source
stringlengths 32
209
| text
stringlengths 18
1.5k
|
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein-X
|
Lipoprotein-X (Lp-X) is an abnormal low density lipoprotein found in cholestasis.
Structure
Lipoprotein-X is a lamellar particle of 30 to 70 nm in diameter as revealed by electron microscopy. It is characterized by its high content of phospholipids (66% by weight) and unesterified cholesterol (22%), and its low content of protein (6%), cholesterol esters (3%), and triglycerides (3%). The protein component is dominated by albumin, located in the core, and by apolipoprotein C, located on the surface of the particle. Using zonal ultracentrifugation, lipoprotein-X can be divided into three distinct populations: Lp-X1, Lp-X2, and Lp-X3, differing in density and apolipoprotein composition.
Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of lipoprotein-X in cholestasis is not totally resolved. Normally, the liver excretes lipoprotein complexes into the bile showing phospholipid and unesterified cholesterol concentrations similar to Lipoprotein-X. The in vitro incubation of these bile lipoproteins with serum or albumin leads to the appearance of Lp-X–like particles. These findings suggest that the reflux of bile into the plasma compartment causes the formation of lipoprotein-X in cholestasis as a result of a physicochemical, nonmetabolic process. On the other hand, lipoprotein-X particles found in familial LCAT deficiency are identical to those in cholestasis regarding ultrastructure and biochemical composition. It has been supposed that reduced LCAT activities, common in patients with hepatocel
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre%20recombinase
|
Cre recombinase is a tyrosine recombinase enzyme derived from the P1 bacteriophage. The enzyme uses a topoisomerase I-like mechanism to carry out site specific recombination events. The enzyme (38kDa) is a member of the integrase family of site specific recombinase and it is known to catalyse the site specific recombination event between two DNA recognition sites (LoxP sites). This 34 base pair (bp) loxP recognition site consists of two 13 bp palindromic sequences which flank an 8bp spacer region. The products of Cre-mediated recombination at loxP sites are dependent upon the location and relative orientation of the loxP sites. Two separate DNA species both containing loxP sites can undergo fusion as the result of Cre mediated recombination. DNA sequences found between two loxP sites are said to be "floxed". In this case the products of Cre mediated recombination depends upon the orientation of the loxP sites. DNA found between two loxP sites oriented in the same direction will be excised as a circular loop of DNA whilst intervening DNA between two loxP sites that are opposingly orientated will be inverted. The enzyme requires no additional cofactors (such as ATP) or accessory proteins for its function.
The enzyme plays important roles in the life cycle of the P1 bacteriophage, such as cyclization of the linear genome and resolution of dimeric chromosomes that form after DNA replication.
Cre recombinase is a widely used tool in the field of molecular biology. The enzyme's u
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudodiploid
|
Pseudodiploid or pseudoploid refers to one of the essential components in viral reproduction. It means having two RNA genomes per virion but giving rise to only one DNA copy in infected cells.
The term is also used to refer to cells that are diploid, but have chromosomal translocations.
Overview
Retrovirions for example are considered pseudoploid – they have two genomes within each capsid, but in general only one provirus is seen after infection with a single virion.
Retrovirus particles contain two copies of the RNA genome held together by multiple regions of base pairing (strongest pairing at 5’ ends) which is also called 70S complex (dimer of 35S genomes). This gives viruses evolutionary advantages such as the ability to survive extensive damage to their genomes, as at least parts of both genomes are used during the reverse transcription process. It also explains the high rates of genetic recombination in retroviruses. The retroviral genome is coated by a viral nucleocapsid protein that may function like a single stranded binding protein and therefore enhances processivity and facilitates template exchanges. The nucleocapsid first organizes RNA genomes within the virion and then facilitates reverse transcription within the infected cell.
References
Virology
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly%20%28trailer%29
|
A dolly is an unpowered vehicle designed for connection to a tractor unit, truck or prime mover vehicle with strong traction power.
United States
Classification by axle configuration
There are several types of dolly bogie:
Full trailer - 2 axle (4 wheels), with a draw bar which also controls the trailer's front axle steering. The draw bar does not take load of the full trailer. Heavy full trailer needs to have its own brakes remotely controlled by the prime mover vehicle.
Semi-trailer - 1 axle (2 wheels), without the front axle but have a landing gear. Large semi-trailer of truck size is designed for connection via the fifth wheel on the tractor unit or the semi-trailer truck. Small semi-trailer such as travel trailer and boat trailer is designed for connection via a tow hitch of a passenger vehicle. Either the fifth wheel or the tow hitch takes up to half the load of the semi-trailer.
Road train - special large dolly bogie equipped with a fifth wheel for further connection by the gooseneck type drawbar of another similar dolly and form a road train. The last dolly in a road train needs its own rear lights, brakes remotely controlled by the prime mover vehicle, and registration plate.
Tow dolly - a semi-trailer designed as automobile rescue equipment. It is designed to couple to the concerned automobile's powered wheel, i.e. the front wheel of a Front-wheel drive automobile, or the rear wheel of a rear-wheel drive automobile, by locking the powered wheels onto the tow
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median%20raphe%20nucleus
|
The median raphe nucleus (MRN or MnR), also known as the nucleus raphes medianus (NRM) or superior central nucleus, is a brain region composed of polygonal, fusiform, and piriform neurons, which exists rostral to the nucleus raphes pontis. The MRN is located between the posterior end of the superior cerebellar peduncles and the V. Afferents of the motor nucleus. It is one of two nuclei, the other being the dorsal raphe nucleus (DnR), in the midbrain-pons.
The MRN projects extensively to the hippocampus, which is known to be essential for the formation of long-term memory. One recent study found that this raphe–hippocampus pathway plays a critical role in regulation of hippocampal activity and likely associated memory consolidation processes. It has also been found to play a role in anxiety and depression, as one of the few parts of the brain that creates tryptophan hydroxylase.
Description
The median raphe nucleus contains 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) cell bodies that give rise to the majority of the ascending 5-HT projections to the forebrain limbic areas that control emotional behavior. Because a dense population of neurons in the median raphe nucleus primarily contain serotonin, a prominent neurotransmitter in the median raphe nucleus is serotonin (5-HT). Projections from the MRN extend to forebrain structures. Distinct projection areas of the MnR innervates the medial septum, cingulate and dorsal hippocampus. According to a study by McKenna and Vertes, around
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%20count
|
The transistor count is the number of transistors in an electronic device (typically on a single substrate or "chip"). It is the most common measure of integrated circuit complexity (although the majority of transistors in modern microprocessors are contained in the cache memories, which consist mostly of the same memory cell circuits replicated many times). The rate at which MOS transistor counts have increased generally follows Moore's law, which observed that the transistor count doubles approximately every two years. However, being directly proportional to the area of a chip, transistor count does not represent how advanced the corresponding manufacturing technology is: a better indication of this is the transistor density (the ratio of a chip's transistor count to its area).
, the highest transistor count in flash memory is Micron's 2terabyte (3D-stacked) 16-die, 232-layer V-NAND flash memory chip, with 5.3trillion floating-gate MOSFETs (3bits per transistor).
The highest transistor count in a single chip processor is that of the deep learning processor Wafer Scale Engine 2 by Cerebras. It has 2.6trillion MOSFETs in 84 exposed fields (dies) on a wafer, manufactured using TSMC's 7 nm FinFET process.
As of 2023, the GPU with the highest transistor count is AMD's MI300X, built on TSMC's N5 process and totalling 153 billion MOSFETs.
The highest transistor count in a consumer microprocessor is 134billion transistors, in Apple's ARM-based dual-die M2 Ultra system on a chip
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density%20gradient
|
Density gradient is a spatial variation in density over an area. The term is used in the natural sciences to describe varying density of matter, but can apply to any quantity whose density can be measured.
Aerodynamics
In the study of supersonic flight, Schlieren photography observes the density gradient of air as it interacts with aircraft.
Also in the field of Computational Fluid Dynamics, Density gradient is used to observe the acoustic waves, shock waves or expansion waves in the flow field.
Water
A steep density gradient in a body of water can have the effect of trapping energy and preventing convection, such a gradient is employed in solar ponds. In the case of salt water, sharp gradients can lead to stratification of different concentrations of salinity. This is called a Halocline.
Biology
In the life sciences, a special technique called density gradient separation is used for isolating and purifying cells, viruses and subcellular particles. Variations of this include Isopycnic centrifugation, Differential centrifugation, and Sucrose gradient centrifugation. A blood donation technique called Pheresis involves density gradient separation.
Geophysics
The understanding of what is at the centre of the earth, the earth core, requires the framework of density gradients in which elements and compounds then interact. The existence of a fast breeder nuclear reactor system at the core of the earth is one theory by reason of density gradient.
A popular model for the densi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varying%20Permeability%20Model
|
The Varying Permeability Model, Variable Permeability Model or VPM is an algorithm that is used to calculate the decompression stops needed for ambient pressure dive profiles using specified breathing gases. It was developed by D.E. Yount and others for use in professional diving and recreational diving. It was developed to model laboratory observations of bubble formation and growth in both inanimate and in vivo systems exposed to pressure. In 1986, this model was applied by researchers at the University of Hawaii to calculate diving decompression tables.
Theoretical basis
The VPM presumes that microscopic bubble nuclei always exist in water and tissues that contain water. Any nuclei larger than a specific "critical" size, which is related to the maximum dive depth (exposure pressure), will grow upon decompression when the diver ascends. The VPM aims to minimize the total volume of these growing bubbles by keeping the external pressure large, and the inspired inert gas partial pressures low during decompression. The model depends on the assumptions that different sizes of bubbles exist within the body; that the larger bubbles require less reduction in pressure to begin to grow than smaller ones; and that fewer large bubbles exist than smaller ones. These are used to construct an algorithm that provides decompression schedules designed to allow the larger, growing bubbles to be eliminated before they can cause problems.
Bibliography
This bibliography list was compiled by
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-binding%20motif
|
An ATP-binding motif is a 250-residue sequence within an ATP-binding protein’s primary structure. The binding motif is associated with a protein’s structure and/or function. ATP is a molecule of energy, and can be a coenzyme, involved in a number of biological reactions. ATP is proficient at interacting with other molecules through a binding site. The ATP binding site is the environment in which ATP catalytically actives the enzyme and, as a result, is hydrolyzed to ADP. The binding of ATP causes a conformational change to the enzyme it is interacting with.
The genetic and functional similarity of such a motif demonstrates micro-evolution: proteins have co-opted the same binding sequence from other enzymes rather than developing them independently.
ATP binding sites, which may be representative of an ATP binding motif, are present in many proteins which require an input of energy (from ATP), such sites as active membrane transporters, microtubule subunits, flagellum proteins, and various hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes.
Primary sequence
The short motifs involving ATP-binding are the Walker motifs, Walker A, also known as the P-loop, and Walker B, as well as the C motif and switch motif.
Walker A motif
The Walker site A has a primary amino acid sequence of or . The letter can represent any amino acid.
Walker B motif
The primary amino acid sequence of the Walker B site is , in which represents any hydrophobic amino acid.
C motif
The C motif, also known as the si
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PQCC
|
The Production Quality Compiler-Compiler Project (or PQCC) was a long-term project led by William Wulf at Carnegie Mellon University to produce an industrial-strength compiler-compiler. PQCC would produce full, optimizing programming language compilers from descriptions of the programming language and the target machine. Though the goal of a fully automatic process was not realized, PQCC technology and ideas were the basis of production compilers from Intermetrics, Tartan Laboratories, and others.
Objective
The focus of the project was on the semantics and machine-dependent phases of compilation, since lexical and syntactic analysis were already well understood. Each phase was formalized in a manner that permits expression in table-driven form. The automatic construction of the compiler then consists of deriving these tables from the semantic definitions of the language and target machine. Though this approach was largely successful for target machine description, it was less so for semantics.
See also
GNU Bison
yacc
References
Compilers
Parsing algorithms
Parsing
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor%20indicis%20muscle
|
In human anatomy, the extensor indicis [proprius] is a narrow, elongated skeletal muscle in the deep layer of the dorsal forearm, placed medial to, and parallel with, the extensor pollicis longus. Its tendon goes to the index finger, which it extends.
Structure
It arises from the distal third of the dorsal part of the body of ulna and from the interosseous membrane. It runs through the fourth tendon compartment together with the extensor digitorum, from where it projects into the dorsal aponeurosis of the index finger.
Opposite the head of the second metacarpal bone, it joins the ulnar side of the tendon of the extensor digitorum which belongs to the index finger.
Like the extensor digiti minimi (i.e. the extensor of the little finger), the tendon of the extensor indicis runs and inserts on the ulnar side of the tendon of the common extensor digitorum. The extensor indicis lacks the juncturae tendinum interlinking the tendons of the extensor digitorum on the dorsal side of the hand.
Variation
The extensor indicis proprius does not show much variation. It exists as a single tendon most of the time. Double tendons of the extensor indicis proprius was also reported.
It is known that the extensor indicis proprius inserts to the index finger on the ulnar side of the extensor digitorum. However, the insertion on the radial side of the common extensor digitorum infrequently seen, namely the extensor indicis radialis. Split tendons of the muscle inserting on both ulnar and th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%27s%20distance
|
In statistics, Cook's distance or Cook's D is a commonly used estimate of the influence of a data point when performing a least-squares regression analysis. In a practical ordinary least squares analysis, Cook's distance can be used in several ways: to indicate influential data points that are particularly worth checking for validity; or to indicate regions of the design space where it would be good to be able to obtain more data points. It is named after the American statistician R. Dennis Cook, who introduced the concept in 1977.
Definition
Data points with large residuals (outliers) and/or high leverage may distort the outcome and accuracy of a regression. Cook's distance measures the effect of deleting a given observation. Points with a large Cook's distance are considered to merit closer examination in the analysis.
For the algebraic expression, first define
where is the error term, is the coefficient matrix, is the number of covariates or predictors for each observation, and is the design matrix including a constant. The least squares estimator then is , and consequently the fitted (predicted) values for the mean of are
where is the projection matrix (or hat matrix). The -th diagonal element of , given by , is known as the leverage of the -th observation. Similarly, the -th element of the residual vector is denoted by .
