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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular%20microlithiasis
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Testicular microlithiasis is an unusual condition diagnosed on testicular ultrasound. It is believed to be found in 0.1–0.6% of males globally, with frequency varying based on geographic location and is more often found in individuals with subfertility. It is a often an asymptomatic, non-progressive disease; though in a very small number of cases it may also cause bouts of extreme chronic fatigue, hormone imbalance and pain, which can be severe and accompanied by swelling around the testicular region (dependent on the size and location of the calcification). In an extremely rare select few cases, individuals with microlithiasis have also been known to experience calcification of the prostate, which can lead to the passing of stones. These rare cases can lead to secondary infections if not treated with care, due to the resulting damaged tissue. It is important to note however that these symptoms are rarely seen in the majority of people who have been diagnosed.
Testicular microlithiasis is not associated with risk of testicular cancer in asymptomatic individuals. However, a large meta-analysis has shown that in individuals with associated risk factors for testicular germ cell tumor, the increase in risk of concurrent diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumor, or testicular carcinoma-in-situ upon biopsy is approximately eight to ten-fold.
There is extensive controversy over whether testicular microlithiasis in individuals with testicular germ cell tumor, or risk factors for suc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banj%C5%A1ice%20Plateau
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The Banjšice Plateau (, also or , ) is a karst plateau in western Slovenia, in the traditional region of Goriška. It is a widely settled area, distinguished by its history and biodiversity. Geographically, it belongs to the Dinaric Alps.
Geography
The plateau lies about north of the town of Nova Gorica, above the Soča River to the west, the Idrijca to the north, and the narrow and deep Čepovan Valley to the east and the south. It covers about , raises from the west towards the east, and is about high in its central part. The climate is mainly continental, though with plenty of precipitation and a long-lasting snow cover, except for the southern slopes that are subjected to the Mediterranean influences. The rocks are mainly dolomite and limestone, with some flysch in the northern and southern areas. The surface has been shaped by a number of tectonic faults, with the largest, the Avče Fault, dividing the plateau into the northern and the southern half.
History
During World War I, the Italian and the Austro-Hungarian Army fought in the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo on the plateau from August until September 1917.
Settlements
The plateau was named after the village of Banjšice, which is most probably the oldest settlement on the plateau. The other settlements, comprising a number of hamlets, are Bate, Grgarske Ravne, Kal nad Kanalom, and Lokovec. Traditionally, the villages on the plateau used to gravitate towards Kanal ob Soči and partially towards Grgar and Solkan. Nowad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GATA1
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GATA-binding factor 1 or GATA-1 (also termed Erythroid transcription factor) is the founding member of the GATA family of transcription factors. This protein is widely expressed throughout vertebrate species. In humans and mice, it is encoded by the GATA1 and Gata1 genes, respectively. These genes are located on the X chromosome in both species.
GATA1 regulates the expression (i.e. formation of the genes' products) of an ensemble of genes that mediate the development of red blood cells and platelets. Its critical roles in red blood cell formation include promoting the maturation of precursor cells, e.g. erythroblasts, to red blood cells and stimulating these cells to erect their cytoskeleton and biosynthesize their oxygen-carrying components viz., hemoglobin and heme. GATA1 plays a similarly critical role in the maturation of blood platelets from megakaryoblasts, promegakaryocytes, and megakaryocytes; the latter cells then shed membrane-enclosed fragments of their cytoplasm, i.e. platelets, into the blood.
In consequence of the vital role that GATA1 has in the proper maturation of red blood cells and platelets, inactivating mutations in the GATA1 gene (i.e. mutations that result in the production of no, reduced levels of, or a less active GATA1) cause X chromosome-linked anemic and/or bleeding diseases due to the reduced formation and functionality of red blood cells and/or platelets, respectively, or, under certain circumstances, the pathological proliferation of megakary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf%20valve
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A leaf valve, also known as a reed valve, is a type of check valve that only allows fluid to flow in a single direction. These valves use thin pieces of metal, fiberglass, or carbon fiber, known as reeds, leaves, or petals, to form a barrier between two chambers. When air or fuel passes through the reeds, the flap opens and allows the fluid to enter the chamber. The reeds close when the flow stops, preventing backflow.
Applications
Motorcycles
Leaf valves are commonly mounted in the intake port of most 2-stroke motorcycle engines. When the piston moves up in the cylinder, the valve opens and allows air and fuel to pass through the intake port and into the carburetor. When the piston moves down, the valve closes and the compressed air in the cylinder is forced out through the exhaust port. This motion of the leaves occurs autonomously due to a pressure difference between the intake port and the carburetor and helps to atomize the air/fuel mixture for better combustion and an increase in engine power. The leaf valve opens and closes with every revolution of the engine.
Pumps
Leaf valves can sometimes be seen in some reciprocating compressors. The valve opens to allow the fluid to flow into the pressurized chamber when the compressor is performing a compressive stroke. The valve closes automatically when the compressor retracts in order to maintain the high pressure in the pressurized chamber.
Patents
Patents exist in the United States which specify the mechanical use of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20seed%20bank
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The soil seed bank is the natural storage of seeds, often dormant, within the soil of most ecosystems. The study of soil seed banks started in 1859 when Charles Darwin observed the emergence of seedlings using soil samples from the bottom of a lake. The first scientific paper on the subject was published in 1882 and reported on the occurrence of seeds at different soil depths. Weed seed banks have been studied intensely in agricultural science because of their important economic impacts; other fields interested in soil seed banks include forest regeneration and restoration ecology.
Henry David Thoreau wrote that the contemporary popular belief explaining the succession of a logged forest, specifically to trees of a dissimilar species to the trees cut down, was that seeds either spontaneously generated in the soil, or sprouted after lying dormant for centuries. However, he dismissed this idea, noting that heavy nuts unsuited for distribution by wind were distributed instead by animals.
Background
Many taxa have been classified according to the longevity of their seeds in the soil seed bank. Seeds of transient species remain viable in the soil seed bank only to the next opportunity to germinate, while seeds of persistent species can survive longer than the next opportunity—often much longer than one year. Species with seeds that remain viable in the soil longer than five years form the long-term persistent seed bank, while species whose seeds generally germinate or die
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo%20Lola%20Ribar%20Institute
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Ivo Lola Ribar Institute () is a Serbian manufacturer of heavy machine tools, robotics, industrial equipment and industrial computers, headquartered in Belgrade, Serbia.
History
Ivo Lola Ribar Institute was founded in 1963 by decree of the Government of Serbia. It has been named after People's Hero of Yugoslavia Ivo Lola Ribar, the youngest son of Ivan Ribar.
In current form, the institute operates since 31 December 1985. During the 1980s, it was one of the leading technology institutes in former Yugoslavia.
See also
Lola 8 – computer developed by Ivo Lola Ribar Institute
PA512 and LPA512 – industrial controllers developed by ILR
History of computer hardware in Yugoslavia
List of computer systems from Yugoslavia
References
External links
Ivo Lola Ribar Institute
Coil Wrapping Machine
Machine manufacturers
Companies based in Belgrade
Computer hardware companies
Computer companies of Serbia
1963 establishments in Serbia
Electronics companies established in 1963
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starmap%20Mobile%20Alliance
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Starmap Mobile Alliance was a preferential service agreement signed in February 2004 by a group of European GSM cell phone providers to provide their customers with easier and more economical roaming services and to create synergies when buying equipment.
The main advantages for Starmap customers are no-prefix dialing when abroad (CAMEL roaming), topping-up by vouchers and the availability of MMS picture messaging services and GPRS data access even when roaming.
The original members were (February 2004):
Amena, Spain (left after acquisition by Orange)
Telefónica Europe, United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany
Orange, Austria (formerly known as One)
Pannon GSM, Hungary
sunrise, Switzerland
Telenor, Norway
Wind, Italy
In March 2004, Sonofon of Denmark and in September 2004 O2 of Czech Republic (formerly known as Eurotel) joined the alliance.
The Starmap Mobile Alliance faded after 2009.
See also
Bridge Alliance
FreeMove
References
Telecommunications companies of Europe
Business organizations based in Europe
Strategic alliances
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooko%27s%20triangle
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Zooko's triangle is a trilemma of three properties that some people consider desirable for names of participants in a network protocol:
Human-meaningful: Meaningful and memorable (low-entropy) names are provided to the users.
Secure: The amount of damage a malicious entity can inflict on the system should be as low as possible.
Decentralized: Names correctly resolve to their respective entities without the use of a central authority or service.
Overview
Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn conjectured that no single kind of name can achieve more than two. For example: DNSSec offers a human-meaningful, secure naming scheme, but is not decentralized as it relies on trusted root-servers; .onion addresses and bitcoin addresses are secure and decentralized but not human-meaningful; and I2P uses name translation services which are secure (as they run locally) and provide human-meaningful names - but fail to provide unique entities when used globally in a decentralised network without authorities.
Solutions
Several systems that exhibit all three properties of Zooko's triangle include:
Computer scientist Nick Szabo's paper "Secure Property Titles with Owner Authority" illustrated that all three properties can be achieved up to the limits of Byzantine fault tolerance.
Activist Aaron Swartz described a naming system based on Bitcoin employing Bitcoin's distributed blockchain as a proof-of-work to establish consensus of domain name ownership. These systems remain vulnerable to Sybil attack, bu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H5N1%20genetic%20structure
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H5N1 genetic structure is the molecular structure of the H5N1 virus's RNA.
H5N1 is an Influenza A virus subtype. Experts believe it might mutate into a form that transmits easily from person to person. If such a mutation occurs, it might remain an H5N1 subtype or could shift subtypes as did H2N2 when it evolved into the Hong Kong Flu strain of H3N2.
H5N1 has mutated through antigenic drift into dozens of highly pathogenic varieties, but all currently belonging to genotype Z of avian influenza virus H5N1. Genotype Z emerged through reassortment in 2002 from earlier highly pathogenic genotypes of H5N1 that first appeared in China in 1996 in birds and in Hong Kong in 1997 in humans. The "H5N1 viruses from human infections and the closely related avian viruses isolated in 2004 and 2005 belong to a single genotype, often referred to as genotype Z."
This infection of humans coincided with an epizootic (an epidemic in nonhumans) of H5N1 influenza in Hong Kong's poultry population. This panzootic (a disease affecting animals of many species especially over a wide area) outbreak was stopped by the killing of the entire domestic poultry population within the territory. The name H5N1 refers to the subtypes of surface antigens present on the virus: hemagglutinin type 5 and neuraminidase type 1.
Genotype Z of H5N1 is now the dominant genotype of H5N1. Genotype Z is endemic in birds in southeast Asia and represents a long term pandemic threat.
Influenza A viruses have 11 genes on eigh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roddenberry
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Roddenberry is a surname. People with the surname include:
Gene Roddenberry (1921–1991), American scriptwriter and producer, also creator of the Star Trek franchise
4659 Roddenberry, an asteroid
Roddenberry (crater), crater on Mars
Majel Barrett-Roddenberry (1932–2008), American actress, wife of Gene Roddenberry
Rod Roddenberry (born 1974), son of Gene Roddenberry and Majel Barrett-Roddenberry
Seaborn Roddenbery (1870–1913), U.S. congressman from Georgia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institute%20of%20Statistics%20and%20Census
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National Institute of Statistics and Census (; ) may refer to:
National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina
National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica
National Institute of Statistics and Census of Nicaragua
See also
List of national and international statistical services
National Institute of Statistics (disambiguation)
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (disambiguation)
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20entropy
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The concept of entropy developed in response to the observation that a certain amount of functional energy released from combustion reactions is always lost to dissipation or friction and is thus not transformed into useful work. Early heat-powered engines such as Thomas Savery's (1698), the Newcomen engine (1712) and the Cugnot steam tricycle (1769) were inefficient, converting less than two percent of the input energy into useful work output; a great deal of useful energy was dissipated or lost. Over the next two centuries, physicists investigated this puzzle of lost energy; the result was the concept of entropy.
In the early 1850s, Rudolf Clausius set forth the concept of the thermodynamic system and posited the argument that in any irreversible process a small amount of heat energy δQ is incrementally dissipated across the system boundary. Clausius continued to develop his ideas of lost energy, and coined the term entropy.
Since the mid-20th century the concept of entropy has found application in the field of information theory, describing an analogous loss of data in information transmission systems.
Classical thermodynamic views
In 1803, mathematician Lazare Carnot published a work entitled Fundamental Principles of Equilibrium and Movement. This work includes a discussion on the efficiency of fundamental machines, i.e. pulleys and inclined planes. Carnot saw through all the details of the mechanisms to develop a general discussion on the conservation of mechanica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumhead%20%28disambiguation%29
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A drumhead is a membrane stretched over one or both of the open ends of a drum.
Drumhead may also refer to:
Drumhead (sign), a type of circular sign that was used on many railroads
Drumhead court-martial, a court-martial which takes place on the battlefield
"The Drumhead," an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation
Drumhead, a drumming magazine
Drumhead, Nova Scotia
Eardrum, the membrane present in the ear.
See also
Drum (disambiguation)
Head (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20%28classical%20thermodynamics%29
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In classical thermodynamics, entropy () is a property of a thermodynamic system that expresses the direction or outcome of spontaneous changes in the system. The term was introduced by Rudolf Clausius in the mid-19th century to explain the relationship of the internal energy that is available or unavailable for transformations in form of heat and work. Entropy predicts that certain processes are irreversible or impossible, despite not violating the conservation of energy. The definition of entropy is central to the establishment of the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy of isolated systems cannot decrease with time, as they always tend to arrive at a state of thermodynamic equilibrium, where the entropy is highest. Entropy is therefore also considered to be a measure of disorder in the system.
