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Societal Comparison on China and India
Topics: Han Dynasty, Roman Empire, Confucius Pages: 3 (581 words) Published: October 15, 2012
Chapter 2
Document analysis
Source: teachings of the Rival Chinese Schools
Author: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, Laozi
Time period:
Purpose: to compare and contrast teachings of different philosophers Tone: teachings
Audience: followers of Confucianism and Daoism
Point of view: first person
Important content: teachings
Assessment of validity: valid
Chapter 3
Time period
Society | china| India|
Characteristics of society| | |
Political| As the dynasties changed, so did the syle of leadership. For example, Qin stressed central authority wgereas the Han expanded the powers od the bureaucracy| Not very cohesive or central.| Social| The rich lived in an entirely different world from the poor.| No interaction between caste systems. | Economic| Agricultural and trade economy. Copper coins were used as money.| Agricultural economy.| Artistic| | |
Religious| Closely linked to politics. Confusiouist tolorted Daoism | Hinduism amd buddism were the largestreligions practiced in India.| Intellectual| | |
Technological| Ox drawn plow, water powered mills, and paper were invented in China| India developed Sanskrit| Military| Only people from the upper class were trained for the military| Warriors were at the top of the social pyramid| Geographic| Very secluded and isolated from outside influences| Very accessible to other countries and open to influences from the middle East and the Mediterranean. It was partially separated from the rest of Asia, especially east Asia by the Himalayas | Demographic| Not very diverse| Very diverse|
Women’s status| Seen as unimportant and as property not humans.| Seen as clever and strong willed. Celebrated for emotions and beauty| | | |
| | |
Document analysis
Source: Greek ambassador description of Mauryan court
Author: Greek ambassador
Time period: 322 B.C.E.
Political: Chandragupta Mauryan
Social: turmoil
Economic: well off
Purpose: to describe the Mauryan...
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Lead Poisoning in Children - Glossary
Lead Poisoning in Children: Early Detection, Intervention and Prevention
Term Definition/Explanation of the Term as Used in This MDH E-Learning Module
Acute Lead Poisoning Disease A current elevation of lead in the blood with or without symptoms
Blood Lead Level (BLL) Screening Test A capillary (finger stick) or venous blood collection for the purpose of detecting and measuring how much lead is in a person's blood.
Chelation Therapy The administration of chelating agents (chemicals) that have the ability to remove heavy metals (i.e. lead) from a person's body to detoxify that person's body.
Chronic Lead Poisoning Disease The cumulative effects of chronic EBLLs.
Diagnostic or Confirmation Test If a capillary blood draw indicates a person has EBLL, then a venous blood draw must be done to confirm the diagnosis of EBLL.
Elevated Blood Lead Level (EBLL) EBLLs of 10 mcg/dL or more are considered to be elevated. Recently, some organizations and states may use 5 mcg/dL to define EBLLs since there are NO safe levels of lead in the blood and evidence now suggests there are adverse effects of BLLs of 5 mcg/dL.
Targeted Screening Screening for a particular condition aimed at a specific group or subset of a population because of characteristics or risk factors that this population may have.
Universal Screening Screening every person in a given population for a particular condition.
µg/dL or mcg/dL BLLs are measured as micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood. µ = a symbol meaning "micro" or in the case of µg/dL, it means "microgram per deciliter" also abbreviated as mcg/ dL = microgram per deciliter. The Joint Commission prefers the use of mcg/dL; thus a gradual change from the use of µg/dL to mcg/dL is expected.
Go To >> References and Acknowledgements
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Jiajing Emperor
The Jiajing Emperor was the ruler of Ming from May 27, 1521 to January 23, 1567. He reigned for 45 years, the second longest reign in the history of the Ming Empire.
Jiajing was the cousin of the Zhengde Emperor. When Zhengde died in 1521 without an heir, Jiajing was his closest relative and was appointed Emperor. He was fourteen at the time.
Jiajing developed a reputation for cruelty. He appointed lazy and incompetent people to high posititions in the government, while able people were banished, exiled, or executed. Jiajing also refused to recieve official audiences, and sent messages through eunuchs. This created great corruption in the Ming government which would last until the end of the 16th century.
In 1542, a group of the Emperor’s concubines plotted to assassinate him. Their plan was to strangle him in his sleep with ribbons from their hair. This assassination attempt ultimately failed, though, due to a concubine tying a knot that could not be tightened. When Jiajing awoke, the concubines and all of their families were executed.
Towards the end of his reign, Jiajing refused to take part in the government. He made no attempt to effectively rule Ming. However, many accomplishments were made during his reign despite his incompetence and idleness. These accomplishments included several innovations in pottery, the defeat of the Mongols, the expansion of Beijing, and the defeat of Japanese pirates raiding Chinese coasts.
Jiajing’s reign sparked the beginning of the end for the Ming dynasty. By the end of the 16th century, Ming was a mere shadow of its former glory and the dynasty eventually died out.
Interesting Fact #1: Jiajing was a devoted Taoist, and built many lavish temples during his reign.
Interesting Fact #2: Jiajing’s name means “admirable tranquility”. His reign was very stable and peaceful, largely due in part to his lackadaisical attitude.
Interesting Fact #3: The deadliest earthquake of all times, The Shaanxi Earthquake of 1556, in which over 800,000 people perished, occured during Jiajing’s reign.
Credits: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/110094/Jiajing, http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Jiajing_Emperor, http://timelines.com/perspectives/707ef848d46dbe580324dbc78a8508d7 Picture: http://www.openminds.tv/chinese-ufos-ptii/
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"url": "https://monarchus.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/jiajing-emperor-of-ming/"
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1. VOA英语学习网
4. 手机版
1. 英语学习网站推荐
2. 剑桥英语考试认证
3. 外教口语面对面课程
How Will You 'Ring in the New Year?' Hello and welcome to the VOA Learning English program WORDS AND THEIR STORIES. Everyone around the world celebrates the New Year differently and at different times. Most people in the U.S. celebrate it on January 1. But they may also observe New Year traditions from other religions or cultures. For example, many Asian cultures celebrate the Lunar New Year. This date changes from year to year. The date of the Islamic New Year also changes from year to year. And in India, each religious group has its own date for the beginning of the year. For example, the Hindu New Year comes in April or May. No matter when you celebrate the New Year, it usually involves thinking about the past year and planning for the year ahead. How Will You 'Ring in the New Year?' People have many different ways of ringing out the old and ringing in the new. But why are bells linked to the calendar change? In the Christian and Buddhist religions, bells are often connected with the New Year. The website CatholicCulture.org explains that "bells serve as a beautiful symbol introducing a new year to be spent together as a community of families ..." Another website desCRIbes how bells are used in Japan on New Year's Eve. "As midnight approaches, Buddhist temples around the country begin ringing out the old year, sounding the temple bell 108 times." Each ring of the bell stands for each of the earthly desires a Buddhist must try to overcome -- all 108 of them! Even those who aren't religious but are a little superstitious, may ring bells at the stroke of midnight on New Year's Eve to scare off bad luck. Men carrying a shrine jump over a bon fire, which means a wish for good luck during a traditional Chinese <b>lunar</b> new year celebration in Jieyang, Guangdong province, China, February 2, 2017. These age-old traditions have given us the phrase "to ring out the old and ring in the new." The English poet Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1892) made the phrase popular with his poem “In Memoriam [Ring Out, Wild Bells].” In this poem, Tennyson rings out, or says farewell to, the bad, and he rings in, or says hello, to the good. Tennyson wrote this poem for Arthur Henry Hallam. The two students met at Cambridge University and quickly became best friends, both showing great promise as writers. Hallam helped Tennyson publish volumes of his poetry in 1830 and 1832. The friends almost became family when Hallam became engaged to the poet’s sister, Emily. However, before they could wed, Hallam died of a brain hemorrhage. He was only twenty-two years old. To remember his good friend, Tennyson wrote the poem “In Memoriam.” He also named one of his two sons Hallam. Here is Jonathan Evans reading the first part of that poem. Ring out, wild bells, to the wild sky, The flying cloud, the frosty light: The year is dying in the night; Ring out, wild bells, and let him die. Ring out the old, ring in the new, Ring, happy bells, across the snow: The year is going, let him go; Ring out the false, ring in the true. Ring out the grief that saps the mind For those that here we see no more; Ring out the feud of rich and poor, Ring in redress to all mankind. Ring out a slowly dying cause, And ancient forms of party strife; Ring in the nobler modes of life, With sweeter manners, purer laws. Thanks, Jonathan. And thank you, our listeners, for the time you have spent reading and listening to WORDS AND THEIR STORIES these past twelve months. We here at VOA Learning English wish all of you a happy start to the New Year. Revelers throw confetti on themselves after after celebrating the new year in Times Square, Sunday, Jan. 1, 2017, in New York. For the New Year, what do you plan to ring out and what do you plan to ring in? Also in the coming New Year, what words, expressions or phrases would you like to learn more about? Let us know in the Comments Sections. I'm Anna Matteo. All of those who are hither and yonder With love in our hearts We grow fonder and fonder Hail to those who we hold so dear And hail to those who are gathered here And a happy new year to all that is living To all that is gentle, young, and forgiving Raise your glass and we'll have a cheer My dear acquaintance, a happy new year Happy new year Anna Matteo wrote this story. Kelly Jean Kelly was the editor. At the end of the story, Regina Spektor sings “My Dear Acquaintance (A Happy New Year).” ________________________________ Words in This Story desiren. the feeling of wanting something superstitiousadj. of, relating to, or influenced by superstition superstitionn. a belief or way of behaving that is based on fear of the unknown and faith in magic or luck : a belief that certain events or things will bring good or bad luck stroken. the sound of a bell being struck (The bell rung at the stroke of twelve.) hemorrhagen. a condition in which a person bleeds too much and cannot stop the flow of blood frostyadj. cold enough to produce frost sapv. to use up the supply of (something, such as a person's courage, energy, strength, etc.) feudn. a long and angry fight or quarrel between two people or two groups redressv. to correct (something that is unfair or wrong) nobleadj. having, showing, or coming from personal qualities that people admire (such as honesty, generosity, courage, etc.) moden. a particular form or type of something (such as transportation or behavior) mannern. behavior while with other people 来自：VOA英语网 文章地址: http://www.tingvoa.com/17/12/How-Will-You-Ring-in-the-New-Year.html
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City Yoga Lessons
Who was Associated with the Terracotta Warriors?
China's first emperor, Qin Shi Huang declared to have a Clay Army built over his tomb to join him in the afterlife. He believed that the Clay Army would represent his ferocious army and his great accomplishments during his reign. Combat was his life hood and victory was his only aim, as him and his people reveled in ethics, arts, and necessities.
What are the Terracotta Warriors?
The Terracotta warriors were a representation of Qin Shi Huang's successful and ferocious army. The Clay Army consists of 8,000 statues arranged in battle formation. The army can be split up into three sections, or pits. (Accessory pits were built as well.) Each pit ranks a warrior by their ultimate power.
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"url": "https://www.smore.com/6exq"
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· · · ·
Gamma2 Normae
When the constellation of Norma was first defined, it contained two stars to the north of the main quadrangle shape that makes up the body of the constellation, designated Alpha and Beta Normae. As the boundaries of the constellations were redefined, these two stars were incorporated into neighbouring Scorpius, leaving Gamma2 as the brightest star remaining within the borders of Norma.
Gamma2 Normae is part of an optical double, hence the '2' in its designation. Its partner, the fainter Gamma1, lies roughly half a degree to the west in the sky, but in reality is more than ten times farther from Earth. Gamma2 is about 127 light years from the Solar System, while Gamma1 is more than 1,400 light years away. Physically Gamma2 is a yellow star of the Giant class.
Related Entries
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Statistics How To
Fractile: Simple Definition
Statistics Definitions >
A fractile is the cut off point for a certain fraction of a sample. If your distribution is known, then the fractile is just the cut-off point where the distribution reaches a certain probability.
In visual terms, a fractile is the point on a probability density curve (PDF) so that the area under the curve between that point and the origin (i.e. zero) is equal to a specified fraction. For example, a fractile of .25 cuts off the bottom quarter of a sample and .5 cuts the sample in half. The following image shows the PDF for a normal distribution along with standard deviations (σ) and associated fractiles.
In a normal distribution, a fractile of .5 is equal to the mean, μ. In other words, 50% of the distribution lies below the mean.
A fractile xp for p greater than 0.5 is called an upper fractile, and a fractile xp for p less than 0.5 is called a lower fractile.
Fractiles are important in engineering and scientific applications, and a different form of them– percentiles, see below– are one of the first real life exposure many of us get to statistics, as our parents look up the growth percentiles of our baby siblings and we look up the percentile our SAT scores fall in.
Quantiles, Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles
The word quantile is sometimes used instead of the word fractile, and they can be expressed as quartiles, deciles, or percentiles by expressing the decimal or fraction α in terms of quarters, tenths, or hundredths respectively.
The 1/4-frac x0.25 is the same as the 1st quartile. The 1/2-frac is the 2nd-quartile, and the 3/4-frac is the 3rd quartile.
In the same way, the 0.10-frac is the first decile, the 0.40-frac the fourth decile, and so on.
The 0.01 frac is the first percentile, the 0.23 frac the 23rd percentile, and the 0.99 fract the 99th percentile.
More precisely, for a continuous distribution of a random variable we can define α fractile (xα) to be that point on the distribution such that the variable X has a probability α of being less than or equal to the point.
Symbolically, we can define the fractile xp by writing
P(X ≤ xp)= Φ (xp) =p .
Here φ (x) is the distribution function of your random variable X. Looking at the fractile of 0.8441 in the image above, P(X ≤ (μ + σ) )= φ (μ + σ)) = 0.8441, so xp = μ + σ. If your distribution has a mean of 6 and a standard deviation of 2, the fractile of 0.8441 will be 8 and the fractile of 0.5 = 6.
A fractile is just a cut-off point for a certain probability, so if your distribution is known then you can just look it up in the relevant table. For example, the z-table shows these cut-off points (xp) for the normal distribution.
You can calculate the xp of your non-standard random variable X from the fractile up using the standardized variable U with the following formula:
• V is the coefficient of variation for your variable X.
• μ is the mean
• σ is the standard deviation
• up is the fractile of the standardized normal variable corresponding to probability p. For example, u0.1 corresponds to p = .1
In order to find up, consult a table for the specific distribution you’re working with. For example, the following table shows up of a standardized random variable with a normal distribution (from Milan Holický’s Introduction to Probability and Statistics for Engineers).
For example, suppose you wanted to calculate the value of xp for p = 0.10 where the coefficient of variability was 0.3 and the mean 5. up is 1.282, so xp will be 5(1 + 1.282 · 0.3) or 6.923.
Calculating fractiles for variables when you don’t know the underlying distribution can be tricky. Three methods are available: classical coverage method, prediction method, and a Bayesian approach. These advanced tools are usually used by engineers and can be found in the relevant International Organization for Standardization (ISO) publications. For example, classical coverage is outlined in ISO 12491.
• The classical coverage method obtains values within a certain confidence interval, rather than an exact figure. Although this method can work with very small sample sizes, skewness must be known from prior experience.
• The prediction method, prediction limits are used as a constraint for new values.
• The Bayesian approach uses prior knowledge for distributions of random variables.
More details about these three methods can be found in Holický’s Introduction to Probability and Statistics for Engineers.
Basic Statistics
Introduction to Probability and Statistics for Engineers.
Statistics for Non-Staticians
Fractile: Simple Definition was last modified: May 25th, 2018 by Stephanie
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Reading Comprehension Exercise for Class 9 and 10
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
One day Gandhiji and Vallabhbhai Patel were talking when Gandhiji remarked, ‘At times even a dead snake can be useful.’ And he narrated the following story to illustrate his point. Once, a snake trespassed into the house of an old woman. She was frightened and cried out for help. Hearing her loud cries, the neighbours rushed in and killed the snake. Then they went back to their homes. Instead of throwing the dead snake far away, the old woman flung it on to her roof.
Sometime later, a kite was flying overhead when it spotted the dead snake. The kite was holding a pearl necklace in its beak. When it saw the dead snake, it dropped the necklace on the roof and flew away with the dead snake. When the old woman saw a bright, shining object on her roof, she pulled it down with the help of a pole. When she found that it was a pearl necklace, she danced with immense joy.
One day a trader found a snake in his house. He couldn’t find anyone to kill it for him and hadn’t the courage to kill it himself. Besides, he hated killing any living creatures. So he covered the snake with a pot and left it there.
As luck would have it, that night some thieves broke into the trader’s house. They entered the kitchen and saw the overturned pot. ‘Ah’, they thought, ‘the trader has hidden something valuable here.’ As they lifted the pot, the snake hissed and the thieves ran for their life.
Read the given questions and write the answer in a sentence.
1. Why did the woman cry out for help?
2. What did the kite do when it saw the dead snake on the roof?
3. How did the live snake help the trader?
4. Why was the old woman happy?
5. Find the word from the passage which means
(a) to make the meaning of something clear
(b) a long thin straight piece of wood / metal
1. The woman cried out for help because a snake had trespassed into her house.
2. When the kite saw the dead snake, it dropped the pearl necklace it was carrying in its beak and flew away with the dead snake.
3. The live snake helped the trader by scaring away the thieves who had broken into his house.
4. The old woman was happy because she got a precious pearl necklace.
5. (a) illustrate; (b) pole
Manjusha Nambiar
I am the founder and editor of,, and
Leave a Reply
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GPS devices
In general, a GPS device sends a stream of data every second. The stream is composed of information organized in command groups. Here's an example of the output from a GPS:
Each line corresponds to a data set. Here's the C structure of some of the data sets:
typedef struct GPSRMC_s {
double UTC;
int Status;
Degree_t Latitude;
NORTHSOUTH Northing;
Degree_t Longitude;
EASTWEST Easting;
float Speed;
float Heading;
} GPSRMC_t;
typedef struct GPSVTG_s {
float Heading;
float SpeedInKnots;
float SpeedInKMH;
} GPSVTG_t;
typedef struct GPSUTM_s {
UTM_t X;
UTM_t Y;
You could provide one API per GPS format command: gps_get_rmc(), gps_get_vtg(), get_get_utm(), and so on. Internally, each function would send a message with a different command, and the reply was the data last received by the GPS.
The first obstacle was that read() and write() are half-duplex operations; you can't use them to send a command and get data back. You could do this:
GPSUTM_t utm;
Int cmd = GPS_GET_GSA;
fd = open( "/dev/gps1", O_RDWR );
write( fd, &cmd, sizeof( cmd) );
but this code looks unnatural. Nobody would expect read() and write() to be used in that way. You could use devctl() to send a command and request specific data, but if you implement the driver as a resource manager, you can have a different path for every command set. The driver would create the following pathnames:
and a program wanting to get GSA information would do this:
gps_gsa_t gsa;
int fd;
fd = open ( "/dev/gps1/gsa.bin", O_RDONLY );
read( fd, &gsa, sizeof( gsa ) );
close ( fd);
The benefit of having both the .txt and .bin extensions is that data returned by the read() would be in ASCII format if you use the .txt file. If you use the .bin file instead, the data is returned in a C structure for easier use. But why support *.txt if most programs would prefer to use the binary representation? The reason is simple. From the shell you could type:
# cat /dev/gps1/rmc.txt
and you'd see:
# GPRMC,185030.00,A,4532.8959,N,07344.2298,W,0.9,116.9,160198,,*27
You now have access to the GPS data from the shell. But you can do even more:
Contrary to what you might think, it's quite simple to support these features from within the resource manager.
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Foot Feathering
Most pigeons have scales on their feet (and not feathers), the same as their wild ancestor. But some carry a genetic variation (or two) that gives them feathers on their legs and feet.
Feathering can be subtle, with just a hint of fuzz on the feet. It can also be so extreme that the feet look almost like an extra set of wings. And it can be almost anywhere in between.
Foot Feathering
Genes and Inheritance
Genes and Inheritance
Foot feathering comes from variations in two genes: slipper and grouse. A bird that has the feathery versions of both slipper and grouse have an extreme form of foot feathering, called muff.
The slipper gene comes in two versions, or alleles: ‘slipper’ and ‘no slipper.’ Pigeons inherit two copies of the slipper gene, one from each parent. The two alleles make up the bird’s genotype. What we see, or the phenotype, is the product of both alleles.
The two alleles, ‘slipper’ and ‘no slipper,’ are partial dominant (sometimes called incomplete dominant). That is, both alleles always influence the phenotype. So each allele combination, or genotype, has a different phenotype.
The grouse gene is completely separate from the slipper gene. It too comes in two versions: ‘grouse’ and ‘no grouse.’ And as with slipper, pigeons inherit two copies of grouse, one from each parent.
The ‘no grouse’ allele is dominant to the ‘grouse’ allele, and the ‘grouse’ allele is recessive to the ‘no grouse’ allele. To have the grouse phenotype, a bird must have two copies of the ‘grouse’ allele.
Grouse and slipper work synergistically to make an extreme form of foot feathering, called muff. The largest muff (shown at the far left) comes about when a bird has two copies of the ‘slipper’ allele and two copies of the ‘grouse’ allele. Different allele combinations of slipper and grouse make birds with in-between amounts of foot feathering.
Most traits are controlled by multiple genes
When we learn about genetics, we commonly see lots of examples of inherited characteristics that are controlled by a single gene. Often with these examples, the genes come in just two versions (yellow or green peas; blue or brown eye color). However, single-gene either/or traits are actually quite rare.
Single-gene traits are useful for teaching the basics of inheritance. They emphasize that we inherit two copies of every gene, one from each parent, and the two copies together contribute to inherited characteristics. But such simple examples—which textbooks often over-simplify—can lead us to believe that all inherited characteristics work this way.
In Pigeonetics, we’ve tried to include some examples that show how multiple genes work together to form physical characteristics. Foot feathering, for instance, is an example that shows slipper and grouse (probably with small contributions from additional genes) working together to influence a single characteristic. But even this is a simple example.
Most of our traits are what we call “complex.” They involve the interactions of multiple genes, as well as the environment. Height, for example, clearly has a genetic component: tall parents tend to have tall children, and short parents tend to have short children. But the inheritance of height is unpredictable, and height is also influenced by what we eat. Children who are malnourished will not grow as tall as those who eat a healthy diet.
Most traits work this way. Even traits controlled mainly by genes—including eye color, skin color, hair color, and hair texture—tend to involve multiple genes. And most traits—like risk of diabetes, cancer, or heart disease—involve multiple environmental factors as well.
People come in a continuous assortment of heights, shapes, and sizes
Complex traits often fall along a continuum. People, for example, come in a continuous assortment of heights, shapes, and sizes.
APA format:
Genetic Science Learning Center. (2014, December 2) Foot Feathering. Retrieved June 13, 2018, from
CSE format:
Chicago format:
Genetic Science Learning Center. "Foot Feathering." Learn.Genetics. December 2, 2014. Accessed June 13, 2018.
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"edu_score": 4.09375,
"fasttext_score": 0.5092949867248535,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9312996864318848,
"url": "http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/pigeons/footfeathering/"
}
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Definition - What does Immersion mean?
Immersion is the act of submerging a person or an object entirely into a liquid. It can mean to dip or to sink something in liquid, as well. Immersion is derived from the Latin word meaning to plunge.
Safeopedia explains Immersion
Immersion hinges on the idea of complete coverage. The term can be used to describe both physical as well as metaphorical immersion, or to immersion in an environment. Regarding physical elements, immersion typically refers to the process of covering an object, such as painting it, or dipping products in other liquids.
This definition was written in the context of Environmental Health and Safety
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<urn:uuid:c9b5190f-8ce2-4db1-9e39-64db3fe805d9>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.34355485439300537,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9481571912765503,
"url": "https://www.safeopedia.com/definition/1523/immersion-environmental-health-and-safety"
}
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How Do Gold Nuggets Form?
The origin of gold nuggets is a matter of debate. Many gold nuggets formed as clusters of gold crystals from very hot water in cracks and fissures in hard-rocks, often with quartz. Later, weathering released the gold nuggets that end up in a stream due to gravity.
But many gold nuggets are found in areas where there seems to be no hardrock gold other than sometimes lots of microscopic gold.
Five rival theories then apply, and they might all be right:
1- Gold nuggets form because gold is malleable, bendable and sticky. During transport small gold particles may stick together or indeed be cold-welded together by pressure and shearing in movement of gravels down a slope or in a stream bed. Shearing and hammering creates a small nugget and then they snowball together by squeezing, hammering and shearing in moving gravels. This sounds impossible but there is a lot of anecdotal evidence for it, such as one of the nuggets shown below. Gold is soft, and behaves like extremely heavy chewing gum that gathers together and sticks together. It is interesting that often gold particles get bigger as nuggets for a few km downstream of the gold source, whereas platinum just seems to get smaller and smaller and platinum nuggets are correspondingly rare - platinum isn't sticky!
2- Gold nuggets form because groundwater becomes rich in dissolved gold which sooner or later precipitates in soils and gravels as nuggets. The theory is that the gold precipitates on gold, and so the mass of crystals grows and grows. Now it seems that as well as routine precipitation of gold, the main cause is the role of special bacteria in causing precipitation.
3- Gold nuggets form from hard-rock gold that is now completely worn away, and so the gold prospector cannot find any evidence of hard-rock gold. It was there, but the evidence has now GONE!
4- Gold nuggets in modern placers come from old placers being eroded. The older placers, known as paleoplacers might be just a few thousand years old such as river terraces, or be millions of years old.
5- Gold nuggets weathered out not from 'them thar hills' but from hardrock gold in a zone of weak shattered rock that the stream eroded. Often hardrock gold is missed, being hidden under the placer!
How Do Gold Nuggets Form?
The Welcome Stranger is the biggest alluvial gold nugget found
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<urn:uuid:cdcd4272-60a9-48ed-8f25-0f921018af12>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.96875,
"fasttext_score": 0.8446088433265686,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9584364891052246,
"url": "http://www.geologyin.com/2015/09/how-do-gold-nugget-form.html"
}
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Written by Stacy Chbosky
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The history of Muzak begins in the 1920s, when General George Squier invented and patented music transmission for background usage. The music was transmitted from phonographs to public spaces, like elevators or reception areas, via electrical lines. The name Muzak comes from an amalgamation of "music" and "Kodak," a company Squier greatly admired.
Muzak Becomes Big Business
Background music proved to be extremely popular. General Squier's Muzak was a great success, and the company was bought by Warner in 1938. However, Warner didn't hold on to the company for very long. They sold the company to William Benton in 1939. Benton was not only the publisher of Encyclopedia Britannica, but a powerful politician, to boot.
These days, "muzak" is sometimes used as a derisive term for watered-down, overly-sentimental music. People have a more cynical opinion of "elevator music" than they did in the 1920s. It is no longer deemed a technological wonder, but is more often viewed as a corny type of white noise.
Of course, there's still a need for music in public spaces and for use in telephone hold systems. Many people turn to royalty free music to fill these needs. Royalty free music, also known as buyout music, is really the only cost-effective means of playing music in public spaces. As law suits against music piracy increase, so will the need for royalty free music.
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<urn:uuid:48c611f8-9d04-43a6-a6d4-dd1a7e597367>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.05092090368270874,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9668075442314148,
"url": "http://www.articleinsider.com/entertainment/royalty-free-music/muzak"
}
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Handel’s Esther: a woman, genocide, and an oratorio
Known as the first English oratorio, Esther is a compelling work not only for the beauty of the music, but also the relevance of important issues in the narrative: a young woman, chosen for her beauty, becomes queen and accepts the task of averting genocide of her people. How does knowledge of the Jewish story inform a performance of the oratorio today? How does Handel’s music enhance the libretto? Issues of gender, sexuality, and power are present in the story and in the libretto.
Handel, while knowledgeable in the Christian Bible and English culture, would have had little or no contact with Jews or the Jewish tradition. His libretto was based on an English translation of Jean Racine’s play Esther, and Jewish musical idiom is not surprisingly absent from Handel’s score. But Handel’s music is highly effective in creating mood, dramatic motion, and emotional and intellectual depth barely evident in the relatively thin libretto. Irony, humor, conflicted emotions, and exaggeration – all clearly evident in the Jewish book – are clear in the score, along side obviously Christian elements. Terrifying anger, heart wrenching emotional tension and unexpected moral reflection are among Handel’s musical contributions that serve to amplify the many conflicts in the story.
Studying and teaching this piece offers opportunities to address cultural issues and how they relate, including women as objects and tokens of power, racism and genocide, retaliation and reconciliation, even the Esther’s controversial presence in her king’s court. As we approach the 300th anniversary of the first version of the work, this session discusses contemporary relevance of the story and the dramatic effectiveness of Handel’s score.
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<urn:uuid:959404f0-c91a-4164-8fd7-c167ada18361>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.9375,
"fasttext_score": 0.06196469068527222,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9343109130859375,
"url": "http://acdaeast.org/pittsburgh-2018/presenters-and-interest-sessions/jeffrey-buettner/"
}
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Chapter 1 The Silent Aftermath
In the mid 1950s, a battle bubbled to the surface between a group of Catholic intellectuals, intent on removing segregation in New Orleans Catholic schools, and their formidable segregationist foes. While the intellectuals began planning for the integration of New Orleans Catholic schools as early as 1949, Archbishop Rummel and his Church hierarchy refused to integrate his schools for years, putting off desegregating them until 1962, two years after the New Orleans public schools complied with Federal civil rights laws.
In the battle’s aftermath was a wake of difficult challenges John and his siblings had to face. This is the account of his attempt to understand the consequences of this epic struggle. The story begins with the description of their unusual childhood and the puzzles that surrounded it. Why were they treated harshly by their parents and at times by schoolmates? Why was John sent to a boarding school a short distance from home and not allowed to return on weekends? Who was his adopted brother Joe? Was he used as an instrument of collusion in the battle between segregationist and integrationist?
In the Silent Aftermath John tells how, more than fifty years later, he unraveled shocking discoveries of the mystery behind the difficulties they had as children and the early battle to integrate New Orleans segregated Catholic schools.
Click on a photo.
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.6845328211784363,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9747593402862549,
"url": "https://www.jackbenimble.us/chapter-1-the-silent-aftermath/"
}
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The bdelloids (Bdelloidea) are a class of rotifers, found in freshwater and moist soil. They typically have a well developed corona, divided into two parts, on a retractable head. They may move by swimming or crawling. The latter commonly involves taking alternate steps with the head and tail, as do certain leeches, which gives the group their name (Greek βδέλλα or bdella, meaning leech).
Bdelloids have been of interest to those interest in the evolutionary role of sexual reproduction, because it has disappeared entirely from the group: males are unknown, and females reproduce exclusively by parthenogenesis. Each individual has paired gonads.
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.8829466700553894,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9612922668457031,
"url": "http://www.infomutt.com/b/bd/bdelloid.html"
}
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Definitions of out
2. be made known; be disclosed or revealed; " The truth will out"
3. to state openly and publicly one's homosexuality; " This actor outed last year"
4. of a fire; being out or having grown cold; " threw his extinct cigarette into the stream"; " faint smoke from the extinguished candle"; " the fire is out"; " the quenched flames"
5. knocked unconscious by a heavy blow
7. away from home; " they went out last night"
8. outside of an enclosed space; " she is out"
9. outward from a reference point; " he kicked his legs out"
10. outer or outlying; " the out islands"
11. no longer fashionable; " that style is out these days"
12. reveal somebody else's homosexuality; " This actor was outed last week"
13. out of power; especially having been unsuccessful in an election; " now the Democrats are out"
14. outside or external; " the out surface of a ship's hull"
16. ( baseball) not allowed to continue to bat or run; " he was tagged out at second on a close play"; " he fanned out"
17. not in; or in or into the open; " has been out all day"; " out to lunch"; " the sun is out"
28. A word or words omitted by the compositor in setting up copy; an omission.
29. To cause to be out; to eject; to expel.
30. To come out with; to make known.
31. To give out; to dispose of; to sell.
32. To come or go out; to get out or away; to become public.
33. Beyond possession, control, or occupation; hence, in, or into, a state of want, loss, or deprivation; - used of office, business, property, knowledge, etc.; as, the Democrats went out and the Whigs came in; he put his money out at interest.
34. One who, or that which, is out; especially, one who is out of office; - generally in the plural.
35. A place or space outside of something; a nook or corner; an angle projecting outward; an open space; - chiefly used in the phrase ins and outs; as, the ins and outs of a question. See under In.
36. Expressing impatience, anger, a desire to be rid of; - with the force of command; go out; begone; away; off.
37. Away begone.
38. Without; not within or at home; as, to live out at service; abroad; forth; not in office, possession, or action; as, three players are out; not in existence or continuance; as, put the light out; in error; as, your figures are out; without restraint or fully; loudly; as, to speak out.
39. One who is not in office.
40. Completely; thoroughly.
41. Without, not within: gone forth: abroad: in a state of discovery: in a state of exhaustion, extinction, etc.: completely: freely: forcibly: at a loss: unsheltered: uncovered.
42. Away! be gone !- OUT OF COURSE, out of order.
43. Not within; forth; abroad; beyond limits.
44. Prefix denoting excess, going beyond, or superiority.
45. An outside place.
46. A person or thing that is out or omitted.
47. In a condition of issusnce, or as of having issued; on the outside; not in.
48. Not in harmony or practise.
49. Not at home.
50. To the uttermost.
51. From the inside of. In numerous self explaining compound verbs out adds the sense of surpassing or exceeding. usually meaning " more than, beyond, in excess"; as, outrank, outvote, outweigh, outbid.
52. Without; not within; not at home; in a state of disclosure, or extinction, or being exhausted, or destitution; not in office; to the end; loudly; in an error; at a loss.
53. Exterior.
54. On or to the outside; without; not at home; in a state of exhaustion; in a state of extinction; not in office; not in employment; to the end, as, hear me out; without restraint, as, " I dare laugh out"; not in the hands of the owner, as, " the lands are out upon lease"; with parts of clothes torn, as, out at the elbows; incurring loss, as, out of pocket.
