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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA
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In molecular biology, small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of small RNA molecules that primarily guide chemical modifications of other RNAs, mainly ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs and small nuclear RNAs. There are two main classes of snoRNA, the C/D box snoRNAs, which are associated with methylation, and the H/ACA box snoRNAs, which are associated with pseudouridylation.
SnoRNAs are commonly referred to as guide RNAs but should not be confused with the guide RNAs that direct RNA editing in trypanosomes or the guide RNAs (gRNAs) used by Cas9 for CRISPR gene editing.
snoRNA guided modifications
After transcription, nascent rRNA molecules (termed pre-rRNA) undergo a series of processing steps to generate the mature rRNA molecule. Prior to cleavage by exo- and endonucleases, the pre-rRNA undergoes a complex pattern of nucleoside modifications. These include methylations and pseudouridylations, guided by snoRNAs.
Methylation is the attachment or substitution of a methyl group onto various substrates. The rRNA of humans contain approximately 115 methyl group modifications. The majority of these are 2′O-ribose-methylations (where the methyl group is attached to the ribose group).
Pseudouridylation is the conversion (isomerisation) of the nucleoside uridine to a different isomeric form pseudouridine (Ψ). This modification consists of a 180º rotation of the uridine base around its glycosyl bond to the ribose of the RNA backbone. After this rotation, the nitrogenous base contrib
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic%20spectroscopy
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Acoustic spectroscopy may refer to:
Spectrogrammetry; plotting the energy versus frequency over time
Ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy, instead of energy, the attenuation coefficient is measured versus frequency
Acoustic resonance spectroscopy, using forced vibrations to excite multiple normal modes to obtain a resonance spectrum
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20Bureau%20of%20Statistics
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The Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (, abbreviated as PBS) is a federal agency under the Government of Pakistan. It is an attached department of the Ministry of Planning, Development & Special Initiatives. It works for collecting statistics in the country.
History
In 1947, the Central Statistical Office (CSO) was set up by the government of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan. In 1950, CSO became an attached department of the Economic Affairs Division. In 1972, on the recommendation of IBRD Mission, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto upgraded the Central Statistical Office to a full-fledged government division. In 1981, the bureau was reorganized and its technical wing (CSO) was converted into the then Federal Bureau of Statistics. Former Finance Minister Dr. Mahbub ul Haq further reorganized the bureau.
See also
Government of Pakistan
Politics of Pakistan
Statistics
References
External links
Federal Bureau of Statistics
Pakistan federal departments and agencies
Pakistan
1950 establishments in Pakistan
Government agencies established in 1950
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verhoeff%20algorithm
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The Verhoeff algorithm is a checksum for error detection first published by Dutch mathematician Jacobus Verhoeff in 1969. It was the first decimal check digit algorithm which detects all single-digit errors, and all transposition errors involving two adjacent digits, which was at the time thought impossible with such a code.
The method was independently discovered by H. Peter Gumm in 1985, this time including a formal proof and an extension to any base.
Goals
Verhoeff had the goal of finding a decimal code—one where the check digit is a single decimal digit—which detected all single-digit errors and all transpositions of adjacent digits. At the time, supposed proofs of the nonexistence of these codes made base-11 codes popular, for example in the ISBN check digit.
His goals were also practical, and he based the evaluation of different codes on live data from the Dutch postal system, using a weighted points system for different kinds of error. The analysis broke the errors down into a number of categories: first, by how many digits are in error; for those with two digits in error, there are transpositions (ab → ba), twins (aa → 'bb'), jump transpositions (abc → cba), phonetic (1a → a0), and jump twins (aba → cbc). Additionally there are omitted and added digits. Although the frequencies of some of these kinds of errors might be small, some codes might be immune to them in addition to the primary goals of detecting all singles and transpositions.
The phonetic errors in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freivalds%27%20algorithm
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Freivalds' algorithm (named after Rūsiņš Mārtiņš Freivalds) is a probabilistic randomized algorithm used to verify matrix multiplication. Given three n × n matrices , , and , a general problem is to verify whether . A naïve algorithm would compute the product explicitly and compare term by term whether this product equals . However, the best known matrix multiplication algorithm runs in time. Freivalds' algorithm utilizes randomization in order to reduce this time bound to
with high probability. In time the algorithm can verify a matrix product with probability of failure less than .
The algorithm
Input
Three n × n matrices , , and .
Output
Yes, if ; No, otherwise.
Procedure
Generate an n × 1 random 0/1 vector .
Compute .
Output "Yes" if ; "No," otherwise.
Error
If , then the algorithm always returns "Yes". If , then the probability that the algorithm returns "Yes" is less than or equal to one half. This is called one-sided error.
By iterating the algorithm k times and returning "Yes" only if all iterations yield "Yes", a runtime of and error probability of is achieved.
Example
Suppose one wished to determine whether:
A random two-element vector with entries equal to 0 or 1 is selected say and used to compute:
This yields the zero vector, suggesting the possibility that AB = C. However, if in a second trial the vector is selected, the result becomes:
The result is nonzero, proving that in fact AB ≠ C.
There are four two-element 0/1 vectors, and half of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky%20Mountain%20Front
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The Rocky Mountain Front is a somewhat unified geologic and ecosystem area in North America where the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains meet the plains. In 1983, the Bureau of Land Management called the Rocky Mountain Front "a nationally significant area because of its high wildlife, recreation, and scenic values". Conservationists Gregory Neudecker, Alison Duvall, and James Stutzman have described the Rocky Mountain Front as an area that warrants "the highest of conservation priorities" because it is largely unaltered by development and contains "unparalleled" numbers of wildlife.
Defining the Rocky Mountain Front
Although the Rocky Mountain Front is clearly distinct from both plains and mountains, in places like the Wyoming Basin, Montana, and New Mexico it is more ambiguous. One definition of the front is that it is a "transition zone
between the Rocky Mountains and the mixed grass prairie ... [that] encompasses a wide variety of wetland, riparian, grassland, and
forested habitats". By one estimate there are more than of Rocky Mountain Front land in Montana and Canada.
The Rocky Mountain Front is such an important geologic feature that it affects the weather in North America. Warm air masses moving from the Gulf of Mexico are blocked by the front from moving west, causing hail, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and other kinds of violent weather which then move east. "Tornado Alley", that part of the Great Plains where tornadoes are most frequent, is a direct outcome of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response%20amplitude%20operator
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In the field of ship design and design of other floating structures, a response amplitude operator (RAO) is an engineering statistic, or set of such statistics, that are used to determine the likely behavior of a ship when operating at sea. Known by the acronym of RAO, response amplitude operators are usually obtained from models of proposed ship designs tested in a model basin, or from running specialized CFD computer programs, often both. RAOs are usually calculated for all ship motions and for all wave headings.
