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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20site%20survey
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A wireless site survey, sometimes called an RF (Radio Frequency) site survey or wireless survey, is the process of planning and designing a wireless network, to provide a wireless solution that will deliver the required wireless coverage, data rates, network capacity, roaming capability and quality of service (QoS). The survey usually involves a site visit to test for RF interference, and to identify optimum installation locations for access points. This requires analysis of building floor plans, inspection of the facility, and use of site survey tools. Interviews with IT management and the end users of the wireless network are also important to determine the design parameters for the wireless network.
As part of the wireless site survey, the effective range boundary is set, which defines the area over which signal levels needed support the intended application. This involves determining the minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) needed to support performance requirements.
Wireless site survey can also mean the walk-testing, auditing, analysis or diagnosis of an existing wireless network, particularly one which is not providing the level of service required.
Wireless site survey process
Wireless site surveys are typically conducted using computer software that collects and analyses WLAN metrics and/or RF spectrum characteristics. Before a survey, a floor plan or site map is imported into a site survey application and calibrated to set scale. During a survey, a surveyor walks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydioxanone
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Polydioxanone (PDO, PDS) or poly-p-dioxanone is a colorless, crystalline, biodegradable synthetic polymer.
Chemistry
Chemically, polydioxanone is a polymer of multiple repeating ether-ester units. It is obtained by ring-opening polymerization of the monomer p-dioxanone. The process requires heat and an organometallic catalyst like zirconium acetylacetone or zinc L-lactate. It is characterized by a glass transition temperature in the range of −10 and 0 °C and a crystallinity of about 55%. For the production of sutures, polydioxanone is generally extruded into fibers, however care should be taken to process the polymer to the lowest possible temperature, in order to avoid its spontaneous depolymerization back to the monomer. The ether oxygen group in the backbone of the polymer chain is responsible for its flexibility.
Medical use
Polydioxanone is used for biomedical applications, particularly in the preparation of surgical sutures. Other biomedical applications include orthopedics, maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, drug delivery, cardiovascular applications, and tissue engineering. For example, with the use of electrospinning, the flexible nature of PDS allows the control of its structure and can be used in applications such as tissue scaffolding.
It is degraded by hydrolysis, and the end products are mainly excreted in urine, the remainder being eliminated by the digestive system or exhaled as CO2. The biomaterial is completely reabsorbed in 6 months and can be seen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils%20Lid%20Hjort
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Nils Lid Hjort (born 12 January 1953) is a Norwegian statistician, who has been a professor of mathematical statistics at the University of Oslo since 1991. Hjort's research themes are varied, with particularly noteworthy contributions in the fields of Bayesian probability (Beta processes for use in non- and semi-parametric models, particularly within survival analysis and event history analysis, but also with links to Indian buffet processes in machine learning), density estimation and nonparametric regression (local likelihood methodology), model selection (focused information criteria and model averaging), confidence distributions, and change detection. He has also worked with spatial statistics, statistics of remote sensing, pattern recognition, etc.
An article on frequentist model averaging, with co-author Gerda Claeskens, was selected as Fast Breaking Paper in the field of mathematics by the Essential Science Indicators in 2005. This and a companion paper, both published in Journal of the American Statistical Association in 2003, introduced focused information criteria, along with a clear large-sample analysis of subset and post-selection estimators.
Hjort has been a core member of the Centre of Excellence Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, on the scientific advisory board of the Centre for Innovation Statistics for Innovation, and has also been involved with the Centre for Biostatistical Modelling in the Medical Sciences, all within the University of O
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon%20marker
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Retrotransposon markers are components of DNA which are used as cladistic markers. They assist in determining the common ancestry, or not, of related taxa. The "presence" of a given retrotransposon in related taxa suggests their orthologous integration, a derived condition acquired via a common ancestry, while the "absence" of particular elements indicates the plesiomorphic condition prior to integration in more distant taxa. The use of presence/absence analyses to reconstruct the systematic biology of mammals depends on the availability of retrotransposons that were actively integrating before the divergence of a particular species.
Details
The analysis of SINEs – Short INterspersed Elements – LINEs – Long INterspersed Elements – or truncated LTRs – Long Terminal Repeats – as molecular cladistic markers represents a particularly interesting complement to DNA sequence and morphological data.
The reason for this is that retrotransposons are assumed to represent powerful noise-poor synapomorphies. The target sites are relatively unspecific so that the chance of an independent integration of exactly the same element into one specific site in different taxa is not large and may even be negligible over evolutionary time scales. Retrotransposon integrations are currently assumed to be irreversible events; this might change since no eminent biological mechanisms have yet been described for the precise re-excision of class I transposons, but see van de Lagemaat et al. (2005). A cl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroplasm
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A viroplasm, sometimes called "virus factory" or "virus inclusion", is an inclusion body in a cell where viral replication and assembly occurs. They may be thought of as viral factories in the cell. There are many viroplasms in one infected cell, where they appear dense to electron microscopy. Very little is understood about the mechanism of viroplasm formation.
Definition
A viroplasm is a perinuclear or a cytoplasmic large compartment where viral replication and assembly occurs. The viroplasm formation is caused by the interactions between the virus and the infected cell, where viral products and cell elements are confined.
Groups of viruses that form viroplasms
Viroplasms have been reported in many unrelated groups of Eukaryotic viruses that replicate in cytoplasm, however, viroplasms from plant viruses have not been as studied as viroplasms from animal viruses. Viroplasms have been found in the cauliflower mosaic virus, rotavirus, vaccinia virus and the rice dwarf virus. These appear electron-dense under an electron microscope and are insoluble.
Structure and formation
Viroplasms are localized in the perinuclear area or in the cytoplasm of infected cells and are formed early in the infection cycle. The number and the size of viroplasms depend on the virus, the virus isolate, hosts species, and the stage of the infection. For example, viroplasms of mimivirus have a similar size to the nucleus of its host, the amoeba Acanthamoeba polyphaga.
A virus can induce cha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence%20%28penology%29
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Deterrence in relation to criminal offending is the idea or theory that the threat of punishment will deter people from committing crime and reduce the probability and/or level of offending in society. It is one of five objectives that punishment is thought to achieve; the other four objectives are denunciation, incapacitation (for the protection of society), retribution and rehabilitation.
Criminal deterrence theory has two possible applications: the first is that punishments imposed on individual offenders will deter or prevent that particular offender from committing further crimes; the second is that public knowledge that certain offences will be punished has a generalised deterrent effect which prevents others from committing crimes.
Two different aspects of punishment may have an impact on deterrence, the first being the certainty of punishment, by increasing the likelihood of apprehension and punishment, this may have a deterrent effect. The second relates to the severity of punishment; how severe the punishment is for a particular crime may influence behavior if the potential offender concludes that the punishment is so severe, it is not worth the risk of getting caught.
An underlying principle of deterrence is that it is utilitarian or forward-looking. As with rehabilitation, it is designed to change behaviour in the future rather than simply provide retribution or punishment for current or past behaviour.
Categories
There are two main goals of deterrence theory.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U33
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U33 may refer to:
, a sloop of the Royal Navy
Small dodecicosidodecahedron
Small nucleolar RNA Z195/SNORD33 family
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20A.%20Parker
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Richard A. Parker (born 29 January 1953, in Surrey) is a mathematician and freelance computer programmer in Cambridge, England. He invented many of the algorithms for computing the modular character tables of finite simple groups. He discovered the relation between Niemeier lattices and
deep holes of the Leech lattice, and constructed Parker's Moufang loop of order 213 (which was used by John Horton Conway in his construction of the monster group).
Books
Conway, J. H.; Sloane, N. J. A. (1999). Sphere packings, lattices and groups. (3rd ed.) With additional contributions by E. Bannai, R. E. Borcherds, John Leech, Simon P. Norton, A. M. Odlyzko, R. A. Parker, L. Queen and B. B. Venkov. Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 290. New York: Springer-Verlag. .
An Atlas of Brauer Characters (London Mathematical Society Monographs) by Christopher Jansen, Klaus Lux, Richard Parker, Robert Wilson. Oxford University Press, U.S. (October 1, 1995)
References
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
20th-century English mathematicians
21st-century English mathematicians
Group theorists
1953 births
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Hiding%20Place
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No Hiding Place is a British television series that was produced at Wembley Studios by Associated-Rediffusion for the ITV network between 16 September 1959 and 22 June 1967.
It was the sequel to the series Murder Bag (1957–1958) and Crime Sheet (1959), all starring Raymond Francis as Detective Superintendent, later Detective Chief Superintendent Tom Lockhart.
Production
No Hiding Place carried on from where the TV series Murder Bag and Crime Sheet left off. Murder Bag featured 55 episodes. 30 in Season One (16 September 1957 to 31 March 1958), all untitled (having case numbers, and were listed a Murder Bag - case One, etc) and 25 in Season Two (30 June 1958 to 1 April 1959), all titled, and all featuring the word "Lockhart" as the first word of their title. Half-hour detective series that introduced viewers to the snuff-taking as Detective Superintendent Lockhart, played by Raymond Francis. It was created by Glyn Davies, Produced by Barry Baker and written by Barry Baker and Peter Ling Backup sergeants and others changed regularly. The murder bag in the title carried 42 items which were needed in the investigation of a crime. The show was produced live in the studio. According to IMDb there were 29 episodes in series one and 40 in series two.
In Crime Sheet, Lockhart had now been promoted to Detective Chief Superintendent. The writers of the series revealed to the TV Times in 1962 that Lockhart could not be promoted above this rank, as he would no longer be expected to vi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Brush
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Paul Brush (born 22 February 1958) is an English former professional footballer and coach who played in the Football League for West Ham United, Crystal Palace and Southend United. He is best known for his time with West Ham United, for whom he played from 1976 until 1985.
Playing career
Brush came through West Ham United's academy to make his first-team debut as a 19-year-old, on 20 August 1977 in a 3–1 defeat against Norwich City in the First Division. He was an unused substitute for West Ham in the 1980 FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium, when the Hammers became the last team (as of 2023) from outside the top flight to win the trophy. He was able to appear at Wembley just a few months later in the starting eleven for West Ham in the Charity Shield against Liverpool. In all, he made 151 League appearances for the east London club and scored one goal (against Queens Park Rangers on 1 January 1985), before leaving the club in September 1985 for Crystal Palace. He spent three seasons with Palace, followed by another three with Southend United, then moved into non-league football with clubs including Enfield and Heybridge Swifts.
Coaching career
Brush joined Leyton Orient as youth coach in 1994, was appointed manager in October 2001, and was sacked after two years in charge with the club second bottom of the league. Steve Tilson, appointed manager of Southend United in late 2003, brought in Brush as his assistant, and the pair led the club to two successive promotions, from Leag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSUA
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RSUA may refer to:
Royal Society of Ulster Architects
16S rRNA pseudouridine516 synthase, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcom
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Microcom, Inc., was a major modem vendor during the 1980s, although never as popular as the "big three", Hayes, U.S. Robotics (USR) and Telebit. Nevertheless, Microcom holds an important place in modem history for introducing the MNP error-correction and compression protocols, which were widely used under license by most modem manufacturers in the 1990s.
The company went public in 1987. Compaq purchased publicly outstanding shares of the company in 1997.
History and products
Microcom was founded in 1980 by James M. Dow from Data General.
In the mid-1980s several companies introduced new modems with various "high-speed" features in order to differentiate themselves from the growing legion of Hayes 1200 bit/s clones that were flooding into the market. Developing such a protocol was not all that easy, and generally required a fairly powerful and expensive microcontroller to handle the modulation. For companies with limited resources, entering this market was difficult.
Microcom took another approach, addressing the feature gap not through higher speeds, but through additional software capabilities. They developed a series of protocols, known collectively as Microcom Networking Protocol (MNP), that implemented simple packet-based file transfer protocols suitable for implementation on very simple microcontrollers. The differences were primarily in how difficult the protocol was to implement, with MNP 1 being extremely simple allowing it to be implemented on many existing mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker%20%28medicine%29
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In medicine, a biomarker is a measurable indicator of the severity or presence of some disease state. It may be defined as a "cellular, biochemical or molecular alteration in cells, tissues or fluids that can be measured and evaluated to indicate normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention." More generally a biomarker is anything that can be used as an indicator of a particular disease state or some other physiological state of an organism. According to the WHO, the indicator may be chemical, physical, or biological in nature - and the measurement may be functional, physiological, biochemical, cellular, or molecular.
A biomarker can be a substance that is introduced into an organism as a means to examine organ function or other aspects of health. For example, rubidium chloride is used in isotopic labeling to evaluate perfusion of heart muscle. It can also be a substance whose detection indicates a particular disease state, for example, the presence of an antibody may indicate an infection. More specifically, a biomarker indicates a change in expression or state of a protein that correlates with the risk or progression of a disease, or with the susceptibility of the disease to a given treatment. Biomarkers can be characteristic biological properties or molecules that can be detected and measured in parts of the body like the blood or tissue. They may indicate either normal or diseased processes in the body. Bi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasemeal
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Peasemeal (also called pea flour) is a flour produced from yellow field peas that have been roasted. The roasting enables greater access to protein and starch, thus increasing nutritive value. Traditionally the peas would be ground three times using water-powered stone mills. The color of the flour is brownish yellow due to the caramelization achieved during roasting, while the texture ranges from fine to gritty. The uses of peasemeal are similar to maize meal in baking, porridge and quick breads. Peasemeal has had a long history in Great Britain and is still used in Scotland for dishes such as brose and bannocks. Brose is similar to farina in its consumption by the addition of boiling water or stock to the peasemeal then eaten immediately with butter, pepper, salt, sugar or raisins.
