedge
Peleah ma an poscader? > Ma an poscader en cok
Where is the fisherman? > The fisherman is in the fishing boat
Note: ma an may become ma'n e.g. Ma'n bara en gegen: the bread is in the kitchen.
The apostrophe is optional.
Remember that there is no word in Cornish for it. All things are either masculine or feminine and therefore he or she. Cornish for he is either e or ev but sometimes we put va on the end of a verb to mean he, e.g. we can say either peleah ma e? or peleah mava? Cornish for she is hy.
lever (book) is masculine: peleah mava? > mava dadn an gader: it’s under the chair
tezan: cake is feminine: peleah ma hei? > ma hei en gistan: it’s in the box.
4.6 Cowz bear: A short conversation.........back
Floh: Tâz, Tâz! Peleah era why?
Tâz: Otta ve Thera ve en chomber.
Floh: Pandr'era why 'kîl en chomber, Tâz?
Tâz: Thera ve 'whilas nepeth.
Floh: Pandr’era whei 'whilas?....Era whei 'whilas goz alwhedhow?
Tâz: Na, nag era ve 'whilas hedna, colan. Mowns et a fokkat. Thera ve 'whilas an papar-nawodhow. Oresta nepeth et e gever?
Floh: Ea, ea, Thera ve 'sedha warnodha Tâz.
Gerriow: en chomber: in the bedroom; whilas nepeth: looking for something; alwhedhow: keys; et a fokkat: in my pocket; papar-nawodhow: news paper; et e gever: about it; sedha warnodha: sitting on it; Taz: Daddy; floh: child
Note: There are several parts of the verb boaz: to be in the conversation:
thera ve: I am; nag era ve: I’m not; era why: are you; mowns: they are.
4.7 Pandr’idgeva 'kîl?: What is he doing? Pandr’idge hy kîl?: What is she doing? Pandr'iggans 'kîl?: What are they doing? .........back
Remember: idge is pronounced ijy
Pandr’idgeva 'kîl? > mava 'gwary gen an pelle.
What is he doing? > He is playing with the ball.
Pandr’idge hei 'kîl? > ma hy 'tebry coffan kîg
What is she doing? She is eating a pasty
Pandr’iggans 'kîl? > mowns 'pesgetsha
What are they doing? > They are fishing
Note: Cornish has four words for is/are. We already know ew and ma. The examples above use idge. Like ma, idge is used in expressions to do with action and location. So, what is the difference?
ma is used for affirmative expressions e.g. the horse in eating; the man is laughing.
idge is used for asking where specified people or things are and for asking what they are doing. It is also used with nag to say what they are not doing and where they are not.
idge hei 'poonia? >na, nag idge hy 'poonia
Is she running? > No, she isn’t running
Pandr’idge hei 'kîl dhan? > ma hei 'redia lever
What’s she doing then? > She’s reading a book
idgeva 'palas en looar? > na, nag idgeva 'pallas
Is he digging in the garden? > No, he isn’t digging
Pandr’idgeva kîl dhan? > mava fittia booz
What’s he doing then? > He’s preparing food
Iggans 'cones? > na, nag iggans 'cones....Mowns 'cana
Are they working? > No, they are not working...They are singing
idge an bara en chomber? > Na, nag idge an bara en chomber. Mava en gegen
Is the bread in the bedroom? > No, the bread isn’t in the bedroom. It’s in the kitchen.
idge an badal en gegen? > ea, ma hei en gegen, war an pedntane.
Is the saucepan in the kitchen > Yes, it is in the kitchen, on the ring.
Note: Instead of saying idgeva you can say idge e or idge evIggans is a special form of idge meaning are they. Compare it with thens & mowns. All three refer to they and have the ending -ns. You will notice that same ending in other places where the meaning, they, is required.
4.8 Ea ha Na. Yes and No:........back
In the examples above you will have seen ea: yes & na: no.
Late Cornish makes great use of ea and na but there are other ways to answer. For example, to answer no in the examples above it is sufficent to say nag idge or nag iggans as appropriate.
4.9 Ez, questions (Older books use the spelling eze).........back
The fourth and final word for is/are is ez. It is used instead of idge when the thing being spoken of is not specified or definite. In other words:
If we talk about the something, or if we name somebody, then we use idge.
If we talk about a something or some of something we use ez.
Like idge, ez is used in questions and negatives with nag.
e.g. idge an gath enna? Is the cat there? i.e. the specific cat, this cat, that cat, Tiddles.
ez câth enna? Is there a cat there? i.e. a cat, any old moggy, not a specific puss.
idge an leath en paddik? Is the milk in the jug? i.e. the specified milk, that particular milk.
ez leath en paddik? Is there any milk in the jug? i.e. any milk, some milk.
Here are some more examples:
ez cor en tavarn? Is there any beer in the pub? Nag ez badna vîth There isn’t a drop
ez dowr tubm rag an lisstry? Is there any hot water for the dishes? Nag ez, soweth There isn’t unfortunately
ez aval rag an maw? Is there an apple for the boy? Nag ez booz vîth obma. There isn’t any food at all here.
Nag ez medhak en drea. There isn’t a doctor in the town.
Nag ez dowr en crean. There isn’t any water in the reservoir.
Note: from these examples that we do not normally have words for a, any or some. These meanings are simply understood.
Get your tavas(tongue) around this old tongue-twister:
ez keaz, ez po nag ez? Mars ez keaz, dro keaz. Po nag ez keaz, dro peath ez
Is there any cheese, is there or isn’t there? If there is some cheese, bring cheese. If there isn’t any cheese bring what there is.
Cowz ber:
Jack: Ez muna lowar dha whei rag an cinema?
Jill: Nag ez moy vel pager penz dhem. Nag ez dha whei goz gubber?
Jack: Na. Mava en trozor, soweth ma bes deaw benz ha pemthack dinar dhem.
Jill: Ma hedna 'kîl weeh pens ha pemthack dinar dhan. Nei alga moaz dhan tavarn!
|
<urn:uuid:f91e86e2-90ae-4625-9722-1c975115a630>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.47774332761764526,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7089998722076416,
"url": "http://cusselantavaz.com/deskanjow/notianjow/nkrd4.html"
}
|
Conducting natural resources damage assessments
The purpose of natural resources damage assessments (NRDA's) is to provide the information necessary for the restoration of publicly owned natural resources.