Usage
RAOs are effectively transfer functions used to determine the effect that a sea state will have upon the motion of a ship through the water, and therefore, for example, whether or not (in the case of cargo vessels) the addition of cargo to the vessel will require measures to be taken to improve stability and prevent the cargo from shifting within the vessel. Generation of extensive RAOs at the design phase allows shipbuilders to determine the modifications to a design that may be required for safety reasons (i.e., to make the design robust and resistant to capsizing or sinking in highly adverse sea conditions) or to improve performance (e.g., improve top speed, fuel consumption, stability in rough seas). RAOs are computed in tandem with the generation of a hydrodynamic database, which is a model of the effects of water pressure upon the ship's hull under a wide variety of flow conditions. Together, the RAOs and hydrodynamic database provide (inasmuch as thi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigericin
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Nigericin is an antibiotic derived from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Its isolation was described in the 1950s, and in 1968 the structure could be elucidated by X-ray crystallography. The structure and properties of nigericin are similar to the antibiotic monensin. Commercially it is obtained as a byproduct, or contaminant, at the fermentation of Geldanamycin. It is also called Polyetherin A, Azalomycin M, Helixin C, Antibiotic K178, Antibiotic X-464.
Nigericin acts as an H+, K+, Pb2+ ionophore. Most commonly it is an antiporter of H+ and K+.
In the past nigericin was used as an antibiotic active against gram positive bacteria. It inhibits the Golgi functions in Eukaryotic cells. Its ability to induce K+ efflux also makes it a potent activator of the NLRP3 inflammasome
References
External links
Commercial supplier of nigericin sodium
Antibiotics
Ionophores
Tetrahydrofurans
Tetrahydropyrans
Primary alcohols
Lactols
Hemiketals
Vicinal diols
Carboxylic acids
Spiro compounds
Ketals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93verb%20word%20order
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In linguistic typology, object–subject–verb (OSV) or object–agent–verb (OAV) is a classification of languages, based on whether the structure predominates in pragmatically neutral expressions.
An example of this would be "Oranges Sam ate."
Unmarked word order
Natural languages
OSV is rarely used in unmarked sentences, which use a normal word order without emphasis. Most languages that use OSV as their default word order come from the Amazon basin, such as Xavante, Jamamadi, Apurinã, Warao, Kayabí and Nadëb. Here is an example from Apurinã:
British Sign Language (BSL) normally uses topic–comment structure, but its default word order when topic–comment structure is not used is OSV.
Marked word order
Various languages allow OSV word order but only in marked sentences, which emphasise part or all of the sentence.
Arabic
Classical Arabic is generally VSO but allows OSV in marked sentences (ones using traditional Arabic declension). For example, Verse 5 of Al-Fatiha reads:
The construction is less used in Modern Standard Arabic, which tends not to use marked sentences, and is generally absent in the colloquial varieties of Arabic, which are generally not declined and tend to observe strict SVO order.
Chinese
Passive constructions in Chinese follow an OSV (OAV) pattern through the use of the particle 被:
English
In English, object-subject-verb order is atypical but can be used for contrastive focus, as in: That car we bought at least five years ago. The other one we only b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seliciclib
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Seliciclib (roscovitine or CYC202) is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors that preferentially inhibit multiple enzyme targets including CDK2, CDK7 and CDK9, which alter the growth phase or state within the cell cycle of treated cells. Seliciclib is being developed by Cyclacel.This is a phase II, dose ranging, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
The aim of this study is to assess the safety of increasing doses of roscovitine administered orally for 4 cycles of 4 consecutive days (treatment "on") separated by a 3 days treatment free period (treatment "off") in adult CF subjects with Cystic Fibrosis carrying 2 Cystic Fibrosis causing mutations with at least one F508del-CFTR mutation and chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
This study involved 36 Cystic Fibrosis patients: 24 treated and 12 controls.
Seliciclib is being researched for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), Cushing's disease, leukemia, HIV infection, Parkinson’s disease, herpes simplex infection, cystic fibrosis and the mechanisms of chronic inflammation disorders.
Seliciclib is a 2,6,9-substituted purine analog. Its structure in complex with CDK2 was determined in 1996. Seliciclib inhibits CDK2/E, CDK2/A, CDK7 and CDK9.
Clinical trials and lab tests
Cancer treatment
Seliciclib has been found to produce apoptosis in treated cancerous cells of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and ot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLRP
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SLRP may refer to:
Soluble low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein
Small leucine-rich repeat protein
Small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purely%20inseparable%20extension
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In algebra, a purely inseparable extension of fields is an extension k ⊆ K of fields of characteristic p > 0 such that every element of K is a root of an equation of the form xq = a, with q a power of p and a in k. Purely inseparable extensions are sometimes called radicial extensions, which should not be confused with the similar-sounding but more general notion of radical extensions.
Purely inseparable extensions
An algebraic extension is a purely inseparable extension if and only if for every , the minimal polynomial of over F is not a separable polynomial. If F is any field, the trivial extension is purely inseparable; for the field F to possess a non-trivial purely inseparable extension, it must be imperfect as outlined in the above section.
Several equivalent and more concrete definitions for the notion of a purely inseparable extension are known. If is an algebraic extension with (non-zero) prime characteristic p, then the following are equivalent:
E is purely inseparable over F.
For each element , there exists such that .
Each element of E has minimal polynomial over F of the form for some integer and some element .
It follows from the above equivalent characterizations that if (for F a field of prime characteristic) such that for some integer , then E is purely inseparable over F. (To see this, note that the set of all x such that for some forms a field; since this field contains both and F, it must be E, and by condition 2 above, must be purely i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner%20cell%20mass
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The inner cell mass (ICM) or embryoblast (known as the pluriblast in marsupials) is a structure in the early development of an embryo. It is the mass of cells inside the blastocyst that will eventually give rise to the definitive structures of the fetus. The inner cell mass forms in the earliest stages of embryonic development, before implantation into the endometrium of the uterus. The ICM is entirely surrounded by the single layer of trophoblast cells of the trophectoderm.
Further development
The physical and functional separation of the inner cell mass from the trophectoderm (TE) is a special feature of mammalian development and is the first cell lineage specification in these embryos. Following fertilization in the oviduct, the mammalian embryo undergoes a relatively slow round of cleavages to produce an eight-cell morula. Each cell of the morula, called a blastomere, increases surface contact with its neighbors in a process called compaction. This results in a polarization of the cells within the morula, and further cleavage yields a blastocyst of roughly 32 cells. In mice, about 12 internal cells comprise the new inner cell mass and 20 – 24 cells comprise the surrounding trophectoderm. There is variation between species of mammals as to the number of cells at compaction with bovine embryos showing differences related to compaction as early as 9-15 cells and in rabbits not until after 32 cells. There is also interspecies variation in gene expression patterns in early
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMSO%20reductase
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DMSO reductase is a molybdenum-containing enzyme that catalyzes reduction of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to dimethyl sulfide (DMS). This enzyme serves as the terminal reductase under anaerobic conditions in some bacteria, with DMSO being the terminal electron acceptor. During the course of the reaction, the oxygen atom in DMSO is transferred to molybdenum, and then reduced to water.