The production of peasemeal disappeared in the 1970s until Fergus Morrison took over a run-down water-powered mill in Golspie, Scotland and revived the mill and peasemeal due to popular demand.
Currently, the use of yellow pea flour is again gaining momentum due to the nutritional benefits and sustainability associated to this food crop. Pea flour can fully or partly replace wheat flour in bakery products, such as cakes, cookies and bread.
References
External links
Data
Info
Flour
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%27s%20matrix
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In mathematics, and in particular ordinary differential equations, a Green's matrix helps to determine a particular solution to a first-order inhomogeneous linear system of ODEs. The concept is named after George Green.
For instance, consider where is a vector and is an matrix function of , which is continuous for , where is some interval.
Now let be linearly independent solutions to the homogeneous equation and arrange them in columns to form a fundamental matrix:
Now is an matrix solution of .
This fundamental matrix will provide the homogeneous solution, and if added to a particular solution will give the general solution to the inhomogeneous equation.
Let be the general solution. Now,
This implies or where is an arbitrary constant vector.
Now the general solution is
The first term is the homogeneous solution and the second term is the particular solution.
Now define the Green's matrix
The particular solution can now be written
External links
An example of solving an inhomogeneous system of linear ODEs and finding a Green's matrix from www.exampleproblems.com.
Ordinary differential equations
Matrices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20sperm%20protein
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Major sperm protein (MSP) is a nematode specific small protein of 126 amino acids with a molecular weight of 14 kDa. It is the key player in the motility machinery of nematodes that propels the crawling movement/motility of nematode sperm. It is the most abundant protein present in nematode sperm, comprising 15% of the total protein and more than 40% of the soluble protein. MSP is exclusively synthesized in spermatocytes of the nematodes. The MSP has two main functions in the reproduction of the helminthes: i) as cytosolic component it is responsible for the crawling movement of the mature sperm (without flagellum), and ii) once released, it acts as hormone on the female germ cells, where it triggers oocyte maturation and stimulates the oviduct wall to contract to bring the oocytes into position for fertilization. MSP has first been identified in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Structure
Molecular structures of MSP from Ascaris suum and Caenorhabditis elegans have been determined by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. MSP molecules from these species share 83% sequence identity and their structures are highly similar.
MSP does not harbor any known conserved domain. It is made of a seven-stranded β sandwich, having opposing three-stranded and four-stranded β sheets. Hydrophobic side-chains from adjacent faces in the sandwich form the interior of the protein. The overall structure of MSP resembles an immunoglobulin fold (Ig fold). MSP can be classified as an s-type of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega%20meson
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The omega meson () is a flavourless meson formed from a superposition of an up quark–antiquark and a down quark–antiquark pair. It is part of the vector meson nonet and mediates the nuclear force along with pions and rho mesons.
Properties
The most common decay mode for the ω meson is at 89.2±0.7%, followed by at 8.34±0.26%.
The quark composition of the meson can be thought of as a mix between , and states, but it is very nearly a pure symmetric - state. This can be shown by deconstructing the wave function of the into its component parts. We see that the and mesons are mixtures of the SU(3) wave functions as follows.
,
,
where
is the nonet mixing angle,
and
.
The mixing angle at which the components decouple completely can be calculated to be , which almost corresponds to the actual value calculated from the masses of 35°. Therefore, the meson is nearly a pure symmetric - state.
See also
List of mesons
Quark model
Vector meson
References
Mesons
Onia
Subatomic particles with spin 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic%20multiplier
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In mathematics, and particularly ordinary differential equations, a characteristic multiplier is an eigenvalue of a monodromy matrix. The logarithm of a characteristic multiplier is also known as characteristic exponent. They appear in Floquet theory of periodic differential operators and in the Frobenius method.
See also
Multiplier (disambiguation)
References
External links
Examples of finding characteristic multipliers of systems of ODEs from www.exampleproblems.com.
Ordinary differential equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodromy%20matrix
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In mathematics, and particularly ordinary differential equations (ODEs), a monodromy matrix is the fundamental matrix of a system of ODEs evaluated at the period of the coefficients of the system. It is used for the analysis of periodic solutions of ODEs in Floquet theory.
See also
Floquet theory
Monodromy
Riemann–Hilbert problem
References
Ordinary differential equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin%27ichi%20Ishiwata
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is a Japanese scientist, a professor at Waseda University department of science and engineering physics course. His specialty is biophysics, particularly the mechanism of muscles and motor proteins.
Since spectroscopic techniques for studying proteins yielded only averaged characteristics of an ensemble of proteins, he constructed his own research method. He focused on his long-held interest in striated muscle— “how a beautiful structure is self-organized, and how it is related to force-generating function.”
Then he tackled the reconstitution of the structure and function of the thin (actin) filaments in striated muscle, especially cardiac muscle, then to defining the mechanism of Spontaneous Oscillatory Contraction (SPOC) of striated muscle that occurs at intermediate activation conditions between full activation and relaxation. It was an important breakthrough regarding a phenomenon that had been “almost completely ignored,” he says.
Ishiwata's research interests go beyond the mechanical and physiological import of SPOC to bio-motile systems focusing on the structural and functional hierarchy from single molecules (myosin, kinesin, actin) to macromolecular assemblies (myofibrils, meiotic spindle and cells (cardiac, HeLa, etc.). He expects that the multiplex network of Chemo-Mechanical Feedback (CMF) loops exist over various hierarchical levels. He proposes that the heart is a typical organ in which nano and macro, i.e., mechano-chemical functions of molecular motors and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C4%2C6-Tris%28trinitromethyl%29-1%2C3%2C5-triazine
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2,4,6-Tris(trinitromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine is a chemical compound that is a derivative of triazine first prepared in 1995. It is synthesized by destructive nitration of 2,4,6-tricarboxyl-1,3,5-triazine. It is noteworthy for having more nitro groups than it does carbon atoms, thus potentially being useful as an oxygen source, or added to oxygen-poor explosives to increase their power.
Derivatives have been prepared by nucleophilic displacement of the nitro groups with azide and hydrazine.
References
Triazines
Nitro compounds
Explosive chemicals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20marker
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A molecular marker is a molecule, sampled from some source, that gives information about its source. For example, DNA is a molecular marker that gives information about the organism from which it was taken. For another example, some proteins can be molecular markers of Alzheimer's disease in a person from which they are taken. Molecular markers may be non-biological. Non-biological markers are often used in environmental studies.
Genetic markers
In genetics, a molecular marker (identified as genetic marker) is a fragment of DNA that is associated with a certain location within the genome. Molecular markers are used in molecular biology and biotechnology to identify a particular sequence of DNA in a pool of unknown DNA.
Types of genetic markers
There are many types of genetic markers, each with particular limitations and strengths. Within genetic markers there are three different categories: "First Generation Markers", "Second Generation Markers", and "New Generation Markers". These types of markers may also identify dominance and co-dominance within the genome. Identifying dominance and co-dominance with a marker may help identify heterozygotes from homozygotes within the organism. Co-dominant markers are more beneficial because they identify more than one allele thus enabling someone to follow a particular trait through mapping techniques. These markers allow for the amplification of particular sequence within the genome for comparison and analysis.
Molecular markers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic%20center
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In aerodynamics, the torques or moments acting on an airfoil moving through a fluid can be accounted for by the net lift and net drag applied at some point on the airfoil, and a separate net pitching moment about that point whose magnitude varies with the choice of where the lift is chosen to be applied. The aerodynamic center is the point at which the pitching moment coefficient for the airfoil does not vary with lift coefficient (i.e. angle of attack), making analysis simpler.
where is the aircraft lift coefficient.
The lift and drag forces can be applied at a single point, the center of pressure, about which they exert zero torque. However, the location of the center of pressure moves significantly with a change in angle of attack and is thus impractical for aerodynamic analysis. Instead the aerodynamic center is used and as a result the incremental lift and drag due to change in angle of attack acting at this point is sufficient to describe the aerodynamic forces acting on the given body.
Theory
Within the assumptions embodied in thin airfoil theory, the aerodynamic center is located at the quarter-chord (25% chord position) on a symmetric airfoil while it is close but not exactly equal to the quarter-chord point on a cambered airfoil.
From thin airfoil theory:
where is the section lift coefficient,
is the angle of attack in radian, measured relative to the chord line.
where is the moment taken at quarter-chord point and is a constant.
Differentiating wit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE%20surface
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PDE surfaces are used in geometric modelling and computer graphics for creating smooth surfaces conforming to a given boundary configuration. PDE surfaces use partial differential equations to generate a surface which usually satisfy a mathematical boundary value problem.
PDE surfaces were first introduced into the area of geometric modelling and computer graphics by two British mathematicians, Malcolm Bloor and Michael Wilson.
Technical details
The PDE method involves generating a surface for some boundary by means of solving an elliptic partial differential equation of the form
Here is a function parameterised by the two parameters and such that where , and are the usual cartesian coordinate space. The boundary conditions on the function and its
normal derivatives
are imposed at the edges of the surface patch.
With the above formulation it is notable that the elliptic partial differential operator in the above PDE represents a smoothing process in which the value of the function at any point on the surface is, in some sense, a weighted average of the surrounding
values. In this way, a surface is obtained as a smooth transition between
the chosen set of boundary conditions. The parameter is a special design parameter which controls the relative smoothing of the surface in the and directions.
When , the PDE is the biharmonic equation: . The biharmonic equation is the equation produced by applying the Euler-Lagrange equation to the simplified thin plate ene
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPV6
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TRPV6 is a membrane calcium (Ca2+) channel protein which is particularly involved in the first step in Ca2+absorption in the intestine.
Classification
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid subfamily member 6 (TRPV6) is an epithelial Ca2+ channel that belongs to the transient receptor potential family (TRP) of proteins. The TRP family is a group of channel proteins critical for ionic homeostasis and the perception of various physical and chemical stimuli. TRP channels can detect temperature, osmotic pressure, olfaction, taste, and mechanical forces. The human genome encodes for 28 TRP channels, which include six TRPV channels. The high Ca2+-selectivity of TRPV5 and TRPV6 makes these channels distinct from the other four TRPV channels (TRPV1-TRPV4). TRPV5 and TRPV6 are involved in Ca2+ transport, whereas TRPV1 through TRPV3 are heat sensors with different temperature threshold for activation, and TRPV4 is involved in sensing osmolarity. Genetic defects in TRPV6 gene are linked to transient neonatal hyperparathyroidism and early-onset chronic pancreatitis. Dysregulation of TRPV6 is also involved in hypercalciuria, kidney stone formation, bone disorders, defects in keratinocyte differentiation, skeletal deformities, osteoarthritis, male sterility, Pendred syndrome, and certain sub-types of Cancer.
Identification
Peng et al identified TRPV6 in 1999 from rat duodenum in an effort to search for Ca2+ transporting proteins involved in Ca2+absorption. TRPV6 was also called calcium
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinin
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An agglutinin is a substance in the blood that causes particles to coagulate and aggregate; that is, to change from fluid-like state to a thickened-mass (solid) state.
Agglutinins can be antibodies that cause antigens to aggregate by binding to the antigen-binding sites of antibodies. Agglutinins can also be any substance other than antibodies, such as sugar-binding protein lectins.
When an agglutinin is added to a uniform suspension of particles, such as bacteria or blood, in a test tube (in vitro), agglutinin binds to the agglutinin-specific structure on the particle causing the particles to aggregate and fall to the bottom, leaving a clear suspension. This phenomenon known as agglutination is of great importance in medicine, as it serves as a diagnostic tool.
Medical relevance
Reaction of particles with agglutinin is used to indicate present or past host contact with a pathogen. A host infected with a pathogen produces antibodies to neutralize the pathogen. As a result, the blood of a host applied to a diagnostic kit causes the aggregation of the pathogenic particles due to the antigen-agglutinin interaction. Conversely, agglutination can also be used to identify new bacteria or cells with a specific antigen by exposing them to serum containing known agglutinins.
Agglutination, using blood agglutinins known as hemagglutinins, is used diagnostically to identify blood types of human beings based on the reaction between the erythrocyte (Red blood cell) antigens and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharmonic%20B%C3%A9zier%20surface
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A biharmonic Bézier surface is a smooth polynomial surface which conforms to the biharmonic equation and has the same formulations as a Bézier surface. This formulation for Bézier surfaces was developed by Juan Monterde and Hassan Ugail. In order to generate a biharmonic Bézier surface four boundary conditions defined by Bézier control points are usually required.
It has been shown that given four boundary conditions a unique solution to the chosen general fourth order elliptic partial differential equation can be formulated. Biharmonic Bézier surfaces are related to minimal surfaces.
i.e. surfaces that minimise the area among all the surfaces with
prescribed boundary data.
External links
Related publications
1. J. Monterde and H. Ugail, On Harmonic and Biharmonic Bézier Surfaces, Computer Aided Geometric Design, 21(7), 697–715, (2004).
