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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20disk
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Double disk or double-disk may refer to:
Double album, a double CD album
Double Album (NOFX Album), 2022
Double-disk diffusion test
Vertisoft DoubleDisk, a DOS disk compression software by Vertisoft
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potyvirus
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Potyvirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses (named after its type species, Potato virus Y (PVY)) in the family Potyviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. Like begomoviruses, members of this genus may cause significant losses in agricultural, pastoral, horticultural, and ornamental crops. More than 200 species of aphids spread potyviruses, and most are from the subfamily Aphidinae (genera Macrosiphum and Myzus). The genus contains 190 species and potyviruses account for about thirty percent of all currently known plant viruses.
Structure
The virion is non-enveloped with a flexuous and filamentous nucleocapsid, 680 to 900 nanometers (nm) long and is 11–20 nm in diameter. The nucleocapsid contains around 2000 copies of the capsid protein. The symmetry of the nucleocapsid is helical with a pitch of 3.4-3.5 nm.
Genome
The genome is a linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA ranging in size from 9,000 to 12,000 nucleotide bases. Most potyviruses have non-segmented genomes, though a number of species are bipartite. The typical base compositions of some of the most common, non-recombinant strains of the type species, PVY, range between ~23.4-23.8 % G; ~31-31.6 % A; ~18.2-18.8 % C; and ~26.5-26.8 % U.
In the species with a monopartite genome, a genome-linked VPg protein is covalently bound to the 5' end and the 3' end is polyadenylated. The genome encodes a single open reading frame (ORF) expressed as a 350 kDa polyprotein precursor. This polyprotein is processed int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soitec
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Soitec is an international company, based in France, that manufactures high performance substrates used in the manufacture of semiconductors.
Soitec's semiconductor materials are used to manufacture chips which equip smartphones, tablets, computers, IT servers, and data centres. Soitec's products are also found in electronic components used in cars, connected objects (Internet of Things), as well as industrial and medical equipment.
Soitec's flagship product is silicon on insulator (SOI). Materials produced by Soitec come in the form of substrates (also called "wafers"). These are produced as ultra-thin disks that are 200 to 300 mm in diameter and are less than 1 mm thick. These wafers are then etched and cut to be used for microchips in electronics.
History
Soitec was founded in 1992 near Grenoble in France by two researchers from CEA Leti, an institute for micro- and nanotechnologies research created by the French Commission for Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies (CEA). The pair developed Smart Cut™ technology to industrialize Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) wafers, and built their first production unit in Bernin, in the Isère department of France.
Soitec's offering initially targeted the electronics market. At the end of the 2000s, Soitec launched into the solar energy and lighting markets, exploiting new openings for its materials and technologies. In 2015, the company announced that it would be refocusing its efforts on its core business: electronics.
Soitec employs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap%20theorem%20%28disambiguation%29
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In mathematics, gap theorem may refer to:
The Weierstrass gap theorem in algebraic geometry
The Ostrowski–Hadamard gap theorem on lacunary functions
The Fabry gap theorem on lacunary functions
The gap theorem of Fourier analysis, a statement about the vanishing of discrete Fourier coefficients for functions that are identically zero on an interval shorter than 2π
The gap theorem in computational complexity theory
Saharon Shelah's Main Gap Theorem which solved Morley's problem in model theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossatron
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In electronics, a crossatron is a high-power pulsed modulator device that consists of a cold cathode gas-filled tube that combines features of thyratrons, vacuum tubes, and power semiconductor switches. This switch is capable of operating with voltages in excess of 100 kilovolts by the use of deuterium gas fill to increase the Paschen breakdown voltage, axial molybdenum cathode corrugations to provide a higher current capability, and a Paschen shield that is formed from molybdenum. The terminal curvature of the Paschen shield and of the adjacent portion of the anode are selected to establish a voltage stress at the curved Paschen shield surface within the approximate range of 90–150 kV/cm in response to a 100 kV differential. The cold cathode gives the crossatron an advantage of achievable lifetime and reliability in comparison to a hydrogen-filled thyratron.
It features instant start and rugged operation while enduring high temperatures, high radiation, electromagnetic pulse, and repeated overvoltage and overcurrent events. Crossatron switch applications in power conditioning include high-voltage phase-control-rectifier service, high-frequency DC-to-AC inverter modulation, voltage regulation, command charging, and fault protection. Pulsed power applications include high-speed discharging of capacitors and pulse forming networks, repetitive opening of inductive-energy-storage circuits, modulation of square wave pulses in hard-tube modulators, and fault protection.
Reference
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland%20Sound%20Canvas
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Roland/Edirol Sound Canvas lineup is a series of General MIDI (GM) based pulse-code modulation (PCM) sound modules and sound cards, primarily intended for computer music usage, created by Japanese manufacturer Roland Corporation. Some models include a serial or USB connection, to a personal computer. The Sound Canvas can be played by the Sound Brush.
Products
Sound Canvas
The first Sound Canvas units (SC-55 and SB-55) were sold in the winter of 1991, in some cases also sold as "Edirol" rather than "Roland" as the brand name, mainly with the SC-88VL.
Sound Canvas Personal Computer Products
Computer Music Products
Sound Canvas and Keyboard
The following combine a sound canvas module with a built in MIDI keyboard
Edirol
Roland sold GM/GS products under its Edirol brand. The samples contained in the ROMs of these units do not in all cases mirror the original SC-7 / SC-55 GM/GS samples. GM2 is downward compatible with GM. The SD line was also sold under the "Roland" brand.
Virtual Sound Canvas
There is also the VSC, Virtual Sound Canvas, range of PC software which provide GM and GS
synthesis on Windows PCs. Many versions of Cakewalk's Sonar software came bundled with a copy of VSC, though from Sonar 4 onwards they ship with the improved TTS-1 softsynth, which Roland has sold previously through its Edirol subsidiary as the HyperCanvas.
Microsoft GS Wavetable Synth
Microsoft GS Wavetable Synth, included in instances of DirectX as an integral part of DirectMusic, and on e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Roman
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Nancy Grace Roman (pronounced "Roman"; May 16, 1925 – December 25, 2018) was an American astronomer who made important contributions to stellar classification and motions. The first female executive at NASA, Roman served as NASA's first Chief of Astronomy throughout the 1960s and 1970s, establishing her as one of the "visionary founders of the US civilian space program".
She created NASA's space astronomy program and is known to many as the "Mother of Hubble" for her foundational role in planning the Hubble Space Telescope. Throughout her career, Roman was an active public speaker and educator, and an advocate for women in the sciences.
In May 2020, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine announced that the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope would be named the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope in recognition of her enduring contributions to astronomy.
Early life
Nancy Grace Roman was born in Nashville, Tennessee, to music teacher Georgia Frances Smith Roman and physicist/mathematician Irwin Roman. Shortly after, her father took a job as a geophysicist for an oil company and the family moved to Oklahoma three months after Roman's birth. Roman and her parents later moved to Houston, Texas, New Jersey, Michigan, and then Nevada in 1935, when her father joined the Civil Service in geophysical research.
When she was about 12 years old, the family moved to Baltimore, Maryland, when Irwin Roman was hired as Senior Geophysicist at the Baltimore office of the U.S. Geological Survey.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20Pyxidis
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Alpha Pyxidis, Latinised from α Pyxidis, is a giant star in the constellation Pyxis. It has a stellar classification of B1.5III and is a Beta Cephei variable. This star has more than ten times the mass of the Sun and is more than six times the Sun's radius. The surface temperature is and the star is about 10,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Stars such as this with more than 10 solar masses are expected to end their life by exploding as a supernova.
Naming
In Chinese, (), meaning Celestial Dog, refers to an asterism consisting of α Pyxidis, e Velorum, f Velorum, β Pyxidis, γ Pyxidis and δ Pyxidis. Consequently, α Pyxidis itself is known as (, ).
References
External links
B-type giants
Beta Cephei variables
Pyxis
Pyxidis, Alpha
PD-32 02399
074575
042828
3468
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizophora%20mangle
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Rhizophora mangle, the red mangrove, is distributed in estuarine ecosystems throughout the tropics. Its viviparous "seeds", in actuality called propagules, become fully mature plants before dropping off the parent tree. These are dispersed by water until eventually embedding in the shallows.
Rhizophora mangle grows on aerial prop roots, which arch above the water level, giving stands of this tree the characteristic "mangrove" appearance. It is a valuable plant in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas coastal ecosystems. The name refers to the red colour on the inner part of its roots when halved, so it does not display any red colour in its regular appearance. In its native habitat it is threatened by invasive species such as the Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius). The red mangrove itself is considered an invasive species in some locations, such as Hawaii, where it forms dense, monospecific thickets. R. mangle thickets, however, provide nesting and hunting habitat for a diverse array of organisms, including fish, birds, and crocodiles.
Distribution and habitat
Red mangroves are found in subtropical and tropical areas in both hemispheres, extending to near 28°N to S latitude. They thrive on coastlines in brackish water and in swampy salt marshes. Because they are well adapted to salt water, they thrive where many other plants fail and create their own ecosystems, the mangals. Red mangroves are often found near white mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa), black mangroves (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20bun
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A London bun is a square-shaped bun made of rich yeast dough flavored with currants and candied peel topped with white sugar icing or crystallised sugar.
Formerly a popular teatime bun, its nearest still-popular equivalent is the Bath bun. Neither should be confused with the finger bun, an elongated bun topped with white icing sugar, optionally with shredded or finely chopped coconut, and available with or without fruit (currants/sultanas).
The phrase "all talk and no London bun," believed to have originated in South Australia, is used to describe a person who fails to follow through on their promises.
See also
Iced bun
List of buns
References
Davidson, Alan. Oxford Companion to Food (1999), "Bun". p. 114,
British breads
Buns
Yeast breads
Sweet breads
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3T3%20cells
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3T3 cells are several cell lines of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The original 3T3 cell line (3T3-Swiss albino) was established in 1962 by two scientists then at the Department of Pathology in the New York University School of Medicine, George Todaro and Howard Green. Todaro and Green originally obtained their 3T3 cells from Swiss albino mouse embryo tissue. Later, as a principal investigator position at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, Todaro repeated the isolation procedure from the NIH Swiss mouse embryo with his students and established NIH-3T3 cell line.
Nomenclature
The '3T3' designation refers to the abbreviation of "3-day transfer, inoculum cells." This cell line was originally established from the primary mouse embryonic fibroblast cells that were cultured by the designated protocol, so-called '3T3 protocol'. The primary mouse embryonic fibroblast cells were transferred (the "T") every 3 days (the first "3"), and inoculated at the rigid density of cells per 20 cm2 dish (the second "3") continuously. The spontaneously immortalized cells with stable growth rate were established after 20 to 30 generations in culture, and then named '3T3' cells. Since then, several cell lines have been established with this procotol:
3T3-Swiss albino, the original 1962 cell line
3T3-J2, a subclone of 3T3-Swiss albino, commonly used as feeders for keratinocyte cultures
3T3-L1, a subclone of 3T3-Swiss albino, used as a model of adipogenesis
NIH-3T3, also from Swiss
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%20Quinlan
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John Ross Quinlan is a computer science researcher in data mining and decision theory. He has contributed extensively to the development of decision tree algorithms, including inventing the canonical C4.5 and ID3 algorithms. He also contributed to early ILP literature with First Order Inductive Learner (FOIL). He is currently running the company RuleQuest Research which he founded in 1997.
Education
He received his BSc degree in Physics and Computing from the University of Sydney in 1965 and his computer science doctorate at the University of Washington in 1968. He has held positions at the University of New South Wales, University of Sydney, University of Technology Sydney, and RAND Corporation.
Artificial intelligence
Quinlan is a specialist in artificial intelligence, particularly in the aspect involving machine learning and its application to data mining.
ID3
Ross Quinlan invented the Iterative Dichotomiser 3 (ID3) algorithm which is used to generate decision trees. ID3 follows the principle of Occam's razor in attempting to create the smallest decision tree possible.
C4.5
He then expanded upon the principles used in ID3 to create C4.5.
C4.5 improved: discrete and continuous attributes, missing attribute values, attributes with differing costs, pruning trees (replacing irrelevant branches with leaf nodes).
C5.0
C5.0, which Quinlan is commercially selling (single-threaded version is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License), is an improvement
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraoperative%20blood%20salvage
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Intraoperative blood salvage (IOS), also known as cell salvage, is a specific type of autologous blood transfusion. Specifically IOS is a medical procedure involving recovering blood lost during surgery and re-infusing it into the patient. It is a major form of autotransfusion.
It has been used for many years and gained greater attention over time as risks associated with allogenic (separate-donor) blood transfusion have seen greater publicity and become more fully appreciated. Several medical devices have been developed to assist in salvaging the patient's own blood in the perioperative setting. The procedure is frequently used in cardiothoracic and vascular surgery, during which blood usage has traditionally been high. A greater effort to avoid adverse events due to transfusion has also increased the emphasis on blood conservation (see bloodless surgery).
Background
Providing safe blood for transfusion remains a challenge despite advances in preventing transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), AIDS/HIV, HTLV-I/II, West Nile virus (WNV), syphilis, Chagas disease, Zika virus, and transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection. Human errors such as misidentifying patients and drawing blood samples from the wrong person (i.e., wrong blood in tube or WBIT) is more of a risk than transmissible diseases in many developed nations.
Much more common risks of allogeneic transfusion include allergic transfusion reactions as well as febrile non-hemolytic transfus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrphoidea
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The Syrphoidea are a superfamily of flies containing only two families under present classification, one of which (Syrphidae) has a great number of the most common and familiar flies. One of these familiar flies is Eristalis tenax, or otherwise known as the drone fly.