DMSO reductase (DMSOR) and other members of the DMSO reductase family are unique to bacteria and archaea. Enzymes of this family in anaerobic oxidative phosphorylation and inorganic-donor-based lithotrophic respiration. These enzymes have been engineered to degrade oxoanions.
DMSOR catalyzes the transfer of two electrons and one oxygen atom in the reaction: The active site of DMSOR contains molybdenum, which is otherwise rare in biology.
Tertiary structure and active site
As for other members of DMSO reductase family, the tertiary structure of DMSOR is composed of Mo-surrounding domains I-IV, with domain IV heavily interacting with pyranopterindithiolene Mo-cofactors (P- and Q-pterin) of the active site. Members of the DMSO reductase family differ in terms of their active sites. In the case of DMSOR, the Mo center is found to two dithiolene provided by two pyranopterin cofactors. These organic cofactors, called molybdopterins, are linked to GMP to create a dinucleotide form. An additional fifth cap-like ligand is the side-chain O of serine-147 residue, further classifying the enzyme as Type III
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium%28III%29%20oxide
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Promethium(III) oxide is a compound with the formula Pm2O3. It is the most common form of promethium.
Crystal structure
Promethium oxide exists in three major crystalline forms:
*a, b and c are lattice parameters, Z is the number of formula units per unit cell, density is calculated from X-ray data.
The low-temperature cubic form converts to the monoclinic structure upon heating to 750–800 °C, and this transition can only be reversed by melting the oxide. The transition from the monoclinic to hexagonal form occurs at 1740 °C.
References
Promethium compounds
Sesquioxides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioSteel%20%28fiber%29
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BioSteel was a trademark name for a high-strength fiber-based material made of the recombinant spider silk-like protein extracted from the milk of transgenic goats, made by defunct Montreal-based company Nexia Biotechnologies, and later by the Randy Lewis lab of the University of Wyoming and Utah State University. It is reportedly 7-10 times as strong as steel if compared for the same weight, and can stretch up to 20 times its unaltered size without losing its strength properties. It also has very high resistance to extreme temperatures, not losing any of its properties within .
The company had created lines of goats to produce recombinant versions of two spidroins from Nephila clavipes, the golden orb weaver, MaSp1 and MaSp2 When the female goats lactate, the milk, containing the recombinant DNA silk, was to be harvested and subjected to chromatographic techniques to purify the recombinant silk proteins.
The purified silk proteins could be dried, dissolved using solvents (DOPE formation) and transformed into microfibers using wet-spinning fiber production methods. The spun fibers were reported to have tenacities in the range of 2 - 3 grams/denier and elongation range of 25-45%. The "Biosteel biopolymer" had been transformed into nanofibers and nanomeshes using the electrospinning technique.
Nexia is the only company that has successfully produced fibers from spider silk expressed in goat's milk. The Lewis lab has produced fibers from recombinant spider silk protein and sy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter%20%28dinghy%29
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Otter is a classification referring to a particular design for a two-man sailing dinghy with a glass fibre hull. Its rig consists of a main, a jib and an optional symmetric spinnaker. The hull dimensions are 11 ft 11 in length and 4 ft 10 in beam. The boat has a draft of 3 ft 6 in with the centreboard down. The sail area (main and jib) is 75 sq. ft. The class symbol is a stylised glass bubble; due to the original lightweight "cigar box cedar" construction of the prototypes, the name 'Bubble' was first used for the boat. John Baker obtained the plans for an expanded version of the boat in G.R.P. and hence renamed the boat 'Glass Bubble'. After being put into production by Baker, the name 'Otter' was adopted; coming from the river of the same name in East Devon, close to where the boat was manufactured.
The Otter also handles well and can be sailed with larger crews than the two man racing crew. The boats are also incredibly easy to sail single handed as well. However, when sailing with more than two people the boat does tend to sit quite low in the water and does affect the performance of the dinghy.
The Otter was originally designed by George O'Brien Kennedy for G.R.P. Moulding, and was first produced in the mid 1960s by John Baker, Kenton Forge Ltd. The production was moved at least once, with later boats being produced by Chris Clarance Marine, Shaldon, Devon. The boats were produced for at least 22 years, with at least 1173 boats being produced.
The last Otter dinghies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCC6
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Multidrug resistance-associated protein 6 (MRP6) also known as ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 6 (ABCC6) and multi-specific organic anion transporter E (MOAT-E) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCC6 gene. The protein encoded by the ABCC6 gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters.
ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multidrug resistance.
Pathology
Mutations in this protein cause pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). The most common mutations, R1141X and 23-29del, account for about 25% of the found mutations.
Premature atherosclerosis is also associated with mutations in the ABCC6 gene, even in those without PXE.
Deficiency of Abcc6 in mouse models of ischemia leads to larger infarcts, which can be rescued by Abcc6 overexpression.
Location
Abcc6 gene encodes an intracellular transporter associated with mitochondrial function, located in the mitochondrial-associated membrane (MAM), whereas its substrate can be located in either MAM, cytosol or ER.
Abcc6 is primarily expressed in liver and kidney,.
References
External links
GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Membrane Topology Model of Human ABCC6 protein
ATP-binding cassette transporters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wohl
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Wohl may refer to:
Chemistry
Wohl–Aue reaction
Wohl degradation
Wohl equation
Wohl–Ziegler bromination
People
Wohl is a spelling of Wahl, which corresponds to English well from German Language well or sure. Also from Polish elected.
Aleksandar Wohl (born 1963), Australian chess player
Alfred Wohl (1863–1939), German chemist
Brian Wohl (born 1972), known by his ring name Julio Dinero, American professional wrestler
Cecília Wohl (1862–1939), Hungarian philanthropist
Daniel Wohl (born 1980), French composer
Dave Wohl (born 1949), American former NBA player and coach
David Wohl (actor) (born 1953), American actor
David Wohl, American comic book writer and editor
Eddie Wohl, American record producer and member of rock music ensemble World Fire Brigade
Ellen Wohl (born 1962), American fluvial geomorphologist
Herman Wohl (1877–1936), American composer
Ira Wohl, American documentary filmmaker
Jacob Wohl (born 1997), American far-right conspiracy theorist, fraudster, and Internet troll
Jeanette Wohl (1783–1861), German correspondent and heir of Ludwig Börne
Louis de Wohl (1903–1961), Hungarian astrologer and writer
Martin Wohl (died 2009), American transportation economist
Mary Ellen Wohl (1932–2009), American pulmonologist
Maurice Wohl (1923–2007), British philanthropist
Paul Wohl (1901–1985), German journalist and political commentator
Richard Wohl (1921–1957), American sociologist
Places
Wohl Centre, at Bar-Ilan University in Ramat Gan]], Israel
W
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2C9
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Cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 9 (abbreviated CYP2C9) is an enzyme protein. The enzyme is involved in metabolism, by oxidation, of both xenobiotics, including drugs, and endogenous compounds, including fatty acids. In humans, the protein is encoded by the CYP2C9 gene. The gene is highly polymorphic, which affects the efficiency of the metabolism by the enzyme.