55. Away; begone; prefix, beyond; exceeding; above.
56. One who or that which is without; opposed to in; a nook or corner; an open space.
Usage examples for out
1. It is so much pleasanter out here. – Not Like Other Girls by Rosa N. Carey
2. Seen the p'lice out your way? – A Little Bush Maid by Mary Grant Bruce
3. Out of Christ we do not live; we but exist. – Men in the Making by Ambrose Shepherd
4. I want to get out- I want to get out! – When Egypt Went Broke by Holman Day
5. And out you go. – Gunman's Reckoning by Max Brand
6. Shall I get one out? – Ranching for Sylvia by Harold Bindloss
7. He's out of it. – The Flaw in the Crystal by May Sinclair
8. Why should we not go out? – A Very Naughty Girl by L. T. Meade
9. What did you go out for? – The Turn of the Screw by Henry James
10. Oh, they don't come out. – Moor Fires by E. H. (Emily Hilda) Young
11. " And so they will all go out," said Mr. Boncassen. – The Duke's Children by Anthony Trollope
12. Did you find out that? – The Golden Silence by C. N. Williamson and A. M. Williamson
13. He was with me all the time I was out there. – The Treasure of the Incas by G. A. Henty
14. Now, how did you find that out? – Dear Brutus by J. M. Barrie
15. For he must find out. – East of the Shadows by Mrs. Hubert Barclay
16. Well, get them out of it. – Mary Louise and Josie O'Gorman by Emma Speed Sampson
17. Can we not speak out? – Korea's Fight for Freedom by F.A. McKenzie
18. But I was not going to back out, if I could help it. – Carnacki, The Ghost Finder by William Hope Hodgson
19. We wanted you to come out with us. – The Best Short Stories of 1921 and the Yearbook of the American Short Story by Various
20. Would she come out at all? – The Firefly Of France by Marion Polk Angellotti
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.031644463539123535,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9359768033027649,
"url": "http://www.dictionary.net/out"
}
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God’s Plan Is a Work of Art
Scripture: Genesis 39-41
Learning Objectives:
• Students will review the story of how God used Joseph’s challenging past to prepare him for his important position.
• Students will use the basics of backstitching to trace a hieroglyphic image. Students will relate this to how God uses what looks like a messy life on the back, to make a purposeful work of art.
Guiding Question: Even when life is challenging and messy, how does God use our experiences to make it something purposeful? How is this like backstitching?
Materials: yarn, thin burlap, plastic needles with an eye that is big enough for the yarn to go through, examples of hieroglyphics, dark markers, example of a tapestry or backstitch
Procedure: Review how Joseph endured many challenges such as being sold by his brothers into a foreign land and being unjustly sent to prison. Often difficult challenges happen in life and we do not always understand why they happen. However, God uses the difficult times in life to help make our lives beautiful and purposeful so that we can better serve Him. Imagine what would have happened during the famine if Joseph had not been sold to Egypt or met the cupbearer in prison so that the Pharaoh could hear about him. Explain that we do not always understand why bad things happen, but they can work for the greater good. Sometimes are lives can be like that too. Show students an example of a backstitched fabric. Even though the back looks like there were a lot of mistakes and knotted messes, when it is finished and turned over, it is a beautiful work of art. Our lives can seem messy at times, but God has a purpose for it.
Teach students how to backstitch their own work of art. For first-time sewers, it is best to use plastic needles, a simple image, yarn, and burlap. Show students the Egyptian hieroglyphics alphabet and explain that it was a form of writing in ancient Egypt. Students can choose one to draw on their burlap with marker. They can then follow the drawn lines to backstitch. Teach students the basic stitch to go over their marker line. Here is a short online tutorial of the basics: https://youtu.be/7tIBhcK1QXk.
Additional Questions:
• How are God’s plans for our life like back stitching?
• What would have happened during the famine if Joseph had not experienced his trials?
• How does Joseph’s story change your ideas about trials?
• How can you pray to God during difficult times?
• Do we always know why bad things happen?
Supplemental Activity:
Have students research other stories in the Bible of characters who struggled and had bad things happen to them. Encourage students to list the character’s challenges and the resulting good that happened due to their trials. You may even want to have each student research a different character and present it to the group. Other possible characters are: Moses, Daniel, Shadrach Meshach and Abednego, Esther, Abraham, Jacob, Elijah, David, Job.
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.890625,
"fasttext_score": 0.8215894103050232,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9644835591316223,
"url": "http://teachonereachone.org/jacob-in-egypt/gods-plan-is-a-work-of-art/"
}
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Publications and Research
Document Type
Publication Date
Brood parasitic birds lay their eggs in other birds’ nests, leaving hosts to raise their offspring. To understand parasite-host coevolutionary arms races, many studies have examined host responses to experimentally introduced eggs. However, attending parents often need to be flushed from their nests to add experimental eggs. If these birds witness parasitism events, they may recognize and reject foreign eggs more readily than parents who did not. We found that, after being flushed, female blackbirds, Turdus merula, remained close to their nests. Flushed females were more likely to eject foreign eggs and did so more quickly than females that were not flushed during experimentation. In contrast, flushing did not predict responses and latency to responses to parasitism by song thrush, Turdus philomelos, which flew farther from their nests and likely did not witness experimental parasitism. When statistically considering flushing, previously published conclusions regarding both species’ response to experimental parasitism did not change. Nevertheless, we recommend that researchers record and statistically control for whether hosts were flushed prior to experimental parasitism. Our results have broad implications because more vigilant and/or bolder parents can gain more information about parasitism events and therefore have better chances of successfully defending against brood parasitism.
This article originally appeared in Scientific Reports, available at DOI: 10.1038/srep09060
you may Download the file to your hard drive.
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<urn:uuid:3b6c4721-1828-4906-9daa-a62a0582e05e>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.78125,
"fasttext_score": 0.02713322639465332,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9351666569709778,
"url": "https://academicworks.cuny.edu/hc_pubs/309/"
}
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Near Space and Claustrophobia
Anxiety and fear are emotions that distort how a person perceives things around him. Normal people have a perceptual bias about near space immediately surrounding the body. While bisecting a line visually, neurologically normal people demonstrate a bias towards left or right, depending upon the location of the line near their body or away from them. This task was tested and correlated with a feeling of claustrophobia in this study. The current study found that more claustrophobic sense is associated with a feeling of near space seeming larger.
A near space is a perception of space immediately surrounding the body. It is known that in our mind, both near space and distinct space are perceived differently. This produces a perceptual bias in normal persons. For example, when a person attempts to see and cut an imaginary straight line in exact halves, there is a leftward shift if the line is in the near space. If this imaginary line is in the far space, then there is a rightward shift. A sense of fear is associated with a perceptual distortion. Claustrophobia is a situational fear featuring intense anxiety of enclosed spaces. The current study examined whether people suffering from claustrophobia have different representation of near space than normal people.
* Thirty-five students, including 21 females, participated in this study.
* The participants were tested in a large square room, where they attempted to divide lines of 10, 20, and 30 cm using a laser pointer at nine distances. These lines were centered on a legal-sized paper and were attached horizontally to a wall.
* The participants also completed claustrophobia questionnaire, which recorded responses to specific situations where participants felt suffocated or restricted.
* The natural tendency to show leftward bias in cutting a line in near space and rightward bias in far space was correlated with the claustrophobia questionnaire scores.
* Scores on the claustrophobia questionnaire were comparable to existing data in normal population with a mean total score of 32.65.
* Participants with greater claustrophobic fear showed more gradual rightward shifts over distance; they had larger near spaces as compared with the participants with less claustrophobic fear.
* The participants with lesser claustrophobic fear showed faster rightward shift as they attempted to bisect lines at a greater distance from their position.
* This suggested that the participants with greater anxiety of enclosed spaces might perceive near space to be larger than what normal participants feel.
Next steps/Shortcomings
This study found the correlation between perception of near space and the feeling of claustrophobia. However, this study does not make clear whether a person feels claustrophobic because his distorted sense of space demands a larger near space or whether a larger near space leads to fear of encroachment in a closed space.
Near space is a perceptually close space around the physical body, which produces no anxiety in the mind. This study showed that the claustrophobic feeling is associated with a larger sense of near space. Claustrophobia might be related to an evolutionary remnant from animal behavior. Animals do not run away immediately after seeing a predator. They are comfortable as long as the distance between the predator and the animal is sufficient enough for it to escape unharmed. Animals show fear only when this escape distance is invaded by the predator. The human mind might also operate on the same principle. This study pointed out to a possibility that in clinical claustrophobia, education about reducing the near space might be useful.
For More Information:
Near Space and Its Relation to Claustrophobic Fear
Publication Journal: Cognition, 2011
By Stella Lourenco; Matthew Longo; Emory University, Georgia; Birkbeck, University of London, United Kingdom
*FYI Living Lab Reports Are Summaries of the Original Research.
Leave a Reply
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<urn:uuid:69914124-7af6-4174-a428-6036aa5a6056>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.18503862619400024,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9470697641372681,
"url": "https://fyiliving.com/mental-health/jg-lnr-near-space-and-claustrophobia"
}
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Chapter 10: Processes of Perception and Analysis
Section 6: Irreversible Data Compression
History [of irreversible data compression]
The idea of creating sounds by adding together pure tones goes back to antiquity. At a mathematical level, following work by Joseph Fourier around 1810 it became clear by the mid-1800s how any sufficiently smooth function could be decomposed into sums of sine waves with frequencies corresponding to successive integers. Early telephony and sound recording in the late 1800s already used the idea of compressing sounds by dropping high- and low-frequency components. From the early days of television in the 1950s, some attempts were made to do similar kinds of compression for images. Serious efforts in this direction were not made, however, until digital storage and processing of images became common in the late 1980s.
From Stephen Wolfram: A New Kind of Science [citation]
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<urn:uuid:3259e8d5-d0a3-4973-8eba-976f1a7dfbfd>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.028348088264465332,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9578747153282166,
"url": "http://wolframscience.com/nks/notes-10-6--history-of-irreversible-data-compression/"
}
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August 2018
Mouse or marsupial?
Stripe-faced Dunnart. Photo courtesy of Anthony McDonnell.
This very cute ‘mouse’ is a Stripe-faced Dunnart (Sminthopsis macroura). Dunnarts may look like mice but are not actually rodents at all. Dunnarts belong to a group called dasyurids, which are native Australian marsupial mammals. Dunnarts give birth to tiny hairless babies about the size of a grain of rice that are nurtured for an extended period in a rudimentary pouch (a flap of skin) on the mother’s belly. Mice on the other hand are Placental mammals (like humans) their young nourished inside the mothers uterus before being born fully formed.
Another difference between mice and Dunnarts is their teeth. Mice have long incisors that continually grow and wear down over their lifetime of eating seeds and plant matter. Dunnarts have rows of very sharp teeth to tackle their exclusively carnivorous diet.
Dunnarts are voracious eaters of invertebrates but will feed on just about any animal small enough for them to overpower, including lizards, frogs, and other small mammals. They do not generally drink water, instead obtaining necessary fluids from their food. They commonly store fat in their tail, giving it a characteristic swollen look. Fat stores can be used by the animal when food is in short supply. These adaptations making it perfectly suited to the dry inland regions of Australia where moisture can be limited and food seasonally scarce.
Stripe-faced Dunnarts are strictly nocturnal and shelter during the day in cracks and crevasses or under logs, or sometimes in other animals burrows. The Dunnart that you found was probably using the iron as a place to shelter after its evening activities.
Australia has almost 20 species of Dunnart. You can read about two more of them on our website:
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"url": "http://sciencentre.qm.qld.gov.au/Find+out+about/Ask+an+Expert/Question+of+the+month/Question+Archive/Questions/2018/August+2018"
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sūtra (Sanskrit: सूत्र, "a rope or thread that holds things together") metaphorically refers to an aphorism (or line, rule, formula), or large a collection of such aphorisms in the form of a manual — is a distinct type of literary composition, based on short aphoristic statements, generally using various technical terms. The literary form of the sutra was designed for concision, as the texts were intended to be memorized by students in some of the formal methods of svādhyāya (scriptural and scientific study). Since each line is highly condensed, another literary form arose in which bhāṣya (commentaries) on the sūtras were added, to clarify and explain them.
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"language_score": 0.928215742111206,
"url": "http://veda.wikidot.com/sutras"
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A very short history of the sneeze……
“Gesundheit,” say the Germans; “Felicità,” say the Italians; and the Welsh say “dduw bendithia chi” whilst the Arabs clasp hands and reverently bow.
Every culture believes in a benediction following a sneeze. The custom goes back to a time when a sneeze was regarded as a sign of great personal danger. For centuries, man believed that life’s essence, the soul, resided in the head and that a sneeze could accidentally expel the vital force. This suspicion was reinforced by the deathbed sneezing of the sick. Every effort was made to hold back a sneeze, and an inadvertent or unsuppressed sneeze was greeted with immediate good luck chants.
Enlightenment arrived in the fourth century B.C. with the teachings of Aristotle and Hippocrates, the “father of medicine.” Both Greek scholars explained sneezing as the head’s reaction to a foreign or offensive substance that crept into the nostrils. They observed that sneezing, when associated with existing illness, often foretold death. For these ill-boding sneezes, they recommended such benedictions as “Long may you live!” “May you enjoy good health!” and “Jupiter preserve you!” About a hundred years later, Roman physicians further enhanced the lore and superstition surrounding a sneeze. The Romans were convinced that sneezing, by an otherwise healthy individual, was the body’s attempt to expel the sinister spirits of later illnesses. Thus, to withhold a sneeze was to incubate disease, to invite illness and subsequently, death.
Consequently, a vogue of sneezing swept the Roman Empire and engendered a host of new post-sneeze benedictions: “Congratulations” to a person having robustly executed a sneeze; and to a person quavering on the verge of one, the encouraging “Good luck to you.”
The Christian expression “ Bless you” has a still different origin. It began in the sixth century, during the reign of Pope Gregory the Great. A virulent pestilence raged throughout Italy, one foreboding symptom being severe, chronic sneezing. So deadly was the plague that people died shortly after manifesting its symptoms; thus, sneezing became synonymous with imminent death. Pope Gregory beseeched the healthy to pray for the sick. He also ordered that well intended phrases such as “May you enjoy good health” be replaced with his own more urgent and pointed invocation, “God bless you!” And if no well-wisher was around to invoke the blessing, the sneezer was advised to shout, “God help me!”
Pope Gregory’s post-sneeze supplications spread throughout Europe, hand in hand with the plague, and the seriousness with which a sneeze was regarded was captured in a new expression, which survives to this day: “Not to be sneezed at.” Which so is something not to be rejected without careful consideration.
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"language_score": 0.9632930755615234,
"url": "http://simonleyland.net/a-very-short-history-of-the-sneeze/"
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News & Alerts > Zero Day (0-day)
Zero Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A zero-day (also known as zero-hour or 0-day or day zero) vulnerability is an undisclosed computer-software vulnerability that hackers can exploit to adversely affect computer programs, data, additional computers or a network. It is known as a "zero-day" because it is not publicly reported or announced before becoming active, leaving the software's author with zero days in which to create patches or advise workarounds to mitigate its actions. It has passed zero time since the exploitable bug's existence was disclosed. Similarly, an exploitable bug that has been known for thirty days is sometimes called a 30-day exploit. The lower the number of days the bug has been known, the higher are the chances that it has no fix or mitigation. The more recently the exploit was published, the higher is the probability that an attack against a particular instantiation of software that was afflicted with the exploitable bug will be successful, because even if there is a patch, not every user of that software will have applied it. For zero-day exploits, the probability that a user has patched their bugs is of course zero.
Attacks employing zero-day exploits are often attempted by hackers before or on the day that notice of the vulnerability is released to the public; sometimes before the author is aware or has developed and made available the corrected code.[3] Zero-day attacks are a severe threat.
About Zero Day Initiative
Zero Day Initiative Updates
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9703537225723267,
"url": "https://www.hackerstorm.co.uk/home/zero-day"
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From Middle English aunte, borrowed from Anglo-Norman aunte, from Old French ante, from Latin amita (father's sister). Displaced native Middle English modrie (aunt) (from Old English mōdriġe (maternal aunt); compare Old English faþu, faþe (paternal aunt)).
aunt (plural aunts)
1. The sister or sister-in-law of one’s parent.
• 1923, P.G. Wodehouse, The Inimitable Jeeves:
As a rule, you see, I'm not lugged into Family Rows. On the occasions when Aunt is calling to Aunt like mastodons bellowing across primeval swamps and Uncle James's letter about Cousin Mabel's peculiar behaviour is being shot round the family circle... the clan has a tendency to ignore me.
2. (affectionate) a woman of an older generation than oneself, especially a friend of one's parents, by means of fictive kin.
Derived termsEdit
Several languages distinguish between blood aunts (one’s parent’s sister) and in-law aunts (one’s parent’s sister-in-law), some distinguish between paternal and maternal aunts, and some distinguish between one’s parent’s older siblings and younger siblings.
See alsoEdit
1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 The Dialect Survey of US pronunciations
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"url": "https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/aunt"
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Mud Camp and Horse Camp- Day 2
What a great Tuesday at camp! Your campers had a very busy day.
Meet the orange peppers!
They love playing in the pond!
They also enjoyed using materials around Mt. Woodchip to make their mud structures.
Today campers helped with animal chores. This group fed the kid goats.
One group fed the rabbits. This group also checked on the cattle.
This group took care of the adult goats.
Campers worked in the garden to take care of the produce. This group picked weeds to help the plants have space.
Campers spent time building mud volcanoes and castles.
This group built a volcano using mud and sticks.
Campers discussed filtering properties of soil. What is the difference between sand and clay?
Campers learned about filtering pollutants out of water. Was it easy or difficult to filter out red food coloring (chemical pollutants), soil (erosion pollutants), and wood chips(trash pollutants)?
The campers tried different combinations of materials as filters.
Which materials worked best for each pollutant? Why?
Here campers are playing a game called the “long haul.” This represented the difficulty of getting fresh water without modern plumbing.
The distance between “home” and the “river” was very long. The campers had to use small containers to transfer water. Do people living without easy access to water have a lot of free time? Why is it important to protect clean water sources?
After playing in the mud, campers rinsed off in the hose.
Horse campers practiced their balance on a horse today. The leaders had them hold their arms in different positions to practice balance. Why is this important for riding a horse?
For their project today, campers worked on making stick horses. The horses have manes, eyes, noses, and stuffing.
At rest, horse campers observed their own pulse and the pulse of the horse. Whose pulse was slower at rest?
After running around the corral, whose heart rate changed the most?
The horse has a much lower pulse than humans. Why is this important for a horse to survive?
Horse campers learned about the different parts of a horse.
These girls measured out the length of the long intestine of a horse. The large intestine is 60 feet long! How long are the large and small intestines combined?
Here are the garden kitchen recipes from today:
Pesto Spaghetti Squash
Morning: prepare spaghetti squash
1 medium spaghetti squash
Warm oven to 375 degrees Fahrenheit and oil up a rimmed baking sheet. Halve the spaghetti squash lengthwise and scoop out the seeds. Place the squash halves cut side down on the oiled baking sheet and use a fork to pierce some holes through the skin a couple of times. Bake until the flesh on the inside is tender but not mushy, about 45 minutes. While the squash is roasting, make the pesto. When the squash is ready, use a fork and scrape all the flesh into a large bowl. It should come out in strands similar to spaghetti. Mix the pesto and the spaghetti squash noodles together and serve. Good warm, cold, or at room temperature.
Afternoon: Nut-free and dairy-free pesto
3-5 garlic cloves
¼ cup olive oil
2 cups fresh basil leaves and/or spinach leaves
2 tbsp. nutritional yeast
1 tbsp. lemon juice
½ tsp. salt
A pinch of red pepper flakes (optional)
Add all of the ingredients in a food processor and process until well combined.
Here are additional photos from today:
Have a great night!
This entry was posted in Summer Camp. Bookmark the permalink.
Comments are closed.
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a.k.a. Horned gopher
Name: Ceratogaulus.
Phonetic: Seh-rat-o-gow-lus.
Named By: Matthew - 1902.
Synonyms: Epigaulus.
Classification: Chordata, Mammalia, Rodentia, Mylagaulidae, Mylagaulinae.
Species: C. rhinocerus (type), C. anecdotus, C. hatcheri, C. minor.
Diet: Herbivore.
Size: About 30 centimetres long.
Known locations: USA, Kansas - Ogallala Formation, Nebraska.
Time period: Langhian of the Miocene through to the early Zanclean of the Pliocene.
Fossil representation: Multiple individuals are known.
Ceratogaulus was a relatively large rodent that lived in North America from about 15.97 to 4.9 million years ago. Ceratogaulus is thought to have been a fossorial animal, which means that it would have spent a large portion of its time underground in burrows. The curious thing about this genus though is that on top its head were two large horns that pointed upwards. Before a review of some of the theories regarding the presence of these horns and the purpose they fulfilled, we need to consider two important facts about these horns. First, the horns seem to have been on both male and female Ceratogaulus with no noticeable difference between them, so sexual dimorphism can be ruled out. Second, the horns of Ceratogaulus that lived in the later stages of the Miocene are situated further up the skull than those of Ceratogaulus that lived earlier.
The most tempting theory to go with is that the horns were burrowing aids for digging. The obvious problem with this is that the horns are simply in the wrong place. Burrowing animals usually dig and push dirt out of the way with the snout, but the horns of Ceratogaulus point up, not forwards. If an attempt to use them was made, the snout of the animal would also get in the way of the excavation, and when you remember that horns of later generations became positioned further back towards the top of the skull, you can appreciate that the snout would have become more and more of a hindrance as time went on. It is far more likely that Ceratogaulus relied more upon their short but powerful forelimbs for earth moving.
Display and inter species combat are also usually ruled out, firstly because since both males and females had horns, there is no clear way for them to identify one another. This leads to the second proposal of males using them to fight one another over such things as mating rights to females, perhaps in a similar manner to deer. This in turn leads to comparison between Ceratogaulus with a modern genus called Aplodonta rufa, better known as the mountain beaver. The mountain beaver is noted for having poor eyesight, but the optic foramen (the opening in the skull for the eye) of Ceratogaulus is measured as being between half and two thirds the size of the optic foramen of a mountain beaver. It follows that by the same proportion the eyesight of Ceratogaulus was a third to half as bad again as the eyesight of a mountain beaver, which leads to the idea that females would not be able to identify winning males.
These theories that are counter to the idea of the horn being for display do actually have their own problems. Assuming that Ceratogaulus had eyesight so poor that they could not recognise individuals of their species, the horns might still have been enabled them to not confuse other similar sized animals for their own species. Even if they could recognise not much more than a silhouette, a silhouette with a pair of horns on its nose looks different to a silhouette without one. Also, if males were fighting for dominance, the loser may have been driven away from a specific harem of females, which means the females would not have to recognise any individual in particular other than the resident male, who in all likelihood would probably do the identifying for them. This behaviour however is only speculation, but it’s worthwhile to remember that animals can recognise each other in other way such as smell, and this can also count against the idea of the horns being just for display.
A better theory to explain the presence of the two horns is that of defence. By being on top of the snout, the horns would almost always be facing in the general direction of a predator. At thirty centimetres long, Ceratogaulus were not small rodents, but they would have been smaller and lower than most predators of the day. So, if a predator such as say a bear dog got curious about a Ceratogaulus burrow, an individual inside may have been able to thrust its horn upwards into its snout. Likewise the horns would have been an effective defensive weapons for a Ceratogaulus caught above ground, especially if it was aggressively standing its ground. One quick thrust of the horns into the face or the throat of a predator, and it might be surprised and disorientated just long enough for the Ceratogaulus to escape, especially if the predator was too young and inexperienced to known how to tackle such animals.
Another burrowing mammal known to have had horns on top of its head is the xenarthran Peltephilus.
Further reading
- The evolution of fossoriality and the adaptive role of horns in the Mylagaulidae (Mammalia: Rodentia), Samantha S. B. Hopkins - 2005.
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9588052034378052,
"url": "http://www.prehistoric-wildlife.com/species/c/ceratogaulus-horned-gopher.html"
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During the 13th century the people living in the Alps were becoming increasingly unhappy with their government.
The mountain people had their own customs and institutions. These were being interfered with by the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire, of which the Alps formed a part. On 1 August, 1291, representatives from the areas of Uri, Schwyz and Nidwalden met in the Meadow of Rutli. They formed the League of Uri in which they declared themselves to be independent of the Empire. Years of hard fighting lay ahead for the mountain men, but they eventually won their freedom and formed the nation we today call Switzerland.
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<urn:uuid:05e36a32-32ce-4cfe-b7f3-8d550c4543b2>
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"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.23298722505569458,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9805169701576233,
"url": "https://everything2.com/title/League+of+Uri"
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liympanda, one of Ikki’s friend, likes playing games with Ikki. Today after minesweeping with Ikki and winning so many times, he is tired of such easy games and wants to play another game with Ikki.
liympanda has a magic circle and he puts it on a plane, there are n points on its boundary in circular border: 0, 1, 2, …, n − 1. Evil panda claims that he is connecting m pairs of points. To connect two points, liympanda either places the link entirely inside the circle or entirely outside the circle. Now liympanda tells Ikki no two links touch inside/outside the circle, except on the boundary. He wants Ikki to figure out whether this is possible…
Despaired at the minesweeping game just played, Ikki is totally at a loss, so he decides to write a program to help him.
The input contains exactly one test case.
In the test case there will be a line consisting of of two integers: n and m (n ≤ 1,000, m ≤ 500). The following m lines each contain two integers ai and bi, which denote the endpoints of the ith wire. Every point will have at most one link.
Output a line, either “panda is telling the truth...” or “the evil panda is lying again”.
Sample Input:
Sample Output:
题目大意：一个圆上有 \(n\) 个点（从 \(0~n-1\) 编号），给出 \(m\) 条边，你可以把一条边从圆内连过去或者从圆外连过去，求是否能够把 \(m\) 条边都连上。
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{
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"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.10099804401397705,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8415004014968872,
"url": "http://sunshine-cfbsl.com/2017/04/08/poj3207-ikkis-story-iv-pandas-trick/"
}
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Acorns To Wheat
A Chasseen Family Saga
David William Allman
About the Author
Press Release
Buy The Book
Blog Page
Chasseen Culture
Author Bio
Before the Romans, the Greeks, the Celts:
Where does this book fit in our history of Europe? [more...]
Acorns to Wheat:
A Chasseen Family Saga
A Brief Description of the Chasseen Culture
The Chasseen were Europe's first farmers. They were originally hunter-gatherers, but through trial and error plus the influx of immigrants from the Fertile Crescent, they became farmers. Chasseen women were the primary agents behind changing the culture from gathering to gardening and eventually to farming. The men changed only after the women showed them that if they lived communally and depended on farming, it would not only sustain them, they could thrive with surplus food for everyone. The Chasseen men did not totally abandon hunting, but gradually changed from a nomadic life-style to a sedentary one. They slowly progressed into farmers.
Help in learning how to farm came in the form of immigrants. Most evidence suggests that a great famine in the Futile Crescent drove many of the people from that area northward around the top of the Mediterranean and west into Europe. These immigrants, Natufians for the most part, had been farming for centuries and they brought a life-style of growing crops and raising livestock. They quickly completed the Chasseen progress from hunter to farmer, settling into communities and traded with the indigenous Chasseen. There were not enough Natufians to replace the Chasseen, but were absorbed by the Chasseen as they traded skills and knowledge.
Chasseen societies evolved at different levels and strengths in different areas of Europe, depending on the knowledge of the Fertile Crescent immigrants and how much of the adaptations were taken up by the Chasseen in an area. In most areas of Europe, the Chasseen had a social structure that was non-gender based, with women taking an equal leadership role in both constructing new farm-based communities and in guiding food production. Women were leaders in adapting to a permanent, sedentary life-style. Along with these adaptations to farming came class structure, slavery and economic principles. This new class structure made different things, and people, have a higher or lower value depending on their social worth.
From the evidence, the early Chasseen culture developed into the beginnings of our current socio-economic society. With the Chasseen, economic and social status became a governing principal. The whole community became an economic engine to survive and grow, but as a result, it divided people into social classes.
This is the period when slavery started in Europe. Hunter-gatherers did not need slaves because there was no practical use for slavery. In contrast, many more hands were needed to maintain a farm. But because women had such a low live-birthrate, slavery became essential to building an agricultural workforce for their society. Personal value rose with those who became successful farmers, and success led to a need for dominance to perpetuate value.
As the people changed from hunters to farmers, they experienced a complete life-style change. Not only did they change their society by becoming sedentary, they created an economic structure to fit their new life. An unequal personal value system generated a need for security of personal value and wealth - warriors. There was also a religious life-style change, too. This was a complete upheaval of every aspect of their existence.
A loose social structure came about during the Chasseen period around a four-class system: priests, warriors, farmers and slaves.
The priests and priestesses were usually the dominant, but smallest class. They were the interpreters for the gods. The gods needed to be consulted because the gods ruled by unknown rules and misunderstandings. The Chasseen were prehistoric but smart and knew how to adapt to their natural surroundings. But since there were no scientific principals, it was accepted that the gods made all the decisions about how the world worked. The people believed there was nothing to try to understand about the world other than it worked by the desires of their gods.
The religious class were the scientific ones. Not science as we moderns know it, but more of a blend of logic, astronomy and mysticism. An understanding of basic logic was used to portray the obedience required of their gods. However, the religious class did not care to experiment to understand how or why scientific principles worked, they just used the principles for their own purpose.
The warrior class was below religion during peace times and higher during conflicts. If the community was prone to violence to gain dominance or to survive, the warrior class was the higher class. However, the warriors depended on the scientific minds of the religious class to provide approval from the gods and mechanical innovations for expanding tribal warfare.
The next class was the farmer; slavery being the lowest. To generate an economy, the farmer class accepted slavery. Farmers realized that more hands meant more food and the quickest way to get more hands was through slavery. At first, neighboring villages could be decimated and the villagers enslaved. But as farming grew, the slave trade in far-away foreigners became another trading tool to boost the economy - foreigners of different cultures, different religions or different skin color. Late in Chasseen history, traders and sailors became a class of themselves, just above the slaves but dependent on the farming class.
After the Chasseen culture waned, the warrior class, predominantly male, became the dominant class as the society broke down into waring factions. The later societies in different parts of Europe evolved, through local strife and invasions, into a socio-economic structure of male rule and male authority in society, religion, economics and farming.
* * * * * * *
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"url": "http://acornstowheat.com/culture.html"
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classical civilizations n.
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Classical Civilizations. China 9/28-10/2. China. Huang He-a valley that had terrible floods and was known as “China’s Sorrow”. People made silk (fine cloth) from silkworms here. . Silkworms. http:// / watch?v =- wbmEjTvszI #!. Vocabulary.
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PowerPoint Slideshow about 'Classical Civilizations' - tierra
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• Ancestor-a relative (family member) from a long time ago.
• The Chinese felt that honoring their ancestors was very important, as well as honoring their homes, their families and their land.
• Dynasty-a period of time in China in which they had one group of people as rulers (bosses).
• Great Wall of China-a wall that is over 4,000 miles long, 25 feet high and about 15 feet wide.
• Born in 551 B.C.
• His ideas had the biggest influence on Chinese life for more than 2,000 years.
• He was worried about how people treat each other.
how does it apply to me
How does it apply to me?
• Confucius said.. “Never do to others what you would not like them to do to you”
• Write the following words in your notebook and find out what they mean. Write the definitions in your notebook. Finally, videotape yourself spelling out each word and explaining what it means. E-mail me your ASL essay and this essay for a grade. Title it “China”.
• Ancestor -Great Wall of China
• Dynasty
questions copy in your notebook and answer from notes
Questions… Copy in your notebook, and answer from notes.
• 1. What is the Huang He?
• 2. Why are silkworms important? (cut and paste the link into your browser).
• 3. Who is Confucius? What did he do in China?
ancient india
Ancient India
• Mohenjo-Daro was one of the biggest cities in the India/Pakistan area.
• Around 1500 B.C., the Aryans (from the North) attacked Mohenjo-Daro and killed most people.
• Caste-a social class.
• Aryans believed some people were born “better” than other people.
• Four castes in the Aryan system.
• First/Highest-Priests, scholars
• Second-Rulers, Warriors
• Third-Craftworkers, merchants, farmers
• Fourth/Lowest-Unskilled Workers
caste system
Caste System
• People who were conquerered were “outcastes” or UNTOUCHABLES. They did not belong.
• You stayed in your caste, you couldn’t move up or down a caste.
Reincarnation-rebirth of the soul. When you die, you can be born again as another human or an animal.
• If you were good, you could be born into a higher caste in your next life.
• He was born rich, but he felt sorry for poor people.
• His real name was Siddhartha Gautama, but they called him Buddha.
• Buddha means “The Enlightened One”.
• Enlightened-means “to know
the truth”
buddhist religion
Buddhist Religion
They believe in unselfishness.
SELFISH-means you only think of yourself.
If you are unselfish and not greedy, you will reach “nirvana”.
Buddhism spread to China, Japan and other areas of Asia.
• 1. What was Mohenjo-Daro?
• 2. What happened in MohenjoDaro around 1500 B.C.?
• 3. What is a caste?
• 4. Name the four castes and who was in them.
• 5. Who belongs to the third caste?
more questions
More Questions
6. If you don’t belong to any caste, what are you?
• What happens in reincarnation?
• What was Buddha’s real name?
• What does “Buddha” mean?
Class, caste, reincarnation, enlightened
asl story
ASL Story
• If you were born again into a different body, who or what would you want to be?
• Would you want to be an animal or a human?
• What sort of animal or human would you be, and why?