The aim of NRDAs is to restore damaged natural resources so that they can continue to be enjoyed by the public. This simple aim has complex scientific and economic consequences. Agencies must assess the extent of the injury and link it to a toxic release, devise a restoration plan, and determine the full value of what the public has lost. The three principal activities--assessing injury, planning for restoration, and determining damages--have evolved as scientific and economic understanding has increased and because of previous NRDA experience.
Determining damage is an evolving practice with evolving regulations. The situation is complicated because direct evidence of economic losses is less observable than injury. Still more controversial is how to determine the value for noncommercial activities, such as recreational fishing. Most controversial are "existence values" or "nonuse values," such as the value people place on the intrinsic beauty of a scenic vista or the existence of natural resources that may never be seen.
Among the two most important broad scientific issues in injury assessments are establishing a baseline from which to measure resource injuries and the debate over the significance of individual organisms versus populations and communities of organisms. The concept of baseline requires that any assessment identify a resource's normal condition--the condition that would have existed if the hazardous release had not occurred.
In damage assessments harm to wildlife is almost always judged in terms of individuals, This is done to protect individuals and because individuals serve as surrogates for higher order, but more difficult to examine, ecological effects. Critics argue that measuring injury in terms of individuals can overestimate injury to an environmental system or community. This is because a community of organisms may compensate for loss or injury to individual organisms so that the overall viability of the community is unaffected.
Damage assessments evaluate two environmental problems: restoration of the damaged natural resources (primary restoration) and compensatory damages. Economics plays a role in determining the value of primary restoration, but its role is crucial in determining compensatory damages. Compensatory damages are aimed at compensating the public for the loss of a resource from the time the damage occurred until restoration. Previously, these damages were valued in monetary terms, but the emphasis has shifted to compensatory restoration.
Habitat equivalency analysis is the new approach used to determine the appropriate amount of compensatory restoration needed to make up for the temporary loss of a resource. The objective of habitat equivalency is to find one aspect of a habitat--a metric--that accounts for several different types of lost services. The metric must be readily measured and amenable to incorporation into restoration planning. Once established, the metric is used to assess other habitats and to find comparable replacements. An example of a metric from a coastal setting is the average stem density and height of marsh grass.
In instances where it is impossible to find equivalent services, value-to-value methods are necessary. The value-to-value approach requires trustees to place a value on the service loss caused by the pollutant release and the resource gain that can be realized from the compensatory restoration. Once the trustees identify a restoration effort that produces a gain in value, equivalent to the lost value caused by the resource injury, they ask the responsible party to implement or pay for the restoration effort.
A natural resources damage assessment (NRDA) conducted by the US Government in the summer of 1995 in the Salmon River region of central Idaho secured a $60 million agreement with the former owners of the Blackbird Mine site to bring salmon back to the area's streams. Determining the scale of compensatory restoration involved estimating the number of returning chinook salmon adults on an annual basis and then adding up the salmon over the years between the injury occurrence and the restoration. The compensatory projects are linked by the salmon's water quality needs. For example, compensatory projects involve purchasing land restrictions to limit cattle grazing that damages water quality.
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, CERCLA or the Superfund law, established the NRDA program as a companion to its more well-known remediation actions. Unlike Superfund remediations, which are the sole responsibility of EPA, any federal, state, or tribal agency responsible for publicly owned resources can conduct an NRDA as a trustee.
This largest and most famous NDRA cost Exxon close to $1 billion in addition to a cleanup bill of nearly $2 billion.
1. Critics argue that the variability of natural systems means that ecosystems have their own intrinsic cycles, waxing and waning over time regardless of particular environmental incidents. This means that the baseline condition actually encompasses many conditions.
Type Classification:
E: Emanations of other strategies
Related UN Sustainable Development Goals:
GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean EnergyGOAL 15: Life on Land
|
<urn:uuid:7de849fa-b77c-4605-9802-07095f8fc4a0>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.1519564390182495,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9276781678199768,
"url": "http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/200897"
}
|
Successfully reported this slideshow.
Bill of exchange
Published on
bill of exchange -negotiable instrument
Published in: Education
Are you sure you want to Yes No
Your message goes here
Are you sure you want to Yes No
Your message goes here
Bill of exchange
2. 2. Sec(5) of the NIA 1881 defines ‘ A bill of exchange is an instrument in writing containing the unconditional order, signed by the maker, directing a certain person to pay a certain sum of money only to or to the order of certain person or to the bearer of the instrument.’ Thus bill of exchange is an order from the creditor to the debtor to pay a specified amount to a person mentioned therein.
3. 3. Mr. A purchased goods from B rs.1000 Mr. B purchased good from D rs.1000 Mr. B may order to Mr. A to pay rs.1000. Mr. D which will be nothing but a bill of exchange.
4. 4. There are three parties in a bill of exchange: 1. Drawer 2. Drawee 3. Payee
5. 5. Drawer The maker of a bill of exchange is called the drawer. Drawee The person who is directed to pay is called drawee. Payee The person who will receive the money is called the payee.
6. 6. The drawer or payee who is in possession of the bill, is called the holder. It is the holders duty to present the bill to the drawee for his acceptance. The drawee signifies his acceptance by signing on the bill. After such signature the drawee becomes the acceptor.
7. 7. The essential elements of a bill of exchange are more or less the same as the promissory note and are subject to the same formalities as regards date, place, stamp, signature etc. These essential elements are: The instrument must be in writing. The instrument must contain an order to pay, which is express and unconditional. There must be in three parties, drawer, drawee, payee and they must be certain and definite individuals.
8. 8. The instrument must be signed by the drawer. The amount of money to be paid must be certain. The payment must be in the legal tender moneys of India. The money must be payable to a definite person or according to the order. It must comply with the formalities as regards date, consideration, stamp etc.
9. 9. Rs.5000 Trivandrum 23-06-15 Three months after date, pay to Rajesh or order, the sum of rs.5000(five thousand rupees only) for value received. To Mrs. Jaya ‘Yamuna’ Trivandrum-23 stamp Sd Babu
10. 10. 1. There are 2 parties, promisor and promisee in a promissory note while there are three parties, payee, drawer and drawee in a bill of exchange. 2. A promissory note is an unconditional promise to pay while a bill of exchange is an unconditional order to pay. 3. In a promissory note liability of the maker is primary and absolute while liability of the drawer of the bill of exchange is secondary and conditional.