References
External links
Diptera superfamilies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere%20theorem%20%283-manifolds%29
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In mathematics, in the topology of 3-manifolds, the sphere theorem of gives conditions for elements of the second homotopy group of a 3-manifold to be represented by embedded spheres.
One example is the following:
Let be an orientable 3-manifold such that is not the trivial group. Then there exists a non-zero element of having a representative that is an embedding .
The proof of this version of the theorem can be based on transversality methods, see .
Another more general version (also called the projective plane theorem, and due to David B. A. Epstein) is:
Let be any 3-manifold and a -invariant subgroup of . If is a general position map such that and is any neighborhood of the singular set , then there is a map satisfying
,
,
is a covering map, and
is a 2-sided submanifold (2-sphere or projective plane) of .
quoted in .
References
Geometric topology
3-manifolds
Theorems in topology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasius%20boundary%20layer
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In physics and fluid mechanics, a Blasius boundary layer (named after Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius) describes the steady two-dimensional laminar boundary layer that forms on a semi-infinite plate which is held parallel to a constant unidirectional flow. Falkner and Skan later generalized Blasius' solution to wedge flow (Falkner–Skan boundary layer), i.e. flows in which the plate is not parallel to the flow.
Prandtl's boundary layer equations
Using scaling arguments, Ludwig Prandtl argued that about half of the terms in the Navier-Stokes equations are negligible in boundary layer flows (except in a small region near the leading edge of the plate). This leads to a reduced set of equations known as the boundary layer equations. For steady incompressible flow with constant viscosity and density, these read:
Mass Continuity:
-Momentum:
-Momentum:
Here the coordinate system is chosen with pointing parallel to the plate in the direction of the flow and the coordinate pointing normal to the plate, and are the and velocity components, is the pressure, is the density and is the kinematic viscosity.
A number of similarity solutions to this set of equations have been found for various types of flow, including flow on a thin flat-plate. The term similarity refers to the property that the velocity profiles at different positions in the flow are the same apart from scaling factors. Similarity scaling factors reduce the set of partial differential equations to a relative
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FpgaC
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FpgaC is a compiler for a subset of the C programming language, which produces digital circuits that will execute the compiled programs. The circuits may use FPGAs or CPLDs as the target processor for reconfigurable computing, or even ASICs for dedicated applications. FpgaC's goal is to be an efficient High Level Language (HLL) for reconfigurable computing, rather than a Hardware Description Language (HDL) for building efficient custom hardware circuits.
History
The historical roots of FpgaC are in the Transmogrifier C 3.1 (TMCC) HDL, a 1996 BSD licensed Open source offering from University of Toronto. TMCC is one of the first FPGA C compilers, with work starting in 1994 and presented at IEEE's FCCM95. This predated the evolution from the Handel language to Handel-C work done shortly afterward at Oxford University Computing Laboratory.
TMCC was renamed FpgaC for the initial SourceForge project release, with syntax modifications to start the evolution to ANSI C. Later development has removed all explicit HDL syntax from the language, and increased the subset of C supported. By capitalizing on ANSI C C99 extensions, the same functionality is now available by inference rather than non-standard language extensions. This shift away from non-standard HDL extensions was influenced in part by Streams-C from Los Alamos National Laboratory (now available commercially as Impulse C).
In the years that have followed, compiling ANSI C for execution as FPGA circuits has become a mainstr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DYMO
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The DYMO routing protocol is successor to the popular Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing protocol and shares many of its benefits. It is, however, slightly easier to implement and designed with future enhancements in mind.
DYMO can work as both a pro-active and as a reactive routing protocol, i.e. routes can be discovered just when they are needed. In any way, to discover new routes the following two steps take place:
A special "Route Request" (RREQ) messages is broadcast through the MANET. Each RREQ keeps an ordered list of all nodes it passed through, so every host receiving an RREQ message can immediately record a route back to the origin of this message.
When an RREQ message arrives at its destination, a "Routing Reply" (RREP) message will immediately be passed back to the origin, indicating that a route to the destination was found. On its way back to the source, an RREP message can simply backtrace the way the RREQ message took and simultaneously allow all hosts it passes to record a complementary route back to where it came from.
So as soon as the RREP message reaches its destination, a two-way route was successfully recorded by all intermediate hosts, and exchange of data packets can commence.
Example
+-----------+ +-----------+
| Carol |-------| Dave |
+-----------+ +-----------+
| |
| |
| |
+-----------+ +-----------+
| Alice | |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottery%20scheduling
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Lottery scheduling is a probabilistic scheduling algorithm for processes in an operating system. Processes are each assigned some number of lottery tickets, and the scheduler draws a random ticket to select the next process. The distribution of tickets need not be uniform; granting a process more tickets provides it a relative higher chance of selection. This technique can be used to approximate other scheduling algorithms, such as
Shortest job next and Fair-share scheduling.
Lottery scheduling solves the problem of starvation. Giving each process at least one lottery ticket guarantees that it has non-zero probability of being selected at each scheduling operation.
Implementation
Implementations of lottery scheduling should take into consideration that there could be billions of tickets distributed among a large pool of threads. To have an array where each index represents a ticket, and each location contains the thread corresponding to that ticket, may be highly inefficient. Lottery scheduling can be preemptive or non-preemptive.
External links
Lottery Scheduling: Flexible Proportional-Share Resource Management by Carl A. Waldspurger and William E. Weihl. The 1994 Operating Systems Design and Implementation conference (OSDI '94). November, 1994. Monterey, California.
Lottery and Stride Scheduling: Flexible Proportional-Share Resource Management by Carl A. Waldspurger. Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. September 1995.
Operating Systems: Three E
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202859
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NGC 2859 is a barred lenticular galaxy located some 83 million light years away in the constellation Leo Minor. The morphological classification is (R)SB(r)0+, where the S0+ notation indicates a well-defined physical structure that is lacking in visible spiral arms. It has a strong bar (B) of the "ansae" type, which means it grows brighter or wider toward the tips. A faint, secondary bar is positioned at nearly a right angle to the main bar. These features are surrounded by a weak inner ring (r) that appears diffuse. The outer region of the galaxy hosts a prominent, detached ring (R) that includes a series of blue-hued knots along the eastern side.
The central supermassive black hole is an estimated 105 million times the mass of the Sun. The nucleus is tentatively classified as a transition type T2:, with no indication of activity.
References
External links
Lenticular galaxies
Barred lenticular galaxies
Ring galaxies
Leo Minor
2859
05001
26649
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LJJ
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LJJ might be an acronym or abbreviation for:
LJJ genotype of triploid Ambystoma females, consisting of one A. laterale genome and two A. jeffersonianum genomes; see Mole_salamander#Hybrid_all-female_populations
Long Josephson junction
Lords Justice of Appeal (singular, LJ)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Newtonian%20expansion
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In general relativity, post-Newtonian expansions (PN expansions) are used for finding an approximate solution of Einstein field equations for the metric tensor. The approximations are expanded in small parameters that express orders of deviations from Newton's law of universal gravitation. This allows approximations to Einstein's equations to be made in the case of weak fields. Higher-order terms can be added to increase accuracy, but for strong fields sometimes it is preferable to solve the complete equations numerically. This method is a common mark of effective field theories. In the limit, when the small parameters are equal to 0, the post-Newtonian expansion reduces to Newton's law of gravity.
Expansion in 1/c2
The post-Newtonian approximations are expansions in a small parameter, which is the ratio of the velocity of the matter that creates the gravitational field, to the speed of light, which in this case is more precisely called the speed of gravity. In the limit, when the fundamental speed of gravity becomes infinite, the post-Newtonian expansion reduces to Newton's law of gravity. A systematic study of post-Newtonian expansions within hydrodynamic approximations was developed by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and his colleagues in the 1960s.
Expansion in h
Another approach is to expand the equations of general relativity in a power series in the deviation of the metric from its value in the absence of gravity.
To this end, one must choose a coordinate system in whi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Chlorophenol
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2-Chlorophenol or ortho-chlorophenol is an organic compound with the formula C6H4ClOH. It is one of three isomeric monochloride derivatives of phenol. As from occasional use as a disinfectant, it has few applications. It is an intermediate in the polychlorination of phenol.
2-Chlorophenol is a colorless liquid, although commercial samples are often yellow or amber-colored. It has an unpleasant, penetrating (carbolic) odor. It is poorly soluble in water.
See also
Chlorophenol
References
Cited sources
External links
ToxFAQs for Chlorophenols, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
Compound Summary Compendium, PubChem Open Chemistry Database.
Chlorobenzenes
Phenols
Disinfectants
Foul-smelling chemicals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-specific%20recombinase%20technology
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Site-specific recombinase technologies are genome engineering tools that depend on recombinase enzymes to replace targeted sections of DNA.
History
In the late 1980s gene targeting in murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) enabled the transmission of mutations into the mouse germ line, and emerged as a novel option to study the genetic basis of regulatory networks as they exist in the genome. Still, classical gene targeting proved to be limited in several ways as gene functions became irreversibly destroyed by the marker gene that had to be introduced for selecting recombinant ESCs. These early steps led to animals in which the mutation was present in all cells of the body from the beginning leading to complex phenotypes and/or early lethality. There was a clear need for methods to restrict these mutations to specific points in development and specific cell types. This dream became reality when groups in the USA were able to introduce bacteriophage and yeast-derived site-specific recombination (SSR-) systems into mammalian cells as well as into the mouse.
Classification, properties and dedicated applications
Common genetic engineering strategies require a permanent modification of the target genome. To this end great sophistication has to be invested in the design of routes applied for the delivery of transgenes. Although for biotechnological purposes random integration is still common, it may result in unpredictable gene expression due to variable transgene copy numbers, lac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria%20at%20Crystal%20Run
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The Galleria at Crystal Run is a shopping center located in the Town of Wallkill, New York. It is the second-largest mall in New York's Hudson Valley region.
History
The galleria, which opened in 1992, has an area of 1,100,000 square feet (99,000 m²) on two floors. It has 120 shops and restaurants, as well as a 16-screen AMC Theatres.
The Galleria is owned and managed by The Pyramid Companies, a group that also owns and manages regional sisters Poughkeepsie Galleria in Poughkeepsie (the model for Crystal Run), and Palisades Center in West Nyack.
2017 gun discharge incident
On November 26, 2017, an unknown man discharged a handgun inside the mall into the floor, causing a lockdown and response from local police forces, New York State Police, and the FBI. A 49-year-old woman and her 12-year-old son suffered minor injuries.
On November 28, 2017, a suspect from Forest City, Pennsylvania turned himself into police and was charged with first-degree reckless endangerment and two counts of third-degree assault.
Current anchors
Macy's
JCPenney
Dick's Sporting Goods
Target
Former anchors
Filene's
G. Fox
Sears
Steinbach
References
External links
Pyramid profile of Galleria at Crystal Run
Buildings and structures in Orange County, New York
Shopping malls in New York (state)
The Pyramid Companies
Tourist attractions in Orange County, New York
Middletown, Orange County, New York
Shopping malls established in 1992
Shopping malls in the New York metropolitan area
1992 establ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi%20calling
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Wi-Fi calling refers to mobile phone voice calls and data that are made over IP networks using Wi-Fi, instead of the cell towers provided by cellular networks. Using this feature, compatible handsets are able to route regular cellular calls through a wireless LAN (Wi-Fi) network with broadband Internet, while seamlessly change connections between the two where necessary. This feature makes use of the Generic Access Network (GAN) protocol, also known as Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA).
Essentially, GAN/UMA allows cell phone packets to be forwarded to a network access point over the internet, rather than over-the-air using GSM/GPRS, UMTS or similar. A separate device known as a "GAN Controller" (GANC) receives this data from the Internet and feeds it into the phone network as if it were coming from an antenna on a tower. Calls can be placed from or received to the handset as if it were connected over-the-air directly to the GANC's point of presence; the system is essentially invisible to the network as a whole. This can be useful in locations with poor cell coverage where some other form of internet access is available, especially at the home or office. The system offers seamless handoff, so the user can move from cell to Wi-Fi and back again with the same invisibility that the cell network offers when moving from tower to tower.
Since the GAN system works over the internet, a UMA-capable handset can connect to their service provider from any location with internet access. Thi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20tuner
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In music, an electronic tuner is a device that detects and displays the pitch of musical notes played on a musical instrument. "Pitch" is the perceived fundamental frequency of a musical note, which is typically measured in Hertz. Simple tuners indicate—typically with an analog needle or dial, LEDs, or an LCD screen—whether a pitch is lower, higher, or equal to the desired pitch. Since the early 2010s, software applications can turn a smartphone, tablet, or personal computer into a tuner. More complex and expensive tuners indicate pitch more precisely. Tuners vary in size from units that fit in a pocket to 19" rack-mount units. Instrument technicians and piano tuners typically use more expensive, accurate tuners.
The simplest tuners detect and display tuning only for a single pitch—often "A" or "E"—or for a small number of pitches, such as the six used in the standard tuning of a guitar (E,A,D,G,B,E). More complex tuners offer chromatic tuning for all 12 pitches of the equally tempered octave. Some electronic tuners offer additional features, such as pitch calibration, temperament options, the sounding of a desired pitch through an amplifier plus speaker, and adjustable "read-time" settings that affect how long the tuner takes to measure the pitch of the note.
