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Debellatio (also debellation) (Late Latin "Defeating, or the act of conquering or subduing", literally "warring (the enemy) down", from Latin bellum "war") designates the end of a war caused by complete destruction of a hostile state. In some cases debellation ends with a complete dissolution and annexation of the defeated state into the victor's national territory, as happened at the end of the Third Punic War with the defeat of Carthage by Rome in the second century BC.
The unconditional surrender of the Third Reich – in the strict sense only the German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht) – at the end of World War II has been cited as a case of Debellatio as it ended with the complete breakup of the German Empire, including all offices and territories, and two completely new states being created in its stead (Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic). This however is not the universal view and other authorities have argued that as most of the territory that made up Germany before the Anschluss was not annexed, and the population still existed, the vestiges of the German state continued to exist even though the Allied Control Council governed the territory; and that eventually a fully sovereign German government resumed over a state that never ceased to exist.
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Unconditional Surrender terms
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"fasttext_score": 0.048490703105926514,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9520124197006226,
"url": "http://militarypower.wikidot.com/debellatio/comments/show"
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Open main menu
Avenue (archaeology)
Avebury Avenue.
British Archaeologists refine the general archaeological use of avenue to denote a long, parallel-sided strip of land, measuring up to about 30m in width, open at either end and with edges marked by stone or timber alignments and/or a low earth bank and ditch. The term is used for such features all over the British Isles but they are concentrated in the centre and south of England.
Most are either short and straight (Type I, less than 800m long), or long and curving (Type II, up to 2.5 km). It has been noted that they often link stone circles with rivers. They are a common element to Bronze Age ritual landscapes.
Avenues are identified through their earthworks or using aerial archaeology as their parallel side features can be seen stretching over some distance. In most examples, it is the association of the avenue with other contemporary monuments that provides diagnosis. Avenues differ from cursus monuments, in that the latter also have earthworks at their terminal ends and have no upright stone or timber alignments.
Avenues are thought to have been ceremonial or processional paths and to be of early Bronze Age date. They seem to have been used to indicate the intended route of approach to a particular monument.
Examples include the Stonehenge Avenue, the Beckhampton Avenue at Avebury, West Kennet Avenue and that at Thornborough.
External linksEdit
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9547801613807678,
"url": "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_(archaeology)"
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Tattered Sails
Tattered Sails - Verla Kay, Dan Andreasen
This is a great book to read while studying journeys to the New World. This tells of a families journey together. The family consists of the parents and their children, Thomas, Edward, and Mary Jane. The journey is long and difficult but they leave London and arrive to the New World and plan to live out their happy lives together.
An activity that could be done with students after reading this book is having them put themselves in one of the children's shoes and write their own passage about their feelings traveling to the New World. Have a class discussion about how the students think they would have felt and the struggles they feel like they would have endured.
Grade 1-3
Accelerated Reader 2.4
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"fasttext_score": 0.01847672462463379,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9736340641975403,
"url": "http://kristaknight90.booklikes.com/post/1790146/tattered-sails"
}
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English Class: Western Literature
Biblical Sanctions
The principle of covenant sanctions is very important in the Bible. From Moses giving the law to the Hebrews to their captivity by other nations to the Sermon On The Mount, positive and negative sanctions play an important role in the outcome of events. The reason sanctions are so important is because they are tied to cause and effect. Our actions are the causes and the effects are the sanctions.
In the Bible, at the end of Deuteronomy Moses tells the Hebrews about the positive and negative sanctions that come with obeying or disobey the law of God. If they would obey God and follow the law they would be blessed. However, if they rebelled against God they would be punished. The Hebrews would indeed see the fulfillment of these sanctions. In the book of Lamentations, for example, the negative sanctions had come on the Hebrews because they were not faithful to God. Their enemies had conquered them and they were now facing the consequences of their actions. Positive sanctions came when they would turn back and follow God. He would free them from their captors and bless them. The Hebrews would prosper while they obeyed God, but whenever they turned away from Him negative sanctions came upon them. We can also see positive sanctions in the Sermon On The Mount.
Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.
Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.
Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy.
~Matthew 5:3-11~
The Beatitudes show clear positive sanctions. Jesus says that those who are pure in heart, who are persecuted, who are merciful, etc. will be blessed. If our actions (the cause) are in accordance with what God commands us to do, we will receive positive sanctions (the effect). As we can see positive and negative sanctions are a foundational principle in the Bible.
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<urn:uuid:f6198fb5-e59d-48d9-9d59-1a710c0ccbc6>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
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"fasttext_score": 0.04696768522262573,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9396427869796753,
"url": "https://ohshenandoahro.wordpress.com/2015/11/07/biblical-sanctions/"
}
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The Union launched its official campaign against the Confederates on August 27, 1861, on two tiny Hatteras Island forts, which were disregarded and relatively forgotten by the Confederates. At the time, the South was putting more effort into bolstering their stronghold in Virginia, but the Northern forces soon recognized the potential of controlling the Outer Banks, an imperative stopping point for ships bringing goods to and from mainland North Carolina. With these facts in mind, the Union began the war with an attack on Hatteras Island.
As a result, the "battle," if it can be called that, took mere hours without a single casualty to the Union Forces. Within two days, they had control of both Hatteras Island forts, and therefore control of the Pamlico Sound, effectively ending any Confederate transport of goods from Ocracoke Island to Roanoke Island. The Union Forces maintained their presence on Hatteras Island for the duration of the war, and the ensuing cutting-off of the main ports for Eastern North Carolina ended up being a long-term blow to the Confederate Army.
After the Confederate embarrassment of Hatteras Island, the Union slowly made its way north and created new small outposts in Chicamacomico, or present day Rodanthe. Confederate soldiers soon discovered their location, and made their way across the Pamlico Sound to attack. Ordered to retreat to the more aptly protected Union Hatteras forts, the soldiers ran 30 miles south, down the beach towards Hatteras, stripping their clothes in the baking sun and burning their feet on the hot sand. Exhausted, they stopped at the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse in Buxton to rest, while Confederate soldiers landed and set up camp at Kinnakeet, or present day Avon, just 7 miles north.
The Confederate soldiers began their march north towards Chicamacomico soon after landing, but by this time the Union reinforcements from the Hatteras camp had arrived, and this time around, it was the Confederate soldiers' turn to scurry up the beach towards Rodanthe with the Union soldiers hot on their trails. Shots were fired on both sides, but there were no major casualties, and eventually both sides returned to their respective home ports. This so-called battle became comically known as "The Chicamacomico Races," as there was no real winner or shift in power, just a series of mini-marathons up and down the hot Outer Banks sand.
The Outer Banks was also significant during the war as a refuge for freed slaves, hundreds of miles away from the safe Northern borders, and years before the Civil War ended.
When Roanoke Island was also taken by Union Soldiers in February of 1862, word quickly spread that the islands off of North Carolina were a safe spot along the Underground Railroad, as well as a Southern haven for freed slaves. As a result, thousands of runaway slaves found their way to Roanoke Island and set up the "Freedman's Colony," the largest settlement of runaway slaves in Confederate territory. This population of nearly 3,000 was also tapped to become one of the first regiments of black Union Troops to fight for the North in 1863.
After the war, the Union allocated the properties on Roanoke Island back to its original owners, essentially driving out the large colony. However, ancestors of the original Freedman's Colony still reside on the Outer Banks, honoring the original settlers who came to Roanoke Island in search of a permanent and free home.
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"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.24003416299819946,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9710968732833862,
"url": "https://www.outerbanks.com/civil-war.html"
}
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Illustration: Elena Scotti (Gizmodo), Photo: Getty Images, AP, Shutterstock
On May 25, 1798, the HMS DeBraak was entering Delaware Bay when a squall struck without warning. The British ship that originally belonged to the Dutch capsized and sank, taking 34 sailors and a dozen Spanish prisoners down with it. Rumored to contain a hoard of gold and jewelry, the DeBraak became a popular target for treasure hunters in the years that followed. The wreck was finally discovered in 1986, lying under 80 feet of water at the mouth of the Delaware River. The team who found the ship attempted to raise it from its watery grave, resulting in one of the worst archaeological disasters in modern history. The event precipitated the passing of long-overdue laws designed to prevent something like this from ever happening again.
…“Salvage is an ancient, honorable business that works to retrieve or recover and return goods ranging from ships to cargoes to the stream of commerce,” Delgado told Gizmodo. “In my time, I have seen that range from oil trapped in sunken ships, canned fish, containers, and of course, vessels of various types that have sank and which can be raised. That includes fishing boats and tugs, barges, and the Costa Concordia. I know and have many friends in the marine salvage business.”
Read the full article by George Dvorsky on the Gizmodo.com website.
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"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.08753025531768799,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9491240382194519,
"url": "https://jamesdelgado.com/heres-what-protects-shipwrecks-from-looters-and-hacks/"
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Between 1500 and 1800 Britain and Ireland used a variety of scripts--often mixing forms from an older script with newer innovations. While much material written after 1750 is decipherable without specialized training, some older, difficult, forms of writing persisted in particular record types until the 1850s. The dominant script from the early modern period (1500-1700) in England, Wales, Ireland, and colonial America was the secretary hand. Secretary hand was also used in Scotland, though Scots writers developed a few unique letterforms and strokes not found in other places within Britain. This tutorial concentrates on secretary hand, but begins with more modern hands to provide paleographic practice; it also introduces older scripts used between the middle ages and the sixteenth century.
While English is the dominant language in all early modern British, Irish, and American sources, certain documents might be in other languages, or contain portions in other languages. Latin was the official ecclesiastical-legal language in England until 1733 and Latin phrases lingered in British and Irish Documents until the eighteenth century. Scottish documents might also contain words or phrases in Scots. Documents from the Celtic areas (Ireland, Scotland, Isle of Man) might have Gaelic words or Gaelic-based phonetic spellings and documents from the Channel Islands will contain French.
This tutorial is designed to introduce you to the various hands used between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries in much of the English-speaking world. It also provides you with tools to interpret manuscripts from that period. Manuscripts are made up of more than just letters and pen strokes. They contain a host of details that made sense to early modern readers, but which often appear opaque to today's readers. For example, different countries adopted different numbering systems or calendars at different times. Additionally, manuscript sources reflect the concerns of their partiuclar historical moment and often contain references no longer common knowledge. What follows sketches the reasons behind the production of particular manuscript types and provides clues for deciphering the contents.
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"fasttext_score": 0.790482223033905,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9377516508102417,
"url": "https://script.byu.edu/Pages/English/en/home.aspx"
}
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Salmonella Confirmed in Ancient 16th Century Epidemic
Related articles
Newly developed genomic sequencing techniques have the power not only to drive our future, but also to reconstruct our past.
Recently, a research team out of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany has solved part of a mystery that has been around for centuries. That is, what was responsible for a major epidemic that occurred between AD 1545-1550 and was called ‘huey cocoliztli’ in Nahuatl, which translates to ‘great pestilence’. This name is used to describe the event that resulted in millions of deaths (80% of the human population) in Teposcolula-Yucundaa, Oaxaca in southern Mexico
Because the cause of deaths has remained a mystery, it is also the subject of large speculation, with multiple different existing hypotheses on the pathogenic causes of the cocoliztli epidemic.
The authors focused their work on a smaller Mixtec population (as opposed to a Central Mexican Aztec population) to uncover what may have been one of the causes of the deaths. They collected twenty-four teeth from individuals buried in the Grand Plaza cemetery and five from individuals buried in the churchyard cemetery - the only known cemetery linked (based on historical and archaeological evidence) to the cocoliztli epidemic. They then extracted DNA from the pulp chamber of the teeth.
The epidemic cemetery that is the focus of our study is located in the pueblo viejo(“old town”) of Teposcolula-Yucundaa, which is situated in the Mixteca Alta region of Oaxaca in southern Mexico
Then, they analyzed the DNA taken from the teeth using their newly designed genomic alignment tool called the MEGAN alignment tool (MALT), a new metagenomic analysis tool that performs fast alignment and analysis of metagenomic DNA sequencing data. Using this sequencing tool, the researchers were able to identify Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi C DNA in the sequence data generated from this archaeological material.
In true fashion, the media took this story and really ran with it, with headlines suggesting that scientists have discovered what killed the Aztecs. But, identifying bacterial DNA sequence in some teeth does not exactly result in a closed case for 15 million deaths. The authors were the first to see the overblown media hype and did something about it. In a rare, and admirable move, they addressed it head on in an article entitled "Mixtecs, Aztecs and the great cocoliztli epidemic of AD 1545-1550" where they "clarify several points made in the popular press."
They state that while they "appreciate the media coverage our work has received... we wish to clarify two points widely mentioned that are contrary to our research design and conclusions."
• Our analysis has focused on a Mixtec population as opposed to a Central Mexican Aztec population.
• We believe enteric fever should be considered a candidate for the 1545 cocoliztli epidemic, but we do not assert that it was the definitive or sole cause.
So, can we conclude that Salmonella killed millions of Aztecs? Not yet. However, what we can say, through this work that is a groundbreaking for both science and history, is that Senterica Paratyphi C, a known cause of enteric fever in humans, was present in people who died during the cocoliztli epidemic and were buried in areas that were associated with the epidemic.
This information will add to the discussion as to what was the cause of the epidemic. Since most of the evidence, to date, has been based on modern medical interpretations of the documented symptoms, sequence data from bacteria make a relevant and important addition.
Source: Åshild J. Vågene Salmonella enterica genomes from victims of a major sixteenth-century epidemic in Mexico Nature Ecology & Evolution volume 2, pages 520–528 (2018) doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0446-6
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"language": "en",
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"url": "https://www.acsh.org/news/2018/02/22/salmonella-confirmed-ancient-16th-century-epidemic-12607"
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Syllabus | | Next Section
Learning Plan
To solidify your new learning you need to practice. This is essential with so many compounds and rules.
1. Correctly name ten in a row!
1. Correctly write the formulas for ten in a row!
Once you get ten in a row, return to the Syllabus or continue to the next section (Formula Writing for Simple Ionic Compounds).
Essential Information
Part of learning is relearning. This is where you strengthen your memory and add new knowledge.
If you need to relearn, use the videos here or go back to the syllabus and look at the individual sections.
Iron (III) Oxide
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8562276363372803,
"url": "https://breslyn.org/chemistry/naming/CP-1-intro.php"
}
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A matter of Taste
hummingbirdhummingbirdhummingbird“Evolution of sweet taste perception in hummingbirds by transformation of the ancestral umami receptor” Baldwin et al Science 2014
Why study birds to understand sensory perception?
Birds are a group of therapod dinosaurs that evolved during the mid Mesozoic era (~150 million years ago). They represent one of the most diverse extant vertebrate clades inhabiting almost all terrestrial environments across all seven continents, the Arctic and the Antarctic. Birds also have radiated to fill a huge array of ecological niches from large birds of prey, to the very tiny nectar feeding hummingbirds. An essential part of species radiation and successful novel niche colonization is the ability to adapt sensory systems to new environments. So birds represent a good model for understanding variation in sensory perception.
What sense, which species and why?
With sensory systems such as olfaction and bitter taste perception we know that there is a considerable amount of gene gain and loss across lineages reflective of ecological niche. However, sweet and savory taste receptors don’t vary in number and they have highly conserved sequence. Sweet perception is governed by the combination of 2 proteins T1R2+T1R3 and savory by T1R1+T1R3. We observe an ancestral loss of the T1R2 in the bird lineage – meaning that birds cannot perceive sweetness. How is it then that we have nectar loving hummingbirds – how can they taste sweetness without an essential part of that receptor?
What did we find ?
A new vertebrate sweet taste receptor ! We tested the response of a variety of bird savory receptors (chicken, hummingbird, swift) to different amino acids and sugars. We found that the hummingbird savory receptor responded to several different sugars (sucrose, fructose and glucose) but not to artificial sweeteners. But the chicken and swift savory receptors did not respond to sugars. And so it appeared that the savory receptor in Hummingbirds can perceive sweetness. We wanted to know what changes in the savory receptor of hummingbirds have allowed a new function to evolve. So we made up chimeric proteins that had a range of different chicken (non-sugar detecting) and hummingbird (sugar detecting) savory receptor regions combined and we tested their abilities to detect sugars. By making a series of these chimeras we could narrow down the part of the protein complex that was involved in the new sugar detecting function and we found evidence of positive selection in these regions. So we had found a new vertebrate sweet taste receptor !
Does this new sweet taste receptor dictate behavior in hummingbirds? We studied the behavior of a captive ruby-throated hummingbird model and a wild population of Anna’s hummingbirds in response to different sugar, water, artificial sweeteners and amino acids etc just as we had tested for the receptor response assays in vitro. We tested whether the hummingbirds behavior showed a preference for sugar solutions over water and aspartame solutions as our in vitro tests had shown – they made their decision on calorific value within a staggering 200 milliseconds and showed a distinct preference for sugar. We also tested a wild population of hummingbirds from the Santa Monica mountains (CA, USA) and found again a strong preference for sugar solutions. Our study shows that several simple sugars (sucrose, fructose and glucose) all effect a rapid, appetitive flavor response in hummingbirds that is facilitated by the adaptive evolution of a savory receptor into a new sweet taste receptor.
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<urn:uuid:70fb7370-417a-43b0-bec5-b54d62228979>
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"fasttext_score": 0.14382654428482056,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9284730553627014,
"url": "http://mol-evol.org/blog/a-matter-of-taste"
}
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Definition of pleopod in English:
• A forked swimming limb of a crustacean, five pairs of which are typically attached to the abdomen.
Also called swimmeret
• ‘Sex determination was based on the morphology of the first pleopod and brood pouch if present.’
• ‘The eggs can be kept in open brood pouches or attached to the pleopods of the female, as in pleocyematan decapods, or freely released in the environment, as in penaeid shrimps.’
• ‘Often, a biologist need only examine the pleopods to make a family-level designation, thus making the dorsal carapace features superfluous in the diagnosis.’
• ‘Occasional specimens show preservation of delicate structures such as pleopods and antennae/antennules.’
• ‘In contrast, arthropods such as the lobster possess distinct maxillipeds, pereopods, pleopods, and uropod.’
Mid 19th century: from Greek plein ‘swim, sail’ + pous, pod- ‘foot’.
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"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.03665506839752197,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9063317179679871,
"url": "https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pleopod"
}
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At the dentist - Conversation Understanding Exercises - English Reading, Listening and Writing Free Online for Advanced
a. Answer the following questions with True or False:
1. Marc goes to the dentist because he has a tooth ache.
2. The dentist tells Marc he has to take out his tooth.
3. The dentist is friends with Marc’s parents.
4. Marc is happy with the dentist’s work.
5. Marc wants to do a professional teeth whitening.
b. Translate the dialogue in Romanian with the help of a dictionary and:
1.take out the new words and phrases.
2.make sentences with each of them.
3.check your translation with the official one.
4.find two synonyms and two antonyms for the new words.
c. Identify 9 verbs from this dialogue at the Indicative Mood:
1.conjugate them at all tenses in the Subjunctive mood.
2.make 9 sentences at the Indicative Mood with the verbs found.
d. Make a composition of approximately 10 lines in which you tell about your first visit to the dentist.
e. Describe:
1.ways to prevent dental problems. do you do your oral hygiene.
Others have also studied :
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<urn:uuid:138e9c61-8ba5-48b0-9b27-c8a37917ae7d>
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"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.10192793607711792,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9113173484802246,
"url": "http://english-audio-conversations.blogspot.com/2013/07/at-dentist-conversation-understanding.html"
}
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Everyone has heard of the Ten Commandments. However, some people are surprised to find out that in Judaism there aren’t just ten, but actually 613 commandments! These 613 commandments branch out into all areas of daily life, and form an all-encompassing system of belief and behavior. One might get overwhelmed by the sheer number 613 and stop right there. However, a deeper understanding reveals that it is the mitzvot themselves that define authentic Jewish expression. Moreover, exploring the nature of the mitzvot in the context of Judaism as a comprehensive approach to life readily explains why there are so many of them. In this class we will define what a mitzvah is, and explain what the mitzvot can do for us. We will see that the mitzvot are the means by which we can develop a relationship with God, refine our character, and infuse every action with purpose.
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.6833985447883606,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9609185457229614,
"url": "http://nleresources.com/nle-morasha-syllabus/mitzvot/why-they-are-detailed/"
}
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Published by Roaring Brook Press
Summary: When a baby elephant is born, she has a lot to learn; good thing she has a protective family and herd to teach her. From walking to using her complex trunk to figuring out the different smells in her environment, the youngster will spend several years learning all the elephant ways. Labelled diagrams and full-page illustrations complement the text to impart all the intricate knowledge the elephant needs to survive. Includes a note from the author about her research and the endangered status of African elephants, and a list of resources for further information. 48 pages; grades 2-6.
Pros: Readers will learn a ton of information about elephants, both through the text and the illustrations, which should be considered by the Caldecott committee.
Cons: While the book has the look and feel of a picture book, the information and vocabulary is pretty advanced for primary grades.
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<urn:uuid:c97ef653-86c5-41d1-b463-d057a9597593>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.11739760637283325,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8861506581306458,
"url": "https://kidsbookaday.com/2017/10/13/how-to-be-an-elephant-growing-up-in-the-african-wild-by-katherine-roy/"
}
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making old brains young again
Perhaps it’s not the fountain of youth just yet, but a team of neuroscientists has found a way to reverse an age-related change in really old monkeys. Visual function is known to decline with age: the elderly just don’t do as well as youngsters in discriminating shapes and orientation. However, in the May 2 Science, Audie Leventhal of the University of Utah School of Medicine and his colleagues report that they’ve been able to reverse that decline in vision. By applying tiny amounts of the neurotransmitter known as GABA to the brains of 30-year-old macaque monkeys (equivalent to 90-year-old humans), they were able to restore the monkeys’ ability to distinguish the orientation of lines and the direction of moving objects. Leventhal suggests that neurons in old monkeys lose their “pickiness” and fire indiscriminately due to an age-related decline in GABA, which appears to help neurons stay selective, allowing the brain to function at its peak. When Leventhal blocked GABA in the brains of young monkeys, the neurons lost their orientation and direction selectivity, in effect aging the animals 20 years.
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<urn:uuid:7c076dbb-fb3b-4d23-b771-824b7a7f1e4a>
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{
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"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.18520784378051758,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.964989960193634,
"url": "http://agnieszkabiskup.com/?p=706"
}
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La Trinacria, Symbol of SicilyThe flag of Sicily was first adopted in 1282, after the successful Sicilian Vespers revolt against Charles I of Sicily. It is characterized by the presence of the triskelion (trinacria) in its middle, the (winged) head of Medusa and three wheat ears. The three bent legs allegedly represent the three points of the triangular shape of the island of Sicily itself. The present design became the official public flag of the Autonomous Region of Sicily on 4 January 2000, after the passing of an apposite law.
The triskelion (or trisceli) is widely considered the actual symbol of Sicily. The symbol is also known as the trinacria, which is also an ancient name of Sicily.
The head in the center is the Medusa, whose hair was turned into snakes by the outraged goddess Athene. In their wisdom, the Sicilian parliament replaced the Medusa head with one that is less threatening to the innocent onlooker who, after all, should not be anticipating being turned to stone.
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Classroom Resources
Skit: Ninja Rescue
Students act out this childrens' story which can be easily understood by an audience with or without knowledge of Japanese. The play can be used by students not only in the classroom but also as a presentation for a school event. There are 9 parts.
Level: Primary, Junior_Secondary
Story Online
Once upon a time in Japan there lived a great lord. One day his daughter, the princess, was kidnapped by his enemies, so he sent for his ninja and told them to go to the enemy's hide-out to rescue her.
On the way to the hide-out they came across some passers-by, so they concealed themselves by taking the form of animals, one of the tricks they had acquired though years of training. In the enemy's hide-out, they used shuriken (star shaped throwing-knives) and the samurai used katana (swords).
In the end the ninja were victorious and rescued their princess.
The provided cast pictures can be made into finger puppets or enlarged to make masks or 'hats' for use in the performance of the skits.
ナレーター narrator まちのひと（2人） Passers-by(2)
とのさまLord おひめさま Princess
にんじゃ（5人） Ninja (5) さむらい（5人）Samurai (5)
Ninja are the traditional secret agents in Japanese history.
Ninja were trained from birth in the art of 'ninjitsu', meaning the art of invisibility. This involved the clandestine penetration of the enemy's territory or organisations to observe their movement, to obtain secret information, or to engage in assassination or commando raids. Ninja flourished during the medieval period (13th - 16th centuries) when rival warloads were fighting for dominance in Japan. They evolved a repertoire of techniques designed to deceive the enemy and avoid detection, supported by a variety of specialised tools and weapons. One of the most recognised ninja weapons is the shuriken, a star shaped throwing knife that can be thrown with lethal accuracy.
Ninja have been stereotyped as figures stealthily clad in black with only their eyes showing. In reality they often disguise themselves to blend in with their surroundings, wearing the garb of itinerant musicians and Buddhist priests, or even full white martial arts costume for snowy landscapes. Ninja are portrayed in popular culture as males, but there were also highly trained and effective female ninja who employed all of their beauty and charm to fulfil their assignments.
When your skit is ready, why not enter it into the Japan Foundation Video Matsuri Contest! Check the details by using the url below.
Additional Resources
Please read the article “Developing Your Own Skits”
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Interpolation is about using expressions and values inside a string. For example, consider a variable named a which contains 4 and variable b containing 6. Now, we have to print 4 * 6 = 24
a * b = a*b. Will this work?
Interpolation example in Ruby
Nope. It returned an unexpected result. We need the values of a, b and a*b to be printed. Now, Interpolation comes into picture. Using Interpolation, we can include expression and values inside strings.
To Interpolate the value of a, do the following: puts " #{a} "
Interpolation example in Ruby
It returned the value of a instead of "a" as a string. Likewise, we have to do the same for the variable b and the expression a*b.
Interpolation example in Ruby
Ruby evaluates the value of the variable or an expression given between the curly braces.
Ruby, evaluates the value of a*b and interpolates into string.
Interpolating Strings:
Consider a variable with a value.
person = "Sachin Tendulkar";
Now, we have to display "I love Sachin Tendulkar".
Interpolation example on Strings in Ruby
We've expected "I love Sachin Tendulkar" but it displayed "I love person". Now, let's interpolate the variable person.
Interpolation example on Strings in Ruby
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"url": "https://www.studytonight.com/ruby/interpolation-in-ruby"
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Difference between Bentham and Hooker’s and Engler and Prantl’s System of Classification
Bentham and Hooker jointly published a vast work the Genera Plantarum in which they arranged their species according to a system.Since this was last of the natural systems and is widely accepted in the commonwealth countries.
Engler and PrantlBentham and Hooker Engler and Prantl are names associated with a system published in 1886.Like Benthem and Hooker, he conceived the idea of providing the details of his taxonomic system.It is often claimed that this was the first of the phylogenetic systems. Engler and Prantl’s system is widely followed in Europe and in certain parts of the United states also. Speaking broadly the following differences are noticed between the systems of Engler and Prantl and that of Bentham and Hooker.
Benthem and Hooker’s System vs Engler and Prantl System of Classification
Benthem and Hooker’s System (1862-1883)
1. It is a natural system
2. Based on de Candolle’s system (1818).
3. Phanerogams were classified.
4. Gymnosperms were kept between dicots and monocots.
5. Bennettitalian origin of angiospermic flower is taken.
6. Dicots divided into polypetalae, gamopetalae and monochlamydae.
7. Euphorbiaceae highly advanced in dicots.
8. Gramineae highly advanced in monocots.
9. There are 202 families.
10. Fixity of species was taken into account.
Engler and Prantl System of Classification (1887-1899)
1. It is aphylogenetic system.
2. Based on Eichler’s system.
3. Entire plant kingdom was classified.
4. Gymnosperms are more primitive to angiosperms.
5. Unisexual, anemophilous flowers are primitive (like Amentiferae)
6. Dicots divide into Archichlamydae and Metachlamydae.
7. Compositae highly advanced in dicots.
8. Orchidaceae highly advanced into monocots.
9. There are 280 families in 1964 syllabus (Englar and Diels)
10.Concept of evolution was taken into account.
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<urn:uuid:13c7f110-f66e-4c50-a36c-3c4b512aea0d>
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"url": "https://www.majordifferences.com/2014/06/difference-between-bentham-and-hookers.html"
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A copper expansion bulb, or ball, as shown in Fig. 241, is sometimes fixed upon a length of steam or hot-water pipe, to allow for the varying length of the pipe due to changes of temperature. It is usually worked up from two circular discs of metal, the halves being fastened together with a brazed joint running around the bulb.
Copper Expansion Bulb 267Copper Expansion Bulb 268
Fig. 240.
The setting out for the pattern disc is shown in Fig. 242. It is only necessary to mark out a quarter of the section shape, and then on this apply the construction used in Figs. 239 and 240. The point G can be taken as the centre of gravity of the curve (this being the point upon which a wire bent into the shape B G A would balance). A is joined to G, and produced to D, the line A D being made equal to the length of the double curve A G B. The line G F is next drawn parallel to A L and O F cut off equal to O G. The point H is then fixed by drawing F H parallel to G A. Line A D is turned up about A as centre to fix the point E, and on H E a semicircle described, cutting L J produced in K. The line A K gives the radius for the circular blank. After each half is worked up into the required shape, the centre circles are cut out to form the pipe inlet and outlet.
We will now give a couple of examples of the application of the foregoing methods to the setting out of patterns for articles which can be worked up from a frustum of a cone. The first example is that of a as shown in Fig. 243. A heavy bead is worked on the pipe at the part where the bell-mouth runs into the straight pipe, and a split tube is fitted around the top edge of the outlet.
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"language": "en",
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"url": "https://chestofbooks.com/crafts/metal/Sheet-And-Plate-Metal-Work/Copper-Expansion-Bulb.html"
}
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The proof of an alcoholic beverage is not simply twice the percentage alcohol.
In the 18th century and until 1980, Britain defined alcohol content in terms of proof spirit, which was defined as the most dilute spirit that would sustain combustion of gunpowder.[1] The term originated in the 18th century, when payments to British sailors included rations of rum. To ensure that the rum had not been watered down, it was "proved" by dousing gunpowder in it, then testing to see if the gunpowder would ignite. If it did not burn, the rum contained too much water — and was considered to be "under proof". A "proven" sample of rum was defined to be 100 degrees proof; this was later found to occur at 57.15% alcohol by volume, which is very close to a 4:7 ratio of alcohol to total amount of liquid. Thus, the definition amounted to declaring that:
(4÷7) × 175 = 100 degrees proof spirit
From this it followed that pure, 100% alcohol had (7÷7) × 175 = 175 degrees proof spirit, and that 50% ABV had (3.5÷7) × 175 = 87.5 degrees proof spirit.
The basic idea is that the percentage of alcohol by volume is multiplied by 1.75, which gives the number of degrees proof spirit.
Alcoholic Proof @ Wikipedia
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"url": "https://philihp.com/2008/why-is-booze-measured-in-proof.html"
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Skip to main content
The History of Budo in Japan
By the second century A.D., there was widespread use of sharp-edged tools in Japan. Tools such as hatchets, knives, and arrowheads were made of copper. These weapons were used for protection and to compete and exert one’s power over other people or other groups. With the development of weapons came the study and development of fighting techniques.