• Videotape this and e-mail this to me
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Escutcheon (heraldry)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Points of an escutcheon or heraldic shield:[1]
1. Chief
2. Dexter
3. Sinister
4. Base
5. Dexter Chief
6. Middle Chief
7. Sinister Chief
8. Honour Point
9. Fess Point
10. Nombril Point
11. Dexter Base
12. Sinister Base
13. Middle Base (seldom used)
Second, a shield can itself be a charge within a coat of arms. More often, a smaller shield is placed over the middle of the main shield (in pretence or en surtout) as a form of marshalling. In either case, the smaller shield is usually given the same shape as the main shield. When there is only one such shield, it is sometimes called an inescutcheon.
The word escutcheon is derived from Middle English escochon, from Anglo-Norman escuchon, from Vulgar Latin scūtiōn-, from Latin scūtum, "shield".[2] From its use in heraldry, escutcheon can be a metaphor for a family's honour. The idiom "a blot on the escutcheon" is used to mean a stain on somebody's reputation.[3]
Varying shapes[edit]
Examples of escutcheon shapes: 1: mediaeval French and English "heater style"; 2: modern French; 3: cartouche (oval); 4: lozenge (usually borne by women); 5: rectangular; 6: Italian; 7: Swiss; 8: English, Tudor arch (16th century); 9: à bouche; 10: Polish; 11: traditional Iberian
The almost full body-length shield used by the Normans at the Battle of Hastings and seen depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry (c. 1066), occasionally with proto-heraldic cognizances painted thereon, pre-dates the era of heraldry proper, which commenced during the first quarter of the 13th century. By about 1250 the shields used in warfare were almost triangular in shape, referred to as heater shields. Such a shape can be seen on the effigy of William II Longespée (d. 1250) at Salisbury Cathedral, whilst the shield shown on the effigy of his father William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (d. 1226) is of a more elongated form. That on the enamel monument to the latter's grandfather Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (d. 1151) is of almost full-body length. This heater-shaped form was used in warfare during the apogee of the Age of Chivalry, at about the time of the Battle of Crecy (1346) and the founding of the Order of the Garter (1348), when the art of Heraldry reached its greatest perfection. This almost equilateral shape is therefore used as a setting for armorials from this "classical age" of heraldry, in the sense that it produced the best examples of the art.
Pippa Middleton's coat of arms, based on those of her father. This lozenge shaped version, supported by a blue ribbon, denotes an unmarried woman.[4][5]
The lozenge has for many centuries been particularly associated with certain females as a vehicle for the display of their coats of arms, instead of the escutcheon or shield, which is in its origin an object of manly warfare. In this case the lozenge is without crest or helm, again objects of manly warfare. However, for the practical purpose of categorisation the lozenge may be treated as a variety of heraldic escutcheon. Traditionally very limited categories of females have been able to display their own arms, for example a female monarch (who uses an escutcheon not a lozenge, being unlike most armigerous females, a military commander) and suo jure peeresses, who may display their own arms alone on a lozenge even if married. In general a female was represented by her paternal arms impaled by the arms of her husband on an escutcheon. (See Marshalling (heraldry)). In modern Canadian heraldry, and certain other modern heraldic jurisdictions, women may be granted their own arms and display these on an escutcheon. Life peeresses in England display their arms on a lozenge. An oval or cartouche is occasionally also used instead of the lozenge for armigerous women. As a result of rulings of the English Kings of Arms dated 7 April 1995 and 6 November 1997, married women in England, Northern Ireland and Wales and in other countries recognising the jurisdiction of the College of Arms in London (such as New Zealand) also have the option of using their husband's arms alone, marked with a small lozenge as a difference to show that the arms are displayed for the wife and not the husband, or of using their own personal arms alone, marked with a small shield as a brisure for the same reason.[clarification needed] Divorced women may theoretically until remarriage use their ex-husband's arms differenced with a mascle.
Simple example of incorporating an heiress's arms as an escutcheon of pretense
Inescutcheons as mobile charges[edit]
Inescutcheon of pretence[edit]
Inescutcheons may also be used to bear another's arms in "pretence".[note 1] In English heraldry the husband of an heraldic heiress, the sole daughter and heiress of an armigerous man (i.e. a lady without any brothers), rather than impaling his wife's paternal arms as is usual, must place her paternal arms in an escutcheon of pretence in the centre of his own shield as a claim ("pretence") to be the new head of his wife's family, now extinct in the male line. In the next generation the arms are quartered by the son.
Use by monarchs and states[edit]
Antifeudal variant[edit]
Pelta escutcheon as used in the National emblem of France.
Although Americans have produced hundreds of coats of arms for governmental and military agencies since their revolution, the French have refrained from continuing the practice. Their sparse heraldry is based on the pelta, a wide form of shield (or gorget) with a small animal head pointing inward at each end. This is Roman in origin; although not the shape of their classic shield, many brooches of this shape survive from antiquity. A form of pelta appears as a decoration above the head of every official on the Austerlitz table, commissioned by Napoleon for propaganda purposes.
The heraldic pelta appeared officially on the cover of the French passport early in the twentieth century, and in the mid-twentieth century as the coat of arms of the French state in the halls of the United Nations.[contradictory] The Belgian coat of arms uses the same form of shield.[contradictory]
1. ^ The origin of the inescutcheon of pretense lies in the armorial representation of territorial property. A man coming into lordship by right of his wife would naturally wish to bear the arms associated with that territory, and so would place them inescutcheon over his own; "and arms exclusively of a territorial character have certainly very frequently been placed 'in pretense'." Fox-Davies (1909), p. 539. It is also worth noting that the arms thus borne in pretense represent arms of assumption, while those on the larger shield represent arms of descent.
2. ^ Especially in continental Europe, sovereigns have long held the custom of bearing their hereditary arms in an inescutcheon en surtout over the territorial arms of their dominions. Fox-Davies (1909), p. 541. This custom, coupled with the frequency of European sovereigns ruling over several armigerous territories, may have given rise to the common European form of "quarterly with a heart".
1. ^ Boutell, Charles (1914). Fox-Davies, A.C., ed. Handbook to English Heraldry, The (11th ed.). London: Reeves & Turner. p. 33.
2. ^ "Escutcheon". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. Archived from the original on 2008-04-08. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary
Further reading[edit]
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The tarantula is a fast-moving spider, but it's not always a coordinated one, a new study finds. As the arachnid increases its speed, it also loses some of its coordination, becoming a "little wonky," researchers said.
Spiders have developed a unique way to move around: Rather than relying mainly on muscles to move, they use a fluid called hemolymph, which is their blood. When hemolymph flows into their tubelike legs, the limbs extend and their flexor muscles bend the legs at the joint, causing that fluid to flow back out.
Temperature can change the thickness, or viscosity, of hemolymph, said the study's senior author, Anna Ahn, an associate professor of biology at Harvey Mudd College in California. [Photos: The World's Creepiest Spiders]
"I always tell people, 'I can convince you that spiders are cool,'" Ahn said.
The researchers studied eight adult Texas brown tarantulas (Aphonopelma hentzi). They tested the spiders' speed and agility at four different temperatures: 59, 75, 88 and 104 degrees Fahrenheit (15, 24, 31 and 40 degrees Celsius). When the spiders were placed in temperatures that were higher or lower than that range, they tended to turn around and get into an attack stance, Ahn said.
Spiders have two joints along each leg, and the one closest to the body typically extends first when they're walking or running. To calculate each spider's coordination, the team painted a white dot on each of the joints on a foreleg and hind leg, and compared the angle of the two joints on each leg. Then they filmed the spiders scuttling down a runway.
"They're actually a little skittish and shy," she said. "All you had to do was blow a puff of air on them and they would run away from you."
At lower temperatures, the spiders moved more slowly, likely because the hemolymph was more viscous than at higher temperatures, Ahn said. Still, lower temperatures had a perk: The tarantulas had more coordination when the thermometer read 59 or 75 F.
"But at the higher temperatures, and the faster running speed, the two joints were less coupled," or less coordinated, Ahn said. "The two joints on each leg were a lot less well controlled at the higher temperatures."
To give an idea of the spiders' speed, imagine a 2.1-inch (5.5 centimeters) tarantula. On average, the spiders moved about four body lengths a second at 62 F (17 C), and about 10 body lengths a second at 100 F (38 C), a 2.5-fold increase.
But it would be difficult to catch the tarantula's unsteadiness with the naked eye. They move fast, and the researchers had to slow down the video in order to calculate the angle of each leg. Regardless, the spiders' instability at high temperatures may explain why some tarantulas emerge at dusk, when the weather is cooler, Ahn said.
The finding extends beyond the world of spiders, and may help engineers who study hydraulic robots, Ahn said.
"Hydraulic extension has its limitations," she said. "And the limitations happen at the faster speeds, rather than the higher fluid viscosities."
The study was published online on April 1 in The Journal of Experimental Biology.
Related on LiveScience and MNN:
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Lecture 24 - Tsunami Waves
5 data for a tsunami l wavelength 100 200 km l period
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Unformatted text preview: / 20 = 1,500m therefore it’s a shallow water wave 4 Speed of a Shallow Water Wave l༆ Speed of shallow wave = √gd where d = depth of water l༆ Or C = 3.1√d l༆ In typical ocean where d = 3.8km, l༆ C= 3.1 x √3,800 l༆ C = 191ms- 1 l༆ ….or 688kmh- 1 l༆ Why? The deeper the ocean, the less the fricMon…. 5 Data for a Tsunami l༆ Wavelength 100- 200 km l༆ Period of 10 minutes to 2 hours, frequency of 6 to 0.5 per hour l༆ Results in a speed of 600kmh to l༆ Height in the deep ocean – typically 0.3m – barely noMceable l༆ BUT ulMmate velocity governed by ocean depth l༆ C = 3.1√d 6 So Why the Big Waves? l༆ The period of the waves do not alter...
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"url": "https://www.coursehero.com/file/8682036/5-Data-for-a-Tsunami-l-Wavelength-100-200-km-l-Period/"
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Show Summary Details
Quick Reference
The cardinal number equivalent to the product of two and ten; ten less than thirty; 20. Recorded from Old English (in form twentig) the word comes from the base of two + -ty.
Twenty questions a parlour game in which a participant has twenty questions (answered by either ‘yes’ or ‘no’) to identify a chosen object. The first recorded reference is in a letter from Hannah More of 1786. In the 20th century, Twenty Questions became the name of a popular radio panel game.
twenty-four seven (usually written 24/7) twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.
Twenty-six Counties the counties constituting the Republic of Ireland, separated from the Six Counties of Northern Ireland by the peace agreement of 1921–22.
twenty-twenty the Snellen fraction for normal visual acuity, expressed in feet; used informally to denote good eyesight.
Reference entries
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"url": "http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803110340868"
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Investigating Habitat Preferences with Millipedes
Angela Cruise
Product Development
January 2017
Predicting and explaining patterns of interaction that organisms have with each other and with their environment is a key component of the middle school Next Generation Science Standards* (MS-LS2-2). In this investigation, students determine millipedes' preference for a bright or a dark environment by giving the organisms a choice between a clear chamber and a black chamber. Prior to testing, students formulate a hypothesis based on their knowledge of millipedes' natural habitat and behavior. Students then conduct a true behavioral choice experiment, analyze their results graphically, and explain the concepts behind these results.
1. Using what you know about millipede habitat and behavior, write down a hypothesis that predicts whether millipedes will choose the bright (clear) or the dark (black) choice chamber habitat.
2. Use your small container to collect 3 millipedes from the large holding habitat.
3. Make sure all the gates of the choice chamber are in the closed position. Gently place the millipedes in the tunnel, the center portion of the apparatus.
4. When you are ready to begin testing, start the timer and remove the gates blocking the millipedes' access to the clear and black chambers.
Caution: Do not remove the gates that don't have chambers attached.
5. Every minute for 10 minutes, count the number of millipedes in each chamber, and record the results in the Two-Way Choice Data Table. To simplify the data collection process, if a millipede has most of its body in a chamber, it should be counted as in that chamber.
6. After 10 minutes of data collection, remove the choice chamber lids, collect the millipedes in your small container, and return them to the large holding habitat.
7. Graph your results in the Data Graph using a stacked bar graph format. What do your results tell you? Is your hypothesis supported? How do your findings make sense when you consider the natural habitat and behavior of millipedes?
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"url": "https://www.carolina.com/teacher-resources/Interactive/investigating-habitat-preferences-with-millipedes/tr40006.tr"
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New York State map (1650-1799)
New York State has a long history of attempting to care for people with disabilities. As New York emerged from the colonial era, it needed to provide for the mental health needs of its citizens. In the early 1800s, the New York Hospital was the only option for state care of the “insane.” In 1824, the legislature enacted a law requiring counties to establish almshouses that would provide care for a “dependent population” that included “paupers, lunatics, and idiots.” The state erected asylums for the blind, the deaf, and the insane. People with intellectual disabilities were often mixed in with these populations—housed with the poor, in jails, or found themselves without any support or services. Science, medicine, government, and social thought converged as New York sought a “cure” for the “idiots and imbeciles” and established the second state-sponsored institution for people with intellectual, cognitive, and developmental disabilities in the United States.
As the perception and understanding of “disability” changed over time, different institutions arose to provide care and to mitigate the “burden” these individuals placed on society. As “progressive” treatment and training emerged, people with disabilities traveled the road from institutional care to community care. This map shows some of the institutions, their history and development, and the people who lived and worked within them.
Beverwijck almshouse - 1652 drawing
Probably the first poorhouse in North America, and built on land given for the poor by the government of New Netherland to deacons of the Dutch Reformed Church, it pre-dates the one built in 1684 in the English colony of Boston. Under the Dutch system, the poor did not live in the building- they were boarded out with other needy village residents. It was a place for them to receive alms, food, clothing or goods, or to do assigned work.
1658 New Amsterdam almshouse in NYC
Jacob Hendrickszen Varrevanger, surgeon to the Dutch West India Company, establishes tiny infirmary for the poor on Broad Street in the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam (now New York City.) It still existed as a poorhouse and hospital in 1680 under English rule.
1736 Publick Workhouse and House of Correction New York City
The New York City Charter of 1731 provided for the construction of a municipal hospital at the cite of today’s City “Hall. Paid for by taxes, New York’s first publicly supported institution for dependent people was opened in 1736 and housed the poor who refused to work, the poor who were unable to work and the poor who were willing but unable to find work. It had a single room containing six beds. The construction cost New York City residents 80 pounds and 50 gallons of rum.
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"language_score": 0.9550774097442627,
"url": "http://museumofdisability.org/virtual-museum/new-york-wing/new-york-state-map-exhibit/1650-1799/"
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Cassius Dios’ characterisations of Cleopatra and comparisons from ancient text sources.
Queen Cleopatra has been the subject of endless debate and study, with contradictory depictions from the Ancient Roman historians. Cassius Dio wrote a portrayal representing a woman of beauty and guile. The ancient text describes how she ‘was a woman of surpassing beauty’. According to Cassius’ depiction, Cleopatra was particularly intuitive to making herself inexorably alluring, using her beauty to seduce for her own means. She was able to manipulate some of the most powerful Romans of her time. With these means, Cassius writes, ‘She thought it would be in keeping with her role to meet Caesar, and she reposed in her beauty all her claims to the throne’. Cassius writes that she was motivated to use her beauty and do whatever it would take to gain Caesars’ pity and ultimately his love, to ensure the future of her throne.
The Egyptian queen was depicted often in Ancient Roman texts as a primitive woman, fearsome in her rule and sexually alluring with seeming wanton abandon, using her Machiavellian methods to exploit the powerful Romans, using her decadent wealth, extraordinary in its grandeur, to get the point across of the untrustworthiness’ of women in positions of wealth and power threatening the fabric of a traditionalist society, a view which, in part, echoed that of Plutarch’s ‘life of Antony’. As he wrote:
‘She treated him with such disdain, that when she appeared it was as if in mockery of his orders. She came sailing up the river Cydnus in a barge with a poop of gold, its purple sails billowing in the wind, while her rowers caressed the water with oars of silver…’
Plutarch wrote his biographic 150 years after Cleopatra’s rule. His depiction reads as scathing to the Queen, focusing on her supercilious behaviour and methods
Translations of such texts as Horace’s Ode, from Roman Histories of Egypt, exacerbated by the romans own political system of rejecting and...
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"url": "https://www.cyberessays.com/Term-Paper-on-Aa100/124928/"
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Jewish Lvov
[Maggie Burke]
The city of Lvóv (Lviv) emerged in the 13th century in the Galician-Volhynian principality, in what is now Ukraine. From the mid-14th century, the city became a major trade hub, and was one of the most multi-cultural cities in the area, functioning as a “crossroads of trade routes” (Nadel-Golobič, 345).
Lvóv was one of the economic centers of Poland from the 14th to 17th centuries, and during that time it received a charter for self-governance, becoming partially independent, despite the fact that it was a “royal city” (Czaplicka, 22). The Jewish population, however, was accorded special legal status, in which they were independent from the local authority, paying taxes directly to the king. The purpose of this arrangement was that the Jews of Lvóv wanted to be subject to their own religious courts rather than the state secular and Christian courts set up by the city government (Nadel-Golobič, 365). A secondary result of this, however, was that the Jews were subject to different trade laws than their neighbors. This engendered distrust and resentment among the Gentile merchants of Lvóv, and in the late 1400s, Jewish merchants began to be subjected to stricter and stranger trade restriction within the city, including limits on the objects which they could trade or sell at the markets and what amount of each item they could sell or buy (Nadel-Golobič, 369).
Despite these tensions and trade restrictions, the Jewish community in Lvóv proper and the surrounding suburbs flourished. Soon, Jews were one-third of the population of medieval Poland, and one-quarter of the population of Lvóv (Nadel-Golobič, 368). With this rise in numbers and an increased standard of living, the Jewish community in Lvóv began to form an intelligentsia. The first phase of Jewish intelligentsia in Lvóv dealt with Jewish nationalism. In the early 1500s the Union of Brothers was formed, which advocated complete assimilation with the Polish majority. This was met with extreme backlash, and a nascent Zionist movement emerged (“From Assimilation”, 526). Divisions within the Jewish community not only developed between the nationalist and assimilationist, but also between the more Orthodox and more secular. In a shift from earlier Orthodox Jewish identity, the intelligentsia in the mid-1700s was more secular, leaning towards the German school of thought which advocated the development of Jewish culture outside of the religious arena (“Jewish Assimilation”, 518).
By the end of the 19th century, most of these factions had all but died out, with the exception of the Zionist movement. In fact, Majer Balaban has called Lvóv the “mother of Israel” (Hrytsak, 47). Alfred Nossig, a prominent Zionist theoretician was one of the leaders of the emerging Zionist political movement in Lvóv in the 1880s, although he appears to have spied for the Gestapo during World War II (“Alfred Nossig”).
The Jewish community in Lvóv was to come to an untimely end, however. Beginning with pogroms in 1919, inter-ethnic conflict in the area increased after World War I (Czaplicka, 35). Although the Jewish population swelled at the beginning of WWII as increased Polish
nationalism drove refugees from other areas to Lvóv, the Germans moved into Lvóv as part of their occupation of Poland, murdering the Jewish population (Hrytsak, 58). By the time the Soviets took over the area and began their own ethnic deportations, Jews made up less than 2% of the population of Lvóv (Hrytsak, 59).
Today, the ghettoes established under German occupation in Lvóv are memorialized in Holocaust museums around the world, and databases have been constructed with the names of those who died there (Lvov Ghetto Database). The present-day Jewish population has been steadily decreasing, even in recent years. In 2001, the Jewish population in Lvóv was only 0.3% (“Lviv”).
Works Cited:
• Eleonora Nadel-Golobič, “Armenians and Jews in Medieval Lvov: Their Role in oriental Trade 1400-1600,” Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique 20, no. 3/4 (1979): 345-388.
• John Czaplicka, “Lviv, Lemberg, Leopolis, Lwów, Lvov: A City in the Crosscurrents of European Culture,” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 24 (2000): 13-45.
• Ezra Mendelsohn, “From Assimilation to Zionism in Lvov: The Case of Alfred Nossig,” The Slavonic and East European Review 49, no. 117 (1971): 521-534.
• ______________, “Jewish Assimilation in Lvov: The Case of Wilhelm Feldman,” Slavic Review28, no. 4 (1969): 577-590.
• Yaroslav Hrytsak, “A Multicultural History through the Centuries,” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 24 (2000): 47-73.
• “Alfred Nossig,” Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, 3 May 2012,
• Lvov Ghetto Database, 3 May 2012,
• “Lviv”, Wikipedia, 3 May 2012,
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Investigation of Ants
by: Jayne Hamblin and Shelbie Ruiz
Over a 5 minute period, would ants prefer peaches or cottage cheese?
If we place ten ants in a petri dish containing cottage cheese on one side and a piece of a plum on the other, and place 10 more ants in a connected empty petri dish, then the majority of the ants will go to the plum side, because ants are attracted to sweet food.
Manipulated Variable
The food in the petri dishes, which is cottage cheese, and a peach.
3 Constant Factors
The 3 constant factors in this lab will be the cottage cheese, plums, and the ants.
Zero to five minutes.
The one petri dish with no food in it.
1. Two empty dishes
2. 20 ants in all
3. Same temperature in each dish
2 petri dishes
20 ants
1/2 tbsp of cottage cheese
1/2 tbsp of a plum
1/2 tbsp to measure with
1. collect 20 ants
2. get two petrie dishes
3. put cottage cheese and peach in one petri dish
4. put ten ants in one dish, and put ten in the other
5. test temperature of each dish
6. set timer for five minutes
7. record number of ants in each dish every thirty seconds
Manipulated Procedure
Put cottage cheese on one side of a petri dish and a piece of plum on the other. Place ten ants in the dish with the food and ten in the empty dish. Record data every 30 seconds.
Control Procedure
Connect two empty petri dishes and fill each with 10 ants. This dishes will be used as the control for the experiment.
We observed the ants every thirty seconds for ten minutes to see if they preferred a plum over cottage cheese.
Quantitative Data
Control Procedure:
Seconds: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300 Average:
Left: 10, 10, 10, 11, 14, 13, 10, 8, 13, 11, 11 12.1
Right: 10, 10, 10, 9, 6, 7, 10, 12, 7, 9, 9 9.9
Chai-Square Data: .442- Fail to reject
Manipulated Procedure:
Peach: 10, 6, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8
Cottage Cheese: 10, 14, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 12, 12, 12, 12, 14
Chai- Square Data: 2- Rejected
Big image
In the beginning their were an equal number of ants with the cottage cheese and with the peach. After 30 seconds, the majority of the ants went to the cottage cheese. The amount of ants on each side after that generally stayed the same with only a 1 or 2 ant difference. At the end of the experiment the side with the peach only had 8 ants while the cottage cheese side had 12.
When we first placed ten ants in the petri dish containing cottage cheese and ten ants in the petri dish with the peach, we believed that the ants would prefer the peach over the cottage cheese because of its sweetness. Our hypothesis was incorrect because the majority of the ants loved the cottage cheese and went to that dish over a five minute period.
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Miscellaneous Process Design Process Equipments
Pigging refers to maintenance practice for pipelines using 'pipeline pigs', for cleaning or inspection of pipeline without stopping operation of the pipeline. Pipeline pigs are capsule shaped objects which travel through the pipeline, cleaning the inner walls of the pipeline by brushing action. Pigs get their name from the squealing sound they make while traveling through a pipeline.
Pigging usually means inspection and cleaning of the pipeline. The pig is inserted into a pig launcher, which is essentially a vessel used to for launching the pig into a pipeline using by creating a pressure differential. Refer to EnggCyclopedia's article on typical pig launcher P&ID arrangement. The pressure differential pressure between the two ends of pig launcher is created by partially closing the bypass line on the pig launcher. After launching the pig into the pipeline, pig launcher is closed and the fluid pressure is then used to push this pig through entire length of the pipeline, cleaning the inner walls all the way to the other end. On the other end of the pipeline, this pipe pig is received by a pig receiver, which has a similar structure and arrangement as the pig receiver. After receiving the pipe pig, pig receiver is closed, depressurized and then pig is removed along with the dirt and sludge.
If the pipeline contains butterfly valves, the pipeline cannot be pigged. Full bore ball valves cause no problems because the inside diameter of the ball can be specified to be the same as that of the pipe.
Pigging has been practiced for a long time to clean larger diameter pipelines in the oil industry. Today, however, the use of smaller diameter pigging systems is now increasing in many continuous and batch process plants as plant operators search for increased efficiencies and reduced costs.
Pipe pigs are very frequently used in oil and gas pipelines: they are used to clean the pipes but also there are "smart pigs" used to measure things like pipe thickness and corrosion along the pipeline. They usually do not interrupt production, though some product can be lost when the pig is extracted. They can also be used to separate different products in a multiproduct pipeline.
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The Iceni
"Next to these (the Catuvellauni) are the Iceni,
whose town is called Venta 20*30 55°20."
The Iceni tribe occupied all of Norfolk and north-west Suffolk. They were a monarchic society state, geographically separated from their western neighbours the Coritani by uninhabitable fenland. They were bordered to the south by the Atrebates.
Other passages in Ptolemy Book II Chapter 2 give the ancient names of a couple of geographical features within the territories of the Iceni tribe:
The Civitas Icenorum
The Principal Tribal Centre
Venta Icenorvm (Caistor St. Edmund, Norfolk)
A small walled town, disadvantaged by not being sited on a river. The only polis ascribed to the tribe by Ptolemy.
Other Sites of Importance within the Canton
Villas are confined mainly along the Icknield Way, notable sites being Grimston and Glayton Thorpe. Another interesting villa lies in the south of the canton at Stanton Chair, north of Ixworth, which, it has been suggested, was one of the estates bequeathed to Nero in the will of Prasutagus. The only known industry of the Iceni was ceramics, the most important potteries being at Helvingham, West Stow and Wattisfield.
The Tribal Territories
The Iceni Tribal Territories
From Barry Cunliffe's Iron Age Communities in Britain (Fig.6:9, pp.87).
The Ceni Magni of Caesar
No tribe named the 'Iceni' is mentioned by Caesar in his memoirs of the Gallic Wars, though he does provide us with the names of five tribes who surrendered to him following his victory over the Cantiaci in Kent.
'... the Cenimagni, the Segontiaci, the Ancalites, the Bibroci and the Cassi¹ sent deputations and surrendered to Caesar. ...' (Caesar De Bello Gallico v.21)
1. Of these five British tribes, the Cassi were possibly the precursors of the Catuvellauni, the Segontiaci may possibly be identified with the later settlement of Segontium near Caernarfon in North Wales, the Ancalites and the Bibroci are otherwise unknown, and the Cenimagni are discussed below.
Caesar's Cenimagni could be reasonably identified with the Iceni if the following scenario is accepted.
While receiving the formal surrender of the leaders of the tribe before his tribunal, Caesar, demanding to know the name of their tribe apparently recieved the reply de Iceni Magni ('the Great Iceni'). It is possible that the thick Latin accents of the Icenian chieftains were misunderstood by the Roman general's scribes, causing the second vowel sound to be ignored, it is equally possible, however, that Caesar deliberately slighted the tribe by misinterpreting their name.
The Icenian Revolt 47AD
'' (Tacitus Annales xii.31 et seq.)
The Rebellion of Boudicca 60/61AD
'' (Tacitus Annales xiv.31-37)
The Icenian Nobility
Identified from Coinage Evidence
Can[...]Issued the first inscribed Icenian coins, bearing the letters CAN DVRO, the basic design of which was based on coins from Cantium. The exact meaning of the DVRO part of the inscription is unknown, but is possibly a mint-mark. He was succeeded c.25AD by Anted[ios], who was later to become a client of Rome 43AD.
Anted[ios]Anted[ios] (only the first five letters appears on his coinage, the ending -ios is conjectural) succeeded Can[...] c.25AD as leader of the Iceni, and should not be confused with Anted[...] of the Dobunnic tribe of Gloucestershire. He took no active part in the opposition to the Roman invasion of 43AD and was subsequently made a client of Rome. He produced his first coins marked ANTED probably in commemoration of this honour. This action possibly stirred up the Icenian nobility who were opposed to the rule of a single leader, and this prompted Antedios to issue a generic coinage inscribed with ECEN, probably representing the name of the tribe instead of his own. This seemed not to appease at least two of the Icenian nobles, Aesu[...] and Saenu[...] who minted their own inscribed coinage sometime around 45AD. It is probable that Anted[ios] was involved in the Icenian War of 47AD, possibly precipitating the violence through his own death, though this is pure speculation. He must have lost his life by the end of the war however, for following the supression of the tribe by the son of the new governor, Marcus Ostorius, none of these leaders are heard of again, and the clientship of the kingdom of the Iceni passed to the pro-Roman leader Prasutagus.
Aesu[...]Aesu[...] was a contemporary of Anted[ios], who was the nominal leader of the Iceni during the invasion of 43AD. He possibly represented a rival faction within the Icenian nobility who were opposed on principle to the appointment by Rome of a single tribal representative. He issued his own inscribed coinage around 45AD, and was joined in this apparent show of displeasure by another contemporary Icenian leader, Saenu[...], who also issued inscribed coinage during the clientship of Anted[ios] in opposition to Rome. In 47AD, this resentment turned to violence when the Iceni, possibly led by Aesu[...], Anted[ios] and/or Saenu[...], took the opportunity of the change in the governorship, to rebel against Roman interference. All three Icenian nobles probably died during the fighting or were put to death by Marcus Ostorius soon afterwards, as Prasutagus was made Client-King.
Saenu[...]Saenu[...] issued inscribed coinage c.45AD contemporary with those of his Icenian rival kings Anted[ios], who was nominal king over all the Iceni in the eyes of Rome, and Aesu[...], who, like Saenu[..] possibly resented the preferential treatment that Anted[ios] was afforded by Rome. He was presumably one of the leading lights during the Icenian War of 47AD and was in all likelyhood killed either during the fighting or in retribution by Rome immediately afterwards.
PrasutagusWas the husband of the most famous of Iron-age British women, Boudicca. He was made client of Rome and given kingship over the entire Icenian tribe following the Icenian War in 47AD, when the inter-tribal struggles between Anted[ios], who had been recognised by Rome, and the factions of Aesu[...] and Saenu[...], escalated into armed revolt against Rome, which was soundly crushed. One unique issue of his coins bears the inscription SUB RI PRASTO ESICO FECIT - 'under king Prasto, Esico made me', which not only gives us the name of the king but also his moneyer or chamberlain. His death c.60AD was to spark the rebellion led by his wife, Boudicca, which was to end with the complete subjugation of the Iceni.
BoudiccaOne of two British women to be mentioned by the ancient sources. She was the wife of king Prasutagus who was granted the kingship of the Iceni, along with clientship of Rome after the Icenian war of 47AD. Following her husbands death c.60AD her kingdom was pillaged by the imperial procurator Decianus Catus, and when she made complaint, she was personally flogged and her daughters raped. Indignant at her treatment she fomented a rebellion within her tribe and, joined by their neighbouring tribe the Trinovantes, plundered the Romano-British towns of Camulodunum, Verulamium and Londinium before being beaten in a pitched battle with the forces of the governor, Suetonius Paullinus, near Manduessedum in the midlands.
Suggested Icenian Timeline
c.25BCAddedomaros becomes king of the Trinovantes and moves his centre of government from the eastern headwaters of the river Lea to a new site on the east coast, known later as Camulodunum (Colchester).
c.9ADCunobelinus of the Catuvellauni takes the Trinovantian capital and moves his capital from land-locked Verulamium to Camulodunum near the east coast.
c.25ADANTED[ios?] becomes king of at least part of the Iceni.
43ADAntedios and the Iceni take no part in the armed resistance to the Claudian invasion. Antedios is recognised by Rome as leader of the Iceni and is consequently made a client of Rome.
44AD[Antedios mints his 'ANTED' coinage perhaps in celebration of his new status. He comes under diplomatic fire by several members of the Icenian tribal aristocracy for pandering to Rome.]
45AD[Antedios mints his generic 'ECEN' coinage series, replacing his monogrammed issue, in an effort to de-fuse the internal dissention and to re-unite all of the Iceni tribe under him.]
46AD[To declare their differences over Antedios' pro-Roman policies, the minor Icenian kings AESV[nos?] and SAENV[vax?] mint their own coinage based on the later 'ECEN' issues of Antedios.]
47ADThe Iceni [under Aesunos and Saenuvax?] rise in revolt when Ostorius Scapula includes the Iceni among the tribes he plans to dis-arm. [Antedios refuses to succumb to political presure from the Icenian anti-Roman faction and does not join the revolt, consequently he does not survive the year and is perhaps put out of the way by assassination.]
48ADPrasutagus, the husband of Boudicca, is given kingship of the Iceni and made a client of Rome after the Icenian war ended and the perpetrators were put down. [Prasutagus may have been a blood relation of Antedios. He obviously must not have taken any part in the uprising.]
59ADKing Prasutagus died and named the emperor Nero among his co-heirs along with his two daughters. Unimpressed with his one-third share of Prasutagus' estate, and mistakenly convinced that the Icenian nation was far wealthier than was reported, Nero dissolved the Iceni's client status. Nero's tutor and close advisor Annaeus Seneca recalled all his loans made to British chiefs.
60ADRepression of the Iceni becomes systematic under the imperial procurator Decianus Catus, who treats the tribe as a conquered nation while the governor, Suetonius Paulinus, prepares an attack on Mona Insula (Anglesey). Boudicca is flogged and her daughters raped. Boudicca leads the Iceni in rebellion; they are soon joined by the neighbouring Trinovantes.
61ADAfter destroying a vexillation of the Ninth Legion Hispana, and sacking the towns of Camulodunum (Colchester), Verulamium (Saint Alban's) and Londinium, the Iceni and the Trinovantes are almost wiped out in a pitched battle with Suetonius Paullinus' forces in the area of Manduessedum (Mancetter).
62AD+The Iceni (and the Trinovantes) are fully subdued and incorporated within the Roman provincial government infrastructure, It is several decades before the Icenian peoples recover from their near-annihilation, and the tribes of south-eastern Britain never again rise against Rome.