2. J. Monterde and H. Ugail, A general 4th-order PDE method to generate Bézier surfaces from the boundary, Computer Aided Geometric Design, 23(2), 208–225, (2006).
Further reading
Related publications (Hassan Ugail's publications).
"Biharmonic Polynomial Surfaces for Boundary-Based Smooth Shape Design"
Surfaces
Elliptic partial differential equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20problem
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In theoretical computer science, a computational problem is a problem that may be solved by an algorithm. For example, the problem of factoring
"Given a positive integer n, find a nontrivial prime factor of n."
is a computational problem. A computational problem can be viewed as a set of instances or cases together with a, possibly empty, set of solutions for every instance/case. For example, in the factoring problem, the instances are the integers n, and solutions are prime numbers p that are the nontrivial prime factors of n.
Computational problems are one of the main objects of study in theoretical computer science. The field of computational complexity theory attempts to determine the amount of resources (computational complexity) solving a given problem will require and explain why some problems are intractable or undecidable. Computational problems belong to complexity classes that define broadly the resources (e.g. time, space/memory, energy, circuit depth) it takes to compute (solve) them with various abstract machines. For example, the complexity classes
P, problems that consume polynomial time for deterministic classical machines
BPP, problems that consume polynomial time for probabilistic classical machines (e.g. computers with random number generators)
BQP, problems that consume polynomial time for probabilistic quantum machines.
Both instances and solutions are represented by binary strings, namely elements of {0, 1}*. For example, natural numbers are usu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginzburg%E2%80%93Landau%20equation
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The Ginzburg–Landau equation, named after Vitaly Ginzburg and Lev Landau, describes the nonlinear evolution of small disturbances near a finite wavelength bifurcation from a stable to an unstable state of a system. At the onset of finite wavelength bifurcation, the system becomes unstable for a critical wavenumber which is non-zero. In the neighbourhood of this bifurcation, the evolution of disturbances is characterised by the particular Fourier mode for with slowly varying amplitude . The Ginzburg–Landau equation is the governing equation for . The unstable modes can either be non-oscillatory (stationary) or oscillatory.
For non-oscillatory bifurcation, satisfies the real Ginzburg–Landau equation
which was first derived by Alan C. Newell and John A. Whitehead and by Lee Segel in 1969. For oscillatory bifurcation, satisfies the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation
which was first derived by Keith Stewartson and John Trevor Stuart in 1971.
See also
Davey–Stewartson equation
Stuart–Landau equation
Gross–Pitaevskii equation
References
Fluid dynamics
Mechanics
Lev Landau
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//%3D
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/= may refer to:
Augmented assignment, an operator for division
Relational operator, a symbol meaning not equal to
Inequation, denoted by the character ≠
The currency sign for the Kenyan, Tanzanian and Ugandan shillings
See also
*= (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehr%20Victor%20Edman
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Pehr Victor Edman (14 April 1916 — 19 March 1977) was a Swedish biochemist. He developed a method for sequencing proteins; the Edman degradation.
Early life
Edman was born in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1935 he started studying medicine at Karolinska Institutet, where he became interested in basic research and received a bachelor in medicine in 1938. His research was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II, where he was drafted to serve in the Swedish army. He returned to the Karolinska Institutet where he earned his doctoral degree under advice from Professor Erik Jorpes in 1946.
Developing the Edman Degradation
At the time Edman started working on Angiotensin, it was just being recognized that proteins are distinct entities with a defined molecular mass, electric charge and structure. This inspired Edman to develop a method, that could be used to determine the sequence of amino acids in the protein. In 1947, he was awarded a travel stipend to go to Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research. When he returned to Sweden in 1950 to be an Assistant Professor at the University of Lund, he published his first paper using the method later known as Edman degradation, to determine the sequence of a protein. To his death, he continued to work to improve the method to be able to determine longer stretches with smaller amounts of sample.
Late career
In 1957, he moved to Australia to be the director of St. Vincent's School of Medical Research. In 1967, he successfully developed an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinean%20Forests%20of%20West%20Africa
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The Guinean forests of West Africa is a biodiversity hotspot designated by Conservation International, which includes the belt of tropical moist broadleaf forests along the coast of West Africa, running from Sierra Leone and Guinea in the west to the Sanaga River of Cameroon in the east. The Dahomey Gap, a region of savanna and dry forest in Togo and Benin, divides the Guinean forests into the Upper Guinean forests and Lower Guinean forests.
The Upper Guinean forests extend from Sierra Leone and Guinea in the west through Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, and Ghana to Togo in the east. The Lower Guinean forests extend east from Benin through Nigeria and Cameroon. The Lower Guinean forests also extend south past the Sanaga River, the southern boundary of the hotspot, into southern Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Cabinda, and Democratic Republic of the Congo.
According to some sources, deforestation has already wiped out roughly 90% of West Africa's original forests.
Ecoregions
The World Wide Fund for Nature divides the Upper and Lower Guinean forests into a number of distinct ecoregions:
Upper Guinean forests
Western Guinean lowland forests (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire)
Guinean montane forests (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire)
Eastern Guinean forests (Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin)
Lower Guinean forests
Nigerian lowland forests (Togo, Nigeria)
Niger Delta swamp forests (Nigeria)
Cross-Niger transition forests (Nigeria)
Cros
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvonic%20acid
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Carvonic acid, or α-methylene-4-methyl-5-oxo-3-cyclohexene-1-acetic acid, is a terpenoid formed by metabolism of carvone in humans.
References
Carboxylic acids
Monoterpenes
Enones
Cyclohexenes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20radio%20stations%20in%20Mumbai
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There are seventeen radio stations in Mumbai, twelve of which broadcast in the frequency modulation (FM) band. Three of these are broadcast by All India Radio (AIR) . Thane, Bhiwandi, Kalyan, Navi Mumbai is also covered by these stations. Three stations, all run by AIR, broadcast on the amplitude modulation (AM) medium wave (MW) band. One broadcasts on the AM short wave (SW) band, which is also an AIR station. There are also a few internet-based radio shows starting up in the city. These include Tiffin Talk, a show that describes itself as "a new radio project in Mumbai with the simple goal of delivering relevant discussion." It is a weekly show focusing on political, business, and cultural issues that distributes as a podcast. There is also TD Radio, a show created by Teen Diaries LLC, that focuses on teen issues in the city. It airs live via webcast. One of them is Hasya Katta Official an internet-based radio station by Smit Shetye which airs live via webcast. It's broadcast covers Thane, Mumbai.
AM
Mediumwave
ShortWave (SW)
FM
Internet Radio
References
10. iLovefm.in Live Radio Stationf from india
11. Onlineradiostations.in Mumbai Radio Stations
Radio Stations
Mumbai
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe%20Villers
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Philippe Villers founded the company Computervision with Marty Allen in 1969. In 1980 he co-founded Automatix, an early robotics company, which he led until 1986. He later served as president of Cognition Corporation for 3 years. He is currently (2013) president of GrainPro, Inc., and board member of a number of high-tech startups, as well as president of Families USA Foundation, which he endowed. GrainPro makes bags and storage cocoons out of polyvinyl chloride to protect grain in third world countries, where up to 25% of harvested crops are lost to insects and rodents.
Villers was born in France and came to the United States as a child. He earned a B.A. from Harvard University and an S.M. in mechanical engineering from MIT in 1960. He also holds an honorary doctorate from the University of Massachusetts Lowell.
References
External links
GrainPro, Inc.
Families USA Foundation
Cognition Corporation
American computer businesspeople
Businesspeople in computing
Harvard University alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digha
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Digha is a seaside resort town in the state of West Bengal, India. It lies in Purba Medinipur district and at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal. It has a low gradient with a shallow sand beach. It is a popular sea resort in West Bengal.
History
Originally, there was a place called Beerkul, where Digha lies today. This name was referred in Warren Hastings's letters (1780) as Brighton of the East.
An English businessman John Frank Snaith started living here in 1923 and his writings provided a good exposure to this place. He convinced West Bengal Chief Minister Bidhan Chandra Roy to develop this place to be a beach resort. An old church can be seen near the Old Digha Main gate. This place is also known as Alankarpur Digha. A new mission has been developed in New Digha which is known as Sindhur Tara which is beside Amrabati Park its a Church where it is possible to wish for the welfare of family and loved ones. The best way to visit is to book a local van rickshaw. There are so many place where one can travel which give mental refreshments, like Tajpur, Odisa Border, Science City etc.
Geography
Location
Digha is located at . It has an average elevation of .
It is located from Kolkata/Howrah via Mecheda and via Kharagpur, this proximity has probably helped this small hamlet to emerge as a weekend getaway with number of hotels and tourist lodges. Digha is connected to Kolkata/Howrah by a highway and a rail-link via Tamluk. Now many trains including Howrah-Digha Super AC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reveal%20system
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A 20th-century system of plant taxonomy, the Reveal system (see also the Thorne & Reveal system) of plant classification was drawn up by the American botanist James Reveal (1941-2015). The system was published online in 1997 in ten parts as lecture notes comparing the major systems in use at that time. Subsequently, Reveal became an author with the consensus Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) on the APG II 2003 and APG III 2009 processes. Although this largely supplanted the earlier and competing systems, he collaborated with Robert Thorne on his system (2007), and subsequently continued to develop his own system.
1997 system
division Magnoliophyta [= angiosperms]
class Magnoliopsida
subclass Magnoliidae
class Piperopsida
subclass Piperidae
subclass Nymphaeidae
subclass Nelumbonidae
class Liliopsida [= monocots]
subclass Triurididae
subclass Aridae
subclass Liliidae
subclass Arecidae
subclass Commelinidae
subclass Zingiberidae
class Ranunculopsida
subclass Ranunculidae
class Rosopsida
subclass Caryophyllidae
subclass Hamamelididae
subclass Dilleniidae
subclass Rosidae
subclass Cornidae
subclass Lamiidae
subclass Asteridae
In more detail:
division 6. Magnoliophyta
class 1. Magnoliopsida
subclass 1. Magnoliidae
superorder 1. Magnolianae
order 1. Winterales
family 1. Winteraceae
order 2. Canellales
family 1. Canellaceae
order 3. Illiciales
family 1. Illiciaceae
family 2. Schisandraceae
order 4. Magnoliales
family 1. Degeneriaceae
family 2.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20crystal%20thermometer
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A liquid crystal thermometer, temperature strip or plastic strip thermometer is a type of thermometer that contains heat-sensitive (thermochromic) liquid crystals in a plastic strip that change colour to indicate different temperatures.
Liquid crystals possess the mechanical properties of a liquid, but have the optical properties of a single crystal. Temperature changes can affect the colour of a liquid crystal, which makes them useful for temperature measurement. The resolution of liquid crystal sensors is in the range. Disposable liquid crystal thermometers have been developed for home and medical use. For example if the thermometer is black and it is put onto someone's forehead it will change colour depending on the temperature of the person.
There are two stages in the liquid crystals:
the hot nematic stage is the closest to the liquid phase where the molecules are freely moving around and only partly ordered.
the cold smectic stage is closest to a solid phase where the molecules align themselves into tightly wound chiral matrices.
Liquid crystal thermometers portray temperatures as colors and can be used to follow temperature changes caused by heat flow. They can be used to observe that heat flows by conduction, convection, and radiation.
In medical applications, liquid crystal thermometers may be used to read body temperature by placing them against the forehead. These are safer than a mercury-in-glass thermometer, and may be advantageous in some patients, but do no
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocorrelation%20technique
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The autocorrelation technique is a method for estimating the dominating frequency in a complex signal, as well as its variance. Specifically, it calculates the first two moments of the power spectrum, namely the mean and variance. It is also known as the pulse-pair algorithm in radar theory.
The algorithm is both computationally faster and significantly more accurate compared to the Fourier transform, since the resolution is not limited by the number of samples used.
Derivation
The autocorrelation of lag 1 can be expressed using the inverse Fourier transform of the power spectrum :
If we model the power spectrum as a single frequency , this becomes:
where it is apparent that the phase of equals the signal frequency.
Implementation
The mean frequency is calculated based on the autocorrelation with lag one, evaluated over a signal consisting of N samples:
The spectral variance is calculated as follows:
Applications
Estimation of blood velocity and turbulence in color flow imaging used in medical ultrasonography.
Estimation of target velocity in pulse-doppler radar
External links
A covariance approach to spectral moment estimation, Miller et al., IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.
Doppler Radar Meteorological Observations Doppler Radar Theory. Autocorrelation technique described on p.2-11
Real-Time Two-Dimensional Blood Flow Imaging Using an Autocorrelation Technique, by Chihiro Kasai, Koroku Namekawa, Akira Koyano, and Ryozo Omoto, IEEE Transactions on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20stress%E2%80%93energy%20tensor
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In relativistic physics, the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor is the contribution to the stress–energy tensor due to the electromagnetic field. The stress–energy tensor describes the flow of energy and momentum in spacetime. The electromagnetic stress–energy tensor contains the negative of the classical Maxwell stress tensor that governs the electromagnetic interactions.
Definition
SI units
In free space and flat space–time, the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor in SI units is
where is the electromagnetic tensor and where is the Minkowski metric tensor of metric signature . When using the metric with signature , the expression on the right of the equals sign will have opposite sign.
Explicitly in matrix form:
where
is the Poynting vector,
is the Maxwell stress tensor, and c is the speed of light. Thus, is expressed and measured in SI pressure units (pascals).