The strongest of these groups was the Yamato family (the ancestors of Japan’s Royal Family). The history of the Yamato was told and handed down by professional kataribe—storytellers who would memorize and recite tales of their history before the written word was used. Kataribe selected children with superior memories to carry on the stories of the Yamato. When the written word was introduced in Japan from China, these words were changed to become Japanese. Using these words, the stories told by the kataribe were written down to form Japan’s oldest book, the Kojiki.
In this book are stories of how the country of Japan was formed, how the ancient Yamato planned the conquest of Izumo no Kuni, and how battles were fought using weapons. The story of these battles begins with Amaterasu, who sends her own child, Takemikazuchi no Kami, to conquer Izumo no Kuni. He was met with resistance by the ruling family of Izumo no Kuni, and his powers were challenged by Takeminakata no Kami, the eldest son of the ruler of Izumo no Kuni. When Takeminakata grabbed the arm of Takemikazuchi no Kami, the arm was thick and strong like an ice pillar and could not be fully grasped, like the edge of a sword. However, when Takemikazuchi grabbed Takeminakata’s arm, he could easily swing him around and throw him as if he were swinging a piece of straw. In this way, it is said that Takemikazuchi no Kami was able to take over Izumo no Kuni without a deadly battle.
This type of story is interesting because of its similarities with Aikido. Through these stories, we can see that martial arts-like principles existed even in ancient times. Since then, groups and individuals studied and practiced martial arts, which led to its further development. In the eighth century, martial arts study was promoted with the establishment of the Butokuden, a government-sanctioned dojo, in the city of Kyoto.
The actual basis of martial arts was established during the Samurai rule of Japan during the Kamakura Era (twelfth century). From this time until the breakdown of Samurai rule in the nineteenth century, all Samurai were required to create, study, and develop martial arts. In the beginning, however, fighting techniques were designed mainly for exceptionally strong individuals.
During the Muromachi Era (fourteenth century), fighting techniques became systematized and organized and were taught and passed down. Complex techniques that had never been seen before were developed. The techniques that were founded during this period became the basis of the various martial arts that were created or changed over the next several hundred years. Many of today’s martial arts can be traced back to this period.
With the arrival of the gun in Japan in the sixteenth century, there was also a major change in martial arts. Techniques that were originally designed for men in armor were changed and improved for use with lighter clothing. Techniques of this sort became the mainstream for martial arts during this period.
The Age of Provincial Wars came to an end in the seventeenth century with the coming of the Edo Era. With the absence of battles and less need for fighting techniques, the purpose of martial techniques changed from solely a tool for fighting to a method for training and disciplining one’s body and mind. The development of Bushido, the code for the Samurai’s life, was deepened under the influence of Shintoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism, and with the development of Japanese literature. The purpose of the martial arts evolved from simply killing the enemy to the development of a higher level of technique and philosophy.
In the nineteenth century, the Samurai society came to an end. Budo and Bujutsu were not as essential in the new society. Newly introduced Western ideas and technologies were more favored than old traditions, and Budo dojos and Budo styles dwindled rapidly as lifestyles changed.
Upon entering the twentieth century, Budo was looked upon with renewed interest as a part of the education of Japanese youth. Budo, centered around Judo and Kendo, became so widespread that it seemed that all Japanese were once again studying some sort of Budo. However, after World War II, the Allied nations who occupied Japan outlawed the practice of Budo in the belief that the martial arts lead to militarism. With the rebuilding of Japan and the slow return of stability in the lives of Japanese, this misunderstanding of Budo slowly faded, and around the 1950s Budo began to regain its popularity once more.
However, with the widespread popularity of Budo, keeping a high standard of teaching sometimes became difficult, and Aikido had its share of instructors and high-ranking persons who did not have a full understanding of correct techniques and philosophy. Consequently, rank was easily given to many students who were not worthy of those ranks. The number of groups or instructors who studied correct Budo and correct Aikido were few.
In Florida, we give the utmost effort to study and spread what we believe to be the most correct and pure Aikido, with an understanding of the history of Bujutsu and Budo. It is Saotome sensei’s wish that his teachings can reach each and every member and that they go forward in this wonderful Aikido.
The Roots of Aikido: Daito-ryu Aiki-jujutsu
The art of Aikido evolved from a variety of classical Japanese combative arts. Many forms and movements in Aikido stem from sword, knife, stick, spear, or archery movements. However, the majority of Aikido comes from an extremely effective open-hand fighting art called Daito-ryu Aiki-jujutsu.
The development of Aikido from a purely combative art to a study of the way of harmony can be followed from the founding of the roots of Aikido in the ninth century to the teachings today.
The very early history is not completely clear, but the roots of this art are found in the ninth century in a fighting style developed by Prince Sadazumi, the sixth son of Emperor Seiwa. This art, still in simple form, was passed down in their family, the Minamoto, to Shinra Saburo Minamoto no Yoshimitsu, who developed and organized the fundamental principles of Daito-ryu. Yoshimitsu allegedly gained insight by watching spiders subdue their prey. To develop more effective techniques, he also studied the anatomy of joints and tissues by dissecting cadavers.
Yoshimitsu’s second son, Yoshikiyo, moved to the Kai region of Japan and established the Takeda family and clan. The family’s very sophisticated fighting art was passed down through the Takeda group in secrecy. Eventually this art took on the name of Daito-ryu (or Daito-style). The title “Daito” is said to come from the name of Yoshimitsu’s Daito mansion. It is also attributed to a twenty-fifth generation Takeda retainer, Daito Kyunosuke. Throughout the history of the clan, only a select few were allowed to study Daito-ryu.
In 1574, after the Takeda clan was defeated in a war, Takeda Kunitsugu fled to the Aizu region, bringing the art of Daito-ryu with him. The art was still only practiced by a chosen few and was one of the secret Aizu Otome-waza, a group of secret martial arts in Aizu. Eventually called Daito-ryu Aiki-jujutsu, it was to remain completely unknown to the general public until three centuries later.
In the late nineteenth century, as Japan was evolving from a feudal Samurai culture to a more Westernized modern society, a descendent of the Takeda family, Takeda Sokaku, brought Daito-ryu to the public for the first time in nearly a thousand years.
Takeda Sokaku traveled through Japan demonstrating Daito-ryu and refining his techniques through actual combat by challenging other martial artists—or anyone willing to fight. He finally settled in Hokkaido to teach his secret techniques. Takeda Sokaku’s descendants still follow his example and continue to teach Daito-ryu Aiki-jujutsu today at their Daitokan Dojo in Abashiri, Hokkaido.
Chin Kon Ki Shin
Chin Kon Ki Shin
2004 Article by Dan Penrod
Torifune: “rowing the boat” or “bird rowing”
Ibuki Kokyu: “deep breathing”
Ten-no-kokyu: Breath of heaven
Chi-no-kokyu: Breath of earth
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• 1
Here are some of the materials you can use
• cardboard (from a cereal box or back of a notepad)
• paper clips
• Ping-Pong ball
• 4 plastic straws or skewers
• scissors
• single-hole punch
• 2–4 small paper cups (3-oz. [89 ml])
• smooth line (4 ft. [1.2 m]) (fishing line or unwaxed dental floss)
• tape (duct or masking)
• weights (10 pennies or 5 flat steel washers [1-in. (2.5 cm)])
• 2
Prepare ahead of time
• Set up a zip line. Run a 4-foot (1.2 m) length of fishing line between two objects, such as the back of a chair and a stack of books on the floor. Be sure the zip line is about 2 feet (0.6 m) higher at one end than the other.
• Think about things that move along a zip line. (People, containers, heavy materials)
• TIP: A zip line is a cable that starts at a higher point and ends at a lower point.
• 3
Think about the challenge
• Why do people use zip lines? (To move between steep points, to carry supplies across dangerous areas, for fun)
• How will the ball carrier stay on the line and not fall off as it goes from top to bottom?
• How will you make the carrier travel quickly down the zip line?
• TIP: When two things rub together, it causes friction, which is the force that resists motion. You will need to find ways to reduce the friction so your ball carrier can speed up.
• 4
Think about and write down your ideas
• How will you keep the ball inside the carrier as it speeds down the zip line?
• How will you help the carrier stay balanced on the line?
• TIP: You can use weights to balance your carrier. The weights will pull the carrier down and keep it firmly on the line.
• 5
Look at the materials
• What materials will you use to make the ball carrier?
• How will you attach your carrier to the zip line so it’s easy to put on and take off?
• What will you use to weigh your carrier down?
• What materials will you use to be in contact with the zip line so the carrier slides quickly?
• TIP: If there is too little weight holding the carrier down, it can be hard to keep the carrier balanced once the ball is inside. Try adding weight a little at a time.
• 6
Design and build your carrier
• Decide what materials you will use to build the ball carrier.
• Build the carrier.
• TIP: If your carrier is not big enough to hold the ball, the ball will keep dropping out. Try modifying your carrier to hold the ball in place.
• 7
Design and build your carrier (continued)
• Think about how your carrier will travel down the zip line.
• Choose the materials that will allow it to slide smoothly on the line.
• Attach them to the carrier.
• TIP: if you need to reduce friction to allow your carrier to travel smoothly, try making the part of the carrier touching the line as slippery as possible by using a smooth, hard material like plastic. Or adjust how hard the carrier will press on the zip line by designing it to hook on the zip line at two or more points.
• 8
Weigh down your carrier
• Decide how you will weigh down the carrier so it can stay balanced on the line.
• Add the weights.
• TIP: If your carrier doesn’t balance well, try placing the weights so they are below the zip line. Doing this will change the carrier’s center of gravity, the point within an object where all parts are in balance with one another. Or, try changing the number or position of the weights.
• TIP: If the ball carrier is not stable, try adding the same amount of weight on each side. If the weights on each side are balanced, it will help keep the carrier stable.
• 9
Attach the carrier to the zip line
• Put the ball in the carrier.
• Place the carrier at the top of the zip line.
• 10
Let it zip
• Remember you have four seconds to get your carrier from the top to the bottom.
• Let it go and start counting!
• TIP: If your carrier stops partway down, check to see that nothing is blocking your carrier where it touches the line.
• TIP: If it takes longer than 4 seconds for your carrier to travel the length of the zip line, try to reduce the friction and speed up the carrier by experimenting with different materials where the carrier comes in contact with the line.
• TIP: If the zip line sags, try checking the tension of the line and tighten if needed. If it still sags, your carrier may be too heavy. You may need to revise your design.
• 11
Did you know?
• Real-Life Superheroes
Have you ever dreamed of zipping up the side of a building like Batman or Spiderman? Engineer Nate Ball, host of Design Squad, and his friends made it possible. For a contest, they designed and built a climbing device that could carry a person 50 feet (15 m) up the side of a building in less than 5 seconds. After months of work, the team tested their climber by lifting a 150-pound (68-kg) load of tires—and the climber exploded and crashed! But after analyzing and redesigning the ruined climber, they ended up winning third prize in the contest. Ultimately, they patented the climber and started a company to sell it. Today, soldiers, firefighters, and rescue workers around the world use the team’s climber to fly up buildings. Now, those are real superheroes.
• 12
Try this next!
• Slow down! Build a ball carrier that takes 10 seconds to travel the length of the zip line.
• On your mark, get set, go! Set up two zip lines side-by-side and race different ball carriers.
• Increase the load. Build a ball carrier that can carry several Ping-Pong balls down the zip line.
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"url": "http://pbskids.org/designsquad/build/zip-line/"
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All Things Assyrian
The Assyrian King and His Aqueduct
The aqueduct built by the Assyrian King Sennacherib.
A massive feat of engineering lies hidden behind terrible roads and among dusty, forgotten fields. Now resembling little more than rubble, the ruins are the remains of an innovative aqueduct some speculate may have led to the world's most famous lost ancient wonder.
The Assyrian King Sennacherib built his mammoth hydraulics system to bring water from the mountains around Dohuk to his palaces within the city of Nineveh, which now lies beneath present-day Mosul, Iraq. His palace was uncovered after the shrine built atop it was destroyed by ISIS.
This enormous aqueduct, which was built between 700 and 690 BC roughly 30 miles from the King's gardens, predates the Roman engineering marvels that famously still survive in Europe today and is said to be the oldest in the world. It was built from more than two million stones and waterproof cement. It's thought the hydraulics system fed into an early prototype of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, or perhaps into the legendary gardens themselves .
King Sennacherib's words still reach out to us today, more than 2,000 years later, through the inscriptions scrawled across the stones. The aqueduct, and the suggestive relief panels found within his rediscovered palace, lend credence to the idea that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon may have been located at Nineveh rather than further south.
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9661771655082703,
"url": "http://aina.org/ata/20180215122658.htm"
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Classroom Snapshot : AP Biology
Students in AP Biology started off the year by conducting an experiment to learn about the steps of the scientific method. The students made observations that drivers are often distracted by their phones while driving and made a hypothesis that drivers at stoplights were more likely to be on their phone compared to those not at stoplights. Students then formed groups on specific areas of Hall Street to monitor how many drivers were not on their phone, talking on their phone or looking at their phone over the course of 20 minutes. Students concluded most drivers were not on their phones while driving, but more were on their phones while at a stoplight. This supported their initial hypothesis. Students will share this data with peers in the form of posters around the school. Therefore, students are able to see the complete process of the scientific method.
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"fasttext_score": 0.37018102407455444,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.985193133354187,
"url": "https://tmp-m.org/classroom-snapshot-ap-biology/"
}
|
Scientific research
Back to previous page
Bingo! might improve thinking skills
As people age, they begin to lose the ability to perceive visual contrasts. A difficulty with contrast (separating an object from its background or other objects) may be worse in people with dementia. Bingo! is the ubiquitous game where players have cards with random numbers that are filled in as a caller yells out a number. The first person to have a pattern calls out Bingo. The authors of a new study were curious if there was a relationship between perception problems and the way people think and play Bingo.
icaa 100 members
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Show Less
Restricted access
Albert Einstein
The Roads to Pacifism
Claudio Giulio Anta
Albert Einstein (1879–1955) is universally known as the father of the theory of relativity; however, he was also one of the most eminent pacifists of the first half of the twentieth century. Through his active, pragmatic and nuanced breed of pacifism, he sought to confront the dilemmas and problems stemming from the unstable political conditions of his time: the beginning of the Great War, the creation and failure of the League of Nations, the emergence of totalitarian regimes, the outbreak of the Second World War, the dawn of the Atomic Age, the escalation of the Cold War, the establishment of the United Nations with its apparent institutional weakness and the need for a world government. His reflections on the subject of peace led him into dialogue with the most prestigious figures of the political and cultural world: from Romain Rolland to Bertrand Russell via Georg Friedrich Nicolai, Sigmund Freud, King Albert I of Belgium, Léo Szilárd, Emery Reves and Franklin Delano Roosevelt (amongst others). This dialogue is further emphasized by the book’s final section, an anthology of Einstein’s writings and speeches, which significantly enriches this study.
Table of contents
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Early Somali language made use of an Arabic script, and it was not until the arrival of Italian and British colonial powers that a Latin-language alphabet was introduced to the Somali language. In addition, a number of indigenous writing systems were developed in the early 20th century.
Today, a Latin-language Somali alphabet is the most widely used script. Developed under the government of former Somalian President Mohamed Siad Barre, the modern Latin-based script was designed by linguists specifically for the written Somali language, making use of all 26 letters of the English-language alphabet except for z, p and v.
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"url": "http://www.ccjk.com/language-translation/somali-translation-services/introduction-of-a-latin-based-somali-script/"
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Lana Hiskey
Springville Junior High's drawing teacher, Ms. Wallace, started with the idea of engaging her students in a project that would make positive changes in the world with their talent. One area the students focused on was researching clean water.
Through a scratchboard project, Springville Junior High drawing students created amazing black and white textures of endangered species that have been affected by neglect to take better care of the world. To help with the global water crises, the drawing students are printing amazing images produced from the endangered species project into gift cards and selling them. The proceeds will go to a partner school in Nigeria Africa to provide clean water. The cards are half sheet sizes with a fold and envelope that goes with it. To buy the cards, contact
Katelyn Hollister, eighth-grade student artist, said, “I had no idea I was descent at scratchboard. I learned that I can find different ways with different mediums to make fur look good. Scratchboard is a way to do that. I think it was a good thing to choose animals for our scratchboard pictures.”
Traer Petersen, ninth-grade student artist, said, “I learned to push what I could do. I didn't know I could do it that good. The content of my piece is endangered animals. I want to help them, but I don't know how. Now, I know that we should try not to burn as much fossil fuels and keep pollution out of the air.”
Ms. Wallace stated, “Through research, the students learned that our world’s atmosphere and ocean are warming through the use of fossil fuels, nitrous oxides, deforestation and fertilizers, and pollution acidity in oceans that are releasing sky rocketing amounts green house gases. The climate crises is unprecedented in it’s scale and complexity. The endangered species has tripled and clean water is the number one killer of people and animals. In the next few years, half of our animal species could be wiped out.”
To learn more about this project go to:
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Wednesday, 23 November 2011
Origins of the Heavens' Hinge
The heavens' hinge idea originates from a new solar renewable energy concentration system which uses small fixed pieces of flat reflectors (including tin and copper plate). The maths of this are easier to understand using a geocentric worldview. This system has been prototyped and witnessed as working.
The structural support of one version of this idea appears to be duplicated at Stonehenge. This was discovered quite a while after the first patent application had been filed (no prior art was found during a UK patents office search).
The extent of the similarities are:
• Dimensions: All dimensions (of Stonehenge) match the design requirements (using Cleal et al as a primary reference with other works providing supplemental material).
• Features: All recorded features (Phase 3b: eg inwardly facing circle, level top, height of trilithons) appear to be the same as the required design features of the system.
• Unpublished features: All required additional features of the model (such as features specific to Stone 54) do exist in the locations predicted (and required) by the mathematical model.
• External environment: Axis of Heelstone, Station Stones, and all other features found at Stonehenge appear to be an accurate, dimensionally consistent, explanation of the geocentric world description on which the system is based.
• Timeline: The dating record of features in the archaeological timeline (using Cleal et al) appears to be consistent with the method of development of such a system.
There appear to be no features at Stonehenge which do not fit the model (that is, there are no counter-indications). There appear to be no missing features.
The system creates a very bright light within, and just above, the structure. Revolving slowly around the polar axis, this system creates a local three dimensional mirror image of the sun's movement relative to a fixed world. One purpose of this could be to demonstrate the spherical nature of the heavens.
A similar system in operation:
* Tin was available in the Neolithic: Experiments (Detailed electron probe analysis of European bronzes) have suggested that "For the early bronze age, Northover has noted that tin bronzes were probably exclusively produced in Britain from South-Western cassiterite".
next post here
1. Nice idea but hugely over engineered!
Why spend 10 times longer in constructing a stone circle when you can do the same in wood?
Why place it 2/3 of the way up the hill - surely (as the surroundings was a forest) the best and clearest place to maximise the sun is a 1400m north were its 20% higher?
Why use mirrors when you can light a fire - especially at night?
Why dig a ditch?
Why not do a smaller version?
Too many unanswered questions?
2. RJL: Some great questions, I'll do a post for each:.
"Why spend 10 times longer in constructing a stone circle when you can do the same in wood?"
Today we have the choice to use low embodied content (eg timber) buildings and so on for some of our short term structures but we do tend to use higher embodied content material and to make statement buildings just for the sake of it.
We also choose to make huge statement structures to demonstrate the nature of our Universe (eg the Large Hadron Collider at Cern).
Is it impossible that the people who built this were just as motivated to understand their Universe as we are today?
The power density (known as irradiance) is virtually identical at ground level compared to the top of most hills in the UK. At the top of the atmosphere, the irradiance is about 1350 watts/sqm and by the time this reaches our latitude's ground level it has fallen to 1000 or less (depending on season, time of day, atmospheric pollution and clouds). With clear skies, the power density is mainly affected by the amount of air that the light has to travel through (this effect is known as solar extinction). I'll put up a detailed explanation of this in the forum.
In short, it doesn't make any difference.
4. "Why use mirrors when you can light a fire - especially at night?"
This system produces a day-time mini-sun moving and rising within and above the structure: An ordinary fire is not capable of producing this kind of brilliant effect. Also, an ordinary fire does not reproduce the sun and then show how it moves around the poles of our World: This "Fixed Earth" (also known as geocentric) world model is thought to have been first invented by Ancient Greek philosophers such as Ptolemy: (see ).
If this arrangement was done at Stonehenge, the Britons worked out how the heavens move many thousands of years before the Greeks started thinking about it.
To give an idea of the intensity of light that can be produced, I was able to make cold water boil in just a few seconds using a much smaller mirror array.
Is it necessary for whatever Stonehenge was used for to be a night-time event?
5. "Why dig a ditch?"
The circular ditch could be a by-product of the construction of the circular bank (or it could be vice-versa depending on your view): The bank & ditch were built at an earlier time in the archaeological sequence but do seem to be consistent with an explanation of a geocentric world model.
A possible purpose of this is described in the "Part 7" video (which is on page 5 at
6. "Why not do a smaller version?"
Good question: Bigger is better?
Thanks for some great comments RJL
7. Jon
Last but most important question - why do it at all?
I don't believe Stonehenge was Built just to watch the Sunrise at summer solstice as Woodhenge would have done just as good of a job.
So why so much man power to watch a model of the world - what objective benefit to this society would it produce?
8. Hi RJL
That question brings up more questions than I had before starting this process!
One interesting sideline of what we're doing here (study of the mathematics of geocentric worldview models for renewable energy systems) is that some other monuments also appear to have the feature requirements of a 'fixed world' view: If the mathematics of these also prove to correspond (we have yet to check the detailed archaeological evidence but the initial evidence is very strong), then their system features indicate a concern that the Sun or heavens could change their cycle in some way. The initial motivation would almost certainly be a worry about long term agricultural conditions (and perhaps even whether or not it is worth preparing land for farming at all).
One possible interpretation of this other work is that Stonehenge is a statement structure designed to spectacularly demonstrate to the population that the leaders understood the world and that everything would be all right the next year: The angles of the daytime 'rising star' arrangement allow it to be easily visible to everyone standing to the North-East.
This might perhaps explain the wide avenue because the boundary lines (of the Avenue) are along the optimum line to allow a very large gathering to watch the event. Winter would be the time of most concern so it might also explain the apparent evidence of feasting happening during the winter period?
Thanks for the question!
9. Jon
I did leave a message on your question on Brian's blog - but he refuses to publish anything that questions his hypothesis or he can't answer - so some threads look incomplete, this is also the case with Kostas comments as you can see on my blog.
Stonehenge (in my view) is a healing centre and it uses purified water (hence the chalk filter) within its moat and Bluestones (as it has a rock salt) that helps healing. The incomplete monument (Brian is right on that account) is a crescent moon (not circle) directed at the mid-winters sunset. The moon is linked to death, so sunset on the shortest day is significant.
Now if your machine could heat the spa waters we are in business!!
10. Hi RJL
I think I remember the question but I don't know why it would conflict with Brian's theory.: The south west segment of my solar movement demonstration design is the only major part that is an architectural rather than utilitarian feature. By coincidence, Stonehenge also has the south-west segment largely missing with no formal evidence showing that the missing stones existed?
As it happens, the commercial versions of my systems are capable of heating water and, on a large scale, would be capable of producing steam at a high enough temperature to avoid droplet damage to turbines (for electrical power production or, possibly, fuel generation such as hydrogen or ammonia).
My design that you're looking at in the videos, which looks a lot like Stonehenge, is configured specifically as a system to demonstrate the spherical nature of the heavens, though it can do a few other tasks efficiently. It is also capable of acting as a renewable energy demonstrator and will be a good central feature for an energy related business park. I doubt it would ever be useful as a system to power a spa though!
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Why Ads?
The Endocrine System
Our Nerves Communicate
The endocrine system is used for communication throughout your body. The main communication system within your body is the nervous system. The nervous system works in a similar manner as a telephone. Messages are sent from one place to another place, much in the same way that a telephone carries a message from you to your friend.
But suppose you want to tell more than just one person. You could call all your friends on eat a time, but this would take a very long time. By the time you got the message out, it might be too late.
So how can you get a message to all your friends quickly? Suppose that you drive to your local radio station and broadcast your message. Doing this allows all your friends to hear your message at the same time.
Hormones in the bloodstreamYour endocrine system is similar to a radio broadcast. Instead of using radio waves to transmit messages,your endocrine system uses chemicals. These chemicals are called hormones. Hormones travel through the blood stream and affect the activities of the various cells within your body.
Where are these chemicals produced? Throughout your body, from your head down to your waist, there are a number of small organs called glands. These glands each produce one or more hormones. These hormones are released into the bloodstream via small tubes called ducts. Once in the bloodstream, these hormones affect every cell they come in contact with,telling them to do something.
Endocrcine System Glands
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Download a PDF to print or study offline.
Study Guide
Cite This Study Guide
How to Cite This Study Guide
quotation mark graphic
Course Hero. "Moll Flanders Study Guide." Course Hero. 3 Nov. 2017. Web. 19 July 2018. <>.
In text
(Course Hero)
Course Hero. (2017, November 3). Moll Flanders Study Guide. In Course Hero. Retrieved July 19, 2018, from
In text
(Course Hero, 2017)
Course Hero. "Moll Flanders Study Guide." November 3, 2017. Accessed July 19, 2018.
Course Hero, "Moll Flanders Study Guide," November 3, 2017, accessed July 19, 2018,
Moll Flanders | Context
17th-Century England and America
Moll Flanders takes place in England (mostly London) and America (mostly Virginia) in the second half of the 17th century. At the time London was a center of trade and industry, stimulating growing capitalism (an economic system characterized by private industry) and with it the power of the emerging bourgeoisie, or middle class. London was booming, its population growing to 630,000 by 1715, an enormous number at the time. In fact, other than Paris, London was the largest European city.
However, trade—and hence economic rise—remained primarily the privilege of men, since women did not have the legal rights in most cases to conduct business, a fact that informs much of Moll's predicament throughout the novel. Born out of wedlock to a woman convicted of a crime, Moll represents a 17th-century lower-class woman. Lacking financial independence, these women were often forced to attach themselves to men for economic survival.
The fast growth of the city brought with it the growth of crime. City streets were frequented by pickpockets, while country roads were often targeted by highwaymen, who forced their victims at gunpoint to hand over valuables. The absence of an organized police force meant it was up to the victim to bring the case to the constable—usually a wealthy, and sometimes corrupt, parish holder—and the courts. Hence, crime often paid—that is, until a criminal was caught and tried. Punishment was harsh: even non-violent crime was often punished by death, or transportation to the colonies.
Colonization—the practice of acquiring foreign lands, populating the lands with settlers, and exploiting native people and resources for the economic gain of the mother country—began in the late 16th century and continued into the 20th century, affecting many regions in the world, America among them. In the late 17th century the colonies were a place for adventurers, free-thinking entrepreneurs, religious outcasts, and criminals. In the novel, Moll Flanders travels to Virginia twice, first as the wife of a prosperous landowner, and second as a criminal who serves time as an indentured servant in the colonies in lieu of a death sentence.
The Role of Women in 17th-Century England
Although published in 1722, Defoe's Moll Flanders takes place in the 17th century. England in this era was a class-based society, meaning upward social mobility through education or hard work was difficult. It was also a patriarchal society dominated by men. As a result, women were mostly legally dependent on the men in their lives—their fathers, brothers, or husbands. Women were bound by coverture, which meant that after marriage a woman gave up all her property and legal rights—formerly held by her father or brother—to her husband, essentially becoming one with him in a legal sense. This meant economic stability, but also complete dependence. Higher education was available only to men, and most professions were restricted to men. Consequently, women had to look toward marriage as a means of economic stability and survival.
In the 18th century some boarding schools for women were established. However, these schools were mostly meant for the upper classes and taught writing, music, and sometimes foreign languages, rather than subjects that would enable students to earn an independent living. Women in this era were supposed to run the household. For upper- and middle-class women, this meant handling servants. For lower-class women, this meant becoming a servant—a fate Moll Flanders desperately wants to avoid. Instead, she wants to be a gentlewoman—in other words, an independent woman. However, life as an independent (i.e., unmarried) woman was extraordinarily difficult, as the only respectable professions other than servant were seamstress, washerwoman, or midwife. Intent on avoiding this fate all her life, Moll continually strives to attach herself to men of means. While she describes herself as a whore, the term cannot be confused with its modern interpretation of a prostitute. Instead, Moll was a kept woman, engaging in sexual relations with men outside marriage to guarantee her financial security.
Pregnancy and childbirth—both constant companions in a woman's life at the time—carried extraordinary hazards. Many women died in childbirth, and many infants were stillborn or died in infancy. Readers may find Moll's seemingly unemotional and callous attitude towards her children offensive—she readily abandons every one of them, leaving them to be raised by the father's family and servants, or even strangers. However, as a single woman, she had no means to support them. In the harsh context of economic insecurity, close familial relationships are viewed as a luxury of the rich.
Literary Traditions
Defoe has often been called the father of the novel, mostly for his literary contributions Robinson Crusoe, published in 1719, and Moll Flanders, published in 1722. When in the Author's Preface Defoe distinguishes Moll Flanders from "novels and romances," and calls it instead a "private history," he stresses the truth-value that has since become a defining characteristic of realistic fiction. At the time, novels were adventure stories set in faraway lands, recounting tall tales such as Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, published in 1726, only four years after Moll Flanders. As a fictional memoir, Moll Flanders draws on the genre of the confessional, telling the often-scandalous stories of real-life criminals confessing their crimes. Remorse, as well as an attempt at justification, characterized many of these stories. Similarly, Moll repeatedly claims repentance and continually justifies her actions by economic necessity.
At the same time, the novel draws on the tradition of the picaresque, made famous by Miguel Cervantes' Don Quixote, published in 1605 and 1615, and Hans Jacob Christoph von Grimmelshausen's Simplicissimus, published in 1669. A story of an unlikely hero, usually of humble birth, the picaresque follows an outsider as he drifts from milieu to milieu in an effort to fit into a society that rejects him. Changing and often questionable moral convictions come with the territory, as the hero is forced to adapt to constantly evolving circumstances to survive. Born on the fringes of respectable society in Newgate prison and growing up a virtual orphan, Moll goes through repeated ups and downs as she fights for economic survival, claiming that her opportunism, her repeated marriages and affairs, and her criminal activities are justified by the disadvantaged position of unmarried women at the time.
The growing literacy rate of the middle class in the 18th century created a greater need for reading materials that did not exclusively deal with the life of the aristocracy or upper classes, explaining the popularity of realistic novels such as Moll Flanders. Writing novels became a potentially lucrative profession in this era.
Cite This Study Guide
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latin terms
By modern convention, all lunar features are formally named in Latin.