Cook's distance of observation is defined as the sum of all the changes in the regression model when observation is removed from it
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSSE
|
KSSE, KSSD, and KSSC are commercial FM radio stations serving Southern California at the 107.1 MHz frequency. KSSE is licensed to Arcadia, California and broadcasts to the Los Angeles metropolitan area, KSSD is licensed to Fallbrook, California and serves northern San Diego County and KSSC is licensed to Ventura, California, with its signal covering Ventura County. These three stations trimulcast with KLYY in Riverside, airing a Spanish adult hits format known as "José 97.5 y 107.1". KSSC formerly aired a separate Spanish adult contemporary format branded as "La Suavecita 107.1". From 1991 to 2019, the three stations formed a same-channel trimulcast covering Southern California from Ventura to San Diego. As of December 31, 2019, KSSC in Ventura switched to José, reforming the trimulcast on 107.1.
KSSE, KSSD, and KSSC are all licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast in the HD Radio format.
History
Early years of the trimulcast
The oldest of the three stations broadcasting at 107.1 FM is the one licensed to Arcadia, California, which signed on in 1960 with original callsign KMAX. It was owned by Max H. Isoard and his Sierra Madre Broadcasting Company; it aired a format targeted at various ethnic groups.
In 1988, John Douglas bought KMAX with the intent to integrate it with other stations that would serve the entire Greater Los Angeles area with a rimshot signal. He accomplished this by purchasing two stations in San Diego and Ventura counties tha
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlene%20Belfort
|
Marlene Belfort (born 1945) is an American biochemist known for her research on the factors that interrupt genes and proteins. She is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has been admitted to the United States National Academy of Sciences.
Education and career
Belfort was one of the first undergraduate women to study microbiology at the University of Cape Town where she received her bachelor's degree in 1965 and an earned an honors degree in physiological chemistry in 1966. She went on to earn her Ph.D. from the University of California, Irvine in 1972 and did postdoctoral research at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem and Northwestern University. As of 2021, she is a Distinguished Professor in the Departments of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Sciences at SUNY at Albany and the RNA Institute.
Research
Belfort's early research was on a gene involved in thymidylate synthase in the bacteria Escherichia coli. and its T4 phage. She subsequently found a bacterial structural gene in this virus, which was the first example of a intron-containing prokaryotic structural gene. Prior to her research, this junk DNA was only known to occur in more complex organisms. Her research then determined that the gene of the T4 phage was processed by RNA in a mechanism known as splicing and was excised from the transcript during processing in the cell, and led to the observation that the processing of the T4 phage RNA is similar to the splicing pathway used by eukaryotes H
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhamel%27s%20principle
|
In mathematics, and more specifically in partial differential equations, Duhamel's principle is a general method for obtaining solutions to inhomogeneous linear evolution equations like the heat equation, wave equation, and vibrating plate equation. It is named after Jean-Marie Duhamel who first applied the principle to the inhomogeneous heat equation that models, for instance, the distribution of heat in a thin plate which is heated from beneath. For linear evolution equations without spatial dependency, such as a harmonic oscillator, Duhamel's principle reduces to the method of variation of parameters technique for solving linear inhomogeneous ordinary differential equations. It is also an indispensable tool in the study of nonlinear partial differential equations such as the Navier–Stokes equations and nonlinear Schrödinger equation where one treats the nonlinearity as an inhomogeneity.
The philosophy underlying Duhamel's principle is that it is possible to go from solutions of the Cauchy problem (or initial value problem) to solutions of the inhomogeneous problem. Consider, for instance, the example of the heat equation modeling the distribution of heat energy in . Indicating by the time derivative of , the initial value problem is
where g is the initial heat distribution. By contrast, the inhomogeneous problem for the heat equation,
corresponds to adding an external heat energy at each point. Intuitively, one can think of the inhomogeneous problem as a set of homog
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Alembert%27s%20formula
|
In mathematics, and specifically partial differential equations, d´Alembert's formula is the general solution to the one-dimensional wave equation:
for
It is named after the mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert, who derived it in 1747 as a solution to the problem of a vibrating string.
Details
The characteristics of the PDE are (where sign states the two solutions to quadratic equation), so we can use the change of variables (for the positive solution) and (for the negative solution) to transform the PDE to . The general solution of this PDE is where and are functions. Back in coordinates,
is if and are .
This solution can be interpreted as two waves with constant velocity moving in opposite directions along the x-axis.
Now consider this solution with the Cauchy data .
Using we get .
Using we get .
We can integrate the last equation to get
Now we can solve this system of equations to get
Now, using
d'Alembert's formula becomes:
Generalization for inhomogeneous canonical hyperbolic differential equations
The general form of an inhomogeneous canonical hyperbolic type differential equation takes the form of:
for .
All second order differential equations with constant coefficients can be transformed into their respective canonic forms. This equation is one of these three cases: Elliptic partial differential equation, Parabolic partial differential equation and Hyperbolic partial differential equation.
The only difference between a homogeneou
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukang%20meteorite
|
The Fukang meteorite is a meteorite that was found in the mountains near Fukang, China in 2000. It is a pallasite—a type of stony–iron meteorite with olivine crystals. It is estimated to be 4.5 billion years old.
History
In 2000, near Fukang, China, a Chinese dealer obtained a mass from Xinjiang Province, China, with a weight of . He removed about from the main mass, and in February 2005, the meteorite was taken to the Tucson Gem and Mineral Show, where it was seen by Dr. Dante Lauretta, a professor of Planetary Science and Cosmochemistry at the University of Arizona.
Subsequently, the mass was investigated at the Southwest Meteorite Center, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona by Dr. Lauretta and a team of research scientists including Dolores Hill, Marvin Killgore, Daniella DellaGiustina, and Dr. Yulia Goreva, and joined by Dr. Ian Franchi of Open University.
Classification and composition
The Fukang pallasite contains large, gem quality olivine, or peridot, in a nickel-iron matrix.
The olivines vary in shape from rounded to angular, many are fractured and they range in size from less than five millimetres to several centimetres.
The main mass contains several regions of massive olivine clusters up to eleven centimetres (4.3 inches) in diameter with thin metal veins. Fo86.4 with molar Fe/Mg = 0.1367, Fe/Mn = 40.37, and Ni = 0.03 wt%. The metal matrix is mostly kamacite with an average nickel content of 6.98 wt%. Vermicular sulfide (tr
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threose%20nucleic%20acid
|
Threose nucleic acid (TNA) is an artificial genetic polymer in which the natural five-carbon ribose sugar found in RNA has been replaced by an unnatural four-carbon threose sugar. Invented by Albert Eschenmoser as part of his quest to explore the chemical etiology of RNA, TNA has become an important synthetic genetic polymer (XNA) due to its ability to efficiently base pair with complementary sequences of DNA and RNA. The main difference between TNA and DNA/RNA is their backbones. DNA and RNA have their phosphate backbones attached to the 5' carbon of the deoxyribose or ribose sugar ring, respectively. TNA, on the other hand, has it's phosphate backbone directly attached to the 3' carbon in the ring, since it does not have a 5' carbon. This modified backbone makes TNA, unlike DNA and RNA, completely refractory to nuclease digestion, making it a promising nucleic acid analog for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
TNA oligonucleotides were first constructed by automated solid-phase synthesis using phosphoramidite chemistry. Methods for chemically synthesized TNA monomers (phosphoramidites and nucleoside triphosphates) have been heavily optimized to support synthetic biology projects aimed at advancing TNA research. More recently, polymerase engineering efforts have identified TNA polymerases that can copy genetic information back and forth between DNA and TNA. TNA replication occurs through a process that mimics RNA replication. In these systems, TNA is reverse transcri
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Althaus%20Smith
|
Paul Althaus Smith (May 18, 1900June 13, 1980) was an American mathematician. His name occurs in two significant conjectures in geometric topology: the Smith conjecture, which is now a theorem, and the Hilbert–Smith conjecture, which was proved in dimension 3 in 2013. Smith theory is a theory about homeomorphisms of finite order of manifolds, particularly spheres.
Smith was a student of Solomon Lefschetz at the University of Kansas, moving to Princeton University with Lefschetz in the mid-1920s. He finished his doctorate at Princeton, in 1926. His Ph.D. thesis was published in the Annals of Mathematics that same year. He also worked with George David Birkhoff, with whom he wrote a 1928 paper in ergodic theory, entitled Structure analysis of surface transformations, which appeared in the Journal des Mathématiques.
He subsequently became a professor at Columbia University and at Barnard College. His students at Columbia included Sherman K. Stein and Moses Richardson. He has many academic descendants through Richardson and his student Louis Billera.
Family
Smith was married to a Swiss–American early music pioneer, Suzanne Bloch.
External links
Approximation of curves and surfaces by algebraic curves and surfaces, Annals of Mathematics, 2nd Ser., Vol. 27, No. 3 (Mar., 1926), pp. 224–244.
1900 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
Topologists
Columbia University faculty
Princeton University alumni
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycol%20nucleic%20acid
|
Glycol nucleic acid (GNA), sometimes also referred to as glycerol nucleic acid, is a nucleic acid similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its sugar-phosphodiester backbone, using propylene glycol in place of ribose or deoxyribose. GNA is chemically stable but not known to occur naturally. However, due to its simplicity, it might have played a role in the evolution of life.
The 2,3-dihydroxypropyl nucleoside analogues were first prepared by Ueda et al. (1971). Soon thereafter it was shown that phosphate-linked oligomers of the analogues do in fact exhibit hypochromicity in the presence of RNA and DNA in solution (Seita et al. 1972). The preparation of the polymers was later described by Cook et al. (1995, 1999) and Acevedo and Andrews (1996). However the ability of GNA-GNA self-pairing was first reported by Zhang and Meggers in 2005. Crystal structures of a GNA duplexes were subsequently reported by Essen and Meggers.
DNA and RNA have a deoxyribose and ribose sugar backbone, respectively, whereas GNA's backbone is composed of repeating glycol units linked by phosphodiester bonds. The glycol unit has just three carbon atoms and still shows Watson–Crick base pairing. The Watson–Crick base pairing is much more stable in GNA than its natural counterparts DNA and RNA as it requires a high temperature to melt a duplex of GNA. It is possibly the simplest of the nucleic acids, making it a hypothetical precursor to RNA.
See also
Abiogenesis
Locked nucleic acid
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coe%20%28surname%29
|
Coe is a surname of English origin. At the time of the British Census of 1881, its frequency was highest in Northamptonshire (8.9 times the British average), followed by Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Essex, Leicestershire, Huntingdonshire, Surrey, London and Kent. Notable people with the surname include:
Ada M. Coe (1890–1983), American hispanist teacher
Alexander Paul Coe (born 1969), better known by his stage name Sasha, Welsh DJ
Alexis Coe, American presidential historian
Alistair Coe (born 1984), Australian politician
Amanda Coe (born 1965), English screenwriter and novelist
Barry Coe (1934–2019), American actor
Charles Robert "Charlie" Coe (1923–2001), American golfer
Christine Sadler Coe (1902–1983), American journalist
Cornelius Coe (born 1975), American football player
David Coe (businessman) (1954–2013), Australian businessman
David Allan Coe (born 1939), American singer and songwriter
Dawn Coe-Jones (1960–2016), Canadian golfer
Denis Coe (1929–2015), British Labour Party politician
Douglas Coe (1928–2017), director of The Fellowship Christian organization
Edwin Coe (1840–1909), American newspaper editor and politician
Ernest F. Coe (1866–1951), American landscape designer
Frank Coe (1851–1931), Old West cowboy, and for a time, gunman in the company of Billy the Kid, as a member of the Lincoln County Regulators
Frank Coe (1907–1980), American Treasury official, and suspected Soviet spy who fled to China
George Coe (1856–1941), Old West cowboy and for a time gun
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20interosseous%20artery
|
The common interosseous artery, about 1 cm. in length, arises immediately below the tuberosity of the radius from the ulnar artery.
Passing backward to the upper border of the interosseous membrane, it divides into two branches, the anterior interosseous and posterior interosseous arteries.
Additional images
References
External links
Arteries of the upper limb
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HashClash
|
HashClash was a volunteer computing project running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform to find collisions in the MD5 hash algorithm. It was based at Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at the Eindhoven University of Technology, and Marc Stevens initiated the project as part of his master's degree thesis.
The project ended after Stevens defended his M.Sc. thesis in June 2007. However SHA1 was added later, and the code repository was ported to git in 2017.
The project was used to create a rogue certificate authority certificate in 2009.
See also
Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC)
List of volunteer computing projects
References
External links
HashClash
HashClash at Stevens' home page
Create your own MD5 collisions on AWS, Nat McHugh's blog
Science in society
Free science software
Volunteer computing projects
Cryptography
Cryptanalytic software
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20ecosystem
|
A lake ecosystem or lacustrine ecosystem includes biotic (living) plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (non-living) physical and chemical interactions. Lake ecosystems are a prime example of lentic ecosystems (lentic refers to stationary or relatively still freshwater, from the Latin lentus, which means "sluggish"), which include ponds, lakes and wetlands, and much of this article applies to lentic ecosystems in general. Lentic ecosystems can be compared with lotic ecosystems, which involve flowing terrestrial waters such as rivers and streams. Together, these two ecosystems are examples of freshwater ecosystems.
Lentic systems are diverse, ranging from a small, temporary rainwater pool a few inches deep to Lake Baikal, which has a maximum depth of 1642 m. The general distinction between pools/ponds and lakes is vague, but Brown states that ponds and pools have their entire bottom surfaces exposed to light, while lakes do not. In addition, some lakes become seasonally stratified. Ponds and pools have two regions: the pelagic open water zone, and the benthic zone, which comprises the bottom and shore regions. Since lakes have deep bottom regions not exposed to light, these systems have an additional zone, the profundal. These three areas can have very different abiotic conditions and, hence, host species that are specifically adapted to live there.
Two important subclasses of lakes are ponds, which typically are small lakes that intergrade with wetlands,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veratridine
|
Veratridine is a steroidal alkaloid found in plants of the lily family, specifically the genera Veratrum and Schoenocaulon. Upon absorption through the skin or mucous membranes, it acts as a neurotoxin by binding to and preventing the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium ion channels in heart, nerve, and skeletal muscle cell membranes. Veratridine increases nerve excitability and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations.
Isolation
Veratridine has been isolated from the seeds of Schoenocaulon officinale and from the rhizomes of Veratrum album. Like the other steroidal alkaloids found in these plants and similar ones in the Melanthiaceae family, it is present as part of a glycosidal combination, bonded to carbohydrate moieties.