In the table above, [bracketed texts] are suppositions only.
Bibliographical Links
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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
CCC uniform catalog.
While there were many relief programs aimed to put Americans back to work, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) had the unique goal of preserving the country’s natural resources through the establishment of conservation jobs. This meant that more than three million men between 1933 and 1942 went to work in the parks and forests performing tasks such as “planting trees, building flood barriers, fighting fires, and maintaining roads and trails.” One of the legacies of the CCC was that over three billion trees were planted in just nine years.
The CCC not only showed that the federal government valued protecting the environment, but also that many government agencies could join together in the face of national struggle to create a stronger nation. The Department of Labor recruited young men, the War Department trained them, and the Department of Agriculture decided on and managed the specific jobs of the workers. The work of these young men would become the foundations of the National Parks.
“Introduction: The Civilian Conservation Corps,” American Experience. Public Broadcasting System.
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thin (adj.)
Old English þynne "narrow, lean, scanty, not dense; fluid, tenuous; weak, poor," from Proto-Germanic *thunni "thin" (source also of West Frisian ten, Middle Low German dunne, Middle Dutch dunne, Dutch dun, Old High German dunni, German dünn, Old Norse þunnr, Swedish tunn, Danish tynd), from PIE *tnu- "stretched, stretched out" (hence "thin"), from root *ten- "to stretch" (source also of Latin tenuis "thin, slender").
These our actors ... were all Spirits, and Are melted into Ayre, into thin Ayre. [Shakespeare, "The Tempest," IV.i.150, 1610]
"Loose or sparse," hence "easily seen through," with figurative extensions. Related: Thinly; thinness. Thin-skinned is attested from 1590s; the figurative sense of "touchy" is from 1670s.
thin (v.)
Old English þynnian "to make thin, lessen, dilute," also intransitive, "become thin," from thin (adj.). Intransitive sense of "to become less numerous" is attested from 1743; that of "to become thinner" is recorded from 1804. Compare similarly formed German dünnen, Dutch dunnen. Related: Thinned; thinning.
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1. Help
Lab Demostration-Methane
Lab Demostration-Methane - Page Text Content
BC: 12/03/2013
FC: Sunshine Christian Bilingual Institute Lab Demonstration Methane Chemistry Gabriela Romero Mr. Jose Popoff 11th Grade 12/03/2013
1: Introduction In this lab report we are going to learn if Methane is combustible or not. How methane is obtained.
2: Objectives To obtain methane and verify its properties.
3: Materials 4 heat-resistant test tubes Bent glass tubing Right-stand clamp Burner Sodium acetate Alcohol Matches Sodium lime Stoppers (2)
4: Procedure 1. Take one of the test tubes and place inside the mixture of sodium acetate and sodated lime. 2. Place it according to the setup instructed by your teacher. 3. Heat during three minutes and collect the gas, stopper the tube and place it on the rack. 4. Repeat the operation of step 3 twice more and place the tubes on the rack. 5. Lit each one of the test tubes at the superior part. Observe and describe what happens.
5: Conclusions 1. Is methane combustible? | Yes it is combustible. Methane is the key component of natural gas
6: 2. Write the reaction that was done in the lab. | The reaction we saw was to see how the mixture was boiling. The mixture was deliberating small bubbles when it was in contact with the fire.
7: 3. What are the natural sources for obtaining methane? | Natural gas. The natural sources of methane are in fossil fuel, livestock, and landfills.
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Gabriela A Romero
• By: Gabriela A.
• Joined: over 6 years ago
• Published Mixbooks: 9
No contributors
About This Mixbook
• Title: Lab Demostration-Methane
• Obtaining methene and verify its properties.
• Tags: None
• Published: about 5 years ago
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Abdims Stork (Ciconia abdimii)
Abdims Stork
[order] CICONIIFORMES | [family] Ciconiidae | [latin] Ciconia abdimii | [authority] Lichtenstein, 1823 | [UK] Abdims Stork | [FR] Cigogne d’Abdim | [DE] Abdimstorch | [ES] Ciguena de Abdim | [NL] Abdimooievaar
Genus Species subspecies Region Range
Ciconia abdimii AF se
Storks are rather well represented in the world fossil record, although no comprehensive review of them has been attempted. The earliest records come from the Late Eocene of Egypt. After taxa incorrectly referred to this family were removed, the earliest named species became Palaeoephippiorhynchus dietrichi Lambrecht, 1930 (Late Oligocene; Egypt). The stork family (Ciconiidae) includes 17-19 species, depending upon which classification is followed. They are widely distributed, mainly in the Old World Tropics. Being large, conspicuous, and easily observed, storks are well known birds throughout their range. Several populations are threatened or endangered. The seven species of “typical” storks of the genus ciconia are all somewhat similar, with mainly black-and-white plumage and straight bills.
Physical charateristics
The Abdim’s or White-bellied Stork is the smallest species in the stork family. Like all storks, it has a long neck and long legs with a fairly large and broad wingspan for its size. The feathers on most of its body are a dark brown/black with a pink/purple irridescent hue. The feathers on the belly and under the tail are white. The wings of all storks are excellently suited to soaring. The tail is short and the legs stick out behind it in flight. The bill is large and pointed for its head size.
Listen to the sound of Abdims Stork
[audio:http://www.planetofbirds.com/MASTER/CICONIIFORMES/Ciconiidae/sounds/Abdims Stork.mp3]
Copyright remark: Most sounds derived from xeno-canto
recorded by Pamela C. Rasmussen
wingspan min.: 0 cm wingspan max.: 0 cm
size min.: 75 cm size max.: 81 cm
incubation min.: 28 days incubation max.: 31 days
fledging min.: 50 days fledging max.: 55 days
broods: 1 eggs min.: 1
eggs max.: 3
Africa : Southeast. It is found in sub-Saharan Africa, and also in restricted range in SW Arabia.
It breeds in widely-scattered colonies, normally not exceeding 20 pairs (although groups of between 30 and 50 are recorded occasionally). The species breeds colonially, with nests being built from sticks and vegetation in trees or on cliffs, or on the roofs of huts in villages, and will often be used from year to year unless they collapse (although not necessarily by the same breeding pair). They usually lay a clutch of usually 2-3 eggs which are incubated for about a month. The chicks fledge at around 50-60 days.
Feeding habits
The species is primarily insectivorous, its diet consisting almost entirely of large grassland insects such as swarming locusts, army worm Spodoptera exempta caterpillars, grasshoppers and crickets, although it will also take mice, frogs, lizards, small fish, molluscs, crabs, millipedes, scorpions, water rats and small birds
Video Abdims Stork
copyright: Josep del Hoyo
Abdim’s Stork is common and locally abundant. This bird is protected by local superstitions and encouraged by inhabitants for nesting in villages.
Populations are stable.
Abdims Stork status Least Concern
This species is an intra-African trans-equatorial migrant, making seasonal movements to coincide with rainfall. After breeding in the wet season of the northern tropics (between May and August), it moves east then south (West African populations), or south (East African populations), through the equatorial rain-belt (September-October), and arrives in the southern tropics early in the southern wet season (November-March). It remains in this southern range until March (when the rains decrease), after which it moves north again through East Africa at the beginning of the long rains (March-April), arriving back in the breeding grounds in April and May before (or just as) the heavy rains begin. The species is gregarious and is rarely seen in groups of less than 10, often traveling in vast flocks of c.10000. On migration it lands daily to feed, both migrating and foraging diurnally.
Distribution map
Abdims Stork distribution range map
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Transition Zone
Transition Zone
The transition zone - the broken, weathered zone at the top of bedrock - is widely recognised as a significant pathway for groundwater flow and potential movement of contaminants. However, the properties, extent and variability of the transition zone across Ireland are poorly understood. Geological Survey Ireland aims to better understand this important interface at a national level.
Transition Zone definition
Geological Survey Ireland has developed the following definition of the transition zone:
The transition zone is the broken, weathered zone between the subsoil (Quaternary deposits) and competent, unaltered bedrock (see Figure 1). It may be formed by chemical weathering (Figure 2), or physical processes (Figure 3), or both. It can have different hydraulic properties to the subsoil and bedrock, and may act as a significant pathway for groundwater and contaminant flow. It may also serve to attenuate potential contaminants in some cases, and can rapidly change in thickness over very short distances and may be absent in places.
Transition zone processes may be of particular importance in poorly productive bedrock aquifers in Ireland, where the transmissivity of the transition zone may be greater than the deeper bedrock transmissivity. This means, simply, that most of the flow in poorly productive aquifers will be in the broken up portion of the top of the bedrock.
How is Geological Survey Ireland studying the transition zone?
Building upon previous transition zone research, the current project aims to characterise the transition zone in Ireland. Existing desk study information from publicly available reports will be supplemented with new field data collected during this project. Fieldwork examining the transition zone will focus on each of Ireland's main hydrostratigraphic units, and will comprise:
• systematic logging of exposures and cores;
• geophysical surveys;
• and hydraulic testing.
The Transition Zone Story Map
The Transition Zone Story Map is a visual georeferenced library of photographs of the transition zone. Geological Survey Ireland use it to map the transition zone's variability across different geological settings and to focus their field work. The story map is populated with photos from hydrogeologists and engineers across Ireland. Everyone is encouraged to submit their photographs of the transition zone to the story map. Visit the Transition Zone Story Map.
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Above: Detail from photo of Sephardic Museum (Museo Sefardí) in Toledo, Spain. It is a fourteenth-century building, originally the Sinagoga del Tránsito or Sinagoga de Samuel ha-Levi. Courtesy of the author.
The Spanish Docks in 1492
Patricio Boyer
One of the challenges of teaching courses on Spanish imperialism and the conquest of the Americas is the extent to which they can seem so familiar and simultaneously alien to early twenty-first-century students. This is a time when many students are sensitized to the complexities of race and various ways it might intersect with religion, geography, capitalism: it is almost a grab bag of buzzwords that in the best cases generates fruitful debate and analysis. It can be hard for students to see how those threads come together over time, and how the remote origins of our current world order might help us understand the imbrication of race, religion, and nationality. This can be particularly true in helping students bridge the gap between the late medieval world of fifteenth-century Spain and the purportedly modern world of the sixteenth-century Americas, where, for students, “race thinking” seems to be a novel kind of social discourse. The relationship between medieval antisemitism and early modern racism get lost in that geographic divide. The Alhambra Decree that led to the expulsion of tens of thousands of Spanish Jews is thus reduced to a coincidence: what a curious accident of history, the story goes, that on the day Columbus set out for the New World he was forced to leave not from the port of Cádiz, the obvious choice for an Atlantic journey, but rather the less advantageous Palos de la Frontera.
The details of this historical convergence matter, not only for what they might suggest to us about the cultural realities of 1492, but also for the material realities that narrative elides.i If the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María could find no berth in the ancient port, it was a product of the fact that the docks of the ancient city were packed with boats meeting the deadline of expulsion. The port was brimming with the literal bodies of Sephardim being pushed into the ocean and on the various trajectories that would carry them away from the only home they had ever known. These bodies matter, of course, if we hope to understand the role antisemitism played in this most crucial of years for the Western imagination. They also matter if we ever hope to understand the central role that antisemitism would play in the development of European “race thinking.” Columbus’s famous caravels were as much a part of the Jewish expulsion as those boats carrying mourning passengers to the furthest reaches of Europe and the Ottoman Empire. They carried to the New World a sense of difference deeply rooted in a kind of embodiment that seems distant, less legible to modern readers than we might imagine.
Santa María la Blanca, a former synagogue in Toledo that was later made a church and is now a museum. It is possibly the oldest standing/extant synagogue building in Europe, although it hasn’t been used as a synagogue since the early fifteenth century. Courtesy of the author.
This photo shows the overlay Christians applied to Santa María la Blanca, obscuring the original bricks of the synagogue. Courtesy of the author.
In her influential study of the relationship between inquisitorial politics and the emergence of modern ideas about race, the late María Elena Martínez reminded us of the way antisemitism has been, since time immemorial, imbricated with ideas about faith and the body and how those bodies might imply a kind of inheritability of certain traits.ii Most clearly exemplified in the way Spaniards allegorized the importance of “blood” and purity, Martínez’s account beautifully peels back the layers of how the body was seen to contain the fluids in which flowed belief, from blood to the mother’s milk that fed heresy intergenerationally. The relationship between biology and belief, between what the body contains and what lies in the spirit, is a language of bigotry that might seem familiar in its broad brushstrokes but more difficult to parse in the details. Indeed, students perceive the bigotry of biological theorizations of ethnicity, but do not grasp readily the way that religion, ethnicity, and incipient notions of race converge on the site of the body. Martínez connects purity of blood to the casta system, a later, New-World conceptualization of race in Mexico. Suggestive as that is, it seems to me that not enough attention has been given to the way transmissibility might be reimagined as a question not of biology per se, but rather intimacy, proximity, and familiarity. The strangeness of early modern notions of race lies, for me, precisely in the way bodily proximity itself was understood to be racialized.
Spaniards transformed religious belief into a question of bodies, but they did so in complex ways. Conversos proved threatening to the antisemitic imagination not only because of allegorical ideas about blood, but also because of the way bodies were defined by practices and rituals, the way they literally moved through space. Performance Studies has given us a language to talk about the way that recursive, quotidian behaviors make meaning and generate subjectivity precisely through a practice, via externalized, observable behaviors. Bodies moving through space do not mean anything or hint at a hidden meaning; instead, they generate that very thing we assume they signal. In other words, the performance goes beyond phenomenology and, on some basic level, produces a kind of being. This lens helps us re-view(?) embodiment as a more complex and layered phenomenon than the concept of ethnic or “raced” bodies would suggest. Most startling about this kind of performative, bodily understanding of religion for early modern Spaniards is the way that it sits at the intersection of a version of embodiment that is biologically racialized and the intimacy of familial and quotidian practice. For the Spanish antisemite, the vicissitudes of his prejudice turn on that axis where faith moves toward practice and away from belief, where bodily proximity becomes the groundwork for a familial intimacy that so frightens the nascent imperial imagination that it packs it onto boats to carry it away.
As a metonym for modernity, those overflowing ships will go from carrying people across the Mediterranean and away from the heart of empire to packing them in and ferrying them to lives of servitude across the Atlantic. Rather than the capstone to medieval antisemitism and another in a long line of Jewish expulsions, I want students to understand the Sephardic Diaspora as part of the birth of modernity, as part and parcel of the racist legacies that would subtend the establishment of early capitalism and Western imperialism. Understanding the extent to which early modern antisemitism was rooted not only in questions of faith but also in mutable forms of embodiment like racialization and the physical practice of ritual has helped my students engage more dynamically with how racism, religious bigotry, and imperialism intertwine.
Patricio Boyer
PATRICIO BOYER is associate professor of Hispanic Studies at Davidson College.
i María Rosa Menocal describes the port of Cadiz on the eve of expulsion in her book, Shards of Love: Exile and the Origins of the Lyric (Duke University Press, 1993).
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ACT english full-length practice test 31
The following paragraphs may or may not be in the most logical order. Each paragraph is numbered in brackets, and question 14 will ask you to choose where Paragraph 5 should most logically be placed.
A Window into History
One very long summer during high school, my mom volunteered me to help Grandpa research our family tree. Great, I thought, imagining hours spent pawing through dusty, rotting boxes and listening to boring stories about people I didn't know.1 "You'll be surprised," my mom promised. "Family histories can be very interesting."
In truth, Grandpa didn't want to limit my work to just research. Hoping to also preserve2 our family memories. He'd discovered a computer program that helps digitally scan old pictures, and letters3 to preserve their contents before they crumble from old age. Grandpa wanted me to help him connect the scanner and set up the computer program. He could type documents and send emails, but he had4 never used a scanner.
[1] Instead of sorting through dusty boxes as I had imagined, we spent a lot of time in my grandpa's bright, tidy computer room. [2] The scanner hummed happily, turning my relatives precious memories5 into permanent digital images. [3]?A scanner is a device which makes electronic copies of actual items. [4] I worked happily while Grandpa shared stories that turned out not to be boring at all.
Perusing through her7 belongings, I felt I was opening a window into the world of my relatives, a world long since gone. Grandpa showed me a bundle of yellowed letters he had send8 to Grandma from the front lines of World War II, and I could almost smell the gunpowder. I turned the brittle pages of my great-grandmother's recipe book and could envision her sitting in her immaculate kitchen penning9 meticulously every entry. All of the people who had been merely names to me now had faces to match and lives lived.
I asked Grandpa to tell the story behind every picture and letter we scanned. Besides, the10 stories helped me not only understand but also relate to my relatives. Like me, they had celebrated achievements, overcome failures, pulled silly pranks, played sports, and,11 attended concerts. I became so hungry for more information that Grandpa needed additional props to keep me satisfied. He showed me a chest filled with random stuff, all covered in dust.
As the new school year approached, Grandpa admitted, "I probably could have done this project myself. I just wanted someone to share it with." I can't thank him enough for sharing the experience and making me appreciate the family members who have made me the person I am. I will cherish family memories and mementoes and hope that someday, I will be able to pass them down to my own grandchildren.13
1. Given that all the choices are true, which one best conveys the author's initial expectations and effectively leads into her mother's comments?
B. bonding with the grandfather I barely knew.
C. remembering fun times I had with relatives.
D. trying to operate an unfamiliar machine.
G. research. Hope to also preserve
H. research, that hope to also preserve
J. research, hoping to also preserve
B. pictures, and, letters
C. pictures and letters,
D. pictures and letters
4. Which of the following choices is NOT an acceptable substitute for the underlined portion?
F. emails but having
G. emails, yet he had
H. emails; however, he had
J. emails but had
B. relatives precious memory's
C. relatives' precious memories
D. relatives' precious memory's
6. Which of the following sentences in this paragraph is LEAST relevant to the progression of the narrative and therefore could be deleted?
F. Sentence 1
G. Sentence 2
H. Sentence 3
J. Sentence 4
B. their
C. one's
D. there
G. send
H. has sent
J. had sent
B. kitchen, penning
C. kitchen, which penned
D. kitchen that penned
G. Because the
H. Therefore, the
J. The
B. sports, and
C. sports and,
D. sports and
12. Which of the following true statements, if added at the beginning of this paragraph, would most successfully introduce readers to the information relayed in the paragraph?
F. My family has been around for generations, so there were a lot of names to remember.
G. My grandfather inundated me with items to catalogue on the computer.
H. As I learned more about some relatives, I forgot about others.
J. As the summer progressed, I became fascinated with my relatives' lives.
13. Which of the following provides the best conclusion to the paragraph and the essay as a whole?
B. My grandpa will teach me something new next summer.
C. I never have to tell my mother she was right that family history isn't tedious and boring.
D. I can figure out other ways to use my computer.
14. This question ask about the preceding passage as a whole.
Where should the author place Paragraph 5 in order to have a logical, coherent essay?
F. Where it is now
G. Before Paragraph 2
H. Before Paragraph 3
J. Before Paragraph 4
15. This question ask about the preceding passage as a whole.
Suppose the writer's purpose had been to write an essay about some of the benefits of genealogical research. Does this essay succeed in achieving that purpose?
A. Yes, because it describes the technological skills gained in the process of researching one's relatives.
B. Yes, because it provides an example of how one person gained personal insights from her family history.
C. No, because it provides only one person's research, which is susceptible to bias and cannot be reliable.
D. No, because genealogical research require statistics in order to prove there were benefits.
Moving to a New Life
I stand on the corner of Elm Avenue and Main Street by me, watching16 my parents walk away and feeling nothing but apprehension about adjusting to this new town. I try not to show the passersby just how scared I really am, but it's not possible. My tears start to flow, and I quickly run to my new, cold,17 bedroom.
I know I am making a complete spectacle of18 myself, but I can't help it. I am an only child whom has19 never been more than 30 minutes away from her parents, yet here I am, on the other side of the country, moving in to my new college dorm. We all want to take responsibility for one's own lives.20 I just never realized that in order to do so, I would have to leave my family. No longer will I wake up to Mom's Sunday breakfast of non-pasteurized milk, and fresh orange juice, fluffy21 scrambled eggs and crisp bacon. I'll have to tackle the daily crossword puzzle on my own, without Dad's carefully veiled hints. Everything is gone. Can anyone understand what I'm going through?
As I lie crying into my pillow, hearing23 the door to the dorm suite open. It must be one of my two roommates. I quickly stop crying-I couldn't stand the embarrassment if she knew her new roommate was an emotional wreck! Being full of surprise,25 I hear her crying as she runs to her room. Curiosity overwhelming me and I26 tiptoe through the common room to her still-open door.
I stand in the doorway for merely a second before she reacts. Slowly,27 her face jolts up, and her sudden shock at my appearance is clearly written on her face. "Are you okay?" I quietly ask. "I'm sorry," she stammers.28 "I thought I was alone. I know this must seem very childish to you. I'm just very close to my younger sister, and saying goodbye to her just now.…" Her sentence trails off as she turns her face away from me. "I remember when she was born."29
"I completely understand," I say, and I really do. "Maybe we can help each other get used to this new college life."
G. me watching
H. myself, watching
J. myself. Watching
B. new, cold
C. new cold
D. new cold,
G. completely spectacle about
H. completely spectacle of
J. complete spectacle about
B. whom have
C. who has
D. who have
G. their own life.
H. our own lives.
J. your own life.
B. milk, and fresh orange juice, fluffy,
C. milk and fresh orange juice fluffy
D. milk and fresh orange juice, fluffy
22. The writer is considering revising the sentence "Everything is gone" in the preceding sentence to read:
"It feels like everything I have ever loved is being ripped away from me."
Should the writer make this change, or keep the sentence as it is?
F. Make the revision, because it conveys more vividly the type of emotions felt by the writer.
G. Make the revision, because it describes the stages of emotion the writer faces as she mourns.
H. Keep the sentence as it is, because it is already specific and does not need to be changed.
J. Keep the sentence as it is, because it's short and more concise than the proposed revision.
B. I was hearing
C. I hear
D. having heard
24. If the writer were to delete the phrase "-I couldn't stand the embarrassment if she knew her new roommate was an emotional wreck!" from the preceding sentence, the passage would primarily lose:
F. a description of the uneasy relationship between the roommates.
G. an insight into the reasons the writer stopped crying.
H. a justification for her dissatisfaction with college.
J. nothing at all, since the writer has already expressed her sadness.
B. Since I was surprised,
C. Being surprised,
D. Much to my surprise,
G. me, and I
H. me, I
J. me. I
27. Given that all the choices are true, which one provides the best transition by illustrating how quickly the roommate responded to the writer's presence?
B. Abruptly,
C. After several moments,
D. Sluggishly,
G. asserts.
H. quotes.
J. screams.
29. Given that all the choices are true, which conclusion to this paragraph is most consistent with the writer's subsequent response?
B. My sister has always been so fun to live with.
C. I wish that they would have left sooner.
D. It's going to be hard to adjust, that's all.
30. This question ask about the preceding passage as a whole.
Suppose the writer's goal was to describe personal hardships first-time college students may experience. Does this essay successfully accomplish that goal?
F. Yes, because it gives an anecdotal account of separation anxiety experienced by the writer and her roommate.
G. Yes, because it focuses on the initial awkwardness between roommates who don't know each other.
H. No, because it focuses on the emotions of only one person instead of the experiences of many students.
J. No, because it fails to provide enough background information on the narrator's mental state before college.
The following paragraphs may or may not be in the most logical order. Each paragraph is numbered in brackets, and question 45 will ask you to choose where Paragraph 2 should most logically be placed.
Thrill Seekers Wanted
Like Indiana Jones, the staid college professor who undertakes daring adventures in his spare time, my father is a businessman by day and a thrill-seeking adrenaline fanatic by night. His enthusiasm rubbed off on me, and I have been lucky to be his sidekick on many an adventure. We started out small by conquering America's fastest, most twisted rollercoasters. After that, a whitewater rafting excursion through the Grand Canyon on the majestic, if murky32 Colorado River jumpstarted our search for other extreme thrills across the globe.
Anyone who loves a challenging thrill should try canyoning. Our adventure began with a 90-foot rappel down a canyon wall into a rushing, ice-cold river, and without34 wetsuits we surely would have become popsicles! Intrepidly, we traversed the bone-chilling water toward the mouth of the river, our final destination, where the reward for the journey would be a panoramic view of the natural wonder35 of the lush Interlaken basin.
Spectacular thrills awaited us at every corner of the world. A remarkable activity in its own right, like skydiving was36 especially momentous when performed from a helicopter over the breathtaking Swiss Alps. We have gone spelunking in damp and ominous Peruvian caves. We have traveled to New Zealand for Zorb, a strange activity in which participants enter a giant, inflatable ball and roll down steep, grassy hills. Most recently, in Interlaken, Switzerland, we attempted "canyoning," because of which was38 our most exhilarating adventure yet!
We had to navigate both the flowing river and the canyon walls we39 became amphibious, moving seamlessly between land and water. We slid over slick rocks at one moment, leapt and descended40 from waterfalls and swam through underwater tunnels the next. Back and forth we alternated, scaling rope ladders before zooming down zip lines back into the fresh mountain water. Certainly, danger from possible miscalculations were lurking41 in each of these activities, but that very danger provided the rush. Canyoning was indeed one thrill after another, from beginning to end.42
While canyoning is possible only in certain locales, thrills and adventure can be found anywhere. Our humble beginnings in the U.S. showed us just that. We continue to seek the big thrills, but43 in doing so, we have learned to seek lesser forms of excitement in daily life as well. After all, we can't go canyoning every day, and small thrills are better than none for us thrill seekers.44
31. The writer is considering deleting the phrase "Like Indiana Jones, the staid college professor who undertakes daring adventures in his spare time," from the preceding sentence (and capitalizing the word my). Should the phrase be kept or deleted?
A. Kept, because it clarifies that the writer's father is also named Indiana.
B. Kept, because it adds a descriptive detail that heightens the thrill of the adventures described later in the passage.
C. Deleted, because it draws attention from the paragraph's focus on the father and places it on movies.
D. Deleted, because the information fails to specify if the writer's father is interested in archaeology.
G. majestic if murky
H. majestic; if murky,
J. majestic, if murky,
33. The writer is considering deleting the phrase "who loves a challenging thrill" from the preceding sentence. Should the phrase be kept or deleted?
A. Kept, because it clarifies the term anyone and contributes to the logic of the paragraph.
B. Kept, because it indicates the paragraph's focus on people who love challenges.
C. Deleted, because the term anyone describes all people and does not need clarification.
D. Deleted, because the phrase is too long and confuses the focus of the sentence.
G. river, without
H. river without
J. river and without
B. view naturally of the wonder
C. viewing of the wonderful nature
D. view
G. skydiving was
H. skydiving,
J. like skydiving
37. At this point, the writer is considering adding the following true statement:
We have bungee jumped from the world's highest platform, Bloukrans Bridge in South Africa.
Should the writer make this addition here?
A. Yes, because it is an additional detail consistent with the main point of this paragraph.
B. Yes, because it helps establish the main idea that Africa has the most exciting thrills in the world.
C. No, because its focus is on a location and activity different than those in the rest of the paragraph.
D. No, because the other activities in this paragraph do not involve the use of a bungee cord.
G. and which was
H. which was
J. in which was
B. walls, we
C. walls so we
D. walls, so we
G. leapt
H. leapt in the air and descended down
J. leapt to descend
B. miscalculations will be lurking
C. miscalculations was lurking
D. miscalculations lurking
42. Given that all the choices are true, which one best clarifies the distinction between the two types of activities mentioned in this paragraph?
G. both on rocky surfaces and in the chilly water.
H. adventure after adventure.
J. long after the waterfalls.
B. and
C. moreover,
D. furthermore,
44. Given that all the choices are true, which one concludes the paragraph with a phrase that relates to the main topic of the essay?
G. and that's a shame.
H. because we don't live near any canyons.
J. but it's the last thrill I'll ever need!
45. This question ask about the preceding passage as a whole.
For the sake of the logic and coherence of this essay, the best placement for Paragraph 2 would be:
A. where it is now.
B. before Paragraph 1.
C. before Paragraph 4.
D. before Paragraph 5.
Enriching the American Tradition
The Mexican-American War, with its many conflicts and compromises, represent46 a largely overlooked part of the history of the United States, but its importance in the current shape and culture of the United States cannot be overstated. Certainly, it is difficult to imagine the present-day United States without the list of former Mexican territories, which includes47 Texas, Arizona, California, and others, but it is equally difficult to imagine America's vibrant multicultural society without the influence of Mexican-Americans.
But despite the obvious richness that Mexican-Americans have brought to American culture, one aspect of their48 contributions, to American arts48 is often overlooked: literature. Although the names of many famous Mexican-Americans are identifiable in film and music, many Americans are at a loss to name even a single Mexican-American author. Carlos Santana, a musician born and raised in Mexico, has achieved widespread popularity in the United States.49
A major landmark in early Mexican-American literature came in 1885, when author, María Amparo Ruiz de Burton,50 published her second novel, The Squatter and the Don. In addition to being the first major novel written in English by an author of Mexican descent, The Squatter and the Don was also noteworthy for its revolutionary perspective. María Amparo Ruiz de Burton helped to acquaint American readers52 with and introduce them to52 an as yet unfamiliar group through her fictional family, the Alamars. A family of landed gentry living in San Diego, nearly all is lost to the Alamars53 after the American annexation of California during54 the Mexican-American War. As a result of the lopsided Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico lost nearly forty percent of its previous territories and many, like Ruiz de Burton and her creations the Alamars, were uprooted from their previous comfort and made citizens of a new nation. Ruiz de Burton's wish that55 her works would speak for the many Mexican-Americans who felt the same concerns. The Squatter and the Don marked an early and important exploration of many themes that Mexican-American authors continue to explore57, including themes of personal integrity, identity, and the relationships between individuals and collective history.
[1] Poet Ana Castillo has been publishing well-received novels and volumes of poetry prolifically since 1977, and her work has been essential in bringing issues of Mexican-American women, particularly those living in urban places such as Castillo's hometown of Chicago, to a larger audience. [2] Sandra Cisneros is the author of The House on Mango Street, which has sold over two million copies since its original publication in 1984, and her work, including the novel Caramelo, published in 2002, has helped give voice to the often difficult position of living between two cultures that Mexican-Americans face. [3] Ruiz de Burton's writings and that of58 other authors remain important parts of American literature today. [4] Along with many others, these authors60 continue to expand the boundaries of American literature, just as Mexican-Americans all over the country continue to enrich and challenge accepted notions of what we call "American culture."
G. represents
H. have represented
J. representing
B. includes:
C. included,
D. included:
G. their contributions, to American arts,
H. their contributions to American arts,
J. their contributions to American arts
B. A musician who has achieved popularity in the United States is Carlos Santana, who was born and raised in Mexico.
C. However, many Americans can easily identify Carlos Santana, a popular musician born and raised in Mexico.
D. DELETE the underlined portion.
G. author María Amparo Ruiz de Burton
H. author, María Amparo Ruiz de Burton
J. author María Amparo Ruiz de Burton,
51. If the writer were to delete the phrase "In addition to being the first major novel written in English by an author of Mexican descent," from the preceding sentence, the essay would primarily lose:
A. an indication of Ruiz de Burton's command of the English language.
B. a fact that reveals that the novel was the first by a Mexican author to be read in the United States.
C. information that helps to strengthen the sense of the novel's historical importance.
D. a suggestion that María Amparo Ruiz de Burton considered writing the novel in her native Spanish.
G. give American readers a glimpse at
H. introduce American readers unacquainted with Mexican-American literature to
J. introduce American readers to
B. the Alamars lose nearly all that they own
C. losing all that they own
D. Ruiz de Burton describes a family that loses all that they own
G. within
H. throughout
J. through
B. being that
C. was that
D. being
56. At this point, the writer is considering adding the following true statement:
After the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, many people of French descent living in the United States felt displaced as well.
Should the writer make the addition here?
F. Yes, because it provides historical information about another group that deepens the reader's understanding of the difficulties faced by Mexican-Americans.
G. Yes, because it links those with French descent with the characters in The Squatter and the Don.
H. No, because it does not provide a direct connection between the work of María Amparo Ruiz de Burton and the work of later Mexican-American authors.
J. No, because it is clear from the essay that the Louisiana Purchase had no importance to the Mexican-American authors discussed.
57. Which of the following alternatives to the underlined portion would be LEAST acceptable?
A. investigate
B. examine
C. look into
D. solve
G. by
H. those of
J. with
59. For the sake of the logic and coherence of this paragraph, Sentence 3 should be placed:
A. where it is now.
B. before Sentence 1.
C. before Sentence 2.
D. after Sentence 4.
G. the writers Ana Castillo and Sandra Cisneros and many other Mexican-American authors
H. the Mexican-American authors being published today
J. the many Mexican-American authors whose work as a whole represents them
A Simple but Complex Modern Vision
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, typically cited alongside Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier as a pioneer of modern architecture. Was61 integral to the founding and proliferation of the "modern style" in architecture. Van der Rohe felt the design of a building should be reflective of its age, as the Gothic and Classical masterpieces surely were. Van der Rohe, called Mies by friends and students, found many architects' attitudes toward architectural design problematic, particularly these architects' reliance on older, outdated architectural styles.
Van der Rohe, instead, sought to express through his buildings what he feels62 to be the core tenets of modern existence. The buildings based on van der Rohe's designs,63 were primarily constructed with64 industrial steel and plate glass-that is,65 only the materials of modern, twentieth-century life and industry. By using only the bare minimum materials produced from American and German factories, Mies sought to cast off what he found to be one of the main problems with contemporary architecture, and66 overly decorative and ornamental structures with no "function" were wasteful uses of space and material. Through steel and plate glass, van der Rohe felt that he could better practice the idea of "efficiency" that he had pulled from his earlier readings of Russian Constructivism, and using these materials as he did to create simple, planar, rectilinear designs, Mies invested his buildings with a strange intensity that conveyed at once the simplicity of design and many of the buildings have been named National Historic Landmarks.67
Van der Rohe's architectural education was unique, and many describe the architect as largely self-taught. From 1908 to 1912, under teacher Peter Behrens's guidance,68 Mies became a proponent of many modern and avant-garde ideas in architecture in Germany. From Behrens, van der Rohe began to see the potential of developing an architecture of ideas, and indeed, he was a "self-taught" expert in many ancient and modern philosophical concepts. This69 helped him to understand the character of the modern world, and with his maturing ideas of this character, van der Rohe set out to create a style truly of the twentieth century. While70 van der Rohe was committed to creating a philosophical, theoretical basis for his works, he helped to create a new vocabulary for the creation and study of architecture.