A curious aspect of this system is that dark, smooth areas are named as seas, bays and lakes. When, after the invention of the telescope, the surface of the Moon was first seen in detail, it was thought that these really were bodies of water. Although we now know that they are areas of younger rock, the tradition of giving them aquatic names has continues. Here they are with their meanings, starting with the seas (Maria):
Mare Australe Southern Sea
Mare Crisium Sea of Crises
Mare Fecunditatis Sea of Fertility
Mare Frigoris Sea of Cold
Mare Humboldtianum Humboldt's Sea
Mare Humorum Sea of Moisture
Mare Imbrium Sea of Showers
Mare Marginis Marginal Sea
Mare Nectaris Sea of Nectar
Mare Nubium Sea of Clouds
Mare Orientale Eastern Sea
Mare Serenitatis Sea of Serenity
Mare Smythii Smyth's Sea
Mare Spumans Foaming Sea
Mare Tranquillitatis Sea of Tranquility
Mare Undarum Sea of Waves
Mare Vaporum Sea of Vapours
Oceanus Procellarum Ocean of Storms
Sinus Aestuum Seething Bay
Sinus Iridium Bay of Rainbows
Sinus Medii Central Bay
Sinus Roris Bay of Dews
Palus Epidemarium Marsh of Diseases
Palus Nebularium Marsh of Mists
Palus Putredinis Marsh of Decay
Palus Somnii Marsh of Sleep
Lacus Mortis Lake of Death
Lacus Somniorum Lake of the Dreamers
Latin terms are also used (with greater accuracy) for dry land features such as -
Rima /
rille /
eg Rima Ariadaeus
Rupes scarp eg Rupes Recta
Mons /
mountain /
eg Montes Haemus
Vallis valley eg Vallis Schröteri
Catena crater chain eg Catena Davy
Dorsum /
eg Dorsa Smirnov
Inconstant Moon
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Place Value Charts
A deep understanding of place value is essential to succeeding in elementary mathematics. Place value charts are powerful graphic organizers and can go far to helping build a deeper understanding of number relationships and algorithms. With a dry-erase marker, sheet protector, and place value chart insert, students can get a lot of practice working with place value at the pictorial and/or abstract level.
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"url": "http://www.teacherbilldavidson.com/resource-books/place-value-charts"
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Glaciers expanded in the Northern Hemisphere during the middle Pliocene. However, whether they extended into the midlatitude lowlands remains unknown. A Pliocene sequence from a buried, deep bedrock trench in the midlatitude James Bay Lowland, Canada (52°49.5′N, 83°52.5′W), contains a till and an overlying lacustrine deposit rich in fossil pollen. Magnetostratigraphy together with pollen-derived biostratigraphy constrains it to a time span from 3.6 to 3.0 Ma. Based on multiple lines of evidence, we are able to prove the deposition of the till by an early ice sheet, and hence glaciation of the lowland at ca. 3.5 Ma (3.6–3.4 Ma). After glaciation, rapid warming permitted thermophilic trees now exotic to this area to grow, which include oak, sweetgum, and cypress. Furthermore, pollen analysis indicates alternating Carolinian deciduous and boreal evergreen forests under a climate that oscillated and cooled gradually during a prolonged postglacial period from 3.5 to 3.0 Ma.
You do not currently have access to this article.
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In October 1918, World War I was gradually drawing to a close in the Argonne Forest in northeastern France. Inch by inch, more than one million Allied fighting men slowly wrestled Europe from the occupying Germans, with considerable casualties occurring on both sides. Losses were particularly heavy amongst a battalion of Americans which had pressed too far into enemy territory, leaving 550 soldiers surrounded, outnumbered, and cut off from communications. For days the men valiantly deflected enemy attacks amidst a hail of friendly artillery, but rapidly dwindling forces and supplies soon led to a desperate situation.
Left with no alternative, a member of the US Army Signal Corps named Cher Ami was given the dangerous task of darting past the enemy forces with a message for the Allied commanders. The hastily scribbled note politely requested that headquarters increase the supply of men while decreasing the supply of red-hot shrapnel. As Cher Ami dashed from the forest, enemy gunfire left him with a gunshot wound to the chest and a badly mangled leg, but nonetheless he managed to traverse the twenty-five miles to the command post to deliver his message. As a result, the misplaced battalion was finally rescued.
Cher Ami was awarded France’s Croix de Guerre medal for his heroism, but due to his wounds he did not long survive. When he passed away several weeks months later, his remains were placed in a crate and sent to the Smithsonian Institute in Washington DC, where he was stuffed, mounted, and put on display. Cher Ami, the American war hero, was a homing pigeon.
Though their methods are rather mysterious, homing pigeons such as Cher Ami possess a remarkable ability to relocate their home roost from afar, even across hundreds of miles of unfamiliar territory. For centuries humanity has capitalized on this trait by keeping such pigeons at key locations, then sending a fistful of the feathery messengers along with anyone who might need to send back important information.
Today homing pigeons are mostly the stuff of hobbyists, but until the 1950s they comprised a significant portion of the world’s communication networks. More than 3,000 years ago the ancient Egyptians and Persians took note of pigeons’ tendency to fly back home after being moved, and enterprising pigeon fanciers began cultivating the trait.
A portable pigeon roost from WW1
A portable pigeon roost from WW1
To ensure that only the most skilled homing pigeons were among the breeding stock, the birds were placed in covered baskets and transported to increasingly distant locations; those which returned home had the opportunity to mate, whereas those who lost their way were left to their own devices. Within a few dozen generations, the selectively bred birds had developed uncanny homing abilities, and they were soon pressed into service to relay messages regarding wartime victories and defeats.
Message-carrying homing pigeons remained in service throughout the world for the following three millennia, ferrying information over land and sea at speeds of 30-60 miles per hour. In the 1800s a man named Paul Reuter— later of Reuters Press Agency fame— employed a fleet of pigeons to shuttle stock prices between Belgium and Germany. These plucky birds also provided the world’s first regular air-mail service well before airplanes were invented, linking Auckland, New Zealand with the Great Barrier Island fifty miles away.
During the “War to End All Wars,” homing pigeons were often used alongside radio and telegraph communications. They were valuable as a redundant messaging channel, and prized for their ability to avoid interception and operate during radio silence. Around the same time, a German named Dr Julius Neubronner tinkered with aerial reconnaissance by fitting the birds with small, mechanically-timed panoramic cameras, but results were regrettably inadequate.
In the Second War to End All Wars, homing pigeons were once again drafted into service, this time by a shadowy arm of British intelligence known as Source Columba. Beginning in 1940, the organization airdropped hundreds of crates into occupied France and Holland under the cover of nightfall. Within each crate locals would find a spy kit consisting of 1) a small slip of lightweight paper, 2) a special pencil, 3) detailed instructions, and 4) a single homing pigeon. The instructions encouraged citizen-spies to anonymously jot down any useful tidbits regarding German activities, then stuff the report into the message capsule tied to the pigeon’s leg. Many of the pigeons returned to Britain carrying intelligence which proved immensely valuable in the war effort. In one instance, an enthusiastic informer squeezed thousands of words and fourteen hand-drawn maps onto the tiny message sheet, presumably with the aid of an industrial-strength magnifying glass.
Aerial reconnaissance pigeon
Aerial reconnaissance pigeon
Britain’s Confidential Pigeon Service became such a rich vein of information that it was kept a closely guarded secret for years, but the Axis powers eventually became savvy to the scheme. As part of a clever countermeasure campaign, Nazis dropped their own doppelganger pigeon-crates over France, each designed to appear British. Along with the pigeon these contained a pack of English cigarettes and a request for the names of local resistance leaders, to ensure that the patriots could be “rewarded” for their heroism. Word of the stoolpigeons quickly spread, however, and French forces were advised to “smoke the cigarettes and eat the pigeons.”
In spite of over thirty centuries of close contact with humans, the homing pigeons’ methods are still somewhat mysterious. Biologists have antagonized the birds with countless discombobulating devices, but results have frequently been nebulous. Some have speculated that the pigeons possess extremely sensitive semicircular canals in their inner ear, allowing them to efficiently track the twists and turns of a journey to maintain a constant fix on their home. Tests using rapidly-spinning transport containers, however, seem to refute this theory. Other researchers have suggested that landmarks and/or the position of the sun are used for orientation, but experiments with blinders and fogged pigeon-goggles found that most subjects reached the general proximity of their homes despite severely limited vision. This outcome suggests that visual cues are necessary to find the exact roost location, while some other mechanism guides the bird during the longer segment of the journey. Other exercises included the modification of odors, low-frequency sounds, and lighting conditions in an area, resulting in varying degrees of disruption. Given that no single experiment entirely stripped the homing pigeons of their gifts, it is likely that the birds use a concerted assortment of sensitivities.
A man-made three-axis magnetometer
A man-made three-axis magnetometer
Some of the most intriguing experiments have involved the introduction of strong magnetic fields around pigeons’ home lofts. These fields triggered significant navigational interference with many of the birds, thereby supporting a long-held hypothesis that pigeons possess some sort of natural magnetic compass. The theory was further reinforced by the observation that homing pigeons sometimes become disoriented during the magnetic storms caused by heavy sunspot activity.
In early 2007, a group of German researchers discovered some microscopic structures which may be the mechanism behind these natural compasses: a collection of tiny maghemite and magnetite particles embedded within the nerves of homing pigeons’ beaks. These oblong crystals demonstrated an extreme sensitivity to magnetic fields, appearing to work together to form a three-axis magnetometer. Though biologists are still struggling to grasp the specifics of this mechanism, it seems likely that it allows homing pigeons to sense the relative strength and direction of magnetic north at all times, and thus ascertain their position anywhere on the planet. Considering that most bird species possess an affinity for aerial orientation, many researchers speculate that these natural compasses are a universal avian trait, and that homing pigeons are merely the electromagnetic bloodhounds of the bird world.
Update, April 2018: More recent research suggests that birds’ skills with absolute direction are actually due to a protein called Cry4, a light-sensitive cryptochrome found in the retina. Researchers suspect that quantum interactions between this protein and the Earth’s magnetic field allow birds to “use magnetic compasses any time of day or night.”
Further studies are revealing a plethora of potential uses for these pigeons’ microscopic magnetometers, most notably in areas such as nanotechnology, data storage, and global positioning in general. It is doubtful that a modern misplaced battalion would consider such quaint natural alternatives over man-made GPS receivers and encrypted radios, but these feathery remnants of bygone wars may yet teach us a few things about the technology of global navigation.
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Sunday, 2 February 2014
What you Need
A potato
A sharp knife
A set square can be useful
What to do
Making an arch is simple, you basically want to produce blocks of potato that are slightly wider at the top than the bottom.
So cut a few large chips out of the potato which are about 12-15mm square and as straight as possible.
Cutting potato blocksAlthough the blocks you make are tapered in one direction all the other corners should be right angles or your arch will be wonky, so using a set square, or something similar with a good right angle is useful to make the blocks the right shape.
When you have made enough blocks to make a semi-circle try putting them together to make an arch. Does it stay up?
See how the fails if you abuse it, poke it and push it.
You often see arches on the top of pillars or walls. Have a go at modeling this by building your arch on the top of a couple of chips. Does it work?
Try making the blocks really really thin, does the arch still work?
What may happen
If you cut the blocks right the arch should be quite stable, unless you make it too thin when it will collapse.
If you build it on top of tall thin chips, you should find the chips are pushed outwards and it falls over.
Potato arch
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§19.13. Rulebooks producing values
We have now seen two ways to write the outcome of a rule: as simple success or failure, with more or less explicit phrases like:
rule succeeds;
rule fails;
continue the action;
stop the action;
and by using a named outcome for the current rulebook as if it were a phrase, as in:
low background noise;
There is still a third way: we can stop a rule and at the same time produce a value. This isn't needed very often - none of the built-in rulebooks in the Standard Rules produces a value.
As we've seen, every rulebook has one kind of value as its basis, and it also has another kind of value for it to produce. If we call these K and L, then we have altogether four ways to write down the kind of a rulebook:
K based rulebook
rulebook producing L
K based rulebook producing L
If we don't mention K, Inform assumes the rulebook is action based. If we don't mention L, Inform assumes L is "nothing", that is, Inform assumes no value is ever produced. Thus
Drum summons rules is a rulebook.
is equivalent to
Drum summons rules is an action based rulebook producing nothing.
But let's now look at a rulebook which does produce something.
The cat behavior rules is a rulebook producing an object.
This rulebook works out which thing the cat will destroy next. We might have rules like this one:
Cat behavior when Austin can see the ball of wool:
rule succeeds with result the ball of wool.
The value is produced only when a rule succeeds, using this phrase:
rule succeeds with result (value)
This phrase can only be used in a rule which produces a value, and the value given must be of the right kind. It causes the current rule to finish immediately, to succeed, and to produce the value given.
How are we to use the cat behavior rulebook? If we write:
follow cat behavior
then the rulebook runs just as any other rulebook would, but the value produced is lost at the end, which defeats the point. Instead, we might write:
Every turn:
let the destroyed object be the object produced by the cat behavior rules;
if the destroyed object is not nothing:
say "Austin pounces on [the destroyed object] in a flurry.";
now the destroyed object is nowhere.
The key phrase here is
object produced by the cat behavior rules
which accesses the value this rulebook produces. In general, we write:
(name of kind) produced by (rule producing values) ... value
This phrase is used to follow the named rule, and to collect the resulting value.
(name of kind) produced by (values based rule producing values) for (value) ... value
This phrase is used to follow the named rule based on the value given, and to collect the resulting value.
arrow-up.pngStart of Chapter 19: Rulebooks
arrow-left.pngBack to §19.12. Named outcomes
arrow-right.pngOnward to §19.14. Abide by
***ExampleTilt 2
A deck of cards with fully implemented individual cards; when the player has a full poker hand, the inventory listing describes the resulting hand accordingly.
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Memory Grubs
Working on then-ancient information indicating that baselines associate memories strongly with olfactory sensory data, the researchers generated a lifeform that could live indefinitely off of human mucus with little or no aggravation of the mucus membranes. These creatures would be induced to enter a sinus cavity where their 'body odor' could be used as a memory-baseline trigger. To change trigger states, new grubs would be introduced which would eject the old grub(s) for safe storage (later versions would cause memory grubs not in contact with body temperature mucus to cocoon).
Depending on the model and the system used, experiences could be tagged with one or up to eight memory grub scents. Later variants allowed for multiple grubs to be generated with the same scent patterns - early ones were simply grown with randomly generated scent patterns.
Appears in Topics
Development Notes
Text by John B
Initially published on 26 January 2007.
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bay (adj.)
"reddish-brown," usually of horses, mid-14c., from Anglo-French bai (13c.), Old French bai, from Latin badius "chestnut-brown" (used only of horses), from PIE root *badyo- "yellow, brown" (source also of Old Irish buide "yellow"). As a noun, elliptical for a horse of this color.
bay (n.1)
"inlet, recess in the shore of a sea or lake," c. 1400, from Old French baie, Late Latin baia (source of Spanish and Portuguese bahia, Italian baja), which is perhaps ultimately from Iberian (Celtic) bahia.
bay (n.2)
"opening in a wall," especially a space between two columns, late 14c. from Old French baee "opening, hole, gulf," noun use of fem. past participle of bayer "to gape, yawn," from Medieval Latin batare "gape," perhaps of imitative origin. Meaning "compartment for storage: is from 1550s. Somewhat confused with bay (n.1) "inlet of the sea," it is the bay in sick-bay and bay window (early 15c.).
bay (n.3)
From the condition of a hunted animal comes the transferred sense of "final encounter," and thence, on the notion of turning to face the danger when further flight or escape is impossible, at bay.
bay (n.4)
laurel shrub (Laurus nobilis, source of the bay-leaf), late 14c., but meaning originally only the berry, from Old French baie (12c.) "berry, seed," from Latin baca, bacca "berry, fruit of a tree or shrub, nut" (source also of Spanish baya, Old Spanish bacca, Italian bacca "a berry"), a word of uncertain origin. De Vaan writes that connection with Greek Bakhos "Bacchus" is difficult, as the Greek word probably was borrowed from an Asian language. Some linguists compare Berber *bqa "blackberry, mulberry," and suggest a common borrowing from a lost Mediterranean language.
Extension of the word to the shrub itself is from 1520s. The leaves or sprigs were woven as wreaths for conquerors or poets, hence "honorary crown or garland bestowed as a prize for victory or excellence" (1560s). Bay-leaf is from 1630s. Bay-berry (1570s) was coined after the sense of the original word had shifted to the tree.
bay (v.)
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Zarubintsy culture
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Zarubintsy culture (red) and Przeworsk culture (green)
Archeological cultures of Northern and Central Europe in the late Pre-Roman Iron Age:
Harpstedt-Nienburger group
Zarubintsy culture
Gubin culture
Poienesti-Lukasevka culture
The Zarubintsy or Zarubinets culture was a culture that from the 3rd century BC until 1st century AD flourished in the area north of the Black Sea along the upper and middle Dnieper and Pripyat Rivers, stretching west towards the Southern Bug river. Zarubintsy sites were particularly dense between the Rivers Desna and Ros as well as along the Pripyat river. It was identified around 1899 by the Czech-Ukrainian archaeologist Vikentiy Khvoyka and is now attested by about 500 sites. The culture was named after finds cremated remains in the village of Zarubintsy, on the Dnieper.
The Zarubintsy culture is connected to the early Slavs (proto-Slavs)[1], with possible links to the peoples of the Vistula basin.[2][3] The culture was influenced by the La Tène culture and the nomads of the steppes (the Scythians and the Sarmatians). The Scythian and Sarmatian influence is evident, especially in pottery, weaponry and domestic and personal objects.
The bearers of the culture engaged in agriculture, documented by numerous finds of sickles. Pobol suggested that the culture experienced a transition from swidden ('slash-and-burn') to plough-type cultivation. In addition, they raised animals. Remains included sheep, goat, cattle, horses and swine. There is evidence they also traded wild animal skins with Black Sea towns.
Some sites were defended by ditches and banks, structures thought to have been built to defend against nomadic tribes from the steppe.[4] Dwellings were either of surface or semi-subterranean types, with posts supporting the walls, a hearth in the middle, and large conic pits located nearby.
Inhabitants practiced cremation. Cremated remains were either placed in large, hand-made ceramic urns, or were placed in a large pit and surrounded by food and ornaments such as spiral bracelets and Middle to Late La-Tene type fibulae.
The disintegration of the Zarubintsy culture has been linked with the emigration of its population in several directions. Density of settlements in the central region decrease, as late Zarubintsy groups appear radially, especially southward into the forest-steppe regions of the middle Dnieper, Desna and southern Donets rivers. Influences upon local cultures in the east Carpathian/ Podolia region, as well as, to a lesser extent, north into the forest zone are also evident. The movement of Zarubintsy groups has been linked to an increasingly arid climate, whereby the population left the hillforts on high promontories and moved southward into river valleys. This mostly southern movement brought them closer to westward moving Sarmatian groups (from the Don region) and Thracian-Celtic elements. By the 3rd century AD, central late Zarubintsy sites 're-arranged' into the so-called Kiev culture, whilst the westernmost areas were integrated into the Wielbark culture.
See also[edit]
Sources and external links[edit]
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English: Old man at the Bridge
| January 23, 2014
Order Details
1. Give two examples of each of the following elements of fiction and nonfiction from the texts you’ve read in Units 1, 2, and 3. Characters: ‘Old man at the Bridge’ the old man and the narrator of the story are the characters. Mr. President is a character in the speech given by Patrick Henry. Plot: In the ‘Old man at the Bridge’ it is evidenced that war affects both those with and without political inclination. The old man had no political position, but he was affected. Conflict: In the second passage: the views of the narrator about the conflict differ from those of the old man in the passage. Conflict exists in the second and third passages: there is war in both passages. Setting: In the second passage, the setting is on a bridge.
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English Essay Critiques
Compare and contrast the use of props (physical objects other than costumes or set decoration) in Hedda Gabler and The Importance of Being Earnest.
Category: English, Linguistics
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South America: History of Dress
Native Brazilian woman
The vast South American continent is a study in geographic extremes, including the Amazon Basin, the world's largest tropical rain forest; the Andes, the second-highest mountain range in the world; and the coastal deserts of Peru and northern Chile, which are among the driest areas in the world. The ecology of these regions (and such areas as the hot, humid Atlantic coast and cold, wet Patagonia) naturally influenced the dress of the aboriginal South Americans. Dress includes clothing, footwear, hairstyles and headdresses, jewelry, and other bodily adornment (for example, piercing, tattooing, and painting).
Amazon Basin and the Coasts
Europeans landing on the coast of what is now Brazil in the early sixteenth century encountered such groups as the Tupinambás, who wore feathered headdresses, and early drawings of natives wearing feathers became shorthand for Native Americans. Feathered or porcupine quill headdresses are still worn by most Amazonian groups for daily or fiesta use. Clothing is often minimal, no more than a penis string for males and a cache-sexe (G-string) for females, along with body painting or tattoos, and/or earplugs or earrings, bead, fiber, animal bone or tooth necklaces, bandoleers, armbands, leg bands, and bracelets, nose and lip and hair ornaments-an infinite variety of ornamentation-and, among Kayapó and Botocudo males of Brazil, ternbeiteras, large circular wooden discs inserted in the lower lip.
Native Amazonians
Native Guamakes Natives, Peru c.1913
Such groups as the Colombian and Ecuadorian Cofáns, Ecuadorian Záparos, and Ecuadorian and Peruvian Shuars and Achuars once wore bark-cloth tunics, wrap skirts or (for women) dresses tied over one shoulder. Cofán males now wear knee-length tunics of commercial cotton cloth.
Among such groups in the western Amazon as the Cashinahuas (Dwyer, 1975) and Shipibos in Peru, and the Kamsás in Colombia loom-woven cotton clothes are worn, usually long tunics (often called kushma) for men, and tubular skirts for women. Both male and female Ashaninkas (Campas), and Matsigenkas (Machiguengas) wear tunics, however.
Males among the Shuars and Achuars of Peru and Ecuador wear a woven cotton wrap skirt, while the women wear a body wrap that is tied over one shoulder. The male wrap is sometimes tied with a woven belt with dangling wefts of human hair (Bianchi et al. 1982). Contacted tribes in Amazonia may choose to wear traditional dress at times and Euro-American dress when visiting towns or if they have been Christianized.
Such groups as the now culturally extinct Onas of Tierra del Fuego, the cold, southern tip of South America near Antarctica, had no weaving, but wore fur robes, hats, and moccasins.
The Andean Countries
Ecuadorian traditional dancers
Traditional Ecuadorian Dancers
The countries that once constituted the Inca Empire (much of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and part of northern Argentina) are significant for several reasons. The first is that the Pacific coastal deserts have resulted in the preservation of organic material including mummy bundles with cadavers completely dressed. Other archaeological artifacts, such as realistic ceramics portraying dressed humans, combined with the Spanish conquistadores' and other historical accounts allow us to reconstruct the dress of ancient peoples. It is possible to generalize about the myriad local and historical highland and coastal dress styles, which can be referred to overall as Andean. First, the main fibers, dyes, and many technical features of later dress were in use by the Common Era. Fibers, handspun and handwoven on simple stick or frame looms, included New World cotton and camelid (llama, alpaca, vicuña, and wanaku). Myriad dyes were used to great effect, including Relbunium and cochineal (red to purple), indigo (blue to black), and a number of plants that gave yellow. Garments for the wealthy or high ranking were often adorned with embroidery, feathers, beads, and gold or silver discs. Second, pre-Hispanic garments were variations of the square or rectangle, and they were woven to size using virtually every technique known to modern Euro-American weavers. Jewelry varied by sex, age, and rank.
Third, textiles were four selvage, meaning all four edges were finished before the piece came off the loom. It is rare to find a cut pre-Hispanic Andean garment; tailoring came with the Spanish. Fourth, cloth was highly valued and exchanged or sacrificed at major life-cycle events and religious rituals. Dress carried heavy symbolic weight and indicated age, gender, marital status, social, political, religious, economic rank, and ethnicity.
The Peruvian Coast
By the time of the Paracas culture (c. 600-175 B.C.E.) on the south coast of Peru, male ritual attire consisted of garments that were typical of the coast until the Spanish Conquest in 1532: headband or turban, waist-length tunic (sometimes with short, attached sleeves) or tabard, breechcloth or kiltlike wrap skirt, mantle, and sometimes sandals, and a small bag, usually used to hold coca leaves. Paracas dress was consistent in terms of size, shape, and patterning, but varied in terms of decoration. Many Paracas garments, for example, were elaborately embroidered and many garments had added fringes, tabs, or edgings (Paul 1990).
Native Peruvian
Native Peruvian c. 19th Century
Coastal male tunics and tabards had vertical warps and neck slits, while women's tunics were worn with the warp horizontal, with stitches at the shoulders and a horizontal neck opening (Rowe and Cohen 2002, p. 114). Women also wore a mantle. Male garments from the Chimu culture (c. C.E. 850-1532) of the north coast were sometimes woven in matched sets with identical weave structures and motifs on the tunic, breechcloth, and turban (Rowe 1984, p. 28).
For all the coastal cultures, jewelry differed by gender and rank and could include neckpieces, pectorals, bracelets, crowns, nose rings, and earplugs of copper, silver, gold, Spondylus shell, turquoise, feathers, and combinations of these materials, including the magnificent jewelry excavated from the royal tombs of Sipán of the Moche culture (c. C.E. 100-700).
Inca Dress
Before the Spanish arrived, the Incas, spreading from their center in Cuzco, Peru, between c. 1300 and 1532, reigned over a vast empire. Mandating that conquered groups maintain their traditional clothing, headdress, and hair-style allowed the Incas to identify and control them.
Traditional Inca textiles
Weaving Traditional Incan Textiles
Highland dress differed from that of the coast. Garments were generally woven of camelid hair because of the cold. Inca garments had a distinctive embroidered edging combining cross-knit loop stitch and overcasting, with striped edge bindings on finer textiles (called qumpi, often double-faced tapestry) and solid bindings on plainer ones (awasqa) (Rowe 1995-1996, p. 6). Cloth was important, even sacred, to the Incas, who burned fine clothing as sacrifices to the sun (Murra 1989 [1962]).
Inca women wore an ankle-length square or rectangular body wrap called an aksu in the southern part of the empire and anaku in the north. It was wrapped under the arms, then pulled up and pinned over each shoulder with a tupu, a stickpin made of wood, bone, copper, or-for higher status women-silver or gold. The tupus were connected with a cord with dangling Spondylus shell pendants. A chumpia, or wide belt with woven pattern, held the aksu shut at the waist.
Next came a lliklla, a mantle, held shut with another stickpin (t'ipki; later also called tupu), and an istalla, a small bag for coca leaves. Some females wore headbands known by wincha, their Spanish name, and some upper-class women wore ñañaqas, a type of head cloth (Rowe 1995- 1996).
Male garments included the unku, a sacklike, sleeveless, knee-length tunic, a yakolla, a mantle, a wara (breech-cloth), ch'uspa (coca leaf bag), and a llautu (headwrap). Inca noblemen wore large gold paku, earplugs that distended their lower earlobes, inspiring the Spanish to call them orejones (big ears). Both sexes wore usuta, hide or plant-fiber sandals (Rowe 1995-1996).
The Aymara-speaking chiefdoms of the Peruvian and Bolivian altiplano deserve mention, as their region was known for extensive camelid herds and fine textiles (Adelson and Tracht 1983). Some pre-Hispanic-style garments are still worn by both Quechuas and Aymaras including belts, mantles, tunics, ch'uspas, and aksus, but for Aymara females on the altiplano, the emblematic gathered skirt, tailored blouse, shawl, and bowler hat are more recent.
The Spanish Conquest
woman spinning wool
Spinning Sheep's Wool
The Spanish introduced new tools for cloth production (treadle looms, carders, spinning wheels), new fibers (sheep's wool and silk), and new fashions. Soon after the conquest, upper-class male natives were wearing combinations of Inca and Spanish clothes: an Inca unku with Spanish knee breeches, stockings, shoes, and hat (Guaman Poma). The Spanish first insisted that native people wear their own dress, but after the great indigenous rebellions of the 1780s, the government of Peru prohibited the wearing of the headband, tunic, mantle, and other insignia of the Incas including jewelry engraved with the image of the Inca, or sun. Fine Inca qumpi unku, however, continued to be made and worn well into the colonial period (Pillsbury 2002).
Although poncho-like garments were worn before the Spanish conquest, most males wore tunics sewn up the sides. The first reference to the open-sided poncho by that name came from a 1629 description of the Mapuches (Araucanians) of Chile (Montell 1929, p. 239).
Contemporary Andean Indigenous Clothing
Traditional Andean dress in the early twenty-first century is a mixture of pre-Hispanic and Spanish colonial styles. Dress still indicates ethnicity, and in Peru use of the chullu (knitted hat with earflaps) by males and montera (Spanish flat-brimmed hat) by females denotes indigenous identity, with variations in the hats indicating the wearer's community. In Bolivia and Ecuador, a variety of hats indicate ethnicity and among three Ecuadorian groups (the Saraguros, Cañars, and Otavalos), and one Bolivian (the Tarabucos), one ethnic marker for males is long hair worn in a braid. The Tarabucos are also known for their unique helmet-like hat (Meisch 1986).
Contemporary Ecuador
Contemporary Ecuadorian Women
In several communities-for example Q'ero in Peru (Rowe and Cohen 2002), the Chipayas in Bolivia, and the Saraguros in Ecuador (Meisch 1980-1981)-males still wear versions of the Inca tunic, while the females of Otavalo, Ecuador, wear dress that is the closest in form to Inca women's dress worn anywhere in the Andes (Meisch 1987, p. 118). Throughout northern Ecuador, indigenous females of many ethnic groups still wear the anaku, now a wrap skirt, handwoven belt, lliklla, sometimes a tupu, and distinctive hat, while males wear ponchos and felt fedoras.
In the Cuzco, Peru, region, males wear the chullu, the poncho, and sometimes handwoven wool pants, or Euro-American style dress, while women are more conservative and wear short jackets and sometimes vests over manufactured blouses and sweaters, and pollera with llikllas, skirts with handwoven belts held shut with a tupu, or safety pin. In many communities, women still pride themselves on their ability to weave fine cloth using pre-Hispanic technology.
In the Ausangate region south Cuzco, such small differences in the women's dress as the length of their pollera and the presence of fringe on their monteras indicates residence (Heckman 2003, pp. 83-84).
In the Corporaque region (southern Peru), the women's dress (vests, hats, gathered skirts), while quite European in form except for their carrying cloths, is elaborately machine-embroidered in small workshops (Femenias 1980, p. 1). Although the technology is European, the importance of dress as an ethnic marker is Andean. Throughout the Bolivian, Peruvian, and Ecuadorian Andes, many indigenous people wear usuta, sandals made from truck tires, but in northern Ecuador, alpargatas, handmade cotton sandals, are worn.
Although Colombia has a small indigenous population, groups in two major highland regions maintain distinctive dress styles. The Kogis (Cágabas) and Incas of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta on the Atlantic coast wear long, cotton belted tunics over tight pants, and a small, round hat, cotton and pointed for the former, flat-topped fiber or cotton for the latter. Men also carry a mochilas, a cotton bag for their coca leaves and lime gourd. Women wear a garment that resembles the aksu, which is wrapped around the body, tied over one shoulder, and fastened at the waist with a belt.