Ludwig Boltzmann explained the entropy as a measure of the number of possible microscopic configurations of the individual atoms and molecules of the system (microstates) which correspond to the macroscopic state (macrostate) of the system. He showed that the thermodynamic entropy is , where the factor has since been known as the Boltzmann constant.
Concept
Differences in pressure, density, and temperature of a thermodynamic system tend to equalize over time. For example, in a room containing a glass of melting ice, the difference in temperature between the warm room and the cold glass of ice and water is equalized by energy flowing as heat from the room to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20%28statistical%20thermodynamics%29
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The concept entropy was first developed by German physicist Rudolf Clausius in the mid-nineteenth century as a thermodynamic property that predicts that certain spontaneous processes are irreversible or impossible. In statistical mechanics, entropy is formulated as a statistical property using probability theory. The statistical entropy perspective was introduced in 1870 by Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann, who established a new field of physics that provided the descriptive linkage between the macroscopic observation of nature and the microscopic view based on the rigorous treatment of large ensembles of microstates that constitute thermodynamic systems.
Boltzmann's principle
Ludwig Boltzmann defined entropy as a measure of the number of possible microscopic states (microstates) of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium, consistent with its macroscopic thermodynamic properties, which constitute the macrostate of the system. A useful illustration is the example of a sample of gas contained in a container. The easily measurable parameters volume, pressure, and temperature of the gas describe its macroscopic condition (state). At a microscopic level, the gas consists of a vast number of freely moving atoms or molecules, which randomly collide with one another and with the walls of the container. The collisions with the walls produce the macroscopic pressure of the gas, which illustrates the connection between microscopic and macroscopic phenomena.
A microstate of the syste
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20as%20an%20arrow%20of%20time
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Entropy is one of the few quantities in the physical sciences that require a particular direction for time, sometimes called an arrow of time. As one goes "forward" in time, the second law of thermodynamics says, the entropy of an isolated system can increase, but not decrease. Thus, entropy measurement is a way of distinguishing the past from the future. In thermodynamic systems that are not isolated, local entropy can decrease over time, accompanied by a compensating entropy increase in the surroundings; examples include objects undergoing cooling, living systems, and the formation of typical crystals.
Much like temperature, despite being an abstract concept, everyone has an intuitive sense of the effects of entropy. For example, it is often very easy to tell the difference between a video being played forwards or backwards. A video may depict a wood fire that melts a nearby ice block, played in reverse it would show that a puddle of water turned a cloud of smoke into unburnt wood and froze itself in the process. Surprisingly, in either case the vast majority of the laws of physics are not broken by these processes, a notable exception being the second law of thermodynamics. When a law of physics applies equally when time is reversed, it is said to show T-symmetry; in this case, entropy is what allows one to decide if the video described above is playing forwards or in reverse as intuitively we identify that only when played forwards the entropy of the scene is increasing.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Eisenberg
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Lee Eisenberg (born April 5, 1977) is an American film and television writer and producer. He usually works with Gene Stupnitsky, with whom he founded Quantity Entertainment.
Life and career
Eisenberg was born in Needham, Massachusetts. His father is an immigrant from Israel. He graduated from Connecticut College in 1999, after which he wrote the independent short film "Flush," and was once a contestant on the game show Pyramid.
Television
In 2005, Eisenberg and Stupnitsky joined the staff of the NBC comedy series The Office, where they remained from seasons 2 to 6. In addition to writing, he served as a co-executive producer and directed two episodes with Stupnitsky, "Michael Scott Paper Company" and "The Lover". Although he is not credited for directing "Michael Scott Paper Company", similarly Stupnitsky is not credited for directing "The Lover", as only one person can be credited with directing the episode. They also directed The Outburst, a webisode series for The Office. He also acted as one of the Vance Refrigeration delivery guys (Gino), along with Stupnitsky, present in several episodes of The Office.
In 2013, Eisenberg and Stupnitsky had a busy year in television, and were listed as two of Deadline Hollywood's "Overachievers" of pilot season. Along with Stephen Merchant, they created, executive produced, and wrote for the HBO series Hello Ladies, which ran for one season and concluded with a feature-length special. That same year, they wrote a pilot for ABC based
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20immigration%20statistics
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The 1850 United States census was the first federal U.S. census to query respondents about their "nativity"—i.e, where they were born, whether in the United States or outside of it—and is thus the first point at which solid statistics become available. The following chart, based on statistics from the U.S. Census from 1850 on, shows the numbers of non-native residents according to place of birth. Because an immigrant is counted in each census during his or her lifetime, the numbers reflect the cumulative population of living non-native residents.
(NA) Not available.
n.e.c. Not elsewhere classified.
1/ Prior to 1980, Taiwan included with China.
References
History of immigration to the United States
Demographics of the United States
Immigration to the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosome
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Exosome may refer to:
Exosome complex, an intracellular macromolecular protein complex involved in RNA degradation
Exosome (vesicle), an extracellular vesicle released from the endosomal compartment of eukaryotic cells
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Shepp
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Lawrence Alan Shepp (September 9, 1936 Brooklyn, NY – April 23, 2013, Tucson, AZ) was an American mathematician, specializing in statistics and computational tomography.
Shepp obtained his PhD from Princeton University in 1961 with a dissertation titled Recurrent Sums of Random Variables. His advisor was William Feller. He joined Bell Laboratories in 1962. He joined Rutgers University in 1997. He joined University of Pennsylvania in 2010.
His work in tomography has had biomedical imaging applications, and he has also worked as professor of radiology at Columbia University (1973–1996), as a mathematician in the radiology service of Columbia Presbyterian Hospital.
Awards and honors
2014: IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award
2012: Became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
1992: Elected member of the Institute of Medicine
1989: Elected member of the National Academy of Sciences
1979: IEEE Distinguished Scientist Award in 1979
1979: Lester R. Ford Award (with Joseph Kruskal)
See also
Fishburn–Shepp inequality
Shepp–Logan phantom
Shepp–Olkin conjecture
Coupon collector's problem
Discrete tomography
Dubins path
Gaussian process
Hook length formula
Parallel parking problem
Sieve estimator
Ridge function
References
External links
Obituary at Penn
Princeton University alumni
Rutgers University faculty
University of Pennsylvania faculty
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American statisticians
Probability theorists
Memb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagnold%20number
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The Bagnold number (Ba) is the ratio of grain collision stresses to viscous fluid stresses in a granular flow with interstitial Newtonian fluid, first identified by Ralph Alger Bagnold.
The Bagnold number is defined by
,
where is the particle density, is the grain diameter, is the shear rate and is the dynamic viscosity of the interstitial fluid. The parameter is known as the linear concentration, and is given by
,
where is the solids fraction and is the maximum possible concentration (see random close packing).
In flows with small Bagnold numbers (Ba < 40), viscous fluid stresses dominate grain collision stresses, and the flow is said to be in the "macro-viscous" regime. Grain collision stresses dominate at large Bagnold number (Ba > 450), which is known as the "grain-inertia" regime. A transitional regime falls between these two values.
See also
Bingham plastic
References
External links
Granular Material Flows at N.A.S.A
Granularity of materials
Bubbles (physics)
Dimensionless numbers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nernst%E2%80%93Planck%20equation
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The Nernst–Planck equation is a conservation of mass equation used to describe the motion of a charged chemical species in a fluid medium. It extends Fick's law of diffusion for the case where the diffusing particles are also moved with respect to the fluid by electrostatic forces. It is named after Walther Nernst and Max Planck.
Equation
The Nernst–Planck equation is a continuity equation for the time-dependent concentration of a chemical species:
where is the flux. It is assumed that the total flux is composed of three elements: diffusion, advection, and electromigration. This implies that the concentration is affected by an ionic concentration gradient , flow velocity , and an electric field :
where is the diffusivity of the chemical species, is the valence of ionic species, is the elementary charge, is the Boltzmann constant, and is the absolute temperature. The electric field may be further decomposed as:
where is the electric potential and is the magnetic vector potential. Therefore, the Nernst–Planck equation is given by:
Simplifications
Assuming that the concentration is at equilibrium and the flow velocity is zero, meaning that only the ion species moves, the Nernst–Planck equation takes the form:
Rather than a general electric field, if we assume that only the electrostatic component is significant, the equation is further simplified by removing the time derivative of the magnetic vector potential:
Finally, in units of mol/(m2·s) and the gas consta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal%20gland%20cyst
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A pineal gland cyst is a usually benign (non-malignant) cyst in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland in the brain. Historically, these fluid-filled bodies appeared on of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans, but were more frequently diagnosed at death, seen in of autopsies. A 2007 study by Pu et al. found a frequency of 23% in brain scans (with a mean diameter of 4.3 mm).
Despite the pineal gland being in the center of the brain, due to recent advancements in endoscopic medicine, endoscopic brain surgery to drain and/or remove the cyst can be done with the patient spending 5-10 nights in the hospital, and being fully recovered in weeks, rather than a year, as is the case with open-skull brain surgery.
The National Organization for Rare Disorders states that pineal cysts larger than 5.0 mm are "rare findings" and are possibly symptomatic. If narrowing of the cerebral aqueduct occurs, many neurological symptoms may exist, including headaches, vertigo, nausea, muscle fasciculations, eye sensitivity, and ataxia. Continued monitoring of the cyst might be recommended to monitor its growth, and surgery may be necessary.
Additional images
References
Further reading
External links
Pineal Cyst Images and Radiological Findings
radiopaedia.org article - Pineal Cyst
Central nervous system disorders
Neuroendocrinology
Cysts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20dimension
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In information theory, information dimension is an information measure for random vectors in Euclidean space, based on the normalized entropy of finely quantized versions of the random vectors. This concept was first introduced by Alfréd Rényi in 1959.
Simply speaking, it is a measure of the fractal dimension of a probability distribution. It characterizes the growth rate of the Shannon entropy given by successively finer discretizations of the space.
In 2010, Wu and Verdú gave an operational characterization of Rényi information dimension as the fundamental limit of almost lossless data compression for analog sources under various regularity constraints of the encoder/decoder.
Definition and Properties
The entropy of a discrete random variable is
where is the probability measure of when , and the denotes a set .
Let be an arbitrary real-valued random variable. Given a positive integer , we create a new discrete random variable
where the is the floor operator which converts a real number to the greatest integer less than it. Then
and
are called lower and upper information dimensions of respectively. When , we call this value information dimension of ,
Some important properties of information dimension :
If the mild condition is fulfilled, we have .
For an -dimensional random vector , the first property can be generalized to .
It is sufficient to calculate the upper and lower information dimensions when restricting to the exponential subsequence .
and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Ren%C3%A9%20Kuczynski
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Robert René ('René') Kuczynski (1876–1947) was a left-wing German economist and demographer and is said to be one of the founders of modern vital statistics.
Early life
His father Wilhelm was a successful banker; his mother Lucy (née Brandeis) a progressive thinker who grew up in Paris in exile among French and German intellectuals. Robert married Berta Gradenwitz in 1903. Berta's father was a successful property developer and estate agent in Berlin. Against this wealthy family background, Robert took a decidedly different path as an academic who allied himself with the working class. René studied at the universities of Munich, Freiburg and Strasburg and completed his doctoral dissertation in 1897 under Lujo Brentano.
Career
He moved to the United States in 1899 for an internship at the United States Census Bureau and then worked at the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. During this time he cultivated contacts with people like Eugene V. Debs. He returned to Germany in late 1903, and In 1904 he became director of the Statistical Office in Elberfeld and in 1906 took the same position in Berlin -Schoneberg. He became a strong supporter of the Social Democratic Party of Germany and knew many of its leaders personally.
He studied rent and income in Berlin before the first World War and found that 600,000 people lived in flats which house five or more people per room.
In 1926, Kuczynski chaired the Kuczynski Committee, working with the German League for Human Rights, which organize
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-algol
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S-algol (St Andrews Algol) is a computer programming language derivative of ALGOL 60 developed at the University of St Andrews in 1979 by Ron Morrison and Tony Davie. The language is a modification of ALGOL to contain orthogonal data types that Morrison created for his PhD thesis. Morrison would go on to become professor at the university and head of the department of computer science. The S-algol language was used for teaching at the university at an undergraduate level until 1999. It was also the language taught for several years in the 1980s at a local school in St. Andrews, Madras College. The computer science text Recursive Descent Compiling describes a recursive descent compiler for S-algol, implemented in S-algol.
PS-algol is a persistent derivative of S-algol. It was developed around 1981 at the University of Edinburgh and of St Andrews. It supports database ability by providing for longevity of data in the form of a persistent heap that survives termination of PS-algol programs.
History and implementations
Ron Morrison's 1979 PhD thesis, On the Development of Algol, describes the design and implementation of the S-algol language. The technical report defining the language, The S-algol Reference Manual (1979, 1988), thanks several people for their help, including David Turner for discussions on language design around 1975. The 1981 computer science text Recursive Descent Compiling describes the compiler implementation and bootstrapping process, and the 1982 boo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamm%20equation
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The Lamm equation describes the sedimentation and diffusion of a solute under ultracentrifugation in traditional sector-shaped cells. (Cells of
other shapes require much more complex equations.) It was named after Ole Lamm, later professor of physical chemistry at the Royal Institute of Technology, who derived it during his Ph.D. studies under Svedberg at Uppsala University.