11. 11. 4. A promissory note cannot be made payable to the maker himself while the drawer and the payee may be the same in a bill of exchange. 5. A promissory note cannot be drawn payable to bearer while a bill of exchange can be so drawn provided it is not payable to bearer on demand. 6. Maker of the promissory note stands in immediate relation with the payee. Drawer of a bill in immediate relation with the acceptor and not the payee.
12. 12. 7. promissory note cannot be drawn in sets. A bill can be drawn in sets. 8. presentment of a promissory note for acceptance and acceptance for honour are not necessary while they are necessary for a bill.
|
<urn:uuid:1d5f7f7e-7808-4411-bcba-746032160833>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.75,
"fasttext_score": 0.5240154266357422,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9342840313911438,
"url": "https://www.slideshare.net/IvinSebastian/bill-of-exchange-60295387"
}
|
Tree Islands
Tree islands are an integral component of the Everglades, but they have undergone extensive damage from extreme flooding, drought, fire, tropical storms, and invasive species. These islands are also sensitive to ongoing small to large-scale restoration activities of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. Changes in hydrologic regimes due to restoration projects, including construction of Tamiami Bridges and other Central Everglades Project Planning project components, are likely to alter the impact of drivers and stressors on tree islands. While such alterations in the impact of these stressors at the broader scale influence the spatial distribution pattern of tree islands within the landscape, the hydrologic alterations also affect the plant community structure and function on individual tree islands.
See the results for tree islands in the Greater Everglades.
Photo credit: South Florida Water Management District.
How is it measured?
This indicator is measured in the Greater Everglades. The four tree islands annually monitored from 2012–2017 were the subset of a network of 16 tree islands that were studied for varying periods within both the ridge and slough and marl prairies landscapes in the Everglades National Park. Three islands (Black Hammock, Gumbo Limbo Hammock, and Satinleaf), are in Shark River Slough, and have been monitored since 2001. The fourth island, SS-81, monitored since 2007, is within the Northeast Shark River Slough, downstream of the 1-mile bridge that has been built along the Tamiami Trail. The monitoring plots ranged from 300 m² to 625 m². Mean elevation of tree island heads in SRS varies between 1.190 ± 0.094 m and 2.663 ± 0.191 m. Plot elevations within individual islands were highly variable. Among four islands, SS-81 had higher within-plot variability than other islands, with low spots frequently occupied by swamp forest trees. From 2012–2017, the mean annual relative water level across all islands was approximately 66 cm below the ground surface. However, though rarely, the water-table rose enough to saturate the surface soils of several tree islands.
The tree islands indicator includes three metrics; Regeneration, Tree Basal Year Change, and Invasive Exotic Species.
Regeneration: Ingrowths-Mortality (percent/year), Tree (<= 5 cm dbh) ingrowth minus mortality percentage in hardwood hammock plots.
Tree Basal Year Change (m²/ha/year): Tree (<= 5 cm dbh) growth represented by annual change in basal area per ha in hardwood hammock plots.
Invasive-Exotic Species (% Freq. of Occurrence): Frequency (Percent occurrence) of invasive exotic woody species/climbers observed on each transect on 12 sampled tree islands.
|
<urn:uuid:7af93121-497a-497d-aae2-0b5711d47f54>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.05410856008529663,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9284347295761108,
"url": "https://evergladesecohealth.org/indicators/tree-islands/"
}
|
Latin has left a massive footprint on the English lexicon: According to some estimates, 60 percent of its vocabulary ultimately comes from the language. English’s Latin derivatives come in a variety of shapes and sizes, from equality to grandiloquent to quid pro quo. Academic and abstract, many of these borrowings feel very Latin-y. But there are a number of borrowings so ingrained in the English language that we no longer even recognize that they’ve been lifted straight out of Latin.
If you tell someone to exit the motorway, you’re telling them the third-person singular present indicative form of the irregular exeo: “he/she/it goes out.” That’s right: exit is just a Latin verb. English started using it in the early 16th century for stage directions in plays, as seen in Shakespeare’s A Winter’s Tale: “Exit, pursued by a bear.”
Interest is another Latin verb hiding in plain sight. In Latin, it means “it is important,” literally “to be between,” which might help explain its early application in English for legal and business transactions. Its general association of attention and curiosity doesn’t emerge until the 1770s.
With its conjugations and declensions, Latin can seem intimidating to learn. But it’s as simple as two plus two equals four. No, really: Plus is a Latin preposition. It means “more.” The convention of using it for addition, though, comes about in medieval commerce.
Like plus, minus was used for subtraction starting in the Middle Ages. It means “less” in Latin and is formed on the comparative adjective, minor, another Latin word easy to overlook in everyday English.
The earliest minor in English was a Franciscan monk. St. Francis dubbed his order Fratres Minores, the “Lesser Brothers,” to hood themselves with humility. It’s been used to signify “less than” and someone “less than full age” since the mid 1500s.
Major is major to minor: It’s Latin for “greater.” It also could mean an “adult” or “elder” in that language, which additionally explains minor’s meaning of “younger than the age of the majority.” We’ve been referring to academic majors in U.S. universities since the 1890s via a student’s “greater” focus of study.
7. VIA
Via, an English preposition “by way of,” is the Latin ablative case of via, a “way” or a “road.” Attested in reference to routes by the 1770s, via extended to a broader instrumentality, “by means of,” come the 1930s. It’s less obvious in obvious: This is from the Latin obvius, as something “in the way” is hard to miss.
You don’t want to be in the way of flatus: This term for flatulence literally means “a blowing” in Latin.
If your flatus is particularly bad, you should see a doctor stat, or “immediately.” Shortened from the Latin adverb statim, this “immediately” was first used in 19th-century medicine for a drug or procedure to be administered right away.
A doctor is a “teacher” in Latin. The early doctors in English were religious teachers. By the end of the 1300s, we see doctors—who holding the highest degree at a university, hence a Ph.D., or Doctor of Philosophy—of law and medicine.