Early isolation methods relied on formation of the nitrate salt and then precipitation of the insoluble sulfate form. Accounts of these efforts date back to 1878, but the first true purification of veratridine is the one carried out in 1953 by Kupchan et al. This, and later purification procedures, begin with veratrine, a mixture of the alkaloids present in the Veratrum plants, primarily containing cevadine and veratridine. The nitrate salt is formed by dissolving the veratrine in 1% sulfuric acid over ice and precipitating with sodium nitrate. After resuspending in water over ice, the solution is brought to pH 8.5 with aqueous NaOH and then pH 10 with aqueous ammonia, forming another precipitate which is extracted with ether and then with chloroform. The eth
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby%20Rockefeller%20%28ecologist%29
|
Abigail Aldrich Rockefeller (born 1943) is an American feminist, ecologist, and member of the Rockefeller family. She was a member of Cell 16, a radical feminist organization, in the 1970s. She also founded the Clivus Multrum company, which manufactures composting toilets.
Early life and education
Abby Rockefeller was born in 1943, the eldest daughter and second child of David Rockefeller and Margaret McGrath. She has an older brother, David Jr., and four younger siblings, Neva, Peggy, Richard, and Eileen.
She attended the New England Conservatory of Music in the early 1960s, where she encountered teachers critical of social inequality in the United States. This experience led her to embrace Marxism, the politics of Fidel Castro and ultimately radical feminism.
Radical feminism
She joined the Boston-area female liberation movement led by Roxanne Dunbar, which subsequently changed its name to Cell 16. Along with the other Cell 16 members, Rockefeller promoted self-defense for women and became skilled in karate in response to the frequent street harassment and sexual assaults women endured at the time. They set up a Tae Kwon Do studio in Boston and taught hundreds of women who, in turn, taught other women, becoming pioneers in self-defense for women.
After reading Cell 16's radical feminist publication, No More Fun and Games: A Journal of Female Liberation, Rockefeller decided to join the organization. In issue 6, "Tell A Woman", published in May 1973, she contributed a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole%E2%80%93Cole%20equation
|
The Cole–Cole equation is a relaxation model that is often used to describe dielectric relaxation in polymers.
It is given by the equation
where is the complex dielectric constant, and are the "static" and "infinite frequency" dielectric constants, is the angular frequency and is a dielectric relaxation time constant.
The exponent parameter , which takes a value between 0 and 1, allows the description of different spectral shapes. When , the Cole-Cole model reduces to the Debye model. When , the relaxation is stretched. That is, it extends over a wider range on a logarithmic scale than Debye relaxation.
The separation of the complex dielectric constant was reported in the original paper by Kenneth Stewart Cole and Robert Hugh Cole as follows:
Upon introduction of hyperbolic functions, the above expressions reduce to:
Here .
These equations reduce to the Debye expression when .
The Cole-Cole equation's time domain current response corresponds to the Curie–von Schweidler law and the charge response corresponds to the stretched exponential function or the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts (KWW) function, for small time arguments.
Cole–Cole relaxation constitutes a special case of Havriliak–Negami relaxation when the symmetry parameter , that is, when the relaxation peaks are symmetric. Another special case of Havriliak–Negami relaxation where and is known as Cole–Davidson relaxation. For an abridged and updated review of anomalous dielectric relaxation in disordered s
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response%20surface%20methodology
|
In statistics, response surface methodology (RSM) explores the relationships between several explanatory variables and one or more response variables. The method was introduced by George E. P. Box and K. B. Wilson in 1951. The main idea of RSM is to use a sequence of designed experiments to obtain an optimal response. Box and Wilson suggest using a second-degree polynomial model to do this. They acknowledge that this model is only an approximation, but they use it because such a model is easy to estimate and apply, even when little is known about the process.
Statistical approaches such as RSM can be employed to maximize the production of a special substance by optimization of operational factors. Of late, for formulation optimization, the RSM, using proper design of experiments (DoE), has become extensively used. In contrast to conventional methods, the interaction among process variables can be determined by statistical techniques.
Basic approach of response surface methodology
An easy way to estimate a first-degree polynomial model is to use a factorial experiment or a fractional factorial design. This is sufficient to determine which explanatory variables affect the response variable(s) of interest. Once it is suspected that only significant explanatory variables are left, then a more complicated design, such as a central composite design can be implemented to estimate a second-degree polynomial model, which is still only an approximation at best. However,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20%27t%20Hoff%20equation
|
The Van 't Hoff equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant, , of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature, T, given the standard enthalpy change, , for the process. The subscript means "reaction" and the superscript means "standard". It was proposed by Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff in 1884 in his book Études de Dynamique chimique (Studies in Dynamic Chemistry).
The Van 't Hoff equation has been widely utilized to explore the changes in state functions in a thermodynamic system. The Van 't Hoff plot, which is derived from this equation, is especially effective in estimating the change in enthalpy and entropy of a chemical reaction.
Equation
Summary and uses
The standard pressure, , is used to define the reference state for the Van 't Hoff equation, which is
where denotes the natural logarithm, is the thermodynamic equilibrium constant, and is the ideal gas constant. This equation is exact at any one temperature and all pressures, derived from the requirement that the Gibbs free energy of reaction be stationary in a state of chemical equilibrium.
In practice, the equation is often integrated between two temperatures under the assumption that the standard reaction enthalpy is constant (and furthermore, this is also often assumed to be equal to its value at standard temperature). Since in reality and the standard reaction entropy do vary with temperature for most processes, the integrated equation is only approximate. Approximati
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20restaurant%20process
|
In probability theory, the Chinese restaurant process is a discrete-time stochastic process, analogous to seating customers at tables in a restaurant.
Imagine a restaurant with an infinite number of circular tables, each with infinite capacity. Customer 1 sits at the first table. The next customer either sits at the same table as customer 1, or the next table. This continues, with each customer choosing to either sit at an occupied table with a probability proportional to the number of customers already there (i.e., they are more likely to sit at a table with many customers than few), or an unoccupied table. At time n, the n customers have been partitioned among m ≤ n tables (or blocks of the partition). The results of this process are exchangeable, meaning the order in which the customers sit does not affect the probability of the final distribution. This property greatly simplifies a number of problems in population genetics, linguistic analysis, and image recognition.
The restaurant analogy first appeared in a 1985 write-up by David Aldous, where it was attributed to Jim Pitman (who additionally credits Lester Dubins).
Formal definition
For any positive integer , let denote the set of all partitions of the set . The Chinese restaurant process takes values in the infinite Cartesian product .
The value of the process at time is a partition of the set , whose probability distribution is determined as follows. At time , the trivial partition is obtained (with probabil
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnawa%20Diffusion
|
Gnawa Diffusion is an Algerian Gnawa music band based in Grenoble, France. The group's lead singer, Amazigh (literally meaning 'Free Man' in Tamazight), is the son of the Algerian writer and poet Kateb Yacine. Although there is a strong Gnawa influence, the band is noted for its mix of reggae and roots music. Gnawa Diffusion is very popular in Algeria and is also well known in many other countries including Morocco, Tunisia and France. The band's lyrics are in Algerian Arabic, Tamazight, French and English. Gnawa Diffusion started their career in 1993 with the release of the album Légitime différence.
Members of the band:
Amazigh Kateb - vocal and gimbri
Mohamed Abdennour (Ptit Moh) - Algerian mandole, banjo, krakebs, choir
Pierre Bonnet - bass
Philippe Bonnet - drums
Salah Meguiba - Keyboard, oriental percussion, choir
Pierre Feugier - guitar, choir, krakebs
Abdel Aziz Maysour
Amar Chaoui - percussionist, choir
The lead singer's lyrics are often controversial. Themes range from discussions of poverty in Algeria or corruption in government to denunciations of global military actions and perceived imperialism. Nevertheless, in spite of a strong political direction, this band also has numbers which focus on self-determination and improvement.
Discography
2012: Shock El Hal
2007: Fucking Cowboys (D'JAMAZ Production)
2003: Souk System (Warner)
2002: DZ Live (Next Musique)
1999: Bab el Oued - Kingston (Musisoft)
1997: Algeria (Melodie)
1993: Légitime différence
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowry%20protein%20assay
|
The Lowry protein assay is a biochemical assay for determining the total level of protein in a solution. The total protein concentration is exhibited by a color change of the sample solution in proportion to protein concentration, which can then be measured using colorimetric techniques. It is named for the biochemist Oliver H. Lowry who developed the reagent in the 1940s. His 1951 paper describing the technique is the most-highly cited paper ever in the scientific literature, cited over 300,000 times.
Mechanism
The method combines the reactions of copper ions with the peptide bonds under alkaline conditions (the Biuret test) with the oxidation of aromatic protein residues. The Lowry method is based on the reaction of Cu+, produced by the oxidation of peptide bonds, with Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (a mixture of phosphotungstic acid and phosphomolybdic acid in the Folin–Ciocalteu reaction). The reaction mechanism is not well understood, but involves reduction of the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and oxidation of aromatic residues (mainly tryptophan, also tyrosine). Experiments have shown that cysteine is also reactive to the reagent. Therefore, cysteine residues in protein probably also contribute to the absorbance seen in the Lowry assay. The result of this reaction is an intense blue molecule known as heteropolymolybdenum Blue. The concentration of the reduced Folin reagent (heteropolymolybdenum Blue) is measured by absorbance at 660 nm. As a result, the total concentration of prote
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Oury%20Jalloh
|
Oury Jalloh (1969 in Conakry, Guinea – 7 January 2005, in Dessau, Germany) was an asylum seeker who died in a fire in a police cell in Dessau, Germany. The hands and feet of Jalloh, who was alone in the cell, were tied to a mattress. A fire alarm went off, but was initially turned off without further action by an officer. The case caused national and international outrage at the official narrative of suicide.
Life
According to documents that his parents later filed in court, Oury Jalloh was born in 1969 in Conakry, Guinea. Reportedly he fled from the Sierra Leone Civil War to Guinea, where his parents were already living, and came to Germany in 1999, where he applied for political asylum. His application was declined, but he received an exceptional leave to remain in the country. His child with a German citizen was put up for adoption by the mother shortly after birth.
Death
The official narrative, as presented by police officers in their subsequent trial, was reported by newspapers such as Der Tagesspiegel. In the morning of January 7, 2005, at about 8 am, some street cleaners called the police and reported that a female colleague felt threatened by a drunk man (who was Oury Jalloh). When two policemen (Hans-Ulrich M. and Udo S.) arrived, Jalloh declined to show his identification and then resisted arrest. The officers put him in a headlock and took him into custody, intending to book him for harassment although charges were never made. At the police station, the two po
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20tuning
|
Fluid tuning is a tuning system for the piano. It was developed by Geoff Smith, a composer and musician from Brighton, England.
Fluid tuning is accomplished by the addition of the microtonal tuning mechanism to the instrument. This mechanism enables the musician to alter each note individually and separately by precise microtonal intervals. With this design modification, the musician can choose either to leave the piano in 'fixed tuning', or to use the mechanism to retune any number of notes microtonally to any desired combination. The modification, therefore, allows a number of tuning layouts to be created and explored per composition, in contrast to the instrument being creatively limited to fixed tuning which is typically the culturally predominant Western chromatic octave.
The microtonal tuning mechanism consists of a sliding bridge, a groove and buffers fitted to each note of the instrument. The bridge is in constant contact with the strings. If the musician slides the bridge along the groove to any point between the buffers, a precise microtonal interval change results.
References
External links
Geoff Smith
BBC: Out of tune, An investigation into the development of musical tuning systems
Musical temperaments
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B29
|
B29 may refer to:
B-29 Superfortress, an aircraft
A human gene also known as CD79B
Sicilian Defence, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNSR
|
WNSR (560 AM) is a Nashville-area Class D radio station operating on the AM frequency of 560 kHz. WNSR's majority owner is Randolph Victor Bell, and the station's general manager is former WSM personality Ted Johnson.
History
The station converted to its current format in 1996, with the call letters WYOR, when all-sports programming began its meteoric rise in the North American radio market, particularly on AM stations. WNSR is currently affiliated with CBS Sports Radio. Many of the top names in Nashville sports have worked at WNSR. Greg Pogue, who is a veteran sports writer, sports editor, and television host, hosted Nashville's longest running morning sports show with David Coleman. Pogue worked with the Nashville Banner and was later sports editor at the Daily News Journal. Pogue took over the morning drive slot after Patrick McMurtry left to take a television news anchor position in Charleston, West Virginia. Darren McFarland, a radio veteran in Nashville, hosted a show during two different stints at the station. Brad Hopkins, a former Tennessee Titan, hosted two different shows, the latter as a co-host alongside McFarland. Bill King, a national sports talk show host and recruiting expert, hosted a show with Joe Biddle, a sports writer with the former Nashville Banner and later The Tennessean. Gregory Ruff, a veteran broadcaster in Nashville, worked in various roles with the station hosting a show and later being the fill-in for many of the shows. Jonathan Shaffer has al
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID-1
|
ID-1 or ID1 may refer to:RECN7701159Q8
ID-1 format, the standard "credit card" size for identification cards defined by ISO/IEC 7810
A gene (inhibitor of DNA binding-1) which controls cancer metastasis
Idaho's 1st congressional district
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID-2
|
ID-2 or ID2 may refer to:
ID-2 format, a standard size for identification cards defined by ISO/IEC 7810.
A gene called ID2 which negatively regulates cell differentiation.
Idaho's 2nd congressional district.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MA10
|
MA-10 may refer to:
Massachusetts Route 10
Mercury-Atlas 10, a cancelled spaceflight of Project Mercury
MA-10 cell, a Leydig cell tumour cell line
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihiro%20Kusumi
|
is a Japanese biologist who proposed an explanation for reduced diffusion speed of lipid and protein molecules in the cell membrane, based on a model of hop diffusion in which lipids are confined to a reduced space, created by a membrane-skeleton-induced compartments. this compartments allow the lipids or proteins freely in a limited region and limiting also the diffusion to other parts of the membrane. Getting to a new compartment is called "hop diffusion" while diffusion in the compartment is allowed by Brownian movement, the compartments of the cell are responsible of the reduced diffusion speed of the lipid or proteins when compared to artificial vesicles.
Citations
JCB article on "hop diffusion"
Paradigm shift of the plasma membrane concept from the two-dimensional continuum fluid to the partitioned fluid: high-speed single-molecule tracking of membrane molecules. Annu. Rev. Biophys. struct. 2005. 34:351-78. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.34.040204.144637.