Among the most accurate tuning devices, strobe tuners work differently than regular electronic tuners. They are stroboscopes that flicker a light at the same frequency as the note. The light shines on a wheel that spi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parviz%20Parastui
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Parviz Parastui (; born 24 June 1955) is an Iranian actor. He has received various accolades, including four Crystal Simorgh for Best Actor–making him the only actor to have four wins in that category–four Hafez Awards, two Iran Cinema Celebration Awards and an Iran's Film Critics and Writers Association Awards.
Personal life
Parastui was born in Kabudrahang, Hamadan province. He served in the Iran-Iraq war.
Early life
Parviz Parastui had worked in judicature before he became an actor. He began his career by starring in the film Diar-e Asheghan. Following Diare Asheghan, Parastui began a long lasting career in films.
Career
Film
After starring in films such as Pishtazan-e Fath, Hunting, etc., Parviz Parastui acted as "Sadeq Meshkini", a comedy role in the highly acclaimed yet controversial movie Leily Is with Me directed by Kamal Tabrizi. The war film Leily Is with Me brought a new perspective to the Iran–Iraq War which up to then was viewed as taboo material. The movie tells the comical story of a war-fearing employee of Iranian Television Broadcasting unknowingly advancing straight to enemy lines, while actually trying to flee the war when he is assigned to accompany a director to a city close to enemy lines to film a documentary piece.
Since then, Parastui has expanded his presence as a comedy film actor by starring in other revolutionary comedy films.
Parviz Parastui also starred in some war films like: The Red Ribbon, The Glass Agency, Dead Wave, etc. Ebrahim Hata
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWI/SNF
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In molecular biology, SWI/SNF (SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable), is a subfamily of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, which is found in eukaryotes. In other words, it is a group of proteins that associate to remodel the way DNA is packaged. This complex is composed of several proteins – products of the SWI and SNF genes (, /, , , ), as well as other polypeptides. It possesses a DNA-stimulated ATPase activity that can destabilize histone-DNA interactions in reconstituted nucleosomes in an ATP-dependent manner, though the exact nature of this structural change is unknown. The SWI/SNF subfamily provides crucial nucleosome rearrangement, which is seen as ejection and/or sliding. The movement of nucleosomes provides easier access to the chromatin, allowing genes to be activated or repressed.
The human analogs of SWI/SNF are "BRG1- or BRM-associated factors", or BAF (SWI/SNF-A) and "Polybromo-associated BAF", which is also known as PBAF (SWI/SNF-B). There are also Drosophila analogs of SWI/SNF, known as "Brahma Associated Protein", or BAP and "Polybromo-associated BAP", also known as PBAP.
Mechanism of action
It has been found that the SWI/SNF complex (in yeast) is capable of altering the position of nucleosomes along DNA. These alterations are classified in three different ways, and they are seen as the processes of sliding nucleosomes, ejecting nucleosomes, and ejecting only certain components of the nucleosome. Due to the actions performed by the SWI/SNF subfamily
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahram%20Radan
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Bahram Radan (, also as Bahrām Rādān; born April 28, 1979) is an Iranian actor. He has received various accolades, including two Crystal Simorgh and a Hafez Award.
Career
While studying business management in college, Radan signed up for acting classes where he was discovered as an emerging talent. He got his first break when he was given an opportunity for his first role starring in the movie The Passion of Love. The movie achieved great success at the Iranian box office and was one of the top-grossing movies of 2000. Radan has since starred in many movies and has become a popular household name in the Middle East, often referred to as one of the top five superstars of Iranian cinema. His extreme popularity caused Iranian authorities to ban his images from billboards in 2008. In 2010, he was chosen by United Nations as the first Iranian UN ambassador against hunger.
He ventured into music and released his first album, The Other Side, in 2012. Music videos were created for three of the songs from the album: "Jeegh" (Scream), "To Rafti" (You Left) and "Zamouneh" (Era).
In June 2015, Radan tweeted support (in Persian) for the U.S. Supreme Court's decision legalizing gay marriage, and was compelled to delete the Tweet and forced to apologize after criticism from government-affiliated hardline media. Although The Guardian could not independently verify the claim, Iranian media reported that Radan had been summoned for questioning before the country's Ministry of Culture and I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapacitation%20factor
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Decapacitation factor (DF) is composed of sperm surface-associated proteins which modulate the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa. Decapacitation is a reversible process that converts fertile, capacitated sperm to less-fertile uncapacitated sperm. This activity is achieved by interaction between cholesterol, phospholipids and fibronectin-like substances and delivered via small vesicles in seminal plasma. DF prevents onset of capacitation. Many DFs are released in secretions from the epididymis and accessory organs of the male reproductive system. However, some DFs have been identified that are located on the acrosome of sperm. Normally, capacitation is initiated through the loss of DF before the spermatozoa can perform the acrosomal reaction. Physiologically decapacitation will inhibit the acrosomal reaction as DFs reassociate onto the sperm surface. For example, one way this can be achieved is through spermatozoal membrane stabilization by maintaining physiological cholesterol/phospholipid ratio.
The study of DFs can help understand male infertility and has possible role in reversible male contraception. DFs are potent, but can be removed from sperm by gentle centrifugation to produce extremely fertile sperm. DFs have been found in bull, rabbit, boar, stallion, monkey, mouse, and human semen. Purification to obtain DFs and subsequent injection into a uterus with capacitated sperm decreases the efficiency of fertilization and converts sperm to an uncapacitated form. In natur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equations%20for%20a%20falling%20body
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A set of equations describing the trajectories of objects subject to a constant gravitational force under normal Earth-bound conditions. Assuming constant acceleration g due to Earth’s gravity, Newton's law of universal gravitation simplifies to F = mg, where F is the force exerted on a mass m by the Earth’s gravitational field of strength g. Assuming constant g is reasonable for objects falling to Earth over the relatively short vertical distances of our everyday experience, but is not valid for greater distances involved in calculating more distant effects, such as spacecraft trajectories.
History
Galileo was the first to demonstrate and then formulate these equations. He used a ramp to study rolling balls, the ramp slowing the acceleration enough to measure the time taken for the ball to roll a known distance. He measured elapsed time with a water clock, using an "extremely accurate balance" to measure the amount of water.
The equations ignore air resistance, which has a dramatic effect on objects falling an appreciable distance in air, causing them to quickly approach a terminal velocity. The effect of air resistance varies enormously depending on the size and geometry of the falling object—for example, the equations are hopelessly wrong for a feather, which has a low mass but offers a large resistance to the air. (In the absence of an atmosphere all objects fall at the same rate, as astronaut David Scott demonstrated by dropping a hammer and a feather on the surface o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozak%20consensus%20sequence
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The Kozak consensus sequence (Kozak consensus or Kozak sequence) is a nucleic acid motif that functions as the protein translation initiation site in most eukaryotic mRNA transcripts. Regarded as the optimum sequence for initiating translation in eukaryotes, the sequence is an integral aspect of protein regulation and overall cellular health as well as having implications in human disease. It ensures that a protein is correctly translated from the genetic message, mediating ribosome assembly and translation initiation. A wrong start site can result in non-functional proteins. As it has become more studied, expansions of the nucleotide sequence, bases of importance, and notable exceptions have arisen. The sequence was named after the scientist who discovered it, Marilyn Kozak. Kozak discovered the sequence through a detailed analysis of DNA genomic sequences.
The Kozak sequence is not to be confused with the ribosomal binding site (RBS), that being either the 5′ cap of a messenger RNA or an internal ribosome entry site (IRES).
Sequence
The Kozak sequence was determined by sequencing of 699 vertebrate mRNAs and verified by site-directed mutagenesis. While initially limited to a subset of vertebrates (i.e. human, cow, cat, dog, chicken, guinea pig, hamster, mouse, pig, rabbit, sheep, and Xenopus), subsequent studies confirmed its conservation in higher eukaryotes generally. The sequence was defined as 5'-(gcc)gccRccAUGG-3' (IUPAC nucleobase notation summarized here) where
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t%20Gonna%20Worry
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Ain't Gonna Worry is an album by the American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released on July 2, 1990, it marked the end of her run of Billboard album chart appearances (though a Greatest Hits album would make the Top 100 Country Albums chart in 2007). The album was Gayle's first and only album for the Capitol Records label.
Though the album itself failed to chart, one of its tracks, "Never Ending Song of Love", reached number 72 on the Country Singles chart. It also included covers of "Once in a Very Blue Moon" (although writers Pat Alger and Eugene Levine had Gayle in mind when first penning the song) and "Faithless Love", songs previously associated with Nanci Griffith and Linda Ronstadt respectively. "What He's Doing Now" would later be a hit for its co-writer, Garth Brooks (as "What She's Doing Now").
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle – lead vocals, harmony vocals (1, 4, 5, 8, 10), druid bell (10)
Bobby Wood – keyboards (1, 3-9), acoustic piano (2), harmony vocals (6, 8)
Pete Wasner – acoustic piano (3, 7), harmony vocals (6)
Joey Miskulin – accordion (6)
Chris Leuzinger – acoustic guitar (1, 3, 6), electric guitars (1-5, 7, 8, 9)
Johnny Christopher – acoustic rhythm guitar (1), acoustic guitar (2-5, 8)
Mark Casstevens – acoustic guitar (6, 7, 9)
Stuart Duncan – mandolin (1)
Bob Wray – bass (1-9)
Milton Sledge – drums (1-9), percussion (6)
Kenny Malone – congas (1)
Kirk "Jelly Roll" Johnson – harmonica (2)
Charles Cochran – string arrangements (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Ish-Horowicz
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David Ish-Horowicz FRS (born 1948) is a British scientist. He is currently a Professor of Cell and Developmental Biology at University College London (since 2013). Between 1987 and 2013, he was a Principal Scientist and Head of the Developmental Genetics Laboratory at Cancer Research UK (formerly Imperial Cancer Research Fund). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2002 and won the Waddington Medal from the British Society for Developmental Biology in 2007. He is a former member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine. He has been a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization since 1985.
Family
His father was Moshe Ish-Horowicz (b. August 22, 1922; d. February 27, 2008), a prominent leader in the development of Reform Judaism in Manchester.
Education
He was educated at Manchester Grammar School and Pembroke College, Cambridge (BA, 1969), and researched at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology while at Darwin College, Cambridge (PhD, 1973), and was a postdoctoral fellow in Basle.
References
1948 births
Alumni of Darwin College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
British Jews
Jewish British scientists
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga%20Kennard
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Olga Kennard, Lady Burgen ( Weisz; 23 March 1924 – 1 March 2023) was a Hungarian-born British scientist who specialised in crystallography. She was the founder of the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre.
Kennard's research focused on determining the structures of organic molecules, including the first three-dimensional structure of adenosine triphosphate and particularly the different forms of DNA.
Together with JD Bernal she believed in the value of collating scientific data in a central archive, this began the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD), collating crystal structures of mainly organic molecules. Kennard was also involved, at CSD, in the founding of the Protein Data Bank, and of the EMBL nucleotide sequence data library (later, European Nucleotide Archive).
Early life and education
Kennard was born in Budapest, Hungary on 23 March 1924, to Joir and Catherina Weisz. She moved to the United Kingdom at the age of 15 with her family in the face of growing antisemitism in Hungary. In the UK she was educated at Hove County School for Girls and Prince Henry VIII Grammar School, Evesham. She attended Newnham College, Cambridge, studying Natural Sciences at a time when women did not formally receive a degree. She went on to gain an MA in 1948.
Career
Following her studies, Kennard worked as a research assistant at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge from 1944 to 1948, working with Max Perutz on the structure of hemoglobin. After this she moved to London, working at
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial%20moment%20generating%20function
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In probability theory and statistics, the factorial moment generating function (FMGF) of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable X is defined as
for all complex numbers t for which this expected value exists. This is the case at least for all t on the unit circle , see characteristic function. If X is a discrete random variable taking values only in the set {0,1, ...} of non-negative integers, then is also called probability-generating function (PGF) of X and is well-defined at least for all t on the closed unit disk .
The factorial moment generating function generates the factorial moments of the probability distribution.
Provided exists in a neighbourhood of t = 1, the nth factorial moment is given by
where the Pochhammer symbol (x)n is the falling factorial
(Many mathematicians, especially in the field of special functions, use the same notation to represent the rising factorial.)
Examples
Poisson distribution
Suppose X has a Poisson distribution with expected value λ, then its factorial moment generating function is
(use the definition of the exponential function) and thus we have
See also
Moment (mathematics)
Moment-generating function
Cumulant-generating function
References
Factorial and binomial topics
Moment (mathematics)
Generating functions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20classification
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Chemical classification systems attempt to classify elements or compounds according to certain chemical functional or structural properties. Whereas the structural properties are largely intrinsic, functional properties and the derived classifications depend to a certain degree on the type of chemical interaction partners on which the function is exerted. Sometimes other criteria like purely physical ones (e.g. molecular weight) or - on the other hand - functional properties above the chemical level are also used for building chemical taxonomies.
Some systems mix the various levels, resulting in hierarchies where the domains are slightly confused, for example having structural and functional aspects end up on the same level. Whereas chemical function is closely dependent on chemical structure, the situation becomes more involved when e.g. pharmacological function is integrated, because the QSAR can usually not be directly computed from structural qualities.
Physico-chemical classification
by molecular weight
by electrical charge: uncharged, positively, negatively, partially charged
formal charge, oxidation state
solubility
pH value
Functional classification
Chemical function
by functional group
Pharmacological/biological function
Mostly appropriate only for large biological molecules (as at least one interacting partner), in particular enzymes, depends on chemical functions of their constituent amino acids.
ligand vs. receptor, coenzyme
EC number
TC number
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeuroDimension
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NeuroDimension, Inc. was a software company specializing in neural networks, adaptive systems, and genetic optimization and made software tools for developing and implementing these artificial intelligence technologies. NeuroSolutions is a general-purpose neural network development environment and TradingSolutions is a tool for developing trading systems based on neural networks and genetic algorithms.