Function
CYP2C9 is a crucial cytochrome P450 enzyme, which plays a significant role in the metabolism, by oxidation, of both xenobiotic and endogenous compounds. CYP2C9 makes up about 18% of the cytochrome P450 protein in liver microsomes. The protein is mainly expressed in liver, duodenum and small intestine. About 100 therapeutic drugs are metabolized by CYP2C9, including drugs with a narrow therapeutic index such as warfarin and phenytoin, and other routinely prescribed drugs such as acenocoumarol, tolbutamide, losartan, glipizide, and some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. By contrast, the known extrahepatic CYP2C9 often metabolizes important endogenous compounds such as serotonin and, owing to its epoxygenase activity, various polyunsaturated fatty acids, converting these fatty acids to a wide range of biological active products.
In particular, CYP2C9 metabolizes arachidonic acid to the following eicosatrienoic acid epoxide (EETs) stereoisomer sets: 5R,6S-epoxy-8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic and 5S,6R-epoxy-8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acids; 11R,12S-epoxy-8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic and 11S,12R-epo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farimah%20Farjami
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Farimah Farjami (, 8 May 1952 – 30 June 2023) was an Iranian actress. She received various accolades, including a Crystal Simorgh for The Last Act (1991). Her acting in films, especially in independent women's dramas, was repeatedly praised by critics. She was often referred to as one of the leading actors of her generation.
Life and career
Farjami's performances in the roles of wandering and wavering young or middle age women who struggle with psychological and personal problems were admired by film critics, and won awards for The Lead (1988, Masoud Kimiai), The Last Act (1990, Varouj Karim-Masihi), and Nargess (1992, Rakhshan Bani Etemad) from International Fajr Film Festival.
Farjami died on 30 June 2023, at the age of 71, after suffering two strokes.
References
External links
1952 births
2023 deaths
Actresses from Tehran
Iranian film actresses
Iranian stage actresses
Iranian television actresses
Crystal Simorgh for Best Actress winners
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2C19
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Cytochrome P450 2C19 (abbreviated CYP2C19) is an enzyme protein. It is a member of the CYP2C subfamily of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system. This subfamily includes enzymes that catalyze metabolism of xenobiotics, including some proton pump inhibitors and antiepileptic drugs. In humans, it is the CYP2C19 gene that encodes the CYP2C19 protein. CYP2C19 is a liver enzyme that acts on at least 10% of drugs in current clinical use, most notably the antiplatelet treatment clopidogrel (Plavix), drugs that treat pain associated with ulcers, such as omeprazole, antiseizure drugs such as mephenytoin, the antimalarial proguanil, and the anxiolytic diazepam.
CYP2C19 has been annotated as (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase and (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase in UniProt.
Function
The gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. Enzymes in the CYP2C subfamily, including CYP2C19, account for approximately 20% of cytochrome P450 in the adult liver. These proteins are monooxygenases that catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and is known to metabolize many drugs. Polymorphism within this gene is associated with variable ability to metabolize drugs. The gene is located within a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome no.10 arm q24.
CYP2C19 also possesses epoxygenase activity: it is one of the principal enzymes responsible for attack
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2C8
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Cytochrome P4502C8 (CYP2C8) is a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. Cytochrome P4502C8 also possesses epoxygenase activity, i.e. it metabolizes long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, e.g. arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and Linoleic acid to their biologically active epoxides.
Ligands
Following is a table of selected substrates, inducers and inhibitors of 2C8.
Inhibitors of CYP2C8 can be classified by their potency, such as:
Strong inhibitor being one that causes at least a five-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or more than 80% decrease in clearance.
Moderate inhibitor being one that causes at least a two-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or 50-80% decrease in clearance.
Weak inhibitor being one that causes at least a 1.25-fold but less than two-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or 20-50% decrease in clearance.
Where classes of agents are listed, there may be exceptions within the class.
Epoxygenase activity
CYP2C8 also possesses epoxygenase activity: it is one of the principal enzymes responsible for attacking various long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids at their double (i.e. alkene) bonds to form epoxide products that act as signaling agents. It metabolizes: 1) arachidonic acid to various epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (also termed EETs); 2) linoleic acid to 9,10-epoxy octadecenoic acids (also termed vernolic acid, linoleic acid 9:10-oxide, or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20Wiener%20process
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In statistics, a generalized Wiener process (named after Norbert Wiener) is a continuous time random walk with drift and random jumps at every point in time. Formally:
where a and b are deterministic functions, t is a continuous index for time, x is a set of exogenous variables that may change with time, dt is a differential in time, and η is a random draw from a standard normal distribution at each instant.
See also
Wiener process
Wiener process
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitra%20Hajjar
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Mitra Hajjar (; born February 4, 1977) is an Iranian actress. She has received various accolades, including a Crystal Simorgh, in addition to nominations for three Hafez Award, an Iran Cinema Celebration Award and an Iran's Film Critics and Writers Association Award.
Career
Hajjar started acting with "Strangely" directed by Ahmad Amini. She has also starred in TV series, most notably "Young Police". She has acted in the theatrical show "Uncle Vania" in France. In 2005, she left Iran for France, and then went to America to study directorship. She lived abroad for 3 years, and she also played in an episode of the American Show "Smith". She received a nomination for the best actress in a supporting role for the movie "Long Goodbye". Hajjar was named the best actress in her film Wishbone.
Selected filmography
The Cry, 1999
Born under Libra, 2001
Protest, 2000
Killing Mad Dogs, 2001
Nights of Tehran 2001
Rokhsareh, 2002
The Poisonous Mushroom, 2002
Pink (2003 film), 2003
Alghazali - The Alchemist of happiness, 2004
The Intruder, 2002
Loser, 2002
The Fugitive, 2003
The Crime, 2004
It's Winter, 2006
The Secrets, 2007
This Is Not A Love Song, 2007
The Hunter, 2010
Anahita, 2010
Motherless, 2022
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
Actors from Mashhad
Iranian film actresses
Iranian stage actresses
Iranian television actresses
21st-century Iranian actresses
Crystal Simorgh for Best Actress winners
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin%20Hayai
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Amin Hayai (; born June 9, 1970) is an Iranian actor. He has received various accolades, including two Crystal Simorgh, three Hafez Awards and an Iran's Film Critics and Writers Association Honorary Diploma, in addition to nomination for an Iran Cinema Celebration Award.
Career
He started acting in theater along with his education. After finishing high school, he entered military service, and also acted in the art center of air force army. In 1991 he acted in a theatrical show for kids with the directorship of Soraya Ghasemi. It took him long to get a main acting role in movies, and he was successful in his first movie Eve's Red Apple. He has also won the best male actor award in Fajr film festival for the film by Rasoul Sadr-Ameli, "The Night", in 2008.
Hayai appeared in the film Woodpecker in 2018. Hayai also will appear in the film We Like You Miss Yaya which he filmed in 2017. He was awarded the Diploma Honorary for Best Actor for Blazing at the Fajr Film Festival in 2018.