References
External links
Akihiro Kusumi's profile on Kyoto University's homepage (in English)
Living people
Japanese biologists
1952 births
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latridae
|
Latridae commonly called trumpeters, is a family of marine ray-finned fish. They are found in temperate seas in the Southern Hemisphere. The classification of the species within the Latridae and the related Cheilodactylidae is unclear.They are fished commercially and for sport.
Taxonomy
Latridae is classified within the superfamily Cirrhitoidea, under the suborder Percoidei of the large order Perciformes. Molecular studies have also placed the superfamily within the order Centrarchiformes, although the Cirrhitoidea is confirmed as a monophyletic clade. The 5th Edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise Centrarchiformes and retains the superfamily within the order Perciformes. The family has three genera according to the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World, however the authors of that book admit that further studies need to be carried out to resolve the true relationships of all the taxa within the Cirrhitoidea. Latridae was first formally desecrribed as a family in 1862 by Theodore Nicholas Gill.
The traditional delimitation of this family and Chaeilodactylidae is based on morphological differences, but the reliability of these differences has been questioned, and genetics do not support this treatment, either, leading some to suggest the majority of species traditionally classified as Cheilodactylidae should be placed within Latridae. Based on this, the only species that should remain in the family Cheilodactylidae are the relatively small Cheilodactylus fasciatus
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CER-10
|
CER model 10 was a vacuum tube, transistor and electronic relay based computer developed at IBK-Vinča and the Mihajlo Pupin Institute (Belgrade) in 1960. It was the first digital computer developed in SFR Yugoslavia, and in Southern Europe.
CER-10 was designed by Tihomir Aleksić and his associates (Rajko Tomović, Vukašin Masnikosa, Ahmed Mandžić, Dušan Hristović, Petar Vrbavac and Milojko Marić) and was developed over four years. The team included 10 engineers and 10 technicians, as well as many others. After initial prototype testing at Vinča and a redesign at the M. Pupin Institute, it was fully deployed at the Tanjug Agency building and worked there for the SKNE from 1961 and the Yugoslav government's SIV, from 1963 to 1967.
The first CER-10 system was located at the SKNE (Federal secretary of internal affairs) building in 1961, which would later belong to Tanjug. The M. Pupin Institute donated the computer's case and some parts of the CER-10 along with its documentation to the Museum of Science and Technology in Belgrade in March 2006, where the computer's CPU is now displayed.
Specifications
1750 vacuum tubes
1500 transistors
14000 Germanium diodes
Magnetic core primary memory: 4096 of 30-bit words
Secondary memory: punched tape
Capable of performing min. 1600 additions per second
Gallery
See also
CER Computers
Mihajlo Pupin Institute
History of computer hardware in the SFRY
List of vacuum tube computers
Rajko Tomović
References
External links
http
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CER-22
|
CER ( – Digital Electronic Computer) model 22 is a transistor based computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute (Serbia) in 1967-1968. It was originally intended for banking applications and was used for data processing and management planning in banks, trade and utility companies in Belgrade. Three CER-22 computers were purchased by Beobanka, Jugopetrol and BVK–Belgrade companies. (For more details see: Ref.# 1, #2, #3, and #4).
The principal designers and chiefs of the project teams were:
Dušan Hristović, Svetomir Ojdanić, Veselin Potić, Radivoje Ilić et al. for Beobanka;
Dr Sc. Miroslav Jocković, Branimir Leposavic, Michael Savikin, Ljubivoje Marković et al., for Jugopetrol co.;
Vladislav Paunović, Miloš Marjanović, Petar Vrbavac, Dragiša Tinković et al. for BVK-Belgrade.
Technical characteristics of the CER-22
Technology: IC (MSI), transistor and diode logic circuits (See also: Ref. #2, #5, #6).
Printed circuits boards with the ribbon connectors;
CPU performance: the 16-cycle instructions (10 microseconds);
Magnetic core memory: 32 KB capacity (memory cycle time of 2 microseconds);
Disk storage CDC-854 (max 8 disk units);
Card reader and puncher: 300 cards/min and 150 cards/min;
Paper tape reader and puncher, type "Facit": 1000 characters/s and 150 characters/s;
Parallel Line Printer, type DP MZ-4: 128 characters/line, 600 lines/min.
See also
CER Computers
CER-10
Mihajlo Pupin Institute,
History of computer hardware in the SFRY
References
Electronic
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CER%20Computer
|
CER () was a series of early computers (based on vacuum tubes and transistors) developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in Yugoslavia in the 1960s and 1970s.
Models:
CER-10 - 1960, based on vacuum tubes, transistors, electronic relays, and magnetic core memory. First Yugoslav digital computer (developed in "Vinca"-Institute) in (SFRY).
CER-2 - 1963, a prototype model
CER-20 - 1964, CER-30 - 1966, - the prototypes of the "electronic bookkeeping machine" for EI Niš and RIZ Zagreb;.
CER-200 - 1966, series of 18 "electronic bookkeeping computers".
CER-202-1968; CER-203 - 1972
CER-22 - 1967, based on transistors, MSI circuits, magnetic core memory, punched cards and magnetic disks. Serie of 3 electronic systems, used for on-line banking operations and data processing applications;
CER-12 - 1971, "electronic computer for business data processing", based on VLSI technology, wire wrapping boards, magnetic disks and magnetic tapes;
CER-11 - 1966, based on transistors, core memory, Teletype printer etc. Mobile military computer (used in the JNA (Yugoslav People's Army);
CER-101 Kosmos - 1973, based on VLSI circuits, core memory, magnetic drum, paper tapes, Teletype printers; Mobile computer in special military vehicles (used in the JNA's V.T. Institute);
CER-111 - 1975, Mobile military computer, based on VLSI technology, Hard disk drive; Used in JNA until 1989.
Models and types
CER-Computers Table (author: Dušan Hristović, M.P.Institute, Belgrade University); GFDL and CCSA 3.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cer
|
Cer, or CER may refer to:
Environment
Certified Emission Reduction, emission units
Statistics
Control event rate, a statistical value in epidemiology
Crossover error rate, a statistical value in a biometric system
Information technology
Canonical Encoding Rules, encoding format
Customer edge router, in computer networking
CER Computer (Serbian Latin: Cifarski Elektronski Računar, "Digital Electronic Computer"), series of early computers
Geography
Cer (mountain), a mountain in Serbia
Cer, Zvornik, a village in the municipality of Zvornik, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cer, Kičevo, a village in the municipality of Kičevo, North Macedonia
Cherbourg – Maupertus Airport or Aéroport de Cherbourg - Maupertus, an airport in France by IATA airport code
Chinese Eastern Railway (Chinese: 中東鐵路/中东铁路, also known as the Chinese Far East Railway), a railway in northeastern China
Religion
Keres, Greek goddess of violent death, one of the Greek primordial deities
Medicine
Comparative effectiveness research, comparison of health care intervention effectiveness
Conditioned emotional response, a specific learned behavior or a procedure
Sports
Classic Endurance Racing, a sports car racing series founded in 2004 by Peter Auto Ltd.
Organizations and trade agreements
Conference of European Rabbis, rabbinical alliance in Europe
Closer Economic Relations, a free trade agreement between Australia and New Zealand
Commission for Energy Regulation, a Republic of Ireland
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregman%20divergence
|
In mathematics, specifically statistics and information geometry, a Bregman divergence or Bregman distance is a measure of difference between two points, defined in terms of a strictly convex function; they form an important class of divergences. When the points are interpreted as probability distributions – notably as either values of the parameter of a parametric model or as a data set of observed values – the resulting distance is a statistical distance. The most basic Bregman divergence is the squared Euclidean distance.
Bregman divergences are similar to metrics, but satisfy neither the triangle inequality (ever) nor symmetry (in general). However, they satisfy a generalization of the Pythagorean theorem, and in information geometry the corresponding statistical manifold is interpreted as a (dually) flat manifold. This allows many techniques of optimization theory to be generalized to Bregman divergences, geometrically as generalizations of least squares.
Bregman divergences are named after Russian mathematician Lev M. Bregman, who introduced the concept in 1967.
Definition
Let be a continuously-differentiable, strictly convex function defined on a convex set .
The Bregman distance associated with F for points is the difference between the value of F at point p and the value of the first-order Taylor expansion of F around point q evaluated at point p:
Properties
Non-negativity: for all , . This is a consequence of the convexity of .
Positivity: When is str
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester%20urban%20area
|
The Leicester Urban Area or Leicester Built Up Area (2011 onwards) is an urban agglomeration defined by the Office of National Statistics (ONS), centred on the City of Leicester in the East Midlands, England. With a population of 559,017 at the time of the 2021 census, increased from 508,916 at the time of the 2011 census, the Built Up Area is the eleventh largest in England and thirteenth largest in the United Kingdom. It comprises Leicester itself and its suburbs, all of which are contiguous with or situated in close proximity to the city.
As at 2011 the Leicester Urban Area was home to 51.8% of the total population of Leicestershire (2001: 48.5%). A 2017 quote from the Leicester City Council website states that "The Greater Leicester urban area is one of the fastest growing in the country, with a population of about 650,000, of which 350,000 live within the city council area".
Analysis: 2011
Analysis: 2001
Analysis: 1991
Analysis: 1981
Analysis: Notes
The Leicester ONS sub-totals are explained with reference to the following:
For 2011, there have been certain reclassifications from 'outer' to 'inner suburbs' thus contributing to the increase in population of Leicester ONS compared to 2001 and prior.
The ONS's definition of "Leicester" in the 2001 census excluded the northern area of the Beaumont Leys ward, which was counted separately, and amalgamated several surrounding towns and villages. Its boundaries and population were not the same as that of the Leicester UNI
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass%20meadow
|
A seagrass meadow or seagrass bed is an underwater ecosystem formed by seagrasses. Seagrasses are marine (saltwater) plants found in shallow coastal waters and in the brackish waters of estuaries. Seagrasses are flowering plants with stems and long green, grass-like leaves. They produce seeds and pollen and have roots and rhizomes which anchor them in seafloor sand.
Seagrasses form dense underwater meadows which are among the most productive ecosystems in the world. They provide habitats and food for a diversity of marine life comparable to that of coral reefs. This includes invertebrates like shrimp and crabs, cod and flatfish, marine mammals and birds. They provide refuges for endangered species such as seahorses, turtles, and dugongs. They function as nursery habitats for shrimps, scallops and many commercial fish species. Seagrass meadows provide coastal storm protection by the way their leaves absorb energy from waves as they hit the coast. They keep coastal waters healthy by absorbing bacteria and nutrients, and slow the speed of climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide into the sediment of the ocean floor.
Seagrasses evolved from marine algae which colonized land and became land plants, and then returned to the ocean about 100 million years ago. However, today seagrass meadows are being damaged by human activities such as pollution from land runoff, fishing boats that drag dredges or trawls across the meadows uprooting the grass, and overfishing which unbalance
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside%E2%80%93outside%20algorithm
|
For parsing algorithms in computer science, the inside–outside algorithm is a way of re-estimating production probabilities in a probabilistic context-free grammar. It was introduced by James K. Baker in 1979 as a generalization of the forward–backward algorithm for parameter estimation on hidden Markov models to stochastic context-free grammars. It is used to compute expectations, for example as part of the expectation–maximization algorithm (an unsupervised learning algorithm).
Inside and outside probabilities
The inside probability is the total probability of generating words , given the root nonterminal and a grammar :
The outside probability is the total probability of beginning with the start symbol and generating the nonterminal and all the words outside , given a grammar :
Computing inside probabilities
Base Case:
General case:
Suppose there is a rule in the grammar, then the probability of generating starting with a subtree rooted at is:
The inside probability is just the sum over all such possible rules:
Computing outside probabilities
Base Case:
Here the start symbol is .
General case:
Suppose there is a rule in the grammar that generates .
Then the left contribution of that rule to the outside probability is:
Now suppose there is a rule in the grammar. Then the right
contribution of that rule to the outside probability is:
The outside probability is the sum of the left and right
contributions over all such rules:
References
J. Baker (1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%27s%20Birthday
|
"Michael's Birthday" is the nineteenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's twenty-fifth episode overall. Written by Gene Stupnitsky and Lee Eisenberg, and directed by Ken Whittingham, the episode first aired in the United States on March 30, 2006 on NBC. The episode guest stars Nancy Carell as Carol Stills.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) is disappointed when only Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) celebrates his birthday. Meanwhile, Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) spends the day waiting to find out if he has skin cancer.
The ice skating scenes were shot in an actual rink; Carell's talent at hockey was the reason the writers decided to set the episode there. Fischer had also learned to skate in preparation for the movie Blades of Glory, but the writers decided that there was no reason for Pam to be a good skater, so they had Pam lean on Jim. "Michael's Birthday" was watched by 7.8 million viewers and received mostly positive reviews from critics.
Plot
Michael Scott (Steve Carell) is excited to be celebrating his birthday, and tries to get the employees excited with him. Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) is the only one to join in; the rest of the employees are more concerned about Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner), who is awaiting results from his skin cancer screening.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale%20RS08
|
RS08 is a family of 8-bit microcontrollers by NXP Semiconductors. Originally released by Freescale in 2006, the RS08 architecture is a reduced-resource version of the Freescale MC68HCS08 central processing unit (CPU), a member of the 6800 microprocessor family. It has been implemented in several microcontroller devices for embedded systems.
Compared to its sibling HC08 and Freescale S08 parts, it has a much-simplified design. The 'R' in its part numbers suggests "Reduced"; Freescale itself describes the core as "ultra-low-end". Typical implementations include fewer on-board peripherals and memory resources, have smaller packages (the smallest is the QFN6 package, at 3mm x 3mm x 1mm), and are priced under US$1. Aims of the simplified design include greater efficiency, greater cost-effectiveness for small-memory-size parts, and smaller die size.
The RS08 employs a von Neumann architecture with shared program and data bus; executing instructions from within data memory is possible. The device is not binary compatible with the S08 core, though the instruction opcodes and addressing modes are a subset of the S08. This allows an easy transition from the S08 core to the RS08 core for designers and engineers.
Short and Tiny addressing modes allow for more efficient access and manipulation of the most commonly used variables and registers. These instructions have single-byte instruction opcodes, reducing the amount of program memory required by their frequent use.