CGS unit conventions
The permittivity of free space and permeability of free space in cgs-Gaussian units are
then:
and in explicit matrix form:
where Poynting vector becomes:
The stress–energy tensor for an electromagnetic field in a dielectric medium is less well understood and is the subject of the unresolved Abraham–Minkowski controversy.
The element of the stress–energy tensor represents the flux of the μth-component of the four-momentum of the electromagnetic field, , going through a hyperplane ( is constant). It represents the contribution of electromagnetism to the source of the gra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAK4
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IRAK-4 (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4), in the IRAK family, is a protein kinase involved in signaling innate immune responses from Toll-like receptors. It also supports signaling from T-cell receptors. IRAK4 contains domain structures which are similar to those of IRAK1, IRAK2, IRAKM and Pelle. IRAK4 is unique compared to IRAK1, IRAK2 and IRAKM in that it functions upstream of the other IRAKs, but is more similar to Pelle in this trait. IRAK4 has important clinical applications.
Animals without IRAK-4 are more susceptible to viruses and bacteria but completely resistant to LPS challenge.
History
The first IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) was observed in 1994 through experiments with murine T helper cell lines D10N and EL-4. Two years later the first experimental member of this family of kinases, IRAK1, was cloned. In 2002, through database searches at the National Center for Biotechnology Information in an attempt to recognize novel members of the IRAK family, a human cDNA sequence which encoded a peptide sharing significant homology with IRAK1 was identified. This cDNA sequence was found to have five amino acid substitutions compared to IRAK1 and was termed IRAK4.
IRAK4 was proposed to be the mammalian homolog of the Pelle gene found in Drosophila melanogaster and was proposed to require its kinase activity in order for it to function in activating NF-κB. It was also proposed by Li et al. that it might function upstream of other IRAKs and possibly caus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGSM
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EGSM may refer to:
Beccles Airport, ICAO code.
E-GSM, an extension of the GSM-900 frequency range.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%28II%29%20iodide
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Nickel(II) iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula NiI2. This paramagnetic black solid dissolves readily in water to give bluish-green solutions, from which crystallizes the aquo complex [Ni(H2O)6]I2 (image above). This bluish-green colour is typical of hydrated nickel(II) compounds. Nickel iodides find some applications in homogeneous catalysis.
Structure and synthesis
The anhydrous material crystallizes in the CdCl2 motif, featuring octahedral coordination geometry at each Ni(II) center. NiI2 is prepared by dehydration of the pentahydrate.
NiI2 readily hydrates, and the hydrated form can be prepared by dissolution of nickel oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate in hydroiodic acid. The anhydrous form can be produced by treating powdered nickel with iodine.
Applications in catalysis
NiI2 has some industrial applications as a catalyst in carbonylation reactions. It is also has niche uses as a reagent in organic synthesis, especially in conjunction with samarium(II) iodide.
Like many nickel complexes, those derived from hydrated nickel iodide have been used in cross coupling.
References
Inorganic compounds
Iodides
Metal halides
Nickel compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe%20lemma
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In homological algebra, the horseshoe lemma, also called the simultaneous resolution theorem, is a statement relating resolutions of two objects and to resolutions of
extensions of by . It says that if an object is an extension of by , then a resolution of can be built up inductively with the nth item in the resolution equal to the coproduct of the nth items in the resolutions of and . The name of the lemma comes from the shape of the diagram illustrating the lemma's hypothesis.
Formal statement
Let be an abelian category with enough projectives. If
is a diagram in such that the column is exact and the
rows are projective resolutions of and respectively, then
it can be completed to a commutative diagram
where all columns are exact, the middle row is a projective resolution
of , and for all n. If is an
abelian category with enough injectives, the dual statement also holds.
The lemma can be proved inductively. At each stage of the induction, the properties of projective objects are used to define maps in a projective resolution of . Then the snake lemma is invoked to show that the simultaneous resolution constructed so far has exact rows.
See also
Nine lemma
References
Homological algebra
Lemmas in category theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Campinas%20Institute%20of%20Computing
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The Institute of Computing (), formerly the Department of Computer Science at the Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, is the main unit of education and research in computer science at the State University of Campinas (Unicamp). The institute is located at the Zeferino Vaz campus, in the district of Barão Geraldo in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
History
The origins of the Institute traces back to 1969 when Unicamp created a baccalaureate in Computer Science. The first one of its kind in Brazil, it served as a model for many computing courses in other universities in the country. In the same year, the Department of Computer Science (DCC) was established at the Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science (IMECC). In March 1996, the department was separated from IMECC and became a full institute, the 20th academic unit of Unicamp. The reorganization was completed formally when its first dean came to office in the next year (March 1997).
Courses
The institute offers two undergraduate courses: a baccalaureate in Computer Science (evening period) and another in Computer Engineering (in partnership with the School of Electric and Computer Engineering). The institute offers also graduate programs at the level of master's and doctorate in Computer Science. These courses have received top evaluations from the ministry of education, and attract students from many Latin America countries. The institute also offers many post-graduate specializatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariant%20formulation%20of%20classical%20electromagnetism
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The covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism refers to ways of writing the laws of classical electromagnetism (in particular, Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force) in a form that is manifestly invariant under Lorentz transformations, in the formalism of special relativity using rectilinear inertial coordinate systems. These expressions both make it simple to prove that the laws of classical electromagnetism take the same form in any inertial coordinate system, and also provide a way to translate the fields and forces from one frame to another. However, this is not as general as Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime or non-rectilinear coordinate systems.
This article uses the classical treatment of tensors and Einstein summation convention throughout and the Minkowski metric has the form . Where the equations are specified as holding in a vacuum, one could instead regard them as the formulation of Maxwell's equations in terms of total charge and current.
For a more general overview of the relationships between classical electromagnetism and special relativity, including various conceptual implications of this picture, see Classical electromagnetism and special relativity.
Covariant objects
Preliminary four-vectors
Lorentz tensors of the following kinds may be used in this article to describe bodies or particles:
four-displacement:
Four-velocity: where γ(u) is the Lorentz factor at the 3-velocity u.
Four-momentum: where is 3-momentum, is the total en
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s%20equations%20in%20curved%20spacetime
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In physics, Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime govern the dynamics of the electromagnetic field in curved spacetime (where the metric may not be the Minkowski metric) or where one uses an arbitrary (not necessarily Cartesian) coordinate system. These equations can be viewed as a generalization of the vacuum Maxwell's equations which are normally formulated in the local coordinates of flat spacetime. But because general relativity dictates that the presence of electromagnetic fields (or energy/matter in general) induce curvature in spacetime, Maxwell's equations in flat spacetime should be viewed as a convenient approximation.
When working in the presence of bulk matter, distinguishing between free and bound electric charges may facilitate analysis. When the distinction is made, they are called the macroscopic Maxwell's equations. Without this distinction, they are sometimes called the "microscopic" Maxwell's equations for contrast.
The electromagnetic field admits a coordinate-independent geometric description, and Maxwell's equations expressed in terms of these geometric objects are the same in any spacetime, curved or not. Also, the same modifications are made to the equations of flat Minkowski space when using local coordinates that are not rectilinear. For example, the equations in this article can be used to write Maxwell's equations in spherical coordinates. For these reasons, it may be useful to think of Maxwell's equations in Minkowski space as a special case
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhomogeneous%20electromagnetic%20wave%20equation
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In electromagnetism and applications, an inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation, or nonhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation, is one of a set of wave equations describing the propagation of electromagnetic waves generated by nonzero source charges and currents. The source terms in the wave equations make the partial differential equations inhomogeneous, if the source terms are zero the equations reduce to the homogeneous electromagnetic wave equations. The equations follow from Maxwell's equations.
Maxwell's equations
For reference, Maxwell's equations are summarized below in SI units and Gaussian units. They govern the electric field E and magnetic field B due to a source charge density ρ and current density J:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" | Name
! scope="col" | SI units
! scope="col" | Gaussian units
|-
! scope="row" | Gauss's law
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|-
! scope="row" | Gauss's law for magnetism
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|
|-
! scope="row" | Maxwell–Faraday equation (Faraday's law of induction)
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|
|-
! scope="row" | Ampère's circuital law (with Maxwell's addition)
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|
|-
|}
where ε0 is the vacuum permittivity and μ0 is the vacuum permeability. Throughout, the relation
is also used.
SI units
E and B fields
Maxwell's equations can directly give inhomogeneous wave equations for the electric field E and magnetic field B. Substituting Gauss' law for electricity and Ampère's Law into the curl of Faraday's law of induction, and using the c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutation%20cell
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The commutation cell is the basic structure in power electronics. It is composed of two electronic switches (today, a high-power semiconductor, not a mechanical switch). It was traditionally referred to as a chopper, but since switching power supplies became a major form of power conversion, this new term has become more popular.
The purpose of the commutation cell is to "chop" DC power into square wave alternating current. This is done so that an inductor and a capacitor can be used in an LC circuit to change the voltage. This is, in theory, a lossless process; in practice, efficiencies above 80-90% are routinely achieved. The output is usually run through a filter to produce clean DC power. By controlling the on and off times (the duty cycle) of the switch in the commutation cell, the output voltage can be regulated.
This basic principle is the core of most modern power supplies, from tiny DC-DC converters in portable devices to massive switching stations for high voltage DC power transmission.
Connection of two power elements
A Commutation cell connects two power elements, often referred to as sources, although they can either produce or absorb power.
Some requirements to connect power sources exist. The impossible configurations are listed in figure 1. They are basically:
a voltage source cannot be shorted, as the short circuit would impose a zero voltage which would contradict the voltage generated by the source;
in an identical way, a current source cannot be pla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipkovo
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Lipkovo (, ) is a village in North Macedonia. It is the seat of Lipkovo Municipality.
History
According to the statistics of the Bulgarian ethnographer Vasil Kanchov from 1900, 490 inhabitants lived in Lipkovo, 250 Muslim Albanians and 240 Bulgarian Exarchists.
Lipkovo was a central strategic village during the 2001 armed conflict between the Albanian National Liberation Army and the Macedonian Army. Today, it has a dam which supplies water and electricity to the Kumanovo region.
Demographics
As of the 2021 census, Lipkovo had 2,138 residents with the following ethnic composition:
Albanians 2,104
Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources 32
Others 2
According to the 2002 census, the town had a total of 2644 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
Albanians 2631
Macedonians 2
Others 11
Sister Towns
Mustafakemalpaşa, the main town of Bursa Province in the Marmara region of Turkey.
References
External links
Municipal flag of Lipkovo
Villages in Lipkovo Municipality
Albanian communities in North Macedonia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOL%20Light
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HOL Light is a member of the HOL theorem prover family. Like the other members, it is a proof assistant for classical higher order logic. Compared with other HOL systems, HOL Light is intended to have relatively simple foundations. HOL Light is authored and maintained by the mathematician and computer scientist John Harrison. HOL Light is released under the simplified BSD license.
Logical foundations
HOL Light is based on a formulation of type theory with equality
as the only primitive notion. The primitive rules of inference
are the following:
This formulation of type theory is very close to the one described in
section II.2 of .
References
Further reading
External links
HOL Light
Free theorem provers
Proof assistants
OCaml software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammock%20%28ecology%29
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Hammock is a term used in the southeastern United States for stands of trees, usually hardwood, that form an ecological island in a contrasting ecosystem. Hammocks grow on elevated areas, often just a few inches high, surrounded by wetlands that are too wet to support them. The term hammock is also applied to stands of hardwood trees growing on slopes between wetlands and drier uplands supporting a mixed or coniferous forest. Types of hammocks found in the United States include tropical hardwood hammocks, temperate hardwood hammocks, and maritime or coastal hammocks. Hammocks are also often classified as hydric (wet soil), mesic (moist soil) or xeric (dry soil). The types are not exclusive, but often grade into each other.
Unlike many ecosystems of the coastal plain of the southeastern United States, hammocks are not tolerant of fire. Hammocks tend to occur in locations where fire is not common, or where there is some protection from fire in neighboring ecosystems. Hammocks have begun developing in historic times in areas where fire has been suppressed through human intervention, or where elevations above wetlands have been created by dredging, mining, road and causeway building, and other human activities. On the other hand, many hammocks have been destroyed by development, as they often occur on higher land in desirable locations, such as barrier islands and other waterfront locations.
The etymology of the term "hammock" is obscure. Dictionaries usually give it as an arch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon%20Pellix
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The Canon Pellix is a manual-focus single-lens reflex (SLR) camera released in 1965 that uses a stationary half-silvered mirror behind which a metering cell is raised during light level metering.
The First Canon with TTL
Canon suddenly switched from professionally oriented SLR cameras to advanced amateur cameras in March 1964, when they left the Canon Canonflex range and launched the Canon FX with the FL lens mount. It has a built in CdS exposure meter with a circular window on the right-hand camera front. The Canon FP without exposure meter was added later the same year. The cameras were well built, but the metering technology was several years behind the Minolta SR-7, which had pioneered that technology in 1962. Then, just half a year later in the spring of 1965, Canon surprised the camera community with the remarkable Pellix. The new camera featured the much-expected TTL exposure metering facility, albeit employing the stop-down metering method.
