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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20George%20Ogston
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Alexander George Ogston FAA FRS (30 January 1911 – 29 June 1996) was a British biochemist who specialised in the thermodynamics of biological systems. He was a grandson of Sir Alexander Ogston, a Scottish surgeon who discovered Staphylococcus.
Life
Ogston was educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford. Apart from a period as Freedom Research Fellow at the London Hospital, he spent most of his career at Oxford, being appointed Demonstrator (1938) and Reader (1955) in Biochemistry, and Fellow and Tutor in Physical Chemistry at Balliol (1937). In that capacity he had a major influence on other distinguished scientists, such as the Nobel prizewinner Oliver Smithies, who wrote his first paper with him, and Richard Dawkins, who chose to study zoology on his recommendation. In 1959 he took up an appointment as Professor of Physical Biochemistry at the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, where he remained until 1970, when he returned to Oxford as President of Trinity College. On his retirement in 1978, he held visiting fellowships at the Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia and the John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU. Ogston was elected FRS in 1955, and was awarded the Davy Medal in 1986.
Research
Ogston studied potentiometric titration of amino acids in non-aqueous solvents. He was particularly interested in sinovial fluid, and fibrous proteins. More generally, he worked on the use of physico-chemic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Palace%20circuit
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Crystal Palace circuit is a former motor racing circuit in Crystal Palace Park in the Crystal Palace area of south London, England. The route of the track is still largely extant but the roads are now mainly used for access to the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre located in the park, and to events within the upper parts of Crystal Palace Park. Some parts of the track are closed off but part is used for an annual Sprint Meeting held on the Spring Bank Holiday weekend, until 2017, when it was held on the August holiday weekend.
History
The circuit opened in 1927 and the first race, for motorcycles, was on 21 May 1927. The circuit was long, and ran on existing paths through the park, including an infield loop past the lake. The surface had tarmac-covered bends, but the straights only had hard-packed gravel.
Improvements begun in December 1936 increased the circuit to , and tarmac covered the entire length. 20 cars entered the first London Grand Prix on 17 July 1937, a race eventually won by Prince Bira in his ERA R2B Romulus at an average speed of . Later that year, during the International Imperial Trophy meeting also won by Bira, the BBC broadcast the first ever televised motor racing.
With the outbreak of World War II, the park was taken over by the Ministry of Defence, and it would not be until 1953 that race meetings could take place again. The circuit had been reduced in length to , bypassing the loop past the lake, and pressure from the local residents led to a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinarian%20system
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The quinarian system was a method of zoological classification which was popular in the mid 19th century, especially among British naturalists. It was largely developed by the entomologist William Sharp Macleay in 1819. The system was further promoted in the works of Nicholas Aylward Vigors, William John Swainson and Johann Jakob Kaup. Swainson's work on ornithology gave wide publicity to the idea. The system had opponents even before the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859), which paved the way for evolutionary trees.
Classification approach
Quinarianism gets its name from the emphasis on the number five: it proposed that all taxa are divisible into five subgroups, and if fewer than five subgroups were known, quinarians believed that a missing subgroup remained to be found.
Presumably this arose as a chance observation of some accidental analogies between different groups, but it was erected into a guiding principle by the quinarians. It became increasingly elaborate, proposing that each group of five classes could be arranged in a circle, with those closer together having greater affinities. Typically they were depicted with relatively advanced groups at the top, and supposedly degenerate forms towards the bottom. Each circle could touch or overlap with adjacent circles; the equivalent overlapping of actual groups in nature was called osculation.
Another aspect of the system was the identification of analogies across groups:
Quinarianism was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetical%20protein
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In biochemistry, a hypothetical protein is a protein whose existence has been predicted, but for which there is a lack of experimental evidence that it is expressed in vivo. Sequencing of several genomes has resulted in numerous predicted open reading frames to which functions cannot be readily assigned. These proteins, either orphan or conserved hypothetical proteins, make up an estimated 20% to 40% of proteins encoded in each newly sequenced genome. The real evidences for the hypothetical protein functioning in the metabolism of the organism can be predicted by comparing its sequence or structure homology by considering the conserved domain analysis. Even when there is enough evidence that the product of the gene is expressed, by techniques such as microarray and mass spectrometry, it is difficult to assign a function to it given its lack of identity to protein sequences with annotated biochemical function. Nowadays, most protein sequences are inferred from computational analysis of genomic DNA sequence. Hypothetical proteins are created by gene prediction software during genome analysis. When the bioinformatic tool used for the gene identification finds a large open reading frame without a characterised homologue in the protein database, it returns "hypothetical protein" as an annotation remark.
The function of a hypothetical protein can be predicted by domain homology searches with various confidence levels. Conserved domains are available in the hypothetical proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advantage%20%28cryptography%29
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In cryptography, an adversary's advantage is a measure of how successfully it can attack a cryptographic algorithm, by distinguishing it from an idealized version of that type of algorithm. Note that in this context, the "adversary" is itself an algorithm and not a person. A cryptographic algorithm is considered secure if no adversary has a non-negligible advantage, subject to specified bounds on the adversary's computational resources (see concrete security). "Negligible" usually means "within O(2−p)" where p is a security parameter associated with the algorithm. For example, p might be the number of bits in a block cipher's key.
Description of concept
Let F be an oracle for the function being studied, and let G be an oracle for an idealized function of that type. The adversary A is a probabilistic algorithm, given F or G as input, and which outputs 1 or 0. A's job is to distinguish F from G, based on making queries to the oracle that it's given. We say:
Examples
Let F be a random instance of the DES block cipher. This cipher has 64-bit blocks and a 56-bit key. The key therefore selects one of a family of 256 permutations on the 264 possible 64-bit blocks. A "random DES instance" means our oracle F computes DES using some key K (which is unknown to the adversary) where K is selected from the 256 possible keys with equal probability.
We want to compare the DES instance with an idealized 64-bit block cipher, meaning a permutation selected at random from the (26
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarum%20%28band%29
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Alarum is also the Shakespearian spelling for alarm.
Alarum is an Australian progressive metal band which formed in 1992. Their first album, Fluid Motion, was self-released in 1998. The second album, Eventuality..., was released in Australia and United States on Willowtip Records in October 2004 and in Europe on Earache Records in June 2005. From April to June 2006 Alarum toured US with Necrophagist, Arsis, Cattle Decapitation and Neuraxis. They followed with shows in the United Kingdom and Ireland with Obituary. The group's third album, Natural Causes, was issued in Australia and US in October 2011 and in Europe in January 2012. Alarum released their fourth album Circle’s End in June 2020.
History
Alarum is an Australian progressive metal and technical death metal band which formed in 1992 in Melbourne. The original line-up included Matthew Racovalis on drums, Mark A Evans and Christian Broome on guitar. Broome soon left the band. In 1994 Racovalis and Evans were joined by Luke Morris on vocals and Lester Perry on bass to record the track, "Silence", which was produced by Gary McKenzie; it appeared on the compilation album, Death Down Under (1994), on the Def label.
By late 1995 the line-up was Racovalis, Evans, Mark Palfreyman on bass guitar and vocals, and Scott Young on guitar.
Alarum is stylistically similar to early-1990s groups, Atheist and Cynic.
Alarum's first album, Fluid Motion, was self-released in 1998 on Prey Music. It had been recorded in August–September
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient%20matrix
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In linear algebra, a coefficient matrix is a matrix consisting of the coefficients of the variables in a set of linear equations. The matrix is used in solving systems of linear equations.
Coefficient matrix
In general, a system with linear equations and unknowns can be written as
where are the unknowns and the numbers are the coefficients of the system. The coefficient matrix is the matrix with the coefficient as the th entry:
Then the above set of equations can be expressed more succinctly as
where is the coefficient matrix and is the column vector of constant terms.
Relation of its properties to properties of the equation system
By the Rouché–Capelli theorem, the system of equations is inconsistent, meaning it has no solutions, if the rank of the augmented matrix (the coefficient matrix augmented with an additional column consisting of the vector ) is greater than the rank of the coefficient matrix. If, on the other hand, the ranks of these two matrices are equal, the system must have at least one solution. The solution is unique if and only if the rank equals the number of variables. Otherwise the general solution has free parameters; hence in such a case there are an infinitude of solutions, which can be found by imposing arbitrary values on of the variables and solving the resulting system for its unique solution; different choices of which variables to fix, and different fixed values of them, give different system solutions.
Dynamic equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad2
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Mad2 (mitotic arrest deficient 2) is an essential spindle checkpoint protein. The spindle checkpoint system is a regulatory system that restrains progression through the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. The Mad2 gene was first identified in the yeast S. cerevisiae in a screen for genes which when mutated would confer sensitivity to microtubule poisons. The human orthologues of Mad2 (MAD2L1 and MAD2L2) were first cloned in a search for human cDNAs that would rescue the microtubule poison-sensitivity of a yeast strain in which a kinetochore binding protein was missing. The protein was shown to be present at unattached kinetochores and antibody inhibition studies demonstrated it was essential to execute a block in the metaphase-to-anaphase transition in response to the microtubule poison nocodazole. Subsequent cloning of the Xenopus laevis orthologue, facilitated by the sharing of the human sequence, allowed for the characterization of the mitotic checkpoint in egg extracts.
Metaphase-to-anaphase transition
Progression from metaphase to anaphase is marked by sister chromatid separation. The cell cycle surveillance mechanism that prevents sister-chromatid separation and transition into anaphase is called the spindle checkpoint. As a safeguard against chromosome segregation errors, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) delays anaphase until all sister chromatid pairs have become bipolarly attached.
Once microtubules attach to kinetochores, chromosomes are aligned on the me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interosseous%20membrane
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An interosseous membrane is a thick dense fibrous sheet of connective tissue that spans the space between two bones, forming a type of syndesmosis joint.
Interosseous membranes in the human body:
Interosseous membrane of forearm
Interosseous membrane of leg
Gallery
Notes
External links
Skeletal system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neugebauer%20equations
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The Neugebauer equations are a set of equations used to model color printing systems, developed by Hans E. J. Neugebauer. They were intended to predict the color produced by a combination of halftones printed in cyan, magenta, and yellow inks.
The equations estimate the reflectance (in CIE XYZ coordinates or as a function of wavelength) as a function of the reflectance of the 8 possible combinations of CMY inks (or the 16 combinations of CMYK inks), weighted by the area they take up on the paper. In wavelength form:
where Ri(λ) is the reflectance of ink combination i, and wi is the relative proportions of the 16 colors in a uniformly colored patch. The weights are dependent on the halftone pattern and possibly subject to various forms of dot gain.
Light can interact with the paper and ink in more complex ways. The Yule–Nielsen correction takes into account light entering through blank regions and re-emerging through ink:
The factor n would be 2 for a perfectly diffusing Lambertian paper substrate, but can be adjusted based on empirical measurements. Further considerations of the optics, such as multiple internal reflections, can be added at the price of additional complexity.
In order to achieve a desired reflectance, these equations have to be inverted to produce the actual dot areas or digital values sent to the printer, a nontrivial operation that may have multiple solutions.
See also
CMYK color model
References
Equations
Color
Printing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Biodiversity%20Target
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The 2010 Biodiversity Target was an overall conservation target aiming to halt the decline of biodiversity by the end of 2010. The world largely failed to meet the target.
History of the 2010 Biodiversity Target
It was first adopted by EU Heads of State at the EU Summit in Gothenburg, Sweden, in June 2001. They decided that "biodiversity decline should be halted with the aim of reaching this objective by 2010".
One year later, the Convention on Biological Diversity's sixth Conference of the Parties adopted the Strategic Plan for the Convention in Decision VI/26. The Decision says "Parties commit themselves to a more effective and coherent implementation of the three objectives of the Convention, to achieve by 2010 a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national level as a contribution to poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all life on earth."
The World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002 confirmed the 2010 Biodiversity Target and called for "the achievement by 2010 of a significant reduction in the current rate of loss of biological diversity".
In 2003, Environment Ministers and Heads of delegation from 51 countries in the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) region adopted the Kiev Resolution on Biodiversity at the fifth Ministerial Conference "Environment for Europe" and decided to "reinforce our objective to halt the loss of biological diversity at all levels by the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Symphony
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Crystal Symphony was a cruise ship owned and operated by Crystal Cruises before the line went out of business. She was built in 1995 at Kværner Masa-Yards Turku New Shipyard, Finland. She was the oldest vessel in the Crystal Cruises fleet.
Concept and construction
Crystal Symphony was ordered in December 1992 and entered service in May 1995.
The ship was docked in Sydney Harbour for the Olympics in 2000.
The ship was refitted a second time in 2006. This process, which cost US$23 million, was the largest refit ever for Crystal Cruises. During this refit, Crystal employed over 750 external workers to join the existing 545 crew to ensure a timely completion. The refit was done in BAE Systems Norfolk Ship Repair in Norfolk, Virginia.
In 2009 Crystal Symphony underwent a third refit costing US$25 million. The refit was completed at Boston Ship Repair's South Boston Dry dock.
In June 2012, the ship completed a two-week "extreme makeover" done by 1,100 workers (including the crew) at the Blohm + Voss docks in Germany.
Arrest
In January 2022, a warrant was issued for the arrest of the ship should she reenter US waters. The issue was unpaid fuel bills. The ship diverted to Bimini and made arrangements to shuttle its passengers back to the United States. On 4 February 2022, both Crystal Symphony and her sister, Crystal Serenity were arrested while in Bahamian waters. The total amount owed for fuel was reported to be about 4.6 million dollars.
In June 2022 she was sold at auctio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Serenity
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Crystal Serenity is a cruise ship owned by Crystal Cruises before the line went out business. Crystal Serenity was built in 2003 by Chantiers de l'Atlantique in St. Nazaire. She operated together with her older fleetmate, Crystal Symphony, offering around the world voyages.
Concept and construction
Crystal Serenity was ordered from Chantiers de l'Atlantique on 7 November 2000. The keel of Crystal Serenity was laid on 13 June 2002 and she was launched on 10 August 2002 being completed on 30 June 2003. She was formally named on 3 July 2003, by Dame Julie Andrews, in Southampton, United Kingdom.