The Lamm equation can be written:
where c is the solute concentration, t and r are the time and radius, and the parameters D, s, and ω represent the solute diffusion constant, sedimentation coefficient and the rotor angular velocity, respectively. The first and second terms on the right-hand side of the Lamm equation are proportional to D and sω2, respectively, and describe the competing processes of diffusion and sedimentation. Whereas sedimentation seeks to concentrate the solute near the outer radius of the cell, diffusion seeks to equalize the solute concentration throughout the cell. The diffusion constant D can be estimated from the hydrodynamic radius and shape of the solute, whereas the buoyant mass mb can be determined from the ratio of s and D
where kBT is the thermal energy, i.e.,
Boltzmann's constant kB multiplied by
the temperature T in kelvins.
Solute molecules cannot pass through the inner and outer walls of the
cell, resulting in the boundary conditions on the Lamm equation
at the inner and outer radii, ra and rb, respectively. By spinning samples at constant angular velocity ω an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throttle
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A throttle is a mechanism by which fluid flow is managed by constriction or obstruction.
An engine's power can be increased or decreased by the restriction of inlet gases (by the use of a throttle), but usually decreased. The term throttle has come to refer, informally, to any mechanism by which the power or speed of an engine is regulated, such as a car's accelerator pedal. What is often termed a throttle (in an aviation context) is also called a thrust lever, particularly for jet engine powered aircraft. For a steam locomotive, the valve which controls the steam is known as the regulator.
Internal combustion engines
In an internal combustion engine, the throttle is a means of controlling an engine's power by regulating the amount of fuel or air entering the engine. In a motor vehicle the control used by the driver to regulate power is sometimes called the throttle, accelerator, or gas pedal. For a gasoline engine, the throttle most commonly regulates the amount of air and fuel allowed to enter the engine. However, in a gasoline direct injection engine, the throttle regulates only the amount of air allowed to enter the engine. The throttle of a diesel, when present, regulates the air flow into the engine.
Historically, the throttle pedal or lever acts via a direct mechanical linkage. The butterfly valve of the throttle is operated by means of an arm piece, loaded by a spring. This arm is usually directly linked to the accelerator cable, and operates in accordance with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUTOP
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FUTOP Clearing Center A/S, is the screen-traded, Danish derivatives market that merged with the Copenhagen Stock Exchange in 1997, becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of the exchange. In 2003 CSE merged with the OMX exchanges. FUTOP issues, clears, and guarantees futures and options on shares, indices, and interest rate products. FUTOP products can be traded electronically. Danmarks Nationalbank handles accounts in connection with the administration of margin requirements for trades. Net positions are calculated once a day, after which amounts are exchanged via the participants' accounts with Danmarks Nationalbank. FUTOP has outsourced most of its clearing services to Stockholmsbörsen (part of OM), but not the trade guarantee. Because market participants considered risk management at FUTOP to be so closely related to the provision of trade guarantees, risk management responsibilities were retained by FUTOP along with the trade guarantee.
See also
Copenhagen Stock Exchange
OMX
Notes
External links
Denmark Nationalbank
Stock exchanges in Europe
Economy of Denmark
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RpoB
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The rpoB gene encodes the β subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase and the homologous plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP). It codes for 1342 amino acids in E. coli, making it the second-largest polypeptide in the bacterial cell. It is targeted by the rifamycin family of antibacterials, such as rifampin. Mutations in rpoB that confer resistance to rifamycins do so by altering the protein's drug-binding residues, thereby reducing affinity for these antibiotics.
Some bacteria contain multiple copies of the 16S rRNA gene, which is commonly used as the molecular marker to study phylogeny. In these cases, the single-copy rpoB gene can be used to study microbial diversity.
An inhibitor of transcription in bacteria, tagetitoxin, also inhibits PEP, showing that the complex found in plants is very similar to the homologous enzyme in bacteria.
Drug resistance
In a bacterium without the proper mutation(s) in rpoB rifampicin binds to a site near the fork in the β subunit and prevents the polymerase from transcribing more than two or three base pairs of any RNA sequence and stopping production of proteins within the cell. Bacteria with mutations in the proper loci along the rpoB gene are resistant to this effect.
Initial studies were done by Jin and Gross to generate rpoB mutations in E. coli that conferred resistance to rifampicin. Three clusters of mutations were identified, cluster I at codons 507-533, cluster II at codons 563-572, and cluster III at codon 687. The majority of these
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametangium
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A gametangium (: gametangia) is an organ or cell in which gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular protists, algae, fungi, and the gametophytes of plants. In contrast to gametogenesis in animals, a gametangium is a haploid structure and formation of gametes does not involve meiosis.
Types of gametangia
Depending on the type of gamete produced in a gametangium, several types can be distinguished.
Female
Female gametangia are most commonly called archegonia. They produce egg cells and are the sites for fertilization. Archegonia are common in algae and primitive plants as well as gymnosperms. In flowering plants, they are replaced by the embryo sac inside the ovule.
Male
The male gametangia are most commonly called antheridia. They produce sperm cells that they release for fertilization. Antheridia producing non-motile sperm (spermatia) are called spermatangia. Some antheridia do not release their sperm. For example, the oomycete antheridium is a syncytium with many sperm nuclei and fertilization occurs via fertilization tubes growing from the antheridium and making contact with the egg cells. Antheridia are common in the gametophytes in "lower" plants such as bryophytes, ferns, cycads and ginkgo. In "higher" plants such as conifers and flowering plants, they are replaced by pollen grains.
Isogamous
In isogamy, the gametes look alike and cannot be classified into "male" or "female." For example, in zygomycetes, two gametangia (single multinucleate cells at
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Weaver%20equation
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The Mason–Weaver equation (named after Max Mason and Warren Weaver) describes the sedimentation and diffusion of solutes under a uniform force, usually a gravitational field. Assuming that the gravitational field is aligned in the z direction (Fig. 1), the Mason–Weaver equation may be written
where t is the time, c is the solute concentration (moles per unit length in the z-direction), and the parameters D, s, and g represent the solute diffusion constant, sedimentation coefficient and the (presumed constant) acceleration of gravity, respectively.
The Mason–Weaver equation is complemented by the boundary conditions
at the top and bottom of the cell, denoted as and , respectively (Fig. 1). These boundary conditions correspond to the physical requirement that no solute pass through the top and bottom of the cell, i.e., that the flux there be zero. The cell is assumed to be rectangular and aligned with
the Cartesian axes (Fig. 1), so that the net flux through the side walls is likewise
zero. Hence, the total amount of solute in the cell
is conserved, i.e., .
Derivation of the Mason–Weaver equation
A typical particle of mass m moving with vertical velocity v is acted upon by three forces (Fig. 1): the
drag force , the force of gravity and the buoyant force , where g is the acceleration of gravity, V is the solute particle volume and is the solvent density. At equilibrium (typically reached in roughly 10 ns for molecular solutes), the
particle attains a terminal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struck%20idiophone
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Struck idiophones is one of the categories of idiophones (that is, any musical instrument that creates sound primarily by the instrument as a whole vibrating—without the use of strings or membranes) that are found in the Hornbostel-Sachs system of musical instrument classification.
Struck idiophones are categorised as 11 in the Hornbostel-Sachs system. There are two main categories of struck idiophones, directly (111) and indirectly (112) struck.
According to Sachs,
Directly struck (111)
Directly struck idiophones produce sound resulting from a direct action of the performer as opposed to the indirectly struck idiophones. The player strikes the instrument with a direct action, either by hand or by mechanical intermediate devices, beaters, keyboards, or by pulling ropes, etc. It is definitive that the player can apply clearly defined individual strokes and that the instrument itself is equipped for this kind of percussion.
There are two main categories of directly struck idiophones, concussion idiophones (111.1) and percussion idiophones (111.2).
Concussion idiophones or clappers (111.1)
Two or more complementary sonorous parts are struck against each other.
According to Sachs, idophones struck together:
According to Sachs, struck idiophones:
111.11 Concussion sticks or stick clappers (nearly equal thickness and width).
Clapsticks
Claves
111.12 Concussion plaques or plaque clappers (flat).
Clapper
Guban
Paiban
Pak
Slapstick
111.13 Concussion troughs or trough
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic%20power
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Osmotic power, salinity gradient power or blue energy is the energy available from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water. Two practical methods for this are reverse electrodialysis (RED) and
pressure retarded osmosis (PRO). Both processes rely on osmosis with membranes. The key waste product is brackish water. This byproduct is the result of natural forces that are being harnessed: the flow of fresh water into seas that are made up of salt water.
In 1954, Pattle suggested that there was an untapped source of power when a river mixes with the sea, in terms of the lost osmotic pressure, however it was not until the mid ‘70s where a practical method of exploiting it using selectively permeable membranes by Loeb was outlined.
The method of generating power by pressure retarded osmosis was invented by Prof. Sidney Loeb in 1973 at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel. The idea came to Prof. Loeb, in part, as he observed the Jordan River flowing into the Dead Sea. He wanted to harvest the energy of mixing of the two aqueous solutions (the Jordan River being one and the Dead Sea being the other) that was going to waste in this natural mixing process. In 1977 Prof. Loeb invented a method of producing power by a reverse electrodialysis heat engine.
The technologies have been confirmed in laboratory conditions. They are being developed into commercial use in the Netherlands (RED) and Norway (PRO). The cost of the membrane has
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemocyte%20%28invertebrate%20immune%20system%20cell%29
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A hemocyte is a cell that plays a role in the immune system of invertebrates. It is found within the hemolymph.
Hemocytes are phagocytes of invertebrates.
Hemocytes in Drosophila melanogaster can be divided into two categories: embryonic and larval. Embryonic hemocytes are derived from head mesoderm and enter the hemolymph as circulating cells. Larval hemocytes, on the other hand, are responsible for tissue remodeling during development. Specifically, they are released during the pupa stage in order to prepare the fly for the transition into an adult and the massive associated tissue reorganization that must occur.
There are four basic types of hemocytes found in fruit flies: secretory, plasmatocytes, crystal cells, and lamellocytes. Secretory cells are never released into the hemolymph and instead send out signalling molecules responsible for cell differentiation. Plasmatocytes are the hemocytes responsible for cell ingestion (phagocytosis) and represent about 95% of circulating hemocytes. Crystal cells are only found in the larval stage of Drosophila, and they are involved in melanization, a process by which microbes/pathogens are engulfed in a hardened gel and destroyed via anti-microbial peptides and other proteins involved in the humoral response. They constitute about 5% of circulating hemocytes. Lamellocytes are flat cells that are never found in adult cells, and instead are only present in larval cells for their ability to encapsulate invading pathogens. Th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20plane%20curve
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In algebraic geometry, a quartic plane curve is a plane algebraic curve of the fourth degree. It can be defined by a bivariate quartic equation:
with at least one of not equal to zero. This equation has 15 constants. However, it can be multiplied by any non-zero constant without changing the curve; thus by the choice of an appropriate constant of multiplication, any one of the coefficients can be set to 1, leaving only 14 constants. Therefore, the space of quartic curves can be identified with the real projective space It also follows, from Cramer's theorem on algebraic curves, that there is exactly one quartic curve that passes through a set of 14 distinct points in general position, since a quartic has 14 degrees of freedom.
A quartic curve can have a maximum of:
Four connected components
Twenty-eight bi-tangents
Three ordinary double points.
One may also consider quartic curves over other fields (or even rings), for instance the complex numbers. In this way, one gets Riemann surfaces, which are one-dimensional objects over but are two-dimensional over An example is the Klein quartic. Additionally, one can look at curves in the projective plane, given by homogeneous polynomials.
Examples
Various combinations of coefficients in the above equation give rise to various important families of curves as listed below.
Bicorn
Bullet-nose curve
Cartesian oval
Cassini oval
Deltoid curve
Hippopede
Kampyle of Eudoxus
Klein quartic
Lemniscate
Lemniscate of Bernoulli
Lem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang%20Bang%20You%27re%20Dead%20%28play%29
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Bang Bang You're Dead is a 1999 one-act play written by William Mastrosimone. Inspired by the Thurston High School shooting, the play follows a high school shooter who is tormented in his jail cell by apparitions of the five classmates he killed. A film adaptation, also written by Mastrosimone was released in 2002; it depicts a high school production of the play where one of the actors struggles to avoid becoming a shooter like the play's lead character.
Purpose
Mastrosimone stresses the importance of young people seeing the play performed by their peers, and therefore he does not allow the play to be on film or video. Mastrosimone hopes to reach out to potential killers in the thousands of audiences that the play continues to gather.
Influence
Bang, Bang, You're Dead! was written in the wake of three school shootings: Thurston High School (Springfield, Oregon) on May 21, 1998, Heath High School (Paducah, Kentucky) on December 4, 1997, and Westside Middle School (Jonesboro, Arkansas) on March 23, 1998. The names of the cities in which these shootings took place are echoed multiple times within the script.
The tragedy most significant to the play was the shooting at Thurston High School. The play, based strongly on the events that surrounded this particular school shooting, premiered at Thurston. It was performed by Thurston students, some of whom had been wounded in the shooting by Kip Kinkel.
Mastrosimone wrote the first draft while troubled by a recent event at his son'
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subadditivity%20effect
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The subadditivity effect is the tendency to judge probability of the whole to be less than the probabilities of the parts.
Example
For instance, subjects in one experiment judged the probability of death from cancer in the United States was 18%, the probability from heart attack was 22%, and the probability of death from "other natural causes" was 33%. Other participants judged the probability of death from a natural cause was 58%. Natural causes are made up of precisely cancer, heart attack, and "other natural causes," however, the sum of the latter three probabilities was 73%, and not 58%. According to Tversky and Koehler (1994) this kind of result is observed consistently.