11. FIAT
Speaking of law, attorneys issue fiats, or “sanctions.” Like exit and interest, fiat is a Latin verb. It means “let it be done” and was originally a sort of formula, introducing what the authority was so sanctioning. The FIAT you drive, however, is an acronym: Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino, or “Italian Automobiles Factory, Turin.”
12. AUDI
FIAT cars may not be a Latin word, but Audis are. Audi is an imperative verb meaning “Hear!” As the story goes, due to a previous trademark, Audi founder, August Horch, wasn’t able to name his company Horch, which means Hark! in German, but the son of one of his business partners, who was studying Latin, offered its Latin equivalent instead.
The Latin verb audire, source of Audi, is also seen in the prefix (and now noun) audio. Early TV inventors in 1934 needed a visual equivalent. The prefix audio-, which also looks like audio (“I hear”), thus helped inspire video, which means “I see.”
By the 1880s, English hopped on tandem, or two-seater, bicycles. But a century earlier, a tandem was originally a carriage drawn by two horses, one in front of the other as opposed to side by side. Word historians think it originated as a pun: It means “at length” in Latin. Latin used it in reference to time (“at long last”), but 18th-century jokesters noticed that a tandem buggy was just so much longer than their side-by-side counterparts. Latin: cracking hilarious jokes in English right under our noses.
|
<urn:uuid:186b22dd-4961-42a3-9773-c37a325983a7>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.07840758562088013,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9572359323501587,
"url": "https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/80378/14-latin-words-hiding-plain-sight"
}
|
The first long-distance telephone conversation in the world had occurred in 1876. By the time the Great War in Europe had broken out, telephones and telegraph machines had been incorporated into the command, control and communication infrastructure of the military. Radio was on the way, but the large, heavy receiver/transmitter units had limited range and were just barely portable. In the static trench warfare that prevailed in 1916, a web of telephone and telegraph wires crisscrossed the battlefields and the areas behind the front lines, allowing real-time conversations.
Our article from today 100 years ago quotes Lord Northcliffe, the politically powerful British newspaper magnate, who was fond of scientific and technical inventions, and who spoke highly of the use of this invention:
In giving his personal impressions of a visit he had just made to the British front in France, Lord Northcliffe recently said of the British telephone system behind the lines: ‘It is no mere collection of temporary wires strung from tree to tree. The poles and wires are in everyway as good as those of the Post Office at home. Marching with the army and linking up a thousand essential points is a telephone system that cannot be bettered. To-day it would be quite possible for theCommander-in-Chief, if he so desires, to call up London from beyond Fricourt. Where necessary the English telephones are linked up with trunk lines of the French government, for which interpreters are placed in the exchanges. The speed of communication is remarkable.’
Where the system broke down, unfortunately, was during an attack: advancing troops laid temporary telephone lines in the line of advance. But wires strung across shell-torn battlefields were particularly vulnerable to being cut anywhere along their length, quickly plunging troops and commanders back into the “fog of war.”
A French telephone station, showing the neat and systematic
arrangement of the incoming wires, 1916. Credit: Scientific American, September 9, 1916
Our full archive of the war, called Scientific American Chronicles: World War I, has many articles from 1914–1918 on warfare and communication on the Western Front in the First World War. It is available for purchase at
|
<urn:uuid:dd6975a8-d61f-40b6-b4d8-8f983a3ef851>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.8125,
"fasttext_score": 0.0711064338684082,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9629939198493958,
"url": "https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/anecdotes-from-the-archive/the-telephone-at-war-1916/"
}
|
Trends in U.S. Agriculture
Cold Storage
Technological advances did not always involve machinery used in the production process. Changes in the way food is stored are another example of how technology has affected agriculture.
Refrigerated warehouses are facilities, artificially cooled to 50 degrees Fahrenheit or lower, where food products are generally stored for 30 days or more. Nationally, refrigerated capacity totaled a record high 3.61 billion cubic feet (cu. ft.) in October 1999. This compares with only 585 million cu. ft. in October 1923.
Major factors contributing to the growth of the warehousing industry since the 1930's have included technological advances and improvements in equipment and transportation facilities, along with better knowledge of product handling procedures and the storage environment.
Wider consumer acceptance of the ever-growing variety of food marketed in a frozen state fostered tremendous demand for refrigerated space. The warehousing industry began to convert all or major portions of their cooler rooms into freezer rooms and to build new facilities in areas closer to points of production. Freezer space totaled a mere 115 million cu. ft. in 1923 and did not exceed 250 million cu. ft. until the late1940's. Exponential increases in freezer space started in the mid 1950's, climbing above 1 billion cubic feet in 1979 and 2 billion cubic feet in 1997.
Last Modified: 05/04/2018
|
<urn:uuid:13104d87-bc80-4d5d-9ccf-1de7f2c2d052>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02979576587677002,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9270998239517212,
"url": "https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Trends_in_U.S._Agriculture/Cold_Storage/index.php"
}
|
Coturnism is an illness featuring muscle tenderness and rhabdomyolysis[1] (muscle cell breakdown) after consuming quail (usually common quail, Coturnix coturnix,[2] from which the name derives) that have fed on poisonous plants.
Coturnix coturnix
From case histories it is known that the toxin is stable as four-month-old pickled quail have been poisonous. Humans vary in their susceptibility; only one in four people who consumed quail soup containing the toxin fell ill.[3] The toxin is apparently fat-soluble as potatoes fried in quail fat have proved poisonous.[3]
Coniine from hemlock consumed by quail has been suggested as the cause,[4] though quail resist eating hemlock.[3] Hellebore has also been suggested as the source of the toxin.[5] It has also been asserted that this evidence points to the seeds of the annual woundwort (Stachys annua) being the causal agent.[3] It has been suggested that Galeopsis ladanum seeds are not responsible.[6]
Migration routes and season may affect quail risk.[7] Quail are never poisonous outside the migration season nor are the vast majority poisonous while migrating.[3] European common quail migrate along three different flyways each with different poisoning characteristics, at least in 20th century records. The western flyway across Algeria to France is associated with poisonings only on the spring migration and not on the autumn return. The eastern flyway, which funnels down the Nile Valley is the reverse. Poisonings were only reported in the autumn migration before the quail had crossed the Mediterranean. The central flyway across Italy had no associated poisonings.[3]
Migrating quail used to be caught and eaten in prodigious numbers (150,000 quail exported from Capri in 1850)[8] but modern farming and droughts in the Sahel have led to a vast reduction in the size of the migrations. Conservation efforts and the availability of farmed quail have also reduced the consumption of these wild birds. Coturnism may well disappear before it is understood.