The lead designer of Crystal Serenity was Robert Tillberg of Tillberg Design. The other designers were the Italian Garroni Designers Company, Japanese Okada & Associates, American Nix Firestone Associates and II by IV design Associates, British Stephenjohn Design and was internally designed by Brennan Beer Gorman Monk (BBGM) of New York.
In November 2018 she emerged from an extensive redesign at Lloyd Werft Bremerhaven.
Mama Lee Wachtstetter
Passenger Lee Wachtstetter, known as "Mama Lee", 88 years old in 2016, lived aboard the Crystal Serenity full-time. She was the longest permanent luxury cruise ship resident. In 2018, she reached 10 years living aboard the ship. She spent about US$170k a year to live on the ship full-time.
Ports of call
The maiden voyage of Crystal Serenity was on 7 July 2003, 4 days after her christening. It was a 14-day round-trip cruise, departing Southampton
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaefer%27s%20dichotomy%20theorem
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In computational complexity theory, a branch of computer science, Schaefer's dichotomy theorem, proved by Thomas Jerome Schaefer, states necessary and sufficient conditions under which a finite set S of relations over the Boolean domain yields polynomial-time or NP-complete problems when the relations of S are used to constrain some of the propositional variables.
It is called a dichotomy theorem because the complexity of the problem defined by S is either in P or is NP-complete, as opposed to one of the classes of intermediate complexity that is known to exist (assuming P ≠ NP) by Ladner's theorem.
Special cases of Schaefer's dichotomy theorem include the NP-completeness of SAT (the Boolean satisfiability problem) and its two popular variants 1-in-3 SAT and not-all-equal 3SAT (often denoted by NAE-3SAT). In fact, for these two variants of SAT, Schaefer's dichotomy theorem shows that their monotone versions (where negations of variables are not allowed) are also NP-complete.
Original presentation
Schaefer defines a decision problem that he calls the Generalized Satisfiability problem for S (denoted by SAT(S)), where is a finite set of relations over the binary domain . An instance of the problem is an S-formula, i.e. a conjunction of constraints of the form where and the are propositional variables. The problem is to determine whether the given formula is satisfiable, in other words if the variables can be assigned values such that they satisfy all the constraints as g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USW
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USW may refer to:
Ultra-shortwave, see: Very high frequency
United Steelworkers, North American labor union
University of South Wales, a British University
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Union of Soviet Writers
German abbreviation for "und so weiter", meaning et cetera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20balance
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The law of water balance states that the inflows to any water system or area is equal to its outflows plus change in storage during a time interval. In hydrology, a water balance equation can be used to describe the flow of water in and out of a system. A system can be one of several hydrological or water domains, such as a column of soil, a drainage basin, an irrigation area or a city.
The water balance is also referred to as a water budget. Developing water budgets is a fundamental activity in the science of hydrology. According to the US Geological Survey:
Equation for a basin
A general water balance equation is:
where
is precipitation
is streamflow
is evapotranspiration
is the change in storage (in soil or the bedrock / groundwater)
This equation uses the principles of conservation of mass in a closed system, whereby any water entering a system (via precipitation), must be transferred into either evaporation, transpiration, surface runoff (eventually reaching the channel and leaving in the form of river discharge), or stored in the ground. This equation requires the system to be closed, and where it is not (for example when surface runoff contributes to a different basin), this must be taken into account.
Extensive water balances are discussed in agricultural hydrology.
A water balance can be used to help manage water supply and predict where there may be water shortages. It is also used in irrigation, runoff assessment (e.g. through the RainOff model ), flood
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routh%27s%20theorem
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In geometry, Routh's theorem determines the ratio of areas between a given triangle and a triangle formed by the pairwise intersections of three cevians. The theorem states that if in triangle points , , and lie on segments , , and , then writing , , and , the signed area of the triangle formed by the cevians , , and is
where is the area of the triangle .
This theorem was given by Edward John Routh on page 82 of his Treatise on Analytical Statics with Numerous Examples in 1896. The particular case has become popularized as the one-seventh area triangle. The case implies that the three medians are concurrent (through the centroid).
Proof
Suppose that the area of triangle is 1. For triangle and line using Menelaus's theorem, We could obtain:
Then
So the area of triangle is:
Similarly, we could know: and
Thus the area of triangle is:
Citations
The citation commonly given for Routh's theorem is Routh's Treatise on Analytical Statics with Numerous Examples, Volume 1, Chap. IV, in the second edition of 1896
p. 82, possibly because that edition has been easier to hand. However, Routh gave the theorem already in the first edition of 1891, Volume 1, Chap. IV, p. 89. Although there is a change in pagination between the editions, the wording of the relevant footnote remained the same.
Routh concludes his extended footnote with a caveat:
"The author has not met with these expressions for the areas of two triangles that often occur. He has therefore placed them he
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroacetanilide
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4-Nitroacetanilide is a chemical compound which is a nitro derivative of acetanilide. There are two other isomers of nitroacetanilide, 2-nitroacetanilide and 3-nitroacetanilide.
4-Nitroacetanilide is used as in intermediate in the production of some dyes.
References
Acetanilides
Nitrobenzenes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gp41
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Gp41 also known as glycoprotein 41 is a subunit of the envelope protein complex of retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Gp41 is a transmembrane protein that contains several sites within its ectodomain that are required for infection of host cells. As a result of its importance in host cell infection, it has also received much attention as a potential target for HIV vaccines.
Gene and post-translational modifications
Gp41 is coded with gp120 as one gp160 by the env gene of HIV. Gp160 is then extensively glycosylated and proteolytically cleaved by furin, a host cellular protease. The high glycosylation of the env coded glycoproteins allows them to escape the human body's immune system. In contrast to gp120, however, gp41 is less glycosylated and more conserved (less prone to genetic variations). Once gp160 has been cleaved into its individual subunits, the subunits are then associated non-covalently on the surface of the viral envelope.
Structure
Gp41 and gp120, when non-covalently bound to each other, are referred to as the envelope spike complex and are formed as a heterotrimer of three gp41 and three gp120. These complexes found on the surface of HIV are responsible for the attachment, fusion, and ultimately the infection of host cells. The structure is cage-like with a hollow center that inhibits antibody access. While gp120 sits on the surface of the viral envelope, gp41 is the transmembrane portion of the spike protein complex with a portion o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV%20tropism
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HIV tropism refers to the cell type in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and replicates. HIV tropism of a patient's virus is measured by the Trofile assay.
HIV can infect a variety of cells such as CD4+ helper T-cells and macrophages that express the CD4 molecule on their surface. HIV-1 entry to macrophages and T helper cells is mediated not only through interaction of the virion envelope glycoproteins (gp120) with the CD4 molecule on the target cells but also with its chemokine coreceptors.
Macrophage (M-tropic) strains of HIV-1, or non-syncitia-inducing strains (NSI) use the beta-chemokine receptor CCR5 for entry and are thus able to replicate in macrophages and CD4+ T-cells. These strains are now called R5 viruses. The normal ligands for this receptor—RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β and MIP-1α—are able to suppress HIV-1 infection in vitro. This CCR5 coreceptor is used by almost all primary HIV-1 isolates regardless of viral genetic subtype.
T-tropic isolates, or syncitia-inducing (SI) strains replicate in primary CD4+ T-cells as well as in macrophages and use the alpha-chemokine receptor, CXCR4, for entry. These strains are now called X4 viruses. The alpha-chemokine SDF-1, a ligand for CXCR4, suppresses replication of T-tropic HIV-1 isolates. It does this by downregulating the expression of CXCR4 on the surface of these cells.
Viruses that use only the CCR5 receptor are termed R5, those that only use CXCR4 are termed X4, and those
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman%20sprinkler
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A Feynman sprinkler, also referred to as a Feynman inverse sprinkler or reverse sprinkler, is a sprinkler-like device which is submerged in a tank and made to suck in the surrounding fluid. The question of how such a device would turn was the subject of an intense and remarkably long-lived debate. The device generally remains steady with no rotation, though with sufficiently low friction and high rate of inflow, it has been seen to turn weakly in the opposite direction of a conventional sprinkler.
A regular sprinkler has nozzles arranged at angles on a freely rotating wheel such that when water is pumped out of them, the resulting jets cause the wheel to rotate; both a Catherine wheel and the aeolipile ("Hero's engine") work on the same principle. A "reverse" or "inverse" sprinkler would operate by aspirating the surrounding fluid instead. The problem is now commonly associated with theoretical physicist Richard Feynman, who mentions it in his bestselling memoirs Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! The problem did not originate with Feynman, nor did he publish a solution to it.
History
The first documented treatment of the problem is in chapter III, section III of Ernst Mach's textbook The Science of Mechanics, first published in 1883. There, Mach reported that the device showed "no distinct rotation." In the early 1940s (and apparently without awareness of Mach's earlier discussion), the problem began to circulate among members of the physics department at Princeton Unive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartment%20%28development%29
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Compartments can be simply defined as separate, different, adjacent cell populations, which upon juxtaposition, create a lineage boundary. This boundary prevents cell movement from cells from different lineages across this barrier, restricting them to their compartment. Subdivisions are established by morphogen gradients and maintained by local cell-cell interactions, providing functional units with domains of different regulatory genes, which give rise to distinct fates.
Compartment boundaries are found across species. In the hindbrain of vertebrate embryos, rhombomeres are compartments of common lineage outlined by expression of Hox genes. In invertebrates, the wing imaginal disc of Drosophila provides an excellent model for the study of compartments. Although other tissues, such as the abdomen, and even other imaginal discs are compartmentalized, much of our understanding of key concepts and molecular mechanisms involved in compartment boundaries has been derived from experimentation in the wing disc of the fruit fly.
Function
By separating different cell populations, the fate of these compartments are highly organized and regulated. In addition, this separation creates a region of specialized cells close to the boundary, which serves as a signaling center for the patterning, polarizing and proliferation of the entire disc. Compartment boundaries establish these organizing centers by providing the source of morphogens that are responsible for the positional informati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Prisoner%20characters%20%E2%80%93%20inmates
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This is a list of all inmates of the fictitious Wentworth Detention Centre in the television series Prisoner, known as Prisoner: Cell Block H in The United States and Britain and Caged Women in Canada. Note that episode numbers cited are for first and last appearances; many characters had spells where they were absent for long periods of time and subsequently returned. Also, characters' appearances in recaps are not included if they died in the previous episode, unless their corpse is seen at the beginning of the next episode (e.g. Paddy Lawson):
Characters list
See also
List of Prisoner characters – prison staff
List of Prisoner characters - miscellaneous
References
Lists of Prisoner (TV series) characters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QJ
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QJ may refer to:
QJ, a UHF band radio frequency
QJ (New York City Subway service), a defunct New York City Subway service, now superseded by the J/Z services
ATCvet code QJ Antiinfectives for systemic use, a section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System for veterinary medicinal products
China Railways QJ, a Chinese 2-10-2 steam locomotive
Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics
Quarterly Journal of Economics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical%20modes
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The rhetorical modes (also known as modes of discourse) are a broad traditional classification of the major kinds of formal and academic writing (including speech-writing) by their purpose: narration, description, exposition, and argumentation. First attempted by Samuel P. Newman in A Practical System of Rhetoric in 1827, the modes of discourse have long influenced US writing instruction and particularly the design of mass-market writing assessments, despite critiques of the explanatory power of these classifications for non-school writing.
Definitions
Different definitions of mode apply to different types of writing.
Chris Baldick defines mode as an unspecific critical term usually designating a broad but identifiable kind of literary method, mood, or manner that is not tied exclusively to a particular form or genre. Examples are the satiric mode, the ironic, the comic, the pastoral, and the didactic.
Frederick Crews uses the term to mean a type of essay and categorizes essays as falling into four types, corresponding to four basic functions of prose: narration, or telling; description, or picturing; exposition, or explaining; and argument, or convincing. This is probably the most commonly accepted definition.
Susan Anker distinguishes between nine different modes of essay writing: narration, or writing that tells stories; illustration, or writing that gives examples; description, or writing that creates pictures in words; process analysis, or writing that explains
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia%20Derivatives%20Exchange
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The Malaysia Derivatives Exchange (MDEX), also known as Malaysian Distribution Exchange, is a limited share company formed during June 2001 in Malaysia through the merger of the Kuala Lumpur Options and Financial Futures Exchange (KLOFFE) and the Commodity and Monetary Exchange of Malaysia (COMMEX Malaysia). It is a subsidiary of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE).
MDEX is fully electronic, using the KLOFFE Automated Trading System (KATS). The exchange's most active contract is crude palm oil futures. It also trades futures and options on the KLSE Composite Index, three-month KLIBOR (Kuala Lumpur Interbank Offered Rate) futures, and five-year Malaysian Government securities futures. All derivatives except crude palm oil are cash settled. The KATS system has two trading sessions, separated by a lunch break. Trading is done Monday through Friday, from 8:45 a.m. to 6 p.m.
History
The Kuala Lumpur Commodity Exchange (KLCE) was the first futures exchange in Malaysia and all of Southeast Asia, established in 1980. In 1996, the Malaysian Monetary Exchange was incorporated to assist in the exchange's expansion to financial futures. The Commodity and Monetary Exchange of Malaysia (COMEX) succeeded the KLCE and the Malaysia Commodity Exchange, a subsidiary of the former KLCE. It merged with the Kuala Lumpur Options and Financial Futures Exchange (KLOFFE) in December 2000 and formed the Malaysia Derivatives Exchange (MDEX).
Strategic Partnership
The MDEX entered a partnership wit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticella
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Vorticella is a genus of bell-shaped ciliates that have stalks to attach themselves to substrates. The stalks have contractile myonemes, allowing them to pull the cell body against substrates. The formation of the stalk happens after the free-swimming stage.
Etymology
The organism is named Vorticella due to the beating cilia creating whirlpools, or vortices. It is also known as the “Bell Animalcule” due to its bell-shaped body.