However, what makes the Pellix special, is that the TTL metering is accomplished using a stationary semitransparent pellicle reflex mirror instead of the usual moving SLR mirror, and placing a CdS meter cell behind it for the TTL exposure measurement. The cell is attached to an arm that swings up in front of the film gate when the stop-down lever on the right-hand camera front is pressed, making a match-needle reading of the light projected from the camera lens after passing through the semitransparent mirror. Very few alternati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20resonance%20force%20microscopy
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Magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) is an imaging technique that acquires magnetic resonance images (MRI) at nanometer scales, and possibly at atomic scales in the future. MRFM is potentially able to observe protein structures which cannot be seen using X-ray crystallography and protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Detection of the magnetic spin of a single electron has been demonstrated using this technique. The sensitivity of a current MRFM microscope is 10 billion times greater than a medical MRI used in hospitals.
Basic principle
The MRFM concept combines the ideas of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Conventional MRI employs an inductive coil as an antenna to sense resonant nuclear or electronic spins in a magnetic field gradient. MRFM uses a cantilever tipped with a ferromagnetic (iron cobalt) particle to directly detect a modulated spin gradient force between sample spins and the tip. The magnetic particle is characterized using the technique of cantilever magnetometry. As the ferromagnetic tip moves close to the sample, the atoms' nuclear spins become attracted to it and generate a small force on the cantilever. The spins are then repeatedly flipped, causing the cantilever to gently sway back and forth in a synchronous motion. That displacement is measured with an interferometer (laser beam) to create a series of 2-D images of the sample, which are combined to generate a 3-D image. The interferometer measures reson
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuroperitoneal
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Pleuroperitoneal is a term denoting the pleural and peritoneal serous membranes or the cavities they line. It is divided from the pericardial cavity by the transverse septum. Congenital defect or traumatic injury of pleuroperitoneal membrane can lead to diaphragmatic hernia.
Membrane biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPS%209
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Planning Policy Statement 9: Biodiversity and Geological Conservation commonly abbreviated as PPS9, was a document produced by the British Government to advise Local planning authorities on planning policies for the protection of biodiversity and geological conservation through the planning system. This Planning Policy Statement was introduced in August 2005 and replaced Revised PPG 9: Nature conservation (published October 1994). PPS9 was reinforced and updated by Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM) Circular 06/2005: Biodiversity and Geological Conservation - Statutory Obligations and Their Impact Within the Planning System, also published by the British Government on 15 August 2005.
Circular 06/2005 and PPS9 placed a clear duty on local planning authorities to ensure that protected species and habitats in the UK are a "material consideration" in the determination of a planning application.
PPS 9, along with other Planning Policy Statements, was replaced on 27 March 2012 by the National Planning Policy Framework.
See also
Planning Policy Statements
Town and country planning in the United Kingdom
Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004
References
External links
United Kingdom planning policy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Kladis
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Danny Kladis (February 10, 1917 – April 26, 2009) was an American racecar driver. He was born in Crystal City, Missouri and died at Joliet, Illinois. 92-year-old Kladis was the oldest living Indy 500 starter at the time of his death.
Racing career
Kladis started racing in midget cars in 1935. He stopped racing in the 1940s when all racing in the United States stopped for World War II. During the war, he was a pilot in the United States Army. After the war, he started in the 1946 Indianapolis 500 for Andy Granatelli and finished 21st. He drove 50 laps as a relief driver for Spider Webb in the 1954 Indianapolis 500. Kladis attempted to make the field until the 1957 Indianapolis 500 but was unsuccessful.
Career awards
Kladis was inducted in the National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame in 2007.
World Championship career summary
The Indianapolis 500 was part of the FIA World Championship from 1950 through 1960. Drivers competing at Indy during those years were credited with World Championship points and participation. In the 1954 Indianapolis 500, Danny Kladis drove in relief of Spider Webb. As a result of this shared ride, Kladis participated in 1 World Championship race but scored no World Championship points.
Personal life
Kladis was the father of seven children: George, Joanne, Carole, Ciciela, Christopher, Danny Jr, and Michael.
Racing record
Indy 500 results
* shared drive with Spider Webb
Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)
References
1917 birth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain%20Desrosi%C3%A8res
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Alain Desrosières (18 April 1940 – 15 February 2013) was a statistician, sociologist and historian of science in France, well known for his work in the history of statistics He is the author of The Politics of Large Numbers: A History of Statistical Reasoning, published in 1993, translated into several languages, including English in 1998, and subsequently reviewed in the LRB in 2000. This described the origins of statistics as technical machinery for administration in the 19th and 20th centuries, including the attempts to measure human and economic development. The text is an account of the statistics and their use in abstracting features of society to better measure and understand them, with particular aims.
His major technical work on the socio-professional categorisation scheme used in French official statistics was updated in five editions over more than fifteen years. Further collected papers were published in two volumes as The Statistical Argument in 2008, and a final collection published posthumously in 2014 as Prouver et Gouverner. His major contribution was to frame public statistics as constructed reality, with categories created to describe society, but tracked carefully using these definitions. Thus bridging the opposing views that they are either objective facts or political propaganda due to his unusual combination of sociological study and statistical training.
References
External links
Obituary, Le Monde
Obituary, Libération
Special issue, Statistique
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum%20amyloid%20P%20component
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The serum amyloid P component (SAP) is the identical serum form of the amyloid P component (AP), a 25 kDa pentameric protein first identified as the pentagonal constituent of in vivo pathological deposits called "amyloid". APCS is its human gene.
In amyloidosis
SAP makes up 14% of the dry mass of amyloid deposits and is thought to be an important contributor to the pathogenesis of a related group of diseases called the Amyloidoses. These conditions are characterised by the ordered aggregation of normal globular proteins and peptides into insoluble fibres, which disrupt tissue architecture and are associated with cell death. SAP is thought to decorate and stabilise aggregates by preventing proteolytic cleavage and hence inhibiting fibril removal via the normal protein scavenging mechanisms. This association is utilised in the routine clinical diagnostic technique of SAP scintigraphy whereby radio-labelled protein is injected into patients to locate areas of amyloid deposition. The SAP-amyloid association has also been identified as a possible drug target for anti-amyloid therapy, with the recent development and first stage clinical trials of a compound called CPHPC (R-1-[6-[R-2-carboxy-pyrrolidin-1-yl]-6-oxohexanoyl] pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a small molecule able to strip AP from deposits by reducing levels of circulating SAP.
Structure
SAP is a member of the pentraxins family, characterised by calcium-dependent ligand binding and a distinctive flattened β-jellyroll
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster-Miller
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Foster-Miller, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Qinetiq, is an American-based military robotics manufacturer. Its two best-known products are its TALON robots and its LAST Armor.
Founded and based in Waltham, Massachusetts, it has offices in Albany, New York, Washington, D.C., and near Boston. Foster-Miller became a wholly owned Independent subsidiary of Qinetiq in 2004. Its parent has signed a special security agreement, allowing it to work independently in sensitive projects for US defense.
Foster-Miller has about 300 members of staff skilled in aeronautical engineering, administration, chemical engineering, chemistry, physics, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mathematics, statistics, mechanical engineering, metallurgy, polymers, polymerization, electromechanical engineering.
Foster-Miller works in the fields of robotics, advanced materials, sensors, custom machinery, medical device design, biopharmaceuticals, C4ISR and transportation. It has been awarded the aerospace quality management standard AS9100 (6 January 2006) and SW-CMM Level 3 software certification (9 February 2006) and ISO 13485 for medical device design and development.
Mergers/acquisitions
On 8 September 2004 Foster-Miller was acquired by Qinetiq North America for $163 million US dollars. QinetiQ is an offshoot of the UK's DERA, which is Europe's largest science and technology company with a revenue of over $2.2 billion in the 2008 financial year. The acquisition was finalized on 9 November 2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention%20tremor
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Intention tremor is a dyskinetic disorder characterized by a broad, coarse, and low-frequency (below 5 Hz) tremor evident during deliberate and visually-guided movement (hence the name intention tremor). An intention tremor is usually perpendicular to the direction of movement. When experiencing an intention tremor, one often overshoots or undershoots one's target, a condition known as dysmetria. Intention tremor is the result of dysfunction of the cerebellum, particularly on the same side as the tremor in the lateral zone, which controls visually guided movements. Depending on the location of cerebellar damage, these tremors can be either unilateral or bilateral.
Several causes have been discovered to date, including damage or degradation of the cerebellum due to neurodegenerative diseases, trauma, tumor, stroke, or toxicity. Currently, no pharmacological treatment has been established, but some success has been seen using treatments designed for essential tremors.
Signs and symptoms
Patients with intention tremors usually complain of difficulties with activities of daily living, including drinking from a cup, grabbing utensils to eat, and problems with coordination eye to an object or ambulation. Associated cerebellar signs can include nystagmus, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, hypotonia, proprioception deficits, and gait ataxia.
Causes
Intention tremors are common among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). One common symptom of MS is ataxia, a lack of coordinated
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevestigator
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Genevestigator is an application consisting of a gene expression database and tools to analyse the data. It exists in two versions, biomedical and plant, depending on the species of the underlying microarray and RNAseq as well as single-cell RNA-sequencing data. It was started in January 2004 by scientists from ETH Zurich and is currently developed and commercialized by Nebion AG.
Researchers and scientists from academia and industry use it to identify, characterize and validate novel drug targets and biomarkers, identify appropriate research models and in general to understand how gene expression changes with different treatments.
Gene expression database
The Genevestigator database comprises transciptomic data from numerous public repositories including GEO, Array Express and renowned cancer research projects as TCGA. Depending on the license agreement, it may also contain data from private gene expression studies. All data are manually curated, quality-controlled and enriched for sample and experiment descriptions derived from corresponding scientific publications.
The number of species from where the samples are derived is constantly increasing. Currently, the biomedical version contains data from human, mouse, and rat used in biomedical research. Gene expression studies are from various research areas including oncology, immunology, neurology, dermatology and cardiovascular diseases. Samples comprise tissue biopsies and cell lines.
The plant version (no longer avail
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocular%20flutter
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Ocular flutter is an opsoclonic disorder that results in horizontal saccades.
It is caused by damage to the brainstem paramedian pontine reticular formation cells or the cerebellar neurons controlling those cells.
See also
Nystagmus
Opsoclonus
References
Vision
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-learning%20%28computer%20science%29
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Meta learning
is a subfield of machine learning where automatic learning algorithms are applied to metadata about machine learning experiments. As of 2017, the term had not found a standard interpretation, however the main goal is to use such metadata to understand how automatic learning can become flexible in solving learning problems, hence to improve the performance of existing learning algorithms or to learn (induce) the learning algorithm itself, hence the alternative term learning to learn.
Flexibility is important because each learning algorithm is based on a set of assumptions about the data, its inductive bias. This means that it will only learn well if the bias matches the learning problem. A learning algorithm may perform very well in one domain, but not on the next. This poses strong restrictions on the use of machine learning or data mining techniques, since the relationship between the learning problem (often some kind of database) and the effectiveness of different learning algorithms is not yet understood.
By using different kinds of metadata, like properties of the learning problem, algorithm properties (like performance measures), or patterns previously derived from the data, it is possible to learn, select, alter or combine different learning algorithms to effectively solve a given learning problem. Critiques of meta learning approaches bear a strong resemblance to the critique of metaheuristic, a possibly related problem. A good analogy to meta-learning,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocyte
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An amniocyte (literally "lamb cell") is a cell of a fetus which is suspended in the amniotic fluid.
To study a person's chromosomes, it can be used in DNA-based analysis, via microscopic analysis of the cells in amniotic fluid. After circa 16 weeks of pregnancy the fluid can be collected. It then contains shed fetal cells, which are put in culture and grow out slow. After around 2 weeks of culture the cells should have divided enough for proper DNA analysis.
References
Animal developmental biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrak%20Transistor
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Monrak Transistor (Thai: มนต์รักทรานซิสเตอร์, English: Transistor Love Story) is a 2001 Thai film directed by Pen-Ek Ratanaruang. Blending several genres, including comedy, romance, musical and crime, it is the story of a young man named Pan and his odyssey after he goes AWOL from the army and tries to make it as a luk thung singing star.
Plot
The story begins in a jail, where a prisoner is being interrogated. The action is taking place in the background, behind bars and is blurred. The focus is on a bottle of laxative. Seems the prisoner has stolen a necklace and swallowed it. Soon, the necklace is passed. And it's not even real gold.
The old jailer picks up the story, saying the prisoner is a boy named Pan from his home village. Pan is a simple country boy. In the words of the jailer, he thinks about entertainment too much and is not respectful enough of his elders. In other words, he's not too bright. Yet, he is a good singer, and the story flashes back to a village fair, where he's up on stage singing his heart out, with his lyrics being composed on the spot and directed toward Sadao, a pretty village girl who is dancing in the crowd.
A local rich kid pulls up in his truck and asks Sadao to dance. Then, when the rich kid goes to the drinks stand, Pan hands his microphone over to another performer and moves to dance with Sadao. The rich kid returns, and Pan bumps into him, spilling the drinks. The rich guy, with his thuggish friends in tow, orders Pan to clean up the me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydride%20vapour-phase%20epitaxy
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Hydride vapour-phase epitaxy (HVPE) is an epitaxial growth technique often employed to produce semiconductors such as GaN, GaAs, InP and their related compounds, in which hydrogen chloride is reacted at elevated temperature with the group-III metals to produce gaseous metal chlorides, which then react with ammonia to produce the group-III nitrides. Carrier gasses commonly used include ammonia, hydrogen and various chlorides.