Die size is 30%
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC%20SX-8
|
The SX-8 is a supercomputer built by NEC Corporation. The SX-8 Series implements an eight-way SMP system in a compact node module and uses an enhanced version of the single chip vector processor that was introduced with the SX-6. The NEC SX-8 processors run at 2 GHz for vectors and 1 GHz for scalar operations. The SX-8 CPU operates at 16 GFLOPS and can address up to 128 GB of memory. Up to 8 CPUs may be used in a single node, and a complete system may have up to 512 nodes. The SX-8 series ranges from the single-CPU SX-8b system to the SX-8/4096M512, with 512 nodes, 4,096 CPUs, and a peak performance of 65 TFLOPS. There is up to 512 GB/s bandwidth per node (64 GB/s per processor). The SX-8 runs SUPER-UX, a Unix-like operating system developed by NEC.
The first production SX-8 was installed at the UK Met Office in early 2005. In October 2006, an upgraded SX-8 was announced, the SX-8R. The NEC SX-8R processors run at 2.2 GHz for vectors and 1.1 GHz for scalar operations. The SX-8R can process double the number of vector operations per clock compared to the SX-8. The SX-8R CPU has a peak vector performance 35.2 GFLOPS (10% frequency increase and double the number of vector operations) and can address up to 256 GB of memory in a single node (up from 128 GB).
The French national meteorological service, Météo-France, rents a SX-8R for 3.7 million euros a year.
NEC published product highlights
16 GFLOPS peak vector performance, with eight operations per clock running at 2 G
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTX
|
Xcerra Corporation (formerly LTX-Credence Corporation) is an American semiconductor Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) vendor, founded in 1976 in (co-founder) Sol Max's basement, later moving to the Balco building in Newton & GTE building 3 in Needham, then the KLH building on University Ave. in Westwood and currently headquartered on University Ave. in Norwood, MA (Greater Boston area).
The focus of the company is the design and development of ATE for the semiconductor marketplace, but it distinguished itself in the early days as a provider of functional and parametric testers for discrete component RF products. Today, LTX offers test platforms capable of testing mixed signal (analog & digital) devices.
History
LTX was founded by Graham Miller, Dick Boltrus, Sol Max, Phil Perkins, Bill Kerr, (future CEO & COB) Roger Blethen, Bob Valentine and Mary Parent. Joined later by 1st employee Dave Windsor and a slew of Northeastern Co-op Students. All of the founders left nearby competitor, Teradyne. Although never verified, corporate lore holds that the name LTX was an abbreviation for the clarion call of its founders: "Leave Teradyne by Christmas (Xmas)" or possibly "Left Teradyne at Christmas." Others believe that LTX stands for "Linear Test eXcellence", "Linear Test eXperts", or is simply an abbreviation of the word "Electronics".
On June 22, 2008 LTX signed a merger agreement with one of its principal competitors: Credence Systems Corporation. LTX CEO and President David Tace
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie%20High%20School%20%28Utah%29
|
Dixie High School is located at 350 East 700 South, in St. George, Utah, United States. It is a Utah Class 4A school of Region 9 (2023-2025 classification) and reported 1,248 students on October 1, 2018. The school's mascot is the Flyers and is represented by a World War I-era biplane pilot. It is a part of the Washington County School District.
History
Dixie High School was the first high school in St. George, and was founded in 1911 under the name St. George Academy. Nicknamed "Dixie" Academy, the tradition of white-washing the name "DIXIE" on a sandstone rock formation overlooking the St. George valley (the Sugarloaf) began in 1913. The name comes from a regional nickname, that began with Mormon pioneers in the area. In 1963 the Dixie Academy split into Dixie High School and Dixie College (which eventually became Utah Tech University).
Dixie High transitioned to a new building in the early 2000s. Construction began in 2001 with a new arts department wing that featured an auditorium and choir and band rooms. The main, three-story school building was constructed in an adjacent parking lot. In 2004 the student body moved to the new building, and the majority of the old building was torn down (one classroom remains for use as auto-tech classes). Construction was completed before the 2005–2006 school year with a new gym and water feature.
Notable alumni
Dia Frampton, musician
Meg Frampton, musician
Kelly Graves, women's basketball head coach at Gonzaga University
Bru
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton%20Ballou
|
Clinton Edward Ballou (June 18, 1923 – March 8, 2021) was an American academic who was a professor of biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley. His research focused on the metabolism of carbohydrates and the structures of microbial cell walls. He joined the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1975.
Ballou was born in King Hill, Idaho in June 1923, to William Clinton Ballou and "Mollie" Ballou. He attended Boise Junior College, and graduated from Oregon State College, and the University of Wisconsin. He served in the U. S. Navy from 1944 to 1946.
He held a postdoctoral fellowship with E. L. Hirst in Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh. Ballou became a professor of biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley in 1955, and became a professor emeritus in 1991.
Ballou served on the editorial board of the Journal of Biological Chemistry. He died in March 2021 at the age of 97.
Awards
1975 National Academy of Sciences
1981 American Chemical Society's Claude Hudson Award in Carbohydrate Chemistry
1972 Welch Foundation Lectureship
1976 University of Notre Dame Reilly Lectureship
1977 Duke University Belfort Lectureship
1961 National Science Foundation Senior Fellowship
References
External links
Clinton Ballou on the University of California, Berkeley website
1923 births
2021 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
American biochemists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Elmore County, Idaho
Uni
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater%20sapping
|
Groundwater sapping is a geomorphic erosion process that results in the headward migration of channels in response to near constant fluid discharge at a fixed point. The consistent flow of water displaces fine sediments which physically and chemically weathers rocks. Valleys that appear to have been created by groundwater sapping occur throughout the world in areas such as England, Colorado, Hawai’i, New Zealand, and many other places. However, it is difficult to characterize a landform as being formed exclusively by groundwater sapping due to phenomena such as pluvial runoff, plunge-pool undercutting, changes in water table level, and inconsistent groundwater flow. An example of drainage ways created purely by the outflow of subsurface fluids can be seen on the foreshores of beaches. As the surge of water and sand brought to land by a wave retreats seaward, the film of water becomes thinner until it forms rhomboid shaped patterns in the sand. Small fans form at the apex of the rhombic features, which are eventually fed by the remaining backflow of water traveling downslope. Channels begin to form headward in the form of millimeter wide rills along the sides of the fans; the creation of these small channel networks culminates when the last of the backwash dissipates.
This is one of the processes involved in the formation of gullies, such as lavaka. Erosion by sapping tends to produce steep-sided U-shaped valleys of fairly uniform width with box-like, "theater-shaped" headwa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Euclidean%20crystallographic%20group
|
In mathematics, a non-Euclidean crystallographic group, NEC group or N.E.C. group is a discrete group of isometries of the hyperbolic plane. These symmetry groups correspond to the wallpaper groups in euclidean geometry. A NEC group which contains only orientation-preserving elements is called a Fuchsian group, and any non-Fuchsian NEC group has an index 2 Fuchsian subgroup of orientation-preserving elements.
The hyperbolic triangle groups are notable NEC groups. Others are listed in Orbifold notation.
See also
Non-Euclidean geometry
Isometry group
Fuchsian group
Uniform tilings in hyperbolic plane
References
.
.
.
Non-Euclidean geometry
Hyperbolic geometry
Symmetry
Discrete groups
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torasemide
|
Torasemide, also known as torsemide, is a diuretic medication used to treat fluid overload due to heart failure, kidney disease, and liver disease. It is a less preferred treatment for high blood pressure. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein.
Common side effects include headache, increased urination, diarrhea, cough, and dizziness. Other side effects may include hearing loss and low blood potassium. Torasemide is a sulfonamide and loop diuretic. Use is not recommended in pregnancy or breastfeeding. It works by decreasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys.
Torasemide was patented in 1974 and came into medical use in 1993. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 213th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2million prescriptions.
Medical uses
It is used to treat fluid overload due to heart failure. It is sometimes used to treat high blood pressure. Compared with furosemide, torasemide is associated with a lower risk of rehospitalization for heart failure and an improvement in New York Heart Association class of heart failure. In heart failure it may be safer and more effective than furosemide. Long-term outcomes with torasemide may be better than with furosemide in patients with heart failure.
Adverse effects
No evidence of torasemide-induced ototoxicity has been demonstrated in humans.
Loop diuretics, including torsemide, may d
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibb%20%28surname%29
|
Bibb is a surname of English origin. At the time of the British Census of 1881, its relative frequency was highest in Warwickshire (12.2 times the British average), followed by Worcestershire, Staffordshire, Dunbartonshire, London and Northamptonshire. In all other British counties, its relative frequency was below national average. The name Bibb may refer to:
Chris Bibb, British rugby league footballer
David Bibb, American civil servant
Eric Bibb (born 1951), American blues musician
Emmanuel Bibb, American streetball player
George M. Bibb (1776–1859), American politician
Grace C. Bibb (1842-1912), American feminist and educator
Henry Bibb (1815-1854), American abolitionist
Kyle Bibb (born 1988), English rugby league player
Leon Bibb (born 1944), American broadcaster
Leon Bibb (musician) (born 1922), American folk singer and actor
Leslie Bibb (born 1974), American actress
Margaret Morton Bibb (c. 1832-1900/1910), African-American quilt maker
Thomas Bibb (1783–1839), American politician
William W. Bibb (1781–1820), American politician
See also
Bibb (disambiguation)
Surnames
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato%20leafroll%20virus
|
Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) is a member of the genus Polerovirus and family Solemoviridae. The phloem limited positive sense RNA virus infects potatoes and other members of the family Solanaceae. PLRV was first described by Quanjer et al. in 1916. PLRV is transmitted by aphids, primarily the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. PLRV is one of the most important potato viruses worldwide but particularly devastating in countries with limited resources and management. It can be responsible for individual plant yield losses of over 50%. One estimate suggests that PLRV is responsible for an annual global yield loss of 20 million tons. Symptoms include chlorosis, necrosis and leaf curling.
Hosts and symptoms
PLRV infects members of the family Solanaceae. The most economically important host is the potato, Solanum tuberosum spp. In potato, symptoms of primary infection, infection in the growing season, occurs in the youngest leaves. Leaf margins become necrotic, turning brown and purplish and curl inwards towards the center of the leaf. Secondary infection, which starts from infected potato culls, produces more severe symptoms. Leaf rolling is more apparent and the entire leaf can become chlorotic and sometimes also has a purple discoloration. Necrosis of the phloem tissue particularly in the haulm is observed after onset of symptoms. Plants infected with PLRV experience stunted growth and produce smaller tubers. Infected tubers retain normal shape but experience necrosis of
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona%20theorem
|
In mathematics, the corona theorem is a result about the spectrum of the bounded holomorphic functions on the open unit disc, conjectured by and proved by .
The commutative Banach algebra and Hardy space H∞ consists of the bounded holomorphic functions on the open unit disc D. Its spectrum S (the closed maximal ideals) contains D as an open subspace because for each z in D there is a maximal ideal consisting of functions f with
f(z) = 0.
The subspace D cannot make up the entire spectrum S, essentially because the spectrum is a compact space and D is not. The complement of the closure of D in S was called the corona by , and the corona theorem states that the corona is empty, or in other words the open unit disc D is dense in the spectrum. A more elementary formulation is that elements f1,...,fn generate the unit ideal of H∞ if and only if there is some δ>0 such that
everywhere in the unit ball.
Newman showed that the corona theorem can be reduced to an interpolation problem, which was then proved by Carleson.
In 1979 Thomas Wolff gave a simplified (but unpublished) proof of the corona theorem, described in and .
Cole later showed that this result cannot be extended to all open Riemann surfaces .
As a by-product, of Carleson's work, the Carleson measure was invented which itself is a very useful tool in modern function theory. It remains an open question whether there are versions of the corona theorem for every planar domain or for higher-dimensional domains.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synfig
|
Synfig Studio (also known as Synfig) is a free and open-source vector-based 2D animation software. It is created by Robert Quattlebaum with additional contributions by Adrian Bentley.
Synfig began as the custom animation platform for Voria Studios (now defunct), and in 2005 was released as free/open source software, under GNU GPL-2.0-or-later.
Features
As a true front-end and back-end application, it is possible to design the animation in the front-end, Synfig Studio, and to render it at a later time with the backend, Synfig Tool, on another (potentially faster) computer without a graphical display connected. Incremental and parallel rendering with Synfig Tool is supported by some open source render farm management software, such as RenderChan.
The goal of the developers is to create a program that is capable of producing "feature-film quality animation with fewer people and resources." The program offers an alternative to manual tweening so that the animator does not have to draw each and every frame.
The software is capable of simulating soft-shading using curved gradients within an area so that the animator doesn't have to draw shading into every single frame. There is also a wide variety of other real-time effects that can be applied to layers or groups of layers like radial blurs, color tweaks that all are resolution-independent. Other features include the ability to control and animate the width of lines at their individual control points, and the ability to link
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phorbol%20esters
|
Phorbol esters are a class of chemical compounds found in a variety of plants, particularly in the families Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae. Chemically, they are ester derivatives of the tetracyclic diterpenoid phorbol.
Biological activity
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a phorbol ester receptor. Phorbol esters can stimulate PKC in a similar way to diglycerides.
Phorbol esters are known for their ability to promote tumors. In particular, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is used as a biomedical research tool in models of carcinogenesis.
Plants that contain phorbol esters are often poisonous.
References
Diterpenes
Carboxylate esters
Cyclopentenes
Plant toxins
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochromic%20anemia
|
Hypochromic anemia is a generic term for any type of anemia in which the red blood cells are paler than normal. (Hypo- refers to less, and chromic means colour.) A normal red blood cell has a biconcave disk shape and will have an area of pallor in its center when viewed microscopically. In hypochromic cells, this area of central pallor is increased. This decrease in redness is due to a disproportionate reduction of red cell hemoglobin (the pigment that imparts the red color) in proportion to the volume of the cell. Clinically the color can be evaluated by the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) or mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The MCHC is considered the better parameter of the two as it adjusts for effect the size of the cell has on its amount of hemoglobin. Hypochromia is clinically defined as below the normal MCH reference range of 27–33 picograms/cell in adults or below the normal MCHC reference range of 33–36 g/dL in adults.
Red blood cells will also be small (microcytic), leading to substantial overlap with the category of microcytic anemia. The most common causes of this kind of anemia are iron deficiency and thalassemia.