History
Vorticella was first described by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in a letter dated October 9, 1676. Leeuwenhoek thought that Vorticella had two horns moving like horse ears near the oral part, which turned out to be oral cilia beating to create water flow. In 1755, German miniature painter August Johann Rösel described Vorticella, which was named Hydra convallaria by Linnaeus in 1758. However, in 1767, it was renamed Vorticella convallaria. Otto Friedrich Müller listed 127 species of Vorticella in 1786, but many are now known to actually be other protozoans or rotifers. The definition of Vorticella that is still used today was first given by Ehrenberg in 1838. Since then, 80 more species have been described, although many may be synonyms of earlier species.
Habitat and ecology
Habitats may include moist soil, mud and plant roots. This protozoan is ciliated and is mainly found in fresh water environments. They are known to feed on bacteria and can also form extracellular associations with mosquitoes, nematodes, prawns and tadpoles. Vorticella ha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxonomy
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Merriam-Webster defines chemotaxonomy as the method of biological classification based on similarities and dissimilarity in the structure of certain compounds among the organisms being classified. Advocates argue that, as proteins are more closely controlled by genes and less subjected to natural selection than the anatomical features, they are more reliable indicators of genetic relationships. The compounds studied most are proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids, peptides etc.
Physiology is the study of working of organs in a living being. Since working of the organs involves chemicals of the body, these compounds are called biochemical evidences. The study of morphological change has shown that there are changes in the structure of animals which result in evolution. When changes take place in the structure of a living organism, they will naturally be accompanied by changes in the physiological or biochemical processes.
John Griffith Vaughan was one of the pioneers of chemotaxonomy.
Biochemical products
The body of any animal in the animal kingdom is made up of a number of chemicals. Of these, only a few biochemical products have been taken into consideration to derive evidence for evolution.
Protoplasm: Every living cell, from a bacterium to an elephant, from grasses to the blue whale, has protoplasm. Though the complexity and constituents of the protoplasm increases from lower to higher living organism, the basic compound is always the protoplasm. Evolutionary significan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culex
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Culex or the typical mosquitos are a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. The diseases they vector include arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, or St. Louis encephalitis, but also filariasis and avian malaria. They occur worldwide except for the extreme northern parts of the temperate zone, and are the most common form of mosquito encountered in some major U.S. cities, such as Los Angeles.
Etymology
In naming this genus, Carl Linnaeus appropriated the nonspecific Latin term for a midge or gnat: .
Description
Depending on the species, the adult Culex mosquito may measure from . The adult morphology is typical of flies in the suborder Nematocera with the head, thorax, and abdomen clearly defined and the two forewings held horizontally over the abdomen when at rest. As in all Diptera capable of flight, the second pair of wings is reduced and modified into tiny, inconspicuous halteres.
Formal identification is important in mosquito control, but it is demanding and requires careful measurements of bodily proportions and noting the presence or absence of various bristles or other bodily features.
In the field, informal identification is more often important, and the first question as a rule is whether the mosquito is anopheline or culicine. Given a specimen in good condition, one of the first things to notice is the length of the maxillary palps. Espe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDHB
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Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial (SDHB) also known as iron-sulfur subunit of complex II (Ip) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHB gene.
The succinate dehydrogenase (also called SDH or Complex II) protein complex catalyzes the oxidation of succinate (succinate + ubiquinone => fumarate + ubiquinol). SDHB is one of four protein subunits forming succinate dehydrogenase, the other three being SDHA, SDHC and SDHD. The SDHB subunit is connected to the SDHA subunit on the hydrophilic, catalytic end of the SDH complex. It is also connected to the SDHC/SDHD subunits on the hydrophobic end of the complex anchored in the mitochondrial membrane. The subunit is an iron-sulfur protein with three iron-sulfur clusters. It weighs 30 kDa.
Structure
The gene that codes for the SDHB protein is nuclear, not mitochondrial DNA. However, the expressed protein is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The location of the gene in humans is on the first chromosome at locus p36.1-p35. The gene is coded in 1,162 base pairs, partitioned in 8 exons. The expressed protein weighs 31.6 kDa and is composed of 280 amino acids. SDHB contains the iron-sulphur clusters necessary for tunneling electrons through the complex. It is located between SDHA and the two transmembrane subunits SDHC and SDHD.
Function
The SDH complex is located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria and participates in both the Citric Acid Cycle and Respiratory chain. S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoware
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Memoware is a term originally coined in 1996 for data formatted for the Memopad application that was shipped with the original U.S. Robotics Pilot (now Palm) Personal Digital Assistant. The MemoWare website was started shortly afterward by Craig Froehle as a central repository for memoware, and now hosts thousands of documents (in various formats) for Palm OS devices and other handhelds.
History
The idea and the name came out of discussions on a Pilot-related email list (managed by Tracy R. Reed) in August and September 1996. The term was probably coined by Bill Raynor in an email of 30 Aug 1996, wherein he said: "I've made up a number of tables of statistical distributions ... for my own use. Is this a category that the list would like to see circulated? (call it memoware?)". He emailed this list on 7 September in an email with the subject line: Pilot: Memoware - statistical tables".
On 12 September Jeffrey Macko wrote, on the subject of maintaining grocery lists on the Pilot: "I'm half tempted to start a pilot site for small useful databases." and Craig Froehle replied "I think that if everybody mailed you their lists of useful stuff, and you put them on a web page for us to copy-n-paste into the Pilot desktop PIM, that'd be real handy."
The following day, a list-member called QuZaX reported that he was working on early content, including weights and measures, the Periodic table, and other elements. On 14 September QuZax reminded the list that the data tables would
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorosilicate%20glass
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Fluorosilicate glass (FSG) is a glass material composed primarily of fluorine, silicon and oxygen. It has a number of uses in industry and manufacturing, especially in semiconductor fabrication where it forms an insulating dielectric. The related fluorosilicate glass-ceramics have good mechanical and chemical properties.
Semiconductor fabrication
FSG has a small relative dielectric constant (low-κ dielectric) and is used in between metal copper interconnect layers during silicon integrated circuit fabrication process. It is widely used by semiconductor fabrication plants on geometries under 0.25 microns (μ). FSG is effectively a fluorine-containing silicon dioxide (κ=3.5, while κ of undoped silicon dioxide is 3.9). FSG is used by IBM. Intel started using Cu metal layers and FSG on its 1.2 GHz Pentium processor at 130 nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS). Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) combined FSG and copper in the Altera APEX.
Fluorosilicate glass-ceramics
Fluorosilicate glass-ceramics are crystalline or semi-crystalline solids formed by careful cooling of molten fluorosilicate glass. They have good mechanical properties.
Potassium fluororichterite based materials are composed from tiny interlocked rod-shaped amphibole crystals; they have good resistance to chemicals and can be used in microwave ovens. Richterite glass-ceramics are used for high-performance tableware.
Fluorosilicate glass-ceramics with sheet structure, derived from mica, a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrullination
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Citrullination or deimination is the conversion of the amino acid arginine in a protein into the amino acid citrulline. Citrulline is not one of the 20 standard amino acids encoded by DNA in the genetic code. Instead, it is the result of a post-translational modification. Citrullination is distinct from the formation of the free amino acid citrulline as part of the urea cycle or as a byproduct of enzymes of the nitric oxide synthase family.
Enzymes called arginine deiminases (ADIs) catalyze the deimination of free arginine, while protein arginine deiminases or peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) replace the primary ketimine group (>C=NH) by a ketone group (>C=O). Arginine is positively charged at a neutral pH, whereas citrulline has no net charge. This increases the hydrophobicity of the protein, which can lead to changes in protein folding, affecting the structure and function.
The immune system can attack citrullinated proteins, leading to autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Fibrin and fibrinogen may be favored sites for arginine deimination within rheumatoid joints. Test for presence of anti-citrullinated protein (ACP) antibodies are highly specific (88–96%) for rheumatoid arthritis, about as sensitive as rheumatoid factor (70–78%) for diagnosis of RA, and are detectable from even before the onset of clinical disease.
Citrullinated vimentin may be an autoantigen in RA and other autoimmune diseases, and is used to study RA.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Tour%20de%20France%20secondary%20classification%20winners
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The Tour de France is a road cycling stage race held since 1903 over a current period of three weeks, although it was not staged from 1915 to 1918 and from 1940 to 1946, because of the First World War and Second World War respectively.
The winner of the Tour de France is determined by the general classification. In addition, there are some secondary classifications. The mountains classification, first calculated in 1933 and first associated with the polkadot jersey in 1975;
To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the race in 1953, the points classification was reintroduced, having previously been the main classification from 1905 to 1912 inclusive. It rewarded the consistent finishers in individual stages by awarding points depending on the placing at the end of the stage and, from 1966 onwards, at any designated intermediate points along the route. From 1966 to 1989 inclusive, a separate classification was included solely for points awarded at these intermediate 'hot spots' or 'sprints' and from 1984 onward associated with the award of a red jersey. In 1975, the Tour organisers launched the young rider classification, replacing the 'combination' classification run since 1968 for 'overall best rider' based on points awarded from the general, mountain and points classification- although the combination classification was subsequently reintroduced from 1980 to 1989 inclusive. Eddy Merckx in 1969 is the only rider to win the King of the Mountains, the points and the overall titl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%27s%20zebra
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Grant's zebra (Equus quagga boehmi) is the smallest of the seven subspecies of the plains zebra. This subspecies represents the zebra form of the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem and others across central Africa.
Distribution
This subspecies is distributed in Zambia west of the Luangwa river west to Kariba, Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, north to the Kibanzao Plateau, and in Tanzania north from Nyangaui and Kibwezi into southwestern Kenya as far as Sotik. It can also be found in eastern Kenya and east of the Great Rift Valley into southernmost Ethiopia. It occurs as far as the Juba River in Somalia.
Upper Zambezi zebra
Duncan (1992) recognized the Upper Zambezi zebra (Equus quagga zambeziensis Prazak, 1898). Groves and Bell (2004) came to the conclusion that the zebras from West Zambia and Malawi cannot be distinguished cranially and that they differ only slightly from other northern plains zebras. The minor size difference does not justify a separate subspecific status for the Upper Zambezi zebra. Therefore, they combine these zebras with Grant's zebra (Equus quagga boehmi).
Characteristics
This northern subspecies is vertically striped in front, horizontally on the back legs, and diagonally on the rump and hind flanks. Shadow stripes are absent or only poorly expressed. The stripes, as well as the inner spaces, are broad and well defined. Northerly specimens may lack a mane. Grant’s zebras grow to be about 182 to 243 cm (6–8 ft) long and tall, and g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20national%20parks%20of%20Venezuela
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The national parks of Venezuela are protected areas in Venezuela covering a wide range of habitats. In 2007 there were 43 national parks, covering 21.76% of Venezuela's territory.
Statistics
Every Venezuela state has one or more national parks.
5 national parks - Lara, Amazonas
4 national parks - Falcón, Mérida, Miranda, Portuguesa, and Táchira.
3 national parks - Apure, Sucre, and Trujillo.
2 national parks - Barinas, Bolívar, Carabobo, Distrito Capital, Guárico, Nueva Esparta, Yaracuy, and Zulia.
1 national park - Anzoátegui, Aragua, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Federal Dependencies, Monagas, and Vargas.
18 national parks are over 1000 km2; 15 over 2000 km2; 5 over 5000 km2 and 3 over 10,000 km2. The largest parks, in the Guayana Region, are Parima Tapirapecó National Park (39,000 km2) and Canaima National Park (30,000 km2).
List of national parks
See also
List of national parks
Venezuelan bolívar banknotes
References
External links
Instituto Nacional de Parques de Venezuela
Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ambiente (Ministry of Environment)
National Parks in Venezuela
Venezuela
National parks
National parks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavium
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Cavium was a fabless semiconductor company based in San Jose, California, specializing in ARM-based and MIPS-based network, video and security processors and SoCs. The company was co-founded in 2000 by Syed B. Ali and M. Raghib Hussain, who were introduced to each other by a Silicon Valley entrepreneur. Cavium offers processor- and board-level products targeting routers, switches, appliances, storage and servers.
The company went public in May 2007 with about 175 employees. As of 2011, following numerous acquisitions, it had about 850 employees worldwide, of whom about 250 were located at company headquarters in San Jose.
Cavium was acquired by Marvell Technology Group on July 6, 2018.
History
Name change
On June 17, 2011, Cavium Networks, Inc. changed their name to Cavium, Inc.
Acquisitions
Acquisition
In November 2017, Cavium's board of directors agreed to the company's purchase by Marvell Technology Group for $6 billion in cash and stock. The merger was finalized on July 6, 2018.
NSA Interference
On March 23, 2022, Cavium was named as an NSA "enabled" CPU vendor in a PhD thesis titled "Communication in a world of pervasive surveillance". The "enabled" term refers to a process with which a chip vendor has a backdoor introduced into their designs.
References
Semiconductor companies of the United States
Networking companies of the United States
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Companies based in San Jose, California
Electronics companies established in 2001
Am
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeuronStudio
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NeuronStudio was a non-commercial program created at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai by the Computational Neurobiology and Imaging Center. This program performed automatic tracing and reconstruction of neuron structures from confocal image stacks. The resulting models were then be exported to file using standard formats for further processing, modeling, or for statistical analyses. NeuronStudio handled morphologic details on scales spanning local Dendritic spine geometry through complex tree topology to the gross spatial arrangement of multi-neuron networks. Its capability for automated digitization avoided the subjective errors inherent in manual tracing. The program ceased to be supported in 2012 and the project pages were eventually removed from the ISMMS Website. Its documentation and the Windows source code however are still available via the Internet Archive.
Deconvolution
Deconvolution of imaged data is essential for accurate 3D reconstructions. Deconvolution is an image restoration approach where 'a priori' knowledge of the optical system in the form of a point spread function (PSF) is used to obtain a better estimate of the object. A point spread function can be either calculated from the actual microscope parameters, measured with beads, or estimated and iteratively refined (Blind deconvolution). PSFs can be adjusted locally to account for variations in refractive characteristics of the tissue with depth and sample characteristics. For automated use with l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay%20Mittal
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Sanjay Mittal is a Professor of computational fluid dynamics in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India.