The condition was certainly known by the 4th century BC to ancient Greek, and subsequently Roman, naturalists, physicians and theologians. The Bible (Numbers 11:31-34) mentions an incident where the Israelites became ill after having consumed large amounts of quail in Sinai.[9] Philo gives a more detailed version of the same Biblical story (The Special Laws: 4: 120-131). Early writers used quail as the standard example of an animal that could eat something poisonous to man without ill effects for themselves. Aristotle (On Plants 820:6-7), Philo (Geoponics: 14: 24), Lucretius (On the Nature of Things: 4: 639-640), Galen (De Temperamentis: 3:4) and Sextus Empiricus (Outlines of Pyrrhonism: 1: 57) all make this point.
Central to these ancient accounts is the thesis that quail became toxic to humans after consuming seeds from hellebore or henbane (Hyoscyamus niger). However Sextus Empiricus suggested that quail ate hemlock (Conium maculatum), an idea revived in the 20th century. Confirmation that the ancients understood the problem, comes from a 10th-century text Geoponica, based on ancient sources. This states, "Quails may graze hellebore putting those who afterwards eat them at risk of convulsions and vertigo....".[10]
1. Korkmaz I, Kukul Güven FM, Eren SH, Dogan Z (October 2008). "Quail Consumption Can Be Harmful". J Emerg Med. 41 (5): 499–502. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2008.03.045. PMID 18963719.
2. Tsironi M, Andriopoulos P, Xamodraka E, et al. (August 2004). "The patient with rhabdomyolysis: have you considered quail poisoning?". CMAJ. 171 (4): 325–6. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1031256. PMC 509041. PMID 15313988.
3. Lewis DC, Metallinos-Katzaras E, Grivetti LE (1987). "Coturnism: Human Poisoning by European Migratory Quail". Journal of Cultural Geography. 7 (2): 51–65. doi:10.1080/08873638709478507.
4. Clatworthy, Menna (15 March 2010). Nephrology: Clinical Cases Uncovered. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 145–. ISBN 978-1-4051-8990-3. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
5. Dobbs, Michael R. (22 May 2009). Clinical neurotoxicology: syndromes, substances, environments. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 166–. ISBN 978-0-323-05260-3. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
6. Uriarte-Pueyo I, Goicoechea M, Gil AG, López de Cerain A, López de Munain A, Calvo MI (November 2009). "Negative evidence for stachydrine or Galeopsis ladanum L. seeds as the causal agents of coturnism after quail meat ingestion". J. Agric. Food Chem. 57 (22): 11055–9. doi:10.1021/jf902764n. PMID 19860419.
7. Giannopoulos D, Voulioti S, Skarpelos A, Arvanitis A, Chalkiopoulou C (2006). "Quail poisoning in a child". Rural Remote Health. 6 (2): 564. PMID 16700632.
8. Toschi A (1959). La quaglia: vita, caccia, allevamento. Supplemento alle Ricerche di Zoologia Applicata alla Caccia. 3. Bologna: Università di Bologna. p. 110. OCLC 66552512.
9. Ouzounellis T (16 February 1970). "Some notes on quail poisoning". JAMA. 211 (7): 1186–7. doi:10.1001/jama.1970.03170070056017. PMID 4904256.
10. Andrew Dalby Totnes (2011). Geoponica : farm work: a modern translation of the Roman and Byzantine farming handbook. Prospect. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-903018-69-9.
|
<urn:uuid:bbae3183-fd04-4933-87b4-5ac79f191835>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.3618677854537964,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8536096811294556,
"url": "https://zims-en.kiwix.campusafrica.gos.orange.com/wikipedia_en_all_nopic/A/Coturnism"
}
|
• Materials needed for each class
1. Binder
2. Pens/Pencils, eraser, scissors
3. Dictionary Spanish/English
Note: Organization of “El Cuaderno” (Spanish Binder): You are expected to keep handouts, and to maintain an organized binder. Some of you may have your own strategies to organize the binder, but I suggest dividing your cuaderno into four section:
1. Section #1: Study sheets (hojas principals, gramatica)
2. Section #2: Do now, Practice sheet and homework
3. Section #3: Archive of Quizzes and assignments
4. Section #4: Notas (Blank paper for notes in class u others
|
<urn:uuid:1740597c-f4f2-4140-9c08-d3ba3989a438>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.9724826216697693,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8021317720413208,
"url": "https://www.mtsd.k12.nj.us/Page/15432"
}
|
CPM Homework Banner
Monica’s younger sister is just learning how to add fractions, and she is confused. She has to add .
Help Monica explain to her by writing a detailed step-by-step explanation of exactly what she needs to do.
There are different ways to explain this. Your explanation should include the idea that she needs to create fractions with the same denominators before she can add.
|
<urn:uuid:1e895a1c-c4c1-47a0-a413-df4670c441ed>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.828125,
"fasttext_score": 1.0000100135803223,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9711527228355408,
"url": "https://homework.cpm.org/category/CC/textbook/cca2/chapter/3/lesson/3.2.3/problem/3-92"
}
|
A pig indigenous to the foothills of the Central Pyrenees
According to M. Girard, “the pig has always existed in the Pyrenees and in all cases the species was black”. And so, evidence of the Noir de Bigorre pig’s existence can be traced back to ancient times, from the Gallo-Roman period until the 20th century, via the Middle Ages, in particular in the many Benedictine Abbeys present in the Bigorre region.
Reared in its original territory, it feeds copiously on the natural resources of its environment.
The grazing for theses pure breed animals consists of natural grasslands or land sown with grass (fescue, orchard grass, rye grass and brome) and/or legumes (white, purple and crimson clover, hop clover and alfalfa); as well as, depending on the season, fruit (acorns, chestnuts, apples and medlars,…) and other resources from the environment, many earth worms and other molluscs which burrow in the earth.