After the Spanish conquest, the Páezes of southwestern Colombia developed a unique dress, abandoning simple cotton wraps. The most distinctive features of male dress are a short, wool, poncho-like garment, and a wool wrap skirt. Throughout the Andes, children usually wear a wrap skirt until they are toilet trained; then they wear traditional dress like the adults. Native people continue to use indigenous dress to define themselves as ethnic communities, and to combine pre-Hispanic and European technologies in the manufacture of their clothing.
See also Cache-Sexe; Homespun; Turban.
Adelson, Laurie, and Arthur Tracht. Aymara Weavings: Ceremonial Textiles of Colonial and 19th Century Bolivia. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1983.
Bianchi César et al. Artesanías y Técnicas Shuar. Quito: Ediciones Mundo Shuar, 1982.
Dwyer, Jane Powell, ed. The Cashinahua of Eastern Peru. Providence, R.I.: The Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University, 1975.
Femenias, Blenda, with Mary Guaman. El Primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno, 3 vols. From the original El Primer corónica y buen gobierno by Felipe Poma de Ayala (1615). Jaime L. Urioste, trans., John Murra and Rolena Adorno, eds. Mexico City: Siglo Veintiuno, 1980.
Heckman, Andrea. Woven Stories: Andean Textiles and Rituals. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003.
Meisch, Lynn. "Costume and Weaving in Saraguro, Ecuador." The Textile Museum Journal 19/20 (1980-1981): 55-64.
--. Otavalo: Weaving, Costume and the Market. Quito: Libri Mundi, 1987.
--. "Weaving Styles in Tarabuco, Bolivia." In The Junius B. Bird Conference on Andean Textiles. Edited by Ann Pollard Rowe, 243-274. Washington, D.C.: The Textile Museum, 1986.
Montell, Gösta. Dress and Ornament in Ancient Peru: Archaeological and Historical Studies. Göteborg, Sweden: Elanders Boktryckeri Aktiebolag, 1929.
Murra, John. "Cloth and Its Function in the Inca State." In Cloth and Human Experience, edited by Annette B. Weiner and J. Schneider, 275-302. Washington, D.C., and London: Smithsonian Institution Press 1989 [1962].
Paul, Anne. Paracas Ritual Attire: Symbols of Authority in Ancient Peru. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990.
Pillsbury, Joanne. "Inka Unku: Strategy and Design in Colonial Peru." The Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland Studies in the History of Art 7(2002): 68-103.
Rowe, Ann Pollard. Costumes and Featherwork of the Lords of Chimor: Textiles from Peru's North Coast. Washington, D.C.: The Textile Museum, 1984.
--. "Inca Weaving and Costume." The Textile Museum Journal 34/35 (1995-1996): 4-53.
Rowe, Ann Pollard, and John Cohen. Hidden Threads of Peru: Q'ero Textiles. London and Washington, D.C.: Merrell Publishers and The Textile Museum, 2002.
Vanstan, Ina. Textiles from Beneath the Temple of Pachacamac, Peru. Philadelphia: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, 1967.
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South America: History of Dress
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You’ll Probably Ace It
“Suppose you found the bones of an unidentified animal. How could you learn about what the animal ate?”
A long walk upon a deserted highway has gotten you lost. You cannot remember where you came from or even who you are. But you can remember one thing. How to identify an animals tooth. It’s a strange thing to remember but you recall it well. While shuffling along the road, you come across an animal’s skull. You squat down and peer at it. It has large eye sockets and an elongated jaw. Probably a horse, you think, but just to be sure, you look at it’s teeth. Long rows of molars in the back and large buck teeth in the front. Yup. It’s a horse. Another fact pops into your house as you recite out loud, “Horses are Heterodont, which means that they have different types of teeth. Most mammals, including humans, are heterodont. Cats (who are also heterdont) have teeth that are designed to fit right between their prays (most likely a little mouse) vertebrae, thereby snapping it in two, killing it instantly. Molars are used for grinding up the food before swallowing. Some heterodont’s have different teeth during different stages in their life. That is how archeologists can find out how old buried human remains are as well as what they ate.” You look around the deserted highway and sit down in the middle of the road. You blink a few times. You hear a car blare their horn.
Your eyes shoot open as you fall of off your bed with a thump. Then you remember. Your science quiz is tomorrow. You were having a dream. You get back into bed and smile. Yup. You’re going to ace that quiz.
Revised: Biology Lesson 140
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Creating a Less Threatening Environment
Being a patient can be a very frightening experience for a person of any age. Because children process information differently than adults, the healthcare environment can be particularly traumatic for children and teenagers. ONE VOICE helps identify ways of creating a calmer and less threatening environment for our pediatric patients. The ONE VOICE approach teaches everyone to take a look at the environment, communicate with one another, assign a role to everyone participating and get a game plan….a shared game plan. Implementing ONE VOICE creates a better environment for both patients and staff.
Use ONE VOICE to educate doctors, nurses, nursing and medical students, residents, child life students, and any other staff working with pediatric patients. Introduce ONE VOICE using the PowerPoint package, which includes a PowerPoint, posters and ID badge cards.
Articles supporting for the ONE VOICE elements:
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Skip to Content
"Starboard Boat Struck a Whale" and Other Tales Preserved
Situated off the southern coast of Massachusetts, the island of Martha’s Vineyard has played an important role in American history since the 1600’s. The Vineyard, as the island is known to locals, was inhabited by the Wampanoag tribe long before English settlers arrived in 1642, and in time grew to become a thriving maritime center.
The archival collections at the Martha’s Vineyard Museum reflect the island’s significance, beginning with early interactions between the English and the Wampanoag, and trade activities through the early 20th century. The museum is well-known for its maritime collection and traces the Vineyard’s nautical history through maps and charts, diaries, ship’s papers and documents, rare customs records, whaling account books, and whaling logbooks.
During the mid-19th century, whaling ships often ventured far into the Atlantic and the Pacific. The ships’ logbooks served to document the long voyages and were a critical record for the whaling companies. Many of the whaling vessels sailed out of the larger harbor of New Bedford, but The whaling logbooks conserved at NEDCC included the Iris (1843-1847), the Erie (1857-1861), the Rose Pool (1856-1860), the Independence (1823-1826), and the Adeline Gibbs (1848-1853).Martha’s Vineyard captains and crew members were in great demand during the height of the whaling trade. The logbooks provide a rare glimpse into the daily lives of whaleship crews who faced extremely hard work, the discomforts of rough weather, and long months and years away from home -- and who also experienced the thrill of hunting the giants of the deep.
“Logbooks like these were quite common in their day,” says Bonnie Stacy, Chief Curator at the Martha’s Vineyard Museum. “Every voyage that went out kept a logbook. Several museums have a good collection of logs, but many had been destroyed over time, or lost to deterioration.”
Conservation and Imaging of the Whaling Log Books
With funding through Edgartown’s Community Preservation Act program, the museum recently sent five of its nineteenth-century whaling logbooks to NEDCC for conservation treatment. Each of the five had a connection to Edgartown, and so were eligible for conservation treatment funding through the town’s CPA program. The logbooks were digitized at NEDCC with funding provided by the family of Joan Rosé Thomas, great-granddaughter of Richard E. Norton, the keeper of the ship Iris logbook, 1843-1847.
The logbooks span the 1840’s to the 1860’s and document the whaling voyages of five ships whose names are worthy of their own sea ballads: The Iris, The Erie, The Rose Pool, The Independence, and The Adeline Gibbs. Illustrated with intricate and colorful drawings of the ships and the whales they sought, the logbooks detail daily shipboard activities such as cleaning, repairs, and taking food aboard, as well as whale sightings and captures, and daily weather conditions.
The whaleship logbooks are illustrated with many drawings of whales sighted or killed.The five volumes presented a unique set of challenges for NEDCC conservators and photographers, including damaged bindings, tears and losses, previous repairs that were deteriorating, fading inks, and evidence of water damage -- which is not surprising since these logs lived on the ships and were handled every day by the first mate. The Museum’s goals for the project were to prevent further deterioration and to make the logbooks more accessible to researchers.
A separate treatment plan was proposed for each volume depending on its individual preservation needs and condition. Digital imaging took place during treatment while the volumes were disbound, after the pages had been cleaned and repaired. The variety of treatment steps for the volumes included surface cleaning, mold remediation, washing, adhesive removal, mending, sewing, binding repair, and rebacking. Several book conservators worked on the project, each carrying out the complete treatment for a particular volume. They worked closely with the Imaging Services department to be sure the digital imaging took place at the appropriate time during treatment.
The Erie Logbook – Missing Text Revealed
In the past, someone removed some of the newspaper clippings from the Erie logbook, which had been used as a scrapbook. In doing so, it caused further staining and ink loss, making the text illegible in places.The Erie logbook treatment was particularly complicated, because at some point in this volume’s history, it had been repurposed as a scrapbook with newspaper clippings adhered to pages, in some cases covering logbook entries. Later, someone decided to remove the clippings, and while well intentioned, this removal was done without expert knowledge and experience. The removal process caused discoloration to many of the pages and large areas of ink loss, making parts of the text illegible.
NEDCC conservators and photographers put their heads together to determine the best way to approach the imaging of the pages with text loss. Tests performed using UV lighting revealed hand-written entries that were otherwise not visible, so the imaging plan was tailored to capture as much information as possible. In the end, four sets of images were taken for this particular volume: the entire volume before treatment under normal lighting; under UV lighting before treatment; under normal lighting after treatment; and under UV lighting after treatment.
During the treatment phase, the pages were surface cleaned to remove surface dirt in preparation for washing, and then washed in filtered water to remove the remaining newspaper clippings. This step required many baths and gentle brushing to remove as much of the adhesive and staining as possible. This time, the pages were not treated in a final alkalizing bath as would normally be done, just to be sure that there were no changes in the legibility of the remaining inks. The UV imaging provided dramatic results, and almost all the text was again legible. The Museum staff was thrilled to hear that the lost text had been revealed – an unexpected outcome, and they are eager to begin reviewing the enhanced digital files for interesting discoveries.
Increased Access to the Whaleship Logbooks
Researchers can use the logbooks to study the history of whaling, nineteenth century weather patterns, or whale populations from that period.The Martha’s Vineyard Museum hopes to have the logbooks online and available to researchers soon. “There are various ways the whaling logbooks can be used,” explains Bonnie Stacy. “Researchers can use them to study the history of whaling, nineteenth- century weather patterns, or whale populations from that period. People also use them for researching individuals or genealogy. These books get used a lot,” she continues, “and that’s one of the reasons we wanted to have them digitized – to lessen the handling during research. People can refer to the images, and this will aid in the long-term preservation of the logbooks themselves.”
“Digital access is particularly important considering the Museum’s location,” she adds. “We are an island. We are not that far away, but it’s just one more step for researchers in the process of accessing the information in the whaling logbooks. They have to get on a boat . . .”
Digitization of the logbooks, and the fact that the imaging took place during conservation treatment, will ensure that they are at their best legibility for transcription.The Museum will also begin a crowdsourcing initiative to transcribe the logs, for even greater access. The digitization of the logbooks, and the fact that the imaging took place during conservation treatment, will ensure that they are at their best legibility for transcription, and digital access will allow people to help out with the transcription project even from far away. Researchers from around the world will be able to study the minutest detail on the pages of these 19th century treasures, while the conserved logbooks are safely housed in the archives.
The Martha's Vineyard Museum preserves and interprets collections that engage and connect the public to the Island's history, art, and culture. The Museum is open year round, and is located in historic Edgartown.
Visit for more information about upcoming programming and exhibits.
Story by Julie Martin, with help from Kristi Westberg. Thanks to Bonnie Stacy for her input and dedication to the logbook conservation project.
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<---Part 1: 1450-1750
Part 2: 1750-1805
Part 3: 1791-1831
Part 4: 1831-1865
Narrative | Resource Bank | Teacher's Guide
Modern Voices
Charles Joyner on the Middle Passage
Resource Bank Contents
Q: Describe the Middle Passage from the point of view of an African?
Charles Joyner
A: Slaves who were herded into the slave ships, into the dark, landed on unsanded plank floors, chained to their neighbors, their right foot shackled to the left foot of the person to their right. Their left foot shackled to the right foot of the person to their left. About 18 inches or less below, another layer of slaves on another unsanded plank floor.
Every time the waves came you could see them and prepare for them, you just slid across these unsanded floors. There was no fresh air, no light. The slaves had no way of knowing where they were going [or] when, if ever, they would get there. And indeed it was a long trip. At best, if the weather was good, it was a six weeks' journey. And then they were unloaded among these strange pale-skinned people with bright colored eyes who hollered things at them. And if they didn't understand it, they hollered louder.
Charles Joyner
Professor of Southern History and Culture
Coastal Carolina University
previous | next
Part 1: Narrative | Resource Bank Contents | Teacher's Guide
WGBH | PBS Online | ©
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image of Hrabanus Maurus
Week 7: Hrabanus Maurus: De rerum naturis.
Background | Background Quiz | Starting Assumptions | Resources | Extras
Vocabulary | Etymology | Grammar | Perseus Dictionary | Perseus Tool
Reading Overview | Reading Quiz: English
| Reading Quiz: Latin
Discussion Questions | Latin Composition | Weekly Checklist
Hrabanus and the Rule of Charlemagne
Hrabanus (Rhabanus, Rabanus) Maurus, also known as the "Praeceptor Germaniae," was born in 780 (or 776?) in Mainz, Germany. The name "Hrabanus" is probably from the Old High German word "hraban", which means "raven."
At the time of Hrabanus's birth, Charlemagne was ruling from his capital in Aachen, after having been crowned King of Franks in 768 (you may have read the Song of Roland in another class; this Old French poem commemorates a battle fought by Charlemagne's forces in 778). The rule of Charlemagne was a period of great cultural activity throughout what is now France and Germany; the term "Carolingian Renaissance" refers to this great outburst of learning in the late eighth century. You can read a brief biography of Charlemagne and see an excerpt from the Life of Charlemagne by Einhard (Einhard is famous for imitating the style of the Roman biographer Suetonius, who wrote the lives of the Caesars).
So, around 790, when Hrabanus was still just a boy, around 10 years old, he entered a monastery in Fulda, which was a great center of learning in Germany at the time. On Christmas Day in 800, Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. In 801 Hrabanus moved to France, where he studied under Alcuin, a leading figure of the "Carolingian Renaissance" (Alcuin was from York, in England).
Hrabanus Maurus later returned to Fulda, where he was abbot from 822 to 842. He was later appointed Bishop of Mainz. Hrabanus died in Mainz on February 4, 856. His feast day is celebrated in Mainz on February 4 and he is often referred to as the "blessed" although he was never beatified or canonized. He is known as the author of encyclopedic and scholarly works, along with sermons and poems. This week we will be reading from the De universo, or De rerum naturis, Hrabanus's encyclopedia of worldly knowledge; you can also look at some examples of his picture-poems, the De laudibus sanctae crucis.
The Carolingian World
Although Hrabanus Maurus's encyclopedia De rerum naturis often covers the same ground as Saint Augustine, there is a gulf that divides them. Augustine died in 430, during the invasions that eventually brought a violent end to the Roman empire and its civilization (the fall of Rome is usually dated to 476). Augustine thus stands at the end of that Roman learned tradition. Hrabanus stands at the first "rebirth" of that learned tradition in northern Europe, several hundred years later.
Many important academic reforms were initiated with Charlemagne's support, including efforts to standardize Latin writing with the use of a new script. This alphabet, called the Carolingian alphabet, introduced lower case letters into the writing system. Hrabanus Maurus was one of the great educators of the Carolingian age and his De rerum naturis is one of the most notable productions of the period. It relies heavily on earlier works, such as the Etymologiae of Isidore of Seville (560-636), while paving the way for later medieval encyclopedias, such as the works of Thomas of Cantimpré, Vincent of Beauvais, and others.
Hrabanus and the Latin Bible
Although Hrabanus provides his readers with some "secular" or "worldly" learning, you will see that in these paragraphs about the world itself -- about terra and about the orbis terrarum -- Hrabanus is always revolving within the boundaries of learning determined by the Biblical text and, perhaps even more important, the ritual language of the Catholic Church itself, which was Latin. By the eighth century, Jerome's Vulgate translation of the Bible had become universally adopted throughout western Europe.
Yet when it comes to the Psalms, you will find that the citations of the Psalms in Hrabanus' work often do match the "Vulgate" version that you will find in online and printed editions of the Vulgate. This is a complicated story and it is worth knowing something about the Latin translations (!) of the Psalms, if you want to be able to follow Hrabanus's quotations.
Jerome actually prepared 3 different translations of the Psalms. The first was the so-called "Roman psalter" which was essentially the old Latin translation of the Psalms and which continued to be used in the Roman Catholic liturgy until the 16th century (you can view this Roman Psalter online). The next version was the so-called "Gallican Psalter" in which Jerome revised the Roman Psalter by re-examining the Greek Septuagint translation and also making some comparisons with the Hebrew text. Why is it called the "Gallican" psalter? This is because Gregory of Tours introduced this text into the liturgy of the French churches in the 6th century, and it eventually replaced the Roman psalter throughout almost all the Catholic world -- except the Vatican (at St. Peter's in Rome the Roman Psalter is still used)! If you are looking at a Vulgate translation of the Bible, it will probably contain this Gallican psalter. The final translation which Jerome did of the Psalter was done anew, based solely on the Hebrew text -- but this version of Psalms"from the Hebrew" has never been used in Catholic ritual.
In addition, there is a difference in numeration between the Hebrew texts of the Psalms (which is adopted by Protestant Bible translations) and the texts in the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible; Jerome's Vulgate follows the numeration of the Vulgate. Thus:
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Domesday Book > Terminology > Peasantry >
bordar, or smallholder
Latin, bordarius
, translated as smallholder in the Phillimore edition, is more commonly rendered as bordar.
Smallholders formed the second largest group among the peasantry, constituting almost a third of the recorded population. They were recorded in every
On average, they possessed 5
acres of land and might have a share in the villagers' plough teams, though their holdings could be more meagre. In some counties, they are difficult to distinguish from Cottagers or cottagers, who normally possessed little more than a garden; and indeed the term bordar (of French origin) quickly disappeared from normal usage, bordars becoming subsumed in the groups below (or above) them in Domesday Book. There are already signs in Domesday itself of uncertain classification, bordars sometimes occurring exclusively in some Hundreds,
Cottagers or cottagers in others. It has been suggested that high concentrations of bordars among the population might indicate areas of economic opportunity and expansion, either in land clearance or urban development.
For more detail, see F.W. Maitland, Domesday Book and beyond (1897); Reginald Lennard, Rural England, 1086-1135: a study of social and agrarian conditions (1959); H.C. Darby, Domesday England (1977); Sally P.J. Harvey, ''Evidence for settlement study: Domesday Book', in English medieval settlement, edited by Peter H. Sawyer (1979); and Christopher C. Dyer, 'Towns and cottages in eleventh-century England', Studies in medieval history presented to R.H.C. Davis (1985), pages 91-106.
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Remembrance Day
Today a group of students travelled to the Shrine of Remembrance for Remembrance Day.
A big thank you to all students who bought flowers along to help make our school wreath.
Two of our grade 6 students, Sarah and Shakiba laid the wreath at the steps of the Shrine during the official ceremony.
Remembrance Day – 2014
Remembrance Ceremony
What does Remembrance day mean to you? Click below to see the views and opinions from other children from all around the world.
What does Remembrance Day Mean to you?
Hymns, songs and poems used in commemoration ceremonies today
The Ode
We will remember them.
For the fallen
There is a music in the midst of desolation
And a glory that shines upon our tears.
We will remember them.
They mingle not with their laughing comrades again; They sit no more at familiar tables at home;
They sleep beyond England’s foam.
But where our desires are and our hopes profound,
Felt as a well-spring that is hidden from sight,
To the innermost heart of their own land they are known
As the stars are known to the Night;
Laurence Binyon (1869-1943), poet and art critic. Born Lancashire, England. Educated at Oxford University. Worked at the British Museum.
Homework week 6 term 4
This week you are to choose one or more of the following science experiments to complete with your family.
Write your report on what you did as a scientific report.
Equipment used
A Hot Freeze (Freezing)
Questions: Which freezes faster? Hot water or cold water? What is your prediction and why?
Place two containers in the freezer: one full of hot water & one full of cold water. Measure the rates of temperature change & note which freezes faster: hot water or cold water.
Are you able to explain why hot water freezes faster than cold water in the freezer?
Dancing Raisins (Gases – Molecules)
Fill a clear glasses container with gingerale. Now drop about 8 raisins into the container. The raisins will then dance before your eyes! Why does this occur you may ask? Well, gas finds itself the spaces between molecules. The gas adheres to the raisins. The adhered gas acts likes a life jacket and makes the raisins float to the surface. When the gas bubbles burst(!) the raisins sink once again.
The Vanishing (Chemical Change)
Place a raw egg in a glass jar. Pour vinegar over the egg until it is completely covered. Watch the changes over the next couple of days! A chemical reaction occurs between the egg and vinegar immediately: gas bubbles (carbon dioxide) appear all over the egg. Over time another reaction occurs: the egg shell dissolves leaving only a think membrane behind.
Math Puzzles – Gardens
Who has what in their Gardens?
1. They grow 12 different varieties.
2. Everybody grows exactly 4 different varieties
3. Each variety is at least in one garden.
4. Only one variety is in 4 gardens.
7. Pear is only in the two border gardens.
8. Paul’s garden is in the middle with no lily.
9. Aster grower doesn’t grow vegetables.
10. Rose growers don’t grow parsley.
11. Nuts grower has also gourd and parsley.
12. In the first garden are apples and cherries.
13. Only in two gardens are cherries.
14. Sam has onions and cherries.
15. Luke grows exactly two kinds of fruit.
16. Tulip is only in two gardens.
17. Apple is in a single garden.
18. Only in one garden next to Zick’s is parsley.
19. Sam’s garden is not on the border.
20. Hank grows neither vegetables nor asters.
21. Paul has exactly three kinds of vegetable.
Who has which garden and what is grown where?
Math Puzzles Cookie Jar
Who Stole the Ginger Cookie from the Cookie Jar?
There are five people – Holly, Cameron, Julieanne, Alex and Jackie.
Each one stole a special cookie of their favorite brand which was kept in a jar.
Each person ate it in a particular place and drank their flavored milk with it.
* Jackie is next to the person who eats on the lounge.
* Arnotts brand cookies are kept in a round jar.
* The person beside Cameron eats cookies at a table.
* The person who eats Oreos eats in the closet
* Julieanne likes Paradise brand cookies
* The person who drinks banana milk is in the middle and owns a tall jar
* The first person likes vanilla milk
* Holly is the person on the far right
* The person who eats in the bedroom drinks strawberry milk
* The person who owns the tall jar is next to the person who owns square jar
* Cameron drinks caramel milk
* The person who likes the Dick Smith brand is next to the person who likes the Coles brand
* The person who likes the No Frills brand is next to the person who owns a round jar
* The person who stole the 100s and 1000s cookies is next to the person who owns the brass jar
* The second person from the right eats No Frills brand and is next to the person who owns a round jar
* The first person on the left stole the choc chip cookies
* The person who eats Dick Smith brand is next to the person who eats Paradise brand
* The second from the left has a brass jar
* Julieanne is to the right of the person who drinks strawberry milk
* The person who drinks chocolate milk does it at the table
* The Paradise brand cookies are eaten in the kitchen
* The person who eats Tiny Teddies doesn’t keep them in a round jar
* The Coles brand cookies are kept in a mini sized jar
A Ginger Cookie was also stolen. Who stole it?
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by Farida Dawkins, at 07:33 am, February 05, 2018, Culture, History, Women
Tignon Laws: The dreadful rule that banned black women from displaying their hair
Tignon, credit: Ayana V Jackson courtesy Mariane Ibrahim Gallery
Black women are often praised and revered for their hair. The texture of black hair is suitable for forming unique styles from the afro to braids. Even mainstream media often imitate styles invented and catered to women with Afrocentric hair without a mention of appreciation.
Nevertheless, there was a time when black women weren’t allowed to display their hair in public. Keep reading to learn about the Tignon Laws and how it was used to fuel racial tensions in the United States.
A tignon (tiyon) is a headdress used to conceal hair. It was adorned by free and slave Creole women of African ancestry in Louisiana in 1786. The sumptuary law was enacted under Governor Esteban Rodriguez Miró. The regulation was meant as a means to regulate the style of dress and appearance for people of color. Black women’s features often attracted male white, French, and Spanish suitors and their beauty was a perceived threat to white women. The tignon law was a tactic used to combat the men pursuing and engaging in affairs with Creole women. Simply put, black women competed too openly with white women by dressing elegantly and possessing note-worth beauty.
Nonetheless, black women did not despair. Instead, they abided by the rule and turned it into fashion. The women used unique colors, jewels, ribbons, and wrapping styles which accentuated their gorgeousness even more. Out of this bore the various head ties seen today on women of color using unique materials, patterns, and flair.
Tignons have been worn by women in the Caribbean islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Dominica which included hidden messages. They used Madras – a popular fabric amongst slaves and free women to achieve their head ties.
Women in two different head wrap styles…photo credit: Fulaba
Tignon law eventually went out of effect in the 1800’s yet, black women worldwide continue to use head wraps as wardrobe staples paying homage to their culture, signifying their pride, and looking stunning while doing so.
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Ancient wings unfurled
October 27, 2003 By John Whitfield This article courtesy of Nature News.
Computer simulation reconstructs extinct butterfly patterns.
A new computer simulation allows users to recreate butterfly evolution. The program shows how the patterns on insect wings might have morphed as species changed and diverged.
Ancient Wings, as the program is called, could help researchers and teachers to explore evolution, says its creator, Antónia Monteiro of the State University of New York in Buffalo. "You can never turn back the clock, but you can see what was likely to have happened," she says.
Monteiro studies a group of African butterflies called Bicyclus. "You can find 30 different species in a small part of the forest, all displaying a slightly different wing pattern. It's completely unknown what all these patterns mean," she says.
Her team recorded the wing patterns of 54 species of Bicyclus, and built a family tree showing how the different species are related using butterfly DNA sequences.
Ancient Wings estimates what the ancestral butterflies might have looked like1. It takes an average of living species' wings, biased towards those most closely related to the ancestor. Users click on different points of the tree, and the wings transform before their eyes.
The program opens a window on 15 million years of evolution. And it reveals that some of the most similar-looking species arrived at their patterns by very different routes.
This is really cool - it's so intuitive
Belinda Chang
University of Toronto
"This is really cool — it's so intuitive," says evolutionary biologist Belinda Chang of the University of Toronto in Canada. "It's critical to have visual representations of complex data."
The same approach could be used to reconstruct the shapes of ancient proteins based on the forms of existing ones, Chang says.
1. Arbesman, S., Enthoven, L. & Monteiro, A. Ancient Wings: animating the evolution of butterfly wing patterns. BioSystems, 71, 289 - 295 doi:10.1016/S0303-2647(03)00086-8 (2003).
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Lankan place name in historical perspective
"Any country's toponymy consists of various layers" (Encylopaedia Britannica). Sri Lanka too has a few pre-Vijayan place names. The post-Vijayan layer is for the greater part of Sinhala origin, with a few Sanskrit names like Anuradhapura, Vjitapura, during the early period. After the 10th century, we encounter a Tamil layer, and after the 16th a Portuguese, Dutch and English layer too. Therefore, the understanding of the meanings of place names in these different contexts becomes important for historical reasons too.
Recent efforts by one contributor to The Island to analyse Kolamba (or Colombo) as a product of the Dutch layer falls short of arriving at the true meaning as the name existed in the pre Portuguese period also, and before that, during the Sinhala one. The Dutch using the dove or "columba" in their court of arms for the city, only goes to show that they were trying to appropriate for their period of rule, an existing place name from a previous layer. The same applies to the picture of a cock (gallus) in the Dutch court of arms for Galle. The slightly variable Sinhala forms of these places have been in use in this island long before the first Europeans arrived.
The Kokila Sandesaya (c. 1460 AC.) has recorded a tradition that tried to associate a place called Tammennawetiya or the Ridge of Tammenna plants (Mischodon zeylanica) in the Puttalam district, with Kuveni, and the landing place of Vijaya in the 6th century BC. This ignores the contradiction posed by the fact that the place so named is too far from the seacoast to have been a landing place for coast hugging sailing ships (that would also have had to sail across the Indian Ocean to arrive there). Some ruins that have been found on the banks of the Mi Oya have been marked as "Kuveni Nuwara" (not a historical concept) in Survey Dept maps drawn up during the middle part of the 20th century. The more recently prepared metric scale maps have gone a step further by marking a place close to Tabbowa as "Tambapanniya"!
The fact that Sinhala texts refer to Tambapanniya as 'Tammennewa' or the place where the Tammenna plants (with their copper-coloured leaves,) were found to be growing in profusion, has led to a further confusion. There are no less than 40 places either called 'Tammennewa' or having Tammenna as a part of their names marked in maps. Places with the identical name are spread over a wide area in the island. Hence, the substitution of Tammennewa for Tambapanniya has become a very unfortunate mistake.
The ancient Sinhala settlers also tried to appropriate for themselves the preVijayan place names like Tamraparni (Tambapanni) and Nagadipa, by recourse to the harmless, though fictitious, folk etymology that the compilers of the chronicles have recorded. The fictitious nature of the meaning, "Red Hands," given to the name Tambapanni was remarked upon by a great Sinhala scholar in the 10th century, namely King Kassapa V. In the ‘Dhampiyaatuva Getapadaya,’ he pointed out that to have the meaning 'Red-hands' the name should have been written as ‘Tamba-paani’ and not ‘Tamba-panni’ for it is 'paani' that can mean 'hands'. (Here the word 'panni' appears to be the precursor of the term ‘paaneeya’ meaning 'potable' or 'good for drinking'.)
How valid that scholar's criticism was, can be seen from the fact that there is yet another ancient place name called Tamraparni in South India to which the meaning recorded in our chronicles does not match. The former was the name of a pond, also called 'Tamben-vila', where Vijaya is said to have built his first city and the latter the name of a river on the opposite coast. Both places are said to have been watering points for ships from pre-Vijayan times. Jataka stories confirm the pond at Tambapanni. This leads us to the fact that the meaning of the first part of these two names is likely to be from Sanskrit, 'Taamara' meaning 'water' (and not Pali tamba or Sanskrit taamra, meaning 'copper-coloured').
Further confirmation of this meaning is found in the recorded local tradition in Jaffna, that Vijaya founded Tambapanni city near the fresh-water pond now called Keerimale, on the northern coast of Nagadipa or the Jaffna peninsula. This is said to be the place where the ancient coast-hugging ships landed to take in water and firewood, in pre-historic times when only Yakkha tribes had inhabited the place (e.g. like those mentioned in the Valahassa Jataka).
After Nagadipa came to be called Tambapanni, since the advent of Vijaya and his followers, the place came to be referred to as Yahapane (from 'Yaha' meaning 'Good' and 'Pan' meaning water in Sinhala). Similarly, the name Yapapatuna meant "The Port of Call for Good Water". When the Tamil name of this peninsula is derived from Yaan(am), which is Tamil for 'ship' and paanam (drinking water), Yalpanam also means 'Good Water' for ships that called over at that famous pond. Hence it can be construed that the real meaning of Tambapanni was 'Good Water." Further confirmation of this meaning is to be found in the still current Tamil name 'Nallatanni-toduvai' (Cross-over to 'Good Water’) for the narrow causeway connecting Jaffna peninsula to the main part of the island in the South.