NeuroDimension was acquired by nDimensional, Inc. in 2016.
History
Formation and NeuroSolutions
Prior to the acquisition of NeuroDimension (in 2016), it was a software development company headquartered in Gainesville, Florida and founded in 1991 by Steven Reid, MD, Jose Principe, PhD (Director of the Computational Neural Engineering Lab at the University of Florida) and Curt Lefebvre, PhD (CEO of nDimensional). Dr. Reid provided the initial capital to get the company off the ground. Dr. Principe provided the engineering staff with technical direction and had helped secure research grant funding for the company. Dr. Lefebvre was the principal author of the company’s core neural network technology.
The company was formed around a software tool, NeuroSolutions, which enables engineers and researchers to model their data using neural networks.
Financial Analysis and TradingSolutions
In 1997, it became apparent that one of the most common uses of NeuroSolutions was to create neural network models to time the financial markets.
Released in 2008, Trader68 handles the trading
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonic%20ceramic%20fuel%20cell
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A protonic ceramic fuel cell or PCFC is a fuel cell based around a ceramic, solid, electrolyte material as the proton conductor from anode to cathode. These fuel cells produce electricity by removing an electron from a hydrogen atom, pushing the charged hydrogen atom through the ceramic membrane, and returning the electron to the hydrogen on the other side of the ceramic membrane during a reaction with oxygen. The reaction of many proposed fuels in PCFCs produce electricity and heat, the latter keeping the device at a suitable temperature. Efficient proton conductivity through most discovered ceramic electrolyte materials require elevated operational temperatures around 600-700 degrees Celsius, however intermediate temperature (200-400 degrees Celsius) ceramic fuel cells and lower temperature alternative are an active area of research. In addition to hydrogen gas, the ability to operate at intermediate and high temperatures enables the use of a variety of liquid hydrogen carrier fuels, including: ammonia, and methane. The technology shares the thermal and kinetic advantages of high temperature molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cells, while exhibiting all of the intrinsic benefits of proton conduction in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC). PCFCs exhaust water at the cathode and unused fuel, fuel reactant products and fuel impurities at the anode. Common chemical compositions of the ceramic membranes are barium zirconate (BaZ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doob%20martingale
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In the mathematical theory of probability, a Doob martingale (named after Joseph L. Doob, also known as a Levy martingale) is a stochastic process that approximates a given random variable and has the martingale property with respect to the given filtration. It may be thought of as the evolving sequence of best approximations to the random variable based on information accumulated up to a certain time.
When analyzing sums, random walks, or other additive functions of independent random variables, one can often apply the central limit theorem, law of large numbers, Chernoff's inequality, Chebyshev's inequality or similar tools. When analyzing similar objects where the differences are not independent, the main tools are martingales and Azuma's inequality.
Definition
Let be any random variable with . Suppose is a filtration, i.e. when . Define
then is a martingale, namely Doob martingale, with respect to filtration .
To see this, note that
;
as .
In particular, for any sequence of random variables on probability space and function such that , one could choose
and filtration such that
i.e. -algebra generated by . Then, by definition of Doob martingale, process where
forms a Doob martingale. Note that . This martingale can be used to prove McDiarmid's inequality.
McDiarmid's inequality
The Doob martingale was introduced by Joseph L. Doob in 1940 to establish concentration inequalities such as McDiarmid's inequality, which applies to functions that satisfy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusion-related%20acute%20lung%20injury
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Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the serious complication of transfusion of blood products that is characterized by the rapid onset of excess fluid in the lungs. It can cause dangerous drops in the supply of oxygen to body tissues. Although changes in transfusion practices have reduced the incidence of TRALI, it was the leading cause of transfusion-related deaths in the United States from fiscal year 2008 through fiscal year 2012.
Signs and symptoms
It is often impossible to distinguish TRALI from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The typical presentation of TRALI is the sudden development of shortness of breath, severe hypoxemia (O2 saturation <90% in room air), low blood pressure, and fever that develop within 6 hours after transfusion and usually resolve with supportive care within 48 to 96 hours. Although low blood pressure is considered one of the important signs for diagnosing TRALI, in some cases high blood pressure can occur.
Delayed TRALI occurs 6 to 72 hours after transfusion completion. It is associated with a higher rate of mortality.
Cause
The cause of TRALI is currently not fully understood. 80–85% of cases are thought to be immune mediated. Antibodies directed toward human leukocyte antigens (HLA) or human neutrophil antigens (HNA) have been implicated, with transfused antibodies shown to bind antigens expressed on pulmonary endothelial cells to initiate acute inflammation in the lungs. Women who are multiparous (have carried more t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20New%20Zealand%20urban%20areas%20by%20population
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This article lists urban areas of New Zealand—as defined by Statistics New Zealand—ranked by population. Only the 150 largest urban areas are listed.
Urban areas are defined by the Statistical Standard for Geographic Areas 2018 (SSGA18).
See also
List of cities in New Zealand
List of towns in New Zealand
References
Lists of urban areas
Urban areas
Urban areas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapiti%20Urban%20Area
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The Kapiti Urban Area is a statistical area that was defined by Statistics New Zealand to cover a group of urban settlements of the Kāpiti Coast District, in the Wellington Region. It was classified as a main urban area under the New Zealand Standard Areas Classification 1992 because its population exceeded 30,000.
The settlements comprise (north to south):
Waikanae
Paraparaumu (including Otaihanga, Raumati Beach and Raumati South)
Paekākāriki
The largest settlement is Paraparaumu. Raumati may be considered a suburb of Paraparaumu or a separate town in its own right – there are no legal definitions for towns in New Zealand. Kapiti Urban Area is better described as a commuter area of Wellington than an independent city.
Under Statistical Standard for Geographic Areas 2018, Kapiti Urban Area was split into separate urban areas for the three settlements.
The Kāpiti Coast District also includes the settlements of Te Horo and Ōtaki, which are outside Kapiti Urban Area.
References
Kāpiti Coast District
Main urban areas in New Zealand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy%20comics
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Fantasy comics have been around as long as comics. The classification "fantasy comics" broadly encompasses illustrated books set in an other-worldly universe or involving elements or actors outside our reality. Fantasy has been a mainstay of fiction for centuries, but burgeoned in the late 1930s and early 1940s, spurred by authors such as C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien. They inspired comic book producers. Fantasy-themed books—driven by superhero comics gaining popularity through the 1960s—grew to dominate the field. In the 1990s, authors such as Neil Gaiman helped expand the genre with his critically acclaimed Sandman series.
History
In the American market, fantasy comics began in the Golden Age of Comic Books, which was populated with notable works such as All-American Publications (and later DC Comics). Greek myth inspired super heroes including Wonder Woman and Dell's Tarzan.
Starting in the late 1940s, horror-themed fantasy anthologies gained prominence, including EC Comics' Tales from the Crypt, Haunt of Fear, and Vault of Horror; and titles such as American Comics Group Adventures into the Unknown and Forbidden Worlds. This trend faded with the publication of Dr. Fredric Wertham's book Seduction of the Innocent, which led to a Senate hearing that claimed a purported relationship between comics and juvenile violence. Fantasy comics survived in this new atmosphere, though in a diminished capacity.
Fantasy-themed super heroes continued to populate comics through the 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordine
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Rutherfordine is a mineral containing almost pure uranyl carbonate (UO2CO3). It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system in translucent lathlike, elongated, commonly radiating in fibrous, and in pulverulent, earthy to very fine-grained dense masses. It has a specific gravity of 5.7 and exhibits two directions of cleavage. It appears as brownish, brownish yellow, white, light brown orange, or light yellow fluorescent encrustations. It is also known as diderichite.
It was first described in 1906 for an occurrence in the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. It was named for Ernest Rutherford. It has been reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Northern Territory of Australia and a variety of locations worldwide.
It occurs as a secondary mineral as a weathering product of uraninite. In addition to uraninite it occurs associated with the rare minerals becquerelite, masuyite, schoepite, kasolite, curite, boltwoodite, vandendriesscheite, billietite, metatorbernite, fourmarierite, studtite and sklodowskite. It forms under acidic to neutral pH and is the only known mineral that contains only uranyl and carbonate.
References
Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1951) Dana's system of mineralogy, 7th ed., v. II, pp. 274–275.
Carbonate minerals
Uranium(VI) minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 44
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20jelly
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Crystal jelly or crystal jellyfish may refer to:
Aequorea victoria, a Northern European species
Aequorea vitrina, an American species
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population%20census%20in%20Hong%20Kong
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Population censuses / by-censuses in Hong Kong are conducted by the Census and Statistics Department (C&SD) of the Hong Kong SAR Government. The aim is to provide up-to-date benchmark statistics on the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the population and on its geographical distribution. Since 1961, a population census has been conducted in Hong Kong every 10 years and a by-census in the middle of the intercensal period. The last census, 2021 population census in Hong Kong was conducted by C&SD from 23 June to 4 August 2021.
Objectives
It is an established practice in Hong Kong to conduct a population census every 10 years and a population by-census in the middle of the intercensal period. The next population census will be conducted in 2021. The aim is to provide up-to-date benchmark statistics on the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the population and on its geographical distribution. Such statistics are vital to the Government for planning and policy formulation. It is also important to the private sector and academia for business and research purposes.
Census and Statistics Ordinance
The Census and Statistics Ordinance, which was first effective in 1978, is the main law governing the work of the C&SD. Under Section 9 of the Census and Statistics Ordinance, the Chief Executive in Council (Cap 316) makes a Census Order for each round of population census / by-census.
Apart from the dates for conducting the population census, the O
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-frequency%20receiver
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Multi-Frequency signalling, (MF), is similar to the European version, CCITT Signaling System 5, (SS5). The original format was five tones used in pairs. This later evolved to six tones. Because its six tones are used only in pairs, this signaling format is sometimes referred to as "two-out-of-five code" or "two of six."
Multi-Frequency receivers have been present in US telephony at least since the late 1940s. In 1940s technology, receivers in 4XB and similar equipment used vacuum tubes. Later ones used RC filters and transistors. Digital filters became commonplace in electronic switching systems of the 1980s. For example, in 5ESS switch such jobs are done by DSPs in the Global Digital Services Unit (GDSU).
References
The 5ESS Switching System (The AT&T Technical Journal, July–August 1985, Vol. 64, No. 6, Part 2)
Multi-Frequency Pulsing in Switching (AIEE Transactions, Volume 68, Part 1, 1949, pp. 392–396)
Multi-Frequency Pulsing in Switching (Electrical Engineering, June 1949, pp. 505–510)
Telephony signals
Telephony equipment
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lya%20enumeration%20theorem
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The Pólya enumeration theorem, also known as the Redfield–Pólya theorem and Pólya counting, is a theorem in combinatorics that both follows from and ultimately generalizes Burnside's lemma on the number of orbits of a group action on a set. The theorem was first published by J. Howard Redfield in 1927. In 1937 it was independently rediscovered by George Pólya, who then greatly popularized the result by applying it to many counting problems, in particular to the enumeration of chemical compounds.
The Pólya enumeration theorem has been incorporated into symbolic combinatorics and the theory of combinatorial species.
Simplified, unweighted version
Let X be a finite set and let G be a group of permutations of X (or a finite symmetry group that acts on X). The set X may represent a finite set of beads, and G may be a chosen group of permutations of the beads. For example, if X is a necklace of n beads in a circle, then rotational symmetry is relevant so G is the cyclic group Cn, while if X is a bracelet of n beads in a circle, rotations and reflections are relevant so G is the dihedral group Dn of order 2n. Suppose further that Y is a finite set of colors — the colors of the beads — so that YX is the set of colored arrangements of beads (more formally: YX is the set of functions .) Then the group G acts on YX. The Pólya enumeration theorem counts the number of orbits under G of colored arrangements of beads by the following formula:
where is the number of colors and c(g) is t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20J.%20Ebers%20Award
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The J. J. Ebers Award was established in 1971 to foster progress in electron devices. It commemorates Jewell James Ebers, whose contributions, particularly to transistors, shaped the understanding and technology of electron devices. It is presented annually to one or more individuals who have made either a single or a series of contributions of recognized scientific, economic, or social significance in the broad field of electron devices. The recipient (or recipients) is awarded a certificate and check for $5,000, presented at the International Electron Devices Meeting.
Recipients
The past recipients are:
1971 John L. Moll
1972 Charles W. Mueller
1973 Herbert Kroemer
1974 Andrew S. Grove
1975 Jacques I. Pankove
1976 Marion E. Hines
1977 Anthony E. Siegman
1978 Hung C. Lin
1979 James M. Early
1980 James D. Meindl
1981 Chih-Tang Sah
1982 Arthur G. Milnes
1983 Adolf Goetzberger
1984 Izuo Hayashi
1985 Walter F. Kosonocky
1986 Pallab K. Chatterjee
1987 Robert W. Dutton
1988 Al F. Tasch Jr.
1989 Tak H. Ning
1990 Yoshiyuki Takeishi
1991 Simon Min Sze
1992 Louis C. Parrillo
1993 Karl Hess
1994 Alfred U. Macrae
1995 Martin A. Green
1996 Tetsushi Sakai
1997 Marvin H. White
1998 B. Jayant Baliga
1999 James T. Clemens
2000 Bernard S. Meyerson
2001 Hiroshi Iwai
2002 Lester F. Eastman
2003 James D. Plummer
2004 Jerry G. Fossum
2005 Bijan Davari "for contributions to deep-submicron CMOS technology and their impact on the IC industry"
2006 Ghavam Shahidi "for contributions and leadership i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken%20%28Scheme%20implementation%29
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Chicken (stylized as CHICKEN) is a programming language, specifically a compiler and interpreter which implement a dialect of the programming language Scheme, and which compiles Scheme source code to standard C. It is mostly R5RS compliant and offers many extensions to the standard. The newer R7RS standard is supported through an extension library. Chicken is free and open-source software available under a BSD license. It is implemented mostly in Scheme, with some parts in C for performance or to make embedding into C programs easier.