[1] In order to escape the oppressive Nazi regime, van der Rohe who left71 Germany for the United States in 1937. [2]?Mies was originally invited to become head of the school and to contribute designs for the school's growing campus (which, as the Illinois Institute of Technology, continues to grow today). [3] He had two commissions waiting for him there-one in Wyoming and another72 at the Armour Institute of Technology in Chicago. [4] Pupils learning73 his new method and architectural vocabulary, van der Rohe worked tirelessly as an educator, with only limited success. [5] While many students were initially enthusiastic74, Mies van der Rohe's influence was eventually eclipsed by the rise of Postmodern Architecture in the early 1980s.
There can be no doubt, though, that van der Rohe has left a huge mark on the look of the North American city. Not only do his buildings help to create the skylines of Chicago, New York, and Toronto, but van der Rohe also gave architects from all over the world a new vocabulary and set of materials with which to create spaces for living and working, and he helped to make architecture one of the great arts of the twentieth century.
B. architecture. Being
C. architecture, being
D. architecture, was
G. is feeling
H. felt
J. who felt
B. buildings based on van der Rohe's designs
C. buildings, based on van der Rohe's designs
D. buildings based on van der Rohe's designs;
64. Which of the following alternatives to the underlined portion would NOT be acceptable?
F. from
G. using
H. out of
J. into
B. that is
C. this is,
D. this is
G. architecture that
H. architecture, which
J. architecture: that
67. Given that all the choices are true, which one would add the most effective detail to the description of the visual appeal of the buildings mentioned in the first part of the sentence?
B. the structure that had taken months, even years, to build.
C. the complex beauty of the free-flowing structures inside.
D. the buildings on display in many American and European cities.
G. teacher, Peter Behrens's guidance,
H. teacher Peter Behrens's guidance;
J. teacher, Peter Behrens's guidance
B. Studying philosophy
C. Something
D. This thing
G. Even though
H. Moreover
J. Because
B. left
C. leaves
D. leaving
72. Which of the following alternatives to the underlined portion would NOT be acceptable?
F. the other
G. one
H. this one
J. the other one
B. While pupils learn
C. To teach pupils
D. Pupils being taught
G. enthusiastic and extremely excited,
H. enthusiastic, overwhelmed with excitement,
J. enthusiastic, thrilled,
A. where it is now.
B. after Sentence 1.
C. after Sentence 4.
D. after Sentence 5.
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Fluid environments BY ANNETTE LAMB
Deep media, reading mash-ups, chaotic reading, immersive games, interactive storytelling, genre-mash, and participatory media are all words associated with fluid environments and transmedia worlds.
Fluid environments involve using multiple modes of communication to convey a complex, interactive message. Information flows smoothly from one media to the next. The strengths of each media create synergy. The result is something more dynamic than could be done in a single medium.
In transmedia storytelling, integral elements of the story are told through different media and each media type provides distinct contributions to the participant's understanding of the story. Participants may have many different entry points into the story and are able to extend the story through their contributions.
Fluid Environments
Use the navigation bar on the left or or the list below to explore the resources available at this website:
Fluid Environments for Teaching, Learning, and Technology
Divergent Convergence: Learning in a Transmedia, Multiplatform World
Reading in an iPad, Transmedia Universe
Writing in an iPad, Transmedia Universe
The Transmedia Time
The Transmedia Flood
Fluid Environments for Life-Long Learning: Cross-Genre, Multi-platform, Transmedia Worlds
is an upcoming book by Annette Lamb.
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• Home
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• The Dirty Details of Antarctica's Dry Valleys
The Dirty Details of Antarctica's Dry Valleys
by Oceanwide Expeditions Blog
Located on the western coast of McMurdo Sound, the McMurdo Dry Valleys form the largest ice-free (relatively) area in Antarctica.
Ship: m/v Ortelius
Regions: Antarctica
Destinations: Ross Sea
Highlights: McMurdo Dry Valleys
The McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica
Covering a surface area of approximately 4,800 square km (1,850 square miles), the Dry Valleys are unique in that their frozen lakes and extensive areas of exposed soil represent a region of Earth approaching the minimal requirements for supporting life.
In fact, low temperatures, limited precipitation, and salt accumulation make the McMurdo Dr Valleys almost more like Mars than Earth - or Antarctica.
The McMurdo Dry Valleys remain dry because the precipitation that falls as snow to the Antarctic Continent is blown away from this area by strong, dry, katabatic winds through the process of sublimation.
The result is that the only ice found in the Dry Valleys is in the form of alpine glaciers and lake ice, making the area a peculiarity in an already peculiar continent
Antarctic life in the McMurdo Dry Valleys
When Captain Scott first discovered the Dry Valleys in 1903, he and his expedition crew believed them to be void of any life.
It turns out, however, that a large variety of aquatic ecosystems thrive in the harsh climate of the McMurdo Dry Valleys due to glacier melt-streams that flow into the ice-covered lakes.
This flow is not constant, but is dependent on a combination of factors surrounding temperature, wind, and sunlight.
The flow levels fluctuate between a trickle and a torrent throughout the day, month, and year, which means only certain organisms can survive in the unusual Dry Valleys environment.
These organisms are usually cyanobacteria, known to be "stress-tolerant" species, which also have dark pigments for protection from high UV rays.
Despite the harsh conditions, there are diverse species in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, as there are few other plants or animals competing with (or eating) them.
One of the most amazing aspects of cyanobacteria survival is their ability to kick-start the photosynthesis process within 48 hours of receiving liquid water, despite being in a virtually freeze-dried state.
The ice-covered lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys
Ice-covered lakes in the Dry Valleys, which have ice around 3 - 5 meters thick (9.8 - 16.4 feet) throughout the year, provide a unique habitat for life to thrive. Some of the key characteristics of these lakes include:
• Ice cover that results in a stable water column, allowing saltwater layers to persist over many years
• It limits the speed at which nutrients, that accumulate in deep waters, can return to the upper layer of the lake
• The thick ice blocks 80-99% of the sun’s energy
These characteristics lead to the Dry Valleys lakes being dark, cold with a slow supply of nutrients and a slow-growth environment for different species. The most common production found in the lakes is microbial mats on the lakebeds with the main organisms being cyanobacteria. Despite the cold temperatures inhibiting their growth, lake mats grow in large accumulations due to limited disturbance and lack of grazing. One interesting aspect of these mats is they grow annual layers with each layer appearing as alternate bands of black (winter) and white (summer), enabling researchers to determine past temperature changes in the dry valleys. Lake levels are determined by the volume of melt-water available, which fluctuates over time. For example, Lake Vanda’s depth has varied from 130 m deep around 5,000 years ago to bone dry levels around 1,200 years ago, leaving a brine pool. During the 1970s the lake depth was 65 m. Because of the lack of wind mixing the water, the brine pool dating from 1,000 years ago is still at the bottom of the lake.
Discovery of Antarctic groundwater in the McMurdo Dry Valleys
Recently researchers discovered beneath the Dry Valleys a salty aquifer that potentially could support previously unknown microbial ecosystems. UC Santa Cruz glaciologist Slawek Tulaczyk – a professor of Earth and planetary sciences – along with other researches gathered evidence of groundwater by using a helicopter-borne sensor to penetrate below the surface. The study found brines, or salty water, form aquifers below the Dry Valleys’ glaciers and lakes and within its frozen soil. The study also found evidence of the brines flowing towards the Antarctic coast from around 18 kilometres inland, eventually discharging into the Southern Ocean. The study speculates the nutrients carried in the brine is released into the ocean affecting biological productivity in and around the shoreline areas. Another discovery was the detection of microbial habitats in the surface and near-surface of the Dry Valleys: an amazing feat of life given the tiny pore spaces are filled with hyper-saline brine that stay liquid down to -15 °C This study is part of an international, interdisciplinary team that is using an electromagnetic sensor called SkyTEM mounted to a helicopter to produce imagery of the subsurface of the Dry Valleys, with the technology developed at Aarhus University in Denmark. The SkyTEM lead Esben Auken has flown the sensor in many places around the world and this was the first time the technology was deployed to Antarctica. Overall, the data from the project will provide scientists with a greater understanding of how the Dry Valleys have change over time and how this history influences what scientists see today.
The science of the McMurdo Dry Valleys
The McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project is an interdisciplinary study of the Dry Valleys’ aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The site was selected in 1992 for the National Science Foundation’s Long-term Ecological Research Program. With the project funding in 2010 renewed for another 6 years, the McMurdo LTER project conducts long-term ecological research with the aim of leaving a legacy of well-designed and well-document long-term field experiments and observations for future generations to improve their understanding of the basic components of the ecosystem as well as factors that cause widespread changes. Specifically, the McMurdo LTER goal is to understand the influence of physical and biological constraints on the structure and function of Dry Valley ecosystems.
A barometer of global change: the McMurdo LTER
McMurdo’s LTER project states the research conducted in the Dry Valleys is important for science as while all ecosystems are dependent on liquid water for survival seldom are there places on Earth in which a minor change in climate can affect the capabilities of organisms to grow and reproduce. With the data collected by the LTER indicating the Dry Valleys are very sensitive to small variations in solar radiation and temperature this can provide researchers with a natural regional-scale laboratory for studying responses to human activities that alter the climate. Importantly, Antarctic ice sheets respond to climate change over periods of thousands of years while the streams and ice-covered lakes in McMurdo’s Dry Valleys respond to change almost immediately: The McMurdo Dry Valleys will be the first place on Earth where the impacts climate change will be observed immediately.
Related cruises
Ross Sea | Incl. helicopters
m/v Ortelius
m/v Ortelius
Cruise date:
13 Jan - 15 Feb, 2022
on request
Ross Sea | Incl. helicopters
m/v Ortelius
m/v Ortelius
Cruise date:
16 Feb - 19 Mar, 2022
on request
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5.12 Wrapping Up: The Mystery of Monogamy
Vasopressin binding may affect partner fidelity in humans
In 2008, the media were abuzz with reports such as “Monogamy gene found in people.” Given the benefits of monogamy, and our social fascination with cheating mates, identifying a gene for monogamy would certainly be newsworthy. But how could a gene lead to monogamy?
Consider the prairie vole and the mountain vole, two species of small rodents found throughout North America. Unlike most mammals, prairie voles exhibit monogamous behavior, forming lifelong pair bonds, caring for each other and sharing pup-raising duties. Mountain voles do not form pair bonds. The males exhibit no parental care and the females abandon their pups after a short lactation period. The two vole species are over 99% genetically identical, so the key to their different mating systems must reside in the remaining 1%.
Early work suggested that a protein called vasopressin could be at the center of these behavioral differences. Vasopressin is a neuropeptide—a small polypeptide that acts as both a hormone and neurotransmitter, transmitting signals in the nervous system. Vasopressin is similar to oxytocin. Both vasopressin and oxytocin are known to play a role in regulating social behaviors, and brain images reveal that the two voles differ in the amount of vasopressin and oxytocin receptors.
Work on male voles indicated that the actual coding regions for vasopressin receptors are nearly identical in both species, but there is considerable difference in the regulatory regions flanking their genes. Scientists have speculated that these regulatory regions may lead to greater production of vasopressin receptors in prairie voles. An increase in vasopressin receptors leads to an increase in the activation of reward centers in the brain, leading to a sense of well-being that becomes associated with a mate and one’s offspring. Thus, an increase in vasopressin receptors increases the likelihood of forming and maintaining pair bonds.
But what about another mammal, human beings? Do humans have similar genetic mechanisms affecting pair- bond formation? This is where the 2008 study, mentioned above, comes into play. Hasse Walum and colleagues interviewed 552 people about the quality of their relationships and analyzed their vasopressin receptor genes. They found that, like the voles, men with a specific genetic variant in the regulatory region of the vasopressin receptor gene were less likely to be married and, if they were married, more likely to report marital problems than were their counterparts lacking this variant.
The authors of this study concluded their paper by noting that the presence of these associations “clearly does not mean that this polymorphism may serve as a predictor of human pair- bonding behavior on the individual level.” That is, these genetic differences aren’t everything: many men with the gene variant are happily married, and many without the variant report relationship problems. Also, numerous environmental influences affect fidelity. Some human cultures place a higher premium of monogamy, with subtle or overt penalties for those who cheat on a spouse. Couples who have sex regularly are more likely to stay together than those who have sex only occasionally (the amount of sex a pair has is itself influenced by age, economics, and general health). In sum, maintaining monogamy is complicated, and fidelity (like so many natural phenomena) is the result of a complicated mix of biological and/or environmental influences.
Points to Ponder
Looking at these data, what do you think? Can these data be used to support our hypothesis, or not? In other words, do these data meet our prediction?
Icon for the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
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Born in Canada in 1914, pharmacologist Frances Oldham Kelsey’s bold stance against inadequate drug testing saved countless newborns in the US from the perils of thalidomide.
Frances Oldham was born in British Colombia, Canada in 1914. She graduated from McGill University with both a B.Sc. and a M.Sc. in pharmacology.
Encouraged by one of her professors, she wrote to the University of Chicago which was starting up a new pharmacology department, asking for a position doing graduate work. Obviously unaware of spelling conventions with respect to Francis and Frances, they presumed that Frances was a man and offered her the position, which she accepted, starting work in 1936. She received a Ph.D. in pharmacology in 1938.
Upon completing her Ph.D., she joined the University of Chicago faculty, looking for a synthetic cure for malaria. As a result of these studies, Oldham learned that some drugs are able to pass through the placental barrier. While at the University of Chicago, she met fellow faculty member Dr. Fremont Kelsey, whom she married in 1943. While on the faculty at the University of Chicago, she was awarded her M.D. in 1950.
In 1960, Frances was hired by the FDA in Washington, D.C. At that time, she was one of only seven full-time and four young part-time physicians reviewing drugs for the FDA.
On her first month on the job, was to review an application by Richardson Merrell for the drug thalidomide, marketed as a sedative for pregnant women experiencing morning sickness.
Even though it had already been approved in Canada and more than 20 European and African countries (including Australia), she withheld approval for the drug and requested further studies as the application was “extremely inadequate,”
Dr. Kelsey resisted pressure from thalidomide’s manufacturer to quickly approve the drug, which was already being widely prescribed in Europe. When she asked the manufacturer to share research on how their drug affected human patients, they refused. Instead they complained to her superiors for holding up the approval. Over the next year, the manufacturer would resubmit its application to sell thalidomide six times. Each time, Dr. Kelsey asked for more research. Each time, they refused.
As a result of her insistence on further safety testing, the drug was never approved in the United States, saving an untold number of children from its devastating effects.
In Germany alone, between 5,000 and 7,000 children were born without limbs or with flipper-like limbs, of which only 40% survived, and numerous cases emerged in other countries, including Australia. By 1962, the drug had been removed from sale.
After a huge public outcry for better drug testing, Dr. Kelsey was selected to help write the rules governing clinical trials which have since been adopted throughout the world. In 1962, President John F. Kennedy awarded her the President’s Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service.
In 2005, Dr. Kelsey retired from the FDA at the age of 90 after 45 years of service and they established the Dr. Frances O. Kelsey Award to “celebrate courage and scientific decision-making” in her honour. She died in Ontario in 2015 at the age of 101.
“They (Richardson-Merrell) were writing letters and telephoning. They were very anxious to get their product on the market. It had been very successful in other countries and they felt there would be a big market in this country. Then quite suddenly, the news came from Europe about the deformities.”
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Monday, 2 September 2013
Unity, Wholeness, and Continuity in the Monadic Form
In the Middle Ages the teachings of Pythagoras were well respected and studied in both the Western and Byzantine-Arab parts of the world. Priya Hemenway, author of The Secret Code, wrote that “the Pythagoreans believed that nothing exists without a centre around which it revolves. The centre is the source and it is beyond understanding, it is unknowable, but like a seed, the centre will expand and will fulfil itself as a circle.”[1] This is the essence of the Pythagorean monad, the basis for forms used in the measurement known as the Divine Proportion. The term monad derives from either the Greek menein (to be stable) or monas (oneness) and has become known as a symbol for The Seed, Essence, The Builder, Foundation, and Unity.[2] Medieval thinkers like Abbot Suger valued the monad for its moral symbolism in relation to the finding of one’s self or perhaps God. This belief or moral idea originates as a “seedling” and grows into a full-fledged circle as the idea grows within the individual or spreads to others. Medieval architects used this form in the construction of many works of architecture during both ancient and medieval times hoping the building would be built on a foundation of wholeness, unity, or continuity. In this post I will examine two works of architecture from varying time periods (the Pantheon and Notre Dame Chartres) to better understand the development of the monad and the monad’s possible symbolic qualities at each of the sites.
A circle is synonymous with unity or continuity, but the monad differs as it is a circle encompassing a dot or smaller circle. This smaller model is the seed, the place in which the circle grows from. This point is constant and remains in place and size as the circle grows.
Hadrian’s Pantheon of the 2nd century CE is a product of the Pythagorean monad. Plato’s Timeaus, which echoes the ideologies of Pythagoras, was a highly read source during the time and likely where Hadrian pulled inspiration for his design.[3] The structure is aligned with the four cardinal directions, is circular with a central axis, and features an oculus which in this case, serves as the seed of the monad. The oculus was created in homage to Apollo, the god of the sun. Apollo’s symbol is the monad being that his name is loosely translated to “without multiplicity,” similar to that of the monad since it remains one circle no matter how many times it multiplies in size and layers.”[4] The twenty-eight ribs of the vault are a reference to the lunar calendar and the circular layout implies repetition and continuity in the months.[5] The sun (the oculus) and the moon (the ribs) placed within the monad represent the marriage of the two. This is not only implied in their shared placement within the monad, but also in the five registers which created the coffers in the dome. Five is the sum of two (the first female number) and three (the first male number) and is therefore their product after uniting.[6] The union of male/female and sun/moon in turn is a reference to the continuation of man and the cosmos.[7] In conclusion, the Pantheon’s monad is a religious reference to the god Apollo and a cosmological reference to the constant growing of the universe.
Dome/Monad of the Pantheon
Classical era structures like the Pantheon paved the way for medieval designs that wished to incorporate a monad with both religious and cosmological meaning. As polytheism faded to the rise of Christianity, the monad adopted Christ as the new seed in the Middle Ages. The school of Chartres studied the monad through the antique documents of Plato, taking into consideration the form’s cosmological and religious potential. Notre Dame Chartres (NDC) implemented the monad in the design of the rose windows. Dionysius of Areopagite, Dante, and Abbot Suger have all commented on the splendour and ecclesiastical symbolism of the light provided by the windows, but as that has been discussed in a previous post, I would like to stay focused on the monadic qualities of the West rose window.
NDC West Rose Window Monad
In this image I have highlighted the seed of the monad in red which is also the image of Christ. The yellow and blue circles represent growth of the circle, and symbolically, the spreading of the Word of Christ. Being that Jesus is the son of God, His presence can also be interpreted as The Sun. As discussed in a previous post, the number twelve is present in the growing of the circle.[8] The Sun/Son rests on quatrefoil representing the four seasons and twelve refers to the twelve months of the year.[9] I believe the increasing circles of the monad represent the passing of the years, and in a biblical sense the passing of Christ’s Word over the years increasing the size of the Christian world.
Although I have only provided two examples in this post, the monad is found across the globe in buildings of both ancient and medieval construction. The monad is present in the floor plan of Dome of the Rock, Delphi, the Westminster Abbey Cosmati Pavement, the dome of Hagia Sophia, and many, many more historic sites. Pythagoras so keenly promoted this form not only for its symmetrical perfection and geometric simplicity, but because of the symbolic possibilities in its usage. The symbolic interpretation may have changed over time, but the underlying theme of growth, unity, and continuity remained as constant as the “seed” which is the essence of the monad.
[1] Hemenway, Priya. "Pythagoras and the Mystery of Numbers." The Secret Code: The Mysterious Formula That Rules Art, Nature, and Science. [S.l.]: Evergreen, 2008. 51. Print.
[2] Ibid.
[3] Joost-Gaugier, Christine L. Measuring Heaven. Ithaca: Cornell University, 2006. 167-168. Print.
[4] Ibid.
[5] Foster, Richard. Patterns of Thought: The Hidden Meaning of the Great Pavement of Westminster Abbey. London: Jonathan Cape, 1991. 155. Print.
[6] Joost-Gaugier, 167-168.
[7] Ibid.
[8] Miller, Malcolm B. Chartres Cathedral: The Medieval Stained Glass and Sculpture. London: Pitkin Pictorials, 1980. 92. Print.
[9] Lundy, Miranda. Sacred Geometry. New York: Walker &, 2001. 46-47. Print.
<a href="">Hyper Smash</a>
1. It occurs to me to wonder whether Pythagoras is really the primary source for Suger's notions theological architecture. That is, the concept of the monad is equally rooted for medieval thinkers in Neoplatonism. For example, one of the great antique Neoplatonists, Plotinus, filled his Enneads with ideas of the unknowable center of circles and spheres.
An excellent introduction to twelfth-century Neoplatonism can be found in chaps. 2 and 3 of M.-D. Chenu's Nature, Man, and Society in the Twelfth Century (trans. Taylor and Little, University of Toronto Press, Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching, 1997).
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Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:
Spite of despondence, of the inhuman dearth
Of noble natures, of the gloomy days,
Of all the unhealthy and o'er-darkened ways
Made for our searching: yes in spite of all,
Some shape of beauty moves away the pall
From our dark spirits.
(a) Name the poem and the poet.
(b) Why are we 'despondent'?
(c) What removes 'the pall from our dark spirits'?
(a) The lines have been taken from the poem 'A Thing of Beauty' by John Keats.
(b) The world we inhabit is full of melancholy, depression and despair due to the scarcity of noble souls. Our despondence is inspired by these evil and dark emotions.
(c) The poet says that even if the world is harsh to us because of the innumerable reasons that bring us gloom and depression, the sight of the beautiful bounties of nature around us inspires us and fills us with the energy to keep going. These beautiful things remove the pall from our dark spirits.
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P6 Les objets de la classe
P6 have been learning the names of classroom objects. They have played some games to help them remember the French names for some items in class. They are also able to read the names of objects in French and draw them. You can see some examples below.
This week they had a craft activity. They had to follow instructions in French to draw a classroom object larger than its real size and cut their picture into jigsaw pieces. Next week we will display our work some for people to try and figure out what the object is.
Source: Mrs Brechin’s Blog
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Drawing Bugs
Involved & Inclusive
Involved & Inclusive
Participants will appreciate other people’s perspectives on the same situation.
• Markers
• Paper
Who knew drawing bugs could make us closer to our friends?
1. Tell your group that you are going to describe a drawing of a bug and that you would like them to draw a bug just like it. They will not be able to ask questions or look at the original drawing.
- The bug is round.
- The bug has eight legs, grouped in pairs, with four legs on the left and four on the right. In the pairs, one leg is longer than the other.
- The bug has two eyes on top of the body.
- The bug has two squiggly antennae.
- The bug has two pea-pod shaped wings.
- The bug has a spot next to each wing.
- The bug has a triangular stinger on the bottom of the body.
- The bug has two feelers on each foot – one longer than the other, both coming from the same side of the leg.
- The bug has a round mouth, placed between the two eyes.
- The bug laid five square eggs to the left of the stinger.
2. After everyone has finished, ask participants to hold up their drawing for the entire group to see.
• You could allow your group to expand upon their answers or demonstrate the skill (ie. Have a pet? Yes, it’s a dog named Lucy).
• Participants will be stepping over one another’s legs during this activity, which can be extremely dangerous if they aren’t careful. Encourage them to take their time and remind them that it isn’t race; it’s to have fun!
Facilitate a brief discussion with the following questions:
• How did it feel not being able to clarify the instructions?
• Why were people so concerned about ‘doing it right’?
• Why do all the bugs look different?
• What would have helped so that the drawings would look more alike?
• Does this activity demonstrate anything about real life?
Obtained from: Croll, Ann and Langill, Corrine. “Warm Up Activity: Stand Up/Sit Down.” Healthy Transitions: Facilitator Resource Guide.
Originally sourced from: Building Dynamic Groups – Ohio State Extension. www.ag.ohio-state.edu~bdg/
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by Aja Hannah
What if humans could pull water out of the air using just a hollowed-out mound of dirt?
An assistant professor at the University of Akron has a theory that termites in Namibia and India are already doing this — and that the mounds could be scaled up for human consumption.
Hunter King’s journey with termites began in 2014 and 2015, when he studied termite mounds on the plains of Namibia and southern India as a postdoc at Harvard. They were attempting to measure the air flow within the termite mound, which almost acted like a set of lungs for the whole organism.
During their study, during the hottest parts of the day, water would drip out of a tube that was attached to an instrument inside the termite mounds. Strange. Hunter filed this curiosity away in his mind.
When Hunter was setting up his lab at the University of Akron, where he now works in the department of Polymer Science in the Goodyear Polymer Center, he and his researchers learned about a new material that can pull water from the air.
“There’s a material that is extremely sorbent, meaning it takes in a lot of moisture in the vapor phase from the humidity in the air. The material is put in a box. At night, it [the box] stores up a lot of moisture in the material. In the day, the sun burns off the moisture quickly and you have a high concentration of moisture in the air. The water then condenses on another plate,” Hunter says.
This new material, developed by MIT, is expensive to make and easy to break. It also contains chemicals that can be toxic.
While trying to think of a simpler way to get water from the air, it occurred to Hunter that there was a biological system that might already be applying the same idea: The one created by termites.
“I had thought I was done with termites,” he chuckled.
Hunter is a physicist by choice. He came to Akron from Harvard because there was an open position in the Biomimicry Research and Innovation Center. But ever the accidental biologist, Hunter couldn’t deny that there were strange, unknown mechanics waiting to be solved in the simple structure of the termite mounds. “The mound is made out of a material that is extremely sorbent and the system already uses thermal cycling,” he says.
From all appearances, the termites seem to harvest moisture using an entirely passive process. The only active steps in the process is the initial construction of the structure. The water pulls itself without human intervention. The materials to build the mound are natural and can be found locally. Compared to other water capture methods, a scaled-up mound would be clean, free of toxic materials and not easily damaged by the elements.
Currently, researchers at the UA Goodyear Polymer Center are working on securing funding and creating the tools they will need for research in the field. They will test their theory by following the moisture levels inside and outside the mounds.
In 2014 and 2015, Hunter and his team at Harvard had to build many of their own tools for this research. In the extreme temperatures and remote area of Namibia, the scientists could not risk the instruments breaking, misreading levels, or being damaged by the termites without being able to fix the instruments and calibrate them by themselves. So the researchers made or modified their own CO2 device and anemometer to fit the termite mounds and withstand brief attacks.
Now, some of the instruments they are building are sensors to measure the water uptake and soil moisture. The aim of the sensors is to measure the change in water uptake between day and night.
Once Hunter can get funding, the crew will return to Africa and India to start gathering data. Then they will analyze the data and write up the research to be peer-reviewed and published in a journal.
Science is methodical, however, so results are not expected to be out for a few years.
Photos used with permission from Hunter King.
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In 363 the Persians took the region east of the Euphrates, and in the fifth century incursions by the Huns and Isaurians caused havoc. Under the emperors Anastasius and Justinian walls were constructed around many towns in the region and existing walls repaired. Caesarea was completely rebuilt and the fortified cities of Mokissos and Kamuliani were founded, so creating a formidable defense system.
The Byzantine emperors and the local inhabitants decided to take measures against sudden attacks and thus devised a system of defense comprised of several elements: governing by "themes" an "optic warning system”, the construction of additional forts, a good network of military and trade roads, and underground cities.
The system of governing by "themes" provided for the distribution of land to generals, who were directly responsible to the emperor for protecting each "theme," one of which was Cappadocia. The land remained under the control of a general who could act independently with regard to recruiting, commanding, and choosing appropriate defensive strategy. The "optic warning system" was established by placing fires and lanterns on the tops of designated hills and mountains in the provinces. This system relayed messages all the way to the Great Lighthouse in Constantinople so that the capital would be informed about the exact moment of the enemy's attack. Many forts, castles, and watchtowers were placed at strategic positions such as passes and sources of water, and also linked the main towns. In addition to these defensive measures, the local inhabitants carved underground cities for their protection.
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Last Updated: November 5, 2019
Definition - What does Crazing mean?
Crazing refers to a network of visual cracks on a coated metallic surface. It occurs due to tension stresses in some glassy thermoplastic polymers.
Crazing is propagated in metallic surface regions that experience high tension and leads to the formation of microvoids and small cracks. If an applied tensile stress is sufficient then these cracks elongate and break, causing the microvoids to grow and expand. Crazing has no influence on corrosion resistance.
Crazing may also be known as shallow map cracking and pattern cracking.
Corrosionpedia explains Crazing
Crazing forms at significantly stressed regions associated with scratches and molecular inhomogeneities.
Industrially, crazing is considered a glaze defect due to the metal being significantly weaker than an uncrazed metal of the same type. In polymers, a craze is different from a crack because it can't be felt on the surface and it doesn't affect the structural integrity of a material – allowing it to still successfully support a load.
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Default Biography Woodgrain
War of 1812
Jean Lafitte
You are here
Jean Lafitte
War of 1812
c. 1780-unknown
Most of Jean Lafitte’s life remains shrouded in mystery, including his name. Jean Lafitte, sometimes spelled Laffite, was born in approximately 1780 in either France or Saint Domingue (modern day Haiti) and according historian H.W. Brands, Lafitte “was French, Spanish or Jewish depending on who was asking.” Little is known about Lafitte’s early life, though he did have at least two brothers Pierre and Alexander (known as Dominique) who aided in his smuggling operation. By 1810 Lafitte operated as a pirate in Louisiana. Lafitte’s main commodity was African slaves because the United States outlawed international slave imports in 1808. Lafitte purchased slaves in the West Indies, where they were cheap, and then smuggled them into Louisiana where they were expensive because of this federal ban on slave imports. Additionally, Lafitte worked for the government of Cartagena, modern day Columbia, to sabotage Imperial Spanish commerce, which helped that former colony achieve independence. By the terms of this commission, Lafitte and his brothers could keep any commerce captured. However, American law prohibited the legal landing and selling of these stolen goods in the United States but that did not stop the Lafitte brothers who made their home base in the Barataria Bay of Louisiana, near New Orleans. Barataria Bay was perfect for their smuggling operations as the islands and bayous south of New Orleans protected their base. The water was deep enough that Lafitte could easily launch into the Caribbean but shallow enough to inhibit Spanish war ships from following the pirates home. Lafitte’s followers were known as Baratarians and often faced the threat of capture and imprisonment by United States customs officials and the Spanish Navy.
In September of 1814 the British enlisted Lafitte and the Baratarians to help fight against the United States in New Orleans. In exchange for this aid, the British offered Lafitte $30,000, the position as captain in the British Navy and amnesty from prosecution. Lafitte asked for two weeks to consider this generous offer and in that time he wrote to Governor Claiborne of Louisiana offering to assist in the defense of New Orleans against the British invasion in exchange for a pardon for his smuggling charges. Claiborne was inclined to accept this offer; however, the Louisiana legislature rejected Lafitte’s proposition. Neither aligned with the British nor the Americans, Lafitte’s base in Barataria Bay was raided and destroyed by both the British navy and American naval forces. However, in early 1815 General Andrew Jackson reconsidered Lafitte’s offer. Though Jackson initially hesitated over questions of the Baratarians loyalty and their federal indictment, he eventually relented after a judge suspended the indictment for four months because the Baratarians were the best gunners in the Caribbean and knew the terrain well. During the Battle of New Orleans, about 50 Baratarians manned the guns on American battleships and operated the terrestrial batteries. Jackson and Lafitte got along so well that the pirate became Jackson’s unofficial aide-de-camp.
Following the War of 1812, Lafitte received a pardon from President James Madison for his service and resumed his career as a pirate on Galveston’s Island in Spanish Texas. He served as a spy for the Spanish during Mexico’s war for independence. In 1820, the United States Navy shut down Lafitte’s smuggling operation in Spanish Texas, which is the last known record of Lafitte. Similar to most of Lafitte’s life, his death and the circumstances surrounding it remain unknown. Nevertheless, for a brief period in American history, Lafitte served as a patriot who fought for the protection and perpetuity of American ideals against the British imperial threat and as such remains a hero of the War of 1812.
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Kestrels & Research - Tracking and Analyzing Microclimates
Kestrels & Research - Tracking and Analyzing Microclimates
Microclimates exist all around us. They influence ecosystems and can amplify the effects of many weather-related instances including floods, droughts, irregular rain and even the amount of rainfall.
Tracking and analyzing microclimates is important for many reasons. But first, let's answer this question: What is a microclimate?
What is a Microclimate?
A microclimate is an atmospheric zone that is limited to a specific geographical area.
For example, a microclimate exists within dense forests. Forests can control near-ground temperatures even more so than local topography. There are differences in temperature between open forests and dense forests. In fact, this difference is more substantial than between the sunny and shady side of a hill. Furthermore, cold microclimates in forests are created by local depressions. You'll see these as lingering patches of snow during a mild spring day.
How do We Track and Analyze Microclimates?
Now that you understand the general concept of microclimates, let's talk about tracking and analyzing.
Kestrels are used to track and analyze microclimates all over the world. One example comes from New Zealand, where conservation efforts were being done for the endangered Archey's frog. Below is a quote from Emily Hothman, a researcher involved with studying these creatures.