HVPE technology can significantly reduce the cost of production compared to the most common method of vapor deposition of organometallic compounds (MOCVD). Cost reduction is achieved by significantly reducing the consumption of NH3, cheaper source materials than in MOCVD, reducing the capital equipment costs, due to the high growth rate.
Developed in the 1960s, it was the first epitaxial method used for the fabrication of single GaN crystals.
Hydride vapour-phase epitaxy (HVPE) is the only III–V and III–N semiconductor crystal growth process working close to equilibrium. This means that the condensation reactions exhibit fast kinetics: one observes immediate reactivity to an increase of the vapour-phase supersaturation towards condensation. This property is due to the use of chloride vapour precursors GaCl and InCl, of which dechlorination frequency is high enough so that there is no kinetic delay. A wide range of growth rates, from 1 to 100 micrometers per hour, can then be set as a function of the vapour-phase supersaturation. Another HVPE feature is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countercurrent%20multiplication
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A countercurrent mechanism system is a mechanism that expends energy to create a concentration gradient.
It is found widely in nature and especially in mammalian organs. For example, it can refer to the process that is underlying the process of urine concentration, that is, the production of hyperosmotic urine by the mammalian kidney. The ability to concentrate urine is also present in birds.
Countercurrent multiplication is frequently mistaken for countercurrent exchange, a similar but different mechanism where gradients are maintained, but not established.
Physiological principles
The term derives from the form and function of the loop of Henle, which consists of two parallel limbs of renal tubules running in opposite directions, separated by the interstitial space of the renal medulla.
The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water but impermeable to solutes, due to the presence of aquaporin 1 in its tubular wall. Thus, water moves across the tubular wall into the medullary space, making the filtrate hypertonic (with a lower water potential). This is the filtrate that continues to the ascending limb.
The ascending limb is impermeable to water (because of a lack of aquaporin, a common transporter protein for water channels in all cells except the walls of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle) but permeable to solutes, but here Na+, Cl−, and K+ are actively transported into the medullary space, making the filtrate hypotonic (with a higher water po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrodermis
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Gastrodermis (From Ancient Greek: , , "stomach"; , , "skin") is the inner layer of cells that serves as a lining membrane of the gastrovascular cavity in Cnidarians. It is distinct from the outer epidermis and the inner dermis and is primarimly assosiated with the ventral side of Cnidarians. It is composed of specialized cells responsible for several vital physiological processes. The term is also used for the analogous inner epithelial layer of Ctenophores.
Functions
The gastrodermis has a role in many biological functions, including respiration, pigmentation, and digestion.
The gastrodermis provides a large surface area for gas exchange to occur, via cutaneous respiration, which involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the skin.
The gastrodermis contains specialised cells called chromatophores, which are responsible for producing and controlling pigmentation. These cells contain pigments such as melanin that help in coloration and camouflage.
In Coelenterates, the gastrodermis contains mucous secreting cells and gland cells, that secrete digestive enzymes to assist in digestion.
The gastrodermis is among the sites where early signals of heat stress are expressed in corals.
References
Cnidarian anatomy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C5%BEnjan
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Ližnjan () is a village and municipality in Istria, Croatia. It has high biodiversity.
There is a small church named Crkva Majke Božje od Kuj that dates back to the 17th century but was built on ancient foundations. It has a glass floor with an ornamental painting underneath. Importantly, the municipality also includes the remains of the ancient city of Nesactium, built by the ancient Histri.
Demographics
According to the 2021 census, its population was 4,087, with 1,445 living in the town proper. It was 3,965 in 2011.
The municipality contains 5 villages:
Jadreški (Giadreschi)
Ližnjan (Lisignano)
Muntić (Monticchio)
Šišan (Sissano)
Valtura (Altura)
Sport
Ližnjan has a football team named Liznjan. They came first in the 2 league and now they are fighting for progress.
References
External links
Municipalities of Croatia
Populated places in Istria County
Populated places in Croatia where Italian is an official language
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20gradient
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An image gradient is a directional change in the intensity or color in an image. The gradient of the image is one of the fundamental building blocks in image processing. For example, the Canny edge detector uses image gradient for edge detection. In graphics software for digital image editing, the term gradient or color gradient is also used for a gradual blend of color which can be considered as an even gradation from low to high values, as used from white to black in the images to the right. Another name for this is color progression.
Mathematically, the gradient of a two-variable function (here the image intensity function) at each image point is a 2D vector with the components given by the derivatives in the horizontal and vertical directions. At each image point, the gradient vector points in the direction of largest possible intensity increase, and the length of the gradient vector corresponds to the rate of change in that direction.
Since the intensity function of a digital image is only known at discrete points, derivatives of this function cannot be defined unless we assume that there is an underlying continuous intensity function which has been sampled at the image points. With some additional assumptions, the derivative of the continuous intensity function can be computed as a function on the sampled intensity function, i.e., the digital image. Approximations of these derivative functions can be defined at varying degrees of accuracy. The most common way to appro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family-wise%20error%20rate
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In statistics, family-wise error rate (FWER) is the probability of making one or more false discoveries, or type I errors when performing multiple hypotheses tests.
Familywise and Experimentwise Error Rates
John Tukey developed in 1953 the concept of a familywise error rate as the probability of making a Type I error among a specified group, or "family," of tests. Ryan (1959) proposed the related concept of an experimentwise error rate, which is the probability of making a Type I error in a given experiment. Hence, an experimentwise error rate is a familywise error rate for all of the tests that are conducted within an experiment.
As Ryan (1959, Footnote 3) explained, an experiment may contain two or more families of multiple comparisons, each of which relates to a particular statistical inference and each of which has its own separate familywise error rate. Hence, familywise error rates are usually based on theoretically informative collections of multiple comparisons. In contrast, an experimentwise error rate may be based on a co-incidental collection of comparisons that refer to a diverse range of separate inferences. Consequently, some have argued that it may not be useful to control the experimentwise error rate. Indeed, Tukey was against the idea of experimentwise error rates (Tukey, 1956, personal communication, in Ryan, 1962, p. 302). More recently, Rubin (2021) criticised the automatic consideration of experimentwise error rates, arguing that “in many cases, the jo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive%20C
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Interactive C is a program which uses a modified version of ANSI C with several libraries and features that allow hobbyists to program small robotics platforms.
Version by Newton Research Labs
Newton Research Labs developed Interactive C as a compiling environment for robots using the Motorola 6811 processor. The MIT LEGO Robot Design Contest (6.270) was the original purpose for the software. It became popular, however, due to its ability to compile on the fly rather than taking time to compile beforehand as other languages had done. The programming environment's newest version is IC Version 8.0.2, which supports these operating systems:
Microsoft Windows XP, 2000, Vista
Macintosh
Unix and Unix-like: IRIX, Solaris, SunOS; Linux
The screenshot to the right shows Interactive C running on a Windows operating system. The program features an Interaction Window where one-line C commands can be sent to the connected controller as well as an editing window, here titled main.c, where a program file is being edited and can be sent to the attached controller.
Here is the basic "Hello World" example for IC programming:
void main()
{
printf("Hello World");
}
Here is another example using motor ports 1 and 3:
void main()
{
motor(1,100);
motor(3,100);
sleep(2.0);
ao();
}
A basic infinite loop that will beep for ever:
void main()
{
while(1)
{
beep();
}
}
Interactive C is used by Ohio State University to program MIT Handy Boards in i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAG%20Numerical%20Library
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The NAG Numerical Library is a software product developed and sold by The Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd. It is a software library of numerical analysis routines, containing more than 1,900 mathematical and statistical algorithms. Areas covered by the library include linear algebra, optimization, quadrature, the solution of ordinary and partial differential equations, regression analysis, and time series analysis.
Users of the NAG Library call its routines from within their applications in order to incorporate its mathematical or statistical functionality and to solve numerical problems - for example, finding the minimum or maximum of a function, fitting a curve or surface to data, or solving a differential equation. The NAG Library can be accessed from a variety of languages and environments such as C/C++, Fortran, Python, AD, MATLAB, Java and .NET. The main supported systems are currently Windows, Linux and macOS running on x86-64 architectures; 32-bit Windows support is being phased out. Some NAG mathematical optimization solvers are accessible via the optimization modelling suite.
History
The original version of the NAG Library was written in Algol 60 and Fortran. It contained 98 user-callable routines, and was released for the ICL 1906A and 1906S machines on October 1, 1971. Three further Marks of the library appeared in the following five years; during this time the Algol version was ported to Algol 68, with the following platforms being supported: CDC 7600/CYBE
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-secretase%201
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Beta-secretase 1, also known as beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1, beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), membrane-associated aspartic protease 2, memapsin-2, aspartyl protease 2, and ASP2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BACE1 gene. Expression of BACE1 is observed mainly in neurons.
BACE1 is an aspartic acid protease important in the formation of myelin sheaths in peripheral nerve cells: in mice the expression of BACE1 is high in the postnatal stages, when myelination occurs. The transmembrane protein contains two active site aspartate residues in its extracellular protein domain and may function as a dimer, its cytoplasmic tail is required for the correct maturation and an efficient intracellular trafficking, but does not affect the activity. It is produced as a pro-enzyme, the endoproteolitc removal occurs after BACE leaves endoplasmic reticulum, in the Golgi apparatus. In addition the pro-peptide receives additional sugars to increase the molecular mass. and the tail became a palmitoylated.
The BACE1 expression is influenced by the inflammatory state: during AD the cytokines reduce the PPAR1 an inhibitor of BACE1 mRNA).
Role in Alzheimer's disease
BACE1 is the major beta secretase for the generation of amyloid-β peptides in the neurons.
Generation of the 40 or 42 amino acid-long amyloid-β peptides that aggregate in the brain of Alzheimer's patients requires two sequential cleavages of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Extracell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory%20protein
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A secretory protein is any protein, whether it be endocrine or exocrine, which is secreted by a cell. Secretory proteins include many hormones, enzymes, toxins, and antimicrobial peptides.
Secretory proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Production
The production of a secretory protein starts like any other protein. The mRNA is produced and transported to the cytosol where it interacts with a free cytosolic ribosome. The part that is produced first, the N-terminal, contains a signal sequence consisting of 6 to 12 amino acids with hydrophobic side chains. This sequence is recognised by a cytosolic protein, SRP (Signal Recognition Particle), which stops the translation and aids in the transport of the mRNA-ribosome complex to an SRP receptor found in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. When it arrives at the ER, the signal sequence is transferred to the translocon, a protein-conducting channel in the membrane that allows the newly synthesized polypeptide to be translocated to the ER lumen. The dissociation of SRP from the ribosome restores the translation of the secretory protein. The signal sequence is removed and the translation continues while the produced chain moves through the translocon (cotranslational translocation).
Modification
After the production of the protein is completed, it interacts with several other proteins to gain its final state.
Endoplasmic reticulum
After translation, proteins within the ER make sure that the protein is folded
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETAR%20%28model%29
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In statistics, Self-Exciting Threshold AutoRegressive (SETAR) models are typically applied to time series data as an extension of autoregressive models, in order to allow for higher degree of flexibility in model parameters through a regime switching behaviour.
Given a time series of data xt, the SETAR model is a tool for understanding and, perhaps, predicting future values in this series, assuming that the behaviour of the series changes once the series enters a different regime. The switch from one regime to another depends on the past values of the x series (hence the Self-Exciting portion of the name).
The model consists of k autoregressive (AR) parts, each for a different regime. The model is usually referred to as the SETAR(k, p) model where k is the number of threshold, there are k+1 number of regime in the model, and p is the order of the autoregressive part (since those can differ between regimes, the p portion is sometimes dropped and models are denoted simply as SETAR(k).
Definition
Autoregressive Models
Consider a simple AR(p) model for a time series yt
where:
for i=1,2,...,p are autoregressive coefficients, assumed to be constant over time;
stands for white-noise error term with constant variance.
written in a following vector form:
where:
is a row vector of variables;
is the vector of parameters :;
stands for white-noise error term with constant variance.
SETAR as an Extension of the Autoregressive Model
SETAR models were introduced by Howell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogenic%20succession
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"Auto-" meaning self or same, and "-genic" meaning producing or causing. Autogenic succession refers to ecological succession driven by biotic factors within an ecosystem and although the mechanisms of autogenic succession have long been debated, the role of living things in shaping the progression of succession was realized early on. Presently, there is more of a consensus that the mechanisms of facilitation, tolerance, and inhibition all contribute to autogenic succession. The concept of succession is most often associated with communities of vegetation and forests, though it is applicable to a broader range of ecosystems. In contrast, allogenic succession is driven by the abiotic components of the ecosystem.
How it occurs
The plants themselves (biotic components) cause succession to occur.
Light captured by leaves
Production of detritus
Water and nutrient uptake
Nitrogen fixation
anthropogenic climate change
These aspects lead to a gradual ecological change in a particular spot of land, known as a progression of inhabiting species. Autogenic succession can be viewed as a secondary succession because of pre-existing plant life. A 2000 case study in the journal Oecologia tested the hypothesis that areas with high plant diversity could suppress weed growth more effectively than those with lower plant diversity.