Focus
Chicken's focus is quickly clear from its slogan: "A practical and portable Scheme system".
Chicken's main focus is the practical application of Scheme for writing real-world software. Scheme is well known for its use in computer science curricula and programming language experimentation, but it has seen little use in business and industry. Chicken's community has produced a large set of libraries to perform a variety of tasks. The Chicken wiki (the software running it is also a Chicken program) also contains a list of software that has been written in Chicken.
Chicken's other goal is to be portable. By compiling to an intermediate representation, in this case portable C (as do Gambit and Bigloo), programs written in Chicken can be compiled for common popular operating systems such as Linux, macOS, other Unix-like systems, Windows, Haiku, and mobile platforms iOS and Android. It also has built-in support for cross-compiling programs and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochlainn%20O%27Raifeartaigh
|
Lochlainn O'Raifeartaigh (; 11 March 1933 – 18 November 2000) was an Irish physicist in the field of theoretical particle physics. He is best known for the O'Raifeartaigh Theorem, a result in unification theory, and the O'Raifeartaigh Model of supersymmetry breaking.
O'Raifeartaigh was born in Clontarf, Dublin in 1933, and attended St. Joseph's C.B.S. in Fairview and Castleknock College.
Most of his scientific career was centred on that city, where he obtained his first degrees at University College Dublin (BA in 1953 and MSc in Mathematical Physics in 1956), and spent from 1968 until his death as Senior Professor at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Zurich in 1960, under Walter Heitler. He also visited many institutions, notably Madras, IHES Bures, and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, but it was during an extended stay at Syracuse University (1964-8) that he made the discovery that established his reputation. This result, which became known as O'Raifeartaigh's no-go theorem, showed that it was impossible to combine internal and relativistic symmetries other than in a trivial fashion, thus ending a widespread quest by the particle physics community to achieve this fusion. The O'Raifeartaigh theorem was later generalized to a result known as the Coleman–Mandula theorem.
O'Raifeartaigh's prolific career in theoretical physics was manifested by many fundamental contributions to the application
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP1
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HP1 or variant, may refer to:
Heterochromatin Protein 1, an important marker molecule in epigenetic research
The postal code for part of Hemel Hempstead in Dacorum, see HP postcode area
hP1, a Pearson symbol
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the first novel in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film), the first film in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series
Handley Page Type A aka H.P.1, an airplane
HP-1, a glider designed by Richard Schreder
HP1, a type of photographic stock, see Ilford HP
Haemophilus phage HP1, a virus
Hp.1 (proceed), from German railway signalling
See also
HP (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioGRID
|
The Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets (BioGRID) is a curated biological database of protein-protein interactions, genetic interactions, chemical interactions, and post-translational modifications created in 2003 (originally referred to as simply the General Repository for Interaction Datasets (GRID) by Mike Tyers, Bobby-Joe Breitkreutz, and Chris Stark at the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital. It strives to provide a comprehensive curated resource for all major model organism species while attempting to remove redundancy to create a single mapping of data. Users of The BioGRID can search for their protein, chemical or publication of interest and retrieve annotation, as well as curated data as reported, by the primary literature and compiled by in house large-scale curation efforts. The BioGRID is hosted in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Dallas, Texas, United States and is partnered with the Saccharomyces Genome Database, FlyBase, WormBase, PomBase, and the Alliance of Genome Resources. The BioGRID is funded by the NIH and CIHR. BioGRID is an observer member of the International Molecular Exchange Consortium (IMEx).
History
The BioGRID was originally published and released as simply the General Repository for Interaction Datasets but was later renamed to the BioGRID in order to more concisely describe the project, and help distinguish it from several GRID Computing projects with a similar name. Originally separated into organism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burimamide
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Burimamide is an antagonist at the H2 and H3 histamine receptors. At physiological pH, it is largely inactive as an H2 antagonist, but its H3 affinity is 100x higher. It is a thiourea derivative.
Burimamide was first developed by scientists at Smith, Kline & French (SK&F; now GlaxoSmithKline) in their intent to develop a histamine antagonist for the treatment of peptic ulcers. The discovery of burimamide ultimately led to the development of cimetidine (Tagamet).
See also
Metiamide
Cimetidine
References
H2 receptor antagonists
H3 receptor antagonists
Imidazoles
Thioureas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectorman%202
|
Vectorman 2 is a 2D action platformer developed by BlueSky Software and published by Sega. Released just a year after the original Vectorman, the game retains the game's core gameplay while expanding its mechanics. While multiple sequels were planned or proposed, no further entries in the series have surfaced to date.
Gameplay
The gameplay is similar to the first Vectorman game. The game plays as a 2D action platformer. The player maneuvers the main character, Vectorman through levels by running and jumping, and attacking enemies primarily through shooting projectile attacks. The game consists of 22 levels; more than the original game's 16, but levels in the game are generally shorter and smaller than ones found in the original. Like the original, Vectorman has a simple shooting mechanism by default that shoots in a straight line, but weapon upgrades that change and increase damage are collectable through levels. Vectorman may again morph into different forms with different abilities too, now done by defeating enemies; defeating a scorpion enemy will morph Vectorman into a scorpion and allows him to walk on particularly hot surfaces without taking damage, while defeating a rhinoceros beetle give Vectorman a large horned head he can ram into enemies. The game retains the same health system; a life bar made of orbs monitors Vectorman's health; taking damage lowers the number of orbs, while collecting "health orbs" restore it. If all health is lost before Vectorman can be direc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haag%E2%80%93%C5%81opusza%C5%84ski%E2%80%93Sohnius%20theorem
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In theoretical physics, the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem states that if both commutating and anticommutating generators are considered, then the only way to nontrivially mix spacetime and internal symmetries is through supersymmetry. The anticommutating generators must be spin-1/2 spinors which can additionally admit their own internal symmetry known as R-symmetry. The theorem is a generalization of the Coleman–Mandula theorem to Lie superalgebras. It was proved in 1975 by Rudolf Haag, Jan Łopuszański, and Martin Sohnius as a response to the development of the first supersymmetric field theories by Julius Wess and Bruno Zumino in 1974.
History
During the 1960s, a set of theorems investigating how internal symmetries can be combined with spacetime symmetries were proved, with the most general being the Coleman–Mandula theorem. It showed that the Lie group symmetry of an interacting theory must necessarily be a direct product of the Poincaré group with some compact internal group. Unaware of this theorem, during the early 1970s a number of authors independently came up with supersymmetry, seemingly in contradiction to the theorem since there some generators do transform non-trivially under spacetime transformations.
In 1974 Jan Łopuszański visited Karlsruhe from Wrocław shortly after Julius Wess and Bruno Zumino constructed the first supersymmetric quantum field theory, the Wess–Zumino model. Speaking to Wess, Łopuszański was interested in figuring out how these new theo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour%20Statistics%20Convention%2C%201985
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Labour Statistics Convention, 1985 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1985, with the preamble stating:
Ratifications
As of 2023, the convention had been ratified by 51 states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
International Labour Organization conventions
Statistical data agreements
Treaties concluded in 1985
Treaties entered into force in 1988
Treaties of Armenia
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of Benin
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of Brazil
Treaties of Canada
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of El Salvador
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of Germany
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of India
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Israel
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of South Korea
Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Mauritius
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Moldova
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Poland
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of the Soviet Union
Treaties of San Marino
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of Sri Lanka
Treaties of Eswatini
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Tajikistan
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equiaxed%20crystal
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Equiaxed crystals are crystals that have axes of approximately the same length.
Equiaxed grains can in some cases be an indication for recrystallization.
Equiaxed crystals can be achieved by heat treatment, namely annealing and normalizing.
References
According to Mabuchi, Yamada et al. in "The grain size dependence of strength in the extruded AZ91 M alloy", in "Magnesium Alloys and their Applications", edited by K.U. Kainer (2000),
Crystals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBF
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KBF may refer to:
Kakauhua language, ISO 639-3 language code kbf
Kelvin body force, a force on a fluid in a magnetic field
King Baudouin Foundation, a Belgian organisation
Kirkby-in-Furness, a village in England
Kirkby-in-Furness railway station, England, National Rail station code KBF
Knott's Berry Farm, an amusement park in California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuoki%20Azuma
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(born 1939) is a Japanese mathematician. Azuma's inequality in probability theory is named after him.
Publications
References
External links
, archived at the Internet Archive
Partial Bibliography at CiNii (also here, and perhaps at other slightly variant names)
1939 births
Living people
20th-century Japanese mathematicians
21st-century Japanese mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiendish%20Regression
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Fiendish Regression is the sixth album by Swedish death metal band Grave. It was released on August 23, 2004 through Century Media Records.
Track listing
Personnel
Grave
Pelle Ekegren - Drums
Jonas Torndal - Guitars
Ola Lindgren - Vocals, Guitars
Fredrik Isaksson - Bass
Production
Olle Carlsson - Photography (band)
Jacek Wiśniewski - Cover art
Tommy Tägtgren - Recording, Mixing, Producer
Peter Tägtgren - Producer
Henrik Jonsson - Mastering
Ola Lindgren - Recording, Mixing, Lyrics
Stefan Wibbeke - Layout, Design
References
2004 albums
Grave (band) albums
Century Media Records albums
Albums produced by Peter Tägtgren
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopurulent%20discharge
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Mucopurulent discharge is the emission or secretion of fluid containing mucus and pus (muco- pertaining to mucus and purulent pertaining to pus) from the eye, nose, cervix, vagina or other part of the body due to infection and inflammation.
Types include:
In ophthalmology, mucopurulent discharge from the eyes, and caught in the eyelashes, is a hallmark sign of bacterial conjunctivitis. The normal buildup of tears, mucus, and dirt (compare rheum) that appears at the edge of the eyelids after sleep is not mucopurulent discharge, as it does not contain pus.
Vaginal discharge
References
"Conjunctivitis: A Systematic Review of Diagnosis and Treatment" – NCBI
Symptoms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun-ichi%20Nishizawa
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was a Japanese engineer and inventor. He is known for his electronic inventions since the 1950s, including the PIN diode, static induction transistor, static induction thyristor, SIT/SITh. His inventions contributed to the development of internet technology and the information age.
He was a professor at Sophia University. He is considered the "Father of Japanese Microelectronics".
Biography
Nishizawa was born in Sendai, Japan, on September 12, 1926. He earned a B.S. in 1948, and a Doctor of Engineering degree in 1960, from Tohoku University.
In 1953, he joined the Research Institute of Electrical Communication at Tohoku University.
He became a professor there and was appointed director to two research institutes.
From 1990 to 1996, Nishizawa served as the President of Tohoku University.
He became the president of Iwate Prefectural University in 1998.
Research
In 1950, the static induction transistor was invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Y. Watanabe. The PIN photodiode was also invented by Nishizawa and his colleagues in 1950.
In 1952, he invented the avalanche photodiode. He then invented a solid-state maser in 1955. This was followed by his proposal for a semiconductor optical maser in 1957, a year before Schawlow and Townes's first paper on optical masers.
While working at Tohoku University, he proposed fiber-optic communication, the use of optical fibers for optical communication, in 1963. Nishizawa other invented technologies in the 1960s that contributed to the d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%28II%29%20nitrate
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Mercury(II) nitrate is an inorganic compound with the formula Hg(NO3)2.xH2O. These colorless or white soluble crystalline salts are occasionally used as a reagent. It is made by treating mercury with hot concentrated nitric acid. Neither anhydrous nor monohydrate has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The anhydrous material is more widely used.
Uses
Mercuric nitrate has been used in mercuration of ketones. Mercuric nitrate was formerly used in carroting felt for hats.
Health information
Mercury compounds are highly toxic. The use of this compound by hatters and the subsequent mercury poisoning of said hatters is a common theory of where the phrase "mad as a hatter" came from.
See also
The Hatter
Mercury poisoning
Gilding
References
External links
ATSDR - Toxic Substances Portal - Mercury (11/14/2013)
ATSDR - Public Health Statement: Mercury (11/14/2013)
ATSDR - ALERT! Patterns of Metallic Mercury Exposure, 6/26/97 (link not traceable 11/14/2013)
ATSDR - Medical Management Guidelines for Mercury (11/14/2013)
ATSDR - Toxicological Profile: Mercury (11/14/2013)
Safety data (MSDS) (link not traceable 11/14/2013)
Mercuric Nitrate (ICSC)
Mercury
Mercury Information Packages
How to Make Good Mercury Electrical Connections, Popular Science monthly, February 1919, Unnumbered page, Scanned by Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT14
Mercury(II) compounds
Nitrates
Oxidizing agents
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genzyme
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Genzyme was an American biotechnology company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Since its acquisition in 2011, Genzyme (also known as Genzyme Transgenics Corp or GTC Biotherapeutics) has been a fully owned subsidiary of Sanofi. In 2010, Genzyme was the world's third-largest biotechnology company, employing more than 11,000 people around the world. As a subsidiary of Sanofi, Genzyme has a presence in approximately 65 countries, including 17 manufacturing facilities and 9 genetic-testing laboratories. Its products are also sold in 90 countries. In 2007, Genzyme generated $3.8 billion in revenue with more than 25 products on the market. In 2006 and 2007, Genzyme was named one of Fortune magazine’s “100 Best Companies to Work for”. The company donated $83 million worth of products worldwide; in 2006, it made $11 million in cash donations. In 2005, Genzyme was awarded the National Medal of Technology, the highest level of honor awarded by the president of the United States to America's leading innovators. In February 2022, Sanofi's new corporate brand was unveiled and former entity "Sanofi Genzyme" got integrated into Sanofi.