In 2019, he became a judge in the first Iranian Talent Show called Asre Jadid Produced by Ehsan alikhani.
Personal life
He was married to Mona Bankipour and they have a son, Dara Hayai. They were divorced, and he is now married to Niloufar Khoshkholgh, who is an Iranian actress.
Filmography
Film
Web
References
External links
Amin Hayai on Instagram
1970 births
Living people
Iranian comedians
Iranian male actors
Iranian male singers
Male actors from Tehran
Iranian male film actors
Iranian
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faramarz%20Gharibian
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Faramarz Gharibian (; born 18 November 1941) is an Iranian retired actor. He won three Crystal Simorgh Awards for his performances in The Train (1988), Misty Harbour (1992), and The Rain Man (1998).
Career
He learned film acting in the School of Visual Arts, US (1971). He started his career with a short role in Come Stranger (1968, Masoud Kimiai). His professional debut was in Soil (1973, Masoud Kimiai).
In most of his films, he plays the role of a resolute man who, in order to achieve his goals or preserve his ideals, must face conflict and danger. He has some adventure films in his career and also directed three feature films, Duel in Tasuki (1986), Law (1995) and Her Eyes (1999). Gharibian has been nominated for the prize of Best Actor, and has won the prize for Train (1987), Misty Harbor (1992) and The Rain Man (1999) from Fajr International Film Festival.
In recent years, he has won international awards from around the world. He won the award for Best Actor at the 25th Moscow International Film Festival and Asia Pacific Film Festival for Dancing in the Dust, he also won the Special Jury Prize in the International Film Festival of India for The Beautiful City.
Filmography
The Deers, 1974
Ghazal, 1975
Jong-e Athar, 1977
The Tall Shadows of the Wind, 1977
The Messenger, 1981
Kani-Manga, 1986
The Train, 1987
The Wolf’s Trail, 1991
Misty Harbour, 1992
I Want to Live, 1994
The Rain Man, 1998
Dancing in the Dust, 2002
Beautiful City, 2005
The Wet Dream, 20
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20test
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In statistics, the White test is a statistical test that establishes whether the variance of the errors in a regression model is constant: that is for homoskedasticity.
This test, and an estimator for heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors, were proposed by Halbert White in 1980. These methods have become widely used, making this paper one of the most cited articles in economics.
In cases where the White test statistic is statistically significant, heteroskedasticity may not necessarily be the cause; instead the problem could be a specification error. In other words, the White test can be a test of heteroskedasticity or specification error or both. If no cross product terms are introduced in the White test procedure, then this is a test of pure heteroskedasticity.
If cross products are introduced in the model, then it is a test of both heteroskedasticity and specification bias.
Testing constant variance
To test for constant variance one undertakes an auxiliary regression analysis: this regresses the squared residuals from the original regression model onto a set of regressors that contain the original regressors along with their squares and cross-products. One then inspects the R2. The Lagrange multiplier (LM) test statistic is the product of the R2 value and sample size:
This follows a chi-squared distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to P − 1, where P is the number of estimated parameters (in the auxiliary regression).
The logic of the test is as follows
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow%20Shakibai
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Khosrow Shakibai (; March 27, 1944 – July 18, 2008) was an Iranian actor. He has received various accolades, including three Crystal Simorgh, a Hafez Award, two Iran Cinema Celebration Awards and an Iran's Film Critics and Writers Association Award.
Career
He ranks amongst the most accomplished actors of his generation. Khosrow Shakibai was born to Colonel Ahmad Shakibāi and Ms Farideh Khātami. His father, who was an army Colonel, died from cancer when Khosrow (called Mahmoud by family and close friends) was only fourteen. Khosrow studied acting at Faculty of Fine Arts of University of Tehran. He began his stage career in 1963 and branched out his activities into film dubbing in 1968. Shakibā'í initiated his film acting in 1982 with Khatt-e Ghermez (The Red Line), directed by Masoud Kimiai. He had played in seven feature films when the film director Dariush Mehrjui offered him the title role of Hamoun, a film that over time has achieved a cult status.
Shakibai's performance in Hamoun marked a turning point in his career. He received a Crystal Simorgh at Fajr International Film Festival for his portrayal of Hamoun, a literary intellectual who gradually loses his touch with reality and becomes entrapped into an obsessive and destructive conflict with his estranged wife whom he deeply loves. Shakibai played also in some major television series. He won a Crystal Phoenix for Kimiā (The Philosopher's Stone) (1994) directed by Ahmad Reza Darvish.
Shakibai found also a considera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Burne
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Alfred Higgins Burne DSO (1886–1959) was a soldier and military historian. He invented the concept of Inherent Military Probability; in battles and campaigns where there is some doubt over what action was taken, Burne believed that the action taken would be one which a trained staff officer of the twentieth century would take.
Career
Alfred Burne was educated at Winchester School and RMA Woolwich, before being commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1906. He was awarded the DSO during the First World War and, during World War II, was Commandant of the 121st Officer Cadet Training Unit. He retired as a Lieutenant-Colonel.
He was Military Editor of Chambers Encyclopedia from 1938 to 1957 and became an authority on the history of land warfare. He was a contributor to the Dictionary of National Biography.
Burne lived in Kensington and his funeral was held at St Mary Abbots there.
Inherent Military Probability
Burne introduced the concept of Inherent Military Probability (IMP) to the study of military history. He himself defined it thus :
My method here is to start with what appear to be undisputed facts, then to place myself in the shoes of each commander in turn, and to ask myself in each case what I would have done. This I call working on Inherent Military Probability. I then compare the resulting action with the existing record in order to see whether it discloses any incompatibility with the existing facts. If not, I then go on to the next debatable or obscure po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy%20of%20sublimation
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In thermodynamics, the enthalpy of sublimation, or heat of sublimation, is the heat required to sublimate (change from solid to gas) one mole of a substance at a given combination of temperature and pressure, usually standard temperature and pressure (STP). It is equal to the cohesive energy of the solid. For elemental metals, it is also equal to the standard enthalpy of formation of the gaseous metal atoms. The heat of sublimation is usually expressed in kJ/mol, although the less customary kJ/kg is also encountered.
Sublimation enthalpies
See also
Heat
Sublimation (chemistry)
Phase transition
Clausius-Clapeyron equation
References
Enthalpy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haynes%E2%80%93Shockley%20experiment
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In semiconductor physics, the Haynes–Shockley experiment was an experiment that demonstrated that diffusion of minority carriers in a semiconductor could result in a current. The experiment was reported in a short paper by Haynes and Shockley in 1948, with a more detailed version published by Shockley, Pearson, and Haynes in 1949.
The experiment can be used to measure carrier mobility, carrier lifetime, and diffusion coefficient.
In the experiment, a piece of semiconductor gets a pulse of holes, for example, as induced by voltage or a short laser pulse.
Equations
To see the effect, we consider a n-type semiconductor with the length d. We are interested in determining the mobility of the carriers, diffusion constant and relaxation time. In the following, we reduce the problem to one dimension.