The area is made up of hills and valleys carved out of deposits from the Pyrénées. The soil and the humid climate ensures that grass grows more or less continually apart from during a short winter period. It is capable of making the most of areas that are difficult to cultivate (forests, moors and grassland) and when it is hot enjoys rootling around in the shade of chestnut and oak trees.
|
<urn:uuid:ceffbb51-14e6-4709-a80d-c820ba83bfb1>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.04017680883407593,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9297886490821838,
"url": "http://www.noirdebigorre.com/page/a-pig-indigenous-to-the-foothills-of-the-central-pyrenees"
}
|
Île de la Cité
Aerial view from Northwest, Île Saint-Louis in the background
Notre Dame de Paris (1944)
The Île de la Cité (French pronunciation: [il də la site])[1] is one of two remaining natural river islands in the Seine within the city of Paris (the other being the Île Saint-Louis).[a] It is the centre of Paris and the location where the medieval city was refounded.
Map of the Île de la Cité
Remains of a defensive Roman wall beneath the parvis facing Notre Dame de Paris.
The Île de la Cité in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, circa 1410, showing the Sainte-Chapelle at right.
In 52 BC, at the time of Vercingetorix's struggle with Julius Caesar, the island may have been a fortified crossing point held by the Parisii, a small Gallic tribe. At that point in time, the island was a low-lying area subject to flooding that offered a convenient place to cross the Seine and a refuge in times of invasion. After the conquest of the Celts, the Roman Labienus developed a settlement on the slopes above the Left Bank, where Roman Lutetia was established. The Emperor Julian, in Gaul from 355 to 361, described Lutetia as "a small island lying in the river; a wall entirely surrounds it, and wooden bridges lead to it on both sides."[2]
The Île de la Cité remains the heart of Paris. All road distances in France are calculated from the 0 km point located in the Place du Parvis de Notre-Dame, the square facing Notre-Dame's pair of western towers.[3]
Pont NeufEdit
Place DauphineEdit
The Île de la Cité seen from the west, downstream
• Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris, built from 1163 on the site of a church dedicated to Saint Étienne, which in turn occupied a sacred pagan site of Roman times. During the French Revolution the cathedral was badly damaged, then restored by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. The Cathedral was damaged in a fire on 15 April 2019, while undergoing the initial stages of a massive renovation- materials from the renovation are currently believed to have started the devastating, large fire.
• Louis IX's Sainte-Chapelle (1245), built as a reliquary to house the Crown of Thorns and a piece of the True Cross, enclosed within the mid-19th century Palais de Justice.
• Conciergerie prison, where Marie Antoinette awaited execution in 1793.
Île de la Cité 1609
Plaque commemorating the burning of Jacques de Molay
1. ^ The Île aux Cygnes is artificial.
4. ^ Place is feminine, not dauphin
2. ^ Julianus Augustus. Misopogon 340d.
3. ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (16 April 2019). "'On our watch we let it burn': Notre Dame fire leaves hole in heart of Paris". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 April 2019. The most-visited monument in the capital, attracting 12 million tourists a year, it is a symbol of literature and history, and is France's "zero kilometre" point from which all road distances are measured.
4. ^ Ballon 1991, p. 151.
5. ^ La Place Dauphine.
External linksEdit
|
<urn:uuid:32586428-50ff-4cee-8557-baaef14c467f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.08001923561096191,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9232640266418457,
"url": "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9"
}
|
The Culture Of African Slaves
792 WordsMar 22, 20164 Pages
The people of Honduras are descendants of African slaves, who have made a name for themselves through their maintenance of culture. Their food, music and history are something for the books. Yet for some reason, you really do not hear much about them. The Honduran people are separated into two various categories, the Creole and the Garifunas. They are similar in some ways, such as their fishing culture as well as how they made into to the country known as Honduras. During the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, more Africans intended for slavery went to Central and South America than the US, which caused more African descendants throughout Latin America. African migrants and indigenous Indians blended together, giving birth to the Afro-Honduran people or “Garifuna”. They helped create trends that are still popular today, such as dreadlocks, “mixing” of languages, and much more. Let us begin with how the Afro-Honduran people came to be. West Africans that were destined for slavery that somehow ended up ship-wrecked or managed to escape from the Caribbean Islands intermarried immigrants of South America and gained their name Garifunas. They eventually spread to other countries to establish fishing villages in places such as Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras. With help from the Spanish, Honduran Garifuna 's transported themselves from Roatan, which is the largest island in the Honduras Bay, to the mainland. The Garifuna are one of the two only Afro-Hondurans regarded as a distinct
Open Document
|
<urn:uuid:439066e6-6b2c-4b69-a459-758840254c5f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.6837857365608215,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9675619006156921,
"url": "https://www.bartleby.com/essay/The-Culture-Of-African-Slaves-F3NN3CBKVU5ZW"
}
|
(Redirected from Kinesins)
Jump to: navigation, search
File:Kinesin cartoon.png
The kinesin dimer attaches to, and moves along, microtubules.
Kinesins (the one shown is from PDB code 3kin) and dyneins walk along microtubules dragging their cargo along with them (red: ATP) (bottom: domain that links to the cargos) (more details...)
Kinesin is the name given to a class of motor proteins found in biological cells.
In the cell, small molecules such as gases and glucose diffuse to where they are needed. Large molecules synthesised in the cell body, intracellular components such as vesicles, and organelles such as mitochondria are too large (and the cytosol too crowded) to diffuse to their destinations. Most kinesins transport such cargo about the cell by walking unidirectionally along microtubule tracks hydrolysing one molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at each step.[1] It was thought that ATP hydrolysis powered the kinesin walk[2] but it now seems that the force of binding to the microtubule is what pulls the cargo along while the binding of ATP assists the direction of motion.[3]
The typical kinesin is a protein dimer consisting of two heavy chains and two light chains. The heavy chains comprise a globular head (the motor domain) connected via a short, flexible neck linker to the stalk - a long, central coiled-coil region - that ends in a tail region formed with a light-chain. The stalks intertwine to form the kinesin dimer. Cargo binds to the tail while the twin heads alternately bind the microtubule as the kinesin pulls the cargo along. The heads will hydrolyze 2 ATP molecules per step.