Facilitation
Improvement of site factors like increased organic matter
Inhibition
Hinders species or growth
References
Ecological succession
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allogenic%20succession
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In ecology, allogenic succession is succession driven by the abiotic components of an ecosystem. In contrast, autogenic succession is driven by the biotic components of the ecosystem. An allogenic succession can be initiated in a number of ways which can include:
Volcanic eruptions
Meteor or comet strike
Flooding
Drought
Earthquakes
Non-anthropogenic climate change
Allogenic succession can happen on a time scale that is proportionate with the disturbance. For example, allogenic succession that is the result of non-anthropogenic climate change can happen over thousands of years.
Example
The majority of Salt Marsh development comes from allogenic succession. The constant exposure to water in the intertidal zone causes the soil of a salt marsh to change over time. This results in sedimentation and nutrient buildup that also slowly raises the level of the land. What started as a sandy soil with a slightly high pH level, eventually becomes a loamy soil with a more neutral pH level. During this period, the soil-salinity will also change by starting low and eventually rising to higher levels from continued seawater exposure.
Glacier forelands are another example of ecosystems that form from autogenic but also partly allogenic succession. The importance of which is estimated to be higher in earlier successional stages, regarding rock formations, slope angles and soil composition.
See also
References
Ecological succession
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun%20Derry
|
Shaun Peter Derry (born 6 December 1977) is an English former professional footballer and manager. He previously managed Notts County and Cambridge United, and played for Crystal Palace, Leeds United and Queens Park Rangers among other clubs. Derry was known for his hard-tackling and aggressive midfield style, and was primarily a defensive midfielder but could also play at right-back.
Playing career
Early career
Born in Nottingham, Derry started his career at Notts County as a trainee before being bought by Sheffield United in 1998 for a fee of £700,000. He scored once during his spell at Sheffield United, his goal coming in the FA Cup against Rushden & Diamonds.
Portsmouth
Derry was sold to Portsmouth in 2000 for £300,000. He was a regular in the side under both Tony Pulis and Steve Claridge before being made team captain by Graham Rix. After Rix's departure, Derry was amongst the many players deemed surplus to requirements by new manager Harry Redknapp in summer 2002 rebuilding and was sold to Crystal Palace for £400,001. He scored only once during his spell at Portsmouth, his goal coming in a crucial win over against West Bromwich Albion.
Crystal Palace
Derry helped Crystal Palace in their return to the Premier League in 2004, making 44 appearances including an appearance in the 2004 First Division play-off final. It was his corner that led to Darren Powell scoring a 90th-minute header to send the Eagles to extra-time in the semi-final, which they would win on penaltie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message%20Transmission%20Optimization%20Mechanism
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MTOM is the W3C Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism, a method of efficiently sending binary data to and from Web services.
MTOM is usually used with the XOP (XML-binary Optimized Packaging).
Application
MTOM only optimizes element content that is in the canonical lexical representation of the xs:base64Binary data type. Since there is no standard way to indicate whether data is in the canonical lexical representation, the mechanism for applying MTOM is implementation-dependent.
The use of MTOM is a hop-by-hop contract between one SOAP node and the next. There is no guarantee that the optimization will be preserved if there are multiple SOAP nodes involved.
Details
Although most users treat MTOM as a single mechanism, the MTOM specification defines it as three related features:
Firstly, an "Abstract SOAP Transmission Optimization Feature" for sending and receiving SOAP messages that contain binary data. The binary data is a part of the single XML Infoset model, but this feature introduces the concept of sending the binary data separately (i.e. not in the serialized XML infoset). This abstract feature does not define how the serialized XML infoset looks without the binary data, nor how the binary data is actually represented.
Secondly, an "Optimized MIME Multipart/Related Serialization of SOAP Messages" is defined. This defines that the serialized XML infoset will include XML-binary Optimized Packaging (XOP) in place of the binary data, and the binary data (along
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20of%20Vancouver
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The city of Vancouver, located in British Columbia, Canada, has a moderate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) that borders on a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb). Its summer months are typically dry, often resulting in moderate drought conditions, usually in July and August. In contrast, the rest of the year is rainy, especially between October and March.
Like the rest of the British Columbia Coast, the city is tempered by the North Pacific Current, which has its origins in the milder Kuroshio Current and is also, to an extent, sheltered by the mountains of Vancouver Island to the west.
General conditions
The climatology of Vancouver applies to the entire Greater Vancouver region and not just to the City of Vancouver itself. While Vancouver's coastal location serves to moderate its temperatures, sea breezes and mountainous terrain make Greater Vancouver a region of microclimates, with local variations in weather sometimes being more exaggerated than those experienced in other coastal areas.
Predicting precipitation in the Greater Vancouver area is particularly complex. It is a rule of thumb that for every rise of in elevation, there is an additional ( per ) of precipitation, so places such as the District of North Vancouver on the North Shore Mountains get more rain. Snow is problematic for meteorologists to predict due to temperatures remaining close to freezing during snow events.
Temperatures
The average annual temperature in Vancouver is down
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprotinin
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The drug aprotinin (Trasylol, previously Bayer and now Nordic Group pharmaceuticals), is a small protein bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), or basic trypsin inhibitor of bovine pancreas, which is an antifibrinolytic molecule that inhibits trypsin and related proteolytic enzymes. Under the trade name Trasylol, aprotinin was used as a medication administered by injection to reduce bleeding during complex surgery, such as heart and liver surgery. Its main effect is the slowing down of fibrinolysis, the process that leads to the breakdown of blood clots. The aim in its use was to decrease the need for blood transfusions during surgery, as well as end-organ damage due to hypotension (low blood pressure) as a result of marked blood loss. The drug was temporarily withdrawn worldwide in 2007 after studies suggested that its use increased the risk of complications or death; this was confirmed by follow-up studies. Trasylol sales were suspended in May 2008, except for very restricted research use. In February 2012 the European Medicines Agency (EMA) scientific committee reverted its previous standpoint regarding aprotinin, and has recommended that the suspension be lifted. Nordic became distributor of aprotinin in 2012.
Chemistry
Aprotinin is a monomeric (single-chain) globular polypeptide derived from bovine lung tissue. It has a molecular weight of 6512 Da and consists of 16 different amino acid types arranged in a chain 58 residues long that folds into a stable, compact
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20the%20Japonic%20languages
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The classification of the Japonic languages and their external relations is unclear. Linguists traditionally consider the Japonic languages to belong to an independent family; indeed, until the classification of Ryukyuan as separate languages within a Japonic family rather than as dialects of Japanese, Japanese was considered a language isolate.
Among more distant connections, the possibility of a genetic relationship to languages like Austronesian and or Kra–Dai, are discussed. A relation between Japonic and Koreanic is also considered plausible by some linguists, while others reject this idea. Independent of the question of a Japonic–Koreanic connection, both the Japonic and Koreanic languages are sometimes included in the now largely discredited Altaic family.
Primary language family
The currently most supported view is that the Japonic languages (sometimes also "Japanic") are their own primary language family, consisting of Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages. The Hachijō language is sometimes classified as a third branch of the Japonic language family, but it is otherwise seen to be a very divergent dialect of Eastern Japanese.
It has been suggested that the linguistic homeland of Japonic may be located somewhere in southern, south-eastern, or eastern China prior to a hypothetical migration of proto-Japanese to the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. Miyamoto suggests a homeland further north, around modern day Liaoning. Koreanic speakers, then established
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine%20metabolism
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Cysteine metabolism refers to the biological pathways that consume or create cysteine. The pathways of different amino acids and other metabolites interweave and overlap to creating complex systems.
Human cysteine metabolism
In human cysteine metabolism, L-cysteine is consumed in several ways as shown below. L-Cysteine is also consumed in pantothenate/coenzyme A biosynthesis.
L-Cysteine is the product of several processes as well. In addition to the reactions below, L-cysteine is also a product of glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism.
References
See also
D-cysteine desulfhydrase
Sulfur metabolism
Alpha-Amino acids
Sulfur metabolism
Sulfur amino acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20cell
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An artificial cell, synthetic cell or minimal cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell. Often, artificial cells are biological or polymeric membranes which enclose biologically active materials. As such, liposomes, polymersomes, nanoparticles, microcapsules and a number of other particles can qualify as artificial cells.
The terms "artificial cell" and "synthetic cell" are used in a variety of different fields and can have different meanings, as it is also reflected in the different sections of this article. Some stricter definitions are based on the assumption that the term "cell" directly relates to biological cells and that these structures therefore have to be alive (or part of a living organism) and, further, that the term "artificial" implies that these structures are artificially built from the bottom-up, i.e. from basic components. As such, in the area of synthetic biology, an artificial cell can be understood as a completely synthetically made cell that can capture energy, maintain ion gradients, contain macromolecules as well as store information and have the ability to replicate. This kind of artificial cell has not yet been made.
However, in other cases, the term "artificial" does not imply that the entire structure is man-made, but instead, it can refer to the idea that certain functions or structures of biological cells can be modified, simplified, replaced or supplemented with a synthetic entity.
In other fields,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nuclear%20RNA
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Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is a class of small RNA molecules that are found within the splicing speckles and Cajal bodies of the cell nucleus in eukaryotic cells. The length of an average snRNA is approximately 150 nucleotides. They are transcribed by either RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III. Their primary function is in the processing of pre-messenger RNA (hnRNA) in the nucleus. They have also been shown to aid in the regulation of transcription factors (7SK RNA) or RNA polymerase II (B2 RNA), and maintaining the telomeres.
snRNA are always associated with a set of specific proteins, and the complexes are referred to as small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP, often pronounced "snurps"). Each snRNP particle is composed of a snRNA component and several snRNP-specific proteins (including Sm proteins, a family of nuclear proteins). The most common human snRNA components of these complexes are known, respectively, as: U1 spliceosomal RNA, U2 spliceosomal RNA, U4 spliceosomal RNA, U5 spliceosomal RNA, and U6 spliceosomal RNA. Their nomenclature derives from their high uridine content.
snRNAs were discovered by accident during a gel electrophoresis experiment in 1966. An unexpected type of RNA was found in the gel and investigated. Later analysis has shown that these RNA were high in uridylate and were established in the nucleus.
snRNAs and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are not the same and neither is a subtype of the other. Both are different and are a class under sma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Chandelier
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"Crystal Chandelier" (more commonly known as Crystal Chandeliers) is a 1965 Country song written by Ted Harris and popularized by Charley Pride. The original rendition was sung by Carl Belew. His version reached number 12 on the U.S. Billboard Country chart. It was the first of three charting singles from Belew's eighth studio album, Twelve Shades of Belew.
Vic Dana cover
Vic Dana covered the song in 1965. His version reached number 51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, number 19 on the Canadian pop singles chart and number 14 on both the U.S. and Canadian Adult Contemporary charts in early 1966. He also reached number 34 in Australia.
Both Carl Belew and Vic Dana recorded the song under the title "Crystal Chandelier," however, all further covers used the title: Crystal Chandeliers in the plural, reflecting what is said in the lyrics.
Chart history
Charley Pride cover
Charley Pride covered "Crystal Chandeliers" in 1967. The song was included on his number-one selling album, The Country Way. It was produced by Chet Atkins, who had also produced Belew's original rendition.
Pride's version became an instant hit, and received heavy airplay by Country radio stations. Although it was never a hit on the American singles charts, it remains one of the most recognizable and enduring versions of the song.
Other versions
Tony and the Graduates covered the song in 1967, reaching number seven in Ireland.
Billie Jo Spears covered "Crystal Chandelier" in 1970 on her Country Girl LP.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perplexity
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In information theory, perplexity is a measurement of how well a probability distribution or probability model predicts a sample. It may be used to compare probability models. A low perplexity indicates the probability distribution is good at predicting the sample. Perplexity was originally introduced in 1977 in the context of speech recognition by Frederick Jelinek, Robert Leroy Mercer, Lalit R. Bahl, and James K. Baker.
Perplexity of a Probability Distribution
The perplexity PP of a discrete probability distribution p is a concept widely used in information theory, machine learning, and statistical modeling. It is defined as
where H(p) is the entropy (in bits) of the distribution, and x ranges over the events. The base of the logarithm need not be 2: The perplexity is independent of the base, provided that the entropy and the exponentiation use the same base. In some contexts, this measure is also referred to as the (order-1 true) diversity.
Perplexity of a random variable X may be defined as the perplexity of the distribution over its possible values x. It can be thought of as a measure of uncertainty or "surprise" related to the outcomes.
In the special case where p models a fair k-sided die (a uniform distribution over k discrete events), its perplexity is k. A random variable with perplexity k has the same uncertainty as a fair k-sided die. One is said to be "k-ways perplexed" about the value of the random variable. Unless it is a fair k-sided die, more than k val
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20ball%20%28disambiguation%29
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A crystal ball is a scrying or fortune telling orb object
Crystal Ball may also refer to:
Crystal Ball (detector), a hermetic particle detector
Crystal Ball function, a probability density function
Crystal Ball (G.I. Joe), a fictional villain in the G.I. Joe universe, member of Cobra
Sabato's Crystal Ball, a web site analyzing and predicting national political races
"The Crystal Ball" (fairy tale), a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm
The Crystal Ball (film), a 1943 film starring Ray Milland
The Crystal Ball (painting), a 1902 painting by John William Waterhouse
Crystal Ball, a "lifeline" in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? franchise
Music
Albums
Crystal Ball (box set), a 1998 box set by Prince
Crystal Ball (EP), a 2019 EP by Purplebeck
Crystal Ball (Styx album), a 1976 album by Styx
Crystal Ball (unreleased album), album by Prince, recorded in 1986
Songs
"Crystal Ball" (Keane song), a 2006 song by Keane
"Crystal Ball" (Styx song), the 1976 album's title track
"Crystal Ball", a song by Pink from the album Funhouse
"Crystal Ball", a song by State Champs from the album Living Proof
"Crystal Ball", a song by Timeflies from the album After Hours
"Crystal Ball", a 1998 (recorded in 1986) Prince song from the box set of the same name.