The equations for electron and hole currents are:
where the js are the current densities of electrons (e) and holes (p), the μs the charge carrier mobilities, E is the electric field, n and p the number densities of charge carriers, the Ds are diffusion coefficients, and x is position. The first term of the equations is the drift current, and the second term is the diffusion current.
Derivation
We consider the continuity equation:
Subscript 0s indicate equilibrium concentrations. The electrons and the holes recombine with the carrier lifetime τ.
We define
so the upper equations can be rewritten as:
In a simple approximation, we can consider the electric field to be cons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muconate%20lactonizing%20enzyme
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Muconate lactonizing enzymes (, muconate cycloisomerase I, cis,cis-muconate-lactonizing enzyme, cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase, 4-carboxymethyl-4-hydroxyisocrotonolactone lyase (decyclizing), CatB, MCI, MLE, 2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate lyase (decyclizing)) are involved in the breakdown of lignin-derived aromatics, catechol and protocatechuate, to citric acid cycle intermediates as a part of the β-ketoadipate pathway in soil microbes. Some bacterial species are also capable of dehalogenating chloroaromatic compounds by the action of chloromuconate lactonizing enzymes. MLEs consist of several strands which have variable reaction favorable parts therefore the configuration of the strands affect its ability to accept protons. The bacterial MLEs belong to the enolase superfamily, several structures from which are known. MLEs have an identifying structure made up of two proteins and two Magnesium ions as well as various classes depending on whether it is bacterial or eukaryotic. The reaction mechanism that MLEs undergo are the reverse of beta-elimination in which the enolate alpha-carbon is protonated. MLEs can undergo mutations caused by a deletion of catB structural genes which can cause some bacteria to lose its functions such as the ability to grow. Additional mutations to MLEs can cause its structure and function to alter and could cause the conformation to change therefore making it an inactive enzyme that is unable to bind its substrate. There is another enzyme called
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelate%20racemase
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Mandelate racemase () is a bacterial enzyme which catalyzes the interconversion of the enantiomers of mandelate via an enol intermediate. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
(S)-mandelate (R)-mandelate
It is a member of the enolase superfamily of enzymes, along with muconate lactonizing enzyme and enolase.
References
External links
EC 5.1.2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enolase%20superfamily
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The enolase superfamily is a superfamily of enzymes, members of which catalyse a range of reactions.
The enolase superfamily includes enzymes that catalyse a wide variety of reactions and performing diverse roles in metabolism. However, the reactions catalysed share the common chemical step of abstraction of a proton from a carbon adjacent to a carboxylic acid and a requirement of a divalent metal ion. This diversity of functions is in contrast to many families of enzymes whose members catalyse similar chemical reactions on different substrates.
Members
Enolase
Mandelate racemase (MR)
Muconate lactonizing enzyme (MLE)
The primary sequences of MR and MLE, approximately 25% identical, are related but significantly different; whereas their three-dimensional structures are similar. The enzyme enolase has a more distant, but nevertheless clear, relationship to MLE and MR. The enolase superfamily has served as a model superfamily for understanding enzyme function and is one of the protein families under study by the Enzyme Function Initiative (EFI).
References
External links
Evolution of an enzyme active site: the structure of a new crystal form of muconate lactonizing enzyme compared with mandelate racemase and enolase.
Enolase Superfamily overview from the EFI
Enzymes
Enols
Protein superfamilies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation%20theorem
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In mathematics, a representation theorem is a theorem that states that every abstract structure with certain properties is isomorphic to another (abstract or concrete) structure.
Examples
Algebra
Cayley's theorem states that every group is isomorphic to a permutation group.
Representation theory studies properties of abstract groups via their representations as linear transformations of vector spaces.
Stone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras states that every Boolean algebra is isomorphic to a field of sets.
A variant, Stone's representation theorem for distributive lattices, states that every distributive lattice is isomorphic to a sublattice of the power set lattice of some set.
Another variant, Stone's duality, states that there exists a duality (in the sense of an arrow-reversing equivalence) between the categories of Boolean algebras and that of Stone spaces.
The Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem states that every Lie algebra embeds into the commutator Lie algebra of its universal enveloping algebra.
Ado's theorem states that every finite-dimensional Lie algebra over a field of characteristic zero embeds into the Lie algebra of endomorphisms of some finite-dimensional vector space.
Birkhoff's HSP theorem states that every model of an algebra A is the homomorphic image of a subalgebra of a direct product of copies of A.
In the study of semigroups, the Wagner–Preston theorem provides a representation of an inverse semigroup S, as a homomorphic image of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision%20Graphics%20Markup%20Language
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Precision Graphics Markup Language (PGML) is an XML-based language for representing vector graphics. It was a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) submission by Adobe Systems, IBM, Netscape, and Sun Microsystems, that was not adopted as a recommendation. PGML is a 2D graphical format, offering precision for graphic artists, guaranteeing that the design created will appear in end user systems with the correct formatting, layout and the precision of color.
PGML and Vector Markup Language, another XML-based vector graphics language W3C submission supported by Autodesk, Hewlett-Packard, Macromedia, Microsoft, and Visio Corporation, were later joined and improved upon to create Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG).
Applications
The ArgoUML CASE tool is able to export UML diagrams in PGML.
See also
List of vector graphics markup languages
References
External links
W3C 1998 Note
Graphics file formats
Markup languages
Vector graphics markup languages
XML-based standards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner%20Fenchel
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Moritz Werner Fenchel (; 3 May 1905 – 24 January 1988) was a mathematician known for his contributions to geometry and to optimization theory. Fenchel established the basic results of convex analysis and nonlinear optimization theory which would, in time, serve as the foundation for nonlinear programming. A German-born Jew and early refugee from Nazi suppression of intellectuals, Fenchel lived most of his life in Denmark. Fenchel's monographs and lecture notes are considered influential.
Biography
Early life and education
Fenchel was born on 3 May 1905 in Berlin, Germany, his younger brother was the Israeli film director and architect Heinz Fenchel.
Fenchel studied mathematics and physics at the University of Berlin between 1923 and 1928. He wrote his doctorate thesis in geometry (Über Krümmung und Windung geschlossener Raumkurven) under Ludwig Bieberbach.
Professorship in Germany
From 1928 to 1933, Fenchel was Professor E. Landau's Assistant at the University of Göttingen. During a one-year leave (on Rockefeller Fellowship) between 1930 and 1931, Fenchel spent time in Rome with Levi-Civita, as well as in Copenhagen with Harald Bohr and Tommy Bonnesen.
He visited Denmark again in 1932.
Professorship in exile
Fenchel taught at Göttingen until 1933, when the Nazi discrimination laws led to mass-firings of Jews.
Fenchel emigrated to Denmark somewhere between April and September 1933, ultimately obtaining a position at the University of Copenhagen. In December 1933, F
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice%20reduction
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In mathematics, the goal of lattice basis reduction is to find a basis with short, nearly orthogonal vectors when given an integer lattice basis as input. This is realized using different algorithms, whose running time is usually at least exponential in the dimension of the lattice.