Some kinesins {EG5}, and a different type of motor protein known as dyneins, move towards the minus end of the microtubule. Thus they transport cargo from the periphery of the cell towards the centre. This is known as retrograde transport. These motors have a different morphology: their structure is such that they move in the opposite direction though the directional principle is the same as for the rest of the family.
Proposed mechanisms
Kinesin accomplishes transport by essentially "walking" along a microtubule. Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain how this movement occurs.
• In the "hand-over-hand" mechanism, the kinesin heads step over one another, alternating the lead position.
Despite some remaining controversy, mounting academic evidence points towards the symmetric inchworm mechanism as being more likely.[4]
Asters and assembly
Additional images
See also
1. Schnitzer MJ, Block SM (1997). "Kinesin hydrolyses one ATP per 8-nm step". Nature. 388: 386–390. PMID 9237757.
3. Mather WH, Fox RF (2006). "Kinesin's Biased Stepping Mechanism: Amplification of Neck Linker Zippering". Biophysical Journal. 91: 2416–2426.
4. Asbury CL (2006). "Kinesin: world's tiniest biped". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 17: 89–97. PMID 15661524.
External links
|
<urn:uuid:b56cddc7-4b8d-4ac4-be46-1400da0c3c65>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.5868212580680847,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9062333106994629,
"url": "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Kinesins"
}
|
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
involved (comparative more involved, superlative most involved)
1. complicated.
He related an involved story about every ancestor since 1895.
• 2019 November 21, Samanth Subramanian, “How our home delivery habit reshaped the world”, in The Guardian[1]:
E-commerce has turned even the laying of a floor into a fiendishly involved business.
• 1915, W. Somerset Maugham, Of Human Bondage, ch. 43
Miss Price told him a long, involved story, which made out that Mrs. Otter, a humdrum and respectable little person, had scabrous intrigues.
2. Associated with others, be a participant or make someone be a participant (in a crime, process, etc.)
He was involved in the project for three years.
He got involved in a bar fight.
When the family wrapped up my father's will, no one tried to make me feel involved.
3. Having an affair with someone.
Derived terms[edit]
1. simple past tense and past participle of involve
The explanation involved potatoes, squirrels, and race cars.
|
<urn:uuid:28a0f187-39db-4316-bdf1-de717872b0e1>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.07429420948028564,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9300285577774048,
"url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/involved"
}
|
Demonstrative Pronouns: Introduction
Demonstrative pronouns specify objects as well as distance to the objects.
Denne and den is used with singular masculine and feminine nouns.
Dette and det is used with singular neuter nouns.
Disse and de is used with plural nouns.
Note that the nouns following the demonstratives take the definite form: denne bilen etc.
Close Remote
Masculine denne koppen = this cup den koppen = that cup
Feminine denne døra = this door den døra = that door
Neuter dette glasset = this glass det glasset = that glass
Plural disse koppene = these cups de koppene = those cups
You choose the correct form of the pronoun based on the distance between yourself and the object you are talking about, whether it’s close to you or remote from you.
Mind, however, that everything is relative.
If you, for example, were speaking about something close to you, then you would use denne/dette or disse, but at the same time the same objects can be remote from your interlocutor, the other person in your conversation. So he or she would probably use den/det or de.
Let’s look at some examples.
Here you have a small dialogue between me and an imaginary interlocutor (the other person in my conversation):
A: Jeg liker disse blomstene.
I like these flowers (the flowers are close to me)
B: De?
Those? (the same flowers, but remote from my interlocutor’s perspective)
A: Ja, disse her.
Yes, these ones here (near me)
B: Jeg foretrekker de der.
I prefer those (remote from my interlocutor’s perspective, but still near mine)
We hope that was easy!
Share this article:
This article is from the free online course:
Norwegian for Beginners 2
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
|
<urn:uuid:3744bd1b-c40a-4439-908d-48ee581698a4>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.8061509728431702,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8943074345588684,
"url": "https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/norwegian-for-beginners-2/0/steps/53755"
}
|
What Are the 9 Types of Hernia?
What is a hernia?
Hernias are bulges of material, usually contained in a body cavity, that protrude through the cavity's wall. These bulges of material may consist of almost any tissue or organ type and may occur almost anywhere in the body. An individual may have multiple hernias of the same or different types. The most frequent type of hernia and the type most people are familiar with are those that are caused by bulges of intestine or abdominal fatty tissue that protrude through different areas in the abdominal cavity. However, many people are confused by the term hernia because the type of hernia which usually precedes the term “hernia” is not clearly defined to them. The following is a list of many hernia types and what they indicate.
Hernia types
The following is a list of major and some minor types of hernias that may occur in individuals:
• Inguinal hernias: These occur on both sides of the lower abdomen. Two-thirds of all hernias are inguinal, occurring most often in men. They can be termed direct (goes through the floor of inguinal canal) or indirect (goes through the internal inguinal ring). Indirect hernias have a higher tendency to progress to nonreducible or incarcerated types of hernias (see below), so they should be surgically repaired soon after diagnosis.
• Ventral (incisional hernias): These hernias occur in the abdomen at the site of a previous surgery (incisional) or at areas that have been weakened, damaged or are susceptible to tearing (ventral).
• Femoral hernias: These hernias appear just above the groin crease and occur most frequently in older women and after pregnancy and childbirth.
• Umbilical hernias: These occur near the belly button (navel) and often occur in infants; some may resolve in children aged 3 to 4, but others may persist. Also, they can occur at any age.
• Epigastric hernias: These hernias occur in the upper abdomen at or above the belly to the breastbone; they occur more frequently in men than women.
• Hiatal hernias: These occur through the diaphragm into the chest cavity; these hernias are not usually visible nor can they be palpated.
• Acquired and congenital hernias: Acquired hernias occur during life activities while straining muscles (for example, childbirth or post surgeries) while congenital hernias are present from birth (most children with hernias have congenital hernias).
• Reducible and nonreducible hernias: Reducible hernias can be flattened out (reduced) by laying down and/or applying some pressure to the bulge while nonreducible hernias occur when a loop of intestine becomes trapped and cannot be flattened out using the same laying down/pressure technique. A nonreducible hernia is usually painful and is termed an incarcerated hernia and people with these hernias need to be seen quickly, usually by a surgeon.