After making this 'crossover' (totuva in Sinhala) to the peninsula one lands at Chempiyanpattu division. This name is most likely to be from Tamil Chem meaning ‘excellent,' payam meaning 'drinking water' and pattu, an administrative division. Hence, this could be the Tambapanni-pattuva of the Rajarata, mentioned in the ‘Kadayim-potha’ of the 14th century.
The foregoing arguments are from a paper presented by this writer at the Eleventh Conference of the International Association of the Historians of Asia (IAHA) held in 1988. They were recounted here to show how a systematic approach to the analysis of a place name can lead to a great deal of corroborating evidence from the meaning of other place names in a historical context.
Officers of the British C.C.S. like B. Horsburgh, J.P. Lewis, R. W. levers, and H. W. Codrington also followed an analytical approach to the interpretation of local place names from a historical perspective. Horsburgh was interested in the place names of Jaffna from a historical standpoint. His article "Sinhalese Place Names in the Jaffna Peninsula" appeared in The Ceylon Antiquary (Vol. II, Part I) in the early part of the 20th century.
He starts off by saying that he was told 'on good authority' that there is no written record of any kind 'shewing a Sinhalese occupation of Jaffna Peninsula antecedent to the Tamil period.' He found a "History of Jaffna" by one Mootootamby Pillay, which stated that the possessors of the country before the Tamils' were "Nagas," who were "a caste of men" though no authority for that statement had been given. Even the Mahavamsa speaks of Nagas only once, and that in relation to a visit of the Buddha. After that, the word Naga appears in history mostly as a proper name of men.
The reason why the Jaffna peninsula was referred to as Nagadipa in prehistoric times can be found in an observation made by another Englishman, Sir Emerson Tennent. He says that before the Englishmen cut down the Tal or 'Palmyra' palms to make way for coconut estates, the whole peninsula was invaded by elephants that were fond of eating the ripe Tal fruits. He also says that all the elephant herds in the Vanni districts crossed over to Jaffna at a place, which has been appropriately named "Elephant Pass" (Ali Mankada), due to this seasonal migration of elephants. This seasonal migration would have been there from the beginning of time. At that season, the whole peninsula was infested with wild elephants. That is how the export of elephants from the Jaffna peninsula formed a part of its traditional economy. Even the tribute that the Jaffna sub-kingdom sent to the emperor of Kotte was in the form of tuskers.
This observed fact provides the clue to the plausible explanation of the ancient name 'Nagadipa' for Jaffna peninsula confirmed as such by its mention in the 'Vallipuram' gold plate inscription of King Vasabha of the first century AC. The word 'naga' carries the meaning "elephant" in Sinhala, Tamil, Pali and Sanskrit also. Hence, Nagadipa could have easily meant 'the peninsula infested by elephants.' Hence, the "Nagas" who were said to be "a caste of men" that seems to have walked on four legs after all! This etymology for the name Nagadipa had not been provided before the present writer put the pieces together -by using that clue supplied by the famous English writer.
Coming back to the historical aspect of place names, Horsburgh says: "That the Sinhalese occupied the northern portion of the mainland, which is now Tamil country, there is ample evidence carved in stone all over the Mannar and Mullaitivu districts, but the fact that they were settled also in the Jaffna peninsula before the Tamils came, depends for its proof mainly on the evidence furnished by place names that they have left behind them, corroborated by a few stone relics that have been found." (Note: "few stone relics" because no igneous rocks are found there and the few that have been found had to be carried there from the mainland.)
"One of the most common endings of Sinhalese place names is gama or gamuwa, meaning village. The Tamil form of this is ‘kamam’ as is shewn by existing places in the Sinhalese country which have also Tamil names, e.g., Katirkarnam for Kataragama. Therefore, Horsburgh says: "I am ..., of opinion that, where kamam is found in place names of the Jaffna peninsula, it is a Tamilized form of gama; because the Tamil word kamam is not used by the Tamils of the peninsula, and is found only in place names which there is every reason to believe are of Sinhalese origin."
He then proceeds to give examples for this. "Valikamam is undoubtedly the Sinhalese name Weligama or "sandy village." He also says that it has no meaning in Tamil. "Vimankamam also has no meaning in Tamil," whether we take Viman as "fearfulness or as the name of the son of Pandu." However, we can say now that it means "Biyagama" (Fearful Village) in Sinhala, for it was right in the path of invading armies from India. "Kodikamam, there can be little doubt, is from Sinhalese Godigama or Godigamuwa". (No Sinhala scholar has so far given the meaning of 'godi' in this context, because he would have needed to scour all literary sources ranging back to the 2nd century BC to find the meaning of that word.)
Another interesting conclusion reached by Horsburgh is that the Tamil word "vil" or "villu" for pond "is, I think, merely a form of the Sinhalese word." We have stated above that the origin of the Sinhala name for Jaffna is from 'Yahapan' or 'good water.' Horsburgh also says: 'My own opinion is that the original Sinhalese name for Jaffna was "Yapane", the conversion of which into Tamil "Yalpanam" is quite on the lines of other similar conversions about which no doubt can be admitted.'
He discards the Tamil fable that the name Yalppanam is made up of two Tamil words, yal, ("lute") and panar, the name of the caste of lute players-the combined word, meaning "the town or village or place of the lute player." He then gives his reason for discarding that bit of folk etymology thus: 'in such a compound it is clear that if panam is given the meaning of "the place of the player" the yal ("lute") is redundant and unnecessary, because the literal meaning of the compound word is "the place of the lute player on the lute."
"It requires very little critical faculty to decide that such a story is pure myth, which has grown up round a name of which it suggests some explanation, though anything but the true one."
Horsburgh's article is very interesting, though too long to recount here in detail. However, it is important for two reasons. First, it is one of the early attempts to systematically analyse the meaning of local place names. And second, it marked the beginning of a series of responses in the form of similar attempts to decipher the meaning of place names in Jaffna and the Vanni areas. The immediate response to it was from Rev. S. Gnana Prakasar O.M.I. We shall quote only his opening paragraph here.
'Mr. Horsburgh's article on "Sinhalese Place Names in the Jaffna Peninsula," places beyond doubt the fact of "a Sinhalese occupation of the Jaffna Peninsula antecedent to the Tamil period." The list of place names given by the learned writer can be considerably augmented if we include the evidently Sinhalese names of smaller village divisions (kurichchi) and those of particular fields and gardens. These indicate, even more unmistakably than the names of larger divisions of land, that the Sinhalese knew the country intimately, which fact presupposes occupation for a long time'. (Please note that words written in Sinhala and Tamil characters in these quotations had to be left out because our newsprint is still not geared to cope with that important aspect in the discussion of place names.)
It is very encouraging to see that after the present writer's articles on Hambantota and Ambepussa appeared in The Island, there have been many responses by writers like Dr. J. Moonamale, the renowned historian and writer Durand Appuhamy, my longstanding friend and one time colleague, Bandu de Silva, as well as A. G. Abeysiriwardhana, G.A.D. Sirimal and others. They are all congratulated for taking an interest in local place names. My thanks to them are also on behalf of all patrons of the excellent reading material provided by The Island, and its unbiased editorials that boldly summarize and recount current events in a manner that they will become a veritable treasury for future writers of the history of our times.
www island.lk
Copyright©Upali Newspapers Limited.
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Tie vs. Slur
The Tie vs. Slur visual aid provides a definition for each the tie and the slur, the symbols for each term, how to play them, and examples of slurs and ties used in music.
For the Elementary - Intermediate level student.
Use visual aids as:
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following trails
When you know how to read rhino tracks, as the Botswana Rhino Reintroduction Project’s monitoring officers do, they reveal much more than simply that a rhino was present in the area.
A track can reveal how large the rhino was, how fast it was moving and how recently it passed by. The width of the track and the length of its stride indicate the size of the individual. But clever trackers know not to leap to conclusions – a big old female is easily mistaken for a bull, or a young male for an adult female.
By carefully studying the print, the habitat and the weather, our officers can determine how recently the rhino passed by.
WIND & RAIN A skilled tracker is always aware of when it rains and when the wind blows, its speed and direction, because this knowledge helps them to read’ any rhino’s footprints they find.
A brisk wind will smooth the crisp edges of a fresh rhino track and recent downpours will leave raindrops in the sand inside the footprint, thus enabling our officers to determine how fresh it is.
OTHER WILDLIFE Rhino monitoring officers also keep an eye out for oxpeckers as these birds are often found in company with large herbivores. Even insects can help. Our officers know which invertebrates are active in the bush, night and day, and what signs they leave, as these can help to age a footprint. The tiny tracks of matebele ants on a rhino footprint indicate the spoor was laid before these diurnal ants became active in the morning.
VEGETATION Ground vegetation flattened by passing rhinos soon becomes erect again. Our monitoring officers know how long it takes each species to reach full height, enabling them to accurately estimate the time of the rhino’s passing. If the vegetation still has sand in its leaves, the rhino was here quite recently.
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header image
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Saturday, October 22, 2016
Octavius Catto and Charles Remond Douglass
In 1866, the U.S. Civil War was barely over and the ink was still drying on the newly ratified Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Slavery had officially been abolished, but, throughout the country, Americans of African descent were still harshly being denied access to basic human and civil rights. A new generation of black leaders was emerging to follow in the footsteps of abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman. Among them were Octavius Catto in Philadelphia, and Charles Remond Douglass, youngest son of Frederick Douglass. It's unclear whether Catto and Douglass intended to be baseball pioneers, but they both sought to recruit and organize young black men. In the second half of the 19th century, the best way to do that was through baseball.
By this time, Catto was already a well-known advocate for equal rights, having helped lead a successful movement to desegregate Philadelphia's public transportation system. He was also a highly educated civil war veteran, teacher of math and literature, and Secretary of the Pennsylvania Equal Rights League. Inspired by the formation of the city's first black baseball team the previous year (the Philadelphia Excelsiors), Catto and his friend, John White, Jr, created their own team; the Pythians (originally named the Independent Ball Club). Catto was the manager and second baseman. His initial roster was comprised of young men from Philadelphia's leading institutions of culture and learning, suggesting he had higher expectations for his teammates than just winning a few games. As they traveled the black baseball circuit throughout the mid-Atlantic and Northeast, Catto would speak with players and fans of the opposing teams about current political issues, such as the ongoing struggle for the right to vote.
Having quickly established themselves as a dominant team, Catto wanted to show the Pythians could also hold their own against the best white clubs of the day. In 1867, he petitioned the Pennsylvania Association of Amateur Base Ball Players and National Association of Base Ball Players for membership, but was rejected by both on racial grounds. Adopting the mentality of "If you can't join them, beat them", the Pythians began to challenge well-known white teams in the region. At first, no teams were willing to step forward, but in 1869, their challenge was accepted by the Philadelphia Olympics. The subsequent game is the earliest-known baseball competition between an all-white team and an all-black team. In front of a large crowd, the white Olympics beat the Pythians 44-23. A few weeks later, the Pythians played another local white team, the City Items, and this time they won 27-17.
Meanwhile, in DC, Charles Douglas had just moved from Rochester, New York to begin a clerkship in the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (the Freedmen's Bureau). Once settled, he joined the Washington Alerts and Washington Mutuals baseball teams, both as a player and team organizer. His well-known father would occasionally attend games, and when he did, it often made the press the next day. In 1870, the Mutuals, now with Charles as the team president, made Frederick Douglass an honorary member, perhaps because of the publicity he brought to the team.
loc.govIt's generally believed that Charle Douglass was not interested in integration on the baseball diamond. Rather than fight for black players to be able to join white teams (or black teams to be able to join white leagues), he was more concerned with having equal access to fields and resources. At that time, the grassy area just south of the White House was called the White Lot because of the white fence marking its perimeter. The field was the primary spot for baseball in the District, and the Alerts and Mutuals were among the local clubs - black and white - to use it for their home games. Despite the ratification of three constitutional amendments in 1865, '68 and '70 theoretically confirming rights and freedoms of African-Americans, black teams were banned from playing on the White Lot in 1874. This was indicative of what was happening around the country and what would continue to happen for many decades to come. Amending the law did little to change the national mentality.
Between 1867 and 1871, the Pythians played the Alerts and Mutuals several times with varying results. The rivalry ended on October 10, 1871, the day of a racially charged municipal election (the first election in which black Philadelphians were legally allowed to vote). Angry white members of the city's Democratic party had taken to the street in an effort to intimidate black citizens against casting their ballots for the Republican party; the party of Abraham Lincoln. At 3:30 pm, Octavius Catto was shot and killed outside of his home. He was 32 years old. The Pythians disbanded soon after.
Charles Douglass remained active in baseball through the 1870s, organizing games and helping black teams fight for equal access to playing grounds. In 1872, he was made a trustee of DC Schools. Douglass used this position to diversify the racial make-up of the city's school teachers and ensure that African-American educators received equal pay for their work.
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895, Paul Finkelman,Oxford University Press, 2006
Negro Leagues Baseball, Roger A. Bruns, ABC-CLIO, 2012
When Baseball Went White: Reconstruction, Reconciliation, and Dreams of a National Pastime, Ryan Swanson, U of Nebraska, June 1, 2014
"September 3, 1869: Inter-racial Baseball in Philadelphia", Jerrold Casway, Society for American Baseball Research (SABR), 2013
"Fighting for Equality on the Baseball Grounds", Matt Rothenberg, National Baseball Hall of Fame
"Frederick Douglass; Honorary Member of the Mutual Baseball Club", John Muller, Frederick Douglass in Washington, DC: The Lion of Anacostia, 2012
"An Early Quest for Equality on the Diamond", Daniel Biddle and Murray Dubin, September 13, 2010, Philly.com
"Base Ball: A Novel Game in Philadelphia...", The New York Times, September 5, 1869
Timothy Hughes: Rare and Early Newspapers, RareNewspapers.com
Washington, DC Views from the Washington Monument (Photo), Reginald Hotchkiss, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
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The drought-tolerant mesquite tree is found in arid regions.
Yellow Leaves on a Mesquite Tree
by Angela Ryczkowski
Various species of mesquite (Prosopis spp.), including the honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), grown in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 6 to 9, are enjoyed for their low water requirements and survivability in harsh arid environments. A handful of different factors could contribute to a worrisome yellowing of mesquite leaves. Although mesquite is not known to be highly toxic, seeds may cause digestive problems if eaten. In some cases, flowers are allergenic and the sap can cause irritation. The sharp thorns on some mesquites can also irritate or cause pain, so use caution around these plants.
Improper Irrigation
Although mesquite trees are very drought tolerant, they still benefit from deep, infrequent irrigation during extended dry spells. Drought stress typically causes leaf yellowing or drop on a mesquite. Excessive or improperly applied water can be just as stressful to a mesquite as inadequate water, causing leaf yellowing or drop, dieback and other problems. Water the mesquite slowly and deeply only when soil 2 to 4 inches below the surface feels completely dry to the touch. When watering, allow the water to penetrate at least the top 24 inches of soil and distribute the water evenly over an area that extends at least to the edge of the mesquite's canopy. In general, an established mesquite benefits from a watering every seven to 21 days in summer and every 30 to 60 days in winter when rainfall is insufficient.
Cold Weather
Mesquite trees are generally cold deciduous, meaning that they drop their leaves when cold temperatures or other stresses occur. If the leaves become paler and drop following the onset of cold weather or a freeze, it is not necessarily cause for alarm. However, in mesquites that are under drought stress, the discoloration is typically more pronounced.
Armored scales look like immobile bumps less than 1/8 inch in diameter on mesquite bark or leaves where they settle to feed. A small amount of scale feeding may go unnoticed, but heavy activity can cause leaf wilting, yellowing and premature drop and bark cracking. Severely affected mesquites may experience dieback and decline. Pruning off heavily infested branches and preserving the populations of natural scale enemies is the most feasible control option, so avoid the use of broad-spectrum, persistent pesticides and alleviate dusty conditions, which interfere with scale predators and parasites.
Multiple species of roundheaded, or longhorned, borers, which generally only attack damaged or dying mesquites, bore into trees, leaving holes in the bark and stains or oozing liquid. Leaves on affected mesquite limbs turn yellow and wilt and entire limbs may die. Avoid injuring trees to prevent infestation and promptly prune off and destroy infested parts to prevent this pest's spread.
Nutrient and Mineral Considerations
With repeated shallow watering, in certain soils or following improper or several fertilizer applications, salts from fertilizers, soil and water can accumulate in the top several inches of soil. Excessive salts and nutrients and chemicals cause a yellowing or browning along leaf margins, leaf tip dieback and even branch dieback. Avoid salt burn and other toxicity problems by properly applying fertilizers and pesticides around the mesquite and watering the mesquite deeply and slowly to flush accumulated salts out of the tree's root zone.
About the Author
Photo Credits
• Jupiterimages/ Images
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"fasttext_score": 0.04020500183105469,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9147546291351318,
"url": "https://living.thebump.com/yellow-leaves-mesquite-tree-14938.html"
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Google celebrated what would have been Helen Rodriguez Trias’ 89th birthday on Saturday with a Google Doodle. Of her vast amount of work fighting for the reproductive rights of women, Rodriguez Trias’ work against the forced sterilization of women is arguably her most important contribution during her lifetime.
Forced sterilization was a common practice in Puerto Rico, where Rodriguez Trias lived in her younger years and received her medical degree. It was here where she came across the realization that many women on the island were sterile due to a law passed on the island, which was supposed to address the unemployment concerns at the time, but instead was a masked attempt at population control.
Helen Rodríguez Trías Google Doodle
Helen Rodríguez Trías Google Doodle
During the Spanish—American War in 1898, the US invaded Puerto Rico, which led Spain to cede the island to the US, making it a territory. Once under US control, poverty on the island began to grow due to sugar, cigarette, and other manufacturers began monopolizing the farms in Puerto Rico. Law 116 took effect in 1937 in Puerto Rico to address the poverty issue, but focused on sterilization of women, which was pushed by individuals and US lawmakers. While in effect, the women of the island were also test subjects for birth control drugs including “the pill.” It was repealed in 1960, but a report in 1976 showed 37 percent of women of childbearing age had been sterilized.
It was in 1974 when Rodriguez Trias helped form the Committee to End Sterilization Abuse with the goal to stop forced sterilization in both the US and abroad. During the ‘70s, due to a growing number of Mexican immigrants, there were forced sterilization campaigns to sterilize the women. Some hospitals in certain US cities would sterilize women without proper consent. The committee fought for better guidelines in local hospitals in New York City such as requiring written consent and a waiting period. The guidelines then became used in hospitals across the US in 1978.
Rodriguez Trias’ work for women’s reproductive rights continued into the ‘80s and ‘90s. For her diligent work throughout her career, Trias was awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal as an ‘’outstanding educator and dynamic leader in public health” in 2001.
Throughout her career, Rodriguez Trias spoke on the issues affecting both women and minorities in health and economic matters and gave some important quotes about those issues.
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.4774746298789978,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9798761606216431,
"url": "https://www.inverse.com/article/46786-how-helen-rodriguez-trias-fought-against-forced-sterilization"
}
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When circumstances dictate that an animal should be killed, the person charged with carrying out that killing is likely to have both legal and moral responsibilities with regard to animal welfare and human safety. All animals which have to be killed for the purposes of routine slaughter or culling, or in order to end their suffering, must be dispatched without causing additional pain or distress. The circumstances in which animals require humane destruction can differ greatly; therefore different procedures and methods need to be available to kill them. Whatever method is used, it is most important that great care is taken by those involved not to cause any avoidable pain, suffering or distress. Things are less likely to go wrong if the correct preparation has been carried out. Before killing an animal the operator needs to ask the following questions:
• Does the animal need restraining? Is this possible? If so, which methods will cause the least distress to the animal and the least danger to the operator?
• Is the animal securely confined, e.g. in a pen from which it cannot escape?
• In the case of a large animal, e.g. bovine, horse or pig, can the carcase easily be moved from the spot where it will fall?
• What methods of killing are available? This may be a deciding factor in whether or not the animal is moved to a more suitable spot.
Handling and Restraint
Animals should always be handled with great care. In many cases where animals have to be killed to protect their welfare, the animals may well be recumbent or their movement limited by their injuries or situation. However, there will be some animals which will require restraining in order to facilitate safe and effective killing. The following methods of restraint are suggested:
Pass a rope around the upper jaw, behind the canine teeth. The pig will pull away from the operator, who stands in front of the animal. This ensures that the shot is being discharged directly away from the operator.
Use a halter, or confine the animal in a narrow pen constructed of hurdles or gates.
Control with a head collar and lead rope, halter or bridle.
Use a halter or confine the animal in a narrow pen constructed of hurdles or gates.
Should there be any doubt in the mid of the operator as to the correct target area, then it should be identified (See Positioning) and, if possible, marked. This can be done using a spray marker, a felt pen, or in the case of a very dark-coated animal, French chalk.
When using a free-bullet weapon, it is most important that a suitable backdrop is present in order to stop the bullet, should it exit the carcase or should the target be missed. Suitable backdrops are manure heaps, hay or straw stacks, earth banks, etc. Make sure there is no ‘dead ground’ (hidden dips) between the target and the backdrop, from which people, vehicles or other animals may emerge. If no backdrop is present, the area behind the target must be clear of roads and dwellings to a distance of 3,000m. A ricochet from a .32 humane killer bullet can travel in excess of 2,000m. All people present must stand behind the operator, who should aim the shot down the spine and into the body of the animal.
Unless the carcase is to be used for human consumption, there is no necessity for it to be bled following shooting with a free-bullet weapon or shotgun. However, there may be profuse bleeding from the gunshot wound and the nose and/or mouth, due to the physical damage caused by the projectile. A thick, plastic bag can be placed over the head of the animal, immediately following shooting, in order to prevent large quantities of blood accumulating on the ground and to protect the sensibilities of any onlookers.
Having shot the animal, check that the shot has been effective. Look for an absence of rhythmic breathing and an absence of corneal reflex. After a lapse of up to a minute, the animal may start to twitch and, in some cases, convulse quite violently (especially pigs). This is normal in an animal which has been shot correctly. The foremost sign of an ineffective shot is a return to normal rhythmic breathing. This should not be confused with agonal breathing (occasional gasping), which is of spinal origin and indicative of a dying brain.
When there are different weapons available, the choice should be based on the following criteria:
• The age and size of the animal
• The species of animal
• The location of the animal (e.g. in a built up area or rural open space with a suitable backdrop behind the target)
• Accessibility of the target area
• Individual circumstances (e.g. on a solid floor or soft ground; inside or outside; road traffic accident or racecourse casualty; emergency slaughter or routine culling)
• Presence and safety of onlookers
Back to top
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<urn:uuid:af3a3d2a-6e9d-430f-9a2a-5e3c7edecfee>
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9327701330184937,
"url": "https://www.hsa.org.uk/operation/operation"
}
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Skip to main content
ENG 112: College Comp II – Literature (WO): Search Strategy
Identify Keywords
To perform searches, you will need keywords.
Let's practice brainstorming keywords by looking at a sample topic... How do Poe and Hawthorne use symbolism in their short stories?
First we'll eliminate irrelevant words like “how do” and “use”. The databases will search for every word that you type into the searchbox, so try to keep your search simple - just two or three words.
How do Poe and Hawthorne use symbolism in their short stories?
When you eliminate the irrelevant words from your research question, you should be able to spot major concepts. The three major concepts in our example are Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne and symbolism.
Edgar Allan Poe – Poe, "The Masque of the Red Death", "Fall of the House of Usher", "The Raven"
Nathaniel Hawthorne – Hawthorne, "The Scarlet Letter", "Rappaccini's Daughter"
Symbolism – Symbol, Symbolic, imagery, dark and light
Create a Search Strategy
Finally, combine any one of the keywords from each group using the search connector AND.
1. Poe AND Hawthorne AND symbolism
2. "The Raven" AND symbols
3. "The Scarlet Letter" AND symbolism
Advanced Search Strategies
Use OR to look for synonyms. OR looks for either term, so a search for Poe OR Hawthorne finds articles that use either term but not necessarily both.
Use quotation marks [“ “] to search for multi-word phrases. A search for The Scarlet Letter will automatically look for the terms Scarlet and Letter (ignoring The), but they may appear in completely different parts of the article. For example, you might find an article about the letter that my friend Scarlet wrote.
Use an asterisk [*] for truncation. For example, use symbol* to find symbol, symbols, symbolism, symbolic, etc.
1. (Poe OR Hawthorne) AND symbol*
2. Poe AND Hawthorne AND "Dark Romanticism"
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<urn:uuid:1cd3de2e-476a-4221-a2e0-e553ff3665ea>
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.953125,
"fasttext_score": 0.4855058789253235,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8167431354522705,
"url": "http://libguides.nvcc.edu/c.php?g=375048&p=2537576"
}
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Classroom Resources
Hiragana Katakana Game
Level: Junior_Secondary
1. Copy the Romaji chart and the chart of the script you are learning onto a piece ofA4 cardboard. (Alternatively, stick a copy of each onto two sheets of cardboard.)
2. Stick the two pieces of cardboard together at the top with sticky tape.
3. Separate out the bottom sides of the cardboard sheets enough to enable them to stand in the shape of an A-Frame, as in the illustration.
Learner and helper sit opposite each other, the learner facing the Kana side and the helper facing the Romaji side of the cardboard frame. The Romaji side of the frame must not be visible to the learner.
The helper says a number and the learner looks at her/his chart and gives the pronunciation of the corresponding Kana. The helper checks this against the Romaji version on their side.
(The learner may need to go through the pronunciation of Japanese syllables with the helper before using the resource.)
Romaji Chart
Katakana Chart
Hiragana Chart
Additional Reading
• Cultural Notes: Katakana
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8566259145736694,
"url": "http://jpfsyd-classroomresources.com/r32.html"
}
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king ka facts
There aren't that many King Ka facts to go by - he is another elusive king from the very beginnings of the Dynastic age of Egypt (around 3200 BC). The sheer amount of time that has passed since he lived, has effectively erased physical evidence of him, yet enough remain for us to know he existed.
Even the way King Ka's name was written is uncertain. His name is written inside a serekh - a stylized palace facade on top of which a hawk, the symbol of the king, is perched. He was the first king to write his name this way, and thus the kings' names were written for many years to come.
The sign "ka" is written with stylized hands reaching upwards. This is how King Ka's name was found written on pots and seals found in his tomb. But - his name was also written with the hands pointed downwards This symbol reads "sekhen" and can be translated "to embrace".
Which one is the correct form, then? Hands up or hands down? The historians are not quite sure, and so many have chosen to simply call him "King Arms" - the arms are there in any case, so historians know quickly whom they are talking about.
King Ka was the successor of Iry-Hor, and his successor was probably King Narmer, of King Scorpion.
The symbols in King Ka's name
king ka facts: the tomb
King Ka's tomb was found in Abydos, near the tombs of Iry-Hor and Narmer. This tells they were probably near each other in chronological order.
The necropolis where King Ka's tomb was found, is called Umm el-Qa'ab, or "Mother of Pots". Sounds a bit strange, if you don't know the place in question is so full of pot sherds from ancient offerings, that they have litter the whole area. You cannot step anywhere without hearing their crunch under your feet. (A sound any archaeologists does not want to hear...)
The tomb in question was rather small, if you compare it to the later royal tombs, as it had only two chambers. It was certain this was his tomb, because the inscriptions bearing his name, number over forty.
King ka quiz
1. The sign "ka" symbolizes
2. The king's name was written inside a
3. The bird over the serekh was
4. King Ka was buried at
Dynasty 0
Back to Homepage from King Ka Facts
Back to Famous Pharaohs
The modified picture of King Ka vase from British Museum was taken from Wikimedia commons.
See page for author [CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Tutankhamun: In My Own Hieroglyphs
You can get the book here
How I Became a Mummy
Mr Mummific tells all about how he became a mummy.
You can get the book here.
Mummies, Monsters and the Ship of Millions
You can get the book here.
nephilim quest
preview Nephlim Quest 1: Shaowhunter online.
preview Nephlim Quest 2: MOON DAUGHTER online.
Leena Maria's author blog
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"fasttext_score": 0.06009095907211304,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9699868559837341,
"url": "http://www.ancientegypt101.com/king-ka-facts.html"
}
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Thursday, June 24, 2010
The difficult thing about photographing Aboriginal scarred trees is their position on the tree in relation to the time of the day, and the position of the sun. This tree's scar wasn't a particularly helpful participant in relation to being recorded.
South side.
The large scar on the south side is approximately 3 meters (10 feet) long and the bark would probably have been used for a canoe or as a large sheet for shelter. The size and shape however would indicate a canoe. 400 meters away is another 'canoe tree' of approximately the same dimensions. The scar appears to be considerably old but despite the tree's attempt at 'healing' itself with a new covering of bark, all the distinct signs of deliberate removal of the bark to form it into a distinct shape are evident. As the age of the tree pre-dates European settlement of the area it is a fair assumption that the scars are aboriginal in origin.
Aboriginal bark canoe (1938) made out of a sheet of bark folded and tied at the ends with plant-fibre string. The bow is folded to a point and the stern has a squared end. It measures 3m (9 feet) X 45 cm (18 inches).
North side.
On the northern side of the tree about 4 meters up on a stout limb is another 1 meter (3 feet) scar. The scar made at this height was possible because other branches have provided a 'perch' for the stone-axe operator. The exposed heartwood of the tree now supports a large colony of native bees. The smaller sized scar is indicative of an Aboriginal 'coolamon'. (coolamons were traditionally used by Aboriginal women to carry water, fruits, seeds, nuts and to cradle babies. (Wikipedia here) or a shield perhaps.
I have a page on Aboriginal scarred trees in the ACT (here)
This collage of photos is an attempt to
show a close-up of the whole canoe scar.
View Larger Map
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"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.07214492559432983,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9615727066993713,
"url": "http://www.davesact.com/2010/06/aboriginal-canoe-tree.html"
}
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The Blacksmith
By Jason, Avery, and Ryan!
Important Tools
Blacksmiths had many tools. They used hammers and anvils the most to flatten and smooth the material. A flatter was used to flatten iron and not dent it. Blacksmiths had forges, a furnace where the metal is heated. They also have a vise and file. They also had tongs to hold things above the fire. A Blacksmith had a chisel too,when he had to pound something he would pound the chisel with a sledge on a piece of iron. Each tool has its own job and without these tools,Blacksmiths wouldn't be able to do their job.
What Do Blacksmiths Do?
Blacksmiths help you fix things. They also crafted things with iron like pots, pans, knives, and forks. Blacksmiths made fences, gates, and railings. They made hooks and latches, anchors for ships, and weather vanes for the top of the barn. A good Blacksmith could make 3,000 nails in one day!
Why Are Blacksmiths Important?
Blacksmiths are very important. People need blacksmiths to make horse and oxen shoes. Blacksmiths mend farmers and trademens tools. No community could survive without at least one good blacksmith. They make door hinges for doors. They also made axles for wagons.