Hypochromic anemia was historically known as chlorosis or green sickness for the distinct skin tinge sometimes present in patients, in addition to more general symptoms such as a lack of energy, shortness of breath, dyspepsia, headaches, a capricious or scanty appetite and amenorrhea.
Historical understanding
In 1554, German physi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baricity
|
Baricity refers to the density of a substance compared to the density of human cerebrospinal fluid. Baricity is used in anesthesia to determine the manner in which a particular drug will spread in the intrathecal space.
Description
Solutions that have a baricity approaching 1.000 are referred to as isobaric, as the density of the cerebrospinal fluid is approximately 1.003+/- 0.003. Solutions with a baricity less than 0.999 are termed hypobaric, and are usually created by mixing the local anesthetic with distilled water. Hyperbaric solutions are created by mixing dextrose 5-8% with the desired local anesthetic.
Hyperbaric solutions will flow in the direction of gravity and settle in the most dependent areas of the intrathecal space. Conversely, hypobaric mixtures will rise in relation to gravitational pull. These properties allow the anesthesia provider to preferentially control the spread of the block by choice of mixture and patient positioning.
References
Anesthesia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%20granule
|
In cellular biology, stress granules are biomolecular condensates in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that assemble into 0.1–2 μm membraneless organelles when the cell is under stress. The mRNA molecules found in stress granules are stalled translation pre-initiation complexes associated with 40S ribosomal subunits, translation initiation factors, poly(A)+ mRNAs and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). While they are membraneless organelles, stress granules have been proposed to be associated with the endoplasmatic reticulum. There are also nuclear stress granules. This article is about the cytosolic variety.
Proposed functions
The function of stress granules remains largely unknown. Stress granules have long been proposed to have a function to protect RNAs from harmful conditions, thus their appearance under stress. The accumulation of RNAs into dense globules could keep them from reacting with harmful chemicals and safeguard the information coded in their RNA sequence.
Stress granules might also function as a decision point for untranslated mRNAs. Molecules can go down one of three paths: further storage, degradation, or re-initiation of translation. Conversely, it has also been argued that stress granules are not important sites for mRNA storage nor do they serve as an intermediate location for mRNAs in transit between a state of storage and a state of degradation.
Efforts to identify all RNAs within stress granules (the stress granule transcriptome) in an unbiased w
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maker%20Faire
|
Maker Faire is a convention of do it yourself (DIY) enthusiasts established by Make magazine in 2006. Participants come from a wide variety of interests, such as robotics, 3D printing, computers, arts and crafts, and hacker culture.
History
In 2005, Dale Dougherty founded Make: magazine as a quarterly publication with Tim O’Reilly. The first Make: magazine was published in 2005 and the first Maker Faire took place in 2006 in San Mateo, Over the next 13 years, this inaugural maker faire expanded to more than 200 licensed Maker Faires in more than 40 countries.
Dale Dougherty convened the first Maker Faire in 2006 in San Mateo, Calif., drawing a crowd of 20,000.
Maker Media Inc. went out of business in June 2019, and Dale Dougherty rebranded as Make Community.
Maker Faires in the US
Flagship Maker Faires
Flagship Maker Faires are held in San Mateo, California and New York City.
The last Bay Area Maker Faire was held in 2019. The Maker Faire Bay Area was not held in 2020. This was due to the potential impact of coronavirus as well as the 2019 transition of Maker Media to Make: Community.
A revived Bay Area Maker Faire was held in October 2023 at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in Vallejo, California.
The New York Maker Faire is also known as the "World Maker Faire". Maker Faire has most recently happened in New York in 2018.
However, the New York City Faire was cancelled in 2019 due to financial difficulties.
White House Maker Faire
On June 18, 2014, President Obama
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Comet%20%28Great%20Escape%29
|
The Comet is a wooden roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Escape and Hurricane Harbor in Queensbury, New York, in the United States.
Built from parts of the Crystal Beach Cyclone in 1948 at Crystal Beach, The Comet was resurrected and reopened by the Great Escape in 1994. Often rated one of the top roller coasters in the world in the 1990s, The Comet features a 2-minute ride over several hills. The first and largest hill contains a drop of and brings riders to a maximum speed of . For the 2017 season, The Comet celebrated its 70th Anniversary.
History
The coaster started its existence at Crystal Beach Park (an amusement park in Fort Erie, Ontario) as a ride known as Cyclone in 1927. Cyclone was known as a fearsome coaster. Its metal support structure was torn down and rebuilt as The Comet in 1947. The ride was saved shortly after the park closed down forever after the 1989 season. Charlie Wood, the owner of The Great Escape in Queensbury, New York successfully bid for The Comet and it sat in storage for a few years in Fantasy Island before making its way to the park in Queensbury where it began service again. The ride was constructed by Martin & Vleminckx at Great Escape.
Ride experience
The roller coaster operates two trains, one red and one blue, each one capable of carrying twenty four riders in four cars in three rows, two across. Minimum height requirement is to ride.
Owing to its location at the back of the park and simple queue maze, wait time for The Com
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20least%20squares
|
In statistics, generalized least squares (GLS) is a method used to estimate the unknown parameters in a linear regression model when there is a certain degree of correlation between the residuals in the regression model. GLS is employed to improve statistical efficiency and reduce the risk of drawing erroneous inferences compared to conventional least squares and weighted least squares methods. It was first described by Alexander Aitken in 1935.
Method outline
In standard linear regression models, one observes data on n statistical units.
The response values are placed in a vector,and the predictor values are placed in the design matrix,where each row is a vector of the predictor variables (including a constant) for the th data point.
The model assumes that the conditional mean of given to be a linear function of and that the conditional variance of the error term given is a known non-singular covariance matrix, . That is,where is a vector of unknown constants, called “regression coefficients”, which are estimated from the data.
If is a candidate estimate for , then the residual vector for is . The generalized least squares method estimates by minimizing the squared Mahalanobis length of this residual vector:which is equivalent to,which is a quadratic programming problem. The stationary point of the objective function occurs when,so,The quantity is known as the precision matrix (or dispersion matrix), a generalization of the diagonal weight matrix.
Propertie
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelbeuern%20Abbey
|
Michaelbeuern Abbey () is a Benedictine monastery in Dorfbeuern near Salzburg in Austria.
History
A monastic cell existed here as early as 736 or thereabouts, referred to in the Aachen Monastery Register("Klosterverzeichnis") in 817 as "Buria". After
the Hungarian wars, reconstruction began in 977 with an endowment from Emperor Otto II. More times of crisis came upon the abbey with the fire of 1346,
mismanagement of the prebendal income and the effects of the Reformation.
From the 17th century however Michaelbeuern began a long period of prosperity, which led to ambitious building works, for example the Baroque high altar of 1691 in the abbey church, by Meinrad Guggenbichler and Johann Michael Rottmayr. At this time more than twenty-five monks of Michaelbeuern gained their
doctorates at the Benedictine University of Salzburg. The community also took on many pastoral responsibilities in the surrounding parishes. During the National Socialist period the monks were expelled, but returned after World War II. The abbey church, re-romanised, was re-dedicated in 1950.
From 1641 the abbey was a member of the Salzburg Congregation, which in 1930 was merged into the present Austrian Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation.
The abbey today
The abbey today is a thriving Benedictine community, well known as an educational and cultural centre. The abbey runs a school and owns different business like a farm, a district heating plant, a biogas plant and a participation in a br
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedocromil
|
Nedocromil sodium is a medication considered as mast cell stabilizer which acts to prevent wheezing, shortness of breath, and other breathing problems caused by asthma. It is administered by an inhaler under the brand name Tilade, and as an eye drop under the brand name Alocril. The effects of nedocromil versus asthma are gradual rather than fast-acting and it is not indicated for acute respiratory distress compared to fast acting bronchodilators like albuterol or other well-known inhaler medications. Liquid preparations of nedocromil are available in the UK under the name Rapitil for use for allergic eye reactions. Nedocromil sodium has been shown to be effective in alleviating symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis.
Nedocromil is classified as a benzopyrone. Nedocromil acts as a mast cell stabilizer, inhibits the degranulation of mast cells, prevents release of histamine and tryptase, so preventing the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. US Production of inhaled nedocromil ceased in April 2008 because it used CFCs as propellant.
See also
Cromolyn
References
Mast cell stabilizers
Ophthalmology drugs
Dicarboxylic acids
Nitrogen heterocycles
Oxygen heterocycles
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings
Diketones
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame%20%28linear%20algebra%29
|
In linear algebra, a frame of an inner product space is a generalization of a basis of a vector space to sets that may be linearly dependent. In the terminology of signal processing, a frame provides a redundant, stable way of representing a signal. Frames are used in error detection and correction and the design and analysis of filter banks and more generally in applied mathematics, computer science, and engineering.
Definition and motivation
Motivating example: computing a basis from a linearly dependent set
Suppose we have a set of vectors in the vector space V and we want to express an arbitrary element as a linear combination of the vectors , that is, we want to find coefficients such that
If the set does not span , then such coefficients do not exist for every such . If spans and also is linearly independent, this set forms a basis of , and the coefficients are uniquely determined by . If, however, spans but is not linearly independent, the question of how to determine the coefficients becomes less apparent, in particular if is of infinite dimension.
Given that spans and is linearly dependent, one strategy is to remove vectors from the set until it becomes linearly independent and forms a basis. There are some problems with this plan:
Removing arbitrary vectors from the set may cause it to be unable to span before it becomes linearly independent.
Even if it is possible to devise a specific way to remove vectors from the set until it becomes a bas
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebullism
|
Ebullism is the formation of water vapour bubbles in bodily fluids due to reduced environmental pressure, usually at extreme high altitude. It occurs because a system of liquid and gas at equilibrium will see a net conversion of liquid to gas as pressure lowers; for example, liquids reach their boiling points at lower temperatures when the pressure on them is lowered. The injuries and disorder caused by ebullism is also known as ebullism syndrome. Ebullism will expand the volume of the tissues, but the vapour pressure of water at temperatures in which a human can survive is not sufficient to rupture skin or most other tissues encased in skin.
Ebullism produces predictable injuries, which may be survivable if treated soon enough, and is often accompanied by complications caused by rapid decompression, such as decompression sickness and a variety of barotrauma injuries. Persons at risk are astronauts and high altitude aviators, for whom it is an occupational hazard.
Symptoms
Symptoms of ebullism include bubbles in the membranes of the mouth and eyes, swelling of the soft tissues with possible bruising, and bubbles in the blood. Blood circulation and breathing may be impaired or stopped by cardiac vapourlock. The brain tissue may be starved of oxygen because of blockage of arteries resulting in rapid loss of consciousness, and the lungs may swell and hemorrhage. Death results unless recompression is rapid enough to restore oxygenation and reduce the bubbles before excessive ti
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/FPS-35
|
The AN/FPS-35 frequency diversity radar was a long range search radar used in the early 1960s. It was one of the largest air defense radars ever produced, with its antenna and supporting structure mounted on one of the largest rolling-element bearings in the world (with a ball pitch of 12 ft 7 inches in diameter.).
Overview
Sperry Corporation built 12 long range radars (picking up objects 200 miles away) in the 1960s to succeed existing Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) to provide enhanced electronic countermeasures (ECM). The systems operated at 420 to 450 MHz. The antennas weighed and had numerous problems. The concrete tower bases were high and square in side dimensions.
The prototype was developed at the Thomasville Aircraft Control and Warning Station in Thomasville, Alabama.
The enclosed radar towers that supported all 12 of the FPS-35 antennas were prominent landmarks. All these radar towers were of the same basic design with 10 made primarily from concrete and two based on a steel frame structure (Baker and Finley). Only the radar tower at Baker has been demolished.
The 23 radar towers used by the AN/FPS-24 and the AN/FPS-35 radar sets were of similar designs (concrete or steel frame) and were designed under the direction of the Rome Air Development Center (RADC). The radar tower at Thomasville has an RADC plaque next to the one from the Sperry Corporation. Only the AN/FPS-35 tower at Baker included a radome to protect the antenna. This radome wa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Sch%C3%B6pp
|
Andrea Schöpp (born 27 February 1965) is a German curler from Garmisch-Partenkirchen. She lectures part-time in statistics at the University of Munich.
Career
Schöpp is a two-time World champion ( and ), seven-time European champion (, , , , , , ) and 1992 Winter Olympics champion (demonstration). Schöpp has skipped every team she has played for in international events - except when she plays at the European Mixed Curling Championships, where she usually plays third for her brother, Rainer.
Schöpp made her international debut in 1980, at the age of 15. She skipped the German team to a bronze medal at the European championships that year. She also won silver medals at the Worlds in 1986 and 1987 and a bronze in 1989. She continues to curl, although she has had less success in the last decade. Her fourth-place finish at the 2006 Ford World Women's Curling Championship was her highest placement since 1996 at the Worlds. She won the in Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada with an extra-end victory over Scotland's Eve Muirhead.
Schöpp won a gold medal at the 2008 European Mixed Curling Championship as a part of the team skipped by her brother Rainer.
Personal life
Schöpp studied statistics at the University of Munich and earned her diploma in 1991. She completed her doctorate in 1996, and has been employed by the University of Munich from 1991.
Schöpp's brother, Rainer Schöpp, is also a curler.
She was born hours before her longtime teammate, Monika Wagner, in the same hospi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyrol
|
Argyrol is the trade name for an antiseptic for mucous membranes which consists of compounded solutions of mild silver protein. Argyrol is synonymous with the chemical Mild Silver Protein (MSP) which is pharmaceutical grade for use in medicine and sterile processes. MSP is a molecule produced in the chemical industry in Europe, consisting of elemental silver conjugated along the helix of a denatured protein molecule derived from caseinate of strictly regulated certified livestock. Argyrol 10% is 20,000 ppm with particle sizing molecular range from <8 nm to average <14.3 nm. Argyrol is a local anti-infective most familiar for both ophthalmic and upper respiratory disinfection. Widely publicized for its value to resolve gonorrhea infections, it was known to prevent gonorrheal blindness and other pathogenic bacterial and viral infections to the eyes of newborn infants. Albert C. Barnes developed and commercialized Argyrol as treatment and prevention technology.