Explanations
In a 2012 article in Psychological Bulletin it is suggested the subadditivity effect can be explained by an information-theoretic generative mechanism that assumes a noisy conversion of objective evidence (observation) into subjective estimates (judgment). This explanation is different than support theory, proposed as an explanation by Tversky and Koehler, which requires additional assumptions. Since mental noise is a sufficient explanation that is much simpler and straightforward than any explanation involving heuristics or behavior, Occam's razor would argue in its favor as the underlying generative mechanism (it is the hypotheses which makes the fewest assumptions).
References
Cognitive biases
Error
Barriers to critical thinking
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicing%20saw
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A dicing saw is a kind of saw which employs a high-speed spindle fitted with an extremely thin diamond blade or diamond wire to dice, cut, or groove semiconductor wafers, and glass, ceramic, crystal, and many other types of material.
The thickness of the cutting blades used varies with the material being cut, and is of about 20 μm to 35 μm when cutting silicon wafers. Japanese companies, such as DISCO Corporation and Accretech (Tokyo Seimitsu), account for about 90% of dicing saw sales. In the past, cutting 1/2 to 2/3 of wafer thickness was the mainstream; with large diameter wafers on dicing tape, full cut cutting is becoming mainstream.
See also
Diamond tools
Disco Corporation – a manufacturer of dicing saws
References
Saws
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen%20Country%20Buggy
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The Volkswagen Country Buggy is a small utility vehicle designed and built by Volkswagen in Australia. It used parts from the existing Type 1 and Type 2. Production ran from 1967 to 1968. A derivative of the Country Buggy called the Sakbayan was built in the Philippines for several years until 1980.
History
In the early 1960s Volkswagen Australasia Ltd. began work on a new vehicle for use by the Australian Army that could also be sold to the general public. The military's requirements were for an amphibious four-wheel drive vehicle able to cope with the Australian environment. Design of the car was handled by project head Rudi Herzmer, who was also Volkswagen Australasia's Managing Director, and Engineer Cyril Harcourt at VW Australia's Clayton factory. The project was given the development name Kuriewagen, and some drawings for the project were done by 1964. A prototype was completed by late 1965, and two more followed. Testing of the three prototypes ran from 1965 through 1967, with Test Engineer Paul Kochan recording the results of of road tests.
To get corporate approval for the project, two of the prototypes were shipped to Wolfsburg for evaluation. When Herzmer, who had accompanied the prototypes, arrived in Germany with the cars he discovered that VW had begun development of a similar vehicle that would become the Volkswagen 181. Volkswagen Germany gave approval for the project to go ahead, subject to the incorporation of a list of required changes.
Australian Volk
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothermal%20titration%20calorimetry
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In chemical thermodynamics, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a physical technique used to determine the thermodynamic parameters of interactions in solution. It is most often used to study the binding of small molecules (such as medicinal compounds) to larger macromolecules (proteins, DNA etc.) in a label-free environment. It consists of two cells which are enclosed in an adiabatic jacket. The compounds to be studied are placed in the sample cell, while the other cell, the reference cell, is used as a control and contains the buffer in which the sample is dissolved.
The technique was developed by H. D. Johnston in 1968 as a part of his Ph.D. dissertation at Brigham Young University, and was considered niche until introduced commercially by MicroCal Inc. in 1988. Compared to other calorimeters, ITC has an advantage in not requiring any correctors since there was no heat exchange between the system and the environment.
Thermodynamic measurements
ITC is a quantitative technique that can determine the binding affinity (), enthalpy changes (), and binding stoichiometry () of the interaction between two or more molecules in solution. This is achieved from integrating the area of the injection peaks and plotting the individual values by molar ratio of the binding event versus \Delta H (kcal/mol). From these initial measurements, Gibbs free energy changes () and entropy changes () can be determined using the relationship:
(where is the gas constant and is the absolu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium%20chromate
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Caesium chromate or cesium chromate is an inorganic compound with the formula Cs2CrO4. It is a yellow crystalline solid that is the caesium salt of chromic acid, and it crystallises in the orthorhombic system.
Its major application in the past was for the production of caesium vapour during vacuum tube manufacture. Currently it is only used as the precursor for other compounds of academic interest.
Preparation
Caesium chromate is mainly obtained from the reaction of chromium(VI) oxide with caesium carbonate, wherein carbon dioxide gas is evolved:
CrO3(aq) + Cs2CO3(aq) → Cs2CrO4(aq) + CO2(g)
Alternatively, salt metathesis between potassium chromate and caesium chloride can be performed:
K2CrO4(aq) + 2 CsCl(aq) → Cs2CrO4(aq) + 2 KCl(aq)
Finally, caesium dichromate (itself derived via salt metathesis from ammonium dichromate) yields the chromate following alkalinisation with caesium hydroxide:
Cs2Cr2O7(aq) + 2 CsOH(aq) → 2 Cs2CrO4(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
Applications
Caesium chromate was formerly used in the final stages of creating vacuum tubes. Therein, caesium vapour was produced by reaction of caesium chromate with silicon, boron, or titanium as reducing agents. The vapour was then added to the tube to react with and remove remaining gases, including nitrogen and oxygen.
References
Caesium compounds
Chromates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fersman%20Mineralogical%20Museum
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Fersman Mineralogical Museum () is one of the largest mineral museums of the world, located in Moscow, Russia. Its collections include more than 135,000 items. Among them natural crystals, geodes, druses and other kinds of mineral treasures. The museum was named after Alexander Fersman.
History
Early history
The museum was founded in 1716 in Saint Petersburg.
On 5 December 1747 a great fire destroyed virtually the whole collection. In 1836 the Kunstkamera was divided into 7 separate museums, including Mineralogical museum which was moved to the new building. In 1898 the museum was expanded and renamed the Geological museum.
In Moscow
Museum was moved from Petersburg to Moscow in 1934 together with the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Collections
All museum acquisitions since 1716 were divided at the beginning of 20th century by the academician Vladimir Vernadsky to 5 main collections:
Systematic collection.
Crystal collection.
Locality collections.
Pseudomorph collection.
Gems and stone art collection.
Directors
1835–1845 Grigori Gelmersen
1845–1857 Konstantin Grevingk
1857–1866 Adolf Gebel
1866–1873 Nikolai Koksharov
1873–1900 Fyodor Shmidt
1900–1906 Feodosy Chernyshov
1906–1919 Vladimir Vernadsky
1919–1945 Alexander Fersman
1930–1945 Vladimir Kryzhanovsky (executive director)
1945–1945 Vladimir Kryzhanovsky
1947–1953 Dmitry S. Belyankin
1953–1976 Georgi Barsanov
1976–1980 Yuri Orlov
1980–1982 Vladimir Sobolev
1983–1995 Aleksandr Godovikov
1995–2010
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin%20light-chain%20kinase
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Myosin light-chain kinase also known as MYLK or MLCK is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that phosphorylates a specific myosin light chain, namely, the regulatory light chain of myosin II.
General structural features
While there are numerous differing domains depending on the cell type, there are several characteristic domains common amongst all MYLK isoforms. MYLK’s contain a catalytic core domain with an ATP binding domain. On either sides of the catalytic core sit calcium ion/calmodulin binding sites. Binding of calcium ion to this domain increases the affinity of MYLK binding to myosin light chain. This myosin binding domain is located at the C-Terminus end of the kinase. On the other side of the kinase at the N-Terminus end, sits the actin-binding domain, which allows MYLK to form interactions with actin filaments, keeping it in place.
Isoforms
Four different MYLK isoforms exist:
MYLK1 – smooth muscle
MYLK2 – skeletal
MYLK3 – cardiac
MYLK4 – novel
Function
These enzymes are important in the mechanism of contraction in muscle. Once there is an influx of calcium cations (Ca2+) into the muscle, either from the sarcoplasmic reticulum or from the extracellular space, contraction of smooth muscle fibres may begin. First, the calcium will bind to calmodulin. After the influx of calcium ions and the binding to calmodulin, pp60 SRC (a protein kinase)causes a conformational change in MYLK, activating it and resulting in an increase in phosphorylation of myos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%20in%20Calgary
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This is a list of media outlets in the city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Radio
The city of Calgary has 33 terrestrial radio stations in which 8 are on the AM frequency and around 30 on the FM frequency.
On November 9, 2011, a number of applications were filed to the CRTC for new radio stations to serve Calgary.
Television
CTV Two Alberta ceased broadcasting over-the-air in Calgary on August 31, 2011.
The incumbent cable television provider in Calgary is Shaw Cable. Network programming from the United States is received on cable via affiliates from Spokane, Washington. While prime time in most of Canada runs from 8 pm to 11 pm, American prime time shows on weekdays run from 9 pm to midnight in Calgary, since Spokane is in the Pacific Time Zone. Although Calgary is in the Mountain Time Zone, many of the American cities closer to Calgary didn't have full network service until the late 1980s. Calgary has more than double the population of the Spokane stations' American coverage area. In particular, Spokane's PBS member station, KSPS-TV, has long relied on viewership in Calgary. Except for PBS, HDTV network programming is from Seattle, not Spokane.
On digital cable, U.S. network programming (in standard definition) is available from Detroit, Michigan in the Eastern Time Zone. Prime time shows on weekdays run from 6 to 9 pm. Via digital cable, Calgary customers can also receive broadcasts from other CTV and CBC markets across Canada.
See also .
Newspapers
Daily (pa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial%20stem%20cell
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Endothelial stem cells (ESCs) are one of three types of stem cells found in bone marrow. They are multipotent, which describes the ability to give rise to many cell types, whereas a pluripotent stem cell can give rise to all types. ESCs have the characteristic properties of a stem cell: self-renewal and differentiation. These parent stem cells, ESCs, give rise to progenitor cells, which are intermediate stem cells that lose potency. Progenitor stem cells are committed to differentiating along a particular cell developmental pathway. ESCs will eventually produce endothelial cells (ECs), which create the thin-walled endothelium that lines the inner surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic vessels include things such as arteries and veins. Endothelial cells can be found throughout the whole vascular system and they also play a vital role in the movement of white blood cells
Development
ECs were first thought to arise from extraembryonic tissues because blood vessels were observed in the avian and mammalian embryos. However, after histological analysis, it was seen that ECs were found just in the embryo. This meant that blood vessels come from an intraembryonic source, the mesoderm. Since these cells come from the mesoderm, it can become a wide variety of different things found in many different parts of the body. Role of insulin-like growth factors in endothelium differentiation
ECs derived from stem cells are the beginning of vasculogenesis. Vasculogenes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic%20chromosome%20structure
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Eukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the cell nucleus, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Eukaryotic chromosomes require a higher level of packaging to condense the DNA molecules into the cell nucleus because of the larger amount of DNA. This level of packaging includes the wrapping of DNA around proteins called histones in order to form condensed nucleosomes.
History
The double helix was discovered in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick. Other researchers made very important, but unconnected findings about the composition of DNA. Ultimately it was Watson and Crick who put all of these findings together to come up with a model for DNA. Later, chemist Alexander Todd determined that the backbone of a DNA molecule contained repeating phosphate and deoxyribose sugar groups. The biochemist Erwin Chargaff found that adenine and thymine always paired while cytosine and guanine always paired. High resolution X-ray images of DNA that were obtained by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin suggested a helical, or corkscrew like shape. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin%20infection
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A skin infection is an infection of the skin in humans and other animals, that can also affect the associated soft tissues such as loose connective tissue and mucous membranes. They comprise a category of infections termed skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs), or skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), and acute bacterial SSSIs (ABSSSIs). They are distinguished from dermatitis (inflammation of the skin), although skin infections can result in skin inflammation.
Causes
Bacterial
Bacterial skin infections affected about 155 million people and cellulitis occurred in about 600 million people in 2013. Bacterial skin infections include:
Cellulitis, a diffuse inflammation of connective tissue with severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin. Further, cellulitis can be classified based into purulent and non-purulent cellulitis, based on the most likely causative agent and the symptoms presentation. Purulent cellulitis is often caused by Staphylococcus aureus, including both methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Non-purulent cellulitis is most often associated with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, such as Streptococcus pyogenes. In rare cases, the infection can progress into necrotizing fasciitis, a serious and potentially fatal infection.
Erysipelas, a bacterial infection which primarily affects superficial dermis, and often involves superficial lymphatics. Unlike cellulitis, it does not affect deeper layers of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotone%20class%20theorem
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In measure theory and probability, the monotone class theorem connects monotone classes and -algebras. The theorem says that the smallest monotone class containing an algebra of sets is precisely the smallest -algebra containing It is used as a type of transfinite induction to prove many other theorems, such as Fubini's theorem.
Definition of a monotone class
A is a family (i.e. class) of sets that is closed under countable monotone unions and also under countable monotone intersections. Explicitly, this means has the following properties:
if and then and
if and then
Monotone class theorem for sets
Monotone class theorem for functions
Proof
The following argument originates in Rick Durrett's Probability: Theory and Examples.
Results and applications
As a corollary, if is a ring of sets, then the smallest monotone class containing it coincides with the -ring of
By invoking this theorem, one can use monotone classes to help verify that a certain collection of subsets is a -algebra.
The monotone class theorem for functions can be a powerful tool that allows statements about particularly simple classes of functions to be generalized to arbitrary bounded and measurable functions.