Nearly orthogonal
One measure of nearly orthogonal is the orthogonality defect. This compares the product of the lengths of the basis vectors with the volume of the parallelepiped they define. For perfectly orthogonal basis vectors, these quantities would be the same.
Any particular basis of vectors may be represented by a matrix , whose columns are the basis vectors . In the fully dimensional case where the number of basis vectors is equal to the dimension of the space they occupy, this matrix is square, and the volume of the fundamental parallelepiped is simply the absolute value of the determinant of this matrix . If the number of vectors is less than the dimension of the underlying space, then volume is . For a given lattice , this volume is the same (up to sign) for any basis, and hence is referred to as the determinant of the lattice or lattice constant .
The orthogonality defect is the product of the basis vector lengths divided by the parallelepiped volume;
From the geometric definition it may be appreciated that with equality if and only if the basis is orthogonal.
If the lattice reduction problem is defined as finding the basis with the smallest possible defect, then the problem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesz%20theorem
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The Riesz theorem may refer to any of several mathematical theorems due to brothers Frigyes Riesz and Marcel Riesz:
F. and M. Riesz theorem
F. Riesz's theorem – Characterizes finite-dimensional Hausdorff topological vector spaces (TVSs).
Riesz representation theorem
M. Riesz extension theorem
Riesz–Thorin theorem
Riesz–Fischer theorem
Riesz's lemma
Riesz–Markov–Kakutani representation theorem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenic%20Routes
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Scenic Routes is an album by roots music band Lost Dogs, released on BAI Records in 1992.
The album began as a one time recording effort from the frontmen of four creative rock bands; Gene Eugene, from the funk/rock band, Adam Again; Terry Scott Taylor, from the bands Daniel Amos and The Swirling Eddies; Mike Roe, from the rock band The 77s; and Derri Daugherty, from the atmospheric rock band The Choir.
Track listing
"Scenic Routes" (Words by Taylor, Music by Daugherty) (2:28)
"You Gotta Move" (Traditional, Arranged by Roe) (3:53)
"Built For Glory, Made To Last" (Taylor) (5:28)
"Bullet Train" (Taylor) (5:23)
"The Fortunate Sons" (Words by Eugene/Taylor, Music by Eugene) (4:36)
"The New Physics" (Roe/Mascoli) (4:05)
"I Am A Pilgrim" (Traditional, Arranged by The Lost Dogs) (3:40)
"Lord Protect My Child" (Bob Dylan, Arranged by the Lost Dogs) (4:53)
"Amber Waves Goodbye" (Taylor) (3:53)
"Bush League" (Words by Eugene/Taylor, Music by Eugene) (1:53)
"Old And Lonesome" (Roe, Adapted from Jimmy Reed's "Cold and Lonesome") (4:53)
"I Can't Say Goodbye" (Eugene) (5:00)
"Why Is The Devil Red?" (The Lost Dogs) (2:51)
"Smokescreen" (Roe) (2:27)
"The Last Testament of Angus Shane" (Words by Taylor, Music by Eugene) (4:09)
"Hard Times Come Again No More" (Stephen Foster, Arranged by The Lost Dogs) (2:13)
"Breathe Deep" (Taylor) (3:33)
The band
Derri Daugherty — guitars and vocals
Gene Eugene — guitars, piano and vocals
Mike Roe — guitars and vocals
Ter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Green%20Room%20Serenade%2C%20Part%20One
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Green Room Serenade, Part One is an album by American roots music band Lost Dogs. Named after Gene Eugene's Huntington Beach recording studio, The Green Room, it was released on BAI Records in 1996.
Track listing
"The Green Room Serenade" (Taylor) (1:42)
"Up in the Morning" (Taylor) (5:19)
"Cry Baby" (Eugene) (3:01)
"Love Takes Over The World" (Taylor) (4:37)
"Close But No Cigar" (Taylor) (2:57)
"All That Remains" (Taylor) (5:21)
"Sweet Work of Love" (Taylor) (5:26)
"If it Be Your Will" (Leonard Cohen) (3:59)
"Mexico" (Eugene) (4:10)
"The Prodigal Bride (I'll Wait For You)" (Taylor) (4:48)
"Hey, You Little Devil" (Taylor/Daugherty/Eugene) (3:40)
"I Don't Love You" (Roe) (2:51)
"Reasonable Service" (Taylor) (5:01)
"Waiting For You to Come Around" (Daugherty/Eugene) (5:55)
"Breathe Deep (The Breath of God) - 1996" (Taylor) (4:15)
The band
Derri Daugherty — vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, bass
Gene Eugene — vocals, Fender Rhodes electric piano, B-3 organ, guitars, bass
Mike Roe — vocals, lead guitar, acoustic guitar, bass
Terry Scott Taylor — vocals, acoustic guitars
Additional musicians
Tim Chandler — bass
Burleigh Drummond — drums
Greg Kellogg — pedal steel, banjo, dobro
James Sitterly — violin
Production notes
Recorded and Mixed by Gene Eugene and Lost Dogs at The Green Room, Huntington Beach.
B-3 Recorded at Desert Moon, Anaheim.
Additional Engineering by Eric Tokle.
Art Direction, Design, Concepts, Photography and Clay Sculptures by the "Fabulo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift%20Horse%20%28album%29
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Gift Horse is a studio album by the folk rock band Lost Dogs. It was released in 1999 on BEC Records.
This turned out to be Gene Eugene's last album with the band, as he died in The Green Room shortly after its release. BEC Records retitled one song as "A Vegas Story" for the album's artwork. To this day, fans of the band continue to call it by its real name, "Free Drinks and a Dream". The song also goes by that name during concert performances and on later live albums and videos.
Track listing
"Ghost Train (To Nowhere)" (Taylor) (4:38)
"Free Drinks and a Dream (A Vegas Story)" (Taylor) (4:53)
"If You Loved Here (You'd Be Home By Now)" (Taylor) (3:09)
"Diamonds to Coal" (Taylor) (3:44)
"A Blessing In Disguise" (Taylor) (4:37)
"Loved and Forgiven" (Taylor) (4:47)
"Rebecca Go Home" (Taylor) (4:03)
"Honeysuckle Breeze" (Taylor) (2:56)
"Ditto" (Taylor) (4:18)
"The Wall of Heaven" (Taylor) (4:35)
"Farther Along" (Traditional, Arranged by The Lost Dogs) (4:11)
Personnel
Derri Daugherty — guitars and vocals
Burleigh Drummond — drums and percussion
Gene Eugene — guitars, piano, and vocals
Mike Roe — guitars and vocals
Terry Scott Taylor — guitars and vocals
Additional musicians
Melissa Hasin — cello
John McDuffie — pedal steel
Production notes
Recorded and mixed by Gene Eugene and Lost Dogs at The Green Room, Huntington Beach, California.