History
Argyrol was first made commercially available in 1901 by the Barnes and Hille Chemists Company. It has remained a registered trademark since Barnes' USPTO registration was first issued in 1902. In 1903, Medical News reported that Barnes had read a paper at the Tri-State Medical Society, in which he said Argyrol could be used to treat conjunctivitis, ophthalmia neonatorum, gonorrheal ophthalmia, otitis media, genitourinary infections and inflammations and urethritis. In April 1907, Barnes bought out Hille and
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor%20activated%20solely%20by%20a%20synthetic%20ligand
|
A receptor activated solely by a synthetic ligand (RASSL) or designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD), is a class of artificially engineered protein receptors used in the field of chemogenetics which are selectively activated by certain ligands. They are used in biomedical research, in particular in neuroscience to manipulate the activity of neurons.
Originally differentiated by the approach used to engineer them, RASSLs and DREADDs are often used interchangeably now to represent an engineered receptor-ligand system. These systems typically utilize G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) engineered to respond exclusively to synthetic ligands, like clozapine N-oxide (CNO), and not to endogenous ligands. Several types of these receptors exists, derived from muscarinic or κ-opioid receptors.
Types of RASSLs / DREADDs
One of the first DREADDs was based on the human M3 muscarinic receptor (hM3). Only two point mutations of hM3 were required to achieve a mutant receptor with nanomolar potency for CNO, insensitivity to acetylcholine and low constitutive activity and this DREADD receptor was named hM3Dq. M1 and M5 muscarinic receptors have been mutated to create DREADDs hM1Dq and hM5Dq respectively.
The most commonly used inhibitory DREADD is hM4Di, derived from the M4 muscarinic receptor that couples with the Gi protein. Another Gi coupled human muscarinic receptor, M2, was also mutated to obtain the DREADD receptor hM2D. Another inhibitory Gi-DREADD is th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypovirus
|
Cypovirus, short for cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae and subfamily Spinareovirinae. Cypoviruses have only been isolated from insects. Diseases associated with this genus include chronic diarrhoea and pale blue iridescence in the guts of larvae. Sixteen species are placed in this genus.
Cypoviruses structurally have much in common with the more widely studied nucleopolyhedroviruses, a genus of arthropod viruses in the family Baculoviridae. However, cypoviruses have an RNA genome and replicate in the cytoplasm of the infected cells, while nucleopolyhedroviruses have a DNA genome and replicate in the nucleus.
Structure
Viruses in the genus Cypovirus are nonenveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=2 symmetry. Cypoviruses have only a single capsid shell, which is similar to the orthoreovirus inner core. They exhibit striking capsid stability, which is fully capable of endogenous RNA transcription and processing. The capsid diameter is around 65 nm.
Genome
Genomes are linear and segmented. The genome codes for 10 to 12 proteins. Classification of cypoviruses is based on the electrophoretic migration profiles of their genome segments. The overall folds of cypovirus proteins are similar to those of other reoviruses, but they have insertional domains and unique structures that contribute to their extensive intermolecular interactions. The cypovirus turret protein contains two methylase domains with a highly
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Have%20Arrived%20%28album%29
|
We Have Arrived is the debut studio album by American thrash metal band Dark Angel, released in March 1985. It is the only Dark Angel album to feature Jack Schwartz on drums, as Gene Hoglan replaced him as their drummer on subsequent albums.
Overview
We Have Arrived has been reissued at least two times. In 1986, it was re-released by the French recording label Axe Killer in a 2,000 number limited edition. It was then re-released once again in 1997 by Axe Killer. The label attached to the plastic wrap says that this is a remastered edition, but there is no indication of it in the booklet.
As of 2023, We Have Arrived is the only studio album in Dark Angel's discography that has yet to be available on digital streaming services.
One of the songs from this album, "Merciless Death", was re-recorded for their next album Darkness Descends.
Reception
The album was met with mixed reactions. Reviewer Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic gave the album a 1.5 of 5 saying "Dark Angel's arrogantly titled debut We Have Arrived is as primitive as it gets." and "The album will only interest serious thrash enthusiasts." Canadian journalist Martin Popoff compared the music on the album to the German thrash school and to early Slayer-style; he found sonic affinity with Death, but "loud, fast and crude in comparison".
Track listing
Personnel
Dark Angel
Don Doty – vocals
Eric Meyer – guitars
Jim Durkin – guitars
Rob Yahn – bass
Jack Schwartz – drums
Production
Bill Metoyer – engineer
Vadim Rubin,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve%20Cried%20the%20Blue%20Right%20Out%20of%20My%20Eyes
|
I've Cried the Blue Right Out of My Eyes is the first compilation album by the American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released in February 1978, the album consists of her earliest recordings from Gayle's tenure on the Decca Records label from the early 1970s (Decca was assimilated into MCA Records during Gayle's contract). The album was produced by Owen Bradley, who had previously produced such country stars as Patsy Cline and Gayle's elder sister, Loretta Lynn (who wrote three of the songs featured on this compilation).
Four of the album's ten tracks were originally released as singles between 1970 and 1973, including Gayle's earliest hit, "I've Cried (The Blue Right Out of My Eyes)", which reached #23 on the Billboard Country Singles chart in August 1970 (the song was re-released in early 1978 to promote this album, this time reaching #40 on the Country Singles chart). "Everybody Oughta Cry" reached #70 in January 1972, and "I Hope You're Havin' Better Luck Than Me" peaked at #49 in May 1972. "Show Me How" was released as a single in 1973, but failed to chart.
Gayle was to have a short career with MCA, leaving for United Artists Records before an album had been released (although the aforementioned singles were). MCA released the album at the height of Gayle's popularity, sandwiched between two of her most successful UA albums, We Must Believe in Magic and When I Dream.
Track listing
Crystal Gayle albums
1978 albums
Albums produced by Owen Bradley
MCA Records albu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood%2C%20Tennessee
|
Hollywood, Tennessee is the ninth studio album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released in August 1981, it peaked at #5 on the Billboard Country Albums chart.
As the title intends to suggest, half of the album was produced in a pop music style, whilst the other half was produced in a "Tennessee" country music style. It includes four singles released in 1982 and 1983 which appeared on the Billboard Country charts: "The Woman in Me" (#3), "You Never Gave Up on Me" (#5), "Living in These Troubled Times" (#9), and "Keepin' Power" (#49).
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle - lead vocals
Chris Leuzinger, Jon Goin - guitar
Joe Allen, Tommy Cogbill - bass
Alan Steinberger - keyboards
Charles Cochran - keyboards, vibraphone, string arrangements
Bobby Wood - piano
Gene Chrisman, Kenny Malone - drums, percussion
Buddy Spicher - fiddle, mandolin
Wanda Vick - mandolin
Denis Solee - saxophone
Billy Puett, Sam Levine - flute
The Sheldon Kurland Strings - strings
Dennis Good - horn arrangements
Technical
Garth Fundis - recording, mixing
Virginia Team - art direction
Norman Seeff - photography
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
Crystal Gayle albums
1981 albums
Albums produced by Allen Reynolds
Columbia Records albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody%20Wants%20to%20Be%20Alone
|
Nobody Wants to Be Alone is the twelfth studio album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released in April 1985, it peaked at #17 on the Billboard Country albums chart.
In a front page New York Times article titled, "Country Music in Decline," this album was noted as one of many that were indicative of a trend, marking "the end of an era" for the genre: despite two top 5 hits, "Crystal Gayle's latest album sold fewer than 80,000 copies" six months after its release.
Two singles from the album also made the Country singles charts; the title track reached #3 in early 1985, and "A Long and Lasting Love" reached #5 later that year. Though the song wasn't released as a single to Country radio, a video was produced for "Touch and Go."
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle – lead vocals, harmony vocals (2)
Randy Kerber – acoustic piano (1), electric piano (1), Yamaha DX7 (1)
John Barlow Jarvis – keyboards (2, 4, 5, 7, 8)
Robbie Buchanan – electric piano (3, 6, 9), Yamaha DX7 (3, 6, 9), synthesizer string arrangements (9)
Alan Steinberger – keyboards (4, 7, 8)
John Hobbs – acoustic piano (6, 9)
Charles Cochran – acoustic piano (10)
Dann Huff – electric guitar (1, 3, 6, 9)
Dean Parks – electric guitar (1, 3, 6, 9), acoustic guitar (1, 3, 6, 9)
Chris Leuzinger – guitars (2, 7, 8)
Billy Joe Walker Jr. – guitars (2, 4, 5, 7, 8)
Reggie Young – guitars (2, 4, 5, 7, 8)
Billy Sanford – guitars (10)
Neil Stubenhaus – bass (1, 3, 6, 9)
David Hungate – bass (2, 4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun%20drill
|
Gun drills (through coolant drill) are straight fluted drills which allow cutting fluid (either compressed air or a suitable liquid) to be injected through the drill's hollow body to the cutting face. They are used for deep hole drilling—a depth-to-diameter ratio of 300:1 or more is possible. Gun barrels are the obvious example; hence the name. Other uses include moldmaking, diemaking, and the manufacture of combustion engine parts such as crankcase, cylinder head, and woodwind musical instruments, such as uilleann pipes, as gun drills can drill long straight holes in metal, wood, and some plastics. The coolant provides lubrication and cooling to the cutting edges and removes the swarf or chips from the hole. Modern gun drills use carbide tips to prolong life and reduce total cost when compared with steel tips. Speed of drilling depends on the material being drilled, rotational speed, and the drill diameter; a high speed drill can cut a hole in P20 steel at 30 inches per minute.
Gun drilling can be done on several kinds of machine tools. On lathes, it is generally practical with hole depths of less than 50 diameters. There are also purpose-built gun drilling machines, where longer aspect ratios can be drilled.
Requirement
With a standard twist drill, it is difficult to drill a straight and accurately sized hole of a depth more than about 5 times the diameter. This is a problem in many manufacturing processes, especially the firearms industry: the barrel of a gun must be ve
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20town
|
An urban town is a proposed classification for towns in the state of Wisconsin, similar to the urban townships of Minnesota and Ohio. The concept, originally proposed in 2001, as AB501, limited the classification to towns with over 7,500 people. The proposal has gained support from such organizations as the Wisconsin Towns Association. The impetus that originally spawned the concept of urban towns was an effort to stem annexation of urbanized areas in unincorporated area by cities and villages across county lines. Obtaining "urban town" status effectively freezes the town's boundaries. While urban towns would have substantially greater zoning and regulatory rights than "rural towns", the status would not confer "incorporated" status on the municipality, freeing them from several responsibilities incumbent upon incorporated municipal governments, thus distinguishing them from the incorporated towns of Illinois.
In the time since the idea was originally proposed, many of the towns that would have been affected have since incorporated, but 2004 population estimates indicate that a number of towns that would have been ineligible in 2001, now are. As of March 2007, the eligible include:
Delafield (town), Wisconsin (Waukesha County)
Genesee, Wisconsin (Waukesha County)
Grand Chute, Wisconsin (Outagamie County)
Grand Rapids, Wisconsin (Wood County)
Greenville, Wisconsin (Outagamie County)
Harrison, Calumet County, Wisconsin
Lisbon, Waukesha County, Wisconsin
Menasha (town), W
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise%20equation
|
The sunrise equation or sunset equation can be used to derive the time of sunrise or sunset for any solar declination and latitude in terms of local solar time when sunrise and sunset actually occur.
Formulation
It is formulated as:
where:
is the solar hour angle at either sunrise (when negative value is taken) or sunset (when positive value is taken);
is the latitude of the observer on the Earth;
is the sun declination.
Principles
The Earth rotates at an angular velocity of 15°/hour. Therefore, the expression , where is in degree, gives the interval of time in hours from sunrise to local solar noon or from local solar noon to sunset.
The sign convention is typically that the observer latitude is 0 at the equator, positive for the Northern Hemisphere and negative for the Southern Hemisphere, and the solar declination is 0 at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes when the sun is exactly above the equator, positive during the Northern Hemisphere summer and negative during the Northern Hemisphere winter.
The expression above is always applicable for latitudes between the Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle. North of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle, there is at least one day of the year with no sunrise or sunset. Formally, there is a sunrise or sunset when during the Northern Hemisphere summer, and when during the Southern Hemisphere winter. For locations outside these latitudes, it is either 24-hour daytime or 24-hour nighttime.
Expressions for the s
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20carotid%20plexus
|
The internal carotid plexus is a nerve plexus situated upon the lateral side of the internal carotid artery. It is composed of post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres which have synapsed at (i.e. have their nerve cell bodies at) the superior cervical ganglion. The plexus gives rise to the deep petrosal nerve.
Anatomy
Postganglionic sympathetic fibres ascend from the superior cervical ganglion, along the walls of the internal carotid artery, to enter the internal carotid plexus. These fibres are then distributed to deep structures, including the superior tarsal muscle and pupillary dilator muscle. It includes fibres destined for the pupillary dilator muscle as part of a neural circuit regulating pupillary dilatation component of the pupillary reflex. Some fibres of the plexus converge to form the deep petrosal nerve.
The internal carotid plexus communicates with the trigeminal ganglion, the abducent nerve, and the pterygopalatine ganglion (also named sphenopalatine); it distributes filaments to the wall of the internal carotid artery, and also communicates with the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
The plexus there occasionally presents a small gangliform swelling - the carotid ganglion - on the under surface of the artery.
Additional images
References
Notes
Nerve plexus
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA%20Division%20I%20college%20baseball%20team%20statistics
|
The following is a list of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college baseball team statistics as of the conclusion of the 2017 season, including all-time number of wins, losses, and ties; number of seasons played; and percent of games won.
This list includes record as a senior college only, and only teams with 25 or more seasons in Division I included.
Winningest Baseball Programs as of Conclusion of 2017 Season
Source:
See also
Baseball statistics
NCAA Division I Baseball Championship
References
Statistics, team
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalyl%20fluoride
|
Oxalyl fluoride is the organofluorine compound with the formula (COF)2. It is a fluorinated derivative of oxalic acid. This colorless liquid is prepared by reaction of sodium fluoride with oxalyl chloride.
Oxalyl fluoride is being investigated for use in etching as a replacement for compounds which have the liability of high global warming potential.