See also
Citations
References
Families of sets
Theorems in measure theory
fr:Lemme de classe monotone
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importer%20%28computing%29
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An importer is a software application that reads in a data file or metadata information in one format and converts it to another format via special algorithms (such as filters). An importer often is not an entire program by itself, but an extension to another program, implemented as a plug-in. When implemented in this way, the importer reads the data from the file and converts it into the hosting application's native format.
For example, the data file for a 3D model may be written from a modeler, such as 3D Studio Max. A game developer may then want to use that model in their game's editor. An importer, part of the editor, may read in the 3D Studio Max model and convert it to the game's native format so it can be used in game levels.
Importers are important tools in the video game industry. A plug-in or application that does the converse of an importer is called an exporter.
See also
Data scraping
Web scraping
Report mining
Mashup (web application hybrid)
Metadata
Comparison of feed aggregators
Video game development
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goin%27%20Blind
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"Goin' Blind" is a ballad by American hard rock band Kiss, written by Gene Simmons and Stephen Coronel; it is sometimes referred to as "Going Blind". The song originally appeared on the band's second album, 1974's Hotter Than Hell. The original working title for the song was "Little Lady".
Sung by Simmons, "Goin' Blind" is the band's first ballad. The lyrics are about a 93-year-old man's agonized attempt to communicate with a 16-year-old girl. The song's original second verse lyric ("Little lady from the land beneath the sea"), revived by Simmons for their MTV Unplugged performance, suggests that the song's narrator is a dying sea captain that is addressing a mermaid.
Live performances
It was rarely performed live by Kiss until it appeared in acoustic form on the Kiss Unplugged MTV performance, and was released on the subsequent live album from the show. It next appeared on Kiss Symphony: Alive IV, again in acoustic form, although this time the song was performed with the Melbourne Symphony Ensemble.
In December 2005, the band released Rock the Nation, a double-DVD documentary of the 2004 tour. It included, as a bonus track, the first commercially released live electric version of "Goin' Blind".
Cover versions
The Melvins recorded the song in 1993 for their Houdini album and again in 2005 for their A Live History of Gluttony and Lust live album. Dinosaur Jr recorded the song in 1994 for the Kiss My Ass: Classic Kiss Regrooved tribute album. The Melvins version was also su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exporter%20%28computing%29
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An exporter is a software application that writes out a data file in a format different from its native format. It does this via special algorithms (such as filters). An exporter often is not an entire program by itself, but an extension to another program, implemented as a plug-in. When implemented in this way, the exporter converts the hosting application's native format into the desired format and writes it to the file.
For example, a 3D model may be written with a modeler, such as 3D Studio Max. A game developer may want to use that model in its game, but uses a custom format that is different from 3D Studio Max's native format. Using the exporter, the model can be saved in the developer's native format and then read into the game (or a tool) without any extra conversion. Using exporters, game tools can also export from their native format into formats for other applications (such as the modeler or a paint program, such as Photoshop).
Exporters are important tools in the video game industry. A plug-in or application that does the converse of an exporter is called an importer. Importers and exporters are often used in conjunction with one another in many software development environments.
Video game development
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumscriptional%20name
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In biological classification, circumscriptional names are taxon names that are not ruled by ICZN and are defined by the particular set of members included. Circumscriptional names are used mainly for taxa above family-group level (e. g. order or class), but can be also used for taxa of any ranks, as well as for rank-less taxa.
Non-typified names other than those of the genus- or species-group constitute the majority of generally accepted names of taxa higher than superfamily. The ICZN regulates names of taxa up to family group rank (i. e. superfamily). There are no generally accepted rules of naming higher taxa (orders, classes, phyla, etc.). Under the approach of circumscription-based (circumscriptional) nomenclatures, a circumscriptional name is associated with a certain circumscription of a taxon without regard of its rank or position.
Some authors advocate introducing a mandatory standardized typified nomenclature of higher taxa. They suggest all names of higher taxa to be derived in the same manner as family-group names, i.e. by modifying names of type genera with endings to reflect the rank. There is no consensus on what such higher rank endings should be. A number of established practices exist as to the use of typified names of higher taxa, depending on animal group.
See also
Descriptive botanical name, optional forms still used in botany for ranks above family and for a few family names
References
Kluge, N. 2000. "Sovremennaya Sistematika Nasekomyh ..." [Mode
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-crystal%20polymer
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Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) are polymers with the property of liquid crystal, usually containing aromatic rings as mesogens. Despite uncrosslinked LCPs, polymeric materials like liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) and liquid crystal networks (LCNs) can exhibit liquid crystallinity as well. They are both crosslinked LCPs but have different cross link density. They are widely used in the digital display market. In addition, LCPs have unique properties like thermal actuation, anisotropic swelling, and soft elasticity. Therefore, they can be good actuators and sensors. One of the most famous and classical applications for LCPs is Kevlar, a strong but light fiber with wide applications, notably bulletproof vests.
Background
Liquid crystallinity in polymers may occur either by dissolving a polymer in a solvent (lyotropic liquid-crystal polymers) or by heating a polymer above its glass or melting transition point (thermotropic liquid-crystal polymers). Liquid-crystal polymers are present in melted/liquid or solid form. In solid form the main example of lyotropic LCPs is the commercial aramid known as Kevlar. Chemical structure of this aramid consists of linearly substituted aromatic rings linked by amide groups. In a similar way, several series of thermotropic LCPs have been commercially produced by several companies (e.g., Vectra / Celanese).
A high number of LCPs, produced in the 1980s, displayed order in the melt phase analogous to that exhibited by nonpolymeric liquid crystal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20A-ko%203%3A%20Cinderella%20Rhapsody
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is a 1988 Japanese anime OVA release directed by Yuji Moriyama. It is the third installment of the Project A-ko series.
Plot
Project A-ko 3: Cinderella Rhapsody opens with a fluidly-animated dream sequence of A-ko, B-ko, and C-ko engaged in a game of pool. However, this has nothing to do with the rest of the storyline.
It's Spring Break for the students of Graviton High. While B-ko plots to whisk C-ko away to some secluded location, C-ko dreams only of spending time with A-ko, having fun as usual. A-ko, however, has other plans. She decides that it's time to "stop hanging around" with C-ko and find a boyfriend.
Unsatisfied with her wardrobe, she gets a job at a local fast food restaurant to earn money to buy new clothes. This leaves C-Ko feeling quite lonely, so she spends most of her days waiting for A-ko to get off of work.
One day, A-ko (literally) runs into Kei Yuki, a handsome biker. To her great delight, Kei returns to the restaurant where she works and seems to hang about. B-ko also notices Kei and decides to "steal" him from A-ko. Later, C-ko sees A-ko and Kei arriving on Kei's motorcycle. She runs up to A-ko and snarls and hisses at Kei like a feral cat, angry that he is robbing her of A-ko's affections.
A-ko and B-ko's battle for the habitually silent Kei culminates in a disastrous "date" at the Alpha Cygnans' Space Hotel. During the posh event, A-ko realizes that she removed her magic armbands which keep her powers under control. Without them, her strength is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order%20partial%20differential%20equation
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In mathematics, a first-order partial differential equation is a partial differential equation that involves only first derivatives of the unknown function of n variables. The equation takes the form
Such equations arise in the construction of characteristic surfaces for hyperbolic partial differential equations, in the calculus of variations, in some geometrical problems, and in simple models for gas dynamics whose solution involves the method of characteristics. If a family of solutions
of a single first-order partial differential equation can be found, then additional solutions may be obtained by forming envelopes of solutions in that family. In a related procedure, general solutions may be obtained by integrating families of ordinary differential equations.
General solution and complete integral
The general solution to the first order partial differential equation is a solution which contains an arbitrary function. But, the solution to the first order partial differential equations with as many arbitrary constants as the number of independent variables is called the complete integral. The following n-parameter family of solutions
is a complete integral if . The below discussions on the type of integrals are based on the textbook A Treatise on Differential Equations (Chaper IX, 6th edition, 1928) by Andrew Forsyth.
Complete integral
The solutions are described in relatively simple manner in two or three dimensions with which the key concepts are trivially extended to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTP%20cyclohydrolase%20I
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GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) () is a member of the GTP cyclohydrolase family of enzymes. GTPCH is part of the folate and biopterin biosynthesis pathways. It is responsible for the hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to form 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate (7,8-DHNP-3'-TP, 7,8-NH2-3'-TP).
Gene
GTPCH is encoded by the gene GCH1. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described; however, not all of the variants give rise to a functional enzyme.
Clinical significance
At least 94 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered. Mutations in this gene are associated with two disorders: autosomal recessive GTP cyclohydrolase I deficiency and autosomal dominant GTP cyclohydrolase I deficiency. These may present with malignant phenylketonuria (PKU) and hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) and lead to a lack of certain neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and serotonin). The dominant form, with mutation in only one of the two alleles for GTP cyclohydrolase I, causes dopamine-responsive dystonia, characterized by childhood-onset dystonia. Patients with the recessive form have mutations in both alleles for GTP cyclohydrolase I. Patients present with developmental delays and neurological dysfunction with trunk hypotonia, hypertonia of the extremities, abnormal movements, tremors, convulsions, and sometimes autonomic dysfunction. Response to treatment is variable and the long-term and functional outcome
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTP%20cyclohydrolase
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GTP cyclohydrolases are enzymes that catalyze imidazole ring opening of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). This reaction is the committed step in the biosynthesis of multiple coenzymes (such as riboflavin and folate), tRNA bases, and the phytotoxin toxoflavin. Several GTP cyclohydrolases exist, which sometimes synthesize different products for different pruposes:
GTP cyclohydrolase I, part of the tetrahydrobiopterin, tetrahydrofolate, queuosine and other biosynthetic pathways
GTP cyclohydrolase Ia,
GTP cyclohydrolase Ib, part of the tetrahydrobiopterin, tetrahydrofolate, queueosine and other biosynthetic pathways
GTP cyclohydrolase II, part of the riboflavin and toxoflavin biosynthetic pathways
GTP cyclohydrolase IIa (or GTP cyclohydrolase III), part of the riboflavin and deazaflavin cofactor biosynthetic pathways
GTP cyclohydrolase IV
GTP cyclohydrolase MptA, GTP cyclohydrolase Ib paralog
These enzymes require divalent cations for catalysis.
References
EC 3.5.4
Hydrolases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelet%20modulation
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Wavelet modulation, also known as fractal modulation, is a modulation technique that makes use of wavelet transformations to represent the data being transmitted. One of the objectives of this type of modulation is to send data at multiple rates over a channel that is unknown. If the channel is not clear for one specific bit rate, meaning that the signal will not be received, the signal can be sent at a different bit rate where the signal-to-noise ratio is higher.
References
Quantized radio modulation modes
Wavelets
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumerated%20type
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In computer programming, an enumerated type (also called enumeration, enum, or factor in the R programming language, and a categorical variable in statistics) is a data type consisting of a set of named values called elements, members, enumeral, or enumerators of the type. The enumerator names are usually identifiers that behave as constants in the language. An enumerated type can be seen as a degenerate tagged union of unit type. A variable that has been declared as having an enumerated type can be assigned any of the enumerators as a value. In other words, an enumerated type has values that are different from each other, and that can be compared and assigned, but are not specified by the programmer as having any particular concrete representation in the computer's memory; compilers and interpreters can represent them arbitrarily.
For example, the four suits in a deck of playing cards may be four enumerators named Club, Diamond, Heart, and Spade, belonging to an enumerated type named suit. If a variable V is declared having suit as its data type, one can assign any of those four values to it.
Although the enumerators are usually distinct, some languages may allow the same enumerator to be listed twice in the type's declaration. The names of enumerators need not be semantically complete or compatible in any sense. For example, an enumerated type called color may be defined to consist of the enumerators Red, Green, Zebra, Missing, and Bacon. In some languages, the declarat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic%20chromosome%20fine%20structure
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Eukaryotic chromosome fine structure refers to the structure of sequences for eukaryotic chromosomes. Some fine sequences are included in more than one class, so the classification listed is not intended to be completely separate.
Chromosomal characteristics
Some sequences are required for a properly functioning chromosome:
Centromere: Used during cell division as the attachment point for the spindle fibers.
Telomere: Used to maintain chromosomal integrity by capping off the ends of the linear chromosomes. This region is a microsatellite, but its function is more specific than a simple tandem repeat.
Throughout the eukaryotic kingdom, the overall structure of chromosome ends is conserved and is characterized by the telomeric tract - a series of short G-rich repeats. This is succeeded by an extensive subtelomeric region consisting of various types and lengths of repeats - the telomere associated sequences (TAS). These regions are generally low in gene density, low in transcription, low in recombination, late replicating, are involved in protecting the end from degradation and end-to-end fusions and in completing replication. The subtelomeric repeats can rescue chromosome ends when telomerase fails, buffer subtelomerically located genes against transcriptional silencing and protect the genome from deleterious rearrangements due to ectopic recombination. They may also be involved in fillers for increasing chromosome size to some minimum threshold level necessary for chromo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly%20luciferase
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Firefly luciferase is the light-emitting enzyme responsible for the bioluminescence of fireflies and click beetles. The enzyme catalyses the oxidation of firefly luciferin, requiring oxygen and ATP. Because of the requirement of ATP, firefly luciferases have been used extensively in biotechnology.
Mechanism of reaction
The chemical reaction catalyzed by firefly luciferase takes place in two steps:
luciferin + ATP → luciferyl adenylate + PPi
luciferyl adenylate + O2 → oxyluciferin + AMP + light
Light is produced because the reaction forms oxyluciferin in an electronically excited state. The reaction releases a photon of light as oxyluciferin goes back to the ground state.