"The Kestrel is used to record the air temperature and humidity in remote locations in New Zealand during studies on the globally endangered Archey's frog."
By observing and tracking patterns of microclimates, we can help species thrive and provide them a better chance of survival.
Kestrel Instruments offers a range of measurement tools that help to successfully track microclimates conditions in many different types of environments. Some key measurements in microclimate monitoring include:
• Temperature
• Wind speed and direction
• Humidity
• Altitude
• Barometric pressure
• Dew point
• Wind chill
• And more
By analyzing and tracking microclimates, we can have a better understanding of the world around us and how weather affects every walk of life.
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Isosceles triangle ABC has vertices at A(0, 0), B(8, 0), and C(x, 12). The value of x could be
A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 12
E) 16
If the equation y = 4x + 2 is changed to y = 1/4x + 2, how will the graph of the line change?
A) It will become steeper.
B) It will become less steep.
C) It will shift down 4 units.
D) It will shift left 1/4 units.
E) The second line is perpendicular to the first line.
A city is planning to start construction of a new street. The new street will be named Elm street and is represented by the red dashed line in the diagram. Oak street, Maple street, and Cherry street are parallel to each other. If Elm street is constructed so that it is parallel to Oak, Maple, and Cherry, what will be the measure of angle 3?
A) 130°
B) 120°
C) 60°
D) 50°
E) 40°
Nov 5, 2019
First one
Notice that the x oordinate for C must be (0 + 8) / 2
Second one
The slope of both lines is positive and the slope of the second line is less than the first line......what's the answer ????
Third one
The angle we are looking for is supplemental to 130°
cool cool cool
Nov 5, 2019
2. Is it B
The x part woukd be rise over run
Would be up 4 over one
1/4x would be up 1 over 4
macabresubwoofer Nov 5, 2019
edited by macabresubwoofer Nov 5, 2019
Correct !!!
cool cool cool
CPhill Nov 5, 2019
33 Online Users
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The Division Of The 19th Century
1261 Words6 Pages
lass division played a significant role in shaping the image of 19th century cities such as London and Paris. The gap between classes could reach enormous sizes subdividing a city into nominal enclaves and districts. It is critical to note that the mechanism of class division is very complicated and can be analyzed through different lens. The essay at hand targets to provide a comprehensive analysis of three principles of class division in the 19th century: formal, territorial, and psychological. Three of them had a powerful impact on shaping the image of cities. The first example of the class division that shaped the image of the big cities such as London and Paris in the 19th century is the formal division. In this view the contemporary society could be subdivided into three major groups: the underclass, the middle class, and the upper class. It is essential to note that at that historical point the second class would be in the process of its formation. As such, it might be suggested that the 19th century would mark the appearance of such social phenomenon as a working class that is now identified with the middle social stratum. From a traditional economic standpoint, this class would be composed of any employees that had a legally paid labor: sellers, scholars, etc. In some geographic areas this class would acquire a particularly distinctive image. As such, the working class of the 19th century London is commonly associated with the cockney population. This social stratum would feature a bridge between the historically formed classes: the under and the upper divisions. It is necessary to note that the gap this bridge strived to cover was enormous. The rate of the poverty that the 19th century Europe was exposed to was in... ... middle of paper ... rational. Thus, apart from the objective factors that determined the mechanisms of class division in big cities of the 19th century, the mental or psychological aspect would likewise play a critical role in shaping the cities’ environment. In this view, it might be concluded that each type of class division analyzed in this essay played its own role in shaping large cities such as London and Paris in the 19th century. Thus, the formal division provided the society with a comprehensive formula which helped to differentiate between the nominal “insiders” and “outsiders.” The territorial class division, in its turn, would help to divide the cities in the relevant zones so that the interaction between upper and lower classes was limited to the minimum. Finally, the psychological class division played a particularly important role in shaping the cities’ environment.
More about The Division Of The 19th Century
Open Document
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Dramatic events took place in Michniów on 12 and 13 July 1943. The village was pacified by German police units.
Within two days, the Germans murdered 204 people: 103 men - mostly burned alive, 53 women and 48 children, as many as ten of them were less than 10 years old. The youngest victim was a nine-day Stefanek Dąbrowa, thrown by a German military policeman into a burning barn.
The murder of the villagers was a revenge for their help to partisan units, as well as belonging to the Home Army and Peasant Battalions. The Germans did not murder eleven people against whom they had specific suspicions of underground activity. These people were taken to Auschwitz, where six of them died. Eighteen young girls were deported to forced labor in the Reich.
The village, after being sacked, was burned to the ground. Reconstruction and cultivation of fields in Michniów was forbidden. The remains of those murdered rest in a mass grave, on which a stone board was placed right after the war with the names of the victims.
In autumn 1979, during the meeting of the Nazi Crimes Investigation Committee, arose the idea to organize a nationwide Mausoleum of Combat and Martyrdom of Polish Village in Michniów during World War II. In 1983, a social committee for the construction of the Mausoleum was established, and in 1990 the Foundation - Monument of the Mausoleum of Polish Martyrdom. In 1993, in 50th anniversary of the pacification, the "Pieta Michniowska" monument was dedicated.
In 1997, in place of the previous modest chamber of remembrance, which was in a wooden hut, the House of National Remembrance was created. A research center collecting documentation of the martyrdom of the Polish countryside during World War II found its place in it. The mausoleum is also a symbolic cemetery where every martyr's Polish village sets its cross. Michniów has been a branch of the Kielce Village Museum since 1999. In 2010, the modernization of the mausoleum began, which was co-financed by the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage.
Children from Michniów with a protectress, just before pacification
Michniow Pacification
Nazis during pacification
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Continents, oceans and landscapes.
Dear students,
Are you ready to keep learning about the continents? 🌍 In this webquest, you will have to complete two tasks.
On the one hand, you will have an interactive map for you to practise your pronunciation. 💬
On the other hand, there will be a link to a podcast 🔊 and answer a series of questions.
I hope you find this interesting!
Activity 1. Continents pronunciation. 💬
Do you know how to pronounce the seven continents? What about the oceans and seas?
Have a look at the following map and practise your pronunciation.
Activity 2. Podcast: When continents collide. 🔊
Listen to this podcast to find out how the continents were formed.
Answer the following questions and share your answer with the rest of the class in our Edmodo profile: (rm94td)
1. What is a continent?
2. How do we call the massive supercontinent that existed before the continents separated?
3. What are the 'tectonic plates'?
4. How are earthquakes formed?
5. How is a continent formed?
6. Are the continents still forming?
Please, remember to share your answers in Edmodo and don't forget to have a look at the next activity you will have to complete in our Edmodo profile.
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How animals talk
The flashcards below were created by user Anonymous on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
1. charging
If an animal is charging, it is rushing or moving quickly towards something or someone.
2. ferocious
A ferocious animal looks angry and wild.
3. signal
A signal is a sound or an action that sends a message.
4. flick
When you flick something, you move it or snap it quickly.
5. alert
If you alert people to something, you get their attention and let them know to be careful.
6. communicate
When two people or animals communicate, they share information.
7. chatter
When animals chatter, they repeat their sounds quickly.
8. grooms
When an animal grooms itself, it makes itself neat and clean.
9. dominant
If someone or something is the strongest, it is dominant.
10. conflict
If two animals are fighting, they are in a conflict.
Card Set
How animals talk
How animals talk
Show Answers
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Cone Shell (Conus sp.) - SLS Beachsafe
Cone Shell (Conus sp.)
What Do They Look Like?
The shells of the cone shell are shaped like an ice-cream cone, brightly coloured and intricately patterned. Inside the shell, is a snail. Parts of the snail that appear outside the shell are its foot used for movement, a siphon which draws in water for them to breathe and a tooth or snout used for hunting and defence.
Where Do They Live?
In shallow water, sand flats and reefs all around Australia.
Why Are They Dangerous?
Cone shells have harpoon-like darts which can deliver paralysing venom via their tooth. This venom can cause nausea, weakness, numbness, tingling and affect your movement, vision, hearing and speech. It also stops your lungs working, which can lead to death.
How to Avoid Them?
Do not pick up any cone-shaped shells, even if they are washed up on shore. There is no safe way to pick up a cone shell as their tooth can reach all parts of the shell.
What to Do If You Get Hurt
Call 000 to get urgent medical assistance. Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage to the bite site, if you’re not sure how to do this ask your patient to remain as still as possible. If your patient stops breathing provide CPR.
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Behind Our Name
Why We Chose 1519
Alonso Alvarez de Pineda, a Spanish explorer and cartographer, created the first map of Texas and the Gulf Coast region. In early 1519, Pineda left Jamaica and sailed west toward the tip of Florida. Pineda followed the Gulf coastline from the Florida Keys and eventually sailed into a lush semi-tropical bay, which he named Corpus Christi Bay. Pineda’s expedition established important boundaries of the Gulf of Mexico including the verification that Florida was a peninsula instead of an island. He was the first European to see the coastal areas of western Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.
1519’s approach to business is representative of Pineda’s legacy, an innovative explorer who accurately defined important boundaries while demonstrating the highest standards of integrity.
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A bridgehead is a High Middle Ages
High Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages was the period of European history around the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries . The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which by convention end around 1500....
military term, which antedating the invention of cannons was in the original meaning expressly a referent term to the military fortification
that protects the end of a bridge
. Like many older terms, the meaning of the word drifted with the passage of time, becoming used for something not exactly true to its initial usage.
With the introduction of cannons, the term was morphed to a generalized term for field fortifications lying some distance beyond the ends of the bridge that were emplaced to protect both the bridge and any troops crossing it to the far bank, so became in that era a term used when referring to both the fortifications and the small lodgement on the bank that was closest to the enemy. As the process of moving an army over bridges is slow and complicated, it is usually necessary to secure it from hostile interruption, and the works constituting the bridge-head must therefore be sufficiently far advanced to keep the enemy's artillery out of range of the bridges—hence as artillery grew in power, so did the size of the lodgements necessary. In addition, room is required for the troops to form up on the farther bank. Formerly, with short-range weapons, a bridge-head was often little more than a screen for the bridge itself, but modern conditions have rendered necessary far greater extensions of bridge defenses.
Then armies and military formations grew, so needed more lodgement area to organize a force large enough to stage a break out against a determined enemy, and again the technical meaning of the term expanded, again referring to a large fortified area about at bridge end. With the advent of modern warfare capabilities including long range tube artillery and high powered rifles with effective ranges measured in the thousands of yards (metres) the term of art again had to expand in area, but now morphed to be just an area defended and controlled by ample firepower, with or without constructed fortifications.
The term has been generalized in colloquial usage to refer to any kind of defended area that is extended into hostile territory – also called a foothold and sometimes the technically incorrect 'beachhead
Beachhead is a military term used to describe the line created when a unit reaches a beach, and begins to defend that area of beach, while other reinforcements help out, until a unit large enough to begin advancing has arrived. It is sometimes used interchangeably with Bridgehead and Lodgement...
' which is frequently mistaken colloquially as synonymous terminology. The technical term refers in particular to the specific area on the farside of a defended river bank or a segment of a lake or riverine coastline held by the enemy forces, such as the Bridge at Remagen
Ludendorff Bridge
The Ludendorff Bridge was a railway bridge across the River Rhine in Germany, connecting the villages of Remagen and Erpel between two ridge lines of hills flanking the river...
. The term is especially applied when such a territory is initially seized by an amphibious assault with the tactical intent of establishing a supply line across the geographic barrier feature to allow further operational manoeuvring. In that sense, it has much in common with the popular misconception of a beachhead.
Bridgeheads typically exist for only a few days, the invading forces either being thrown back or expanding the bridgehead to create a secure defensive lodgement
A lodgement is an enclave taken by and defended by force of arms against determined opposition made by increasing the size of a bridgehead, beachhead or airheadOxford English Dictionary lodgement, lodgment "3. The action of establishing oneself or making good a position on an enemy's ground, or...
area, before breaking out into open country – as happened when the U.S. 9th Armored Division
U.S. 9th Armored Division
The 9th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army in World War II. In honor of their World War II service, the 9th was officially nicknamed the "Phantom Division."-History:...
seized the Ludendorff Bridge
Ludendorff Bridge
at Remagen
Remagen is a town in Germany in Rhineland-Palatinate, in the district of Ahrweiler. It is about a one hour drive from Cologne , just south of Bonn, the former West German capital. It is situated on the River Rhine. There is a ferry across the Rhine from Remagen every 10–15 minutes in the summer...
in 1945 during World War II
World War II
. In some cases, such as during the Gallipoli Campaign in World War I
World War I
, a bridgehead may exist for months.
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User Tools
Site Tools
Granulocytopenia or, as it is also called, agranulocytosis results in a syndrome of frequent chronic bacterial infections of the skin, lungs, etc. Although “agranulocytosis” literally means no granulocytes, there may, in fact, be some granulocytes but too few of them, i.e. granulocytopenia. Granulocytopenia can be genetic and inherited or it can be acquired as, for example, an aspect of leukemia.
Neutrophils have “neutral” subtle granules; Eosinophils have prominent granules that stain readily with the acid dye eosin; and Basophils have prominent granules that stain readily basic (nonacidic) dyes.
Granulocytopenia can therefore more specifically involve neutropenia (shortage of neutrophils), eosinopenia and/or basopenia. The term “neutropenia” is sometimes used interchangeably with granulocytopenia or agranulocytosis.
glossary/neutropenia.txt · Last modified: 2012/10/16 14:40 (external edit)
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What is Tenacity and What is the Most Tenacious Metal
Tenacity is a term used to express the resistance which the body opposes to the separation of its parts. It is determined by forming the metal into a wire, and hanging on weights, to find how much will be required to break it.
If we have two wires, the first with a transverse area only one-quarter that of the second, and the first breaks at 25 pounds, while the second breaks at 50 pounds, the tenacity of the first is twice as great as that of the second.
To the boy who understands simple ratio in mathematics, the problem would be like this:
25 × 4 : 50 × 1, or as 2 : 1.
The Most Tenacious Metal
Steel has the greatest tenacity of all metals, and lead the least. In proportion to weight, however, there are many substances which have this property in a higher degree. Cotton fibers will support millions of times their own weight.
There is one peculiar thing, that tenacity varies with the form of the body. A solid cylindrical body has a greater strength than a square one of the same size; and a hollow cylinder more tenacity than a solid one. This principle is well known in the bones of animals, in the feathers of birds, and in the stems of many plants.
In almost every metal tenacity diminishes as the temperature increases.
Excerpt from:
Title: Practical Mechanics for Boys
Author: J. S. Zerbe
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Scottsboro Boys and To Kill a Mockingbird: Two Trials for the Classroom
In this lesson, students will perform a comparative close reading of select informational texts from the Scottsboro Boys trials alongside sections from To Kill a Mockingbird. Students analyze the two trials and the characters and arguments involved in them to see how fictional “truth” both mirrors and departs from the factual experience that inspired it.
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<urn:uuid:87583f8e-bbe5-44d8-9bcc-7d5cb6e1b7de>
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"fasttext_score": 0.15915602445602417,
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"language_score": 0.9082625508308411,
"url": "https://www.civicsrenewalnetwork.org/resources/scottsboro-boys-and-kill-mockingbird-two-trials-common-core/"
}
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Louis Lebreton
French, 1818–1866
Landing on Adélie Land, January 21, 1840, from Voyage au Pôle Sud. . . 1837–1840, Paris, 1846
Lithograph, 21 5/8 x 14 ½ x 1 ½ in. (55 x 37 x 4 cm)
Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering and Technology, Kansas City, Missouri
Between 1838 and 1843, three rival expeditions financed by the American, British, and French governments competed to find the magnetic South Pole. In January 1840, the crew of the French expedition, led by Captain Dumont d’Urville, landed on an island in sight of Antarctica. Although they never set foot on the continent, they claimed the region for France and named it Terre Adélie.
In Louis Lebreton’s lithograph marking the event, the now-famous Adelie penguins bear witness. This print, published in the expedition’s atlas and in Parisian newspapers, was based on a series of spontaneous drawings made on the spot.
Initially hired as the ship’s surgeon, Lebreton had drawing skills that were quickly noted by the captain, who invited him to document the expedition. For the rest of his career, Lebreton divided his time between medicine and art. Like many of his fellow artist-explorers, he later expanded his sketches into large paintings for exhibition.
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"language_score": 0.9706913232803345,
"url": "http://vanishingice.org/louis-lebreton/"
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Fitchburg History
Some Historical Facts About Fitchburg
Nashua River
History points clearly to the Nashua River as the original source of growth for the community. From around the river, the factories that were built became the source of employment and income that built Fitchburg's neighborhoods. As Fitchburg grew and prospered, it became a destination for the immigrant - moving west from Boston, building the city and its future.
Industrial Center
Fitchburg's location on the Nashua River led to its development initially as an industrial center where mills were built to take advantage of the readily available water power. The construction of rail lines passing through Fitchburg on the Boston to Albany line increased the city's position as a manufacturing center. Heavy industries such as machine and tool works, clothing, and paper mills were the engines of significant growth throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries.
European Immigrants
These heavy industries attracted large numbers of European immigrants to Fitchburg. The families that came seeking work usually chose to settle close to others with the same background, producing ethnic neighborhoods which retain much of their identity today. Already a diverse city, Fitchburg has seen its ethnic and racial diversity increase even further over the last decade. In addition to the groups which came to Fitchburg during the Industrial Era (Irish, Italian, Finnish, German, English, Welsh, French-Canadian, and many others), Fitchburg has added substantial numbers of Hispanics, Southeast Asians, and African Americans.
Commercial Center
As a relatively large and prosperous city in a mainly rural area, Fitchburg developed into the primary commercial center for the region during the first half of the 20th century, with the downtown area growing into a popular shopping and entertainment zone. The demand for housing located within walking distance of Fitchburg's places of employment led to the development of a dense multifamily housing stock in the center of the city. Just over half of Fitchburg's housing units were built prior to World War II.
Erosion of Manufacturing Base
Since the 1960s, there has been a general trend of heavy industry migration away from the northeastern United States. The paper industry, one of the oldest and historically the largest in Fitchburg, has increasingly chosen to locate its pulp-to-paper mills closer to its northern pulping plants in order to reduce transportation costs. The erosion of the manufacturing base led to a less prosperous population, which in turn took its toll on Fitchburg's commercial sector. During this same period, the rise of the regional shopping center further diminished the role of Intown Fitchburg as a commercial center. This loss of more traditional industries has, in recent years, been mitigated by growth in non-manufacturing industries such as construction and professional services, as well as a rise in certain manufacturing industries such as plastics, medical goods and services, and chemicals.
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"fasttext_score": 0.1501694917678833,
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"language_score": 0.976477324962616,
"url": "https://fitchburgma.gov/439/Fitchburg-History"
}
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Persepolis, Palace of Xerxes
Palace of Xerxes (Hadiš)
Palace of Xerxes
The palace of Xerxes at Persepolis, called Hadiš in Persian, "dwelling place", was twice as large as the Palace of Darius. A terrace connected the two royal mansions, which are not very far apart. Yet, compared to the palace of Darius, the house of Xerxes is badly damaged. A likely explanation is that it received a special treatment when the Macedonian king Alexander the Great destroyed Persepolis in the spring of 330 BCE. His soldiers were especially interested in the palace of the man who had once sacked Athens.
Damaged Xerxes
The relief on the second photo shows the great king leaving the palace and is an example of the destruction. The damages from the right are partly due to natural causes (and quite recent), but the face has been destroyed with a hammer, and someone must have made a great effort to create a hole near the king's ear. It was probably meant for a piece of cork that would have been wetted with vinegar. When heated, the cork would start to dilate and would ultimately blow the stone to pieces - a common practice in ancient stone quarries. For one reason or another, the cork and vinegar were never used.
The main room of Xerxes' palace had thirty-six columns and was surrounded by six smaller rooms: three to the east and three to the west. To the north was a portico, facing the Apadana. (Later, king Artaxerxes III Ochus constructed a palace between the two buildings.) The decoration of the northern portico was more or less identical to the palace of Darius: for example, there are reliefs of the king leaving his mansion, attended by people carrying a parasol and a fan.
The king leaving the palace: a common motif
An inscription, known as XPe, written in Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian, says:
Xerxes, the great king, the king of kings,
the son of king Darius, an Achaemenid.
There are almost similar inscriptions which mention Xerxes' father Darius (DPb). According to the inscription known as A1Pa, the palace was completed by Artaxerxes I Makrocheir, the son and successor of Xerxes.
The stairs from the palace of Darius to the interconnecting terrace (where Artaxerxes III would build his palace) belong to the best-preserved part of the complex. The central part of these stairs show Ahuramazda, flanked by two sphinxes, an inscription and several soldiers, which are sometimes called "apple bearers" or Immortals.
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"url": "https://www.livius.org/articles/place/persepolis/persepolis-photos/persepolis-palace-of-xerxes/"
}
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The Iron Man - comprehension by Harrison
Harrison - you have worked really hard at the comprehension questions for the 2nd chapter of the Iron Man. You have shown excellent understanding of the text!
Whole Class reading – THE IRON MAN
Harrison Ansell
Spring 1 – 2021: Week 2
P 20
Find the word that means to look at something steadily for a long time.
P 17
‘Now they reckoned the Iron Man would come over the top of the cliff.’
What does the word reckoned mean in this sentence?
Thought, believed.
P 12
‘Hogarth’s mother grew pale’ How was Hogarth’s mother feeling?
P 13
What do you think happened to the tractor? – Provide evidence from the text.
“He got out of his car and the other farmer came to look too. The tractor had been bitten off – there were big teeth-marks in the steel”
P 20
How can you tell that Hogarth didn’t want to be heard by the way he climbed down from the tree?
Hogarth carefully quietly hardly breathing – Hogarth was trying to be very quiet.
P 12
What do you think the green lights were?
Iron Man’s eyes
P 16
Why did the farmers have to dig a ‘colossal’ hole? What did they want to use it for?
A trap to capture Iron Man. It needed to be so big because the Iron Giant is so big.
Why has the author repeated the word ‘hush’? What does this make the reader think of?
To emphasise the need for quiet.
4th paragraph, starting ‘His father took down his double-barrelled gun.’
The author then uses lots of short sentences. Why do you think that is?
The father is scared and not really thinking. He moves very quickly.
‘As if an iron skyscraper had collapsed.’ What does this suggest to the reader?
A very loud sound, lots of crashing – a very big structure hitting the ground.
Why had Hogarth been an unsuccessful fisherman that evening?
“It was growing too dark to fish, his hook kept getting caught in weeds and bushes”
How did the farmers feel once the Iron Man has vanished into the sea?
The farmers were furious that the Iron Man had eaten their machinery. They were scared he might come back and eat people.
Why didn’t the farmers call the police or army to help?
The farmers didn’t think the police or army would believe them about the Iron Man.
In 3-4 bullet points, explain the farmers’ plan to trap the Iron Man.
• Dug a very deep hole
• Covered up the hole with straw and soil
• They left ‘bait’; a red lorry that the hoped the Iron Man would eat.
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"url": "http://www.st-barnabas.kent.sch.uk/blog/?pid=44&nid=17&storyid=799"
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Tag Archive | where came from
The Fascinating Origins of 10 Everyday Color Words
By Onna Nelson, University of California, Santa Barbara
red colour color English meaning
1. English red
The Proto-Indo-European (PIE) word for red, reudh, remained largely unchanged for thousands of years, showing up in English red, Spanish rojo, French rouge, German rot, Icelandic rauðr, and Welsh rhudd. Not only did it lead to these words for the color itself, it also led to red-related English words like ruby, rust, and rubeola.
carbon-remains english black
2. English black
The PIE word bhel evolved into many modern words meaning “white,” including Spanish blanco, French blanc, Italian bianco, and Portuguese branco, as well as white-related words such as bleach and blank. So why does the English word black look so much like all these other words for white? Well, bhel also referred to anything bright, like fire, and the result of fire is blackened, charred remains. Hence, black.
grass green, grun, English meaning
3. English green
The PIE word ghre-, meaning “to grow,” is another root which endured the centuries. What grows? Green stuff! Grhe- gave us many modern words meaning “green,” including English green, German grün, and Icelandic grænn, as well as the English words grow, grass, graze and herb.
purple meaning English
4. Portuguese red and purple
As languages add color words to their lexicon, the colors a word refers to can get shifted around. Portuguese roxo, related to the same PIE word reudh, used to mean red and red-related colors, including pink, orange, and purple. When the bright red pigment vermilion was imported from China, Portuguese began using vermelho to refer to red, and pushed roxo aside to refer exclusively to purple.
purpura purple english meaning
5. English purple
Purpura is the Latin name of a particular kind of shellfish which, when ground up, produces a bright purple dye, which in turn was taken from the Greek word porphura to describe the same sea creature. The word purpura later began to refer to the dye, and eventually the color of this dye. This dye was very expensive, and purple was considered a color of royalty throughout Europe. When this dye was exported to England, the word purple was imported into English as well. Today “purpura” is used by medicos to describe purplish discolorations of the skin.
pink english meaning
6. English pink
Lots of fancy color words come from flowers or fruits: violet, periwinkle, lavender, lilac, olive, eggplant, pumpkin, and peach, to name a few. In English, pink used to refer exclusively to a flower called a pink, a dianthus which has pale red petals with fringed edges. “Pink” the verb, meaning to cut or tear jaggedly, has been in use in the English language since the early 14th century. Eventually, English speakers forgot the name of the flower, but preserved the word for the color.
japaneese meaning blue
7. Japanese blue and green
Over two-thirds of the world’s languages have a single word for both green and blue, known as grue in English. In Japanese, aoi historically referred to grue. When Crayola crayons were imported, green was labeled midori and blue was labeled aoi. New generations of schoolchildren learned them as different colors. But traces of grue remain: Japanese still refers to “blue” traffic lights and “blue” apples with aoi.
blue sin sini
8. Kurdish and Russian blue
In Russian, the word for dark blue is sinii, and in Kurdish the word for blue is šin. In Neo-Aramaic, a central hub of trade, the word for blue is sǐni, and in Kurdish the word for blue is šin. In Arabic, a central hub of trade, the word for ‘Chinese’ is sini. The words for Chinese and blue became synonymous due to the popular blue and white porcelain china commonly traded in the region.
9. Spanish yellow
Amarillo, or “yellow,” is a diminutive form of the Spanish word amargo, which comes from the Latin word amarus, meaning “bitter.” So how did “little bitter” come to be synonymous with “yellow”? In the Middle Ages, medical physicians commonly believed that the human body had four humors. The “bitter humor” referred to bile, which is yellow.
orange color meaning english
10. English orange
When oranges (the fruit) were exported from India, the word for them was exported too. Sanskrit narangah, or “orange tree,” was borrowed into Persian as narang, “orange (fruit),” which was borrowed into Arabic as naranj, into Italian as arancia, into French as orange, and eventually into English as orange. The color of the fruit was so striking that after borrowing the word and the crop, English speakers eventually began referring to the color by this word as well. Before oranges were imported in the 1500s, the English word for orange (the color) was geoluhread (literally, “yellow-red”).
Image source
%d bloggers like this:
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"url": "https://justenglish.me/tag/where-came-from/"
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The World’s Highest-Dwelling Mammal Lives Atop a Volcano
In 2013, two mountaineers reached the top of Vulcán Llullaillaco, a 22,000-foot-tall volcano on the border of Chile and Argentina—when they saw something unexpected. Just 2000 feet below the summit, the climbers spotted a mouse scurrying across the snow.
“It’s really a remarkable sighting because no one expected wild mammals to be living at an elevation of over 20,000 feet. At that elevation, the scarcity of oxygen makes it really a challenging place to survive and function. But also, the extreme cold. It’s an extremely inhospitable environment.”
Jay Storz, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Nebraska. The climbers reached out to Storz because he studies how animals adapt to high altitudes. And he was so intrigued that he decided to make his own trip to survey the area.
Storz and his colleagues spent a month at Llullaillaco earlier this year, where they confirmed what the climbers saw. They found mice everywhere, including on the summit—officially setting a new record for the world’s highest-dwelling mammal.
Storz says the summit sighting was fortuitous. His climber partner, Mario Perez Mamami, saw the mouse dive under a rock just as Storz made it to the top, exhausted and groggy from the thin air. It took Storz a minute to gather his wits, but he eventually managed to catch the mouse with his hands. Storz collected that mouse and others as museum specimens that will enable future scientific analysis.
They also recorded their encounter on video. The report is in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. J.F. Storz et al, Discovery of the world’s highest-dwelling mammal
Now that he’s home, Storz wants to understand how these mice can survive in such harsh conditions, and conversely, what prevents other animals from venturing so high.
“Clearly, the mice that are living at these extreme altitudes have physiological capacities that are very different from your typical rodent.”
He and his colleagues are comparing the genomes of the mice from Llullaillaco to their lowland relatives to see if they can identify the animal’s high-altitude adaptations. And he’s curious whether they have evolved some of the same strategies as mice that live at high elevations in North America and the Himalaya.
Storz also wants to know how mice are finding food on top of a barren, rocky volcano, thousands of feet above than the highest green plants. On his next trip, he plans to analyze the stomach contents of the animals they capture.
“It’s really an open question whether most species—whether their elevational limit is set by physiological tolerance or just the lack of ecological opportunity. It’s probably a combination of both.”
Whatever the answer, Storz suspects there may be more high-altitude animals out there than scientists thought. It’s just a matter of climbing high enough to find them.
— Julia Rosen
[The above text is a transcript of this podcast]
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"url": "https://updexnews.com/the-worlds-highest-dwelling-mammal-lives-atop-a-volcano/"
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• Description
All ants have six legs.
Each leg is made up of different segments, each one having two claws at the base of what the ant uses these claws to hold on the services and actually dig deep into small purposes. It's great sense of touch is due to the enormous amount of receptors that it has on the bottom of its feet. These are called tactile receptors that, in conjunction small hairs let them know all the different spots where it can grasp to hold on. These hairs also the use to communicate with other members of its colony by rubbing up against each other and stroking each other gently.
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<urn:uuid:11d3c70a-3717-4101-8ef7-24977e880e40>
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"fasttext_score": 0.04512554407119751,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9762547612190247,
"url": "https://www.insectkits.com/contents/en-us/p231_how-many-legs-do-ants-have.html"
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Riemann sphere
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Riemann sphere is a mathematical model of the extended complex plane. The model is named after Bernhard Riemann. The extended complex plane is the plane of the complex numbers, plus a point at infinity. With this model, this point at infinity is "close" to very large numbers in the same way zero is "close" to very small ones. The extended complex numbers are useful for Complex analysis: in certain cases, the division by zero is "well-behaved", in the sense that dividing by zero gives this point at infinity. With this model, it is possible to change certain functions, so that they become continuous, which simplifies calculation.
In geometry, the Riemann sphere is a simple example of a Riemann surface. It is also one of the simplest complex manifolds.
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"fasttext_score": 0.2749183177947998,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9315400123596191,
"url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_sphere"
}
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The impacts of sand dams
x of y
Kwa Mukonza SHG UDO_MAIN
Sand Dams can provide a clean, local source of water for rural communities.
By replenishing groundwater, Sand Dams enable vegetation to flourish and create the potential for people to plant trees.
Share this:
Soils are the most significant non-renewable geo-resource that we have for ensuring water, food and energy security.
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
More about the impacts of Sand Dams.
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"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.39421015977859497,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8057145476341248,
"url": "http://excellentdevelopment.com/articles/pioneering-sand-dams/the-impacts-of-sand-dams"
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Belfries of Belgium and France
Belfries are outstanding representatives of civic and public architecture in Europe. Through the variety of their 'functional' forms and the changes they have undergone they have been a vital aspect of civic architecture in Europe since the 13th century. They are unique constructions reflecting the development of civil authority that marked the history of Flanders (in its historical sense) from the Middle Ages onwards.
Referring originally to mobile wooden towers used in siege warfare, the term was later applied to the wooden watchtowers mounted on the palisades surrounding the portus or pre-urban centres. It was to be applied in particular to those housing bells or standing next to the bell tower. Palisades, bells and the right to possess bells are all closely associated with the development of urban life. The 31 belfries in Flanders and Wallonia and the 23 in north-eastern France, invariably found in an urban setting, are imposing bell towers of medieval origin, generally attached to the town hall and occasionally to a church. In addition to their outstanding artistic value, the belfries are potent symbols of the transition from feudalism to the mercantile urban society that played a vital role in the development of late medieval Europe. The belfries are both civic buildings and symbols, and highly significant tokens of the achievement of civil liberties acquired through the dissolution the abbeys that had remained sovereign since the high Middle Ages.
The early belfries of the 13th and early 14th centuries are strongly reminiscent of the seignieurial keep, from which they take their massive square form, elevations showing sparing use of openings, and rising storeys built on or designed for vaulting. The main shaft is topped by a wall walk and parapet running between bartizans: the central spire features a slate campanile roof and variations on a number of forms. The finials of the corner and central turrets are decorated with animals or symbolic characters protecting the commune. The 13th-century belfry of Ieper (Ypres) is a fine example of this type, although it forms part of the market hall complex later to include the town hall, construction of which continued down to the 17th century.
Most of the examples concerned cover the periods of the 14th-15th and 16th-17th centuries, thereby offering an illustration of the transition in style from Norman Gothic to later Gothic, which then mingles with Renaissance and Baroque forms. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the belfries abandoned the model of the keep in favour of finer, taller towers, such as those of Dendermonde, Lier and Aalst. The subsequent addition to the top of the shaft of a narrower, different shape to serve as the base for the campanile would give the desired monumental effect, and the roof itself would take on more bulbous, sometimes extended lines, as in the case of Veurne (17th century).
When the market halls and belfries grew too small to function as a meeting-place for the aldermen, a new type of building was required, the Hôtel de Ville (town hall), clearly designed in accordance with the administrative organization and, from the 15th and 16th centuries onwards, assuming an obvious representative role achieved by incorporating the symbolic belfry, as in the examples of Brussels and Oudenaarde.