See also
Oxalyl chloride
Oxalyl bromide
Dioxane tetraketone
Oxalyl
References
Acyl fluorides
Inorganic carbon compounds
Carbon oxohalides
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiprobability%20distribution
|
A quasiprobability distribution is a mathematical object similar to a probability distribution but which relaxes some of Kolmogorov's axioms of probability theory. Quasiprobabilities share several of general features with ordinary probabilities, such as, crucially, the ability to yield expectation values with respect to the weights of the distribution. However, they can violate the σ-additivity axiom: integrating over them does not necessarily yield probabilities of mutually exclusive states. Indeed, quasiprobability distributions also have regions of negative probability density, counterintuitively, contradicting the first axiom. Quasiprobability distributions arise naturally in the study of quantum mechanics when treated in phase space formulation, commonly used in quantum optics, time-frequency analysis, and elsewhere.
Introduction
In the most general form, the dynamics of a quantum-mechanical system are determined by a master equation in Hilbert space: an equation of motion for the density operator (usually written ) of the system. The density operator is defined with respect to a complete orthonormal basis. Although it is possible to directly integrate this equation for very small systems (i.e., systems with few particles or degrees of freedom), this quickly becomes intractable for larger systems. However, it is possible to prove that the density operator can always be written in a diagonal form, provided that it is with respect to an overcomplete basis.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender%20binary
|
The gender binary (also known as gender binarism) is the classification of gender into two distinct forms of masculine and feminine, whether by social system, cultural belief, or both simultaneously. Most cultures use a gender binary, having two genders (boys/men and girls/women).
In this binary model, gender and sexuality may be assumed by default to align with one's sex assigned at birth. This may include certain expectations of how one dresses themselves, one's behavior, sexual orientation, names or pronouns, which restroom one uses, and other qualities. For example, when a male is born, gender binarism may assume that the male will be masculine in appearance, have masculine character traits and behaviors, as well as having a heterosexual attraction to females. These expectations may reinforce negative attitudes, biases, and discrimination towards people who display expressions of gender variance or nonconformity or those whose gender identity is incongruent with their birth sex. Discrimination against transgender or gender nonconforming people can take various forms, from physical or sexual assault, homicide, limited access to public spaces, in healthcare and more. The gender binary has been critiqued as a structure that maintains patriarchal and white supremacist norms.
General
The term gender binary describes the system in which a society allocates its members into one of two sets of gender roles and gender identities, which assign attributes based on their biologica
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst%20phase
|
Burst phase is the first ten cycles of colorburst in the "porch" of the synchronising pulse in the PAL (Phase Alternation Line) broadcast television systems format. The frequency of this burst is 4.43361875 MHz; it is precise to .5 Hz, and is used as the reference frequency to synchronise the local oscillators of the colour decoder in a PAL television set.
This colorburst is sometimes called a "swinging burst", since it swings plus or minus 45 degrees line by line (hence the expression "phase alternating line"). This swing is used to set the centre frequency of the colour reference oscillator in the decoder. The swing of the burst phase distinguishes PAL from non-PAL lines, and produces the IDENT signal at 7.8Khz half the line scan of 15625 khz.
As in the NTSC system, U and V are used to modulate the color subcarrier using two balanced modulators operating in phase quadrature: one modulator is driven by the subcarrier at sine phase; the other modulator is driven by the subcarrier at cosine phase. The outputs of the modulators are added together to form the modulated chrominance signal:
C=Usin ωt±Vω=2πFSC
FSC=4.43361875 MHz(±5 Hz) for(B, D, G, H, I, N) PALFSC=3.58205625 MHz(±5 Hz) for (NC)PALFSC=3.57561143 MHz(±10 Hz) for (M)PAL
In PAL, the phase of V is reversed every other line. V was chosen for the reversal process since it has a lower gain factor than U and therefore is less susceptible to a one-half FH switching rate imbalance. The result of alternating the V
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnenschein%E2%80%93Mantel%E2%80%93Debreu%20theorem
|
The Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem is an important result in general equilibrium economics, proved by Gérard Debreu, , and Hugo F. Sonnenschein in the 1970s. It states that the excess demand curve for an exchange economy populated with utility-maximizing rational agents can take the shape of any function that is continuous, has homogeneity degree zero, and is in accordance with Walras's law. This implies that the excess demand function does not take a well-behaved form even if each agent has a well-behaved utility function. Market processes will not necessarily reach a unique and stable equilibrium point.
More recently, Jordi Andreu, Pierre-André Chiappori, and Ivar Ekeland extended this result to market demand curves, both for individual commodities and for the aggregate demand of an economy as a whole. This means that demand curves may take on highly irregular shapes, even if all individual agents in the market are perfectly rational. In contrast with usual assumptions, the quantity demanded of a commodity may not decrease when the price increases. Frank Hahn regarded the theorem as a dangerous critique of mainstream neoclassical economics.
Formal statement
There are several possible versions of the theorem that differ in detailed bounds and assumptions.
The following version is formulated in the Arrow–Debreu model of economy. For the notation, see the Arrow–Debreu model page.Similarly, changing to a set-valued, closed graph function, we obtain another
History of
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloquartz
|
Oscilloquartz, a company of ADVA Optical Networking, is a manufacturer of frequency sources, such as GPS& GLONASS receivers or caesium clocks for telecommunications applications and has been producing similar products for about 60 years. It also providers synchronization solutions for turnkey synchronization projects in e.g. PDH, SDH, SONET and all kind of mobile telecom networks e.g. GSM, X-CDMA, TETRA, 2.xG, 3G, 4G, UMTS, WiMAX.
It also offers a wide range of technology, including its proprietary SyncView management software and including, as SyncView agents or embedded solutions, Q3, SNMP, TL1 interfaces.
It also manufactures a range of products including single oven and double oven oscillators, targeted at the synchronisation of mobile base stations and other telecommunication equipment.
The company headquarters is in Saint-Blaise, Switzerland.
History
Oscilloquartz began its operations as a department of Ebauches SA in 1949, during the pioneering days of time and frequency measurement.
In 1950, Oscilloquartz equipped the Observatory of Neuchâtel where the first quartz clocks were installed. Further quartz clocks were delivered to the Observatory of Paris in 1955.
In 1958, Oscilloquartz began their activity in atomic frequency standards. An ammoniac maser designed by the LSRH, was built and shown at the Universal Exhibition of Brussels. Subsequently a hydrogen maser was developed and, until 1988, nine units were manufactured and delivered to several observato
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy%20Farmers%20of%20America
|
Dairy Farmers of America Inc. (DFA) is a national milk marketing cooperative in the United States. DFA markets members' raw milk and sells milk and derivative products (dairy products, food components, ingredients and shelf-stable dairy products) to wholesale buyers both domestically and abroad. Net sales in 2016 were $13.5 billion, representing about 22 percent of raw milk production in the United States.
History
DFA was formed in 1998 through the merger of four dairy cooperatives: the Southern region of Associated Milk Producers Inc.; Mid-America Dairymen Inc.; Milk Marketing Inc.; and Western Dairymen Cooperative Inc. Since then, five other cooperatives have become a part of DFA – Independent Cooperative Milk Producers Association, Valley of Virginia Milk Producers Association, California Cooperative Creamery, Black Hills Milk Producers and Dairylea Cooperative Inc. Its headquarters from 1998 until 2017 was near Kansas City International Airport in Kansas City, Missouri.
In 2011, DFA acquired Kemps of St. Paul, Minnesota, and its subsidiaries from HP Hood. In 2014, DFA acquired Oakhurst, and Dairylea Cooperative Inc. merged with the farmer-owned Cooperative. DFA became the sole owner of America Buys kemps in 2015, which was once a partnership between DFA and Fonterra Co-operative Group Unlimited. DFA also acquired Cumberland Dairy, a processor of ultra-pasteurized dairy products, in 2017.
In February 2020, DFA agreed to buy a "substantial" part of Dean Foods, the large
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcine%20circovirus
|
Porcine circovirus (PCV) is a group of four single-stranded DNA viruses that are non-enveloped with an unsegmented circular genome. They are members of the genus Circovirus that can infect pigs. The viral capsid is icosahedral and approximately 17 nm in diameter.
PCVs are the smallest viruses replicating autonomously in eukaryotic cells. They replicate in the nucleus of infected cells, using the host polymerase for genome amplification.
PCV-2 causes Porcine circovirus associated disease or postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). An effective vaccination is now available. Fort Dodge Animal Health (Wyeth) launched the first USDA approved vaccine in 2006, containing an inactivated virus (ATCvet code: ).
Classification
Three strains of PCV are known as of 2018:
PCV-1 (first identified in 1974) readily infects, but is not known to cause disease in swine.
PCV-2 (first isolated in 1997) causes PMWS, which over time results in significant depletion of lymphocytes; postmortem examination of diseased animals reveals enlarged lymph nodes and abnormal lung tissue. However, viral infection by itself tends to cause only mild disease, and co-factors such as other infections or immunostimulation seem necessary for development of severe disease. For example, concurrent infection with porcine parvovirus or PRRS virus, or immunostimulation lead to increased replication of PCV-2 and more severe disease in PCV-2-infected pigs.
PCV-3 (first described in 2015) causes a wide rang
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20panels%20on%20spacecraft
|
Spacecraft operating in the inner Solar System usually rely on the use of power electronics-managed photovoltaic solar panels to derive electricity from sunlight. Outside the orbit of Jupiter, solar radiation is too weak to produce sufficient power within current solar technology and spacecraft mass limitations, so radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) are instead used as a power source.
History
The first practical silicon-based solar cells were introduced by Russell Shoemaker Ohl, a researcher at Bell Labs in 1940. It was only 1% efficient. In April 25, 1954 in Murray Hill, New Jersey. They demonstrated their solar panel by using it to power a small toy Ferris wheel and a solar powered radio transmitter.
They were initially about 6% efficient, but improvements began to raise this number almost immediately. Bell had been interested in the idea as a system to provide power at remote telephone repeater stations, but the cost of the devices was far too high to be practical in this role. Aside from small experimental kits and uses, the cells remained largely unused.
This changed with the development of the first US spacecraft, the Vanguard 1 satellite in 1958. Calculations by Dr. Hans Ziegler demonstrated that a system using solar cells recharging a battery pack would provide the required power in a much lighter overall package than using just a battery. The satellite was powered by silicon solar cells with ≈10% conversion efficiency.
The success of the Vanguard sys
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coley%27s%20toxins
|
Coley's toxins (also called Coley's toxin, Coley's vaccine, Coley vaccine, Coley's fluid or mixed bacterial vaccine) is a mixture containing toxins filtered from killed bacteria of species Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens, named after William Coley, a surgical oncologist at the Hospital for Special Surgery who developed the mixture in the late 19th century as a treatment for cancer.
Their use in the late nineteenth and early 20th centuries represented a precursor to modern immunotherapy, although at that time their mechanism of action was not completely understood. Many important aspects of the mechanisms of action, such as that involving T-cells and NK cells, have been more recently identified.
The FDA-approved BCG for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is a highly related strategy of Coley's Toxin.
History
Bacterial immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer has been utilized throughout history, with the earliest cases going back to . Egyptian physician Imhotep treated tumors by a poultice, followed by incision, to facilitate the development of infection in the desired location and cause regression of the tumors. In 13th century, St. Peregrine experienced spontaneous regression of tumor, after the tumor became infected. In the 18th and 19th centuries, deliberate infection of tumors was a standard treatment, whereby surgical wounds were left open to facilitate the development of infection. Throughout the time period, physicians reported successful treatmen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol%20dioxygenase
|
Catechol dioxygenases are metalloprotein enzymes that carry out the oxidative cleavage of catechols. This class of enzymes incorporate dioxygen into the substrate. Catechol dioxygenases belong to the class of oxidoreductases and have several different substrate specificities, including catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (), catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (), and protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (). The active site of catechol dioxygenases most frequently contains iron, but manganese-containing forms are also known.
The Pseudomonas putida xylE gene, which encodes catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, is often used as a reporter to quantitate gene expression.
An example of the reaction carried out by catechol 1,2-dioxygenase is the formation of cis,cis-muconic acid from catechol, shown below.
See also
Bioinorganic chemistry
Oxygenase
References
Stephen J. Lippard, Jeremy M. Berg, Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry, University Science Books, 1994,
J.J.R. Fraústo da Silva and R.J.P. Williams, The biological chemistry of the elements: The inorganic chemistry of life, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2001,
EC 1.13.11
Natural phenols metabolism
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantica%20%28album%29
|
Romantica is the sixth album by American alternative rock band Luna, released in 2002.
Production
The album was produced and mixed by Gene Holder and Dave Fridmann.
Critical reception
Exclaim! wrote that "there are some subtle advancements here, like the overall production style of knob-twister Dave Fridman [sic], who has isolated Wareham's languorous vocals more dramatically than on any previous release."
Track listing
All lyrics by Dean Wareham, music by Luna, except where noted.
"Lovedust" – 4:00
"Weird and Woozy" – 3:12
"Black Postcards" – 5:12
"Black Champagne" (lyrics by Sean Eden, Wareham) – 3:34
"Swedish Fish" – 2:54
"Renée Is Crying" – 3:13
"Mermaid Eyes" – 3:31
"1995" – 2:17
"Rememories" (lyrics by Eden, Wareham) – 4:26
"Dizzy" – 3:37
"Orange Peel" – 3:11
"Romantica" – 5:12
References
Luna (1990s American band) albums
2002 albums
Albums produced by Dave Fridmann
Jetset Records albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detector%20%28radio%29
|
In radio, a detector is a device or circuit that extracts information from a modulated radio frequency current or voltage. The term dates from the first three decades of radio (1888-1918). Unlike modern radio stations which transmit sound (an audio signal) on an uninterrupted carrier wave, early radio stations transmitted information by radiotelegraphy. The transmitter was switched on and off to produce long or short periods of radio waves, spelling out text messages in Morse code. Therefore, early radio receivers did not have to demodulate the radio signal, but just distinguish between the presence or absence of a radio signal, to reproduce the Morse code "dots" and "dashes". The device that performed this function in the receiver circuit was called a detector. A variety of different detector devices, such as the coherer, electrolytic detector, magnetic detector and the crystal detector, were used during the wireless telegraphy era until superseded by vacuum tube technology.
After the invention of amplitude modulation (AM) enabled the development of AM radiotelephony, the transmission of sound (audio), during World War 1, the term evolved to mean a demodulator, (usually a vacuum tube) which extracted the audio signal from the radio frequency carrier wave. This is its current meaning, although modern detectors usually consist of semiconductor diodes, transistors, or integrated circuits.
In a superheterodyne receiver the term is also sometimes used to refer to the mixer, th
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.