History
1980s: Early history
The company was started by Sheridan Snyder and George M. Whitesides in 1981. Genzyme's scientific founder was Henry Blair who had a contract with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to produce modified enzymes for the NIH to test in clinical trials. Blair was a technician at the New England Enzyme Center at Tufts Medical Sc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin%20E%20deficiency
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Vitamin E deficiency in humans is a very rare condition, occurring as a consequence of abnormalities in dietary fat absorption or metabolism rather than from a diet low in vitamin E. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs for vitamin E and other essential nutrients are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Vitamin E deficiency can cause nerve problems due to poor conduction of electrical impulses along nerves due to changes in nerve membrane structure and function.
Signs and symptoms
Signs of vitamin E deficiency include the following:
Neuromuscular problems – such as spinocerebellar ataxia and myopathies.
Neurological problems – may include dysarthria, absence of deep tendon reflexes, loss of the ability to sense vibration and detect where body parts are in three dimensional space, and positive Babinski sign.
Hemolytic anemia – due to oxidative damage to red blood cells
Retinopathy
Impairment of the immune response
Causes
Vitamin E deficiency is rare. There are no records of it from simple lack of vitamin E in a person's diet, but it can arise from physiological abnormalities. It occurs in the people in the following situations:
Premature, very low birth weight infants – birth weights less than 1500 grams (3.3 pounds).
Rare disorders of fat metabolism – There is a rare genetic condition termed isolated vitamin E deficiency or 'ataxia with isolated with vitamin E deficiency', caused by mutations in the gene for the tocopherol transfer protein. These indi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECTFE
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ECTFE (ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) is an alternating copolymer of ethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene. It is a semi-crystalline fluoropolymer (a partly fluorinated polymer), with chemical corrosion resistance properties.
Physical and chemical properties
ECTFE (ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene) is a polymer known for its chemical resistance, making it suitable for various industrial applications. It is resistant to acids at high concentrations/temperatures, caustic media, oxidizing agents, and many solvents, similar to PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene). One of the key properties of ECTFE is its permeation resistance to large molecules, which is generally slow and not significant in practical applications. Small molecules, however, may permeate through the polymer matrix. In lining or coating applications using ECTFE, permeability of certain small molecules determines the lifetime of anti-corrosion protection. Small molecules such as H2O, O2, Cl2, H2S, HCl, HF, HBr, N2, H2, and CH3OH are relatively mobile in the polymer matrix and lead to measurable effects. This permeation resistance is particularly critical in lining and coating applications, where the material is used to protect underlying layers, such as fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) or steel, from corrosive substances. The polymer's resistance to permeation is attributed to the presence of chlorine atoms in the polymer chain, which occupies free volume and restricts the movement of small molecules through the materi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%E2%80%93Smale%20compactness%20condition
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The Palais–Smale compactness condition, named after Richard Palais and Stephen Smale, is a hypothesis for some theorems of the calculus of variations. It is useful for guaranteeing the existence of certain kinds of critical points, in particular saddle points. The Palais-Smale condition is a condition on the functional that one is trying to extremize.
In finite-dimensional spaces, the Palais–Smale condition for a continuously differentiable real-valued function is satisfied automatically for proper maps: functions which do not take unbounded sets into bounded sets. In the calculus of variations, where one is typically interested in infinite-dimensional function spaces, the condition is necessary because some extra notion of compactness beyond simple boundedness is needed. See, for example, the proof of the mountain pass theorem in section 8.5 of Evans.
Strong formulation
A continuously Fréchet differentiable functional from a Hilbert space H to the reals satisfies the Palais–Smale condition if every sequence such that:
is bounded, and
in H
has a convergent subsequence in H.
Weak formulation
Let X be a Banach space and be a Gateaux differentiable functional. The functional is said to satisfy the weak Palais–Smale condition if for each sequence such that
,
in ,
for all ,
there exists a critical point of with
References
Calculus of variations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20pass%20theorem
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The mountain pass theorem is an existence theorem from the calculus of variations, originally due to Antonio Ambrosetti and Paul Rabinowitz. Given certain conditions on a function, the theorem demonstrates the existence of a saddle point. The theorem is unusual in that there are many other theorems regarding the existence of extrema, but few regarding saddle points.
Statement
The assumptions of the theorem are:
is a functional from a Hilbert space H to the reals,
and is Lipschitz continuous on bounded subsets of H,
satisfies the Palais–Smale compactness condition,
,
there exist positive constants r and a such that if , and
there exists with such that .
If we define:
and:
then the conclusion of the theorem is that c is a critical value of I.
Visualization
The intuition behind the theorem is in the name "mountain pass." Consider I as describing elevation. Then we know two low spots in the landscape: the origin because , and a far-off spot v where . In between the two lies a range of mountains (at ) where the elevation is high (higher than a>0). In order to travel along a path g from the origin to v, we must pass over the mountains—that is, we must go up and then down. Since I is somewhat smooth, there must be a critical point somewhere in between. (Think along the lines of the mean-value theorem.) The mountain pass lies along the path that passes at the lowest elevation through the mountains. Note that this mountain pass is almost always a saddle p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calbindin
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Calbindins are three different calcium-binding proteins: calbindin, calretinin and S100G. They were originally described as vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding proteins in the intestine and kidney of chicks and mammals. They are now classified in different subfamilies as they differ in the number of Ca2+ binding EF hands.
Calbindin 1
Calbindin 1 or simply calbindin was first shown to be present in the intestine in birds and then found in the mammalian kidney. It is also expressed in a number of neuronal and endocrine cells, particularly in the cerebellum. It is a 28 kDa protein encoded in humans by the CALB1 gene.
Calbindin contains 4 active calcium-binding domains, and 2 modified domains that have lost their calcium-binding capacity. Calbindin acts as a calcium buffer and calcium sensor and can hold four Ca2+ in the EF-hands of loops EF1, EF3, EF4 and EF5. The structure of rat calbindin was originally solved by nuclear magnetic resonance and was one of the largest proteins then to be determined by this technique. The sequence of calbindin is 263 residues in length and has only one chain. The sequence consists mostly of alpha helices but beta sheets are not absent. According to the NMR PDB (PDB entry 2G9B) it is 44% helical with 14 helices containing 117 residues, and 4% beta sheet with 9 strands containing 13 residues. In 2018 the X-ray crystal structure of human calbindin was published (PDB entry 6FIE). There were differences observed between the nuclear magnetic resona
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkins%20%28surname%29
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Atkins is a surname of English origin. At the time of the British Census of 1881, its frequency was highest in Buckinghamshire (6.0 times the British average), followed by Huntingdonshire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, Rutland, Kent, Dorset, Norfolk, and Berkshire. Atkins may refer to:
Al Atkins (born 1947), British singer
Anna Atkins (1799–1871), British pioneer of photography
Barry K. Atkins (1911–2005), American admiral
B. T. S. Atkins (Sue Atkins) (1931–2021), British lexicographer
Brett Atkins (born 1964), Australian rugby league footballer of the 1980s and 1990s
Charlotte Atkins (born 1950), United Kingdom Member of Parliament
Chet Atkins (1924–2001), guitarist and record producer
Cholly Atkins (1913–2003), American choreographer for Motown artists
Christopher Atkins (born 1961), American actor
Chucky Atkins (born 1974), NBA basketball player
C. Clyde Atkins (1914–1999), American judge
Colin Atkins, Canadian politician
Coral Atkins (1936–2016), British actress
Craig S. Atkins (1903–1990), judge of the United States Tax Court
David Atkins (born 1955), Australian stage director
Doug Atkins (1930–2015), American football player
Eileen Atkins (born 1934), English actress
Ella Atkins, American aerospace engineer
Ernie Atkins (1890–1972), Australian Rules footballer
Essence Atkins (born 1972), American actress
Frances Atkins, British chef
Garrett Atkins (born 1979), American baseball player
Gary Atkins (born 1969), rugby league footballer
Geno Atkins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%20protein
|
Copper proteins are proteins that contain one or more copper ions as prosthetic groups. Copper proteins are found in all forms of air-breathing life. These proteins are usually associated with electron-transfer with or without the involvement of oxygen (O2). Some organisms even use copper proteins to carry oxygen instead of iron proteins. A prominent copper proteins in humans is in cytochrome c oxidase (cco). The enzyme cco mediates the controlled combustion that produces ATP.
Classes
The metal centers in the copper proteins can be classified into several types:
Type I copper centres (T1Cu) are characterized by a single copper atom coordinated by two histidine residues and a cysteine residue in a trigonal planar structure, and a variable axial ligand. In class I T1Cu proteins (e.g. amicyanin, plastocyanin and pseudoazurin) the axial ligand is the sulfur of methionine, whereas aminoacids other than methionine (e.g. glutamine) give rise to class II T1Cu copper proteins. Azurins contain the third type of T1Cu centres: besides a methionine in one axial position, they contain a second axial ligand (a carbonyl group of a glycine residue). T1Cu-containing proteins are usually called "cupredoxins", and show similar three-dimensional structures, relatively high reduction potentials (> 250 mV), and strong absorption near 600 nm (due to S→Cu charge transfer), which usually gives rise to a blue colour. Cupredoxins are therefore often called "blue copper proteins". This may be mis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Jordan%20%28zoologist%2C%20born%201861%29
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Heinrich Ernst Karl Jordan (7 December 1861 – 12 January 1959) was a German-British entomologist. He took a special interest in the taxonomy and classification of butterflies, beetles and fleas. Jordan was a founder of the International Congress of Entomology.
Jordan was born in a farming family in Almstedt, raised by an uncle after the death of his father in 1855, finished school in Hildesheim and educated at Göttingen University. After a year of military service, he taught at Münden Grammar School for five years and came in contact with zoologist August Metzger and Count Berlepsch that led to a growth in his natural history interest. Through their recommendation he received an invitation to joined Ernst Hartert at Rotschild's museum. In 1893 he began work at Walter Rothschild's Natural History Museum at Tring, specialising in Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Siphonaptera. Jordan published over 400 papers, many jointly with Charles and Walter Rothschild. He described 2,575 new species himself, with an additional 851 in collaboration with the Rothschilds.
Jordan married Minna Brünig in 1891, who he knew from a young age.
Jordan initiated and founded the first International Entomological Congress, held in 1910 after being inspired by the zoological congresses that he attended at Berlin and Cambridge. He became a naturalized British citizen in 1911. Jordan was a fellow of the Royal Society, and president of the Entomological Society of London from 1929 to 1930.
Jordan is commemo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matauri%20Bay
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Matauri Bay () is a bay in New Zealand, situated 30 km north of Kerikeri, in Whangaroa county, just north of the Bay of Islands. It has over a kilometre of white sand and crystal clear water, making it a popular summer destinations for surfers, divers, fishers and holidaymakers.
History and culture
Early history
Some of the first Polynesian navigators to New Zealand landed at Matauri Bay. It was a site of early Māori contact with Europeans, such as with the missionary Samuel Marsden in 1814.
Rainbow Warrior
The Rainbow Warrior was given a final resting place near Matauri Bay, at the Cavalli Islands. It has become a living reef, attracting marine life and recreational divers.
The idea was first proposed by the New Zealand Underwater Association. It seemed a fitting end for a ship that had spent its time protecting the marine environment.
It was towed north with a patched hull on 2 December 1987. Ten days later, a crowd of well-wishers looked on as it was given a traditional Māori burial. Now home to a complex ecosystem, the Rainbow Warrior has become a popular dive destination. The local Māori community maintains its guardianship and conservation. In a few years, the Rainbow Warrior became an integral part of the environment it helped protect.
Marae
The Matauri Bay area has two marae. Mātauri or Te Tāpui Marae and Ngāpuhi meeting house is a meeting place of the Ngāpuhi hapū of Ngāti Kura and Ngāti Miru, and the Ngāpuhi / Ngāti Kahu ki Whaingaroa hapū of Ngāti Kura. Te
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUMO%20protein
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In molecular biology, SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier) proteins are a family of small proteins that are covalently attached to and detached from other proteins in cells to modify their function. This process is called SUMOylation (sometimes written sumoylation). SUMOylation is a post-translational modification involved in various cellular processes, such as nuclear-cytosolic transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, protein stability, response to stress, and progression through the cell cycle.
SUMO proteins are similar to ubiquitin and are considered members of the ubiquitin-like protein family. SUMOylation is directed by an enzymatic cascade analogous to that involved in ubiquitination. In contrast to ubiquitin, SUMO is not used to tag proteins for degradation. Mature SUMO is produced when the last four amino acids of the C-terminus have been cleaved off to allow formation of an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine residue of SUMO and an acceptor lysine on the target protein.
SUMO family members often have dissimilar names; the SUMO homologue in yeast, for example, is called SMT3 (suppressor of mif two 3). Several pseudogenes have been reported for SUMO genes in the human genome.