Their construction often took place in several stages, but they have always been maintained in good overall order. Some, damaged by war, have been rebuilt, generally in identical form. All are listed as historic monuments, either in isolation or as part of an edifice, a square, or an urban site.
The definition of the term "belfry" was somewhat vague at the outset. Referring originally to the mobile wooden towers used in siege warfare, the term is later applied by Viollet-le-Duc in the Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française to the wooden watchtowers mounted on the palisades surrounding the portus or preurban centres. It was to be applied occasionally to towers of all sorts, but particularly to those housing bells or standing next to the bell-tower.
Palisades, bells, and the right to possess bells are all closely associated with the development of urban life which took place in these regions following the Viking raids of the 9th century. A favourable geographic situation at the heart of Europe, the re-establishment of major trade routes such as Bruges/Brugge-Cologne, and the improvement of navigable waterways at regional and national level made this region the ideal site for contact, trade, and the meeting of cultures. Travelling merchants re-appeared and perhaps began to organize and establish permanent warehouses near the castra of the feudal lords. These pre-urban groupings, which often grew up along river valleys, are the origin of towns like Tournai and Gent, along the Escaut. Locations where roads met navigable waterways were particularly propitious for the organization of markets, first temporary but later becoming permanent fairs, encouraging merchants to settle in one spot. In addition, the cloth-weaving industry seems to have developed from the 11th century onwards, in small centres such as Lille, Ypres (Ieper), Bruges (Brugge), Ghent (Gent), etc. Trade and cloth-weaving became key factors for the development of the pre-urban centre, which began to make its presence felt as an organized body through the influence of the professional bodies (guilds, corporations) and to mark out its physical bounds by building ramparts or palisades with belfries to provide safety against marauders. From the 12th century onwards, such ramparts were often rebuilt in stone and subsequently extended.
Such centres expanded under the protection provided - for a fee - by the castra, whose importance and role gradually diminished to such an extent that in some cases, such as Ghent and Antwerp (Antwerpen), the abandoned castles were taken over by the local burghers. This development illustrates the insoluble conflicts between châtelain and burghers keen to organize as a "commune" with their own administration. Again from the 12th century onwards, successive Counts of Flanders favoured the burghers which led to the flowering, from Arras to Bruges, of thriving towns demanding written proof of their rights and privileges in the form of charters. These charters, issued from the 12th century onwards, are extremely diverse and fragmentary, and extremely practical in nature, often in the form of a step by step approach setting a legal seal on gradually acquired rights.
The commune was in fact made up of all the burghers living in the city who had given their oath of allegiance. At their head were the elected magistrates, the aldermen or scabini responsible for carrying out administrative functions, and the mayeur, who had no specific powers. The chief alderman held an important position, since he presided over the court and council meetings, kept the seals of the town and the keys to its gates, and commanded the town militia which owed the ban (feudal service) to the overlord. As feudal lord, the commune had other obligations to the seigneur, such as the payment of aid in the four following cases: departure on crusade; knighting of the eldest son; dowry of the eldest daughter; ransom of the overlord if taken prisoner. In return, the seigneur swore to protect the commune and respect its rights.
Many of the belfries now in existence are successors to wooden constructions, often destroyed by fire and known only through archives, which give no descriptions. The multi-purpose belfry soon came to be built of stone to prevent the risk of future fires. Its imposing volume formed either an isolated feature or a central or lateral element of the market halls, themselves often rebuilt in stone at an early date.
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<urn:uuid:39ea3e43-4fc6-430f-82f8-1cbf2d6d0cae>
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"language_score": 0.9619697332382202,
"url": "http://ex-mihaela.blogspot.com/2011/09/belfries-of-belgium-and-france.html"
}
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William Hind – gold rush artist
William Hind was an artist and an ‘Overlander’—the name given to those gold seekers who trekked over the prairies to the Cariboo gold fields. Hind kept a sketchbook on his journey from Fort Garry and documented the struggles that the party of nearly 200 endured. With their Métis guides, the Overlanders set out with red river carts, traded for pemmican and hunted for food along the way.
William Hind - gold rush artist
William Hind – gold rush artist
Hind was born in England in 1833 and emigrated to Canada West in 1851 where his older brother, Henry Youle Hind, had established himself as a noted geologist.
When Henry was assigned to go on an exploration trip, he took William along to document the plants and landscapes as well as the First Nations they encountered.
With the discovery of gold on the Fraser River in 1858, the brothers
put together a travel guide publication, “A sketch of an overland route to British Columbia”, with a map and
guidebook on how to organize a trip, what dress, food and supplies to bring, how to pack, financial costs, topography, distances between points and included descriptive
information on the five major passes through the Rocky Mountains.
Henry encouraged his brother William to join the Overlanders on their journey. For the 1862 trip William brought along his artist materials which included papers, painting materials, an
easel and a pocket-size, leatherbound sketchbook. William sketched almost daily, and was a keen observer of his surroundings which he portrayed almost scientifically.
Hind tried to keep an objective viewpoint, even when emotions were running high as they were during the Overlander expedition of 1862. The journey was far different from what William had envisioned and had laid out in their guidebook.
By the end of the journey, Hind had stopped sketching. When they arrived in the Cariboo, the Overlanders were starving, disillusioned and traumatized by what they had endured.
Hind went to Victoria and made vividly realistic watercolour paintings based on his sketches. He lived there for a few years and advertised his services as a sign painter.
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<urn:uuid:533e790c-22e4-4451-9db8-1ee3e783a8bb>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.02890557050704956,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9778555035591125,
"url": "http://bcgoldrushpress.com/2015/03/william-hind-gold-rush-artist"
}
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eWebProgrammer eweb
Perl Variables «Prev
Using an array as a stack
Shift and unshift functions in Perl
The shift and unshift functions work just like pop and push.
However, from the other end of the array.
The shift function
The shift function takes the element from the bottom of the stack (element 0):
Beginning PerlBeginning Perl
Diagram of shift
The unshift function
The unshift puts an element on the bottom at element 0.
Diagram of unshift
These functions aren't normally thought of in terms of a stack (although they certainly do work the same); rather they are commonly used to pass parameters to subroutines, including the main function of a Perl program. Their use in that capacity will be covered in detail later in the course.
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<urn:uuid:6905b326-041b-48cd-b482-28875dd5d8e8>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.11032068729400635,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7690699696540833,
"url": "http://www.ewebprogrammer.com/basic-perl-programming/module2/perl-shift-unshift.jsp"
}
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Online Google Dictionary
recognition 中文解釋 wordnet sense Collocation Usage
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recognitions, plural;
1. The action or process of recognizing or being recognized, in particular
2. Identification of a thing or person from previous encounters or knowledge
• - she saw him pass by without a sign of recognition
3. Acknowledgment of something's existence, validity, or legality
• - the unions must receive proper recognition
4. Appreciation or acclaim for an achievement, service, or ability
• - his work was slow to gain recognition
• - she received the award in recognition of her courageous human rights work
5. Formal acknowledgment by a country that another political entity fulfills the conditions of statehood and is eligible to be dealt with as a member of the international community
1. the state or quality of being recognized or acknowledged; "the partners were delighted with the recognition of their work"; "she seems to avoid much in the way of recognition or acknowledgement of feminist work prior to her own"
2. the process of recognizing something or someone by remembering; "a politician whose recall of names was as remarkable as his recognition of faces"; "experimental psychologists measure the elapsed time from the onset of the stimulus to its recognition by the observer"
3. approval; "give her recognition for trying"; "he was given credit for his work"; "give her credit for trying"
4. realization: coming to understand something clearly and distinctly; "a growing realization of the risk involved"; "a sudden recognition of the problem he faced"; "increasing recognition that diabetes frequently coexists with other chronic diseases"
5. (biology) the ability of one molecule to attach to another molecule that has a complementary shape; "molecular recognition drives all of biology, for instance, hormone and receptor or antibody-antigen interactions or the organization of molecules into larger biologically active entities"
6. the explicit and formal acknowledgement of a government or of the national independence of a country; "territorial disputes were resolved in Guatemala's recognition of Belize in 1991"
7. Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral political act with domestic and international legal consequences, whereby a state acknowledges an act or status of another state or government. ...
8. Recognition is the name of the Extended Play vinyl record (an EP) released in 1983 on A&M records by Scottish rock band Europeans.
9. Capitol Records is a major United States-based record label, formerly located in Los Angeles, but currently operating in New York City as part of Capitol Music Group. Its former headquarters building, the Capitol Tower, is a major landmark near the corner of Hollywood and Vine. ...
10. A sovereign state is a state with a permanent population, a defined territory, a government and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states. It is also normally understood to be a state which is not dependent on, or subject to any other power or state. ...
11. Recognition, in parliamentary procedure, is the assignment of the floor -- that is, the exclusive right to be heard at that time -- to a member of a deliberative assembly. With a few exceptions, a member must be recognized by the chair before engaging in debate or making a motion.
12. Recognition in sociology is public acknowledgement of person's status or merits (achievements, virtues, service, etc).
13. the act of recognizing or the condition of being recognized; an awareness that something observed has been observed before; acceptance as valid or true; official acceptance of the status of a new government by that of another country; honour, favourable note, or attention
14. Favorable attention or notice given to a specific employee.
15. (1) Formal acknowledgment given by a communications medium to an advertising agency to recognize that agency as being bona fide, competent, and ethical; therefore, entitled to discounts. (2) The ability of research subjects to recall a particular ad or campaign when they see or hear it.
16. Employer acceptance of a union as the exclusive bargaining representative for all employees in the bargaining unit.
17. The formal acceptance of a student's knowledge, skills, or former academic studies.
18. a formal acknowledgement by a competent authority of the value of a foreign educational qualification with a view to access to educational and/or employment activities.
19. means rewarding employee achievement(s) after the accomplishment has been made. Recognition usually is at the discretion of the supervisor.
20. The acknowledgment by the sonar operator of the existence of a target or anomaly as displayed in the sonar data. Lack of anomaly recognition can be problematic during sonar operations. ...
21. Searches for model(s) in the Input image and writes the results in a Results table. The recognition process will find all the occurrences of each enabled model. But, you can limit the number of hits (detections) produced. Click on the “Recognize” button to start the search.
22. the various ways a charity expresses appreciation for a gift.
23. is a broad term that covers a range of services that recognise an individual's current skills and knowledge acquired through previous education and/or training, work and/or life experience.
24. the act of remembering words or situations that were previously learned or studied. It is also acknowledging and understanding something that is familiar. (Your Incredible Memory)
25. refers to the fact of the examination being accepted by a particular institution/employer for a particular purpose in study/work that provides advantages for the certificate-holder.
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<urn:uuid:1e43b613-76f0-4ea7-883a-e556da3d7bd8>
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"edu_score": 3.78125,
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9535803198814392,
"url": "http://googledictionary.freecollocation.com/meaning?word=recognition"
}
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Rebellions in Aurangzeb’s reign
The initial years of Aurangzeb’s reign did not see any rebellion of political importance. But when he started nursing his religious zeal, there were signs of the coming storm as early as 1669.
Destruction of Temples
Aurangzeb had claimed the throne as the Champion of the Orthodox Islam against the heretical practices of his brother Dara. When he was told that in Banaras, the Brahmins have got habitual of teaching their “wicked science” to the Muslims, an order from his majesty was given to demolish all the temples.
The orders were carried out and the temple of Vishnu at Banaras and a splendid shrine at Mathura were broken to make room for a mosque. The idols were brought to Agra and buried under the steps of the Mosque.
Rebellion of Jats
• In 1669-70, the Jats of Mathura region rose under the leadership of a local Zamindar Gokala.
Gokala was captured and executed, but the rebellion was not subdued completely. The Jats continued to stir and after Aurangzeb died, they established an sovereign Jat Kingdom in Bharatpur.
Rebellion of Satnamis
In 1672, the 4000 Hindus in today’s Haryana region who called themselves Satnamis got rebellious in the area around Delhi. They were led by one Birbhan, who took over the administration of the area around modern Narnaul in Haryana. The Satnamis were crushed when Aurangzeb intervened personally. The Satnamis fought with courage but their end was not doubtful.
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<urn:uuid:18ae4a4c-5f2c-49ac-9c6b-df95c2af6123>
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"fasttext_score": 0.02725088596343994,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9829496145248413,
"url": "https://www.gktoday.in/gk/rebellions-in-aurangzebs-reign/"
}
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Nightingale Facts
Dan Kitwood/Getty Images News/Getty Images
Nightingales are unassuming birds often mistaken for robins, as they are similar in size, shape and, to some extent, color. During the summer, these birds breed in various regions of Europe and Asia, migrating to Africa for the winter. Nightingales are omnivorous, consuming insects, fruits, nuts, and seeds. With no particular markings and dull, russet feathers, these otherwise plain-looking birds are deceptively fascinating.
Inspiring Others
The nightingale has been a muse to creative minds for ages. Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle composed works on the sights and sounds of the nightingale. What's more, one of the earliest known poems written in modern English, first appearing in either the 12th or 13th century, was named after its main characters: "The Owl and the Nightingale." Famed poets William Shakespeare, John Keats, and T.S. Eliot followed suit, incorporating the nightingale into their verse, and composers Ludwig van Beethoven and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky took their own inspiration from the bird, in turn.
An Unexpected Song
The nightingale's song isn't revered so much for its beauty as it is for its tendency to surprise. Male nightingales are compared to jazz musicians due to each bird's ability to improvise up to 300 unique songs. Although the Eurasian Blackcaps were once referred to as the "March Nightingalea" due to the fluty nature of their calls, the birds could never compete with the true nightingales' sheer unpredictability in the performance of their tunes.
Nightingales earned their name for their habit of singing during the dark of night as well as the first light of dawn. In fact, the early Anglo-Saxon translation of "nightingale" is "night songstress," indicating that early listeners believed they were hearing the female of the species when, in reality, it is the bachelor male who sings. Over time, the volume of the nightingale's song has noticeably increased, especially in urban areas where the birds attempt to make themselves heard over a cacophony of competing noise.
Nesting and Reproduction
Small and secretive in nature, nightingales make their nests in whatever vegetation -- be it a low-lying tree, thicket, shrub, or bush -- that seems most impenetrable to outsiders. These cup-shaped nests usually are made from blades of grass, twigs, and fallen leaves. After mating in the spring, female nightingales each lay anywhere from two to five eggs that will hatch in little more than two weeks.
References (4)
Photo Credits
• Dan Kitwood/Getty Images News/Getty Images
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"url": "http://animals.mom.me/nightingale-5261.html"
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Site index
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Corrosion glossary
Famous scientists
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Distance Ed
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Monitoring glossary
Photo gallery
Rare earths
Search this site
Textbook assignments
Toxic elements
Water glossary
Iraq Mercury Poisoning
In the early 1970's a major methyl mercury poisoning catastrophe occurred in which an estimated 10,000 people died and 100,000 were severely and permanently brain damaged. Saddam Hussein's regime was largely successful in suppressing information about the event.
The problem began in the late 1960's and early 1970's, when Iraq experienced a series of abysmal harvests its leader decided to import a newly branded "wonder wheat" from Mexico. The risk was that the seed might grow moldy during the long, humid ocean transport to Iraq if it was not dressed with some fungicide. Methyl mercury became the most cost-effective fungicide, because it had recently been banned in Scandinavia and several American states due to environmental and toxicological risks. So the world market was flooded and prices dropped. (reference)
The wheat seeds dressed with methyl mercury were sent to Basra in Iraq's south. Because the shipment arrived late, trucks and trains that had been at hand were reassigned. So it took another couple of months before the grain reached the farmers. By then the sowing season was over. Farmers were left with a pink grain that they were told not to eat, only to plant. But recent harvests had been lousy and farmers had little or nothing to feed their animals and themselves.
Like many farmers of the world, Iraqi farmers mistrust their government and began feeding the grain to chickens or sheep and watched to see if there were any bad side effects. Nothing happened for weeks. At that point, most farmers began giving the grain to their livestock and eating it themselves. Children got to like the pink bread.
However, bad things start to happen a few months later and hospitals were flooded with patients showing symptoms of damage to the central nervous system. At first, doctors initially had no idea as to the cause. Some suspected an epidemic of "brain fever" of some sort. Others more accurately pointed to methyl mercury.
A small group of international experts on mercury were called in and methyl mercury poisoning was confirmed through contaminated food. When the imported grain was identified as the cause of the poisoning, Iraq's government acted decisively. Farmers were ordered to hand over all remaining supplies within a fortnight. To stress the urgency, a death penalty for possessing pink grain after that date was declared.
But most farmers had no access to radio, television, or daily newspapers. By the time most learned about the order and the penalty, the two weeks were gone and the army had started to execute those found still to be in possession of the grain. So the farmers dumped grain wherever they could: along roadsides, in irrigation canals, in rivers.
Fish soon became contaminated, as did migratory birds. One father of a family with several poisoned members and without any traditional food left stood in his doorway praising Allah for having made these migratory birds easy to catch when they had nothing else to eat. At hospitals throughout the country, doctors concluded that there was nothing they could do. There is no real treatment for methyl mercury poisoning.
In rural Iraq the tradition is that a person preferably should die at home with his or her family around. Thus, when they saw and heard that doctors couldn't help, people brought their sick family member home. Consequently, the official figures that put the number of deaths from methyl mercury poisoning at 6,500 people only cover those who died in hospital. The real number is certainly far higher.
The crisis did provide doctors with some greater understanding of how to detect methyl mercury poisoning. "Quiet baby syndrome," for example, when mothers praise their babies for never crying, is now considered a warning sign for methyl mercury induced brain damage in children. Treatment, too, has changed in the wake of the mass poisoning. The agents traditionally used to speed up excretion of inorganic metals from poisoned patients turned out to make symptoms of methyl mercury poisoning worse rather than milder.
See also: Amalgamation, Appliances, Chlor-Alkali, Dentistry, Explosives, Iraq poisoning, 'Mad as a Hatter', Mercury, Methylmercury, Minamata, Minamata timeline, Medical uses, Pigmentand organic fungicide production, Toxicology
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<urn:uuid:5ec90d50-9e5f-40b2-9a1c-79bc51517682>
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{
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"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.18659740686416626,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9781062602996826,
"url": "http://corrosion-doctors.org/Elements-Toxic/Mercury-Iraq-1.htm"
}
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The word ‘solder’ as used in the process soldering comes from the Latin solidare, means ‘to make solid’. Over the years, the word has found its way in Old French as ‘solduree’ and then in Middle English term ‘soudur’. Soldering is a process in which two or more elements (mostly metals) are joined together by melting and inserting a solder in between. Historically, in ancient civilisations, soldering was used to make jewelry, cooking ware, work tools and in making swords.
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<urn:uuid:ee830418-fcb5-452c-a3b9-db198bed2d57>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.33480310440063477,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9646215438842773,
"url": "https://qwizzeria.com/2016/01/16/fact-food-433/"
}
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Around 1850 Britain had no forestry service and there was no formal training of foresters. Forestry was still practised in the context of estates mainly owned by the aristocracy and managed by foresters who had learned the traditional management techniques under an apprentice system from their predecessors. British forestry was fragmented, not formalised, and far from centralised during the entire 19th century. Most of the forestry remained concentrated on large privately owned estates, especially in Scotland, where it served the double purpose of ornamental woods and, to a lesser extent, wood production for local use.1The British Government and many landowners did not feel the necessity to increase timber production and introduce modern formalised forestry practices from the continent because the British had direct access to the large timber reserves of their Empire, of Scandinavia and the Baltic states. Importing timber from overseas was much cheaper than to produce it back home in Britain.2 Continue reading
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<urn:uuid:a56a5516-19cc-49b4-8148-b2e82fc87a2a>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.14072787761688232,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9762255549430847,
"url": "https://www.eh-resources.org/tag/india/"
}
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Bramber Castle
bramber 6.jpg
Sir William de Braose built Bramber castle around 1070 and added a chapel later in 1075. The chapel features a stone carving of a fox preaching to geese, possibly a Saxon stone masons commentary on the political realities of the era. At one time the church housed a small Benedictine college.
In 1208 all the de Braose property was confiscated by King John. William de Braose escaped to France, but by 1209 John had captured Matilda de Braose and imprisoned her in Windsor castle where he starved her to death in 1211. After John’s death, the castle was returned to the de Braose family. The castle remained in the de Braose family until 1324, when the family line ended.
The castle was besieged by Parliamentarian forces during the English Civil war in 1642. The church was quite badly damaged when the Parliamentarian guns were set up in the transepts to fire on the castle. Cromwell ordered the castle slighted so that it could not be used again by the royalist forces.
Bramber Castle slideshow
Visiting Bramber Castle
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9029219746589661,
"url": "http://castles.rbjenet.com/castles/bramber.html"
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World Cultures | Trinidad and Tobago
Culture Name
Depending upon which island in this twin–island state is being discussed, the culture name is "Trinidadian" or "Tobagonian."
Alternative Names
Trinidadians, but not Tobagonians, often refer to citizens of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago as "Trinidadians" or "Trinis," or occasionally in an effort to be inclusive, as "Trinbagonians."
Identification. Trinidad was named by Christopher Columbus on his third voyage to the New World. On the morning of 31 July 1498, he saw what appeared to him as a trinity of hills along the southeastern coast. The island was called Iere, meaning "the land of the hummingbird," by its native Amerindian inhabitants. Tobago's name probably derived from tabaco (tobacco in Spanish).
Trinidad (but not Tobago) is ethnically heterogeneous. Trinidadians and Tobagonians of African descent are called "Negro," "Black," or "African." Trinidadians of Indian descent are called "East Indian" (to differentiate them from Amerindians) or "Indian." More recently the terms "Afro-Trinidadian" (or "Afro-Tobagonian") and "Indo-Trinidadian" have gained currency, reflecting heightened ethnic claims to national status. Trinidadians of European ancestry are called "White" or "French Creole." There are a number of designations for those of black–white ancestry, including "Mixed," "Colored," "Brown," and "Red" among other terms. The term Creole, from the Spanish criollo , meaning "of local origin," refers to Blacks, Whites, and mixed individuals who are presumed to share significant elements of a common culture as well as biogenetic properties because most claim these designations do not represent "pure races." The term Creole thus tends to relegate non-Creoles like East Indians to a somewhat foreign status. Creole also serves to modify whiteness. The term "French Creole" refers to white families of long standing whether their surname is French-derived or not. The terms "Trinidad White" and "Pass as White" are sometimes used to deride those who are considered White in Trinidad but would not be so considered elsewhere. Trinidadians and Tobagonians (the population of Tobago is almost 100 percent of African descent) identify strongly with their home island and believe each other to be different culturally.
Location and Geography. Trinidad and Tobago are the southernmost islands in the Caribbean Sea. Trinidad is 1,864 square miles in area (4,828 square kilometers), and Tobago is 116 square miles (300 square kilometers). At its closest point, Trinidad is some seven miles from the coast of Venezuela on the South American mainland. Trinidad is diverse geographically. It has three mountain ranges, roughly parallel to each other, running east to west in the north, central, and south parts of the island. The mountainous north coast is heavily wooded. The central part of the island is more flat and is where sugar cane is grown. The East–West corridor is an urban–industrial conurbation from Port of Spain, the capital, in the west to Arima in the east. San Fernando in the south is Trinidad's second city. The Point Lisas industrial park is nearby. Scarborough is the capital of Tobago. Afro-Trinidadians and other Creoles predominate in urban areas and in the north of Trinidad; Indo-Trinidadians live mostly in the central and south parts of the island.
Demography. According to the 1990 census, the total population was 1,234,400. The two major ethnic groups are Blacks (39.59 percent of the population) and East Indians (40.27 percent). The remainder of the population in 1990 included Mixed, White, and Chinese.
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago
Linguistic Affiliation. The official language is English. At present, Trinidad is multilingual, with inhabitants speaking standard and nonstandard forms of English, a French-based creole, nonstandard Spanish, and Bhojpuri. Urdu is spoken in some rural areas. Arabic, Yoruba, Bhojpuri, Urdu and other languages are used in religious contexts, and the traditional Christmas music called parang is sung in Spanish. Trinidadians delight in their colorful speech and like to emphasize its distinctive use and development as a marker of identity. Standard and nonstandard English are spoken in Tobago.
Symbolism. The public symbols of the nation tend to evoke the themes of multiculturalism, unity in diversity, and tolerance. The national motto is "Together we aspire, together we achieve." The national anthem features the line "Here every creed and race find an equal place," which is sung twice for emphasis. Some public holidays and celebrations emphasize group contributions to the nation, including Independence Day (31 August), Emancipation Day (1 August; commemorating the ending of slavery), and Indian Arrival Day (30 May).
History and Ethnic Relations
Emergence of the Nation. Claimed by Columbus for Spain, Trinidad was a forgotten Spanish colony for three hundred years. Native Amerindians died upon contact with European diseases, were forcibly exported to the mainland to work in mines, and those who survived were subject to Spanish missions and labor schemes. The African slave population was small during Spanish rule. The Spanish Cedula de Población of 1783 was designed to convert Trinidad into a plantation colony. It attracted white and colored French planters who brought their African and African-descended slaves to cultivate sugar and cocoa. While controlled by Spain, Trinidad became French in orientation and dominant language use. Captured by the British in 1797, the island was formally ceded to Britain in 1802. British administrators, British planters, and their slaves added to the island's ethnic, national, and linguistic diversity. Enslaved Africans arrived from varied ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious groups from along the West African coast, while Creole slaves spoke a French or English creole, depending on their islands of origin. Spanish-speaking peon laborers from Venezuela arrived in the nineteenth century to clear forests and work in cocoa cultivation. Even before the abolition of slavery in 1834 and the end of the apprenticeship system for ex-slaves in 1838, free Africans arrived. Blacks from the United States also settled in Trinidad. From 1845 to 1917, about 144,000 indentured Indians were brought to the island. The majority were from the north of India and were drawn from a multiplicity of castes. The vast majority were Hindus, but there was a significant Muslim minority. Planters were encouraging Portuguese speakers from Madeira and Chinese from the Cantonese ports of Whampoa and Namoa to come as indentured laborers.
Tobago developed separately, with the Spanish, French, Dutch, English, and Courlanders all laying claim to the island at different times. Plantation agriculture based on enslaved labor existed alongside a significant peasant sector. The British colonies of Trinidad and Tobago were united administratively in 1889.
Under British colonialism there was a clear ethnic division of labor, with Whites as plantation owners, Chinese and Portuguese in trading occupations, Blacks and Coloreds moving into the professions and skilled manual occupations, and East Indians almost completely in agricultural pursuits. Blacks and East Indians were separated geographically, as many Blacks were urban-based and East Indians were more numerous in the agricultural central and south parts of the island. There was little if any intermarriage and little intermating between the two groups. These divisions dictated the course of national identity and nationalist politics.
National Identity. The political process has molded ethnic relations. Colonial discourses on African and Indian ancestral culture depicted Blacks as culturally "naked" and Indians possessing a culture, albeit an inferior one to European culture. Perhaps for this reason, Blacks have emphasized Western learning and culture and Indians have emphasized the glories of their subcontinental past. Despite imposed divisions, Blacks and East Indians united in the nationalist labor movements of the 1930s. However, politics quickly became contested terrain. Political parties and candidates appealed to ethnicity. Oxford-trained historian Eric Williams (1911–1981) started the People's National Movement (PNM) in 1955 with other middle-class Blacks and Creoles. Williams maintained that the PNM was a multi-ethnic party, but its interests were soon identified with Blacks. The PNM held power from 1956 until 1986, leading the country to independence in 1962. Its perpetual opposition parties were identified as "Indian," given the composition of their leaders and followers. Politics became an ethnic zero-sum game.
With independence, symbols of the state and nation were conflated with what was taken to be Afro-Trinidadian culture, such as Carnival, the steel band, and calypso music—turning the colonial hierarchy on its head. Deviating cultural practices, such as "East Indian culture," were labeled as unpatriotic and even racist. The country was depicted as a melting pot where races mixed under the rubric of "creolization." Those who did not were less than Trinidadian. A discourse of the past entered, centering on arguments over which group historically contributed most substantially to building the nation, which therefore is construed as legitimately belonging to that group. There were two opposing but related processes at work. First, an identification of nation, state, and ethnicity to construct a "non-ethnicity" where there are "Trinidadians" and then there are "others," that is, "ethnics." There is also the construction of ethnic and cultural difference to prove and justify contribution, authenticity, and citizenship. Through the mid-1990s, Afro-Trinidadians and Creoles were able to command this discourse, but East Indians began to mount a serious challenge. At the same time, there was even a small group claiming "Carib" Amerindian identity.
Ethnic Relations. Post-independence ethnic relations have involved contests to control the state and the allocation of resources. The PNM maintained dominance through a patronage network targeted at urban Blacks as recipients. This was accomplished by a tremendous state expansion facilitated by the oil boom of the 1970s, which led to one of the highest standards of living in Latin America. Indo-Trinidadians were also able to take advantage of gains in education and fill lower-level state jobs. The government nationalized many industries, including sugar, which employed mainly Indians. A downturn in oil income severely limited state patronage opportunities. Albeit absent from formal politics, Whites, Chinese, Syrian, and some Indo-Trinidadian entrepreneurs control significant sectors of the economy. By 1986, several forces led to the formation of a black-Indian coalition party, the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), that toppled the PNM. However, ethnic and personality strife broke the NAR apart, and the PNM won the next election. But by 1995, an Indian-based party, the United National Congress, barely prevailed, bringing to power the country's first Indo-Trinidadian prime minister, Basdeo Panday. While symbolic ethnic conflict seems to permeate daily life, it must be emphasized that Trinidad has never exploded in ethnic violence, as has its neighbor Guyana which has a similar demographic profile.
Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space
In cities, glass and steel high rise office buildings mingle with colonial houses with gingerbread fret-work. The colonial Red House is the parliament building, and Woodford Square, the site of political rallies, sits opposite. Exclusive neighborhoods feature modern and colonial mansions with satellite dishes. Concrete public housing projects evoke their counterparts elsewhere and shanty towns exist on the urban periphery. Suburban developments are reminiscent of American ranch-style houses. The ever-present cacophony in urban areas is the result of cars, taxis, "maxi-taxi" minibuses, street vendors, pedestrians, and the homeless jamming the streets. Women develop stock responses to men's "sooting" (cat calls). Development in rural areas means concrete houses built on pilings to allow a breezeway and carport underneath.
Iron lacing decorates a colonial style mansion in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.
Food and Economy
Food in Daily Life. Cuisine is ethnically marked. A typical Creole dish is stewed chicken, white rice, red beans, fried plantains, and homemade ginger beer. Indian food consists of curried chicken, potatoes, channa (chick peas), white rice, and roti , an Indian flatbread. Chinese food is typically chow mein. However, all of these are simultaneously regarded as national dishes and food metaphors are made to stand for the nation. Trinidadians are said by Creoles to be ethnically "mixed-up" like callaloo , a kind of soup made from dasheen leaves and containing crab. Crab and dumplings is said to be the typical Tobago meal. A society-wide concern for cleanliness is revealed when concerns over food preparation are voiced.
Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. Indian food taboos and customs remain in some areas, while in others, the food customs are reinterpreted and take new form or are not relevant. A society-wide ethos valorizing generosity with food prevails, especially at ceremonial occasions. Trinidadian novelist V.S. Naipaul wrote in his travelogue The Middle Passage about Creoles that "Nothing is known about Hinduism or Islam. The Muslim festival of Hosein, with its drum-beating and in the old days stick-fighting is the only festival which is known; Negroes sometimes beat the drums. Indian weddings are also known. There is little interest in the ritual; it is known only that food is given to all comers." Creole knowledge of Indian rites is now considerable, as is their participation as guests at these events. Food is important in both Hindu and Muslim celebrations. In Christian families, sorrel, made from a flower, and ponche de creme, a kind of eggnog with rum, are typical Christmas drinks. Ham and pastelles are Christmas fare.
Basic Economy. Upon independence the PNM followed the colonial "industrialization by invitation" import substitution strategies to lure foreign capital and protect local manufacturers. The oil boom of 1974–1982 saw continuous real Gross Domestic Product growth averaging 6.1 percent a year, and during this time the government acquired and established a number of state enterprises, including oil and sugar companies. Government and private spending accelerated. Members of the expanding middle-class made frequent shopping trips to Miami and Caracas. The subsequent fall in oil prices meant losses in savings and foreign exchange, disinvestment, privatization, International Monetary Fund-directed trade liberalization policies, and general austerity. In the 1990s unemployment ran at more than 20 percent. Imported food and consumer goods are still prized. Agriculture occupations continued to decline as service industry occupations grew. By the end of the 1990s there was reason for optimism. In 1997, the economy grew by 4 percent, compared with a 1.5 percent contraction in 1993. Over the same period, inflation dropped to 3.8 percent from 13 percent. Income per capita (in 1990 dollars) rose from $3,920 to $4,290.
Land Tenure and Property. Land ownership is thoroughly commoditized and the government maintains significant holdings. The Sou-Sou Lands organization, named after a rotating credit association, redistributed land. Squatters remain in a number of areas. The Afro-Caribbean institution of "family land" exists in Tobago. A rural cooperative institution known as gayap is a means whereby some lands are cultivated and houses constructed.
Commercial Activities. There is considerable formal and informal market commercial activity in the sale of imported and locally-produced consumer goods. Towns like Chaguanas in central Trinidad have impressive high streets devoted to shopping. There are air-conditioned shopping malls around the country, supermarket chains, and small "mom and pop" shops ("arlors") with the owners living upstairs. Sales are fueled by a well-developed advertising industry and communications network. There are a number of regional open-air produce markets.
Major Industries. Government- and foreign-owned oil, natural gas, and iron and steel industries are the most important industries. A number of international goods are manufactured locally under license. Sugar is exported by the state firm. International tourism is underdeveloped in Trinidad, but government has taken steps for its promotion. Tobago is a growing international tourist destination.