Luciferyl adenylate can additionally participate in a side reaction with O2 to form hydrogen peroxide and dehydroluciferyl-AMP. About 20% of the luciferyl adenylate intermediate is oxidized in this pathway.
Firefly luciferase generates light from luciferin in a multistep process. First, D-luciferin is adenylated by MgATP to form luciferyl adenylate and pyrophosphate. After activation by ATP, luciferyl adenylate is oxidized by molecular oxygen to form a dioxetanone ring. A decarboxylation reaction forms an excited state of oxyluciferin, which tautomerizes between the keto-enol form. The reaction finally emits light as oxyluciferin returns to the ground state.
Bifunctionality
Luciferase can function in two different pathways: a bioluminescence pathway and a CoA-ligase pathway. In both pathways, luc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20points%20of%20the%20elements%20%28data%20page%29
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Critical point
References
CRC.a-d
David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Critical Constants. Also agrees with Celsius values from Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds, Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Point Temperatures of the Elements
Estimated accuracy for Tc and Pc is indicated by the number of digits. Above 750 K Tc values may be in error by 10 K or more. Vc values are not assumed accurate more than to a few percent. Parentheses indicate extrapolated values. From these sources:
(a) D. Ambrose, Vapor-Liquid Constants of Fluids, in R.M. Stevenson, S. Malanowski, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Elsevier, New York, (1987).
(b) I.G. Dillon, P.A. Nelson, B.S. Swanson, J. Chem. Phys. 44, 4229, (1966).
(c) O. Sifner, J. Klomfar, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23, 63, (1994).
(d) N.B. Vargaftik, Int. J. Thermophys. 11, 467, (1990).
LNG
J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 6; Table 6.5 Critical Properties
KAL
National Physical Laboratory, Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants; D. Ambrose, M.B. Ewing, M.L. McGlashan, Critical constants and second virial coefficients of gases (retrieved Dec 2005)
SMI
W.E. Forsythe (ed.), Smithsonian Physical Tables 9th ed., online version (1954; Knovel 2003). Table 259, Critical Temperatures, Pressures, and Densiti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB%20Archiver
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KGB Archiver is a discontinued file archiver and data compression utility that employs the PAQ6 compression algorithm. Written in Visual C++ by Tomasz Pawlak, KGB Archiver is designed to achieve a very high compression ratio. It has ten levels of compression, from very weak to maximum. However, at higher compression levels, the time required to compress a file increases significantly. As a consequence, the program uses memory and CPU intensively.
KGB Archiver is free and open-source, released under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Version 2 beta 2 is available for Microsoft Windows and a command-line version of KGB Archiver 1.0 is available for Unix-like operating systems.
Features
Native .kgb files and .zip files
AES-256 encryption
Creating self-extracting archives
Unicode support in both the user interface and file system interactions
Shell extension for Windows
System requirements
The minimum requirements for running KGB Archiver are:
1.5 GHz processor
256 MB RAM
See also
Comparison of file archivers
RAR (file format)
ZPAQ
References
External links
File archivers
Free data compression software
Free file managers
Free software programmed in C++
Windows compression software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neglect%20of%20probability
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The neglect of probability, a type of cognitive bias, is the tendency to disregard probability when making a decision under uncertainty and is one simple way in which people regularly violate the normative rules for decision making. Small risks are typically either neglected entirely or hugely overrated. The continuum between the extremes is ignored. The term probability neglect was coined by Cass Sunstein.
There are many related ways in which people violate the normative rules of decision making with regard to probability including the hindsight bias, the neglect of prior base rates effect, and the gambler's fallacy. However, this bias is different, in that, rather than incorrectly using probability, the actor disregards it.
"We have no intuitive grasp of risk and thus distinguish poorly among different threats," Dobelli has written. "The more serious the threat and the more emotional the topic (such as radioactivity), the less reassuring a reduction in risk seems to us."
Studies
Adults
In a 1972 experiment, participants were divided into two groups, with the former being told they would receive a mild electric shock and the latter told that there was a 50 percent chance they would receive such a shock. When the subjects' physical anxiety was measured, there was no difference between the two groups. This lack of difference remained even when the second group's chance of being shocked was lowered to 20 percent, then ten, then five. The conclusion: "we respond to the expec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra%20do%20Mar%20coastal%20forests
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The Serra do Mar coastal forests is an ecoregion of the tropical moist forests biome. It is part of the Atlantic Forest of eastern South America. This ecoregion has an outstanding biodiversity consisting of flora, mammals, birds, and herpetofauna.
Geography
The Serra do Mar mountain range defines this ecoregion. The Serra do Mar coastal forests extend from the Atlantic coast up the seaward-facing slopes of the Serra do Mar, along the southern coast of Brazil for about .
The ecoregion lies within the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul.
Climate
The climate is subtropical with high levels of annual rainfall. Annual rainfall ranges from 1,400 to 4,000 millimeters without a dry season.
Flora
The plant communities in the ecoregion include coastal scrub, lowland rain forests, and montane rain forests.
The lowland rain forests are composed of four strata, including a dense canopy layer and emergent trees which grow up to 30 meters high. Common canopy and emergent trees include species from the plant families Leguminosae (Copaifera trapezifolia), Sapotaceae (species of Pouteria and Chrysophyllum), and Lauraceae.
Tropical montane cloud forests occur from 1,200 to 1,500 meters elevation in the northern portion of the ecoregion, and 700 to 1100 meters in the south. They are found on seaward-facing mountain slopes with high rainfall and frequent year-round cloud cover.
Tropical montane cloud forests ar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frege%27s%20theorem
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In metalogic and metamathematics, Frege's theorem is a metatheorem that states that the Peano axioms of arithmetic can be derived in second-order logic from Hume's principle. It was first proven, informally, by Gottlob Frege in his 1884 Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (The Foundations of Arithmetic) and proven more formally in his 1893 Grundgesetze der Arithmetik I (Basic Laws of Arithmetic I). The theorem was re-discovered by Crispin Wright in the early 1980s and has since been the focus of significant work. It is at the core of the philosophy of mathematics known as neo-logicism (at least of the Scottish School variety).
Overview
In The Foundations of Arithmetic (1884), and later, in Basic Laws of Arithmetic (vol. 1, 1893; vol. 2, 1903), Frege attempted to derive all of the laws of arithmetic from axioms he asserted as logical (see logicism). Most of these axioms were carried over from his Begriffsschrift; the one truly new principle was one he called the Basic Law V (now known as the axiom schema of unrestricted comprehension): the "value-range" of the function f(x) is the same as the "value-range" of the function g(x) if and only if ∀x[f(x) = g(x)]. However, not only did Basic Law V fail to be a logical proposition, but the resulting system proved to be inconsistent, because it was subject to Russell's paradox.
The inconsistency in Frege's Grundgesetze overshadowed Frege's achievement: according to Edward Zalta, the Grundgesetze "contains all the essential steps of a val
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20race
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Arctic race can refer to:
A racial classification of people by Louis Agassiz, a 19th-century Swiss-American zoologist.
The territorial claims in the Arctic resulted in the early 21st century a series of expeditions to the Arctic area by Russia, Canada, Denmark and the United States.
Circumpolar peoples
See also
Arctic Race of Norway
Culture of the Arctic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake%20Me%20When%20the%20War%20Is%20Over
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Wake Me When the War Is Over is a 1969 American made-for-television comedy film directed by Gene Nelson and starring Ken Berry and Eva Gabor. It first aired as the ABC Movie of the Week on October 14, 1969.
Plot
The film tells the story of the amazingly naive and inept Lieutenant Roger Carrington (Berry) of the United States Army Air Forces beginning in January 1944 during World War II. After accidentally falling out of a C-47 when attempting to drop airborne leaflet propaganda, he lands in German territory. Escaping pursuing German soldiers, he is hidden by a local baroness named Marlene (Gabor). Luckily, Marlene is against the Nazis, and sympathizes with Carrington, taking him under her wing to recover, and eventually falling in love with him.
Unfortunately, when World War II ends, Marlene realizes that Carrington will leave when he finds this out. Not wanting him to go yet, she decides not to tell him about the war ending so he will stay, and she manages to keep him with her for nearly five years, explaining the Allies are continuously losing, then recapturing England. Around then is when Carrington convinces himself that it's his duty to continue fighting on a one man sabotage operation. He leaves Marlene's estate, not realizing he's now in a peacetime country. The only problem is, no one can tell him the war is over because no one around him speaks English including the Baroness' maid Eva who accompanies him.
Cast
Ken Berry as Roger Carrington
Eva Gabor as Baroness
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Bureau%20of%20Statistics
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The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) is a government agency that collects and analyzes statistics on economic, population, environmental, and social issues. It provides evidence-based advice to federal, state, and territory governments. The ABS conducts the national Census of Population and Housing every five years and publishes many of its findings on the agency's website.
History
In early 1901, statistics were collected by each state and territory of Australia for their own separate use. Although attempts were made to coordinate collections through an annual Conference of Statisticians, it was decided that a national statistical office would be required to develop nationally comparable statistics.
The Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics (CBCS) was established under the Census and Statistics Act in 1905. Sir George Knibbs was appointed as the first Commonwealth Statistician. Initially, the bureau was located in Melbourne and was attached to the Department of Home Affairs. In 1928, the bureau relocated to Canberra, and in 1932 moved to the Treasury portfolio.
Initially, the states maintained their own statistical offices and worked together with the CBCS to produce national data. However, some states found it difficult to resource a state statistical office to the level required for an adequate statistical service. In 1924, the Tasmanian Statistical Office transferred to the Commonwealth. On 20 August 1957, the New South Wales (NSW) Bureau of Statistics was m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwmynyscoy
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Cwmynyscoy is a suburb of Pontypool in Torfaen, South Wales.
Statistics
All figures quoted have been derived from the 2001 Census unless otherwise stated.
Demographic Indicators
Total population of 1283 (Torfaen 90,949)
48.6% Male, 51.4% Female (Torfaen - 48.4% Male, 51.6% Female)
Age Structure; 19.5% aged between 0–15, 36.6% aged between 16 and 44, 25.3% aged 45–59/64 and 18.6% of pensionable age.
Socio-Economic Indicators
Activity Rates (2001)
Male (16-74) economic activity rate 63.4% (Torfaen 67.8%, Wales 67.7%), female (16-74) economic activity rate 48.9% (Torfaen 54.2%, Wales 54.5%), total economic activity rate 56.1% (Torfaen 60.8%, Wales 61.0%)
Unemployment (2004)
Whilst unemployment in the area has declined significantly and only 24 people remain registered unemployed, 16 males and 8 females (June 2004). Of the 24 claimants, 10 are under 24 years of age and 5 are registered as long-term unemployed (unemployed for over 52 weeks).
Home Ownership (2001)
Cwmynyscoy has a lower proportion of owner occupied households at 64.9% than Torfaen 68.3% and Wales as a whole 71.3%. 28.4% of properties are rented from the local authority (Torfaen 22.8%, Wales 13.7%)
Car Ownership (2001)
32.7% of households in Cwmynyscoy do not own a car (Torfaen 27.2%, Wales 26.0%).
Education (2001)
Residents qualified to Level 4/5: 8.9% (Torfaen 13.6%, Wales 17.4%). (Level 4/5: First degree, Higher degree, NVQ levels 4 and 5, HNC, HND, Qualified Teacher Status, Qualified Medical Doctor, Qu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudin
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Claudins are a family of proteins which, along with occludin, are the most important components of the tight junctions (zonulae occludentes). Tight junctions establish the paracellular barrier that controls the flow of molecules in the intercellular space between the cells of an epithelium. They have four transmembrane domains, with the N-terminus and the C-terminus in the cytoplasm.
Structure
Claudins are small (20–24/27 kilodalton (kDa)) transmembrane proteins which are found in many organisms, ranging from nematodes to human beings. They all have a very similar structure. Claudins span the cellular membrane 4 times, with the N-terminal end and the C-terminal end both located in the cytoplasm, and two extracellular loops which show the highest degree of conservation.
Claudins have both cis and trans interactions between cell membranes. Cis-interactions is when claudins on the same membrane interact, one way they interact is by transmembrane domain having molecular interactions. Trans-interaction is when claudins of neighboring cells interact through their extracellular loops. Cis-interactions is also known as side-to-side interactions and trans-interactions is also known as head-to-head interactions.
Generally the tight junction is known for its impermeability. However, depending on the type of claudin and their interactions there is selective permeability. This includes charge selectivity and size selectivity.
N-terminal
The N-terminal end is usually very short (1–10
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTB%20mechatronics
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KTB mechatronics GmbH is the former name of qfix robotics GmbH, located in Senden, near Ulm, in the southern part of Germany.
The company develops and produces industrial products in the mechatronics and robotics field.
The main product is the qfix family of robot kits.
References
External links
qfix robotics GmbH homepage (formerly KTB mechatronics)
qfix robot kits by qfix robotics GmbH
Engineering companies of Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lr-diode
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A LR-Diode circuit exhibits non-linear behavior and demonstrates chaotic behavior. By adjusting the amplitude of the driving frequency one can see period doubling, and eventually chaos.