Function
SUMO modification of proteins has many functions. Among the most frequent and best studied are protein stability, nuclear-cytosolic transport, and transcriptional regulation. Typically, only a small fraction of a given protein is SUMOylated and this modification i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjolin%27s%20ulcer
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Marjolin's ulcer refers to an aggressive ulcerating squamous cell carcinoma presenting in an area of previously traumatized, chronically inflamed, or scarred skin. They are commonly present in the context of chronic wounds including burn injuries, varicose veins, venous ulcers, ulcers from osteomyelitis, and post radiotherapy scars.
The term was named after French surgeon, Jean-Nicolas Marjolin, who first described the condition in 1828. The term was later coined by J C De Costa.
Presentation
Slow growth, painlessness (as the ulcer is usually not associated with nerve tissue), and absence of lymphatic spread due to local destruction of lymphatic channels.
Histology
Histologically, the tumour is a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. This carcinoma is aggressive in nature, spreads locally and is associated with a poor prognosis. The cancer has a 18-38% rate of metastasis.
40% occur on the lower limb and the malignant change is usually painless. This malignant change of the wound happens a long time after initial trauma, usually 10–25 years later. Its edge is everted and not always raised. More recent transcriptional analysis suggests that chronically impeded extracellular matrix turnover and epithelium-to-mesenchyme transitions in neglected scar tissue might give rise to this malignancy.
Diagnosis
Wedge biopsy is the favored method of diagnosis. Tissue specimens obtained should be taken from both the centre and margin of lesion, as the central ulcerated deposit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boojum%20%28superfluidity%29
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In the physics of superfluidity, a boojum is a geometric pattern on the surface of one of the phases of superfluid helium-3, whose motion can result in the decay of a supercurrent. A boojum can result from a monopole singularity in the bulk of the liquid being drawn to, and then "pinned" on a surface. Although superfluid helium-3 only exists within a few thousandths of a degree of absolute zero, boojums have also been observed forming in various liquid crystals, which exist at a far broader range of temperatures.
The boojum was named by N. David Mermin of Cornell University in 1976. He was inspired by Lewis Carroll's poem The Hunting of the Snark. As in the poem, the appearance of a boojum can cause something (in this case, the supercurrent) to "softly and suddenly vanish away". Other, less whimsical names had already been suggested for the phenomenon, but Mermin was persistent. After an exchange of letters that Mermin describes as both "lengthy and hilarious", the editors of Physical Review Letters agreed to his terminology. Research using the term "boojum" in a superfluid context was first published in 1977, and the term has since gained widespread acceptance in broader areas of physics. Its Russian phonetic equivalent is "budzhum", which is also well accepted by physicists.
The plural of the term is "boojums", a word initially disliked by Mermin (who at first used "booja") but one which is defined unambiguously by Carroll in his poem.
References
A collection of art
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren%20Patterson
|
Darren James Patterson (born 15 October 1969) is a Northern Irish football manager and former professional footballer.
As a player he was a defender, notably playing in the Premier League for Crystal Palace and in the Scottish Premier League for Dundee United. Most of his appearances however came in the Football League with spells at Wigan Athletic and Luton Town. He also played professionally for Preston North End, York City and Oxford United. He was capped by Northern Ireland on 17 occasions, scoring one goal.
Following retirement from playing, he switched to coaching and rejoined Oxford United where after a caretaker spell in charge he had two separate stints as first team manager. He later joined the coaching staff at Bristol Rovers where he also had a spell as the clubs interim first team manager. In 2011, he became Rotherham United's assistant manager again having a brief spell in temporary charge.
Club career
Patterson began his playing career with West Bromwich Albion around the time of their relegation from the First Division in 1986, but failed to make a first-team appearance and was signed by Bryan Hamilton for Wigan Athletic early in the 1989–90 season.
Patterson proved a success in defence for Wigan, making 57 Third Division appearances and scored five goals before being transferred to Crystal Palace at the end of the 1991–92 season. Patterson enjoyed a longer spell at Palace and played for the club in the FA Premier League before joining Luton Town in a £230
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Occupational%20Classification
|
National Occupational Classification, or NOC, is a systematic taxonomy of all occupations in the Canadian labour market. As a Canadian government publication it is concurrently published in French as Classification nationale des professions. The NOC a joint project between Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC) and Statistics Canada and classifies over 30,000 occupational titles into 500 Unit Groups, organized according to 4 skill levels and 10 skill types.
The NOC is used by students, workers, employers, career and vocational counsellors, educational and training organizations. The first Edition of the NOC was published in 1992, and a Second Revised Edition was offered in 2001. Further minor revisions were made in 2006. The 2011 revision combined the variation National Occupational Classification for Statistics (NOC-S) and the 2006 NOC version into one system with structural changes. The 2016 revision was minor and the NOC content is now continually updated; however its structure is set to be revised every 10 years. It is available online. The 2021 version will be a structural revision.
The NOC supersedes the Canadian Classification Dictionary of Occupations (CCDO), which was published by the then Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (HRSDC) (now ESDC) in 1981.
References
External links
National Occupational Classification
Employment and Social Development Canada
1992 establishments in Canada
Employment and Social Development Canada
Employment clas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical%20genetics
|
Dynamical genetics concerns the study and the interpretation of those phenomena in which physiological enzymatic protein complexes alter the DNA, in a more or less sophisticated way.
The study of such mechanisms is important firstly since they promote useful functions, as for example the immune system recombination (on individual scale) and the crossing-over (on evolutionary scale); secondly since they may sometimes become harmful because of some malfunctioning, causing for example neurodegenerative disorders.
Typical examples of dynamical genetics subjects are:
dynamic mutations, term introduced by Robert I. Richards and Grant R. Sutherland to indicate mutations caused by other mutations; this phenomenon often involves the variable number tandem repeats, closely related to many neurodegenerative diseases, as the trinucleotide repeat disorders (interpreted by Anita Harding).
dynamic genome, term introduced by Nina Fedoroff and David Botstein to indicate the transposition discovered by Barbara McClintock.
immune V(D)J recombination (discovered by Susumu Tonegawa) and isotype class switching, terms introduced to indicate two kinds of immune system recombinations, which are the main cause of the enormous variety of antibodies.
horizontal DNA transfer (discovered by Frederick Griffith) that indicates the DNA transfer between two organisms.
crossing-over (discovered by Thomas Hunt Morgan) mediated by formation and unwinding (by means of peculiar enzymatic complexes such as heli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladura
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The term "Aladura" means "praying person" in Yoruba. Aladura is a classification of indigenous churches that started in Yoruba land in the early 20th century. These churches believe in the efficacy of prayers and practical guidance by the Living God through his Holy Spirit in all its programs.
The first known Aladura church started with Abbieassalem Samuel Somoye (Baba Dada) in 1918 at Abule Dada in Ogun State Nigeria.
The main Aladura churches can be distinguished by the distinct apostolic way, the church founders were called directly by Christ himself. Jesus Christ emphasized: my house shall be called the house of prayer.
Aladura churches emphasize the power of prayer, prayerful songs and the word of God (both the Bible and revealed by the living voice of God).
They believe in holiness. The yoruba term for this: is "ijo-mimo". Aladura churches are Evangelicals and various elements associated with Pentecostalism can be found in Aladura churches.
Most of the pioneer founders in the early 20th century were initially Anglicans and Methodists. They rejected the power of traditional African religion as malign. They also opposed many dominant practices then such as: both polygamy and witchcraft and focus instead on the "holiness movement".
Today, many churches in Nigeria can be called "Aladura", since they have been influenced by this movement.
Divisions
The main Aladura churches with their founders are:
Pre-1960 Aladura
Some of the pre-1960s Aladura churches are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgor%20pressure
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Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall.
It is also called hydrostatic pressure, and is defined as the pressure in a fluid measured at a certain point within itself when at equilibrium. Generally, turgor pressure is caused by the osmotic flow of water and occurs in plants, fungi, and bacteria. The phenomenon is also observed in protists that have cell walls. This system is not seen in animal cells, as the absence of a cell wall would cause the cell to lyse when under too much pressure. The pressure exerted by the osmotic flow of water is called turgidity. It is caused by the osmotic flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a volume with a low solute concentration to one with a higher solute concentration is called osmotic flow. In plants, this entails the water moving from the low concentration solute outside the cell into the cell's vacuole.
Etymology
1610s, from Latin turgidus "swollen, inflated, distended," from turgere "to swell," of unknown origin. Figurative use in reference to prose is from 1725. Related: Turgidly; turgidness.
Mechanism
Osmosis is the process in which water flows from a volume with a low solute concentration (osmolarity), to an adjacent region with a higher solute concentration until equilibrium between the two areas is reached. It is usually accompanied by a favorable increase in the entropy of the solvent. All cells ar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20factor
|
In econometrics, a dynamic factor (also known as a diffusion index) is a series which measures the co-movement of many time series. It is used in certain macroeconomic models.
A diffusion index is intended to indicate
the changes of the fraction of economic data time series which increase or decrease over the selected time interval,
an increase or decrease in future economic activity,
provide some correlation to the business sentiment of companies.
Formally
where is the vector of lagged factors of the variables in the matrix (T is the number of observations and N is the number of variables), are the factor loadings, and is the factor error.
History
Diffusion indexes were originally designed to help identify business cycle turning points.
Example
A diffusion index of monthly employment levels across industries measures the degree to which a growth in employment levels in a population is made up of growth in all industries versus sharp growth in just a few industries. In one published data series on that design, the diffusion index is computed from a panel of discrete time series by assigning a value of 0 to an observation if it is lower than its analog in the previous month, 50 if it is at the same level, and 100 if it has increased. The average of these component values for a given period over the time period is a diffusion index. Relative to the equation above, the underlying factors are drawn from the values {0, 50, 100} based on employment changes, and the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureal%20Semiconductor
|
Aureal Semiconductor Inc. was an American electronics manufacturer, best known throughout the mid-late 1990s for their PC sound card technologies including A3D and the Vortex (a line of audio ASICs.) The company was the reincarnation of the, at the time, bankrupt Media Vision Technology, who developed and manufactured multimedia peripherals such as the Pro Audio Spectrum 16.
History
Prior to May 1996, Aureal Semiconductor were Media Vision Technologies Inc. after being involved in a financial scandal. Media Vision incurred approximately $104 million of aggregate losses in 1995 before the company was renamed. Aureal sustained further losses of $17 million in 1996 and $18 million in 1997. After having acquired Crystal River Engineering in May 1996, Aureal worked with them to develop and market the A3D audio technology. The technology was incorporated into video games, surround sound systems and sound cards.
On March 5, 1998 Creative Labs sued Aureal for patent infringement. Aureal countersued because they believed Creative was guilty of patent infringement. After numerous lawsuits Aureal won a favorable ruling in December 1999, which vindicated Aureal from these patent infringement claims, but the legal costs were too high and Aureal filed for bankruptcy. On September 21, 2000, Creative acquired Aureal's assets from its bankruptcy trustee for US$32 million through the bankruptcy court, with the specific provision that Creative Labs would be released from all claims of past
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanized%20antibody
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Humanized antibodies are antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to increase their similarity to antibody variants produced naturally in humans. The process of "humanization" is usually applied to monoclonal antibodies developed for administration to humans (for example, antibodies developed as anti-cancer drugs). Humanization can be necessary when the process of developing a specific antibody involves generation in a non-human immune system (such as that in mice). The protein sequences of antibodies produced in this way are partially distinct from homologous antibodies occurring naturally in humans, and are therefore potentially immunogenic when administered to human patients (see also Human anti-mouse antibody). The International Nonproprietary Names of humanized antibodies end in -zumab, as in omalizumab (see Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies).
Humanized antibodies are distinct from chimeric antibodies. The latter also have their protein sequences made more similar to human antibodies, but carry a larger stretch of non-human protein.
There are other ways to develop monoclonal antibodies. This list covers many of the monoclonals developed for use in humans.
Use of recombinant DNA in humanization process
The humanization process takes advantage of the fact that production of monoclonal antibodies can be accomplished using recombinant DNA to create constructs capable of expression in mammalian cell culture. That is, gene segments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wold%27s%20theorem
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In statistics, Wold's decomposition or the Wold representation theorem (not to be confused with the Wold theorem that is the discrete-time analog of the Wiener–Khinchin theorem), named after Herman Wold, says that every covariance-stationary time series can be written as the sum of two time series, one deterministic and one stochastic.
Formally
where:
is the time series being considered,
is an uncorrelated sequence which is the innovation process to the process – that is, a white noise process that is input to the linear filter .
is the possibly infinite vector of moving average weights (coefficients or parameters)
is a deterministic time series, such as one represented by a sine wave.
The moving average coefficients have these properties:
Stable, that is square summable <
Causal (i.e. there are no terms with j < 0)
Minimum delay
Constant ( independent of t)
It is conventional to define
This theorem can be considered as an existence theorem: any stationary process has this seemingly special representation. Not only is the existence of such a simple linear and exact representation remarkable, but even more so is the special nature of the moving average model. Imagine creating a process that is a moving average but not satisfying these properties 1–4. For example, the coefficients could define an acausal and model. Nevertheless the theorem assures the existence of a causal that exactly represents this process. How this all works for the case of c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wold%27s%20decomposition
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In mathematics, particularly in operator theory, Wold decomposition or Wold–von Neumann decomposition, named after Herman Wold and John von Neumann, is a classification theorem for isometric linear operators on a given Hilbert space. It states that every isometry is a direct sum of copies of the unilateral shift and a unitary operator.
In time series analysis, the theorem implies that any stationary discrete-time stochastic process can be decomposed into a pair of uncorrelated processes, one deterministic, and the other being a moving average process.