Interesting Facts
• Blacksmiths have an apprentice.
• The iron that blacksmiths use can't be too hot or too cold.
• Blacksmiths have a forge.
• It was an apprentices job to clean the forge at the end of the day.
• Everybody needed a blacksmith because they made the stuff you need, silversmiths made fancy stuff.
• Blacksmiths had bellows to make the fire warmer.
• Blacksmiths fixed many different things
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.7800650596618652,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.971164345741272,
"url": "https://www.smore.com/btq2g"
}
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255 years ago, the Chosun dynasty holds a royal marriage for the eldest grandson of the King (in a direct line) just in time for the renaissance of Chosun. It was the first royal marriage in 300 years since the founding of the country. The grandson’s name was Jeongjo(정조), and he would become the wisest and bravest ruler of Chosun.
Jeongjo married at age 10 to a girl of the same age. The marriage was carried out under the supervision of his grandfather, because his father was killed by none other than his(Jeongjo’s) grandfather. It’s like a work of Shakespeare.
The ceremonial robes of Jeongjo were made of black material with five types of patterns and embroidery. They were to be worn with a hat with seven beads strung in seven lines.
The eldest grandson of the King is born second place on the line of crown heritage, growing up being educated on the principles of royalty and wearing clothes decorated with the symbols of the king. Jeongjo’s formal ceremonial gown for the wedding show five patterns that represent the responsibilities of the king.
Both shoulders and sleeves have pictures of objects that signify that the king’s role should constantly be developing and changing, bowls used in memorial ceremonies that represent ancestors, a monkey to represent wisdom, and a tiger for bravery. Under the sleeves, grains of rice that represent the king’s responsibility to provide for the citizens, which is depicted with powdered jewels.
On the red ceremonial skirt in front of and behind the robes, there is a rabbit to signify the determination of the king and other forms to show that the king is unlike any other person in the world.
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.062332093715667725,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9682695269584656,
"url": "https://closetroyal.com/a/"
}
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Dates of elections to parliaments in the federal states
Viewed in constitutional terms, the Bundesrat is a permanent body, whose membership is renewed from time to time as a result of elections to the parliaments in the federal states. That means that elections to the federal state parliaments are always significant in terms of national politics too.
In these elections, voters are of course deciding in the first instance on the composition of the parliament in their federal state and determining which parties will govern that federal state. At the same time however, voters are indirectly determining who will have a seat and a say in the Bundesrat; the party that holds a majority in the federal state parliament forms the federal state government, and subsequently appoints from its ranks the Bundesrat members who will represent that federal state.
The parliament of each federal state, the Landtag, is the body that represents the people in each federal state (distinct terminology is used to describe this parliament in Berlin, where it is known as the Abgeordnetenhaus, and in Hamburg and Bremen, where it is called the Bürgerschaft). Article 28 of the Basic Law stipulates that the federal state parliaments must be elected on the basis of general, direct, free, equal and secret elections.
Federal stateNext elections to the federal state parliamentsFrequency of elections
Großes Staatswappen des Freistaates Bayern BavariaOctober 14, 20185 years
Wappen Hessen HesseOctober 28, 20185 years
Wappen Hansestadt Bremen Bremenprobably spring 20194 years
Wappen Freistaat Sachsen Saxonyprobably summer / autumn 20195 years
Wappen Brandenburg Brandenburgprobably autumn 20195 years
Wappen Thüringen Thuringiaprobably autumn 20195 years
Wappen Hansestadt Hamburg Hamburgprobably spring 20205 years
Großes Landeswappen des Landes Baden-Württemberg Baden-Württembergprobably spring 20215 years
Wappen Rheinland-Pfalz Rhineland-Palatinateprobably spring 20215 years
Wappen Sachsen-Anhalt Saxony-Anhaltprobably spring 20215 years
Wappen Berlin Berlinprobably autumn 20215 years
Wappen Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Mecklenburg-Vorpommernprobably autumn 20215 years
Wappen Nordrhein-Westfalen North Rhine-Westphaliaprobably spring 20225 years
Wappen Saarland Saarlandprobably spring 20225 years
Wappen Schleswig-Holstein Schleswig-Holsteinprobably spring 20225 years
Wappen Niedersachsen Lower Saxonyprobably autumn 20225 years
Please note: the dates of elections to the parliaments in the federal states are only published in this overview once they have been announced officially.
Effective 2018.02.21
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"fasttext_score": 0.11828863620758057,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8129523396492004,
"url": "https://www.bundesrat.de/EN/organisation-en/laender-en/wahltermine-en/wahltermine-en-node.html"
}
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The Printable KISS Workbooks The KISS Workbooks Anthology
Rewriting Adjectives and Adverbs
as Prepositional Phrases
Ex. 4 Adapted from
Voyages in English - Fifth Year
Analysis Key
Suggestion: Have the students discuss any differences of meaning that they sense in the two versions. For example, in # 10, "American poet" suggests nationality, whereas "poet of America" implies that he wrote about (and somehow captured the nature of) America.
1. The wind blew violently. |
The wind blew with violence.
2. Edward answered politely. |
Edward answered in a polite way. or "with politeness"
3. Rita dances gracefully. |
Rita dances with grace.
4. He speaks truthfully. |
He speaks in truth.
5. The waves dashed furiously. |
The waves dashed in fury.
6. A brick wall surrounds the yard (DO). |
A wall of brick surrounds the yard.
7. The Aronsons' yard is beautiful (PA). |
The yard of the Aronsons is beautiful.
8. Important business delayed the messenger (DO). |
Business of importance delayed the messenger.
9. Robert painted a beautiful picture (DO). |
Robert painted a picture of beauty.
10. Robert Frost was an American poet (PN). |
Robert Frost was a poet of America.
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<urn:uuid:c5ce0678-2fff-4d15-b184-4edac030845b>
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{
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"edu_score": 3.78125,
"fasttext_score": 0.5427533984184265,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9144113063812256,
"url": "http://kissgrammar.org/kiss/wb/G06/Sep/D11/L1_5_PP_Rewrite_4_AK.htm"
}
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Definition of terminator in The Network Encyclopedia.
What is Terminator?
Terminator is a device connected to one end of a bus or cable that absorbs signals. Terminators prevent signal reflection, which can produce interference that causes signal loss. Most communication systems such as networks and computer buses require some form of termination at the ends of the data path, although this is often provided internally by the devices at the ends of the data path.
How It Works
In a bus-based system, a single wire or series of wire segments connects network components in a chain formation. If the ends of the cable are not terminated, a signal placed on the wire by one component will bounce back and forth between the ends of the cable, hogging the cable and preventing other components from signaling. Terminators eliminate this signal bounce by absorbing the signal after each component has seen it once, allowing other components to place their signals on the cable.
Terminators can be passive (simple resistors) or active (more complex electronics) depending on the type of bus being terminated. By supplying a load equal to the impedance of the cable, the terminator prevents reflections or standing waves from developing on the cable. Passive terminators use resistors to provide this impedance matching, while active terminators generally use voltage regulators.
Terminator types include the following:
• Coaxial cabling terminators:
Passive terminators that come in various sizes and use BNC threading to terminate
• RG-58 thinnet cabling for 10Base2 Ethernet networks with termination resistance of 50 ohms
• RG-59 cable television terminators with resistance of 75 ohms
• RG-62 ARCNET cabling terminators with resistance of 93 ohms
• Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) terminators:
The ends of a SCSI cable must always be terminated in a chain of SCSI devices. The internal termination is usually supplied by the SCSI adapter card, and the external termination is supplied by the last device in the chain. SCSI terminators can be passive, active, differential, or forced-perfect. Forced-perfect terminators compensate for the differences in impedance along the length of a SCSI bus. Diagnostic terminators analyze and display the condition of the data paths within a SCSI bus and are useful for high-availability uses such as clustering.
• Free connectors:
Connectors on the hubs at both ends of a series of stackable hubs. These terminators are specific to the type of hub sold by a vendor.
You can test the termination of a long 10Base2 network without having to hunt for the ends of the cable. Simply use an ohmmeter and test the resistance between the central conductor and the shield of any BNC T-connectors (after removing the cable from the network card it is attached to). If the reading is around 25 ohms, the cable is properly terminated; if the reading is around 50 ohms, one of the terminators is loose or missing. If the cable appears to be properly terminated but network problems persist, remove one of the terminators and use the ohmmeter to test the connection to the T-connector that you just exposed. If the result is less than 50 ohms, you probably have a short in the cable; if it is more than 56 ohms, there is probably a loose T-connector somewhere on the network.
Graphic T-7. A terminator can be used to test thinnet cabling.
See also:
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From Conservapedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Malabar is that part of the coast of south-west India from the island of Goa in the north to the south-east tip of the sub-continent. The first Portuguese traders arrived in the very late 1400s and early 1500s and set about establishing a trading empire at the point of a cannon.
Before that, for a 1000 years and more, Indian and Arab traders in their dhows made use of the monsoon winds that tend to flow from west to east during June/July and the opposite direction later in the year. The first spices and materials that came into Europe during the Middle Ages came this way.
See also
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"url": "https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Malabar"
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The National Wildlife Federation
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Why Do Animals Age?
Scientists studying wild creatures, from turtles and terns to bats and parakeets, are coming up with answers that may help humans stave off some of aging's most devastating effects
• Barry Yeoman
• Feb 01, 2007
FOR THE REPTILES living in the University of Michigan's E.S. George Reserve, Justin Congdon is something of a troll under the bridge. A 66-year-old population biologist whose long face and scraggly beard have won him the nickname Fidel, Congdon demands that any Blanding's, common snapping or midland painted turtle that wants to dig a nest first donate a few moments to science. Riding inside a camo-colored bag, the animal travels to a rustic shed, where Congdon measures, catalogs and x-rays it to determine how many eggs the reptile is getting ready to lay.
Congdon has inventoried the turtle population of this reserve--a swooping oak- hickory forest near Ann Arbor, dotted by wetlands and surrounded by a chain-link fence--for 32 years. All told, scientists have compiled a reptilian census here for more than half a century. The results of this research may shock anyone who has experienced diminished racquetball skills (not to mention meno-pause) after a certain age. Unlike humans, these turtles do not become sick, creaky and infertile as a result of growing older. In scientific parlance, they show no signs of senescence. In fact, says Congdon, "the old ladies survive better," dying at a lower rate than their daughters and producing more eggs per clutch. When a turtle does die--sometimes at age 60 or more--the cause is most often a predator, an accident or a non-age-related infectious disease. This, of course, contradicts how we normally view aging. "Senescence theory says old ladies are going to do everything worse than young ladies," Congdon says. "Eventually their systems will fail, and physical vigor will fail, and they'll get arthritis, and they won't be able to eat as well, and they won't be able to regenerate." But Congdon and other scientists have begun toppling some of our most basic assumptions about the aging process--and have done so by studying animals in the wild.
Traditionally, much of what we've learned about aging has come from small laboratory animals that reproduce quickly, including mice, roundworms and fruit flies. Such creatures are easily housed and fed, and they offer up copious data in just a few years' time. And while humans might not look very much like fruit flies, we still have rich genetic similarities: About 70 percent of the cancer-causing genes in our bodies, for example, have counterparts in the common fruit fly genome, which has been completely sequenced.
But these animals are not exactly role models for long, healthy retirements; the fruit fly's life span is measured in weeks. "The real test of fire is to see if the theories apply to long-lived organisms," says Anja Rossinni, a comparative physiologist at California's Santa Clara University. That's why some scientists have turned to turtles, bats, zebrafish, parrots and seabirds in the hopes that these animals, which live longer than their size and metabolism might suggest, will offer up their secrets to those of us who crave a bit less mortality. This is particularly true of animals that, like Congdon's turtles, have slow or negligible senescence.
"It could be that there are some common anti-aging adaptations on the molecular level that these animals have in common," says Donna Holmes, an evolutionary biologist at Washington State University. If that's true, the findings could potentially lead to new medical treatments for a whole range of human age-related ailments, from eyesight loss to Alzheimer's disease.
Some of this research, like Congdon's, is purely demographic. Other scientists dig deep into the cells. In Spain, for example, Gustavo Barja of Complutense University has been studying the role of "reactive oxygen species" (ROS), unstable molecules formed during the normal course of energy production by cells. ROS degrade some of the large molecules in our bodies, including our DNA, through the process of oxidation--in effect, rusting away our cells. Comparing long-lived parakeets called budgerigars to mice, Barja's research team has discovered that the birds' mitochondria--their cellular power plants--produce ROS at a much lower rate than those of rodents. Working in Minnesota, Anja Rossinni has obtained similar results for little brown bats, which live up to 34 years.
Barja and his colleagues are now looking for dietary changes that curb ROS production in mitochondria--and are zeroing in on a single protein component, methionine, commonly found in meat, eggs and dairy products. Scientists have long known that restricting calories lengthens lives, yet it is hard to convince humans to eat less. Reinald Pamplona Gras, a Barja colleague at the University of Lleida, says the new research could offer people a way to live longer without cutting their overall food intake. "With a decrease in one amino acid," he says, "the results are spectacular."
Meanwhile, on a remote Canadian island, a young ecologist is trying to coax some tube-nosed birds to explain how they defy the Grim Reaper. Kent Island is a cool and foggy outpost that lies on the southernmost end of an archipelago in New Brunswick's Bay of Fundy. Accessible only by lobster boat, it is unpopulated except for a handful of scientists whose labs and living quarters constitute the island's "downtown." They have been coming to Kent Island for the greater part of a century, drawn by the 55 bird species that nest there without the threat of predation.
Among the most unusual of these nesters are Leach's storm petrels, underground burrowers that emerge en masse at night, when they feed on plankton, fish and crustaceans and fill the sky with their trumpetlike calls. The petrels' most outstanding trait, though, is not their nocturnal lifestyle, but their longevity: The oldest recorded individuals have clocked in at 37 years old, which is extraordinary for an animal the size of a robin. "It's amazing to hold a bird in your hand that has been alive longer than you have," says Mark Haussmann, a physiological ecologist at Ohio's Kenyon College who works on Kent Island.
At 31, boyish-looking and curly-haired, Haussmann is indeed younger than the oldest Leach's storm petrels. But he has already conducted some of the most revealing research into why some bird species outlive our expectations. On Kent Island, Haussmann and his student assistants briefly pull petrels from their burrows and prick a prominent vein with a thin needle to get a few drops of blood. He extracts DNA and eventually isolates telomeres, protective sheaths at the ends of chromosomes that protect genetic information from damage. (Haussmann compares them to the plastic end-caps that keep our shoelaces from unraveling.) Like many of his colleagues, Haussmann believes telomeres hold some of the keys to aging--not just in birds, but also in humans. As long as telomeres stay intact, our cells can happily go about their everyday business of growth, maintenance and repair. Every time a healthy cell divides, though, the telomeres shrink a little. When they get too short, they shut off the cells' ability to divide any further. This has a lifesaving purpose: By restricting the number of times cells can split, telomeres protect those cells from the willy-nilly growth that leads to cancer. But there's a trade-off: Once a cell can no longer divide, it loses the ability to repair itself. This leads to cell damage and eventually death.
Traveling throughout North America, Haussmann has examined telomeres in five bird species with different life spans. By sampling animals of different ages, he has been able to track the speed with which telomeres shorten. Zebra finches and tree swallows, whose decade or shorter life spans match their small body masses, lose their telomeres with rodentlike rapidity. Common terns, which can live into their twenties, experience much slower deterioration, while Adélie penguins, which live 15 to 20 years, fall predictably in the middle. The big surprise, though, are the Leach's storm petrels, whose telomeres actually grow longer as they age--the only animals where this has ever been observed. Haussmann now plans to take his project worldwide, studying a total of 17 bird species on 4 continents.
In another study, Haussmann has discovered that adult terns and petrels have a particularly high expression of telomerase, a protein that elongates telomeres. In humans, telomerase is a double-edged sword: It staves off the aging process, but it also allows tumor cells to divide forever.
Some scientists have speculated that if we develop a telomerase therapy, we could lengthen the human life span for decades or even longer. Haussmann is more modest in his predictions. "I don't think we'll be able to take a telomerase pill to extend our lives," he says. "But by understanding how these mechanisms work, it could lead to therapies that inhibit tumor-cell growth." If we do end up with an effective new cancer treatment, we can give thanks to a little gray bird living in a burrow off the rocky New Brunswick coast.
Barry Yeoman senesces in Durham, North Carolina, where he writes for Discover, Mother Jones and O: The Oprah Magazine.
Maximum Recorded Life Spans
Mayfly: 3 hours
Pygmy goby: 8 weeks
Housefly: 6 months
House mouse: 5 years
Domestic dog: 29 years
Domestic cat: 34 years
Orangutan: 59 years
African elephant: 80 years
Human: 122 years
Galapagos tortoise: 188 years
Quahog clam: 220 years
Web Exclusive
Live Fast, Die Young?
Among researchers who study aging, one long-accepted maxim is that, at least for mammals, the bigger you are the longer you live. The explanation has been that smaller mammals have higher metabolic rates, resulting in the release of more cell-damaging free radicals--oxygen atoms produced during metabolism--than mammals that burn energy at a lower rate.
In recent years, however, scientists have uncovered an increasing number of exceptions to this "live fast, die young" rule. It turns out that several groups of animals, including birds, porcupines and bats, live longer than similar-sized creatures with similar metabolic rates--and longer than would be expected based on their sizes.
Meanwhile, evidence against the role of free radicals in the aging process was presented at a recent American Physiological Society meeting. Rochelle Buffenstein of The City College of New York and her colleagues reported their discovery that the naked mole rat, with a lifespan of 28 years, suffers more damage from these oxygen atoms than the mouse, which is about the same size and has a lifespan of just 3 years. The mole rat "seems like the perfect model to provide answers about how we age and how to retard the aging process," says Buffenstein. "This animal may one day provide the clues to how we can significantly extend life."--Laura Tangley
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"url": "https://www.nwf.org/en/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2007/Why-Do-Animals-Age"
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Republican Generation
The Republican Generation (Hero, born 1742–1766) grew up as the precious object of adult protection during an era of rising crime and social disorder. They came of age highly regarded for their secular optimism and spirit of cooperation. As young adults, they achieved glory as soldiers, brilliance as scientists, order as civic planners, and epic success as statecrafters. Trusted by elders and aware of their own historic role, they burst into politics at a young age. They dominated the campaign to ratify the Constitution and filled all the early national cabinet posts. In midlife, they built canals and acquired territories, while their orderly Federalist and rational Republican leaders made America a “workshop of liberty.” As elders, they chafed at passionate youths bent on repudiating much of what they had built. (AMERICAN: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Paul Jones, Abigail Adams, Kunta Kinte, Robert Fulton; FOREIGN: Maximilien Robespierre, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
In This Section
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"url": "http://www.lifecourse.com/about/method/def/republican-gen.html"
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In order for history to be 100% accurate historians would have to replicate it instead of representing it. Gaddis describes this as an impossible task. From this one can perceive how it is not unusual for historians to view the same events and end up with different conclusions. Historians unable to replicate must represent smaller parts of history. For example, in representing the motives for continental soldiers enlisting and remaining in the military three respected historians, Lender, Royster and Knouff, deduce different conclusions. Lender insinuates that continental soldiers enlist for patriotic reasons, but once this fades they remain enlisted to obtain their own self-interest. Royster attacks Lender’s ideas stating that Lender’s representation is inadequate. Royster concludes that patriotism which does not fade, not self-interest, was the key motive for continental soldiers enlisting and remaining enlisted. Knouff gives credit to both Lender and Royster, but asserts they have missed the true key motive of continental soldiers. Knouff states that a since of localism drove civilians to enlist. Also, those continental soldiers felt a need to fight as enemy forces threatened the communities in which they, the continental soldiers, lived in. Through the thesis set up by Lender, the antitheses written by Royster and Knouff’s synthesis we can see the basic form of academia at work. These historians choose to represent facts and sources that would best persuade readers to accept their individual theses. Through adding and excluding information that would or would not assert their representations as correct or others representations of the same event as incorrect, different conclusions were inevitably formed.
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"url": "https://acnassar.wordpress.com/2013/09/19/different-conclusions/"
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Saturday, June 05, 2010
Self-Heating and Self-Cooling Cans
Self-Heating and Self-Cooling Cans
During World War II (1939-1945), some food cans had wicks on them, like candles have. The wicks were attached to an inside tube. When soldiers lit the wick, the tube heated the food.
Self heating cans actually started around 1900 for the use by mountaineers and explorers.
Newer self heating cans are easier to use. Just push a button. The button breaks a seal inside a heating cone.
Water and limestone combine in the cone, releasing heat. Three minutes later your food or drink is hot.
Self-cooling cans were harder to develop. They came along about fifty years after the self heating kind.
Astronaut were the first to use them in 1998. In one model, water evaporates inside a compartment in the can.
The evaporating water draws heat from the beverages. In two to three minutes, the drink is chilled.
Self-Heating and Self-Cooling Cans
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"url": "https://www.world-foodhistory.com/2010/06/self-heating-and-self-cooling-cans.html"
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Stump Houses from the Past
The Pacific Northwest had seen some of the most important number of settlers seeking for a new life throughout the nineteenth century. However, the journey to a peaceful life in the placid woodlands moving towards the Northwest was not completely an easy endeavour.
The habitants had to instantly confront some dark dense woodlands while also fighting (although not literally but at least on an economical level) against big logger companies to have enough timber to construct their houses, barns, and many other structures.
Most of the time, what was often left was scarred landscape and some scrap wood, of which most was in the form of stumps that large companies deemed useless.
Some of these stumps were as high as ten feet, and the dwellers are forced to accommodate these clearly undesirable woods.
The impression of the those pioneers who first headed to these woodlands, was that it was a great surprise to discover such vast land with tremendous potential for farming and development, all exclusive to their disposal.
However, when the initial awe had waned, the settlers had to face the reality of sprucing the land of these towering stumps. These homesteads rather proved to be more challenging. Many stumps would either needed to be burnt or rooted out because this was the only way to create the space for some orchards and crops to keep the livestock and also the families of the pioneers sustained.
The enormity of the undertaking kept the settlers at bay. They resorted to simply living with these stump infested lands, a few settlers even arranged musical festivals and started dances around these stumps.
Slowly but surely, a number of people began o see a way around the problem. Soon, they started building roofs on top of these naturally tall and safely rooted pillars.
A roof over the stumps and adding a gate or a window meant a swift makeshift shed where farmers can keep their chicken, and other livestock completely safe from bear, bobcats, and even racoons.
Tree stumps served as temporary shelter for some travellers and migrants who seek safety from treacherous weather or some dangerous predators. Yet using these stumps in building a cabin or a house worthy of living in was a totally new matter.
Records show that as early as 1847, a pioneering family known as McAllister’s had primarily settled in the south of Tumwater on Bush Prairie. They chose to build a simple and proper house out of stumps when they migrated to Medicine Creek area near Nisqually.
Living in their stump house and also building a proper house for their family, the McAllisters utilized the structure as a barn that benefited them very well.
Later in the century, another story emerged relating to William D. McDonald in 1892 who willingly took the most noteworthy idea of opening the first US Post Office in a wide roofed structure constructed out of stumps.
The Post Office was located in an isolated northern region of the Olympic Peninsula, around ten miles southwest of Port Angeles positioned on the eastern edge of the Elwha River.
H/T TheVintageNews
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Concrete is the single most widely used material in the construction industry all over the globe with an average annual consumption of 1m3 per person. There is strong evidence to suggest that forms of concrete were used thousands of years ago when the Romans built the Coliseum and the Pantheon in Rome.
One of the main advantages of using concrete within the structure of a building is the resistance it has against fire. Most building materials that are exposed to fires are visually effected and therefore can be easily identified as unfit and later replaced. Concrete on the other hand changes very little in respect of the shape and size making it much more difficult to assess for damage.
The fact is that concrete does lose strength when it is heated above 300°C. The current methods that are used to assess damage involve entering potentially dangerous and unstable parts of the building, these results will propose any suitable repair methods or decide if demolition is required, as a result of this; the need for new assessment technology has never been greater.
Research that has been carried out by the Engineering Department at The University of Nottingham, UK has found that laser scanning is a new and viable technique to assess the damaging effects of fire on concrete. The scanning can be done from a distance which improves the safety of the procedure; the process is also very quick with millions of points being measured within seconds.
The research concluded that not only is the laser scanning quicker and safer, but is also a lot more accurate than any other methods used in the construction industry. The technique known as Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) is estimated to be developed and used in the industry in the coming years.
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"language_score": 0.9714412093162537,
"url": "https://www.completedrivewaydesigns.co.uk/new-tech-developmets-to-assess-fire-damaged-concrete/"
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Autor: Bonnie Bader
ISBN-13: 9780448463339
Einband: Taschenbuch
Seiten: 112
Gewicht: 120 g
Format: 191x137x10 mm
Sprache: Englisch
Christopher Columbus, born in 1451 in Genoa, Italy, was an explorer, navigator, and colonizer. In this Who Was ...? biography, children will learn of his early life at sea, which eventually led him to seek fortune by sailing West, rather than East, in hopes of creating trade routes with the Indies.
Autor: Bonnie Bader
Illustriert von: Nancy Harrison
Bonnie Bader has written several biographies for young readers. She lives in Brooklyn, New York.
Who Was Christopher Columbus?
Who Was Christopher Columbus?
Who Was
Christopher Columbus?
A tall man paced the deck of his ship. He and his men had been at sea for seventy days, since August 3, 1492. They had sailed over 2,650 miles from Spain. Now, land had been spotted. Had Christopher Columbus's dream to reach the Indies finally come true?
Chapter 1
An Explorer Is Born
Zu diesem Artikel ist noch keine Rezension vorhanden.
Helfen sie anderen Besuchern und verfassen Sie selbst eine Rezension.
Autor: Bonnie Bader
ISBN-13 :: 9780448463339
ISBN: 0448463334
Verlag: Penguin US
Gewicht: 120g
Seiten: 112
Sprache: Englisch
Altersempfehlung: 8 - 12 Jahre
Sonstiges: Taschenbuch, 191x137x10 mm
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"url": "https://www.bides.de/details/9780448463339/Who-Was-Christopher-Columbus-Bonnie-Bader/"
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Definition: forgery from Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
In law, the making of a false writing with the intent to defraud. “Writing” need not be handwriting: the law of forgery also covers printing, engraving, and keyboarding. Counterfeiting is usually regarded as a specific type of forgery. Checks, negotiable instruments, contracts, wills, and deeds are examples of documents that may be forged. Evidence may also be forged. Forgery requires fraudulent intent; it is not forgery to sign another’s name, fill in blanks, or alter a genuine writing in the honest, though mistaken, belief that such conduct is authorized.
Event: forgery
Keywords: forgery
Summary Article: Forgery
from World of Criminal Justice, Gale
Forgery is the false making or altering of a legally significant instrument with the intent to defraud. The key variable in this definition is what each jurisdiction considers legally significant. The most common type of instrument is a check. In addition, commercial instruments such as bills of lading, promissory notes and various types of securities are often forged. A person who commits forgery usually writes a false signature, but in some cases other parts of a document are altered or completed. To be convicted of forgery, the prosecution must show that the defendant had intent to defraud when he or she presented a forged document for payment.
State criminal codes rank forgery as a felony-level offense. It is generally punished more severely than other non-violent theft crimes because of the negative effects forged instruments have on the commercial system. Banks will not pay merchants who accept forged checks when they present the checks for payment. Because many forgeries go unsolved, the impact on businesses can be substantial. In addition, the person whose checks have been stolen and forged suffers from the crime even though he or she is not financially liable. Therefore, when a person is convicted of forgery, the criminal sentence will include restitution.
The crime of uttering a forged instrument is also a crime of forgery. The crime consists of the defendant negotiating or attempting to negotiate an instrument he or she knows to be false. Therefore, a defendant who forges a check and then presents it to a merchant has committed two crimes, forgery and uttering the forged instrument. Because few jurisdictions have petty forgery statutes, a person who forges and cashes ten checks can be convicted of 20 felonies. Under sentencing guidelines, the number of convictions can increase the criminal sanctions.
Though forgery is usually confined to checks and other types of commercial paper, there have been numerous cases of forgery involving purported genuine “lost” documents. For example, in 1983 it was announced that the diaries of Adolph Hitler had been discovered. The persons who claimed to have found them received millions of dollars for the publication rights and the diaries were published around the world. However, experts later examined the diaries and found the documents to be forgeries. The parties responsible for the forgery were sentenced to prison terms for their fraudulent scheme.
The sale of forged historical documents is not unusual. Collectors are eager to buy the letters and signatures of famous people and large sums can be spent on acquiring rarities. Though experts in the particular field are available to authenticate documents, some collectors are gullible and do not take precautions. However, sometime even experts are fooled. For example, in the early 1980s a dealer passed off forgeries as authentic historical documents that dealt with the Mormon Church. The documents, which were purchased by the Mormon Church and collectors, were seemingly “lost” items that seemed to call for a reevaluation of church history and church leadership. One document was so heretical that several buyers questioned its legitimacy. The dealer responded by murdering one buyer and the spouse of another in an attempt to silence the controversy.
Copyright © 2002, The Gale Group
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In the late spring and summer of 1855, the Clarendon Press of Oxford University printed the first edition of a Greek text, news of which had aroused
See more from Credo
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Net Operating Cycle
Net operating cycle measures the number of days a company’s cash is tied up in inventories and receivables on average. It equals days inventories outstanding plus days sales outstanding minus days payable outstanding. It is also called cash conversion cycle.
An operating cycle starts with purchase of raw material typically on credit. The number of days in which a company pay back its creditors is called days payable outstanding. The raw materials are processed and converted to finished goods which are sold to customers. It is rarely the case that finished goods are sold to customers right away. Instead, companies are required to maintain a stock of inventories. The number of days it takes a company to sell the inventories is called days inventories outstanding. Inventories are predominantly sold on credit which means the company must wait a certain number of days till it receives cash from customers. The time it takes in collecting receivables on average is called the days sales outstanding.
Net operating cycle vs operating cycle
The number of days it takes a company in selling inventories and collecting cash from customers is called the operating cycle. But because a company has obtained inventories on credit itself, the net number of days its cash is tied up is actually lower by the days payables outstanding. The following chart illustrates the relationship:
Net Operating Cycle
The following formula can be used to calculate net operating cycle:
$$ Net\ Operating\ Cycle=DIO+DSO-DPO $$
Where DIO is the days sales in inventories, DSO is the days sales in inventories and DPO is the days payable outstanding representing the number of days it takes the company to sell inventories, receive collections from receivables and pay creditors respectively.
The following formulas can be used to work out DIO, DSO and DPO
$$ DIO=\frac{D}{Inventory\ Turnover\ Ratio}=\frac{365}{COGS/Average\ Inventories} $$
$$ DSO=\frac{D}{Receivables\ Turnover\ Ratio}=\frac{365}{Revenue/Average\ Receivables} $$
$$ DIO=\frac{D}{Payables\ Turnover\ Ratio}=\frac{365}{Purchases/Average\ Payables} $$
Where D is the number of days for which the relevant turnover ratios are available i.e. 365 in case of a year.
Following is an extract from HP financial statements for FY 2017.