Early life and education
After doing his B.Tech. from IIT Kanpur in 1988, he got enrolled at University of Minnesota, Twin Cities for M.S. program. He then received his Ph.D. and worked as a research associate under Tayfun Tezduyar.
Career
After working for two years at Army High Performance Computing center he returned to India and joined IIT Kanpur in the year of 1994 as an assistant professor.
Awards
Mittal has been the recipient of various awards.
2006 Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology
2015 G. D. Birla Award for Scientific Research
References
Indian aerospace engineers
IIT Kanpur alumni
Computational fluid dynamicists
Academic staff of IIT Kanpur
IIT Kanpur
Living people
University of Minnesota alumni
Indian fluid dynamicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economizer
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Economizers (US and Oxford spelling), or economisers (UK), are mechanical devices intended to reduce energy consumption, or to perform useful function such as preheating a fluid. The term economizer is used for other purposes as well. Boiler, power plant, heating, refrigeration, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) uses are discussed in this article. In simple terms, an economizer is a heat exchanger.
Stirling engine
Robert Stirling's innovative contribution to the design of hot air engines of 1816 was what he called the 'Economiser'. Now known as the regenerator, it stored heat from the hot portion of the engine as the air passed to the cold side, and released heat to the cooled air as it returned to the hot side. This innovation improved the efficiency of the Stirling engine enough to make it commercially successful in particular applications, and has since been a component of every air engine that is called a Stirling engine.
Boilers
In boilers, economizers are heat exchange devices that heat fluids, usually water, up to but not normally beyond the boiling point of that fluid. Economizers are so named because they can make use of the enthalpy in fluid streams that are hot, but not hot enough to be used in a boiler, thereby recovering more useful enthalpy and improving the boiler's efficiency. They are a device fitted to a boiler which saves energy by using the exhaust gases from the boiler to preheat the cold water used to fill it (the feed water).
Steam boilers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuser%20%28thermodynamics%29
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A diffuser is "a device for reducing the velocity and increasing the static pressure of a fluid passing through a system”. The fluid's static pressure rise as it passes through a duct is commonly referred to as pressure recovery. In contrast, a nozzle is used to increase the discharge velocity and lower the pressure of a fluid passing through it.
Frictional effects during analysis can sometimes be important, but usually they are neglected. Ducts containing fluids flowing at low velocity can usually be analyzed using Bernoulli's principle. Analyzing ducts flowing at higher velocities with Mach numbers in excess of 0.3 usually require compressible flow relations.
A typical subsonic diffuser is a duct that increases in area in the direction of flow. As the area increases, fluid velocity decreases, and static pressure rises.
Supersonic diffusers
A supersonic diffuser is a duct that decreases in area in the direction of flow which causes the fluid temperature, pressure, and density to increase, and velocity to decrease. These changes occur because the fluid is compressible. Shock waves may also play an important role in a supersonic diffuser.
Applications
Diffusers are very common in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems. Diffusers are used in both all-air and air-water HVAC systems, as part of room air distribution subsystems, and serve several purposes:
To deliver both conditioning and ventilating air
Evenly distribute the flow of air, in the desired di
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROSITE
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PROSITE is a protein database. It consists of entries describing the protein families, domains and functional sites as well as amino acid patterns and profiles in them. These are manually curated by a team of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and tightly integrated into Swiss-Prot protein annotation. PROSITE was created in 1988 by Amos Bairoch, who directed the group for more than 20 years. Since July 2018, the director of PROSITE and Swiss-Prot is Alan Bridge.
PROSITE's uses include identifying possible functions of newly discovered proteins and analysis of known proteins for previously undetermined activity. Properties from well-studied genes can be propagated to biologically related organisms, and for different or poorly known genes biochemical functions can be predicted from similarities. PROSITE offers tools for protein sequence analysis and motif detection (see sequence motif, PROSITE patterns). It is part of the ExPASy proteomics analysis servers.
The database ProRule builds on the domain descriptions of PROSITE. It provides additional information about functionally or structurally critical amino acids. The rules contain information about biologically meaningful residues, like active sites, substrate- or co-factor-binding sites, posttranslational modification sites or disulfide bonds, to help function determination. These can automatically generate annotation based on PROSITE motifs.
Statistics
, release 2022_01 has 1,902 documentation entries, 1,311 patterns, 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPB
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XPB (xeroderma pigmentosum type B) is an ATP-dependent DNA helicase in humans that is a part of the TFIIH transcription factor complex.
Structure
The 3D-structure of the archaeal homolog of XPB has been solved by X-ray crystallography by Dr. John Tainer and his group at The Scripps Research Institute.
Function
XPB plays a significant role in normal basal transcription, transcription coupled repair (TCR), and nucleotide excision repair (NER). Purified XPB has been shown to unwind DNA with 3’-5’ polarity.
The function of the XPB(ERCC3) protein in NER is to assist in unwinding the DNA double helix after damage is initially recognized. NER is a multi-step pathway that removes a wide range of different DNA damages that distort normal base pairing. Such damages include bulky chemical adducts, UV-induced pyrimidine dimers, and several forms of oxidative damage. Mutations in the XPB(ERCC3) gene can lead, in humans, to xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) or XP combined with Cockayne syndrome (XPCS). Mutant XPB cells from individuals with the XPCS phenotype are sensitive to UV irradiation and acute oxidative stress.
Disorders
Mutations in XPB and other related complementation groups, XPA-XPG, leads to a number of genetic disorders such as Xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne's syndrome, and trichothiodystrophy.
Interactions
XPB has been shown to interact with:
BCR gene,
CDK7,
ERCC2,
GTF2H1,
GTF2H2,
GTF2H4,
GTF2H5,
P53,
PSMC5, and
XPC.
Small molecule inhibitors
Potent, bi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20resonance%20microscopy
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Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM, μMRI) is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at a microscopic level down to the scale of microns. The first definition of MRM was MRI having voxel resolutions of better than 100 μm.
Nomenclature
Magnetic resonance microscopy refers to very high resolution MRI imaging (down to nanometer scale, in some cases comparable with histopathology). The term MR microscopy is most widely used by the High Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging department at Duke University, headed by Dr. G. Allan Johnson, and the National High Magnetic Field Lab group at AMRIS, University of Florida/Florida State University.
Differences between MRI and MRM
MRM represent a higher evolution of MRI
MRM employs a much stronger magnetic field, which is conducted on a much smaller scale.
Resolution: Medical MRI resolution is typically about 1 mm; the desired resolution of MRM is 100 μm or smaller to 10 μm, comparable with histology.
Specimen size: Medical MRI machines are designed so that a patient may fit inside. MRM chambers are usually small, typically less than 1 cm3 for the imaging of rats, mice and rodents. BrukerBio Spin Company, Billerica, MA specialises in the supply of different microimaging probes (5 mm – 75 mm) for ex vivo/in vivo imaging of excised biological samples.
Current status of MRM
Although MRI is very common for medical applications, MRM is still developing in laboratories up to resonance frequencies of 1000 MHz[1] (for nuclear magnetic resonanc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaisher%27s%20theorem
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In number theory, Glaisher's theorem is an identity useful to the study of integer partitions. Proved in 1883 by James Whitbread Lee Glaisher, it states that the number of partitions of an integer into parts not divisible by is equal to the number of partitions in which no part is repeated or more times. This generalizes a result established in 1748 by Leonhard Euler for the case .
Statement
It states that the number of partitions of an integer into parts not divisible by is equal to the number of partitions in which no part is repeated d or more times, which can be written formally as partitions of the form where and .
When this becomes the special case known as Euler's theorem, that the number of partitions of into distinct parts is equal to the number of partitions of into odd parts.
In the following examples, we use the multiplicity notation of partitions. For example, is a notation for the partition 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3.
Example for d=2 (Euler's theorem case)
Among the 15 partitions of the number 7, there are 5, shown in bold below, that contain only odd parts (i.e. only odd numbers):
If we count now the partitions of 7 with distinct parts (i.e. where no number is repeated), we also obtain 5:
The partitions in bold in the first and second case are not the same, and it is not obvious why their number is the same.
Example for d=3
Among the 11 partitions of the number 6, there are 7, shown in bold below, that contain only parts not divisible by 3:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandicota
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Bandicota is a genus of rodents from Asia known as the bandicoot rats. Their common name and genus name are derived from the Telugu language word pandikokku (పందికొక్కు). DNA studies have found the group to be a monophyletic clade sister to the radiation of Molucca and Australian Rattus species as part of the paraphyletic Rattus sensu lato.
Species
Greater bandicoot rat (B. indica) Bechstein, 1800
Lesser bandicoot rat (B. bengalensis) Gray and Hardwicke, 1833
Savile's bandicoot rat (B. savilei) Thomas, 1916
References
Rodent genera
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s%20number
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In fluid dynamics the Eötvös number (Eo), also called the Bond number (Bo), is a dimensionless number
measuring the importance of gravitational forces compared to surface tension forces for the movement of liquid front. Alongside the Capillary number, commonly denoted , which represents the contribution of viscous drag, is useful for studying the movement of fluid in porous or granular media, such as soil. The Bond number (or Eötvös number) is also used (together with Morton number) to characterize the shape of bubbles or drops moving in a surrounding fluid. The two names used for this dimensionless term commemorate the Hungarian physicist Loránd Eötvös (1848–1919) and the English physicist Wilfrid Noel Bond (1897–1937), respectively. The term Eötvös number is more frequently used in Europe, while Bond number is commonly used in other parts of the world.
Definition
Describing the ratio of gravitational to capillary forces, the Eötvös or Bond number is given by the equation:
: difference in density of the two phases, (SI units: kg/m3)
g: gravitational acceleration, (SI units : m/s2)
L: characteristic length, (SI units : m) (for example the radii of curvature for a drop)
: surface tension, (SI units : N/m)
The Bond number can also be written as
where is the capillary length.
A high value of the Eötvös or Bond number indicates that the system is relatively unaffected by surface tension effects; a low value (typically less than one) indicates that surface tension dom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Agricultural%20Technology%20Institute
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The National Agricultural Technology Institute (), commonly known as INTA, is an Argentine federal extension agency in charge of the generation, adaptation and diffusion of technologies, knowledge and learning procedures for the agriculture, forest and agro-industrial activities within an ecologically clean environment.
Even though the institute, created in 1956, depends on the Secretary of Agriculture, Livestock, Fishing and Food of the Ministry of Economy and Production, it has financial and operative autarkic autonomy given by law 25641/02 that provides the Institute with the 0.5% of the importations.
Activities
The INTA researches and produces information and technologies applied to processes and products, that are later forwarded to the producers. It works, for instance, in the genetic improvement and development of specific properties of diverse cereals, fruits, flowers, forest trees and vegetables, as well as the handling of cultivations and native forests.
Another important field is the sanity of the products; plagues control, weeds and diseases. It studies and researches the harvest, manipulation, packing, distribution and commercialisation of fruit and vegetables, as well as the handling and processing of meats and dairy products.
The institute also observes market behaviours of internal and external consume, as well as the economical impact of the different applied technologies.
Organization
The INTA has a directive board composed of members of both the offic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interolog
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An interolog is a conserved interaction between a pair of proteins which have interacting homologs in another organism. The term was introduced in a 2000 paper by Walhout et al.
Example
Suppose that A and B are two different interacting human proteins, and A' and B' are two different interacting dog proteins. Then the interaction between A and B is an interolog of the interaction between A' and B' if the following conditions all hold:
A is a homolog of A'. (Protein homologs have similar amino acid sequences and derive from a common ancestral sequence).
B is a homolog of B'.
A and B interact.
A' and B' interact.
Thus, interologs are homologous pairs of protein interactions across different organisms.
See also
Homology (biology)
Systems biology
Bioinformatics
References
External links
Interactome.org: Interactome portal site.
Interactomics.org: Interactomics portal site.
: Cross-species interaction prediction site.
Protein complexes
Bioinformatics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve%20%28disambiguation%29
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A valve is a device that regulates the flow of fluids.
Valve may also refer to:
Mechanical and electrical
Brass instrument valve, for valves used in brass instruments
Rotary valve, a valve using an internal rotor to select flow paths
Piston valve, a valve using a piston to control fluid flow
Piston valve (steam engine), a piston valve as used in steam engines
Poppet valve, a valve consisting of a hole and a tapered plug on the end of a shaft, typically used in instruments, engines, etc.
Vacuum tube, also called "thermionic valve", an electronic component
Mercury-arc valve, a type of electrical rectifier tube
Biology
Heart valve, valves in the heart that maintain the unidirectional flow of blood
Vein valve, valves in veins and other fluid cords in body
Lymphatic valve, valves in lymphatic vessels
Valve (mollusc), the shell of a mollusc
Valve (diatoms), the siliceous unit that makes up one half of a diatom cell
Valve (botany), part produced by the splitting of a capsule or pod when ripe
Valve, a paired clasping process on the genitalia of male moths
Companies
Valve Corporation (also known as Valve Software or Valve), a video game developer and digital distribution company
Valve Records, an Australian record label
Valve Amplification Company, a U.S. high end audio electronics company
People
Valve (given name), an Estonian feminine given name
Other uses
Valve hall, a building which contains the valves of the static inverters of a high-voltage direct curre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo%20Priest
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Mojo Priest is the second album by action film star Steven Seagal, following Songs from the Crystal Cave. The album was released in April 2006 by Seagal's own Steamroller Productions company. In a move not seen with Songs from the Crystal Cave, Seagal embarked on an extensive U.S. and international tour in support of the album.
The first single "Alligator Ass" premiered on Los Angeles radio station KYSR on the "Jamie, Jack, and Stench" show.