See also
Cristóbal (disambiguation), Spanish equivalent of "Christopher"
"Crystal Baller", a 2003 song by Third Eye Blind
Krystal Ball, news anchor and former MSNBC co-host
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20George%20Kendall
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David George Kendall FRS (15 January 1918 – 23 October 2007) was an English statistician and mathematician, known for his work on probability, statistical shape analysis, ley lines and queueing theory. He spent most of his academic life in the University of Oxford (1946–1962) and the University of Cambridge (1962–1985). He worked with M. S. Bartlett during World War II, and visited Princeton University after the war.
Life and career
David George Kendall was born on 15 January 1918 in Ripon, West Riding of Yorkshire, and attended Ripon Grammar School before attending Queen's College, Oxford, graduating in 1939.
He worked on rocketry at the Ministry of Supply's Projectile Development Establishment during the World War II, before moving to Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1946.
In 1962 he was appointed the first Professor of Mathematical Statistics in the Statistical Laboratory, University of Cambridge; in which post he remained until his retirement in 1985. He was elected to a professorial fellowship at Churchill College, and he was a founding trustee of the Rollo Davidson Trust. In 1986, he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) by the University of Bath.
Kendall was an expert in probability and data analysis, and pioneered statistical shape analysis including the study of ley lines. He defined Kendall's notation for queueing theory.
The Royal Statistical Society awarded him the Guy Medal in Silver in 1955, followed in 1981 by the Guy Medal in Gold. In 1980 the Lo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombieri%E2%80%93Vinogradov%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Bombieri–Vinogradov theorem (sometimes simply called Bombieri's theorem) is a major result of analytic number theory, obtained in the mid-1960s, concerning the distribution of primes in arithmetic progressions, averaged over a range of moduli. The first result of this kind was obtained by Mark Barban in 1961 and the Bombieri–Vinogradov theorem is a refinement of Barban's result. The Bombieri–Vinogradov theorem is named after Enrico Bombieri and A. I. Vinogradov, who published on a related topic, the density hypothesis, in 1965.
This result is a major application of the large sieve method, which developed rapidly in the early 1960s, from its beginnings in work of Yuri Linnik two decades earlier. Besides Bombieri, Klaus Roth was working in this area. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, many of the key ingredients and estimates were simplified by Patrick X. Gallagher.
Statement of the Bombieri–Vinogradov theorem
Let and be any two positive real numbers with
Then
Here is the Euler totient function, which is the number of summands for the modulus q, and
where denotes the von Mangoldt function.
A verbal description of this result is that it addresses the error term in the prime number theorem for arithmetic progressions, averaged over the moduli q up to Q. For a certain range of Q, which are around if we neglect logarithmic factors, the error averaged is nearly as small as . This is not obvious, and without the averaging is about of the strength of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinogradov%27s%20theorem
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In number theory, Vinogradov's theorem is a result which implies that any sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three prime numbers. It is a weaker form of Goldbach's weak conjecture, which would imply the existence of such a representation for all odd integers greater than five. It is named after Ivan Matveyevich Vinogradov, who proved it in the 1930s. Hardy and Littlewood had shown earlier that this result followed from the generalized Riemann hypothesis, and Vinogradov was able to remove this assumption. The full statement of Vinogradov's theorem gives asymptotic bounds on the number of representations of an odd integer as a sum of three primes. The notion of "sufficiently large" was ill-defined in Vinogradov's original work, but in 2002 it was shown that 101346 is sufficiently large. Additionally numbers up to 1020 had been checked via brute force methods, thus only a finite number of cases to check remained before the odd Goldbach conjecture would be proven or disproven. In 2013, Harald Helfgott proved Goldbach's weak conjecture for all cases.
Statement of Vinogradov's theorem
Let A be a positive real number. Then
where
using the von Mangoldt function , and
A consequence
If N is odd, then G(N) is roughly 1, hence for all sufficiently large N. By showing that the contribution made to r(N) by proper prime powers is , one sees that
This means in particular that any sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three primes, thus showing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire%20saw
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A wire saw is a saw that uses a metal wire or cable for mechanical cutting of bulk solid material such as stone, wood, glass, ferrites, concrete, metals, crystals etc.. Industrial wire saws are usually powered. There are also hand-powered survivalist wire saws suitable for cutting tree branches. Wire saws are classified as continuous (or endless, or loop) or oscillating (or reciprocating). Sometimes the wire itself is referred to as a "blade".
Wire saws are similar in principle to band saws or reciprocating saws, but they use abrasion to cut rather than saw teeth. Depending on the application, diamond material may or may not be used as an abrasive. The wire can have one strand or many strands braided together (cable). A single-strand saw can be roughened to be abrasive, abrasive compounds can be bonded to the cable, or diamond-impregnated beads (and spacers) can be threaded on the cable. Wire saws are often cooled and lubricated by water or oil.
Types
The simplest type of wire saw is the inexpensive "survivalist" (emergency) type intended for sawing branches which are sold in hunting and climbing shops.
Continuous type wire saws are used to cut walls and other large constructions.
Continuous type saws are used to cut silicon wafers for the semiconductor and photovoltaics industry.
Diamond-impregnated wire saws are used in machine shops to cut metal parts.
Precision wire saws are used in laboratories to cut fragile crystals, substrates, and other materials. In addition, t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonuclease%20P
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Ribonuclease P (, RNase P) is a type of ribonuclease which cleaves RNA. RNase P is unique from other RNases in that it is a ribozyme – a ribonucleic acid that acts as a catalyst in the same way that a protein-based enzyme would. Its function is to cleave off an extra, or precursor, sequence of RNA on tRNA molecules. Further, RNase P is one of two known multiple turnover ribozymes in nature (the other being the ribosome), the discovery of which earned Sidney Altman and Thomas Cech the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1989: in the 1970s, Altman discovered the existence of precursor tRNA with flanking sequences and was the first to characterize RNase P and its activity in processing of the 5' leader sequence of precursor tRNA. Recent findings also reveal that RNase P has a new function. It has been shown that human nuclear RNase P is required for the normal and efficient transcription of various small noncoding RNAs, such as tRNA, 5S rRNA, SRP RNA and U6 snRNA genes, which are transcribed by RNA polymerase III, one of three major nuclear RNA polymerases in human cells.
In Bacteria
Bacterial RNase P has two components: an RNA chain, called M1 RNA, and a polypeptide chain, or protein, called C5 protein. In vivo, both components are necessary for the ribozyme to function properly, but in vitro, the M1 RNA can act alone as a catalyst. The primary role of the C5 protein is to enhance the substrate binding affinity and the catalytic rate of the M1 RNA enzyme probably by increasing the met
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular%20branches%20of%20the%20radial%20nerve
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The muscular branches of the radial nerve supply the Triceps brachii, Anconæus, Brachioradialis, and Extensor carpi radialis longus, and are grouped as medial, posterior, and lateral.
Medial
The medial muscular branches supply the medial head of the Triceps brachii.
That to the medial head is a long, slender filament, which lies close to the ulnar nerve as far as the lower third of the arm, and is therefore frequently spoken of as the ulnar collateral nerve.
Posterior
The posterior muscular branch, of large size, arises from the nerve in the groove between the Triceps brachii and the humerus.
It divides into filaments, which supply the medial and lateral heads of the Triceps brachii and the Anconæus muscles.
The branch for the latter muscle is a long, slender filament, which descends in the substance of the medial head of the Triceps brachii.
Lateral
The lateral muscular branches supply the Brachioradialis, Extensor carpi radialis longus, and the lateral part of the Brachialis.
References
Nerves of the upper limb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilocore
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Kilocore was a high-performance, low-power multi-core microprocessor that has 1,025 cores designed by Rapport Inc. and IBM and announced in 2006. Rapport was a California fabless semiconductor company founded in 2001 and dissolved in 2009.
Kilocore contained a single PowerPC processing core, and 1,024 eight-bit Processing Elements running at 125 MHz each, which could be dynamically reconfigured, connected by a shared interconnect. It allows high performance parallel processing.
Rapport's first product to market was the KC256, with 256 8-bit processing elements. The KC256 started shipping in 2006. The elements were grouped in 16 "stripes" of 16 processing elements each, with each stripe able to be dedicated to a particular task.
The "thousand core" products were planned to be the KC1024 and KC1025, due in 2008. Both would have 1024 8-bit processing elements, in a 32 x 32-stripe configuration. The KC1025 has the PowerPC CPU, while the KC1024 has processing elements only.
IBM said that the Kilocore1025 will enable "streaming live- and high-definition video on a low-power, mobile device at 5 to 10 times the speed of existing processors."
Despite raising an additional $18.5 million in 2008, the company dissolved before Kilocore came to market.
References
External links
ZDNet
Manycore processors
PowerPC microprocessors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister%20Blank
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Mister Blank is a comic book limited series by Christopher J. Hicks, published by Slave Labor Graphics (under their Amaze Ink imprint). Mister Blank was characterized by bold and fluid but minimal line quality, and a robust use of gray tones.
Publication history
Mister Blank first appeared in January 1997, with issue #0. Issue #1 followed in February, 1997, and subsequent issues were published quarterly until issue #14, in May 2000, which concluded the story. In June 2000, the 15 issues were collected into a trade paperback Mister Blank, the Exhaustive Collection, which included a some additional material.
Mister Blank issues
#0 January 1997
#1 February 1997
#2 May 1997
#3 August 1997
#4 November 1997
#5 February 1998
#6 May 1998
#7 August 1998
#8 November 1998
#9 February 1999
#10 May 1999
#11 August 1999
#12 November 1999
#13 February 2000
#14 May 2000
Mister Blank: The Exhaustive Collection June 2000
Characters
Samuel M. Smith
Sam Smith is the hero and archetypal everyman of the series. He is in all ways portrayed as an average working-class man, right down to a medium gray suit. To further emphasize his banality, his face is almost devoid of features, similar to the pop culture smiley.
Lacking in any powers or special skills, Smith's greatest asset is his shaky courage and moral fiber. While attempting to prevent suspected terrorists from blowing up his workplace, he becomes embroiled against his will in a g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20phosphide
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Aluminium phosphide is a highly toxic inorganic compound with the chemical formula AlP, used as a wide band gap semiconductor and a fumigant. This colorless solid is generally sold as a grey-green-yellow powder due to the presence of impurities arising from hydrolysis and oxidation.
Properties
AlP crystals are dark grey to dark yellow in color and have a zincblende crystal structure with a lattice constant of 5.4510 Å at 300 K. They are thermodynamically stable up to .
Aluminium phosphide reacts with water or acids to release phosphine:
AlP + 3 H2O → Al(OH)3 + PH3
AlP + 3 H+ → Al3+ + PH3
This reaction is the basis of its toxicity.
Preparation
AlP is synthesized by combination of the elements:
4Al + P4 → 4AlP
Caution must be taken to avoid exposing the AlP to any sources of moisture, as this generates toxic phosphine gas. Phosphine also poses fire hazards, as it is a dangerous pyrophoric compound, igniting easily in air.
Uses
Pesticide
AlP is used as a rodenticide, insecticide, and fumigant for stored cereal grains. It is used to kill small verminous mammals such as moles and rodents. The tablets or pellets, known as "wheat pills", typically also contain other chemicals that evolve ammonia and carbon dioxide (e.g. ammonium carbamate), which help to reduce the potential for spontaneous ignition or explosion of the phosphine gas.
AlP is used as both a fumigant and an oral pesticide. As a rodenticide, aluminium phosphide pellets are provided as a mixture with food fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatic%20congestion
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Prostatic congestion is a medical condition of the prostate gland that happens when the prostate becomes swollen by excess fluid and can be caused by prostatosis. The condition often results in a person with prostatic congestion feeling the urge to urinate frequently. Prostatic congestion has been associated with prostate disease, which can progress due to age. Oftentimes, the prostate will grow in size which can lead to further problems, such as prostatitis, enlarged prostate, or prostate cancer.
Prostatic congestion is commonly observed in individuals between the ages of 20–40 years. It can however appear during any age. Chronic prostatitis is one of the main causes of this condition and this occurs when there is accumulation of fluid that can lead to swelling of the prostate that can therefore lead to congestion. Other possible causes of prostatic congestion include benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, urinary tract cysts, and infrequent ejaculations.
Symptoms are often patient-specific, and diagnosis includes a workup and a digital rectal examination. Individuals are often referred to a urologist for further examination.
Treatments identified for prostatic congestion include mechanical treatments such as varicocele sclerotherapy, minimally invasive treatments, and alternative treatments such as massaging the prostate regularly, acupuncture combined with Traditional Chinese Medicine, dietary supplementation, exercise, and other therapies such as warm baths, lo
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