See also
Chaos theory
Logistic map
References
Diodes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korg%20Wavestation
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The Korg Wavestation is a vector synthesis synthesizer first produced in the early 1990s and later re-released as a software synthesizer in 2004. Its primary innovation was Wave Sequencing, a method of multi-timbral sound generation in which different PCM waveform data are played successively, resulting in continuously evolving sounds. The Wavestation's "Advanced Vector Synthesis" sound architecture resembled early vector synths such as the Sequential Circuits Prophet VS.
Designed as a "pure" synthesizer rather than a music workstation, it lacked an on-board song sequencer, yet the Wavestation, unlike any synthesizer prior to its release, was capable of generating complex, lush timbres and rhythmic sequences that sounded like a complete soundtrack by pressing only one key. Keyboard Magazine readers gave the Wavestation its "Hardware Innovation of the Year" award, and in 1995 Keyboard listed it as one of the "20 Instruments that Shook the World."
The Wavestation lineup consisted of four models: the Wavestation and Wavestation EX keyboards, and the Wavestation A/D and Wavestation SR rackmount sound modules.
In 2020, Korg released a new hardware 3-octaves-full-of-knobs keyboard version called Korg Wavestate, which integrate a much more powerful version of the original Wavestation, called "wave sequencing V2".
Design concept
The two primary synthesis concepts designed into the Wavestation were Wave Sequencing and vector synthesis, the latter Korg dubbed "Advanced Vector Sy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplane%20separation%20theorem
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In geometry, the hyperplane separation theorem is a theorem about disjoint convex sets in n-dimensional Euclidean space. There are several rather similar versions. In one version of the theorem, if both these sets are closed and at least one of them is compact, then there is a hyperplane in between them and even two parallel hyperplanes in between them separated by a gap. In another version, if both disjoint convex sets are open, then there is a hyperplane in between them, but not necessarily any gap. An axis which is orthogonal to a separating hyperplane is a separating axis, because the orthogonal projections of the convex bodies onto the axis are disjoint.
The hyperplane separation theorem is due to Hermann Minkowski. The Hahn–Banach separation theorem generalizes the result to topological vector spaces.
A related result is the supporting hyperplane theorem.
In the context of support-vector machines, the optimally separating hyperplane or maximum-margin hyperplane is a hyperplane which separates two convex hulls of points and is equidistant from the two.
Statements and proof
In all cases, assume to be disjoint, nonempty, and convex subsets of . The summary of the results are as follows:
The number of dimensions must be finite. In infinite-dimensional spaces there are examples of two closed, convex, disjoint sets which cannot be separated by a closed hyperplane (a hyperplane where a continuous linear functional equals some constant) even in the weak sense where the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20M.%20Cover
|
Thomas M. Cover [ˈkoʊvər] (August 7, 1938 – March 26, 2012) was an American information theorist and professor jointly in the Departments of Electrical Engineering and Statistics at Stanford University. He devoted almost his entire career to developing the relationship between information theory and statistics.
Early life and education
He received his B.S. in Physics from MIT in 1960 and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1964.
Career
Cover was President of the IEEE Information Theory Society and was a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He received the Outstanding Paper Award in Information Theory for his 1972 paper "Broadcast Channels"; he was selected in 1990 as the Shannon Lecturer, regarded as the highest honor in information theory; in 1997 he received the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal; and in 2003 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
During his 48-year career as a professor of Electrical Engineering and Statistics at Stanford University, he graduated 64 PhD students, authored over 120 journal papers in learning, information theory, statistical complexity, pattern recognition, and portfolio theory; and he partnered with Joy A. Thomas to coauthor the book Elements of Information Theory, which has become the most widely used textbook as an introduction to the topic since the publication of its first edition in 1991. He was also coeditor of the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity%20effect
|
The ambiguity effect is a cognitive bias where decision making is affected by a lack of information, or "ambiguity". The effect implies that people tend to select options for which the probability of a favorable outcome is known, over an option for which the probability of a favorable outcome is unknown. The effect was first described by Daniel Ellsberg in 1961.
Example
As an example, consider a bucket containing 30 balls. The balls are either red, black or white. Ten of the balls are red, and the remaining 20 are either black or white, with all combinations of black and white being equally likely. In option X, drawing a red ball wins a person $100, and in option Y, drawing a black ball wins them $100. The probability of picking a winning ball is the same for both options X and Y. In option X, the probability of selecting a winning ball is 1 in 3 (10 red balls out of 30 total balls). In option Y, despite the fact that the number of black balls is uncertain, the probability of selecting a winning ball is also 1 in 3. This is because the number of black balls is equally distributed among all possibilities between 0 and 20. The difference between the two options is that in option X, the probability of a favorable outcome is known, but in option Y, the probability of a favorable outcome is unknown ("ambiguous").
In spite of the equal probability of a favorable outcome, people have a greater tendency to select a ball under option X, where the probability of selecting a winning
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite%20the%20Bullet%20%28film%29
|
Bite the Bullet is a 1975 American Western film written, produced, and directed by Richard Brooks and starring Gene Hackman, Candice Bergen, and James Coburn, with Ian Bannen, Jan-Michael Vincent, Ben Johnson, and Dabney Coleman in supporting roles.
Plot
Based on actual events of the early twentieth century, the story concerns a grueling cross-country horse race in 1906, with a winner-take-all prize of $2,000 ($ today), and the way it affects the lives of its various participants.
The fifteen colorful contestants include: two former Rough Riders named Clayton and Matthews who can't let friendship come between them if they intend to win; Miss Jones...a lady of little virtue; Carbo, a punk kid; Mister, an old cowhand in poor health; Sir Harry Norfolk, an English gentleman who's competing just for the sheer sport of it all; and a Mexican with a toothache who literally needs to bite the bullet. All must race against a thoroughbred of championship pedigree owned by Parker, a wealthy man who has no intention of seeing his entry lose.
The film touches on the themes of sportsmanship, animal cruelty, the yellow press, racism, the end of the Old West and the bonds of marriage and friendship. As the race progresses, the conditions test not only the endurance of horses and riders but also their philosophies of life and the meaning of victory and defeat.
When Miss Jones helps free her beau from a railway chain gang, they steal the contestants' horses and attempt to escape. The convic
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%27s%20lemma
|
In complex analysis, Jordan's lemma is a result frequently used in conjunction with the residue theorem to evaluate contour integrals and improper integrals. The lemma is named after the French mathematician Camille Jordan.
Statement
Consider a complex-valued, continuous function , defined on a semicircular contour
of positive radius lying in the upper half-plane, centered at the origin. If the function is of the form
with a positive parameter , then Jordan's lemma states the following upper bound for the contour integral:
with equality when vanishes everywhere, in which case both sides are identically zero. An analogous statement for a semicircular contour in the lower half-plane holds when .
Remarks
If is continuous on the semicircular contour for all large and
then by Jordan's lemma
For the case , see the estimation lemma.
Compared to the estimation lemma, the upper bound in Jordan's lemma does not explicitly depend on the length of the contour .
Application of Jordan's lemma
Jordan's lemma yields a simple way to calculate the integral along the real axis of functions holomorphic on the upper half-plane and continuous on the closed upper half-plane, except possibly at a finite number of non-real points , , …, . Consider the closed contour , which is the concatenation of the paths and shown in the picture. By definition,
Since on the variable is real, the second integral is real:
The left-hand side may be computed using the residue theorem to g
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerley%20lines
|
Kerley lines are a sign seen on chest radiographs with interstitial pulmonary edema. They are thin linear pulmonary opacities caused by fluid or cellular infiltration into the interstitium of the lungs. They are named after Irish neurologist and radiologist Peter Kerley.
Associated conditions
They are suggestive for the diagnosis of congestive heart failure, but are also seen in various non-cardiac conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial deposition of heavy metal particles or carcinomatosis of the lung. Chronic Kerley B lines may be caused by fibrosis or hemosiderin deposition caused by recurrent pulmonary edema.
Types
Kerley A lines
These are longer (at least 2cm and up to 6cm) unbranching lines coursing diagonally from the hila out to the periphery of the lungs. They are caused by distension of anastomotic channels between peripheral and central lymphatics of the lungs. Kerley A lines are less commonly seen than Kerley B lines. Kerley A lines are never seen without Kerley B or C lines.
Kerley B lines
These are short parallel lines at the lung periphery. These lines represent interlobular septa, which are usually less than 1 cm in length and parallel to one another at right angles to the pleura. They are located peripherally in contact with the pleura, but are generally absent along fissural surfaces. They may be seen in any zone but are most frequently observed at the lung bases at the costophrenic angles on the PA radiograph, and in the substernal region
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical%20Theory%20of%20Crystal%20Lattices
|
Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices is a book in solid state physics, authored collaboratively by Max Born and Kun Huang. The book was originally started by Born in c. 1940, and was finished in the 1950s by Huang in consultation with Born. The text is considered a classical treatise on the subject of lattice dynamics, phonon theory, and elasticity in crystalline solids, but excluding metals and other complex solids with order/disorder phenomena. J. D. Eshelby, Melvin Lax, and A. J. C. Wilson reviewed the book in 1955, among several others.
See also
Bibliography of Max Born
Introduction to Solid State Physics
References
External links
1954 non-fiction books
Physics textbooks
Max Born
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20the%20Time%20in%20the%20World%20%28Lazlo%20Bane%20album%29
|
All the Time in the World is the second studio album by the band Lazlo Bane. It was self-released by the band more than five years after their debut album, 11 Transistor.
Background and release
The work on the album started in late 90's when the band was still signed to Almo Sounds label. According to Chad Fischer the release of the album was shelved around 2000 as the label was sold to Universal Music Group. Lazlo Bane managed to acquire the album from Almo Sounds but struggled to release it by themselves.
Early self released promo copies of the album was distributed in 2000, while the first commercially released track was "Superman" as it appeared on the soundtrack for the film The Tao of Steve.
During that period "Superman" got noticed by Zach Braff and later became the theme song for the television series Scrubs.
All the Time in the World finally received an official release on CD and as a digital download through CD Baby in September 2002.
Unlike the band's debut 11 Transistor with its guitar-heavy stylings, the songs on All the Time in the World expand the variety of instruments and feature banjo, piano, saxophone and strings. While working on the album the band wrote a large number of new songs, much more than were released. Some of them were included on the band's next release, Back Sides.
Versions and differences
There are several differences between the early 2000 promo and the official 2002 releases. The CD promo edition featured the song "I'll Be Happy" as
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosalpinx
|
A hydrosalpinx is a condition that occurs when a fallopian tube is blocked and fills with serous or clear fluid near the ovary (distal to the uterus). The blocked tube may become substantially distended giving the tube a characteristic sausage-like or retort-like shape. The condition is often bilateral and the affected tubes may reach several centimeters in diameter. The blocked tubes cause infertility. A fallopian tube filled with blood is a hematosalpinx, and with pus a pyosalpinx.
Hydrosalpinx is a composite of the Greek words ὕδωρ (hydōr – "water") and σάλπιγξ (sálpinx – "trumpet"); its plural is hydrosalpinges.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms can vary. Some patients have lower often recurring abdominal pain or pelvic pain, while others may be asymptomatic. As tubal function is impeded, infertility is a common symptom. Patients who are not trying to get pregnant and have no pain, may go undetected.
Endometriosis, ruptured appendicitis, and abdominal surgery sometimes are associated with the problem. As a reaction to injury, the body rushes inflammatory cells into the area, and inflammation and later healing result in loss of the fimbria and closure of the tube. These infections usually affect both fallopian tubes, and although a hydrosalpinx can be one-sided, the other tube on the opposite side is often abnormal. By the time it is detected, the tubal fluid usually is sterile, and does not contain an active infection. (Not symptoms)
Cause
The major cause for distal tubal
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20Outlook%20Handbook
|
The Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) is a publication of the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics that includes information about the nature of work, working conditions, training and education, earnings and job outlook for hundreds of different occupations in the United States. It is released biennially with a companion publication, the Career Guide to Industries and is available free of charge from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' website. The 2012–13 edition was released in November 2012 and the 2014–15 edition in March 2014.
Because it is a work by the United States federal government, the Handbook is not under copyright and is reproduced in various forms by other publishers, often with additional information or features.
The first edition was published in 1948.
See also
Career development
Global Career Development Facilitator (GCDF)
Holland Codes
Lists of occupations
Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
Standard Occupational Classification System
References
External links
BLS News release
JIST Publishing - America's Career Publisher
ocouha: Occupational Outlook Handbook plus
Occupational Outlook Handbook, digitized and available on FRASER
Occupations
Economic data
United States Department of Labor publications
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diairesis
|
Diairesis (, "division") is a form of classification used in ancient (especially Platonic) logic that serves to systematize concepts and come to definitions. When defining a concept using diairesis, one starts with a broad concept, then divides this into two or more specific sub-concepts, and this procedure is repeated until a definition of the desired concept is reached. Aristotle makes extensive use of diaresis in categorization as basis for syllogizing. He makes clear, however, that definition by diaresis does not in itself prove anything. Apart from this definition, the procedure also results in a taxonomy of other concepts, ordered according to a general–specific relation.
The founder of diairesis as a method was Plato. Later ancient logicians (including Aristotle) and practitioners of other ancient sciences have employed diairetic modes of classification, e.g., to classify plants in ancient biology.
Plato's method of definition
Diairesis is Plato's later method of definition based on division, developed in the Platonic dialogues Phaedrus, Sophist, Statesman, and Philebus. Further applications are found in the Laws and Timaeus. It is a means of attempting to reach a definition by which a collection of candidates is repeatedly divided into two parts with one part eliminated until a suitable definition is discovered.