Reviews and ratings
Allmusic panned the album stating, "all of this music takes itself so seriously that it borders on delusional excess...Seagal's guitar playing, despite showcasing his Les Paul on the cover, leaves plenty to be desired. It rarely rises above bar band pedigree, and most of the time, isn't that good."
Track listing
"Somewhere in Between" - 4:17
"Love Doctor" - 3:40
"Dark Angel" - 3:57
"Gunfire In A Juke Joint" - 3:45
"My Time Is Numbered" - 4:19
"Alligator Ass" - 4:03
"BBQ" (with Teena Marie) - 3:26
"Hoochie Koochie Man" - 4:25
"Talk to My Ass" - 3:51
"Dust My Broom" (with Louisiana Red) - 4:38
"Slow Boat to China" - 8:43
"She Dat Pretty" - 3:44
"Red Rooster" - 3:29
"Shake" (with Bo Diddley) - 3:32
"Untitled" (bonus track) - 0:36
"Untitled" (bonus track) - 0:45
"Untitled" (bonus track) - 0:12
References
Steven Seagal albums
2006 albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%20Crofton
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Morgan Crofton (1826, Dublin, Ireland – 1915, Brighton, England) was an Irish mathematician who contributed to the field of geometric probability theory. He also worked with James Joseph Sylvester and contributed an article on probability to the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Crofton's formula is named in his honour.
Early life
Morgan Crofton was born into a wealthy Anglo-Irish family. His father, the Reverend William Crofton, Rector of Skreen, County Sligo, was the younger brother of Sir Malby Crofton, 2nd Baronet of Longford House. He was also the cousin of Lord Edward Crofton, Baron Crofton of the Mote. Despite being born into an aristocratic, Anglican family, Crofton joined to the Roman Catholic Church in the 1850s in part due to an interest in Cardinal John Henry Newman.
This led to his resignation at Queen's College, Galway and transference to various Catholic colleges.
He married twice: firstly on 31 August 1857 Julia Agnes Cecilia, daughter of J B Kernan (died 1902) and secondly Katherine, daughter of Holland Taylor of Manchester.
Career
He was Professor of Mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and Professor of Natural Philosophy at Queen's University of Ireland. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June, 1868.
References
External links
MacTutor biography of Crofton
1826 births
1915 deaths
20th-century Irish mathematicians
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
Fellows of the Royal Society
Morgan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXLE%20%28AM%29
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KXLE is a radio station located in Ellensburg, Washington, United States, operating on a frequency of 1240 kHz with a power of 1,000 watts. The AM transmitter tower is located at the station's offices and studios at 1311 Vantage Highway in Ellensburg. , the programming format of the station is news/talk, and includes the syndicated programming of Rush Limbaugh, Michael Medved, Jerry Doyle and George Noory, and carries Seattle Mariners baseball games. According to FCC ownership reports, KXLE, Inc. is owned by Sol M. Tacher of Bellevue, Washington, and his son.
History
The station signed on July 19, 1946 as KCOW. It changed its call letters to KXLE on November 27, 1946. At the time, the station was part of the Pacific Northwest Broadcasters, a group of stations owned in whole or in part by Ed Craney that also included KXLY in Spokane, KXL in Portland, Oregon, KXLF in Butte, Montana, KXLJ in Helena, Montana, KXLQ in Bozeman, Montana, KXLK in Great Falls, Montana, and KXLL in Missoula, Montana; other than KXL, and the newly-launched KXLK and KXLL, the other stations also concurrently changed their call letters to incorporate the letters "XL".
References
External links
XLE
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Kittitas County, Washington
Radio stations established in 1946
1946 establishments in Washington (state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobolev%20inequality
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In mathematics, there is in mathematical analysis a class of Sobolev inequalities, relating norms including those of Sobolev spaces. These are used to prove the Sobolev embedding theorem, giving inclusions between certain Sobolev spaces, and the Rellich–Kondrachov theorem showing that under slightly stronger conditions some Sobolev spaces are compactly embedded in others. They are named after Sergei Lvovich Sobolev.
Sobolev embedding theorem
Let denote the Sobolev space consisting of all real-valued functions on whose first weak derivatives are functions in . Here is a non-negative integer and . The first part of the Sobolev embedding theorem states that if , and are two real numbers such that
then
and the embedding is continuous. In the special case of and , Sobolev embedding gives
where is the Sobolev conjugate of , given by
This special case of the Sobolev embedding is a direct consequence of the Gagliardo–Nirenberg–Sobolev inequality. The result should be interpreted as saying that if a function in has one derivative in , then itself has improved local behavior, meaning that it belongs to the space where . (Note that , so that .) Thus, any local singularities in must be more mild than for a typical function in .
The second part of the Sobolev embedding theorem applies to embeddings in Hölder spaces . If and
with then one has the embedding
This part of the Sobolev embedding is a direct consequence of Morrey's inequality. Intuitively, this inclusio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampart%20crater
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Rampart craters are a specific type of impact crater which are accompanied by distinctive fluidized ejecta features found mainly on Mars. Only one example is known on Earth, the Nördlinger Ries impact structure in Germany. A rampart crater displays an ejecta with a low ridge along its edge. Usually, rampart craters show a lobate outer margin, as if material moved along the surface, rather than flying up and down in a ballistic trajectory. The flows sometimes are diverted around small obstacles, instead of falling on them. The ejecta look as if they move as a mudflow. Some of the shapes of rampart craters can be duplicated by shooting projectiles into mud. Although rampart craters can be found all over Mars, the smaller ones are only found in the high latitudes where ice is predicted to be close to the surface. It seems that the impact has to be powerful enough to penetrate to the level of the subsurface ice. Since ice is thought to be close to the surface in latitudes far from the equator, it does not take a large impact to reach the ice level. Based on images from the Viking program in the 1970s, it is generally accepted that rampart craters are evidence of ice or liquid water beneath the surface of Mars. The impact melts or boils the water in the subsurface producing a distinctive pattern of material surrounding the crater.
Ryan Schwegman described double layered ejecta (DLE) craters as showing two distinct layers of ejecta that appear to have been put in place as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20azide
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Silver azide is the chemical compound with the formula . It is a silver(I) salt of hydrazoic acid. It forms a colorless crystals. Like most azides, it is a primary explosive.
Structure and chemistry
Silver azide can be prepared by treating an aqueous solution of silver nitrate with sodium azide. The silver azide precipitates as a white solid, leaving sodium nitrate in solution.
X-ray crystallography shows that is a coordination polymer with square planar coordinated by four azide ligands. Correspondingly, each end of each azide ligand is connected to a pair of centers. The structure consists of two-dimensional layers stacked one on top of the other, with weaker Ag–N bonds between layers. The coordination of can alternatively be described as highly distorted 4 + 2 octahedral, the two more distant nitrogen atoms being part of the layers above and below.
In its most characteristic reaction, the solid decomposes explosively, releasing nitrogen gas:
The first step in this decomposition is the production of free electrons and azide radicals; thus the reaction rate is increased by the addition of semiconducting oxides. Pure silver azide explodes at 340 °C, but the presence of impurities lowers this down to 270 °C. This reaction has a lower activation energy and initial delay than the corresponding decomposition of lead azide.
Safety
, like most heavy metal azides, is a dangerous primary explosive. Decomposition can be triggered by exposure to ultraviolet light or by impac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20chlorate
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Silver chlorate (AgClO3) forms white, tetragonal crystals. Like all chlorates, it is water-soluble and an oxidizing agent. As a simple metal salt, it is a common chemical in basic inorganic chemistry experiments. It is light-sensitive, so it must be stored in tightly closed dark-coloured containers.
The substance exhibits blasting properties, therefore it is sometimes used as a primary explosive.
Silver(I) means silver is in its normal +1 oxidation state.
Production
Silver chlorate is produced by the reaction of silver nitrate with sodium chlorate to produce both silver chlorate and sodium nitrate.
Alternatively, it may be produced by the transmission of chlorine through a suspension of silver oxide.
See also
Silver chloride
Silver(I) fluoride
Silver(II) fluoride
Silver(I) nitrate
References
Chlorates
Silver compounds
Oxidizing agents
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20chromate
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Silver chromate is an inorganic compound with formula Ag2CrO4 which appears as distinctively coloured brown-red crystals. The compound is insoluble and its precipitation is indicative of the reaction between soluble chromate and silver precursor salts (commonly potassium/sodium chromate with silver nitrate). This reaction is important for two uses in the laboratory: in analytical chemistry it constitutes the basis for the Mohr method of argentometry, whereas in neuroscience it is used in the Golgi method of staining neurons for microscopy.
In addition to the above, the compound has been tested as a photocatalyst for wastewater treatment. The most important practical and commercial application for silver chromate, however, is its use in Li-Ag2CrO4 batteries, a type of lithium battery mainly found in artificial pacemaker devices.
As for all chromates, which are chromium(VI) species, the compound poses a hazard of toxicity, carcinogenicity and genotoxicity, as well as great environmental harm.
Preparation
Silver chromate is usually produced by the salt metathesis reaction of potassium chromate (K2CrO4) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) in purified water – the silver chromate will precipitate out of the aqueous reaction mixture:
2 + → 2 +
This occurs as the solubility of silver chromate is very low (Ksp = 1.12×10−12 or 6.5×10−5 mol/L).
The formation of insoluble Ag2CrO4 nanostructures via the above reaction with good control over particle size and shape has been achieved thro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20iodate
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Silver iodate (AgIO3) is a light-sensitive, white crystal composed of silver, iodine and oxygen. Unlike most metal iodates, it is practically insoluble in water.
Production
Silver iodate can be obtained by reacting silver nitrate (AgNO3) with sodium iodate or potassium iodate. The by-product of the reaction is sodium nitrate.
Alternatively, it can be created by the action of iodine in a solution of silver oxide.
Uses
Silver iodate is used to detect traces of chlorides in blood.
References
Iodates
Silver compounds
Oxidizing agents
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20molybdate
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Silver molybdate (Ag2MoO4), a chemical compound, is a yellow, cubic crystalline substance often used in glass. Its crystals present two types of electronic structure, depending on the pressure conditions to which the crystal is subjected. At room temperature, Ag2MoO4 exhibits a spinel-type cubic structure, known as β-Ag2MoO4, which is more stable in nature. However, when exposed to high hydrostatic pressure, the tetragonal α-Ag2MoO4 forms as a metastable phase.
Synthesis and properties
Research published in 2015 reported the formation of α-Ag2MoO4 by solution-phase precipitation under ambient conditions, using 3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine (dpp) as a doping agent. The influence of the pH of the starting solution on the growth and formation processes of distinct heterostructures (brooms, flowers and rods) was investigated by Singh et al. and Fodjo et al., in which sodium borohydride was employed to induce the reduction of silver nanoparticles on the surface of Ag2MoO4 crystals in order to enhance Raman scattering. In other studies, Ag-Ag2MoO4 composites prepared by microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis presented interesting photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B under visible light. In addition, Ag2MoO4 mixed with graphite acts as a good lubricant for Ni-based composites, improving the tribological properties of this system. Different synthetic methods have been employed to obtain pure β-Ag2MoO4 crystals, including solid-state reaction or oxide mixture at
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%204628
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HD 4628 (96 G. Piscium) is a main sequence star in the equatorial constellation of Pisces. It has a spectral classification of K2.5 V and an effective temperature of 5,055 K, giving it an orange-red hue with a slightly smaller mass and girth than the Sun. HD 4628 lies at a distance of approximately 24.3 light years from the Sun based on parallax. The apparent magnitude of 5.7 is just sufficient for this star to be viewed with the unaided eye. The star appears to be slightly older than the Sun—approximately 5.4 billion years in age. The surface activity is low and, based upon the detection of UV emission, it may have a relatively cool corona with a temperature of one million K.
The star has a relatively high proper motion of 1.4″ per year and is moving in our general direction with a radial velocity of −10.4 km/s. HD 4628 will make its closest approach to the Sun in about 32,000 years, when it comes within . No definitive companion has yet been found in orbit around this star. In 1958 it was thought to have stellar companion that was also a flare star, but this was subsequently disproved.
References
External links
SolStation entry
ARICNS entry
K-type main-sequence stars
HD, 004628
Pisces (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
Piscium, 96
0033
004628
003765
0222
0025
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Tirreno%E2%80%93Adriatico
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The 41st Tirreno–Adriatico road cycling race took place from March 8 to March 14, 2006, over seven stages. It was won by Dutchman Thomas Dekker of the Rabobank team. The points classification was won by Alessandro Petacchi and the King of the Mountains jersey went to José Joaquín Rojas.
Stage Results
Stage 1 - March 8: Tivoli – Tivoli, 167 km
Stage 2 - March 9: Tivoli – Frascati, 171 km
Stage 3 - March 10: Avezzano – Paglieta, 183 km
General Classement leader Paolo Bettini crashed and was forced to retire from the race after 80 km following a tangle with Lars Bak of the CSC team.
Stage 4 - March 11: Paglieta – Civitanova Marche, 219 km
Stage 5 - March 12: Servigliano – Servigliano ITT, 20 km
This stage was an individual time trial.
Stage 6 - March 13: S.Benedetto Del Tronto – Torricella Sicura, 182 km
Stage 7 - March 14: Campli - S.Benedetto Del Tronto, 166 km
Points classification
Alessandro Petacchi 37 pts
Thor Hushovd 34
Mikhaylo Khalilov 28
Erik Zabel 26
Oscar Freire Gomez 25
Alessandro Ballan 25
Riccardo Ricco' 18
Fabian Cancellara 17
Rinaldo Nocentini 17
Igor Astarloa 16
Mountains classification
José Joaquín Rojas 11 pts
Daniele Contrini 11
Matteo Priamo 8
Ignacio Gutierrez Cataluna 7
Alessandro Ballan 5
Vladimir Efimkin 5
Fortunato Baliani 5
Joseba Albizu Lizaso 5
Giampaolo Cheula 5
Ivan Basso 3
Teams Classification
Discovery Channel 82h 38' 09"
Team CSC + 0' 17"
Liberty Seguros - Wurth + 2' 40"
Team Gerolstein
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20hypochlorite
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Lithium hypochlorite is the colorless, crystalline lithium salt of hypochlorous acid with the chemical formula of LiClO. It is used as a disinfectant for pools and a reagent for some chemical reactions.