Details
Let H be a Hilbert space, L(H) be the bounded operators on H, and V ∈ L(H) be an isometry. The Wold decomposition states that every isometry V takes the form
for some index set A, where S is the unilateral shift on a Hilbert space Hα, and U is a unitary operator (possible vacuous). The family {Hα} consists of isomorphic Hilbert spaces.
A proof can be sketched as follows. Successive applications of V give a descending sequences of copies of H isomorphically embedded in itself:
where V(H) denotes the range of V. The above defined Hi = Vi(H). If one defines
then
It is clear that K1 and K2 are invariant subspaces of V.
So V(K2) = K2. In other words, V restricted to K2 is a surjective isometry, i.e., a unitary operator U.
Furthermore, each Mi is isomorphic to another, with V being an isomorphism between Mi and Mi+1: V "shifts" Mi to Mi+1. Suppose the dimension of each Mi is some cardinal number α. We see that K1 c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecast%20error
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In statistics, a forecast error is the difference between the actual or real and the predicted or forecast value of a time series or any other phenomenon of interest. Since the forecast error is derived from the same scale of data, comparisons between the forecast errors of different series can only be made when the series are on the same scale.
In simple cases, a forecast is compared with an outcome at a single time-point and a summary of forecast errors is constructed over a collection of such time-points. Here the forecast may be assessed using the difference or using a proportional error. By convention, the error is defined using the value of the outcome minus the value of the forecast.
In other cases, a forecast may consist of predicted values over a number of lead-times; in this case an assessment of forecast error may need to consider more general ways of assessing the match between the time-profiles of the forecast and the outcome. If a main application of the forecast is to predict when certain thresholds will be crossed, one possible way of assessing the forecast is to use the timing-error—the difference in time between when the outcome crosses the threshold and when the forecast does so. When there is interest in the maximum value being reached, assessment of forecasts can be done using any of:
the difference of times of the peaks;
the difference in the peak values in the forecast and outcome;
the difference between the peak value of the outcome and the value
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiparametric%20model
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In statistics, a semiparametric model is a statistical model that has parametric and nonparametric components.
A statistical model is a parameterized family of distributions: indexed by a parameter .
A parametric model is a model in which the indexing parameter is a vector in -dimensional Euclidean space, for some nonnegative integer . Thus, is finite-dimensional, and .
With a nonparametric model, the set of possible values of the parameter is a subset of some space , which is not necessarily finite-dimensional. For example, we might consider the set of all distributions with mean 0. Such spaces are vector spaces with topological structure, but may not be finite-dimensional as vector spaces. Thus, for some possibly infinite-dimensional space .
With a semiparametric model, the parameter has both a finite-dimensional component and an infinite-dimensional component (often a real-valued function defined on the real line). Thus, , where is an infinite-dimensional space.
It may appear at first that semiparametric models include nonparametric models, since they have an infinite-dimensional as well as a finite-dimensional component. However, a semiparametric model is considered to be "smaller" than a completely nonparametric model because we are often interested only in the finite-dimensional component of . That is, the infinite-dimensional component is regarded as a nuisance parameter. In nonparametric models, by contrast, the primary interest is in estimating th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges%20Matheron
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Georges François Paul Marie Matheron (2 December 1930 – 7 August 2000) was a French mathematician and civil engineer of mines, known as the founder of geostatistics and a co-founder (together with Jean Serra) of mathematical morphology. In 1968, he created the Centre de Géostatistique et de Morphologie Mathématique at the Paris School of Mines in Fontainebleau. He is known for his contributions on Kriging and mathematical morphology. His seminal work is posted for study and review to the Online Library of the Centre de Géostatistique, Fontainebleau, France.
Early career
Matheron graduated from École Polytechnique and later Ecole des Mines de Paris, where he studied mathematics, physics and probability theory (as a student of Paul Lévy).
From 1954 to 1963, he worked with the French Geological Survey in Algeria and France, and was influenced by the works of Krige, Sichel, and de Wijs, from the South African school, on the gold deposits of the Witwatersrand. This influence led him to develop the major concepts of the theory for estimating resources he named Geostatistics.
Geostatistics
Matheron’s [Formule des Minerais Connexes] became his Note Statistique No 1. In this paper of 25 November 1954, Matheron derived the degree of associative dependence between lead and silver grades of core samples. In his Rectificatif of 13 January 1955, he revised the arithmetic mean lead and silver grades because his core samples varied in length. He did derive the length-weighted average le
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20origami
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DNA origami is the nanoscale folding of DNA to create arbitrary two- and three-dimensional shapes at the nanoscale. The specificity of the interactions between complementary base pairs make DNA a useful construction material, through design of its base sequences. DNA is a well-understood material that is suitable for creating scaffolds that hold other molecules in place or to create structures all on its own.
DNA origami was the cover story of Nature on March 16, 2006. Since then, DNA origami has progressed past an art form and has found a number of applications from drug delivery systems to uses as circuitry in plasmonic devices; however, most commercial applications remain in a concept or testing phase.
Overview
The idea of using DNA as a construction material was first introduced in the early 1980s by Nadrian Seeman. The current method of DNA origami was developed by Paul Rothemund at the California Institute of Technology. The process involves the folding of a long single strand of viral DNA (typically the 7,249 bp genomic DNA of M13 bacteriophage) aided by multiple smaller "staple" strands. These shorter strands bind the longer in various places, resulting in the formation of a pre-defined two- or three-dimensional shape. Examples include a smiley face and a coarse map of China and the Americas, along with many three-dimensional structures such as cubes.
To produce a desired shape, images are drawn with a raster fill of a single long DNA molecule. This design is then
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20S.%20Lodge
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Arthur Scott Lodge (20 November 1922 – 24 June 2005) was a prominent rheologist and the originator of the Lodge elastic liquid constitutive equation and inventor of the Lodge Stressmeter. Author of two important textbooks in rheology (Elastic Liquids and Body Tensor Fields in Continuum Mechanics) he was one of the founding members of the Rheology Research Center at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA.
Lodge was born in Liverpool and received his bachelor's degree in Mathematics (1945) and DPhil in Theoretical Nuclear Physics (1948) from Oxford University. In 1949, he took a position at the British Rayon Research Association, where his supervisor was Karl Weissenberg, inventor of the Weissenberg rheogoniometer. In 1961, Lodge joined the faculty of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST). In 1964, Lodge authored the text Elastic Liquids (Academic Press), and spent the academic year 1965–1966 in Madison, Wisconsin, USA as a visiting professor; in 1968 the Lodge family moved to Madison permanently. On his arrival at UW–Madison, Lodge and colleagues Bob Bird, John Ferry, John Schrag, and Millard Johnson founded the Rheology Research Center (RRC). Lodge chaired the RRC Executive Committee for 23 years until his retirement in 1991.
Elastic Liquids introduced the Lodge rubberlike liquid constitutive equation, the foundation for contemporary nonlinear viscoelasticity. The Lodge rubberlike liquid managed to explain most of what could be reli
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemopoietic%20growth%20factor
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Hemopoietic growth factors regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular progenitor cells. Made available through recombinant DNA technology, they hold tremendous potential for medical uses when a person's natural ability to form blood cells is diminished or defective. Recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) is very effective in treating the diminished red blood cell production that accompanies end-stage kidney disease. Erythropoietin is a sialoglycoprotein hormone produced by peritubular cells of kidney.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte CSF are given to stimulate white blood cell formation in cancer patients who are receiving chemotherapy, which tends to kill their red bone marrow cells as well as the cancer cells. Thrombopoietin shows great promise for preventing platelet depletion during chemotherapy. CSFs and thrombopoietin also improve the outcome of patients who receive bone marrow transplants.
Types
Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the interstitial fibroblast cells of the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels. It prompts the production of erythrocytes.
Thrombopoietin, another glycoprotein hormone, is produced by the liver and kidneys. It triggers the development of megakaryocytes into platelets.
Cytokines are glycoproteins secreted by a wide variety of cells, including red bone marrow, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. They act locally as autocrine or paracrine factors,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-focusing%20transducers
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Acoustic waves emitted by ultrasonics transducer crystals exhibit a property known as self-focusing (or natural focusing). Note that this is distinct from the electronically controlled focusing employed in diagnostic ultrasound devices which employ arrays of transducers. The self-focusing effect exists even for a single crystal.
Self-focusing refers to the narrowing of the ultrasonic beam in the near-field. The effect occurs because,
if the ultrasound wave generated by the crystal is coherent,
the edges of the emitting surface generate wavelets that constructively interfere with the plane wave that is generated.
The volume near the transducer which exhibits this phenomenon is called the near field,
as opposed to the far field where wave intensity decays approximately exponentially.
The near-field size is usually approximated
by where crystal diameter and wavelength of the emitted wave.
At the edge of the near-field, where the focusing reaches its maximum, the beam width reaches .
However, there exist techniques, such as apodization that may be used to reduce the near field size.
References
Ultrasound
Nondestructive testing
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft%20deicing%20fluid
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In ground deicing of aircraft, aircraft deicing fluid (ADF), aircraft deicer and anti-icer fluid (ADAF) or aircraft anti-icing fluid (AAF) are commonly used for both commercial and general aviation. Environmental concerns include increased salinity of groundwater where de-icing fluids are discharged into soil, and toxicity to humans and other mammals.
Fluids used
Deicing fluids come in a variety of types, and are typically composed of ethylene glycol (EG) or propylene glycol (PG), along with other ingredients such as thickening agents, surfactants (wetting agents), corrosion inhibitors, colors, and UV-sensitive dye. Propylene glycol-based fluid is more common because it is less toxic than ethylene glycol.
SAE International (formerly known as the Society of Automotive Engineers) publishes standards (SAE AMS 1428 and AMS 1424) for four different types of aviation deicing fluids:
Type I fluids have a low viscosity, and are considered "unthickened". They provide only short term protection because they quickly flow off surfaces after use. They are typically sprayed on hot (130–180 °F, 55–80 °C) at high pressure to remove snow, ice, and frost. Usually they are dyed orange to aid in identification and application.
Type II fluids are pseudoplastic, which means they contain a polymeric thickening agent to prevent their immediate flow off aircraft surfaces. Type II prevents snow, ice or frost contamination from adhering to the aircraft from the apron to takeoff. Typically the flui
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20partition%20scheduler
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Adaptive partition schedulers are a relatively new type of partition scheduler, which in turn is a kind of scheduling algorithm, pioneered with the most recent version of the QNX operating system. Adaptive partitioning, or AP, allows the real-time system designer to request that a percentage of processing resources be reserved for a particular partition (group of threads and/or processes making up a subsystem). The operating system's priority-driven pre-emptive scheduler will behave in the same way that a non-AP system would until the system is overloaded (i.e. system-wide there is more computation to perform than the processor is capable of sustaining over the long term). During overload, the AP scheduler enforces hard limits on total run-time for the subsystems within a partition, as dictated by the allocated percentage of processor bandwidth for the particular partition.
If the system is not overloaded, a partition that is allocated (for example) 10% of the processor bandwidth, can, in fact, use more than 10%, as it will borrow from the spare budget of other partitions (but will be required to pay it back later). This is very useful for the non real-time subsystems that experience variable load, since these subsystems can make use of spare budget from hard real-time partitions in order to make more forward progress than they would in a fixed partition scheduler such as ARINC-653 , but without impacting the hard real-time subsystems' deadlines.
QNX Neutrino 6.3.2 and n
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Classic%20stage
|
In the classification of the archaeology of the Americas, the Post-Classic Stage is a term applied to some Precolumbian cultures, typically ending with local contact with Europeans. This stage is the fifth of five archaeological stages posited by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology.
The Lithic stage
The Archaic stage
The Formative stage
The Classic stage
The Post-Classic stage
Cultures of the Post-Classic Stage are defined distinctly by possessing developed metallurgy. Social organization is supposed to involve complex urbanism and militarism. Ideologically, Post-Classic cultures are described as showing a tendency towards the secularization of society.
Postclassic Mesoamerica runs from about 900 to 1519 AD, and includes the following cultures: Aztec, Tarascans, Mixtec, Totonac, Pipil, Itzá, Kowoj, K'iche', Kaqchikel, Poqomam, Mam.
In the North American chronology, the "Post-Classic Stage" followed the Classic stage in certain areas, and typically dates from around AD 1200 to modern times.
See also
Mexica Empire
Inca Empire
References
900 establishments
1519 disestablishments
1958 introductions
1950s neologisms
+5
+5
+5
History of indigenous peoples of North America
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watkinson
|
Watkinson is a surname of English origin. At the time of the British Census of 1881 Watkinson Surname at Forebears, its frequency was highest in Nottinghamshire (4.1 times the British average), followed by Cambridgeshire, Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Suffolk, Lincolnshire, Essex and Cheshire. The name Watkinson may apply to:
Surname
Angela Watkinson (born 1941), British politician
Carolyn Watkinson (born 1949), British baroque singer
Colin Watkinson, British cinematographer
David Watkinson (born 1954), British rugby league player
Dr. Ernest A. Watkinson (1912–2011), Canadian physician, diplomat, and public health advocate
Eddie Watkinson (born 1979), American artist
Harold Watkinson (1910–1995), British businessman and politician, the only Viscount Watkinson
Lee Watkinson (born 1966), American poker player
Murray Watkinson (1939–2004), New Zealand rower, brother of Peter Watkinson
Mike Watkinson (born 1961), English cricketer
Peter Watkinson, New Zealand rower, brother of Murray Watkinson
William Watkinson "Billy" (1922–2001), English footballer
William Watkinson (jockey) "Willie" (1886–1926), Tasmanian jockey, winning rider of Jack Horner at the 1926 Grand National
See also
Watkins (surname)
English-language surnames
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