Trade. Commodities sold on the international market include oil, steel, urea, natural gas, cocoa, sugar, and Angostura bitters. It is the world's second-largest exporter of ammonia and methanol. The major trading partner is the United States, but inroads were made in the late 1990s into Latin American markets.
Division of Labor. The traditional ethnic division of labor has tended to break down somewhat with time, but whites and other minorities have retained significant control of the economy. Firms owned by one ethnic group tend to have members of that group in management and as employees. State hiring is more credentials-based, despite the feeling among Blacks and Indians that certain sections of the public service are one or the other's preserve.
Social Stratification
Classes and Castes. Given ethnic diversity and ethnic politics, the salience of class is often overlooked or even actively denied. In fact, ethnicity and class work in tandem. Blacks and Indians have lagged behind other racial groups in earning power. Caste for Indians broke down with migration, but informal claims to high caste ancestry are still made at times.
Symbols of Social Stratification. Status symbols tend to be Western symbols—material possessions such as cars, the year model of which are designated by their license plates, houses, television sets, and dress. Education and use of standard English are key symbols of middle-class status. A tension exists between individualism and expectations of generosity. Upward mobility exposes one to community sanctions, captured by the proverb "The higher monkey climb, the more he show his tail."
Political Life
Government. The government of Trinidad and Tobago consists of a parliamentary democracy with an elected lower house and an appointed upper house. The prime minister—the leader of the party with the most seats in parliament—holds political power. The appointed president is the official head of state. The Tobago House of Assembly retains some autonomy.
Leadership and Political Officials. Political parties have for the most part made their appeals on the basis of ethnicity, even if not overtly, and nationalism, rather than on class or ideology. Cases of corruption have been highly publicized. The media, including tabloid newspapers, is particularly aggressive in making corruption allegations.
Social Problems and Control. High unemployment, especially for youth, is a central problem, spawning others. Since the 1980s, crime is seen as a serious problem, especially violent property crimes connected to the sale and transhipment of illegal drugs. Some also blame cable television and the Internet for inculcating North American values and aspirations. In neighborhoods and villages, gossip exerts control, although one loses status for being "long eye" (envious) or a maco , someone who minds the business of others.
A boy sits on his father's shoulders during a Carnival procession. Carnival is a major celebration.
Military Activity. There is a small Defense Force and Coast Guard. These forces cooperate with the United States and other countries in drug interdiction.
Social Welfare and Change Programs
A number of programs exist with specific areas of interest. For instance, women's groups include Concerned Women for Progress, The Group, and Working Women. Servol is a Catholic organization based in Laventille, a slum area, that teaches job skills to youth. The Society of Saint Vincent de Paul is also active.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations
Nongovernmental organizations range from influential religious groups, such as the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha, a Hindu organization, to FundAid, an NGO that funds small businesses. Fraternal and civic organizations are very popular among the middle classes. Trade unions are very organized and influential.
Gender Roles and Statuses
Division of Labor by Gender. Women have made many gains in the last three decades: they now join men as lawyers, judges, politicians, civil servants, journalists, and even calypsonians. However, despite generally better educational levels, women earn less than men, especially in private industry. Men dominate as artisans, mechanics, and oilfield riggers. Many occupations are dominated by women, such as domestic service, sales, and some light manufacturing. Many women are microenterprise owners. Sexual harassment has been a societal issue since the 1980s.
The Relative Status of Women and Men. Power differentials remain salient in different contexts. Afro-Trinidadian women enjoy some autonomy and power within domestic domains and are often heads of households. Women are said to dominate in "playin' mas'," participating in Carnival, where they demonstrate an assertive sexuality. Women are marginalized from leadership positions in the established churches, Hinduism, and Islam, but are influential in the Afro-Christian sects. Women run the sou-sou informal rotating credit associations. An active women's movement has put domestic violence, rape, and workplace sexual harassment on the public agenda.
Marriage, Family, and Kinship
Marriage. Marriage practices differ according to ethnicity and class, although for both blacks and Indians kinship is bilateral in structure. For the middle and upper classes, formal marriage with religious sanction is the norm. Legal recognition for Hindu and Muslim marriages came very late in the colonial period. In the past, East Indian women were betrothed in arranged marriages at young ages.
Children marching in the Junior Parade of the Bands in Queen's Park Savannah. Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.
Many Afro-Trinidadians entered into noncoresidential relationships, then common-law marriages, and then, later in life, formal marriage. There is evidence that this is changing, with the age of marriage for Indian women increasing along with their propensity to enter non-coresidential relationships, and the importance of arranged marriages greatly diminished. The prevalence of noncoresidential relationships is increasing for the upper classes as well. Many Indo-Trinidadians see creolization as tantamount to miscegenation. Given the persistence of colonial stereotypes of Blacks, there has generally been strong Indian resistance to intermarriage with Blacks.
Domestic Unit. As with marriage patterns, the domestic unit has historically varied with class and ethnicity. Upper class families are often multi-generational. Many working-class Afro-Trinidadian households are female-headed, and multi-generational. In the past, a married Indian couple lived with the husband's extended family; however, neolocal residence is increasingly seen as the preferred form.
Inheritance. Among East Indians and upper class others, inheritance was patrilineal. This has become more egalitarian in terms of gender. Among Afro-Trinidadians, inheritance patterns have not necessarily favored males. There are often disputes over the inheritance of land.
Kin Groups. Fictive kinship and godparenthood are important institutions. Most families have migrant kin abroad, some who play significant roles with visits and remittances.
Infant Care. Practices vary somewhat significantly according to ethnicity, class, and the age and education of the parents and/or caretakers. Middle class parents read North American child care books and often are knowledgeable of the latest trends. Still, there are some commonalities. For all groups, older siblings, kin, and neighbors often play significant roles. Infants are not confined to separate spaces or playpens and often sleep in the same bed as the caretaker. Infants are carried in arms from place to place. Strollers or prams are not used. Car seats for safety are becoming popular. Many toddlers are sent to pre-schools and nurseries by age two. Corporal punishment in public for toddlers is common.
Child Rearing and Education. Values inculcated vary by ethnicity, class, and the sex of the child. In general, caretakers, be they parents, grandparents, or other kin or fictive kin, are quick to discipline children. "Back chat" to an adult is not permitted. Children are expected to show that they are "broughtupsy" having decorum, but not to the point of being "social" (pretentious). A "harden" (disobedient) child or a wajang (rowdy, uncouth) youth involved in commesse (scandal, acrimony) is an embarrassment to the family. Boys are expected to be aggressive and, as they get older, sexually aware, but respectful to adults. Ideally, girls do not have free reign. Most girls are encouraged to emphasize physical beauty.
Higher Education. The society places a high value on higher education and many parents and kin make great sacrifices to enable students to reach their educational goals. In the past, training for white-collar professions was favored and emphasized, and titles and diplomas were fetishized. Status is attached to better secondary schools, such as Queen's Royal College (state) and Catholic Church-affiliated Saint Mary's College for boys and Saint Joseph's Convent for girls. The Trinidad campus of the regional, comprehensive University of the West Indies (UWI) is in Saint Augustine (other sites are in Barbados and Jamaica). UWI in Trinidad began in 1960 when the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture became the Faculty of Agriculture of the University College of the West Indies, University of London. Many citizens with higher education were trained abroad and they often emigrate permanently.
While class and ethnic differences matter, as do contexts, sociability and gregariousness are generally highly valued. Business settings require more subdued behavior, but it is not considered good form to talk about one's work endlessly at cocktail parties. Middle-class men receive status for offering their comrades imported Scotch whiskey. In general, punctuality is not expected. "Trinidad time" refers to habitual lateness and "jus' now" means "in a little while" but in practice can mean hours. On city streets it is common for men to verbally harass women and women generally lose status if they reply. In country districts, it is expected that one salutes passers by with a "good morning" or "good aftimiernoon." Slarly, one should begin phone conversations, address fellow passengers upon entering a taxi, and address occupants when entering a room or a home with a "good morning," "good afternoon," or "good night."
Women are often heads of households.
Religious Beliefs. The country is noted for its religiosity and religious diversity. In 1990, the majority religion was Roman Catholic, encompassing 29 percent of the population. The majority of Indians are Hindu, but many are Christians, resulting from Canadian Presbyterian missions in the nineteenth century. Evangelical Christian sects from North America are growing rapidly. American Muslim groups claim adherents. There are followers of Sai Baba and Rastafarians. Afro-Christian forms of worship are prevalent, such as the Orisha religion and the Spiritual Baptists, and worship in these is not exclusive of membership in established churches. There are folk beliefs in jumbies (ghosts, spirits). Official religious holidays include Divali (called Holi in India; Hindu), Eid (Muslim), Spiritual Baptist Liberation Day (30 March), Good Friday, Corpus Christi, and Christmas Day. The two days before Ash Wednesday, when Carnival is held, and Phagwa (Hindu) and Hosay (Muslim) are holidays for all intents and purposes.
Religious Practitioners. Religious leaders include imams (Muslim), pundits (Hindu), priests (Anglican and Catholic), Orisha and Spiritual Baptist leaders. There is a hierarchy in established churches, with a Catholic archbishop and an Anglican bishop at the head of those communities.
Ritual and Holy Places. On Holy Thursday night, thousands of Hindus pay homage to a carved wood statue of the Madonna at the Catholic church at Siparia. Weeks later, Catholics parade the same statue through the streets. In the past, Chinese came to honor the statue when it passed on the street. Places of worship, such as the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Port of Spain and the Abbey of Mount Saint Benedict, a functioning monastery, are seen as holy places. The Caroni River, where Hindu cremations are held, is an important ritual and holy place.
Death and the Afterlife. Funerals and all-night wakes, called "sit-ups," are important social occasions. Obituaries are read on the radio. Cremation at the Caroni River is practiced for Hindu Trinidadians.
Medicine and Health Care
There is a national health service, but private medicine serves a large share of the population. Both are based on the Western bio-medical model. There are traditional healers, some related to Afro-Christian forms of worship. Many ordinary citizens use herbal teas and bush medicine for everyday ailments. Drug addiction and AIDS are seen as serious problems and the country has one of the highest AIDS rates in the world.
Secular Celebrations
Besides Emancipation, Independence, and Indian Arrival days, official secular holidays include New Year's Day, Easter Monday, Labour Day (19 June), when 1930s labor leader T.U.B. Butler and the trade union/nationalist movement are commemorated, and Boxing Day (26 December). The pre-Lenten Carnival is the biggest secular celebration.
The Arts and Humanities
Support for the Arts. The government supports Carnival, the Best Village competition (which includes dance, music, and drama), the National Youth Orchestra, the biennial Music Festival, and the National Museum.
Literature. An impressive literary tradition exists among writers who have mainly made their names and reputations abroad, including C.L.R. James, Ralph de Boissie`re, V.S. Naipaul, Shiva Naipaul, Samuel Selvon, Earl Lovelace, Ismith Khan, Ramabai Espinet, and Michael Anthony. Calypso must count as oral literature. Contemporary calypsonians include the Mighty Sparrow, Lord Kitchener, the Mighty Chalkdust, Gypsy, Black Stalin, Drupatee, Cro Cro, Calypso Rose, Super Blue, David Rudder, Crazy, Baron, Explainer, Sugar Aloes, and Denyse Plummer among many others. Relatively new music forms are Indian music-influenced "chutney" and "pitchakaree," performed by well-known singers such as Sundar Popo, Anand Yankaran, Heeralal Rampartap, Savitri Jagdeo, Vinti Mohip, Jagdeo Phagoo, and Ramraajee Prabhoo.
Graphic Arts. Trinidad's best known artist is perhaps the painter Michel Jean Cazabon (1813–1888). Some of the better-known artists of the past few decades are Dermot Louison, M.P. Alladin, Sybil Attek, Amy Leong Pang, Pat Chu Foon, and the sculptor Ralph Baney. Active living artists include Carlisle Chang, LeRoy Clarke, Boscoe Holder, Francisco Cabral, Pat Bishop, Isaiah Boodhoo, Ken Crichlow, Wendy Naran, and Jackie Hinkson. A younger generation includes Eddie Bowen, Kathryn Chang, Chris Cozier, and Che Lovelace. A recent appreciation of untrained artists has resulted in the establishment of the Museum of Popular and Folk Art.
Performance Arts. Carnival is Trinidad's most noteworthy performance art, attracting tourists, emigrated Trinidadians, and scholars from abroad. Masquerade designer Peter Minshall is one of the best known internationally. He was artistic director for the opening and closing ceremonies of the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, and the 1994 World Cup opening ceremony in the United States. Live calypso and steelband performances occur in the Carnival season (Christmas through Lent). A dance performance tradition centers around Beryl McBurnie and the Little Carib Theatre.
The State of the Physical and Social Sciences
In 1961, the UWI Faculty of Engineering opened. In 1963, teaching in the arts, natural, and social sciences began. There are a number of research institutes, such as the Centre for Ethnic Studies, the Centre for Gender and Development Studies, and the Institute of Social and Economic Research. In Tobago the government-run Hospitality and Tourism Institute offers tourism training. Some locallybased social scientists are very visible as pollsters, newspaper columnists, and television analysts.
Braithwaite, Lloyd. Social Stratification in Trinidad , 1975 [1953].
Brereton, Bridget. A History of Modern Trinidad 1783– 1962 , 1981.
Harewood, Jack, and Ralph Henry. Inequality in a Post-Colonial Society: Trinidad and Tobago , 1985.
Hill, Errol. The Trinidad Carnival: Mandate for a National Theatre , 1972.
LaGuerre, John G., ed. Calcutta to Caroni: The East Indians of Trinidad , 1985 [1974].
Mendes, John. Cote ce Cote la: Trinidad and Tobago Dictionary , 1986.
Miller, Daniel. Modernity—An Ethnographic Approach: Dualism and Mass Consumption in Trinidad , 1994.
Oxaal, Ivar. Black Intellectuals and the Dilemmas of Race and Class in Trinidad , 1982.
Reddock, Rhoda E. Women, Labour and Politics in Trinidad and Tobago: A History, 1994.
Rohlehr, Gordon. Calypso and Society in Pre-Independence Trinidad , 1990.
Ryan, Selwyn, ed., Trinidad and Tobago: The Independence Experience 1962–1987, 1988.
Stuempfle, Stephen. The Steelband Movement: The Forging of a National Art in Trinidad and Tobago , 1995.
Vertovec, Steven. Hindu Trinidad: Religion, Ethnicity and Socio-Economic Change , 1992.
Wood, Donald. Trinidad in Transition: The Years After Slavery , 1968.
Yelvington, Kevin A., ed. Trinidad Ethnicity , 1993.
——. Producing Power: Ethnicity, Gender, and Class in a Caribbean Workplace , 1995.
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book binding, blocking
book binding, blocking defined in 1909 year
book binding, blocking - book binding, Blocking;
book binding, blocking - The tools required for blocking are "blocks" or "stamps," composed of very small pieces, or in one block cut to the size of the book. In any case, the block has to be fastened to the movable plate at the bottom of the heating box of the blocking press. To block the sides of a book, glue a stout piece of paper upon the movable plate. Then set the blocks upon one side of the book in exact position, and place that side upon the bed of the blocking press, leaving the volume hanging down in front of the press. The bed is next fixed, so that the centre of the board is exactly under and in the centre of the heating box. When quite true, the sides and back gauges are fixed by screws. Pull the lever so that a slight pressure upon the plate be given; release the press and take out the book and examine if all be correct. Some of the blocks may require a small piece of paper as a pad, so as to increase the pressure, others to be shifted a little. Now glue the back of the stamps and replace them. Put the whole under the top plate in the press, heat the box, and pull the lever over; let the book remain for some little time to set the glue. Take out the book, examine if perfectly square and correct, but replace it with a soft millboard" under the stamps and pull down the press. The lever must remain over and the blocks be under pressure until the glue is hardened.
Another method is to glue upon the plate a piece of thick paper, and mark upon it the exact size of the book to be blocked. Strike the size from the centre, and from that draw any other lines that may assist in placing the blocks. Arrange the blocks upon the plate so as to form the design; when correct glue the blocks on their backs, and replace them on the plate. When the glue adheres a little, turn the plate over and put it into the press. Apply heat to the box; pull the lever over; and when the glue is set, regulate the bed and gauges.
When the press is properly heated, throw back the lever: take out the millboard from under the stamp, and regulate the degree of pressure required by the side screw under the bed. Place upon the bed the side to be stamped, hold it firmly against the guides with the left hand, and with the right draw the lever quickly to the front. This straightens the toggles and forces down the heating box, causing a sharp impression of the stamp upon the leather or other material. Throw or let the lever go back sharply and take out the book. If the block be of such a design that it must not be inverted, the whole of the covers must be blocked on one side first, and the block turned round for the other side, or the design will be upside down.
Work for blocking in gold does not require so much body or preparation as if it were gilt by hand. Morocco can be worked by merely washing the whole surface with a little urine or weak ammonia; but it is safer to use a coat of glairc and water, mixed in proportions of 1 to 3. The heat should be moderate and the working slow.
Calf should have a coat of milk and water or thin paste-water as a ground, and when dry another of glaire, both laid on evenly; but if only portions are to be gilt, such as a centre-piece, and the rest dead, the centre-piece or other design should be pencilled in with great care. The design is first slightly blocked in blind as a guide for the glairing. The edge of the glaire always leaves a dark stain. The heat required for calf is greater than for morocco, and the working must be done more quickly.
Cloth, requires no preparation whatever; the glue beneath and the coloured matter in the cloth give quite enough adhesiveness, when the hot plate comes down, for the gold to adhere.
near book binding, blocking in Knolik
book binding, backinghome
letter "B"
start from "BO"
book binding, calf colouring
definition of word "book binding, blocking" was readed 1045 times
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Bearded Dragons
Did you know bearded dragons are not warm blooded or cold blooded?
They are Ectothermic, this means they take on their environmental temperature
Bearded Dragons are terrestrial and arboreal in their habits, when choosing an appropriate terrarium we are trying to mimic the environment in which they would be found naturally. The minimum reptile enclosure size for an adult bearded dragon or pair should be 900mm x 600mm x 600mm. Bearded dragons in captivity need space, they love to run they love to dig as they do in the wild. Lots of space inside the terrarium makes an excellent environment which will maintain good health. Hide rocks and ornaments are a great place for your bearded dragon to retreat. They will offer a place of refuge while settling in providing suitable basking spots and allow a place to sleep. Be careful when introducing branches and rocks from outside, you may be unintentionally introducing mites into the enclosure.
Reptile mites not only look bad on lizards but they can cause some serious health problems. They can cause irritation, inflammation, problems with shedding (dysecdysis) and secondary bacterial infections of the skin. In heavy infestations on young or small lizards the mites may consume a large enough quantity of blood that they can cause a potentially life-threatening anaemia and immune suppression. Mites have also been implicated as a mode of transmission of various infectious agents. These included Aeromonashydrophilia, a common bacterium that causes pneumonia and infectious stomatitis (mouth rot) that can lead to septicaemia and death; viruses such as those causing Inclusion Body Disease (IBD) and Ophidian Paramyxovirus (OPMV); and parasites of the red blood cells and the blood stream.
Bearded dragons are ectothermic creatures, this means they take on their environmental temperature. If the temperature is warm they are warm, if the temperature is cold they are cold. If a bearded dragon is too cold it cannot digest any food that it has eaten and will not be able to fight off any infections. Undigested food will either cause the bearded dragon to vomit or slowly start to ferment within their stomach, bringing on illnesses. Their bodies are unable to naturally adjust their own heat, so we must do this for them. The perfect temperature for bearded dragons is around 30C. It is also important to ensure there is a warm and cool end of any enclosure. The warm end should be maintained at 30-33C, thus having a temperature gradient within the environment.
The two types of lighting that is required to be used for the bearded dragon enclosures are UV-A and UV-B lights. As a diurnal animal, bearded dragons need the UV-A and UV-B rays. The UV-B wavelengths help stimulate their appetite and provide energy for the formation of vitamin D, necessary for metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. The levels of calcium absorbed by the bearded dragons are consumed, and help reduce the risk of metabolic bone disease. It is a MUST for all Beardies. UVB globes need to be replaced at least every 6-8 months as the UV diminishes with age.
We always recommend the use of thermostats in conjunction with any heating source. The thermostat will take into account the environmental temperature and adjust heat accordingly. This will prevent the tank from overheating and more importantly give you peace of mind on hot days. Our staff at Northside will be able to help you choose the best thermostat for your needs and explain the differences. Digital Dimming Thermostats always make the best choice as they help extend the life of the globe and night time temperatures can be set.
Food and Water
Bearded dragons live in dry habitats where it is often too hot to move around to much. They tend to be opportunistic feeders and sit and wait for a meal to pass by before pursuing and devouring it. Bearded Dragons are omnivorous, consuming invertebrates, small vertebrates, foliage, fruits and flowers. Beardies will eat plant material such as sprouts, tomato, zucchini and fruits such as melon, apples and peaches. Beardies also eat insects such as crickets, grasshoppers, meal worms, pinkie mice, moths, slaters, and snails. There are also dry premium pellet foods available, that will offer a complete and stable diet. It is important to provide a variety within the diet with multi-vitamins and calcium added to maintain optimum health. Vegetation is the main source of water for your bearded dragon. It is also important to offer a small water dish, spray water on the beardie or a bath. Do not forget to worm your bearded dragon, like every other animal, beardies can also get worms. Worming should take place every month.
Calcium and Vitamins
Calcium is critical for the overall health and development for all bearded dragons. Without the appropriate levels of calcium within their diet many problems may arise. Calcium helps balance out the phosphorus level, which is often high in live feeders. High Phosphorus can be damaging as this will alter or block out calcium conversion. If a bearded dragon is not able to pull enough calcium from its diet, their bodies will naturally derive calcium from different parts of their bodies. Their bones and spinal cord is often the first areas targeted. Breakage of their bones are eminent and possible nerve damage can occur. Twisted or deformed limbs are the first visible signs. From this point the bearded dragon has contracted Metabolic Bone Disorder (MBD), MBD damage cannot be reversed. Calcium supplements should be used with all bearded dragons, without exposure to UVB lighting oral calcium supplements cannot be absorbed.
Multivitamins and D3 will improve overall health and ensure your bearded dragon is receiving everything it nutritionally needs. Activated Vitamin D3 (Activated underexposure from correct UVB lighting) will be bind into a blood protein, which can be transferred to the liver via the blood stream. This will be utilized to metabolise dietary calcium and phosphorus.
Terrarium substrates typically consist of sand, artificial grass and or bark chips. At Northside Pet Superstore we always recommend artificial grass substrate for our baby beardies. Sand is great for adults as they love to dig and rummage, sand obviously allows them to do this. However sand can sometimes compact in the young ones stomach and be rather abrasive when needed to pass. Make sure that the sand used inside the terrarium is a desert blend, as this has fortified calcium which can speed the beardies metabolism, ensuring a suitable substrate for adults.
Bearded Dragon Checklist
• Terrarium or Vivarium
• Heat Source
• Thermostat
• Water and Food Bowls
• Food
• Calcium and Vitamins
• Substrate
• Hide Rock
• Ornament
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History of Loop 610
Interstate 610 is an urban freeway that forms a forty-two mile loop around the traditional inner city of Houston, Texas. One smaller loop lies within it, created by Interstate 45, Interstate 59 and Interstate 10 crossing paths and encircling what is known as downtown. Two larger loops encircle it – one being Beltway 8 and the other Highway 6. The area within Interstate 610 is generally referred to as “Loop 610”.
Formal plans to construct a highway around Houston began to formalize in the 1940s during World War II. The highway was intended as a "Defense Loop" to aid movement of troops and materials around the City of Houston. On May 3, 1941, Harris County voters approved a bond to build the "Defense Loop". At the time when the highway loop was being planned, the proposed route would nearly encircle all of the original city and its annexed territory. The highway would literally be a "loop" around the city. Due to limited resources during the national war effort, construction of Interstate 610 did not begin until the 1950s. The final segment of Interstate 610 was completed in 1973.
Loop 610 is where much of Houston’s richness can be found. It is home to 26 educational institutions of higher learning, several of Houston’s major employment centers, the nation’s largest medical center, three major sports teams, a host of performing arts and a multitude of ethnic diversity
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(Critical Survey of Literature for Students)
That is the way matters stand when Smicrines comes to investigate reports of Charisius’s conduct; he hears that his son-in-law is spending every night for a hired harp player a sum sufficient to feed a slave for a month. Just before his arrival a conceited, loud-mouthed cook named Carion, on his way to prepare a meal in the house of Chaerestratus, vainly questions Charisius’s servant Onesimus about his master; the cook also wants to know why Charisius neglects his wife and pays twelve drachmas a night to be entertained by the lovely harp-playing slave Habrotonon. While Carion and Onesimus are talking, the musician is delivered by her master. The slave dealer manages to persuade the bemused Charisius that he owes money for several previous nights’ entertainment. Charisius pays, but wily Onesimus recovers the overpayments for himself.
When Smicrines appears, Onesimus manages to befuddle the anxious, angry father with the story that it is Chaerestratus who is giving the parties and that Charisius attends only to protect his friend’s possessions and good name. After Smicrines goes into his son-in-law’s house, two of Chaerestratus’s tenants appear to pay their rent. They are Davus, a goatherd, and Syriscus, a charcoal burner accompanied by his wife carrying a baby. While they wait they argue over another matter. A month earlier, Davus came upon a baby exposed in the hills. His first impulse was to adopt the foundling, but then, having calculated the cost of rearing a child, he began to think of...
(The entire section is 1058 words.)
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"url": "https://www.enotes.com/topics/arbitration"
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History of neuroscience: Julien Jean Cesar Legallois
The idea that different parts of the nervous system are specialized for specific functions has been a pervasive concept in brain science since ancient times, perhaps best exemplified by the belief---dating back to the 4th century CE---that the four cavities of the brain known as the ventricles each were responsible for a different function, e.g. perception in the two lateral ventricles, cognition in the third ventricle, and memory in the fourth ventricle. By the early 1800s, however, there was still no definitive experimental evidence linking a particular function to a circumscribed area of the brain.
Image showing the medulla oblongata, the region of the brainstem that Legallois found was essential to respiration.
This changed with Julien Jean Cesar Legallois, a young French physician who was driven to identify the parts of the brain and body that were essential for maintaining life. The thinking at the time was that the heart and brain were both integral to life, but there was some debate about where the life-sustaining centers in the brain were located. Some, for example, considered the cerebellum to be the organ that controlled vital functions like heartbeat and respiration. Research conducted in the second half of the 18th century by the French physician Antione Charles de Lorry, however, had suggested that the area of the brain most critical to life was found in the upper spinal cord. Legallois would take Lorry's research a step further by conducting a series of gruesome experiments with rabbits that would help him to specifically pinpoint the center of vital functions in the brain.
Before detailing these experiments, it's important to mention that Legallois' studies were done at a time when the ethical treatment of animals in research---and indeed ethics in research at all---were not given much thought. Legallois was a vivisectionist, meaning that he performed surgery on living animals in his experiments. Legallois' work would not be likely to be approved by a university or research institution today, and indeed when you read Legallois' own impassive descriptions of his grisly experiments they sound like something a budding serial killer might have dreamed up before he moved on to human victims. But this was a different time, when thoughts about animal welfare were not as well formulated as they are now---and Legallois was far from the only vivisectionist of his day. Indeed, a great deal of our current neuroscience knowledge was developed using experimental methods we would consider unjustifiably cruel today.
Legallois' method of exploring the centers of vital functions in the brain primarily involved the decapitation of rabbits. Legallois observed that after a decapitation made at certain levels of the brainstem, the headless body of a rabbit could still continue to breathe and "survive" for some time (up to five and a half hours according to Legallois). Decapitation further down the brainstem, however, would cause respiration to cease immediately. This observation was in agreement with Lorry's. Legallois then set out to isolate the particular part of the brainstem where these respiratory functions were located.
To do this, Legallois opened the skull of a young rabbit (while the rabbit was still alive), and began to remove portions of the brain---slice by slice. He found that he could remove all of the cerebrum and cerebellum and much of the brainstem, and respiration would continue. But, when he reached a particular location in the medulla oblongata---at the point of origin for the vagus nerve---respiration stopped. Thus, Legallois surmised that respiration did not depend on the whole brain but on one circumscribed area of the medulla. He concluded that the "primary seat of life" was in the medulla, not the cerebellum or cerebrum.
Legallois published the details of his seminal experiment in 1812. We now consider the medulla to be a critical area for the control of respiration as well as the regulation of heart rate, and the region is often considered to be a center of vital functions in the nervous system. Indeed, Legallois was influential in establishing the hypothesis that the brain is involved in the regulation of heart rate as well (prior hypotheses had emphasized the ability of the heart to act alone---without the influence of the brain). While Legallois was not the first to hypothesize that vital functions are localized to the medulla (he was preceded by Lorry), he was the first to provide clear experimental evidence linking the medulla to such functions, and he greatly refined Lorry's estimation of where the vital centers were located. In the process, Legallois gave us our first clear evidence that linked a function to a localized area of the brain.
Cheung T. 2013. Limits of Life and Death: Legallois's Decapitation Experiments. Journal of the History of Biology. 46: 283-313.
Finger, S. 1994. Origins of Neuroscience. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
For more about the medulla oblongata's role in vital functions, read this article: Know your brain - Medulla oblongata
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Word order, Turkish characters, vowel classes & variable vowels, HTML rendering
Sentences are generally:
• Subject object(s) verb.
So something like:
• Köpek suyu içiyor
(The) dog (the) water is drinking.
• Güç bunda kuvvetli
(The) Force in this one strong (is).
The word immediately before the verb is (usually) the most important word in the sentence, it conveys the main point. The subject is often left out if it is a personal pronoun, as it can be derived from the verb conjugation.
Turkish uses some characters that aren't supported in basic HTML. Hopefully your browser can understand the following, some of which are rendered with Unicode!
Turkish Characters Used on This Page
Char Example Explanation HTML LATEX
ç Ç çarşı c with cedilla ç Ç \c{c} \c{C}
ğ Ğ dağı g with an "upside-down hat" ğ Ğ \^{g} \^{G}
İ İstanbul Dotted capital I İ \.{I}
ı çarşı undotted i ı {\i}
ö Ö görmek o with an umlaut ö Ö \"{o} \"{O}
ş Ş dolmuş s with cedilla ş Ş \c{s} \c{S}
ü Ü gülmek u with an umlaut ü Ü \"{u} \"{U}
Other Turkish Characters
Char Example Explanation HTML LATEX
â lâle (tulip) a with circumflex
Pronounced like ya in gâ, kâ, lâ
Lengthened otherwise
â \^{a}
î millî (national) i with circumflex
Lengthened, appears in many
adjectives borrowed from Arabic
î \^{\i}
û sükût (silence) u with circumflex
û \^{u}
Turkish vowels are said to be of two classes, front and back. But there is also the distinction of open versus close(d), and round versus unround. They can be arranged into a cube:
a------o back
/| /| -----
open e------ö | front
----- | | | |
close | ı----|-u
|/ |/
unround / round
Variable Vowels and Vowel Harmony
Turkish has vowel harmony, meaning that a word usually has all vowels of a single class, front vs back, including those in suffixes added to reflect the part of speech.
Elementary Turkish uses the notation V2 to indicate "the variable vowel e/a" which takes one value depending on vowel harmony, and the notation V4 to indicate "the four-variable vowel shown in the following table". More reasonably, Teach Yourself Turkish calls the first "e-type" and the second "i-type". Note the locations of V2/e-type and V4/i-type in the vowel cube:
a------o back
/| /| -----
open e------ö | front
----- | | | |
close | ı----|-u
|/ |/
unround / round
There are three rules of vowel harmony:
1. Back vowels are followed by back vowels, front vowels are followed by front vowels. Do not cross the back/front boundary.
2. Unrounded vowels are followed by unrounded vowels.
3. A rounded vowel may be followed by a mix of rounded closed and unrounded open vowels.
• a or ı may be followed by a or ı
• o or u may be followed by u or a
• e or i may be followed by e or i
• ö or ü may be followed by ü or e
a<------o e<------ö
^ \ | ^ \ |
| \ | | \ |
v \ v _ v \ v _
ı -u/ \ i -ü/ \
\_/ \_/
Applying Variable Vowels
A word may not necessarily be internally consistent regarding vowel harmony -- it may mix front and back vowels. For example, that word you learn early while riding Turkish buses and wondering what is advertised by so many signs along the highway: sigorta, or insurance. Or kitap, or book. However, each suffix added to the word, forming so much of Turkish grammar, usually follows vowel harmony with the preceding vowel (there are a few exceptions, suffixes of fixed form not following vowel harmony).
For example, the sign found in sleeper compartments of overnight trains, announcing a bed linen charge:
Sayın yolcularımız: Ekspreslerimizde her gece için alınacak ...
Dear passengers: in our express trains every night there will be purchased ...
yol road ekspres express train
yolcu road-dealer, or really passenger
yolcular passengers ekspresler express trains
yolcularımız our passengers ekspreslerimiz our express trains
ekspreslerimizde in our express trains
Variable Consonants
Some consonants vary depending on whether a voiced or unvoiced consonant is needed. Voiced consonants follow other voiced consonants or vowels, unvoiced consonants follow unvoiced consonants (ç, f, h, k, p, s, ş, t). The pairs are t/d, p/b, and ç/c.
Also, a final k "softens" to ğ when a vowel is suffixed -- köpek (dog) becomes köpeği when it is the direct object.
Optional Letters
Some letters are optional, vowel or consonant buffers between the existing stem so far and the next suffix.
Yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi sahasında bizzat sahada çalışan öğreticilerin katkıları olmadan üretilen çözümlerin, doğru çözümler olabileceğini düşünüyor musunuz ?
• E-Bülten
• Sözlük
• Müzik Yayını
1637028 Ziyaretçi
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