Safety
Doses of 500 mg/kg cause clinical signs and significant mortality in rats.
The use of chlorine-based disinfectants in domestic water, although widespread, has led to some controversy due to the formation of small quantities of harmful byproducts such as chloroform.
Studies showed no uptake of lithium if pools with lithium hypochlorite have been used.
See also
Sodium hypochlorite
References
Lithium salts
Hypochlorites
Disinfectants
Oxidizing agents
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP%20ribosylation%20factor
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ADP ribosylation factors (ARFs) are members of the ARF family of GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily. ARF family proteins are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells, and six highly conserved members of the family have been identified in mammalian cells. Although ARFs are soluble, they generally associate with membranes because of N-terminus myristoylation. They function as regulators of vesicular traffic and actin remodelling.
The small ADP ribosylation factor (Arf) GTP-binding proteins are major regulators of vesicle biogenesis in intracellular traffic. They are the founding members of a growing family that includes Arl (Arf-like), Arp (Arf-related proteins) and the remotely related Sar (Secretion-associated and Ras-related) proteins. Arf proteins cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound forms that bind selectively to effectors. The classical structural GDP/GTP switch is characterised by conformational changes at the so-called switch 1 and switch 2 regions, which bind tightly to the gamma-phosphate of GTP but poorly or not at all to the GDP nucleotide. Structural studies of Arf1 and Arf6 have revealed that although these proteins feature the switch 1 and 2 conformational changes, they depart from other small GTP-binding proteins in that they use an additional, unique switch to propagate structural information from one side of the protein to the other.
The GDP/GTP structural cycles of human Arf1 and Arf6 feature a unique conformational change that affects the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postsynaptic%20density
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The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a protein dense specialization attached to the postsynaptic membrane. PSDs were originally identified by electron microscopy as an electron-dense region at the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron. The PSD is in close apposition to the presynaptic active zone and ensures that receptors are in close proximity to presynaptic neurotransmitter release sites. PSDs vary in size and composition among brain regions, and have been studied in great detail at glutamatergic synapses. Hundreds of proteins have been identified in the postsynaptic density, including glutamate receptors, scaffold proteins, and many signaling molecules.
Structure
The structure and composition of the PSD have been the focus of numerous molecular studies of synaptic plasticity, a cellular model of learning and memory. PSDs are sized on the order of 250 to 500 nanometres in diameter and 25 to 50 nanometres in thickness, depending on the activity state of the synapse. During synaptic plasticity, the total size of the PSD is increasing along with an increase in synaptic size and strength after inducing long-term potentiation at single synapses.
Composition
Many proteins in the PSD are involved in the regulation of synaptic function. These include
postsynaptic density-95 (PSD95)
neuroligin (a cellular adhesion molecule)
NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors
calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
actin
As protein detection technologies have increased in sensitivity, such as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLS%20%28complexity%29
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In computational complexity theory, Polynomial Local Search (PLS) is a complexity class that models the difficulty of finding a locally optimal solution to an optimization problem. The main characteristics of problems that lie in PLS are that the cost of a solution can be calculated in polynomial time and the neighborhood of a solution can be searched in polynomial time. Therefore it is possible to verify whether or not a solution is a local optimum in polynomial time.
Furthermore, depending on the problem and the algorithm that is used for solving the problem, it might be faster to find a local optimum instead of a global optimum.
Description
When searching for a local optimum, there are two interesting issues to deal with: First how to find a local optimum, and second how long it takes to find a local optimum. For many local search algorithms, it is not known, whether they can find a local optimum in polynomial time or not. So to answer the question of how long it takes to find a local optimum, Johnson, Papadimitriou and Yannakakis introduced the complexity class PLS in their paper "How easy is local search?". It contains local search problems for which the local optimality can be verified in polynomial time.
A local search problem is in PLS, if the following properties are satisfied:
The size of every solution is polynomially bounded in the size of the instance .
It is possible to find some solution of a problem instance in polynomial time.
It is possible to calcul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnover-pulse%20hypothesis
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The turnover-pulse hypothesis, formulated by paleontologist Elisabeth Vrba, suggests that major changes to the climate or ecosystem often result in a period of rapid extinction and high turnover of new species (a "pulse") across multiple different lineages. Changes may include climate change, tectonic plate shifting, and catastrophes, among other things. It can be seen as an extension of the concept of evolutionary radiation from a single to a multi-clade context.
Theory
Ecosystems periodically experience significant disruptions which cause mass extinctions and speciation. Vrba proposes that changes in the climate, through their effect on the physical environment, result in the "division of [animal] populations into geographically and genetically isolated groups", which subsequently evolve into separate species. She also predicts that within an ecosystem this should occur for different groups of animals at roughly the same time, creating a "synchronous pulse" across multiple lineages.
The hypothesis was developed to explain the different patterns of evolution seen in African antelopes. Vrba argued that the mammalian fauna of East Africa experienced a rapid burst of extinction and speciation between 2.8Ma and 2.5Ma, caused by a large fluctuation in temperature. During this event, so the hypothesis states, many species attempted to move from their now uninhabitable habitats and later developed different adaptations in their new environments, evolving into different species, s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20Active%20%28Sweden%29
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Radio Active is a radio station based in Ystad Sweden. Founded in 1995, it broadcasts in FM on a frequency of 103.9 MHz, as well as online.
External links
Radio Active
Radio stations in Sweden
Mass media in Ystad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBF
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BBF may refer to:
Back button focus, a photography technique
Behavioral and Brain Functions, a scientific journal
Belgian Badminton Federation
Best bin first, a type of search algorithm
Bobby Bowden Field, the football field at Florida State University in Tallahassee
Boston By Foot, a non-profit tour organization
British Baseball Federation
Paris Hilton's British Best Friend, a reality television series
Broadband Forum, a computer networking industry consortium
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reabsorption
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In renal physiology, reabsorption or tubular reabsorption is the process by which the nephron removes water and solutes from the tubular fluid (pre-urine) and returns them to the circulating blood. It is called reabsorption (and not absorption) because these substances have already been absorbed once (particularly in the intestines) and the body is reclaiming them from a postglomerular fluid stream that is on its way to becoming urine (that is, they will soon be lost to the urine unless they are reabsorbed from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries. This happens as a result of sodium transport from the lumen into the blood by the Na+/K+ATPase in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells. Thus, the glomerular filtrate becomes more concentrated, which is one of the steps in forming urine. Nephrons are divided into five segments, with different segments responsible for reabsorbing different substances. Reabsorption allows many useful solutes (primarily glucose and amino acids), salts and water that have passed through Bowman's capsule, to return to the circulation. These solutes are reabsorbed isotonically, in that the osmotic potential of the fluid leaving the proximal convoluted tubule is the same as that of the initial glomerular filtrate. However, glucose, amino acids, inorganic phosphate, and some other solutes are reabsorbed via secondary active transport through cotransport channels driven by the sodium gradient.
Renin–angiotensin system:
The kidneys s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperPaint%20%28Macintosh%29
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SuperPaint is a graphics program capable of both bitmap painting and vector drawing. SuperPaint was one of the first programs of its kind, combining the features of MacPaint and MacDraw whilst adding many new features of its own.
It was originally written by William Snider, published by Silicon Beach Software (which was acquired by Aldus Corporation in 1990), and released in 1986 for the Apple Macintosh. William Snider wrote and designed the program from his house on an Apple Lisa in Pascal. It was the only program that outsold Silicon Beach's Dark Castle games, but SuperPaint was much more lucrative for the company, representing about 70% of the revenue. The program and packaging was also localised into Japanese.
As it requires Classic, SuperPaint is unsupported as of Mac OS X version 10.5, but can still be used with the assistance of emulators.
History
Version 1.0, released 1986, has a fixed position user interface with palettes arranged on the left and bottom edges of the screen. Includes LaserBits 300dpi editing mode and the ability to print in colour despite only being able to display in black & white.
1.1, released 1988, included the SuperConvert app to convert to/from LaserBits; was bundled with Microsoft Word 4.0 for Macintosh in 1990.
2.0, released 1989, introduced many new features including: AutoTrace, SuperBits (formerly LaserBits), freehand Bézier tool, multi-page documents, rich text in text blocks, rotation and transformations, plug-ins, a multi-palette u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVSS
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NVSS may refer to:
National Vital Statistics System, a U.S. government vital statistics system
NRAO VLA Sky Survey, an astronomical survey of the northern hemisphere
NVSS designation, names like NVSS 2146+82 for objects catalogued by the survey
North View Secondary School, a former school in Yishun, Singapore
North Vista Secondary School, a school in Sengkang, Singapore
N. V. S. S. Prabhakar, a politician from Telangana, India
Santo-Pekoa International Airport, ICAO code NVSS
Nechako Valley Secondary School, in School District 91 Nechako Lakes in Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzen%27s%20algorithm
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In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, Buzen's algorithm (or convolution algorithm) is an algorithm for calculating the normalization constant G(N) in the Gordon–Newell theorem. This method was first proposed by Jeffrey P. Buzen in his 1971 PhD dissertation and subsequently published in a refereed journal in 1973. Computing G(N) is required to compute the stationary probability distribution of a closed queueing network.
Performing a naïve computation of the normalizing constant requires enumeration of all states. For a closed network with N circulating customers and M service facilities, G(N) is the sum of individual terms, with each term consisting of M factors raised to powers whose sum is N. Buzen's algorithm computes G(N) using only NM multiplications and NM additions. This dramatic improvement opened the door to applying the Gordon-Newell theorem to models of real world computer systems as well as flexible manufacturing systems and other cases where bottlenecks and queues can form within networks of inter-connected service facilities. The values of G(1), G(2) ... G(N -1), which can be used to calculate other important quantities of interest, are computed as by-products of the algorithm.
Problem setup
Consider a closed queueing network with M service facilities and N circulating customers. Assume that the service time for a customer at service facility i is given by an exponentially distributed random variable with parame
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20cassette
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In biology, a gene cassette is a type of mobile genetic element that contains a gene and a recombination site. Each cassette usually contains a single gene and tends to be very small; on the order of 500–1000 base pairs. They may exist incorporated into an integron or freely as circular DNA. Gene cassettes can move around within an organism's genome or be transferred to another organism in the environment via horizontal gene transfer. These cassettes often carry antibiotic resistance genes. An example would be the kanMX cassette which confers kanamycin (an antibiotic) resistance upon bacteria.
Integrons
Integrons are genetic structures in bacteria which express and are capable of acquiring and exchanging gene cassettes. The integron consists of a promoter, an attachment site, and an integrase gene that encodes a site-specific recombinase There are three classes of integrons described. The mobile units that insert into integrons are gene cassettes. For cassettes that carry a single gene without a promoter, the entire series of cassettes is transcribed from an adjacent promoter within the integron. The gene cassettes are speculated to be inserted and excised via a circular intermediate. This would involve recombination between short sequences found at their termini and known as 59 base elements (59-be)—which may not be 59 bases long. The 59-be are a diverse family of sequences that function as recognition sites for the site-specific integrase (enzyme responsible for integra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%20mapping%20engine
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In artificial intelligence and cognitive science, the structure mapping engine (SME) is an implementation in software of an algorithm for analogical matching based on the psychological theory of Dedre Gentner. The basis of Gentner's structure-mapping idea is that an analogy is a mapping of knowledge from one domain (the base) into another (the target). The structure-mapping engine is a computer simulation of the analogy and similarity comparisons.
The theory is useful because it ignores surface features and finds matches between potentially very different things if they have the same representational structure. For example, SME could determine that a pen is like a sponge because both are involved in dispensing liquid, even though they do this very differently.
Structure mapping theory
Structure mapping theory is based on the systematicity principle, which states that connected knowledge is preferred over independent facts. Therefore, the structure mapping engine should ignore isolated source-target mappings unless they are part of a bigger structure. The SME, the theory goes, should map objects that are related to knowledge that has already been mapped.
The theory also requires that mappings be done one-to-one, which means that no part of the source description can map to more than one item in the target and no part of the target description can be mapped to more than one part of the source. The theory also requires that if a match maps subject to target, the arguments o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage%20the%20Songbird
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Cage the Songbird is the eleventh studio album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released on October 17, 1983, it peaked at #5 on the Billboard Country Album chart. Four of the album's tracks became Top 5 hits on the Country Singles chart, with two of them reaching #1. Chronologically they were "The Sound of Goodbye" (#1), "I Don't Wanna Lose Your Love" (#2), "Turning Away" (#1), and "Me Against the Night" (#4).
The title song, "Cage the Songbird", was co-written and first recorded by Elton John in 1976 album, Blue Moves. "Victim or a Fool" was originally recorded by the songwriter, Rodney Crowell on his 1981 eponymous album.
"Take Me Home" was originally sung by Gayle on a Tom Waits composed 1982 soundtrack album called One from the Heart for a movie of the same name. The version on this album is a re-recorded longer version.
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle – lead vocals, harmony vocals (7)
Charles Cochran – electric piano (1, 2, 4, 7, 9), grand piano (3, 6, 9)
John Barlow Jarvis – grand piano (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10), electric piano (3, 6, 7)
Alan Steinberger – synthesizers (1)
Bobby Wood – organ (3, 5)
Billy Joe Walker Jr. – electric guitars (1-5, 8, 9), electric lead guitar (6, 7)
Reggie Young – electric guitars (1-9)
Chris Leuzinger – acoustic guitars (2, 3, 6-9)
David Hungate – bass (1-9)
Matt Betton – drums (1-9)
Jim Horn – piccolo flute (1), saxophone (2, 5, 6, 7), flute (4, 8, 9),recorder (4)
Larry Muhoberac – string arrangements (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight%20to%20the%20Heart%20%28Crystal%20Gayle%20album%29
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Straight to the Heart is the thirteenth album by the American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released in August 1986, it peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Country Albums chart.