• Strangulated hernias: These hernias are nonreducible hernias that have trapped the bulge of tissue (usually intestinal tissue) so tightly that the blood supply is compromised and can result in tissue death and gangrene. This type of hernia requires emergency surgery to release the tissue and repair the hernia.
The above hernia types are fairly common. Other common herniations occur in intervertebral disks that can cause back and leg pain. However, there are still other hernia types that are less common. As stated previously, hernias may appear almost anywhere in the body. There are at least 20 other named types of hernias. If a person knows what hernias are, it becomes much easier to understand that the types are usually named according to the location, tissue, or organ involved and the severity of the herniation.
Health Solutions From Our Sponsors
Brooks, David C., et al. "Classification, clinical features and diagnosis of inguinal and femoral hernias in adults." UpToDate. 25 Jan. 2013.
Brooks, David C., et al. "Overview of abdominal hernias." UpToDate. 9 Oct. 2012.
|
<urn:uuid:c073de6a-ebe1-4c67-a4ef-2d7803ff9b21>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.0198325514793396,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9413479566574097,
"url": "https://www.medicinenet.com/hernia_types/views.htm"
}
|
Lesson Plan Title : Plan a Tourist Brochure
Age Range: Grade 9 through Grade 12 (High School)
Overview and Purpose: Many people never visit the tourist attractions in their state. This lesson will encourage students to find out about local areas of interest by having them create a brochure enticing tourists to visit their state.
Objective: The student will be able to create a brochure highlighting one tourist area in their state.
Internet access for students
Travel brochures from areas outside your state
Pictures of tourist attractions in your state
Hold up the pictures from tourist attractions in your state and see if the students can identify them. Ask them each to pick one. Explain that their job is to create a brochure showcasing that attraction. They will need to research the area and find pictures they can use in their brochure. Have them present their brochures to the class.
Wrap Up:
Many states rely heavily on their tourist attractions to bring in tourists and generate revenue. Students can study the trend in their state to see if tourist traffic has increased or declined over the past decade. They can then create a marketing campaign to help bring visitors to their state.
|
<urn:uuid:33f5ab9a-45f4-40f7-84bf-d4b3165a0369>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.75,
"fasttext_score": 0.21072161197662354,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9552593231201172,
"url": "https://www.teach-nology.com/teachers/lesson_plans/history/brochure912.html"
}
|
Porifera: Life History and Ecology
Sponges come in an incredible variety of colors and an amazing array of shapes. They are predominantly marine, with the notable exception of the family Spongillidae, an extant group of fresh-water demosponges whose fossil record begins in the Cretaceous. Sponges are ubiquitous benthic creatures, found at all latitudes beneath the world's oceans, and from the intertidal to the deep-sea. Generally, they are sessile, though it has been shown that some are able to move slowly (up to 4 mm per day) within aquaria. It is unknown whether this movement is important for sponge ecology under natural conditions. Some sponges bore into the shells of bivalves, gastropods, and the colonial skeletons of corals by slowly etching away chips of calcareous material. Another interesting thing can happen when a sponge settles on a snail shell that is being used by a hermit crab; an unusual association (described and studied by Floyd Sandford) can be formed. This sponge/crab association results in a sponge that gets around. Imagine your surprise if you were to see a sponge crawl away when you reached out for it!
Sponges of the family Cladorhizidae are especially unusual in that they typically feed by capturing and digesting whole animals. That's right, these sponges are actually carnivorous! They capture small crustaceans with their spicules which act like Velcro when they come in contact with the crustacean exoskeletons. Cells then migrate around the helpless prey and digestion takes place extracellularly.
|
<urn:uuid:ec6ced8d-74dc-4b52-9870-54d407672d4d>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.1875,
"fasttext_score": 0.048901498317718506,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9515302777290344,
"url": "https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/porifera/poriferalh.html"
}
|
Shirley Jackson Literary Devices
755 Words4 Pages
In the short story, The Lottery, Shirley Jackson demonstrates her superb writing skills by implementing the themes of mindlessly following the herd and not questioning the unknown into a piece about a town devoted to a sacrificial tradition. She cleverly uses foreshadowing, symbolism, and conflict as literary devices to tie the pieces together and relate it to the real world. Many items are presented throughout the timeline of the story that the readers may have not picked up. For example,“The original paraphernalia for the lottery had been lost long ago, and the black box now resting on the stool had been put into use even before Old Man Warner, the oldest man in town, was born. Mr. Summers spoke frequently to the villagers about making a new box, but no one liked to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box.” (Jackson 444). This quote from the story essentially displays the beat up and worn-down condition of the box. The villagers who were partaking in the tradition refused to replace the box even though it was hardly staying together. The black box represents their faithfulness and loyalty to the tradition. However, other items have been replaced such as using papers instead of chips of wood. “Because so much of the ritual had been forgotten or discarded, Mr. Summers had been successful in having slips of paper substituted for the chips of wood that had been used for generations.” (Jackson 444). Their logic of being devoted to one item and not the
Open Document
|
<urn:uuid:62fd1dee-c403-4fa4-ae28-e9d7a989b69f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.10450106859207153,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.974993109703064,
"url": "https://www.ipl.org/essay/Shirley-Jackson-Literary-Devices-F3LA7M7EACPR"
}
|
Coat of arms
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Related e
Kunstformen der Natur (1904) by Ernst Haeckel
Kunstformen der Natur (1904) by Ernst Haeckel
A coat of arms, more properly called an armorial achievement, armorial bearings or often just arms for short, in European tradition, is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people) and used by them in a wide variety of ways. Historically, they were used by knights to identify them apart from enemy soldiers. In Continental Europe commoners were able to adopt Burgher arms. Unlike seals and emblems, coats of arms have a formal description that is expressed as a blazon. In the 21st century, coats of arms are still in use by a variety of institutions and individuals (for example several universities have guidelines on how their coats of arms may be used and protect their use).
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Coat of arms" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on original research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
Personal tools
|
<urn:uuid:b860e8d0-2c9b-48c4-8110-bd5c968d4d78>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02810966968536377,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9247168302536011,
"url": "http://www.artandpopularculture.com/Coat_of_arms"
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.