Calculate net operating cycle given the following data:
USD in million 2016 2017
Receivables 4,114 4,414
Inventories 4,484 5,786
Accounts payable 11,103 13,279
Revenue for FY 2017 is $52,056 million and cost of revenue is $42,478 million respectively. Assume 75% of the cost of revenue represent purchases of raw materials.
The following table calculate the constituent days outstanding ratios i.e. DIO, DSO and DPO:
Component Calculation DIO DSO DPO
Number of days D 365 365 365
Revenue 52,056
Cost of revenue 42,478
Purchases 31,859
Average balance 5,135 4,264 12,191
Turnover ratios T 10.14 9.96 2.61
Relevant days outstanding ratios D/T 36.00 36.64 139.67
The net operating cycle can be calculated as follows:
$$ Net\ Operating\ Cycle=36+36.64-139.67=-67.03 $$
The company has a negative net operating cycle which shows that the company is effectively using the money of its creditors as working capital. It took the company 36 days on average to sell its inventories and 36.64 days to receive cash from its customers i.e. distributors, etc. but it delayed the payment to its suppliers till the 140th day. While it is a good for the company’s shareholders that the company is keeping its working capital low, they need to make sure that the very long days payable outstanding is not due to any liquidity problem.
Written by Obaidullah Jan, ACA, CFA and last modified on
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CSS text-overflow
The text-overflow property specifies how text should be treated when it has been clipped due to it being too large to fit within its containing block.
You can specify that an ellipsis "…" or some other character be used to represent any hidden text.
The text-overflow property can be used in conjunction with the overflow property when it's set to hidden, scroll, or auto.
When a box has the overflow property set to hidden, any text that is too large to fit inside its containing block will be cut off from the user's view. The same applies when it's set to auto or scroll, although in these cases, the user has the option of scrolling. In any case, depending on where the text has been cut off, it may or may not be apparent to the user that there's more text and that it's simply hidden from view. You can use the text-overflow property to provide a visual clue to the user that there is more content, by displaying for example, an ellipsis "…" character (U+2026).
The text-overflow property only affects content that is overflowing in the direction of its inline progression (eg, text overflowing horizontally within a right-to-left text direction). In this case, it could be used with overflow-x but not with overflow-y.
In many cases, text will simply wrap. The text-overflow property affects only the content that can't wrap (for example, due to an extra long word, or when the white-space property is set to nowrap).
Possible Values
Specifies that the excess text is clipped (cut off). This could result in characters being only partially rendered (depending on where the edge of the containing block is).
Displays an ellipsis character (U+2026) to indicate that there is more text and it has been clipped. The ellipsis character is three dots "…" which is universally recognized as representing content that is too large to fit within the limited space. Note that the ellipsis can also be clipped if there isn't enough space to display it.
A string to represent the clipped content. This string can also be clipped if there isn't enough space to display it.
Represents the value specified as the property's initial value.
Represents the computed value of the property on the element's parent.
Basic Property Information
Initial Value
Applies To
Block containers.
Example Code
Basic CSS
Working Example within an HTML Document
Try it
CSS Specifications
Browser Support
Vendor Prefixes
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How Do Lobsters Grow?
House assemblies this week have been on the theme of growth and our Principal Jacqueline Hughes-Williams explores how change can be good for us.
The assemblies began with an amusing short video called How do Lobsters Grow? which explains that the soft-bodied creature inside the shell becomes uncomfortable as it literally becomes too big for its shell. This stress causes the lobster to split its external shell and cast it aside.
Henry Ford quote“Linking growth with being uncomfortable is very interesting,” said Miss Hughes-Williams. “The lobster uses these feelings to make changes.” She points out that not only is the lobster under stress but that there is also a period of vulnerability whilst the new lobster shell becomes hard to protect the soft animal from harm.
We often talk about people ‘coming out of their shell’ and it means that we are leaving somewhere we find comfortable. Miss Hughes-Williams said: “Sometimes we are wary of change and being overly aware of risks can mean we want to remain in our comfort-zone.” Our personal comfort zone might be something really small like always having the same favourite meal. “If you try something different, it becomes less difficult next time,” she said “we’re moving out of our comfort zone.”
Adventurer, Tori JamesMiss Hughes-Williams showed a video extract from a talk by Tori James, the youngest British woman to reach the summit of Everest. The climber relates a story about how she asked her grandmother to open a jar of jam for her, who took the jar and then gave it straight back to Tori saying, ‘Go on, you can do it!’ On the mountain, Tori used this moment to keep going, saying to herself, ‘I can, I can, I can.’
In summarising her presentation the Principal asked students to remember two things: the lobster and to have an attitude of ‘I can.’ “Whether you say, ‘I can’t’ or ‘I can’ you are likely to make that outcome come true.”
“I’m calling on you all now to think about your own comfort zones. Think about shells, the lobster and being uncomfortable. What would you do differently?” she said.
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Narcissus (genus)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Narcissus 12 7 8 3.jpg
Narcissus pseudonarcissus flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Genus: Narcissus
Subgenera, Species, Subspecies
See text.
Narcissus (Narcissi) (often called a daffodil) is the botanic name for a genus of mainly hardy, mostly spring-flowering, bulbs in the Amaryllidaceae family. They are native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia.
Description[change | change source]
Perianth description
It has pale yellow perianths with a darker central trumpet (paracorolla or "corona"). The long, narrow leaves are slightly greyish in colour and rise from the base of the stem.
During the winter, the flowering part of narcissi dies away, and the plant lives on underground in a bulb. A bulb is an onionlike structure, filled with food. The plant lives off this food during the winter, protected from the cold by the soil above.
Other websites[change | change source]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Lamalcha)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Hwlitsum or Lamalchi or Lamalcha are an indigenous people whose traditional territories were in the Gulf Islands of British Columbia, Canada. Their traditional villages were on Canoe Pass, which is known in their language as Hwlitsum, and on Kuper Island (called by them Lamalchi, another spelling of their name,) Saltspring Island and Galiano Island.
The Lamalcha War[edit]
On 20 April 1863, a shelling of their village on Kuper Island by the Royal Navy's HMS Forward led to a series of events known as the Lamalcha War or Lamalchi Affair. The reason for the shelling was the colonial authorities of the Colony of Vancouver Island believed the village was home to three men who had killed settlers. The Lamalcha wound up seizing the ship and sold it, leading to the protracted conflict. This episode was the only defeat of the Royal Navy in the era following the Crimean War to the opening of the 20th Century.[citation needed] During the war the Lamalcha evaded capture by various other Royal Navy warships, including HMS Satellite.
Eventually four Lamalcha were hung for murder in Victoria and the Lamalcha village confiscated; that area is now home to the Penelakut and Kuper Island's Indian reserves are governed by the Penelakut First Nation.
Political organization[edit]
Contemporary landclaim[edit]
In 2014 elders of the band filed a land claim in the BC Supreme Courts for large pieces of Stanley Park, Galiano Island and Saltspring Island, overlapping with claims of the Squamish and Musqueam Nations and others (this is common throughout BC). [1][2][3] Currently the Hwlitsum Band is not yet recognized under the federal Indian Act.
A letter of support for their cause was sent to the federal and provincial governments in 2007 by the Union of BC Indian Chiefs.[4]
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Algorithmic worlds
Search blog posts
Next posts
2013-06-09 Variations on Nova
2013-05-12 Two new gigapixel images
2013-04-28 Lattes Julia sets
2012-10-21 3d hyperbolic limit sets
2012-07-01 Fractal sea creatures
2012-06-24 Nicholas A. Cope
2012-06-16 3d printed Julia set
2012-05-06 Pep Ventosa
2012-04-06 Fractal automata
2012-03-30 Periodic Julia patterns
Previous posts
April 28th 2013
Lattès Julia sets
In a previous post, we saw how the fact that the torus can be realized as a branched covering of the sphere allowed one to draw periodic Julia patterns. Today, I'd like to speak about another application of this fact, yielding the first dense Julia sets to have been recognized as such, by the french mathematician Samuel Lattès in 1918. This post will be a bit mathematical. I'll do my best to be pedagogical, with no guarantees. For readers interested, I explain at the end of this post how to visualize concretely the branched covering of the sphere by a torus.
Recall that Julia sets arise as iterations of conformal maps of the sphere to itself. There are essentially two types of orbits. Either an orbit will stay close to the neighbouring orbits, in which case the point is said to be regular, or the orbit is chaotic and the neighbouring orbits tend to get far apart. In the latter case, the point is said to belong to the Julia set. We obtain in this way a subset of the sphere. Dense Julia sets cover the whole sphere, which means that all the orbits are chaotic. A more detailed discussion can be found in this blog post. How can we construct such maps?
A very neat way is to use the branched covering of the sphere by a torus. The torus can be seen as a periodically identified complex plane, in other words the quotient of the complex plane by a two-dimensional lattice. This makes it very easy to create chaotic maps on the torus. Just take an affine map A(z) = az + b of the complex plane to itself mapping the lattice to itself. If the map is expanding, i.e. if |a| > 1, it is easy to see that after sufficiently many iterations, any two points will get far apart from each other on the torus.
How does this help creating chaotic maps on the sphere? Suppose that you can find a map F of the sphere to itself which is covered by an affine map of the torus. By this, I mean the following. Let p: T^2 -> S^2 be the covering map of the sphere by the torus. Let w be a point of the torus such that p(w) = z. Then the map F is covered by the affine map A if F(z) = p(A(w)), and if this is true for any w such that p(w) = z. The expanding property of the torus map is shared by F, as a consequence of which all the orbits of F are chaotic. Such conformal maps F of the sphere are called Lattès maps.
To visualize these Julia sets, we have to assign a color to each orbit according to some of its characteristics. A convenient way is to use some version of the orbit trap method, see this blog post. Here are three views of Lattès Julia sets. Click for high resolution zoomable images!
Picture of a Lattès Julia set, by Samuel Monnier
20120329-1. A dense Julia set constructed from iterations of the following Lattès map: z -> (z2-a)2/(4z(z-1)(z-a)), a being a complex parameter.
Picture of a Lattès Julia set, by Samuel Monnier
20120407-1. A dense Julia set constructed from iterations of the following Lattès map: z -> (z + 1/z)/2i.
Picture of a Lattès Julia set, by Samuel Monnier
20120601-1. A dense Julia set constructed from iterations of the following Lattès map: z -> (z3+a)/(az3+1), with a = exp(2pi/3)
If you look carefully, you can see hints that the conformal map is coming from a torus. For instance, all the structures (dots, centers of spirals) seem to be aligned on a conformally distorted grid. This is a hint of the lattice underlying the covering torus. Many more pictures of Lattès Julia sets can be found in this collection. The corresponding Lattès maps are indicated below each picture.
For more information about Lattès maps, check this paper by Milnor. Explicit formulas can be found near the end. If you are not familiar with complex dynamical systems, these lectures may help.
And as promised, for the interested reader, here are some explanations about how to visualize the covering of the sphere by a torus (actually this is only the simplest one, there are several such coverings). In the following, it will be very useful if you take some piece of paper to draw what I'm going to explain. First, you have to be familiar with the representation of a torus by a rectangle (or a parallelogram) whose opposide sides are identified two by two.
So to get a sphere out of this torus, do the following. Pick the center of the rectangle (we consider a rectangle to keep things a bit simpler), and identify the points opposite from each other with respect to the center. If you are careful about the identification of the opposite sides, you will see that, in addition to the center itself, there are three other points that are not identified with any other (or rather their image opposite to the center is themselves). They form the four banching points of the covering. Now you can see that any point of the rectangle either lies on the left side half of the rectangle, or is identified with a point lying there. What remains to do is to convince yourself that this half-rectangle, together with the original identifications coming from the torus and the new identification we added, is really a sphere.
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Copyright S.Monnier 2009-2018. Bookmark or share
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First Nations
1. Who are the "Cree" and where do they live?
2. How did they come to be named "Cree"?
3. What language do they speak? Teach us some Cree words or phrases.
4. Tell us about the Cree culture and lifestyle.
5. Describe some of their traditions and tribal rituals.
6. What do the Canadian Cree do for a living?
7. Discuss the importance of their hunting and fishing skills.
8. Talk a little about the Canadian fur trading industry.
9. Can you name some notable Cree Indians?
10. Share a Cree folk tale, legend, or myth.
Did you survive? Click here.
Now that you have finished the first survival season, do you think this is a good television concept?
Do you think there should be another season?
How well do you think your team performed?
Did everyone work together?
Now that your task is complete, what did you do well?
What would you do differently?
After your preparation for this reality-based program, do you think you could survive in another setting? Where?
What other books would you suggest for future episodes?
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In May of 1941, Woody Guthrie was hired by Stephen Kahn of the Bonneville Power Administration to write folk songs for a new film called The Columbia. The government documentary would promote the benefits of cheap hydro-electric power, irrigation, and land reclamation from a huge public works project on the Columbia River featuring the Bonneville and Grand Coulee dams.
The ambitious New Deal planners and America’s most topical songwriter would team-up in an effort to create a “a new promised land” in the Pacific Northwest. It was ambitious, unlikely, and part of a big optimistic dream to help “the people” in the midst of the Great Depression. It was a very unique time in American history, punctuated with utopian dogma, progressive politics, and a new brand of “Americanism” that emphasized the “cultural wealth” of average citizens. It was the beginnings of an American folk revival as a response to hard times.
As a temporary employee, Woody Guthrie was assigned to write a song-a-day. He wrote 26 in 30 days.
It was a patriotic opportunity for a man not remembered as particularly patriotic. It was a fight against powerful, private interests, the kind that Woody fought all his life. It was a month of structure for a man who was terribly unstructured. And it resulted in a prolific period of songwriting by a man who helped define our American identity with songs remembered for generations. In 1941, Woody Guthrie was motivated by many of the same things that concerned any migrant dust bowler: unemployment and a brighter future. He considered this project on the Columbia River as an opportunity to improve both. Not just for himself, but for everybody in this great big land.
Ramblin' Round - Annie ford
This song was likely written prior to Woody’s BPA experience. Guthrie describes the destitute situation of the unemployed during the Great Depression and the plight of Dust Bowl refugees who were forced to migrate and “go ramblin’ ’round” looking for work. There’s mention of the New Deal agricultural strategy of the 1930s to pay farmers not to harvest in order to stabilize prices. The melody is another adaptation on Lead Belly’s “Good Night Irene.” Sometimes Guthrie repurposed bits and pieces of music unconsciously, as is historically the case for many folk and blues artists.
Recordings: Not recorded for the BPA in any form; recorded commercially for Moe Asch in 1947; appeared on Ballads from the Dust Bowl (Disc, 1947), although titled “Ramblin’ Blues” on the album; the same version also appears on the Columbia River Collection (Rounder, 1987)
Roll on, ColumbiA - Dean Johnson
One of the first songs Woody Guthrie wrote upon arriving in Portland in May of 1941, it’s the defining ballad in his Columbia River song cycle. He briefed himself on the area even before arriving by reading road maps and pamphlets representing a “cardboard history” of the Northwest. Once hired, Guthrie was provided reading materials including a book on the history of the local “Indian wars,” featuring a US Army general named Phil Sheridan. Over time, Guthrie edited out racially insensitive caricatures and politically incorrect references in the song that also commemorates Memaloose Island, a sacred Native American burial site. The use of “Good Night Irene” is an example of Guthrie’s ability to repurpose familiar melodies in entirely new ways. An anthem to public power and named the official Washington State folk song in 1987, it has become one of Guthrie’s most recognizable songs.
Recordings: 1941 BPA acetate copy recovered; available on the Columbia River Collection (Rounder, 1987); never recorded commercially by Guthrie
Pastures of Plenty - Evening Bell
“Pastures of Plenty” is one of Guthrie’s most celebrated songs and one of the greatest folk songs ever written. It’s a ballad about migrant workers and the promise of turning unusable land into an agricultural bread basket in the Columbia Basin. A direct response and/or answer to his earlier Dust Bowl ballads, this song was recorded along with two other Columbia River songs for The Columbia film soundtrack in New York in 1942. The minor key Guthrie used in this setting added greatly to the stark nature of the scenes of drought-stricken Dust Bowlers. The later and more familiar version Guthrie recorded with Moe Asch in a major key features a slightly up-tempo rhythm and harmonica, which dramatically changes the tone of the song from a “brooding melody” capturing the melancholy of the migrant dilemma into a more positive tune about the hope of irrigation for Dust Bowl refugees. One of the most popular compositions in the Guthrie catalog, it remains as one of the most frequently recorded Columbia River songs and continues to stand as an enduring anthem for social change.
Recordings: The original “modal” minor-key soundtrack version, recorded in 1942 at Reeves Sound Studio in New York City for the film The Columbia, is lost; a copy was found in the mid-1980s on a duplication record pressed in Portland, Oregon, by Gordon Macnab in the early 1960s and is included on American Radical Patriot (Rounder, 2013); recorded commercially in a major key for Moe Asch in New York City in 1947, and appeared on Ballads from the Dust Bowl (Disc, 1947) and the Columbia River Collec- tion (Rounder, 1987)
Hard Travelin’ - Eli West
This song was written in 1940 at the apartment of Harold Ambellan and Elizabeth Higgins at 31 East Twenty-First Street in New York City’s Flatiron District and later submitted to the BPA. Considered a Columbia River song although it has no mention of dams, irrigation, or electricity, Woody clearly used it to meet his song-a-day requirement. One of the most recorded songs in Woody’s catalogue, it was a favorite during the folk revival of the early ’60s. The song title also became a phrase in the folk lexicon to separate folksingers who had lived it, like Woody, and the new urban folksingers who hadn’t.
Recordings: Not recorded by the BPA in any form; recorded commercially for Moe Asch on April 20, 1944, with Sonny Terry, and again in 1947; the later version appeared on Ballads from the Dust Bowl (Disc, 1947) and later on the Columbia River Collection (Rounder, 1987)
Jackhammer blues - shelby earl
Guthrie wrote his first “Jackhammer Blues” in 1940 while observing jack- hammering outside his New York City hotel room, as he cites in the BPA manuscript. That song, which imitates the sound of a jackhammer and was never recorded (it appears in The Nearly Complete Collection of Woody Guthrie Songs), is a completely different song than this Columbia River version, which he later recorded commercially for Moe Asch and renamed “Jackhammer John.” This song is an ode to the hard work and rough-and- tumble lifestyle of the men who built the dams.
Recordings: 1941 BPA acetate copy recovered; available on the Columbia River Collection (Rounder, 1987); recorded commercially for Moe Asch as “Jackhammer John” on May 19, 1944; not to be confused with an earlier “Jackhammer Blues,” written in 1940 but never recorded, or “The Ballad of Jackhammer John,” another Columbia River song never recorded
26 Songs in 30 days is Available now
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Otzi/Oetzi the Mummy
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oetzl3In 1991, when walking near a melting glacier on the Otztal Alps in South Tyrol, at the border of Austria and Italy, tourists Helmut and Erika Simon noticed something they could not identify. Moving closer, they began to panic when they realized what they had found. It was not a discarded piece of worthless matter as they had expected. It was a human corpse lying with its chest against a flat rock.
The couple could hardly have imagined the importance of their discovery or the far-reaching effects it would have on both the world of science and history in general.
The Discovery
Named for the place where it was found, the mummy would become known as Otzi (also spelled Oetzi) the Iceman. Though it was originally thought to be modern, when taken to Innsbruck, its age was determined to be about 5,300 years old. This made Otzi one of the world’s oldest and best preserved mummies.oetzl1
So, who was Otzi the Iceman? What did he look like? What did he wear? What did he eat? What tools did he use? How did he live? How did he die? These are all questions that scientists have been working to answer ever since Otzi was discovered.
Otzi’s Clothing and Possessions
The Iceman’s clothing and possessions have given scientists a better look at what life was like during the Neolithic Age in Europe. As a result of the most up-to-date testing, scientists have determined that Otzi weighed approximately 134 pounds, was likely to have been in his 40’s, and was about five foot three inches tall. They surmise that he was probably one of the eldest members of his community.
Though the mummy was fully clothed when he died, much of his apparel had fallen apart by the time he was found. When his body appeared from the ice, the back of his clothing was badly damaged. However, because he was laying face down, substantial parts of his clothes were preserved.
oetzl2Otzi’s clothing list was quite extensive. He wore a pair of shoes, a goatskin coat, a bear fur cap tied with two straps, two goatskin leggings, a goatskin loincloth, and a woven grass mat (for protection from the rain and cold and worn most likely over his head.)
Surprisingly, Otzi’s clothes reflected a level of sophistication. For instance, his shoes were wide and waterproof, a feature that was particularly important when walking across snow. The soles were made of bearskin while the top panels consisted of deer hide and a netting derived from tree bark. Additionally, soft grass was place around the foot and inside the shoe and played the role of warm socks.
Otzi was found with more than 50 tattoos covering his body from head to toe. Researchers have determined that they were not made by creating fine cuts in the skin and then rubbing in charcoal. Instead, the process used left a series of lines and crosses all over Otzi’s skin. And, since the tattoo locations were areas that were prone to injury or pain, researchers speculate that they may have marked acupuncture points.
Health Issuesoetzl5
Unfortunately, for Otzi, he suffered from a variety of maladies and disorders. He had worn joints, hardened arteries, gallstones, a nasty growth on his little toe, and parasitic worms in his stomach. Researchers also discovered advanced gum disease, tooth decay (not surprising since he probably never cleaned his teeth), and alarming levels of arsenic in his system (probably due to working with metal ores and copper extraction).
On his final day, Otzi carried a long list of equipment with him: a longbow made of yew, a chamois hide quiver, fourteen arrows (only two completed), a yew-handled copper ax, and a flint-bladed dagger with a woven sheath. Additionally, Otzi carried two species of mushrooms. One of these, known as the birch fungus is known to have antibacterial properties, and was likely used for medical purposes. The other was a type of finder fungus, included with a part of what appeared to be a complex fire starting kit. The kit featured pieces of over a dozen different plants in addition to flint and pyrite for creating sparks.
On Otzi’s fateful final day, he probably consumed his last meal a short time before setting out on a hike from which he was to never return. His meal consisted of a bit of unleavened bread made of einkorn wheat (one of the few domesticated grains used in the Iceman’s part of the world at this time), some other plant, possibly an herb or other green, and meat. Both ibex meat and red deer meat were detected in his stomach.
Who and What Killed Otzi?
So, ultimately what caused Otzi’s death? The definitive answer is that there is no definitive answer. Right now, scientists are just not sure.
At first, researchers believed that Oetzi was caught in a heavy snowfall, fell asleep, and froze to death. However, in June 2001, they discovered that he had an arrowhead buried in his left shoulder. In June, 2002, they also discovered that he had a fairly debilitating wound to one hand.
Many theories of Otzi’s demise exist. One of them, held by biologist Thomas Loy from the University of Queensland, for example, is that Otzi and one or two companions were hunters who engaged in a fight with a rival group. Then, at some point, Otzi may have carried (or been carried by) a companion. Weakened by blood loss, perhaps Otzi put down his equipment against a rock, lay down, and expired.
However, using protein investigation, the latest research indicates that Otzi’s death was a result of brain damage that was likely caused by a blow to his head.
oetzl4Continuing Discoveries
Since Otzi was discovered over 20 years ago, scientists have continued to study him carefully. In fact, very recently, as a result of using samples drawn from the mummy’s hip bone, researchers have determined that he has at least 19 living relatives (all male). Their common ancestor may have lived 10,000 to 12,000 years ago.
So, what additional secrets is Otzi keeping as he lays in his resting place in the South Tyrol Museum of Archeology in Bolzano (South Tyrol, Italy)? When will he reveal the next exciting discovery? Stay tuned for future developments.
Jan Goldberg
I am the Iceman
DNA Lab Part 1
Otzi the Iceman’s New, Older Face Unveiled
Iceman Bled Out From Arrow Wound, x-Ray Scan Reveals
Five surprising Facts
Otzi the Iceman
Otzi the Iceman
Living Relatives of Otzi the Iceman Mummy Found in Austria
Living Relatives of Iceman Mummy Found
Were Otzi the Iceman’s Tattoos an Early Form of Acupuncture?
Oetzi the Iceman: The south Tyrol Museum of Archeology
Otzi/Oetzi the Iceman Discovery Site Location Map
Otzi: The Iceman Murder/ Watch Free Documentary Online
Oetzi – Iceman of the Alps
Iceman Mummy Leaves Few Relatives
Otzi, the Iceman
Otzi the Iceman
Oetzi The Iceman – A Webquest
Testimony from the Iceman
Video: Iceman Murder Mystery/ Watch NOVA Online PBS Video
The Discovery/Otzi – South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology
Otzi the Iceman Suffered Head Blow Before death, Mummy’s Brain Tissue Shows
Otzi – the Iceman
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Pocahontas: A Divided Life and the Myth
By Andrea Campbell
The story of Pocahontas has been told to generations of schoolchildren who tell the same story to their own children. Unfortunately, new facts bear out that the story that has been told—even Disney-fied with the movie—is a “cultural myth." Learn about the real life of the storied princess.
The Cultural Myth
Pocahontas: A Divided Life and the Myth This popular belief or story has become so word-of-mouth that it is associated as truth of that person, even to becoming a cultural ideal. Cultural myths reinforce belief in popular values or special ideas of the time.
The psychology to these stories reflect the way we grew up. The cultural myth phenomenon taps into a fascination we nourish. We foster these as we reach out to learn about ourselves and how we figure into society.
The psychology of the cultural myth may tap into an emotional vein, something we have been taught as a moral or even ethical construct by our parents. Cultures often instill a story or myth onto the message of their heritage using a famous forbearer whom they would like their offspring to emulate. Through the ages, the story or myth will gain color. Perhaps the hero gets stronger, bigger or more powerful under the face of adversity
Amonute and Matoaka
To illustrate, historian Camilla Townsend defines some of the misbeliefs behind the myth of Pocahontas. To begin, the name “Pocahontas" is a kind of nickname that someone would say to identify a child as a “playful one" or even an “ill-behaved child."
While we don’t believe Pocahontas was an ill-behaved child, her real name in the Powhatan tribe was Amonute and, in private, people close to her might call her Matoaka. She was born in 1596 and was the favored daughter of a Chieftain Powhatan, Wahunsenaca, leader of a network of 30 tribal nations under the Algonquian umbrella in the Tidewater region of Virginia, encompassing Chesapeake Bay.
Pocahontas lived in a place where time was told by how many trips the geese flew north. She led a charmed life as a princess of her powerful and fierce warrior-chieftain father in the Werowocomo Indian village. Many thousand Indians thrived in the thick and dense jungle-like forests and her father led them all.
She was a beloved child who danced in the moonlight and was always in motion –a very young girl building powerful legs and torso. She might have been taught how to weave baskets, make pottery or stitch with beads; certainly, she didn’t have the many chores as the others did.
The Arrival of the Strangers
One day in May, a breeze sent three ships –the Discovery, the Godspeed and the Susan Constant– into the horizon. The Englishmen on these ships were most likely sick, smelly and crabby after the rugged voyage, sporting heavy jackets and all manner of hair on their faces.
One hundred and eight of them blew into the river path and dropped anchor in what they christened ‘James Town,’ in honor of their ruler and benefactor, King James I. They had a mission to make a settlement, yes, but they also had a mission to find mountains of gold and a passage to the other side of the world, which was paramount.
However, these new colonists were lazy, quarrelsome, and did not come prepared to address the harsh conditions. They had assumed the natives would welcome new neighbors.
Of course, the new colonists were met with Indian arrows.
No Welcome for John Smith
John Smith, born in 1580, figured heavily into the colonist’s story. Because he lived on a rented farmland from Lord Willoughby and claimed descent from another ancient family, he was educated at King Edward VI grammar school for a short period.
When his father died, Smith left to join French volunteers to fight for Dutch independence from Spain. He later joined the merchant marines, and wound up fighting the Turks in Hungary. He was wounded, enslaved and murdered a man to escape. His travels took him to parts of Europe and North Africa.
A restless man, he involved himself with the Virginia Company looking to colonize Virginia for money. During the first trip in 1606, Captain Christopher Newport charged him with mutiny. John Smith was a self-promoter and had a self-aggrandizing personality. There were many who disliked each other and he had no good use for his companions either.
Later, his writings would claim the men were jealous of his military and naval experience and since he had many versions of the tales, no one really knows. The other men saw him as a plotter, put him in chains and nearly hanged him. One important thing though, he got on the Jamestown council and did help the misfit new settlers to survive.
Swamps, disease, drought and famine plagued Jamestown. They drank dirty water and had skirmishes with the natives. The English looked at the natives as savages. The Englishmen’s guns were the only thing that the Indians feared.
Encounters with the Tribes
Colony leader John Radcliffe decided Smith should negotiating trading with the natives for food since he had conducted expeditions throughout the region. Smith took a hardline approach, likely threatening the Indians with weapons for food.
He was exploring the Chickahominy River region in December 1607 when Chief Powhatan’s men captured him. He was the sole survivor. Later, he would be held responsible for his companion’s deaths.
There is a story about the Chief putting Smith onto rocks where Pocahontas saves him from club blows. Experts from the Smithsonian, who have studied the early culture, say this probably never happened.
To begin, she would have been much too young –10 years of age– to be privy to that type of ritual. Whether it was done to bring Smith into the tribe like an initiation, we will never know.
Smith was released after a time and saw the tribespeople many times after that.
He did have a relationship with Pocahontas, whom apparently made a big impression on everyone she met. It is said that she helped the colonists in times of dire need by suggesting her people give food to the starving settlers. In addition, she and John Smith did share a love of language and were thought to have taught one another their native tongues. However, there was no romantic relationship—unseemly for many reasons and she was very young—nor was there anything further between them.
Of course, Chief Powhatan was trying to expand his empire and neutralize the English threat, but Smith may not have seen this motivation.
Making a Christian
In fall 1608, Virginia was under a serious drought. The Powhatan community had their own shortage of food and nothing to share with the English. It is said that Smith relied on violence, burning villages, stealing food, imprisoning, beating and forcing the natives into labor.
When the Virginia Company officials learned of this, they were upset thinking that finding gold would now be problematic. They knew the colony leaders wanted to convert the “heathen" Indians to Christianity. Smith’s political troubles began. He was demoted from leadership.
In 1609, the colonists decided to “coronate" Chief Powhatan in an attempt to improve relations but it backfired and Powhatan cut off aid to the colonists. That is when the first Anglo-Powhatan Wars began.
Pocahontas’s Double Life
Pocahontas original At some point, the Powhatan leader had enough of the English. They had guns and towers but could not feed themselves. He cut off relations with them and told Pocahontas the tribe was finished with the outsiders.
They lived about 12 miles from Jamestown and getting there was difficult, involving a team to lift heavy dugout canoes, so she may not have visited often. What she did perhaps was symbolize peace by being present during the colonist’s visits.
Pocahontas married at age 15 or 16. Her Indian husband was named Kocoum and they lived at Potowomac village, his home. They also had a baby, little Kocoum.
An English colonist, Captain Samuel Argall, captured her because he believed it would stop any attacks from the Natives. She was held in Jamestown and may even have been relocated to Henrico. It is believed her husband was killed.