Two singles from the album, "Cry" and "Straight to the Heart", both reached number 1 on the Country Singles Chart in 1986. Further hits were "Nobody Should Have To Love This Way" at number 26, and "Only Love Can Save Me Now" at number 11. Three songs: "Deep Down", "Lonely Girl” and "Cry" were performed on several episodes of the daytime drama Another World in 1987, with Gayle appearing as herself.
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle – lead vocals, backing vocals (1, 3, 9)
Mike Lawler – synthesizers (1-7, 9, 10)
David Innis – synthesizers (2, 3)
Charles Cochran – synthesizers (4-7), acoustic piano (9)
Vince Melamed – synthesizers (10)
Steve Gibson – electric guitar (1-4, 6-9), acoustic guitar (2, 4, 5, 9)
Josh Leo – electric guitar (1-7, 10), acoustic guitar (8), percussion (10)
Larry Byrom – electric guitar (2, 3, 4, 7)
Reggie Young – electric guitar (5, 9)
John McFee – electric guitar (8), backing vocals (8)
Sonny Garrish – steel guitar (2)
Michael Rhodes – bass (1-4, 6, 8, 9, 10)
Larry Paxton – bass (5)
Tom Robb – bass (7)
James Stroud – drums (1, 4-10), percussion (1, 10)
Eddie Bayers – drums (2, 3)
Jim Horn – saxophone (2, 7)
Bergen White – string arrangements and conductor (2, 9)
Bruce Dees – backing vocals (1, 4, 5, 6, 9)
Cindy Richardson – backing vocals (1, 3,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody%27s%20Angel%20%28Crystal%20Gayle%20album%29
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Nobody's Angel is an album by the American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released in September 1988, the album peaked at number 63 on the Billboard Country Albums Chart.
The title track, "Nobody's Angel", peaked at number 22 on the Billboard Country Singles chart, and was Gayle's final Top 40 hit on that chart.
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle – lead vocals, backing vocals (2)
Mike Lawler – synthesizers
Bob Carpenter – accordion (1), synthesized marimbas (1)
David Innis – synthesizers (2, 5, 6, 7, 10)
John Barlow Jarvis – acoustic piano (2, 3)
Charles Cochran – electric piano (4, 10)
Hargus "Pig" Robbins – acoustic piano (4)
Dennis Burnside – acoustic piano (5)
John Hobbs – acoustic piano (6, 7), electric piano (8, 9)
Gary Prim – acoustic piano (8)
Larry Byrom – acoustic guitar (1), electric guitar (2, 3, 4)
Billy Joe Walker Jr. – electric guitar (1, 3), acoustic guitar (2, 4, 5)
Steve Gibson – gut-string guitar (1), dobro (4), acoustic guitar (9)
Paul Worley – acoustic guitar (2, 4)
Dann Huff – electric guitar (3, 6-9)
Dean Parks – electric sitar (3), acoustic guitar (6), electric guitar (7, 8, 9)
Sonny Garrish – steel guitar (2, 4)
Michael Rhodes – bass (1-4)
Edgar Meyer – acoustic bass (5, 10)
Neil Stubenhaus – bass (6-9)
Paul Leim – drums (1-5), percussion (1, 2, 3)
John Robinson – drums (6-9)
Terry McMillan – congas (1, 3), percussion (2, 8), harmonica (4, 5)
Mark O'Connor – fiddle (4)
Charlie McCoy – harmonica (5)
James Lassen –
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurite
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A neurite or neuronal process refers to any projection from the cell body of a neuron. This projection can be either an axon or a dendrite. The term is frequently used when speaking of immature or developing neurons, especially of cells in culture, because it can be difficult to tell axons from dendrites before differentiation is complete.
Neurite development
The development of a neurite requires a complex interplay of both extracellular and intracellular signals. At every given point along a developing neurite, there are receptors detecting both positive and negative growth cues from every direction in the surrounding space. The developing neurite sums together all of these growth signals in order to determine which direction the neurite will ultimately grow towards. While not all of the growth signals are known, several have been identified and characterized. Among the known extracellular growth signals are netrin, a midline chemoattractant, and semaphorin, ephrin and collapsin, all inhibitors of neurite growth.
Young neurites are often packed with microtubule bundles, the growth of which is stimulated by neurotrophic factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF). Tau proteins can aid in the stabilization of microtubules by binding to the microtubules, protecting them from microtubule severing proteins. Even after the microtubules have stabilized, the cytoskeleton of the neuron remains dynamic. Actin filaments retain their dynamic properties in the neurite that will become
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20structure
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Gene structure is the organisation of specialised sequence elements within a gene. Genes contain most of the information necessary for living cells to survive and reproduce. In most organisms, genes are made of DNA, where the particular DNA sequence determines the function of the gene. A gene is transcribed (copied) from DNA into RNA, which can either be non-coding (ncRNA) with a direct function, or an intermediate messenger (mRNA) that is then translated into protein. Each of these steps is controlled by specific sequence elements, or regions, within the gene. Every gene, therefore, requires multiple sequence elements to be functional. This includes the sequence that actually encodes the functional protein or ncRNA, as well as multiple regulatory sequence regions. These regions may be as short as a few base pairs, up to many thousands of base pairs long.
Much of gene structure is broadly similar between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. These common elements largely result from the shared ancestry of cellular life in organisms over 2 billion years ago. Key differences in gene structure between eukaryotes and prokaryotes reflect their divergent transcription and translation machinery. Understanding gene structure is the foundation of understanding gene annotation, expression, and function.
Common features
The structures of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes involve several nested sequence elements. Each element has a specific function in the multi-step process of gene expressi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom%20permutation
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In cryptography, a pseudorandom permutation (PRP) is a function that cannot be distinguished from a random permutation (that is, a permutation selected at random with uniform probability, from the family of all permutations on the function's domain) with practical effort.
Definition
Let F be a mapping . F is a PRP if and only if
For any , is a bijection from to , where .
For any , there is an "efficient" algorithm to evaluate for any ,.
For all probabilistic polynomial-time distinguishers : , where is chosen uniformly at random and is chosen uniformly at random from the set of permutations on n-bit strings.
A pseudorandom permutation family is a collection of pseudorandom permutations, where a specific permutation may be chosen using a key.
The model of block ciphers
The idealized abstraction of a (keyed) block cipher is a truly random permutation on the mappings between plaintext and ciphertext. If a distinguishing algorithm exists that achieves significant advantage with less effort than specified by the block cipher's security parameter (this usually means the effort required should be about the same as a brute force search through the cipher's key space), then the cipher is considered broken at least in a certificational sense, even if such a break doesn't immediately lead to a practical security failure.
Modern ciphers are expected to have super pseudorandomness.
That is, the cipher should be indistinguishable from a randomly chosen permutation on the same
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed%20evolution
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Directed evolution (DE) is a method used in protein engineering that mimics the process of natural selection to steer proteins or nucleic acids toward a user-defined goal. It consists of subjecting a gene to iterative rounds of mutagenesis (creating a library of variants), selection (expressing those variants and isolating members with the desired function) and amplification (generating a template for the next round). It can be performed in vivo (in living organisms), or in vitro (in cells or free in solution). Directed evolution is used both for protein engineering as an alternative to rationally designing modified proteins, as well as for experimental evolution studies of fundamental evolutionary principles in a controlled, laboratory environment.
History
Directed evolution has its origins in the 1960s with the evolution of RNA molecules in the "Spiegelman's Monster" experiment. The concept was extended to protein evolution via evolution of bacteria under selection pressures that favoured the evolution of a single gene in its genome.
Early phage display techniques in the 1980s allowed targeting of mutations and selection to a single protein. This enabled selection of enhanced binding proteins, but was not yet compatible with selection for catalytic activity of enzymes. Methods to evolve enzymes were developed in the 1990s and brought the technique to a wider scientific audience. The field rapidly expanded with new methods for making libraries of gene variants and for sc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-coated%20crystal
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Metal-coated crystals are artificial products made by coating crystals, such as quartz, with metal to give them an iridescent metallic sheen. Crystals treated this way are used as gemstones and for other decorative purposes. Possible coatings include gold, indium, titanium, niobium and copper. Other names for crystals treated in this way include aqua aura, angel aura, flame aura, opal aura or rainbow quartz.
Production
Such products are created in a vacuum chamber by vapour deposition. Quartz is heated to 871 °C in vacuum, and golden wire is heated to even higher temperature, either by resistive heating with direct electrical current, or by magnetron. Gold sublimation occurs, and subsequently deposition on crystal's surface.
When viewed under a gemological microscope in diffused direct transmitted light, aqua aura displays the following properties:
a coppery surface iridescence in tangential illumination
diffused dark outlines of some facet junctions
a patchy blue colour distribution on some facets
white facet junctions, irregular white abrasions and surface pits, where the treatment either did not "take" or had been abraded away.
The brilliant color of these products is the result of optical interference effects produced by layers of metal.
In culture
In 2015, American animated series Steven Universe introduced Rainbow Quartz, a personified fusion of two distinct gem characters: Pearl and Rose Quartz.
See also
Rhinestone
References
External links
Crystals
Gemstone
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor%20metabolome
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The study of the tumor metabolism, also known as tumor metabolome describes the different characteristic metabolic changes in tumor cells. The characteristic attributes of the tumor metabolome are high glycolytic enzyme activities, the expression of the pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2, increased channeling of glucose carbons into synthetic processes, such as nucleic acid, amino acid and phospholipid synthesis, a high rate of pyrimidine and purine de novo synthesis, a low ratio of Adenosine triphosphate and Guanosine triphosphate to Cytidine triphosphate and Uridine triphosphate, low Adenosine monophosphate levels, high glutaminolytic capacities, release of immunosuppressive substances and dependency on methionine.
Although the link between the cancer and metabolism was observed in the early days of cancer research by Otto Heinrich Warburg, which is also known as Warburg hypothesis, not much substantial research was carried out until the late 1990s because of the lack of in vitro tumor models and the difficulty in creating environments that lack oxygen. Recent research has revealed that metabolic reprogramming occurs as a consequence of mutations in cancer genes and alterations in cellular signaling. Therefore, the alteration of cellular and energy metabolism has been suggested as one of The Hallmarks of Cancer.
Warburg effect and glycolysis
High amount of aerobic glycolysis (also known as the Warburg effect) distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells. The conversion of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20H.%20Hall%20%28inventor%29
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John Haslett Hall (11 July 1932 – 31 October 2014) was a pioneer in the development of low power CMOS integrated circuits. Hall was a pioneering semiconductor process and device design expert. He founded or co-founded multiple innovative Silicon Valley companies, including Intersil, MicroPower Systems, Linear Integrated Systems, Inc., and Integrated Wave Technologies, Inc.
Over the course of his career, Hall received at least 21 patents covering advanced semiconductor processes and designs. Hall was a protégé of Dr. Jean Hoerni, one of the “Traitorous Eight” who left Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory and co-founded rival Fairchild Semiconductor. In turn, many of Hall's former employees such as David Fullagar went on to become major Silicon Valley contributors.
The San Francisco Chronicle in 1992 referred to Hall as “one of Silicon Valley’s unsung innovators.”
Early life
Hall was born on July 11, 1932, in Washington County, Ohio to a family of engineers and manufacturers, including the founders and owners of the Hall Grindstone Company. Opting after high school to join the Navy, he worked as an enlisted electronics technician on aircraft systems development and testing.
Early career
In 1961, Hall graduated from the University of Cincinnati and went to work for Rockwell on the Minuteman missile program and Honeywell on the YF-11 Blackbird onboard IC-based computer. While working on these projects, Hall met Jean Hoerni. Hoerni at the time was vice president and general
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method%20of%20images
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The method of images (or method of mirror images) is a mathematical tool for solving differential equations, in which the domain of the sought function is extended by the addition of its mirror image with respect to a symmetry hyperplane. As a result, certain boundary conditions are satisfied automatically by the presence of a mirror image, greatly facilitating the solution of the original problem. The domain of the function is not extended. The function is made to satisfy given boundary conditions by placing singularities outside the domain of the function. The original singularities are inside the domain of interest. The additional (fictitious) singularities are an artifact needed to satisfy the prescribed but yet unsatisfied boundary conditions.
Method of image charges
The method of image charges is used in electrostatics to simply calculate or visualize the distribution of the electric field of a charge in the vicinity of a conducting surface. It is based on the fact that the tangential component of the electrical field on the surface of a conductor is zero, and that an electric field E in some region is uniquely defined by its normal component over the surface that confines this region (the uniqueness theorem).
Magnet-superconductor systems
The method of images may also be used in magnetostatics for calculating the magnetic field of a magnet that is close to a superconducting surface. The superconductor in so-called Meissner state is an ideal diamagnet into whic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere%20theorem
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In Riemannian geometry, the sphere theorem, also known as the quarter-pinched sphere theorem, strongly restricts the topology of manifolds admitting metrics with a particular curvature bound. The precise statement of the theorem is as follows. If M is a complete, simply-connected, n-dimensional Riemannian manifold with sectional curvature taking values in the interval then M is homeomorphic to the n-sphere. (To be precise, we mean the sectional curvature of every tangent 2-plane at each point must lie in .) Another way of stating the result is that if M is not homeomorphic to the sphere, then it is impossible to put a metric on M with quarter-pinched curvature.
Note that the conclusion is false if the sectional curvatures are allowed to take values in the closed interval . The standard counterexample is complex projective space with the Fubini–Study metric; sectional curvatures of this metric take on values between 1 and 4, with endpoints included. Other counterexamples may be found among the rank one symmetric spaces.
Differentiable sphere theorem
The original proof of the sphere theorem did not conclude that M was necessarily diffeomorphic to the n-sphere. This complication is because spheres in higher dimensions admit smooth structures that are not diffeomorphic. (For more information, see the article on exotic spheres.) However, in 2007 Simon Brendle and Richard Schoen utilized Ricci flow to prove that with the above hypotheses, M is necessarily diffeomorphic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20matrix%20pseudoinverse
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In mathematics, a block matrix pseudoinverse is a formula for the pseudoinverse of a partitioned matrix. This is useful for decomposing or approximating many algorithms updating parameters in signal processing, which are based on the least squares method.