A complementary term is merismos (cf. English merism: parsing or the distinguishing of parts, as opposed to diairesis, which is the division of a genu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri%20Linnik
|
Yuri Vladimirovich Linnik (; January 8, 1915 – June 30, 1972) was a Soviet mathematician active in number theory, probability theory and mathematical statistics.
Biography
Linnik was born in Bila Tserkva, in present-day Ukraine. He went to Saint Petersburg University where his supervisor was Vladimir Tartakovsky, and later worked at that university and the Steklov Institute. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, as was his father, Vladimir Pavlovich Linnik. He was awarded both Stalin and Lenin Prizes. He died in Leningrad.
Work in number theory
Linnik's theorem in analytic number theory
The dispersion method (which allowed him to solve the Titchmarsh problem).
The large sieve (which turned out to be extremely influential).
An elementary proof of the Hilbert-Waring theorem; see also Schnirelmann density.
The Linnik ergodic method, see , which allowed him to study the distribution properties of the representations of integers by integral ternary quadratic forms.
Work in probability theory and statistics
Infinitely divisible distributions
Linnik obtained numerous results concerning infinitely divisible distributions. In particular, he proved the following generalisation of Cramér's theorem: any divisor of a convolution of Gaussian and Poisson random variables is also a convolution of Gaussian and Poisson.
He has also coauthored the book on the arithmetics of infinitely divisible distributions.
Central limit theorem
Linnik zones (zones of
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoushka%20%28album%29
|
Anoushka is the debut album of Indian sitar player Anoushka Shankar, released in 1998. The pieces begin with a slow introduction of fluid rhythms (alap or aochar) and build in a crescendo to a spirited display of virtuosity with tabla accompaniment. Four of the album's five themes are based on ragas adapted by Ravi Shankar.
Track listing
All songs by Ravi Shankar, except where noted.
"Bairagi" – 20:15
"Tilak Shyam" – 10:35
"Kirwani" – 8:46
"Charukeshi" – 7:30
"Pratham Prem" (by Anoushka Shankar) – 12:43
Personnel
Anoushka Shankar: Sitar, tamboura, vocals
Sukanya Shankar: Tamboura
Bikram Ghosh: Tabla
Arup Chattapadhyay: Tabla
References
1998 debut albums
Anoushka Shankar albums
Hindustani classical music albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength%20shifter
|
A wavelength shifter is a photofluorescent material that absorbs higher frequency photons and emits lower frequency photons. The material absorbs one photon, and emits one or multiple lower-energy photons. The relaxation time of the excited molecule is usually in the order of nanoseconds.
Applications
Wavelength shifters are often used in particle physics to collect scintillation or Cherenkov light in particle detectors. Materials, such as acrylic slaps or optical fibers, are typically either doped with wavelength-shifting molecules or coated with wavelength-shifting paint.
Wavelength-shifting technology is of particular interest for low-background supernova neutrino detectors such as IceCube, Super-Kamiokande or its successor Hyper-Kamiokande. Here, wavelength shifters offer two advantages: As these types of detectors are based on the emission of Cherenkov photons of superluminous secondary particles from the neutrino interaction, absorbing more photons in the UV range and shifting them to the visible range detectable by conventional PMTs is beneficial. In addition, with wavelength shifters larger collection areas can be covered price-efficiently as compared to standard PMT-based sensors. An example of a sensor making use of wavelength-shifting technology is the Wavelength-shifting Optical Module (WOM) envisaged for an extension of the IceCube detector.
Furthermore, wavelength shifting materials can be used to increase the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell (solar cell) b
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20%28film%29
|
Entropy is a 1999 film directed by Phil Joanou, starring Stephen Dorff and featuring the Irish rock band U2.
Plot
A largely autobiographical film about director Phil Joanou, covering his early film career, his relationships, including a very short-lived marriage.
Release
The film has been re-released as "Adventures in Tinseltown" for streaming and is available on Tubi and Amazon Prime Video.
References
External links
1999 films
1999 drama films
American drama films
Films scored by George Fenton
Films about film directors and producers
Films directed by Phil Joanou
Warner Bros. films
American independent films
Films produced by Elie Samaha
1999 independent films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
English-language drama films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lies%2C%20Damn%20Lies%20and%20Statistics
|
Lies, Damn Lies and Statistics may refer to:
"Lies, Damn Lies and Statistics" (The West Wing), a first-season episode of the TV series The West Wing
Lies, damned lies, and statistics, a phrase describing the persuasive power of numbers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaspalast
|
Glaspalast may refer to:
Glaspalast (Munich), Glaspalast in Munich modeled after The Crystal Palace
Glaspalast Sindelfingen, an indoor arena in Sindelfingen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten%20hexachloride
|
Tungsten hexachloride is an inorganic chemical compound of tungsten and chlorine with the chemical formula . This dark violet blue compound exists as volatile crystals under standard conditions. It is an important starting reagent in the preparation of tungsten compounds. Other examples of charge-neutral hexachlorides are rhenium(VI) chloride and molybdenum(VI) chloride. The highly volatile tungsten hexafluoride is also known.
As a d0 atom, tungsten hexachloride is diamagnetic.
Preparation and structure
Tungsten hexachloride can be prepared by chlorinating tungsten metal in a sealed tube at 600 °C:
Tungsten hexachloride exists in both blue and red polymorphs, referred to respectively as α and β. The wine-red β can be obtained by rapid cooling whereas the blue α form is more stable at room temperature. Although these polymorphs are distinctly colored, their molecular structures are very similar. Both polymorphs feature molecules that have octahedral, in which all six W–Cl bonds are equivalent, and their length is equal to 224–226 pm. The densities are very similar: 3.68 g/cm3 for α and 3.62 g/cm3 for β. The low temperature form is slightly more dense, as expected.
Reactions
Tungsten hexachloride is readily hydrolyzed, even by moist air, giving the orange oxychlorides and , and subsequently, tungsten trioxide. is soluble in carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and phosphorus oxychloride.
Methylation with trimethylaluminium affords hexamethyl tungsten:
Treatment with
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic%20ganglia
|
The sympathetic ganglia, or paravertebral ganglia, are autonomic ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. Ganglia are 20,000 to 30,000 afferent and efferent nerve cell bodies that run along on either side of the spinal cord. Afferent nerve cell bodies bring information from the body to the brain and spinal cord, while efferent nerve cell bodies bring information from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. The cell bodies create long sympathetic chains that are on either side of the spinal cord. They also form para- or pre-vertebral ganglia of gross anatomy.
The efferent nerve cell bodies bring information from the brain to the body regarding perceptions of danger. This perception of danger can instigate the fight-or-flight response associated with the sympathetic nervous system. The fight-or-flight response is adaptive when there is a real and present danger which can be avoided or diminished through increased sympathetic activity. Sympathetic activity could be increased heart rate, dilated pupils, or sweaty palms, for example. The fight-or-flight response is maladaptive when the danger is imagined, prolonged, or when it lasts after the threat is over. When the intensity or duration of the response is excessive, the individual may meet criteria for a variety of psychological disorders. Neuroblastoma tumors can arise from the sympathetic ganglia tissue.
Structure
Sympathetic chain ganglia
The bilaterally symmetric sympathetic chain ganglia, also called the par
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Mississippi
|
<noinclude>
This is a list of newspapers in Mississippi.
Daily and nondaily newspapers (currently published)
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title
! Locale
! Year est.
! Frequency
! Publisher/parent company
! Notes
|-
| Biloxi-D'Iberville Press
| Biloxi/D'Iberville
| 200?
| Weekly
| Bay Newspapers, Inc
|
|-
| Brookhaven Daily Leader
| Brookhaven
| 1968
| Daily
| Southwest Pub.
|
|-
| Canton News
| Canton
|
| Monthly
|Clay Mansell
|Hyper-local, "good news" newspaper
|-
| Clarion-Ledger
| Jackson/statewide
| 1941
| Daily
| Gannett Company
|
|-
| Clarksdale Press Register
| Clarksdale
| 1949
| Daily
| Delta Press Pub. Co.
|
|-
|Columbian-Progress
|Columbia
|1935
|Bi-weekly
|Emmerich Newspapers, Inc.
|
|-
| Columbus Commercial
| Columbus
| 1893-1922
| Daily
| J.T. Senter
|
|-
| Crystal Springs Meteor
| Crystal Springs
| 1886-1889
| Weekly
| Hurt & Branch
|
|-
| Daily Corinthian
| Corinth
|
| Daily
|
|
|-
| Daily Leader
| Brookhaven
|
| Daily
|
|
|-
| Daily Star
| Grenada
|
| Daily
|
|
|-
| Daily Times Leader
| West Point
|
| Daily
|
| '
|-
| Darkhorse Press
| Mississippi
|
| Daily
|
|
|-
| Deer Creek Pilot
| Rolling Fork
|
| Weekly
|
|
|-
| Delta Democrat-Times
| Greenville
|
| Daily
|
|
|-
| Enterprise-Journal
| McComb
|
| Daily
|
|
|-
| Enterprise-Tocsin
| Indianola, Mississippi
|
| Weekly
|
|
|-
|Florence News
|Florence, MS
|2018
|Monthly
|Clay Mansell
|Hyper-local, "good news" newspaper
|-
| Greenwood Commonwealth
| Greenwood
|
| Dail
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochromic%20lens
|
A photochromic lens is an optical lens that darkens on exposure to light of sufficiently high frequency, most commonly ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In the absence of activating light, the lenses return to their clear state. Photochromic lenses may be made of polycarbonate, or another plastic. Glass lenses use visible light to darken. They are principally used in glasses that are dark in bright sunlight, but clear, or more rarely, lightly tinted in low ambient light conditions. They darken significantly within about a minute of exposure to bright light and take somewhat longer to clear. A range of clear and dark transmittances is available.
In one sort of technology, molecules of silver chloride or another silver halide are embedded in photochromic lenses. They are transparent to visible light without significant ultraviolet component, which is normal for artificial lighting. In another sort of technology, organic photochromic molecules, when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) rays as in direct sunlight, undergo a chemical process that causes them to change shape and absorb a significant percentage of the visible light, i.e., they darken. These processes are reversible; once the lens is removed from strong sources of UV rays the photochromic compounds return to their transparent state.
Invention
Photochromic lenses were developed by William H. Armistead and Stanley Donald Stookey at the Corning Glass Works Inc. in the 1960s.
Technical details
Mechanism
The glass version of these
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankers
|
Rankers are soils developed over non-calcareous material, usually rock. They are regarded in some soil classifications as lithomorphic soils, a group which also includes rendzinas, similar soils over calcareous material. They are often called A/C soils, as the topsoil or A horizon is immediately over a C horizon (unaltered parent material).
References
Pedology
Types of soil
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide%20RNA
|
A guide RNA (gRNA) is a piece of RNA that functions as a guide for RNA- or DNA-targeting enzymes, with which it forms complexes. Very often these enzymes will delete, insert or otherwise alter the targeted RNA or DNA. They occur naturally, serving important functions, but can also be designed to be used for targeted editing, such as with CRISPR-Cas9 and CRISPR-Cas12.
History
RNA-editing Guide RNA was discovered in 1990 by B. Blum, N. Bakalara, and L. Simpson in maxicircle DNA and contains sequences matching those within the edited regions of the mRNA. They enable the cleavage, insertion, and deletion of bases.
Guide RNA in Protists
Trypanosomatid protists and other kinetoplastids have a novel post-transcriptional mitochondrial RNA modification process known as "RNA editing". They have a large segment of highly organized DNA segments in their mitochondria. This mitochondrial DNA is circular and is divided into maxicircles and minicircles. A cell contains about 20-50 maxicircles which have both coding and non coding regions. The coding region is highly conserved (16-17kb) and the non-coding region varies depending on the species. Minicircles are small but more numerous than maxicircles. Minicircles constitute 95% of the mass of kinetoplastid DNA. Maxicircles can encode "cryptogenes" and some gRNAs; minicircles can encode the majority of gRNAs. As many as 1000 gRNAs can be encoded by 250 or more minicircles. Some gRNA genes show identical insertion and deletion sites even if t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD50
|
Rad50 may refer to:
RADIX-50, a character encoding scheme in computing
RAD50 (gene), in biology, encodes a DNA repair protein involved in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunica%20vaginalis
|
The tunica vaginalis is a pouch of serous membrane within the scrotum that lines the testis and epididymis (visceral layer of tunica vaginalis), and the inner surface of the scrotum (parietal layer of tunica vaginalis). It is the outermost of the three layers that constitute the capsule of the testis, with the tunica albuginea of penis situated beneath it.
It is the remnant of a pouch of peritoneum which is pulled into the scrotum by the testis as it descends out of the abdominal cavity during foetal development.
Anatomy
Visceral layer
The visceral layer of tunica vaginalis of testis (lamina visceralis tunicae vaginalis testis) is the portion of the tunica vaginalis that covers the testis and epididymis. It is the superficial-most of the three layers that constitute the capsule of the testis, with the tunica albuginea of testis situated deep to it. Posteriorly, the visceral layer does not line the surface of the testis - instead, it passes onto the epididymis where the latter attaches to the testis before continuing onto the inner surface of the scrotum as the parietal layer.
Parietal layer
The parietal layer of tunica vaginalis of testis (lamina parietalis tunicae vaginalis testis) is the portion of the tunica vaginalis that lines the inner surface of the scrotum. It is supported by the internal spermatic fascia.
Cavity of the tunica vaginalis
The cavity of the tunica vaginalis (also: cavum of the tunica vaginalis, or cavum vaginale) is the cavity between the viscer
|
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