The colonists converted Pocahontas to Christianity. Her conversion involved wearing dresses and leather shoes. This must have been a difficult if not painful transition for her.
She married a lonely, 28-year old man named John Rolfe, a survivor of a Bermuda shipwreck who had lost his own wife and child. Rolfe was very interested in cultivating tobacco and was a chain-smoker himself. At her “baptism," she was re-christened Rebecca.
News of her conversion and marriage reached London and they were apparently thrilled with the birth of her son, Thomas, a year later. Many historians believe that she was used as a vehicle to promote the new settlements and to smooth over what had gone terribly wrong so often in Jamestown.
She was taken to England and paraded around for people to see a real, live Indian Princess. Ten or twelve Indians who were supposed to report to her father accompanied her.
Pocahontas grew sick in England. A few of her comrades had died of tuberculosis and her husband wanted to return to Jamestown. She died during the voyage and was buried in a town called Gravesend. She was 21 years old.
In America, the Indian nation was pushed back further and further.
Chesapeake Bay
What Smith should be famous for is his expeditions throughout Chesapeake Bay. He created maps, logged his adventures and wrote about the things he saw such as otters, minks and beavers; the huge stocks of fish; and the resources that grew naturally.
He did much negotiating with the Indians, introduced Captain Newport to the tribe and contributed to keeping the fort alive, despite their many bad moves, lack of know-how, laziness and incompetence. Most of them died from the conditions.
When Captain Newport came, only 38 of the original crew remained. In fact, a fire broke out after Newport’s arrival and burned thatched roof buildings until most of the stores and food that Newport had brought with him were destroyed.
One night, Smith slept in a boat on the river and was badly injured by a mysterious gunpowder explosion. Remember, he had rubbed many people wrong and was headstrong and boastful. He went back to England for treatment in 1609 and never returned to Virginia.
Publications Writ Large
Smith produced several books about his adventures such as True Relation of Virginia, Map of Virginia, Generall Historie of Virginia (six editions), and True Travels. Archaeologists have confirmed some of the most famous details about the site.
However, Smith was known to embellish facts. He may have wanted to illustrate a romance between himself and Pocahontas to boost his own ego and to increase sales, and the myth took off.
Smith died in England in 1631 at age 51.
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Last edited 06 Apr 2018
The term 'bridging' refers to a brace, or an arrangement of braces, that is fixed between floor or roof joists to keep them in place, prevent joist rotation, and distributing loads over more than one joist. Other, similar terms include 'nogging' and 'dwang'.
Bridging can help strengthen a floor and stop it from bouncing when occupants walk across it. By bridging, each joist shares load with the one/s next to it, which can help reduce deflection by as much as half.
There are a number of different bridging techniques that can be used. Solid bridging involves joist-depth timber being installed perpendicular to and between the joists. Cross-bridging involves an ‘X’ being formed between joists by pairs by braces (also known as herringbone struts).
If a floor has bridging running down the centre already, it can be stiffened further by adding additional rows on either side. The bridging that is already in place should be fastened tightly using additional nails or screws. A good rule-of-thumb is that the span of the joists should be measured and then divided by three, with rows of bridging then placed at both of the one-third points.
[edit] Find out more
[edit] Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki
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Body armour guards against dehydration, not just predators
Introduction: Research by Chris Broeckhoven (UAntwerp) reveals function of lizards’ scales.
Crocodiles, armadillos, turtles and many other animals are equipped with scales -a kind of body armour. It is generally accepted that the main purpose of this shield is to protect them from predators. Research at UAntwerp has shed a different light on this, however. “For lizards, in particular, we found that scales are linked to the availability of water in the habitat,” says Chris Broeckhoven.
Many animals have a type of body armour. This protection can take various forms: there is body armour with and without spines, and sometimes it consists of osteoderms, which are hard, bony plates located in the skin under the scales. It is often assumed that these different sorts of body armour have a protective function, meaning the animal in question cannot - or at least not so easily - fall victim to a predator.
Predation pressure
“But there is no hard evidence for this theory,” says biologist Chris Broeckhoven , affiliated with the Functional Morphology research group at the University of Antwerp. Together with colleagues from the VUB and from universities in the United States and South Africa, he carried out extensive research into the body armour of cordyline lizards living in southern Africa.
“There are several species of cordyline lizards living in those regions, with different degrees of body armour. We took micro-CT scans of their body armour and also determined which habitats the animals lived in and what the local situation was with regard to predation pressure, the chance of being attacked by a predator. Southern Africa is home to many species of snake, birds of prey and mongooses, all of which are predators that may regard cordyline lizards as prey.”
Temperature regulation
Broeckhoven and his colleagues made a remarkable observation. “We found no link between the amount of body armour and the local predation pressure. But we did determine that the dryness of the animals' habitat plays a crucial role. Species that live in the semidesert have much more body armour than species living in subtropical areas or in the mountains. Our conclusion is that body armour probably serves to prevent excessive water loss. In dry areas, body armour can certainly provide animals with a great advantage.”
The research has now been published in the scientific journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Meanwhile, Broeckhoven and his colleagues are preparing for the next phase: “In the autumn, we want to start testing whether body armour really does stop water loss. We also want to explore the vascular canals in the bony plates of the armour in more depth. Blood flows through those bony plates, which indicates they may also play a role in the animals’ temperature regulation.”
Broeckhoven, C., El Adak, Y., Hui, C., Van Damme, R. & Stankowich T. (2018) On dangerous ground: the evolution of body armour in cordyline lizards. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.
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Biome diorama project
Biome diorama project, Create a biome diorama by placing the elements of a particular biome in a box or terrarium an informative poster is helpful for explaining the components of your.
Procedure: from the list, choose a biome for your biome diorama obtain a shoe box cut off/remove the lid your diorama should be visable with the box on it’s side. Whether you are making it for a school project, a base for a model, or just for fun, building a diorama is an easy and enjoyable project steps part 1. Irubric jx68x5x: this is a project that integrates ecology and biology students write a short report (2-3 pages) about a biome of their choice and write a. Due date may 19, 2011 biome-in-a-box diorama project tundra boreal forest deciduous forest grasslands tropical rain forest desert tropical savanna. Ecosystem diorama project who: ms bidlack’s fourth grade class what: ecosystem diorama project (desert, grassland, tundra, forest, tropical rain forest, coral reef.
My students need the following materials to build biome dioramas for their project: plastalina clay, animal wonderfoam, colored noodles, cotton balls, craft fluffs. Biome projectbiome project rubric choose a biome and create a poster or diorama depicting your chosen biome biome project rubric and questions. Model scenery materials and kits to help students build dioramas, displays, other school projects and arts and crafts.
Explore amy salmans helget's board biome projects on pinterest | see more ideas about school projects, biomes and diorama ideas. At home in a biome you may save this lesson plan to your hard drive as an html file by selecting file a diorama biome diorama project descriptiondoc. Biome-in-a-box diorama the biome should be realistically represented with geographical features such as grading rubric for biome-in-a-box project and letter.
This is a multiple day project resulting in an oral presentation, as well as a 3d diorama of a specific biome plan your 60 minutes lesson in science or special. Teacher tip: this is the culminating project in the unit it involves students researching a specific biome individually and creating a google slides presentation. Biomes and ecosystems project due: thursday your objective is to create a diorama of one of the major biomes or ecosystems biome diorama project.
Irubric c6363b: students will build a diorama that shows factors of the biome that distinguish it from the other biomes they should show plants, animals, climate. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site.
Who: fifth grade science students what: diorama depicting one of earth’s six major kinds of biomes (large ecosystems) when: how: build a scene on the inside of a. Biome-in-a-box project due wednesday, march 20th biome-in-a-box diorama (50 points): you have been assigned one of the following biomes. Explore jennifer flessati's board tundra project on pinterest desert in a box: biome diorama this would be a great way to make a sea turtle nest display.
Biome diorama project
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Jackson and Internal Improvement
Jackson did not have a consistent policy towards internal improvement. He supported some efforts and opposed federal involvement in others. He often used his support as a political tool.
President Andrew Jackson was conflicted about his positions on “internal improvement”. He supported the idea in theory. However, Jackson questioned both the cost of these improvements, as well as whether it was constitutional for the federal government to support internal improvement. Early in his term Jackson vetoed a bill that would have authorized the construction of what was called “the Maysville Road”. The Mayville Road was to be part of a larger national road system. The road was to pass through the hometown of Henry Clay, one of Jackson’s political rivals. The location of the proposed road did not hurt Jackson’s enthusiasm for the veto. Jackson’s veto message was ambiguous enough to be well received. President Jackson stated that he was in favor of improvements– but for improvements that were for the national good, and not merely for sectional good. Jackson also wanted to ensure that the government did not grow too large. Therefore, Jackson contended that national involvement in improvements should be limited.
Jackson’s ambiguity on the matter of improvement served him well. He did not set clear criteria. Thus he was able to approve or disapprove projects based, not only on the national good, though rather on his political needs at the time. Despite Jackson’s inclination not to support the involvement of the federal government in the internal improvement projects, those projects funded by the federal government increased rapidly during his presidency.
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How to Draw a Toothpaste Tube
Updated February 21, 2017
Sometimes drawing familiar objects, such as toothpaste tubes, is more challenging than drawing unfamiliar ones. Because you are used to seeing such items on a regular basis, you have a more thorough understanding of how they are truly supposed to look, making them more difficult to portray. With a bit of practice, you can look at a toothpaste tube with a fresh eye and draw its likeness.
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1. Lay your toothpaste tube in front of you and move it into a position that you would like to draw. Place your paper onto an easel or the surface of the table, close to the toothpaste tube.
2. Draw the outline of the toothpaste tube. This typically looks like a rectangle that is narrow at the front and becomes slightly larger toward the end.
3. Draw the opening of the toothpaste tube by drawing a triangular shape that extends from the front of the rectangle drawn in step 2. Use the toothpaste tube placed in front of you for reference to determine how large to make this triangle.
4. Finish the opening of the toothpaste tube. Erase the point of the triangle drawn in step 3, and draw a square that rests on the end of the erased section of triangle. This square shape makes the tip of the nozzle of the toothpaste tube.
5. Write any logos or other symbols you would like to use onto your toothpaste tube. Observe the tube of toothpaste sitting in front of you and take note of any other details that you would like to include in your drawing, such as any textural elements of the cap or wrinkles and bumps in the tube itself.
6. Observe the toothpaste tube in front of you, and take note of the shadows underneath the tube, as well as any shadows that the tube casts onto the table. Draw these shadows onto your paper by lightly sketching them in with your pencil.
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Things You'll Need
• Paper
• Pencil
• Toothpaste tube for reference
About the Author
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To reach us by telephone:
is now a proud sponsor of the
Save the Gouldian Fund
Gouldian Finches.
CLICK HERE to learn more…
By Dr. Rob Marshall
Most orphaned wild birds and aviary birds that stop eating because of illness can be saved when ER Formula is given. ER stands for “EMERGENCY RESCUE”. ER Formula is best administered using a crop needle, but it can also be given by spoon or syringe. It is ideal for orphaned nestlings who accept it voraciously by the syringe or spoon method. The crop needle application is a special technique that requires a crop needle and individual tuition.
The following procedures stabilize the body functions whilst the exact nature of the disease is ascertained for ill aviary birds, or allows orphaned birds to recover from their ordeal:
1. Heated ER Formula is administered by a crop needle.
2. Provide bird with radiated or electric heating.
3. Provide clean seed and water.
4. Remove sand and grit.
Immediate heat and energy supplements are needed to save seriously ill birds.
The ill bird loses body heat very quickly when it stops eating, as the energy reserves are depleted by illness. By re-establishing the normal body temperature and blood sugar levels, most lives are saved. Heat of 35° Celsius is needed since the normal body temperature of the Budgerigar is 42° Celsius.
The internal body core temperature is most quickly elevated by a heated energy source (ER Formula) administered directly into the crop. For example, budgerigars, 3mls of ER Formula of maple syrup consistency and heated to 35° Celsius is given to Budgerigar-sized birds using an 18 gauge crop needle. The bird is then placed into a quiet, heated hospital cage. Clean paper is used on the floor to monitor and collect droppings. Fresh food and water is given, but grit, sand and other foods are removed until recovery is complete because the ill bird often over-engorges on grit and then obstructs the gizzard causing death.
Utensils For Crop Feeding
A syringe and crop needle should be used for crop feeding. In between feeds, boil the utensils, etc., so as to prevent any food spoilage and subsequent infections. The utensils are soaked in a disinfectant such as KD Water Cleanser after cleaning. The ER Formula must be made fresh and the leftovers discarded.
Amounts and methods for feeding ER Formula
The size of crop needle and amount of ER Formula are as follows:
Bird Type & Size Crop Needle Size & Length Amount of ER Fed
Canaries & Finches Finch Syringe 2-3ml w/Quik-gel mixed through
Orphaned Wild Birds Syringe or small spoon 3ml
Budgerigar-sized 18 gauge, 3cm long 3ml
Cockatiel-sized 16-17 gauge, 5cm long 5mls, 2 times daily
Pigeon & Galah-sized 21-14 gauge, 7cm long Pigeons: 20mls, 2 times daily.
Parrots: 10mls, 2 times daily.
Ducks & Chickens Stomach tube 50mls, 2 times daily.
Preparing the ER Formula
Have everything ready before preparing the ER Formula. You will need hot water, a medium-sized bowl, 2 small cups, a butter knife or spoon, a 3ml syringe and crop needle with which to feed the bird and a small towel to wipe the bird's face clean. Prepare the formula by following these steps. This recipe makes 3mls of ER Formula. Adjust the amount accordingly for larger sized birds.
• Fill the medium-sized bowl with hot water.
• Into the small cup, add 1 spoonful of ER Formula.
• Hold the small cup in the larger bowl so that the hot water keeps the formula warm.
• Adding a couple drops of hot water from the tap at a time, use the butter knife or back of the spoon to mix the powder into a paste.
• Use the knife or spoon to squash the formula against the side of the cup to smooth out all lumps.
• Continue adding a couple drops of hot water at a time until the formula is the consistency of maple syrup.
• Have the bird nearby, but not in the preparation area, as the water and ER Formula must remain hot when fed to your sick bird.
• It is best not to make the formula in the microwave. Mix by hand with the hot water and double check the temperature before feeding.
• Continue feeding for one day after the bird is seen eating seed on its own.
Spilled food around the bird's face should be cleaned with a warmed cleaned cloth before it dries. A “bib” may help keep the feathers clean, as well as a fine warm water mist spray over the body when weather is hot, but prevent chilling.
The Crop Needle Technique
Some tips when crop needling birds (The crop needle is a blunt needle or crop tube passed gently and directly into the crop.):
• Always lubricate the crop needle prior to use. A small amount of oil or Vaseline helps the tube to slide into the fragile and often dry oesophagus.
• Make the ER Formula very warm and fresh each meal. Pre-warm the syringe and needle. Use hot water and not a microwave to heat the formula, as this avoids “hot spots” that burn the crop lining.
• Clean and disinfect the crop needle and feeding syringe with KD Water Cleanser after every feeding.
• Extend the neck as the needle is slowly introduced from the right side of the beak into the left side of the back of the mouth. The crop needle is then passed gently into the crop. Check it is in the crop by feeling for the crop needle through the skin on the outside of the crop. Now slowly inject the formula into the crop.
• Fill the crop with the formula. Stop when the tongue moves in a swallowing motion and then quickly but gently remove the needle. Medication may also be mixed into the ER Formula.
• Immediately return the bird to the heated hospital cage.
Preparation of Quik-gel & ER Formula for crop feeding
Place a teaspoon of ER Powder in a cup, then, while adding 10ml of hot water (35° C or 90° F) in small amounts, mix it continuously until a smooth cream-like solution is created. Maintain the heat of this liquid formula by using a hot water bath. Then mix 1 drop of Quik-gel into the formula and immediately draw up 3ml into a crop needle and warmed syringe, and administer it to the sick bird. This 3ml solution is enough to treat 3 birds. Repeat this process 2 – 3x each day until the sick birds are active and again eating. For crop and gizzard blockages continue this treatment twice daily for 3 days. For egg-binding add 5 drops of Calcium Plus to this mixture and continue this treatment twice daily for 3 days.
Alternative products To ER Formula
Glucodin 5% (glucose powder) and hot water.
Honey 5% and hot water.
Polenta (corn powder) or rice flour and hot water.
Strained baby food.
This formula is used for seed-eating birds and not for Lorikeets. Lorikeets are best fed grapes, apple puree or apricot juice by spoon, rather than by a crop needle.
|
<urn:uuid:c9b855f8-22ea-4d98-9173-e2f17e31a957>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.020419597625732422,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9121180176734924,
"url": "https://ladygouldian.com/content/emergencies"
}
|
Rama Yantra
• Introduction
The Rama Yantra consists of a pair of cylindrical structures, open to the sky, each with a pillar or pole at the center. The pillar/post and walls are of equal height, which is also equal to the radius of the structure. The floor and interior surface of the walls are inscribed with scales indicating angles of altitude and azimuth. Rama Yantras were constructed at the Jaipur and Delhi observatories only.
Rama Yantra perspective
The Rama Yantra pairs and the Digamsa Yantra at the Jaipur observatory.
• How it works
The Rama Yantra is used to observe the position of any celestial object by aligning an object in the sky with both the top of the central pillar, and the point on the floor or wall that completes the alignment. In the daytime, the sun’s position is directly observed at the point where the shadow of the top of the pillar falls on the floor or wall. At night, an observer aligns the star or planet with the top of the pillar and interpolates the point on floor or wall that completes the alignment through the use of a sighting guide.
The floor is constructed as a raised platform at chest height, and is arranged in multiple sectors with open spaces between them. This provides a space for the observer to move about and comfortably sight upwards from the inscribed surface. The instrument is most accurate near the intersection of floor and wall, corresponding to an altitude of 45 degrees. Here, the markings are at their widest spacing, and give an accuracy of +/- 1’ of arc. For altitude readings greater than 45 degrees, the accuracy diminishes, and diminishes to +/- 1 degree near the base of the pillar.
Watch this 30 second animation of the Rama Yantra at the Delhi Observatory to see how it is used to locate a star at night.
• Non-identical Twins!
Among Jai Singh’s many contributions to sky observation, perhaps the greatest was the design of paired instruments such as the Rama Yantra and Jai Prakash at the Jaipur and Delhi observatories. These instruments incorporate inscribed surfaces at regular intervals, with an equal space between them for an observer to stand to take readings. The instruments were exact complements (or opposites) of one another - where one had an inscribed surface, the other would have an empty space for an observer to stand. If you could lift one and superimpose it over the other, the surface would be continuous, since where one had a void, the other would have a solid, inscribed surface. In the Rama Yantra, the floor was constructed with either 30 (Delhi) or 12 (Jaipur) sectors. As a celestial object’s position changes, its position on the floor or wall also changes, and when the object’s position no longer aligns with an indexed surface (when it moves past the edge) the observer simply has to walk to the other instrument to continue the observation.
© 2017 Barry Perlus - All content on this website unless otherwise noted is copyrighted and may not be used in any form without written consent - contact
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<urn:uuid:9ca33ff7-1c2c-4079-b0fb-d6ca1bbadf1d>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.828125,
"fasttext_score": 0.08068656921386719,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.936140775680542,
"url": "http://www.jantarmantar.org/learn/observatories/instruments/rama/index.html"
}
|
Examining Courtship
What is a courtship behavior?
The focus of this website is the broad category of courtship behaviors, or those sets of behaviors animals use to communicate a desire to mate. A wide variety of animals and behaviors are presented here in order to demonstrate just how broad and fluid the term courtship really is. These behaviors include penis fencing by flatworms, territorial strategy by lizards, sexual mimicry in cuttlefish, and courtship specific adaptations in pipefish.
Peacock courtship display that involves the male displaying their tail feathers to impress females. (Source: kmbiology.weebly.com)
Understanding Courtship Behaviors through Tinbergen's 4 Questions
Since the topic touches such a wide range of behavioral sets it can be useful to have a template or theme for the analysis. A common and helpful tool is Tinbergen’s four questions, a categorization of explanations for behavior introduced in a 20th century paper by the author. These questions are grouped into those that deal with proximate explanations and ultimate causations as well as snapshot (the immediate reasoning for a behavior) and chronicle (the overarching drive of the behavior). The proximate and snapshot explanation of a behavior is referred to as the mechanism while the proximate and chronicle explanation is called ontogeny. Similarly, the ultimate and snapshot explanation of a behavior is referred to as the adaptive value while the ultimate and chronicle explanation is the phylogeny. These explanations are further described and put to use in the case of four different behaviors throughout this website.
tinbergens 4 questions
An informational flowchart explaining the process of utilizing Tinbergen's 4 questions to better understand a behavior and the potential genetic basis for a behavior. (Source: wikiwand.com)
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<urn:uuid:904a65db-32e9-4183-8383-f3fc7ad4ebb4>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.75,
"fasttext_score": 0.8499863743782043,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9220617413520813,
"url": "http://www.reed.edu/biology/courses/BIO342/2016_pages/2016_websites/GanserRodolf-dw/index.html"
}
|
Positional properties in Osage
In Osage, the distinction between standing, sitting, lying and moving objects is fundamental. This "positional configuration" (Quintero 2004) is inherent to objects, such that for example a dish will always "sit" on the table surface. Speakers must always use speech elements consistently with the according inherent positional properties of an object, otherwise "(…) a wrong choice of positional article results in a distorted mental image. A dish 'lying' on the table would be a dish stretched or flattened into some unnatural shape because dishes inherently sit" (Quintero 2004: 370). This doesn't refer to animals and humans, as those can take different positions. But even for them their respective position at the reference time of the utterance is marked accordingly as sitting, standing, lying or moving. Positional properties of an object, animal or person are reflected by a very complex and rich system including the following speech elements:
• Continuative aspect markers (or positional auxiliaries for the 1st/2nd and 3rd person (17 distinct auxiliaries by person, number and position)
• Positional articles (7 articles distinguishing position and shape and arrangement)
• Specific positional plural articles (3 articles distinguishing collective shape and thus position)
• Configurational postpositions (4 postpositions, related to the according articles)
• Other locative postpositions (8 postpositions specifying movement in distinct directions and positions relative to the speaker)
• An indefinite pronoun, often modified by a positional article
Marking for position is mandatory if one or more of the these elements is used; the speaker then must make the right choice to mark the positional properties of the object or person in question. The plural articles take the arrangement of several objects as a whole into consideration, for example apples in a pile or sticks in a bundle. The according elements marking positional properties also transmit basic information about the approximate shape of the object: a sitting object must be roundish, while a standing or lying object (inanimate) cannot be roundish. An apple on a surface is round and thus sits on the surface. But a pile of apples viewed as a whole, stands.
(1) waðílɑɑ mikšé
think 1sg.CONT.SIT
'I am sitting here thinking'
(lit: 'sitting roundish I thinking')
Example (1) is an interesting special case which shows how the meaning of the auxiliary (here: mikšé) can slip in directly, although in principle independent from the semantics of the verb. In (1) the verb is not marked for 1st person singular. The number and person, as well as the sitting state of the animate subject are not signaled by markers on the verb, but are signaled by the aspect marker instead. Another special case is featuring stasis (standing) continuative aspect ãkatxá̃:
(2) hpó̃hka ãkítãke hta ãkatxái
hpó̃hka ãk -ki -tãké hta ãkatxá̃ -ðe
Ponca A1P-DAT-fight FUT 1pl.CONT.STA-DECL
'We're going to fight the Poncas.' (lit. 'We are standing ready to fight the Poncas.')
Used like in (2), according to Quintero ãkatxá̃ can also mean 'standing ready', 'action is imminent'. Example (3) features the same auxiliary ãkatxá̃ (continuative aspect, standing, 1st person plural), but unlike (2) without the connotation of action pondered or imminent:
(3) wáazõ ãkákxai
waa-ki -zõ ãkátxá̃ -ðe
U1P-DAT-enjoy 1pl.CONT.STA-DECL
'we're having a good time' (lit. 'to us standing enjoying')
Movement (kinesis) continuative aspect
The following examples reveal the aspectual function of the 'move' positional auxiliary.
(4) awáachi ãhé
Wa -waa -chí ãðihé
A1S-PREV-dance 1sg.CONT.MOV
'I am dancing'
(5) awáachié
Wa -waa -chí -ðe
'I danced'
Embedded aspect markers
(6) táatã ékižõ ðaišé aha wéeãna mĩkšé
táatã é -ki -Ya -õ ðaišé aha wée -Wa -na mĩkšé
thing PREV-PREV-A2S-do 2sg.CONT.MOV whenever PREV-A1S-grateful 1sg.CONT.SIT
'whatever you're doing, I'm grateful'
(lit. 'whenever you do something [kinesis], I'm grateful [sitting]')
This is an example showing the use of positional/aspect auxiliaries to signal that the 2sg character moves around continuously and the fact that the speaker, the 1sg character is sitting, without actually employing verbs depicting the movement/sitting stance of the characters.
[Examples and Information from Quintero (2004)]
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<urn:uuid:95802b5d-8496-4a36-ae64-f83ddf0075ab>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.1600666642189026,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8575494885444641,
"url": "http://www.american-languages.org/110"
}
|
Refuse Recycling
Serial Information: Civil Engineering—ASCE, 1984, Vol. 54, Issue 7, Pg. 44-45
Document Type: Feature article
The refuse recycling plant at Columbus, Ohio, is a pioneer in burning as fuel a combination of refuse and coal. This hybrid fuel has advantages over burning either alone. One winter in the 1970's Columbus coal supply was threatened due to a cold spell so severe, the Ohio River froze up. Normally, coal arrives at Columbus by barges on the Ohio River. As for an energy-recovery incinerator burning refuse alone, the plant's supply of fuel would be cut off in case of a strike by refuse collectors. Another advantage of the hybrid fuel: The sulfer in the coal counteracts the corrosive effects of the chlorine in the refuse. The chlorine is highly corrosive to incinerator boiler tubes; if there is enough sulfer present, the corrosion problem is essentially solved.
Subject Headings: Corrosion | Wastes | Coal | Hybrid methods | Rivers and streams | Incineration | Chlorine | Recycling | Ohio | United States | Ohio River
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
Return to search
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<urn:uuid:ced01007-8e07-4edd-9a35-0f2e3e9e026c>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.2180432677268982,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9056177139282227,
"url": "http://cedb.asce.org/CEDBsearch/record.jsp?dockey=0041550"
}
|
A. Line to Cashier
time limit per test
1 second
memory limit per test
256 megabytes
standard input
standard output
Little Vasya went to the supermarket to get some groceries. He walked about the supermarket for a long time and got a basket full of products. Now he needs to choose the cashier to pay for the products.
There are n cashiers at the exit from the supermarket. At the moment the queue for the i-th cashier already has ki people. The j-th person standing in the queue to the i-th cashier has mi, j items in the basket. Vasya knows that:
• the cashier needs 5 seconds to scan one item;
• after the cashier scans each item of some customer, he needs 15 seconds to take the customer's money and give him the change.
Of course, Vasya wants to select a queue so that he can leave the supermarket as soon as possible. Help him write a program that displays the minimum number of seconds after which Vasya can get to one of the cashiers.
The first line contains integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 100) — the number of cashes in the shop. The second line contains n space-separated integers: k1, k2, ..., kn (1 ≤ ki ≤ 100), where ki is the number of people in the queue to the i-th cashier.
The i-th of the next n lines contains ki space-separated integers: mi, 1, mi, 2, ..., mi, ki (1 ≤ mi, j ≤ 100) — the number of products the j-th person in the queue for the i-th cash has.
Print a single integer — the minimum number of seconds Vasya needs to get to the cashier.
1 4 3 2
1 2 2 3
1 9 1
7 8
In the second test sample, if Vasya goes to the first queue, he gets to the cashier in 100·5 + 15 = 515 seconds. But if he chooses the second queue, he will need 1·5 + 2·5 + 2·5 + 3·5 + 4·15 = 100 seconds. He will need 1·5 + 9·5 + 1·5 + 3·15 = 100 seconds for the third one and 7·5 + 8·5 + 2·15 = 105 seconds for the fourth one. Thus, Vasya gets to the cashier quicker if he chooses the second or the third queue.
|
<urn:uuid:cd885f3b-e945-4b25-b528-27dbc88b7ef0>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.075114905834198,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8259745836257935,
"url": "http://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/408/A"
}
|
Blackwell Publishing
Coevolution - What happens if a species falls behind in an arms race?
Lag load can determine chance of extinction
As the lag load L increases, the rate of evolution of the species will increase, because it is subject to stronger selection pressure. The lag load also controls the chance that the species will go extinct. As L increases, the species lags further and further behind its competitors and its chance of extinction goes up. As L decreases toward zero, its chance of extinction also decreases.
Coevolution, in this model, can have four forms:
• Contractionary
If a species lags behind its competitors and does not evolve fast enough to keep up with them, it will fall further behind until it goes extinct.
• Expansionary
A species could be ahead of its competitors and out-evolving them; it could theoretically expand until it had an infinite number of descendants.
Clearly, the expansionary mode could not continue for long. In real systems, the main possibility is that a species could alternate between periods of expansionary and contractionary evolution as the fortunes of natural selection favored one species and then another among a group of competitors.
Previous Next
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<urn:uuid:b9c1fd9d-4c6a-403d-829f-51388ae5355f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.8742912411689758,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9408476948738098,
"url": "http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/tutorials/Coevolution26.asp"
}
|
logo_green.jpg (1131 Byte)
The History of Jena
Jena is a city in thuringia which is located in east-central Germany on the Saale River. Today it has ca. 100.000 inhabitants.
hanfried, fsu/archiv (15896 Byte) Jena was first mentioned as a town in 1236.
In 1523/24 it became one of the centres of Reformation.
In 1558 Johann Friedrich the Magnanimous (in vernacular Hanfried) founds the University of Jena. The University is named after Friedrich Schiller who teached from 1789 to 1799 as professor for History and Philosophy in Jena.
schiller's garden houseIn this time Jena and its University grew to an intelectual and cultural centre where many intellectual greats like Goethe, Schiller, Hufeland, Hegel, Tieck and the Schlegel brothers worked.
Nowadays not only street names and plaques, but also lovingly restored buildings, bear witness to this period: for instance Schiller's garden house, Fichte's domicile or Goethe's superintendent's residence in the botanical gardens.
In 1806 Napoleon's troops conquered the Prussian army in the Battle of Jena and Auerstedt.
intershop-tower (9714 Byte)The foundation of Jena's international reputation as an industrial centre was created 70 years later. In comission by Carl Zeiss, Ernst Abbe developed the theory of microscope image formation which gave the impetus for emergence into the industrial age. The "Laboratory for glass technology" was found.
The symbol of Jena, the "intershop-tower" was build in 1972 and represents a telescope. Until today it is a sign for Jenas role as center of the optical industry.
The pictures above are:
1: Hanfried, from FSU/Archive
2: Schiller's garden house, from this link
3: The intershop tower viewed from the Wagnergasse, from this link
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<urn:uuid:05a0db6a-b601-42b5-b5d5-af6380173eb0>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.049648284912109375,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9133131504058838,
"url": "http://gwal.uni-jena.de/jena.htm"
}
|
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