Derivation
Consider a column-wise partitioned matrix:
If the above matrix is full column rank, the Moore–Penrose inverse matrices of it and its transpose are
This computation of the pseudoinverse requires (n + p)-square matrix inversion and does not take advantage of the block form.
To reduce computational costs to n- and p-square matrix inversions and to introduce parallelism, treating the blocks separately, one derives
where orthogonal projection matrices are defined by
The above formulas are not necessarily valid if does not have full rank – for example, if , then
Application to least squares problems
Given the same matrices as above, we consider the following least squares problems, which
appear as multiple objective optimizations or constrained problems in signal processing.
Eventually, we can implement a parallel algorithm for least squares based on the following results.
Column-wise partitioning in over-determined least squares
Suppose a solution solves an over-determined system:
Using the block matrix pseudoinverse, we have
Therefore, we have a decomposed solution:
Row-wise partitioning in under-determined least squares
Suppose a solution solves an under-determined system:
The minimum-norm solu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scram%20%28video%20game%29
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Scram: A Nuclear Power Plant Simulation is an Atari 8-bit family game written by Chris Crawford and published by Atari, Inc. in 1981. Written in Atari BASIC, Scram uses differential equations to simulate nuclear reactor behavior. The player controls the valves and switches of the reactor directly with the joystick.
This game's title, "SCRAM", is taken from the term for an emergency shutdown of a nuclear reactor. It refers to immediately inserting all control rods into the reactor core to stop the reaction process. The game also recreates the Three Mile Island Unit 2 nuclear reactor and allowed players to recreate the events that took place there in 1979.
Gameplay
The game display shows a schematic-like representation of a light water reactor, typical of nuclear reactors in use in the United States at that time. The reactor core is on the left of the screen, with the primary coolant loop to its immediate right. Further right is the secondary cooling loop, and finally the tertiary cooling loop and its associated cooling tower.
The user interacts with the game by moving the joystick, which makes a cursor jump from one "hot spot" to another on the screen, each one controlling one part of the reactor systems. There are hot spots for the control rods, cooling pumps and valves. The user can experiment with the reactor systems by moving the joystick up and down, operating the equipment. It is possible to simulate a meltdown by shutting off the primary cooling pumps and withdrawin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eozoon%20canadense
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Eozoön canadense (literally, "dawn animal of Canada") is a pseudofossil.
John William Dawson described the banded structures of coarsely crystalline calcite and serpentine as a gigantic Foraminifera, making it the oldest known fossil . It was found in Precambrian metamorphosed limestone of Canada, at Côte St. Pierre near Grenville (Quebec) in 1863. It was later found in several other localities. Dawson called it "one of the brightest gems in the scientific crown of the Geological Survey of Canada". In 1894, it was shown that the place where it was found was associated with metamorphism (; ).
Similar Eozoön structures were subsequently found in metamorphosed limestone blocks erupted from Mount Vesuvius, where high-temperature physical and chemical processes were responsible for their formation .
References
Pseudofossils
Precambrian fossils
Fossils of Canada
Fossils of Italy
Precambrian Canada
Precambrian Europe
Paleontology in Quebec
Metamorphic rocks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merozygote
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Merozygote is a state when a cell, usually bacterial, is temporarily partial diploid as result of DNA transfer processes like conjugation.
One example of how merozygotes can be formed is the transfer of genetic material
of an Hfr cell to an F- cell through conjugation. When an Hfr cell mates with an F- cell, the chromosome acts as a rolling circle transferring a part of its genomic chromosome across a conjugation bridge. The origin is the first bit of the DNA to be injected, while the F-factor is the last. Very rarely the whole portion of the DNA (from the origin through the F-factor) will be transferred, resulting in a very low chance of passing on the F factor to the F- cell. After conjugation, the F- cell will contain a part of the Hfr chromosome, the exogenote, as well as its own genomic chromosome, the endogenote. At this stage the cell is called a merozygote. This temporary partial diploid state may lead to recombination between the corresponding portions of the DNA, so that the genetic material of the donor may be incorporated into the chromosome of the recipient, thereby altering the genotype of the recipient. However, if no recombination occurs, the linear fragment of donor DNA in the recipient cytoplasm will be lost after one cycle. These merozygotes help to study dominance variation and mutation can be known.
References
Cells
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews%20%28surname%29
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Andrews is a patronymic surname of English, Scottish, and Norse origin. At the time of the 1881 British Census, its relative frequency was highest in Dorset (3.6 times the British average), followed by Wiltshire, Huntingdonshire, Worcestershire, Hampshire, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, Devon and Somerset.
The surname Andrews was first found in Caithness, North Scotland. Historically, the Andrews clan were closely associated with Clan Ross. The Andrews of Scotland dispersed during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries and are now found worldwide in America, Canada, and Australia. Many Andrews also moved to Northern Ireland and England.
A
A. W. Andrews (1868–1959), British pioneer rock-climber
Abraham D. Andrews (1830–1885), American politician
Al Andrews (born 1945), US American footballer
Albert Andrews (1881–1960), Canadian politician
Albert LeRoy Andrews (1878–1961), American professor of Germanic philology and avocational bryologist
Allan Andrews (disambiguation), multiple people
Andy Andrews (tennis) (born 1959), American tennis player
Andy Andrews (born 1959), American author
Annie Dale Biddle Andrews, American who was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics from Berkeley
Anthony Andrews (born 1948), British actor (Under the Volcano)
Archie Andrews (comics), fictional character from the Archie Comics
Archie Andrews (puppet), character of British ventriloquist Peter Brough
Arlan Andrews, American mechanical engineer and writer
Arthur Andrews (disambiguation), multiple p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton%27s%20theorem
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In set theory, Easton's theorem is a result on the possible cardinal numbers of powersets. (extending a result of Robert M. Solovay) showed via forcing that the only constraints on permissible values for 2κ when κ is a regular cardinal are
(where cf(α) is the cofinality of α) and
Statement
If G is a class function whose domain consists of ordinals and whose range consists of ordinals such that
G is non-decreasing,
the cofinality of is greater than for each α in the domain of G, and
is regular for each α in the domain of G,
then there is a model of ZFC such that
for each in the domain of G.
The proof of Easton's theorem uses forcing with a proper class of forcing conditions over a model satisfying the generalized continuum hypothesis.
The first two conditions in the theorem are necessary. Condition 1 is a well known property of cardinality, while condition 2 follows from König's theorem.
In Easton's model the powersets of singular cardinals have the smallest possible cardinality compatible with the conditions that 2κ has cofinality greater than κ and is a non-decreasing function of κ.
No extension to singular cardinals
proved that a singular cardinal of uncountable cofinality cannot be the smallest cardinal for which the generalized continuum hypothesis fails. This shows that Easton's theorem cannot be extended to the class of all cardinals. The program of PCF theory gives results on the possible values of for singular cardinals . PCF theory shows th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC%20algorithm
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The RC algorithms are a set of symmetric-key encryption algorithms invented by Ron Rivest. The "RC" may stand for either Rivest's cipher or, more informally, Ron's code. Despite the similarity in their names, the algorithms are for the most part unrelated. There have been six RC algorithms so far:
RC1 was never published.
RC2 was a 64-bit block cipher developed in 1987.
RC3 was broken before ever being used.
RC4 is a stream cipher.
RC5 is a 32/64/128-bit block cipher developed in 1994.
RC6, a 128-bit block cipher based heavily on RC5, was an AES finalist developed in 1997.
References
Cryptographic algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%E2%80%93Meertens%20formalism
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The Bird–Meertens formalism (BMF) is a calculus for deriving programs from program specifications (in a functional programming setting) by a process of equational reasoning. It was devised by Richard Bird and Lambert Meertens as part of their work within IFIP Working Group 2.1.
It is sometimes referred to in publications as BMF, as a nod to Backus–Naur form. Facetiously it is also referred to as Squiggol, as a nod to ALGOL, which was also in the remit of WG 2.1, and because of the "squiggly" symbols it uses. A less-used variant name, but actually the first one suggested, is SQUIGOL.
Basic examples and notations
Map is a well-known second-order function that applies a given function to every element of a list; in BMF, it is written :
Likewise, reduce is a function that collapses a list into a single value by repeated application of a binary operator. It is written / in BMF.
Taking as a suitable binary operator with neutral element e, we have
Using those two operators and the primitives (as the usual addition), and (for list concatenation), we can easily express the sum of all elements of a list, and the flatten function, as and , in
point-free style. We have:
Similarly, writing for functional composition and for conjunction, it is easy to write a function testing that all elements of a list satisfy a predicate p, simply as :
Bird (1989) transforms inefficient easy-to-understand expressions ("specifications") into efficient involved expressions ("programs") by algeb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-energy%20electron%20diffraction
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Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for the determination of the surface structure of single-crystalline materials by bombardment with a collimated beam of low-energy electrons (30–200 eV) and observation of diffracted electrons as spots on a fluorescent screen.
LEED may be used in one of two ways:
Qualitatively, where the diffraction pattern is recorded and analysis of the spot positions gives information on the symmetry of the surface structure. In the presence of an adsorbate the qualitative analysis may reveal information about the size and rotational alignment of the adsorbate unit cell with respect to the substrate unit cell.
Quantitatively, where the intensities of diffracted beams are recorded as a function of incident electron beam energy to generate the so-called I–V curves. By comparison with theoretical curves, these may provide accurate information on atomic positions on the surface at hand.
Historical perspective
An electron-diffraction experiment similar to modern LEED was the first to observe the wavelike properties of electrons, but LEED was established as an ubiquitous tool in surface science only with the advances in vacuum generation and electron detection techniques.
Davisson and Germer's discovery of electron diffraction
The theoretical possibility of the occurrence of electron diffraction first emerged in 1924, when Louis de Broglie introduced wave mechanics and proposed the wavelike nature of all particles. In his Nobel-laureated
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem%20Proving%20System
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The Theorem Proving System (TPS) is an automated theorem proving system for first-order and higher-order logic. TPS has been developed at Carnegie Mellon University. An educational version of it is known as ETPS (Educational Theorem Proving System).
External links
Theorem Proving System web page
Theorem proving software systems
Common Lisp (programming language) software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential%20estimation
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In statistics, sequential estimation refers to estimation methods in sequential analysis where the sample size is not fixed in advance. Instead, data is evaluated as it is collected, and further sampling is stopped in accordance with a predefined stopping rule as soon as significant results are observed.
The generic version is called the optimal Bayesian estimator, which is the theoretical underpinning for every sequential estimator (but cannot be instantiated directly). It includes a Markov process for the state propagation and measurement process for each state, which yields some typical statistical independence relations. The Markov process describes the propagation of a probability distribution over discrete time instances and the measurement is the information one has about each time instant, which is usually less informative than the state. Only the observed sequence will, together with the models, accumulate the information of all measurements and the corresponding Markov process to yield better estimates.
From that, the Kalman filter (and its variants), the particle filter, the histogram filter and others can be derived. It depends on the models, which one to use and requires experience to choose the right one. In most cases, the goal is to estimate the state sequence from the measurements. In other cases, one can use the description to estimate the parameters of a noise process for example. One can also accumulate the unmodeled statistical behavior of the states pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-ethanol%20fuel%20cell
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Direct-ethanol fuel cells or DEFCs are a category of fuel cell in which ethanol is fed directly into the cell. They have been used as a model to investigate a range of fuel cell concepts including the use of PEM.
Advantages
DEFC uses Ethanol in the fuel cell instead of the more toxic methanol. Ethanol is an attractive alternative to methanol because it comes with a supply chain that's already in place. Ethanol also remains the easier fuel to work with for widespread use by consumers.
Ethanol is a hydrogen-rich liquid and it has a high specific energy (8.0 kWh/kg) compared to methanol (6.1 kWh/kg). Ethanol can be obtained in great quantity from biomass through a fermentation process from renewable resources like from sugar cane, wheat, corn, or even straw. Bio-generated ethanol (or bio-ethanol) is thus attractive since growing crops for biofuels absorbs much of the carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere from fuel used to produce the biofuels, and from burning the biofuels themselves. This is in sharp contrast to the use of fossil fuels. The use of ethanol would also overcome both the storage and infrastructure challenge of hydrogen for fuel cell applications. In a fuel cell, the oxidation of any fuel requires the use of a catalyst in order to achieve the current densities required for commercially viable fuel cells, and platinum-based catalysts are some of the most efficient materials for the oxidation of small organic molecules.
Reaction
The DEFC, similar to the DMFC,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncostatin%20M
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Oncostatin M, also known as OSM, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSM gene.
OSM is a pleiotropic cytokine that belongs to the interleukin 6 group of cytokines. Of these cytokines it most closely resembles leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in both structure and function. As yet poorly defined, it is proving important in liver development, haematopoeisis, inflammation and possibly CNS development. It is also associated with bone formation and destruction.
OSM signals through cell surface receptors that contain the protein gp130. The type I receptor is composed of gp130 and LIFR, the type II receptor is composed of gp130 and OSMR.
Discovery, isolation and cloning
The human form of OSM was originally isolated in 1986 from the growth media of PMA treated U-937 histiocytic lymphoma cells by its ability to inhibit the growth of cell lines established from melanomas and other solid tumours. A robust protein, OSM is stable between pH2 and 11 and resistant to heating for one hour at 56 °C. A partial amino acid sequence allowed the isolation of human OSM cDNA and subsequently genomic clones. The full cDNA clone of hOSM encodes a 252 amino acid precursor, the first 25 amino acids of which functions as a secretory signal peptide, which on removal yields the soluble 227 amino acid pro-OSM. Cleavage of the C-terminal most 31 residues at a trypsin like cleavage site yields the fully active 196 residue form. Two potential N-glycosylation sites are present in hOSM both of which
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