References
Lost Dogs albums
1999 albums
Tooth & Nail Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20Men%20Cry
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Real Men Cry is an album by roots music band Lost Dogs, released on BEC Records in 2001.
This was the first album by the Lost Dogs after Gene Eugene's death in March 2000 and is a tribute to him.
The song "Lovely Man" is not listed on the back cover of the CD. It was actually meant to go between the songs "Three Legged Dog" and "When The Judgement Comes," but was moved and drastically edited by the label, BEC Records. The label objected to the lyric "right by damn," and completely edited it from the recording on the final album. The song, in its unedited form, has only surfaced on CD once on a Paste Magazine CD sampler.
Track listing
"A Certain Love" (Taylor) (2:58)
"Gates of Eden" (Taylor) (5:08)
"Real Men Cry" (Taylor) (3:36)
"Three Legged Dog" (Taylor) (2:10)
"When the Judgment Comes" (Taylor) (2:40)
"In the Distance" (Taylor) (4:24)
"The Great Divide" (Taylor) (2:31)
"The Mark of Cain" (Taylor) (3:35)
"Dust on the Bible" (Bailes) (2:59)
"Wild Ride" (Taylor) (3:35)
"Golden Dreams" (Taylor) (4:51)
"No Shadow of Turning" (Taylor) (2:33)
"Lovely Man" (Roe) (3:45)
The band
Derri Daugherty — guitars and vocals
Mike Roe — guitars and vocals
Terry Scott Taylor — guitars and vocals
Additional musicians
Tim Chandler — bass
Frank Lenz — drums, percussion
Mike Knott — vocal on "A Certain Love"
Doctor Love — bass
Phil Madeira — pull-string Telecaster, B3 organ, accordion
References
Production notes
Lost Dogs albums
2001 albums
Tooth & Nail Records alb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trader%20%28finance%29
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A trader is a person, firm, or entity in finance who buys and sells financial instruments, such as forex, cryptocurrencies, stocks, bonds, commodities, derivatives, and mutual funds in the capacity of agent, hedger, arbitrageur, or speculator.
Duties and types
The word "trader" appeared as early as 1863 in a universal dictionary as "trading man." Traders work for financial institutions as foreign exchange or securities dealers in the cash market and in the futures market, or for their own account as proprietary traders. They also include stock exchange traders, but not stockbrokers or lead brokers.
Traders buy and sell financial instruments traded in the stock markets, derivatives markets and commodity markets, comprising the stock exchanges, derivatives exchanges, and the commodities exchanges. Several categories and designations for diverse kinds of traders are found in finance, including:
Bond trader
Floor trader
Hedge fund trader
High-frequency trader
Market maker
Pattern day trader
Principal trader
Proprietary trader
Rogue trader
Scalper
Stock trader
Income
According to the Wall Street Journal in 2004, a managing director convertible bond trader was earning between $700,000 and $900,000 on average.
See also
Commodities exchange
Commodity market
Derivatives market
List of commodity traders
List of trading losses
Mismarking
Stock exchange
Stock market
Trading strategy
References
External links
Financial services occupations
Stock market
Commodity markets
Financia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdopterin
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Molybdopterins are a class of cofactors found in most molybdenum-containing and all tungsten-containing enzymes. Synonyms for molybdopterin are: MPT and pyranopterin-dithiolate. The nomenclature for this biomolecule can be confusing: Molybdopterin itself contains no molybdenum; rather, this is the name of the ligand (a pterin) that will bind the active metal. After molybdopterin is eventually complexed with molybdenum, the complete ligand is usually called molybdenum cofactor.
Molybdopterin consists of a pyranopterin, a complex heterocycle featuring a pyran fused to a pterin ring. In addition, the pyran ring features two thiolates, which serve as ligands in molybdo- and tungstoenzymes. In some cases, the alkyl phosphate group is replaced by an alkyl diphosphate nucleotide. Enzymes that contain the molybdopterin cofactor include xanthine oxidase, DMSO reductase, sulfite oxidase, and nitrate reductase.
The only molybdenum-containing enzymes that do not feature molybdopterins are the nitrogenases (enzymes that fix nitrogen). These contain an iron-sulfur center of a very different type, which also contains molybdenum.
Biosynthesis
Unlike many other cofactors, molybdenum cofactor (Moco) cannot be taken up as a nutrient. The cofactor thus requires de novo biosynthesis. Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis occurs in four steps: (i) the radical-mediated cyclization of nucleotide, guanosine triphosphate (GTP), to (8S)‑3',8‐cyclo‑7,8‑dihydroguanosine 5'‑triphosphate (), (ii) the fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre%27s%20equation
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In mathematics, Legendre's equation is the Diophantine equation
The equation is named for Adrien-Marie Legendre who proved in 1785 that it is solvable in integers x, y, z, not all zero, if and only if
−bc, −ca and −ab are quadratic residues modulo a, b and c, respectively, where a, b, c are nonzero, square-free, pairwise relatively prime integers, not all positive or all negative .
References
L. E. Dickson, History of the Theory of Numbers. Vol.II: Diophantine Analysis, Chelsea Publishing, 1971, . Chap.XIII, p. 422.
J.E. Cremona and D. Rusin, "Efficient solution of rational conics", Math. Comp., 72 (2003) pp. 1417-1441.
Diophantine equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20map
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The term positive map may refer to:
Positive-definite functions in classical analysis
Choi's theorem on completely positive maps between C*-algebras (pronounced "C-star algebra")
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20theory
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The term shell theory may refer to:
The shell theorem of fields and potentials due to a spherically symmetrical body
Part of the theory of plates and shells in continuum mechanics
The membrane theory of shells in continuum mechanics
The nuclear shell model in quantum mechanics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20laddering
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DNA laddering is a feature that can be observed when DNA fragments, resulting from Apoptosis DNA fragmentation are visualized after separation by gel electrophoresis the first described in 1980 by Andrew Wyllie at the University Edinburgh medical school DNA fragments can also be delected in cells that underwent necrosis, when theses DNA fragments after separation are subjected to gel electrophoresis which in the results in a characteristic ladder pattern,
DNA degradation
DNA laddering is a distinctive feature of DNA degraded by caspase-activated DNase (CAD), which is a key event during apoptosis. CAD cleaves genomic DNA at internucleosomal linker regions, resulting in DNA fragments that are multiples of 180–185 base-pairs in length. Separation of the fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis and subsequent visualization, for example by ethidium bromide staining, results in a characteristic "ladder" pattern. A simple method of selective extraction of fragmented DNA from apoptotic cells without the presence of high molecular weight DNA sections, generating the laddering pattern, utilizes pretreatment of cells in ethanol.
Apoptosis and necrosis
While most of the morphological features of apoptotic cells are short-lived, DNA laddering can be used as final state read-out method and has therefore become a reliable method to distinguish apoptosis from necrosis. DNA laddering can also be used to see if cells underwent apoptosis in the presence of a virus. This is useful because it
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGP
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VGP may refer to:
VGP JSC, a Ukrainian manufacturer of sanitary paper products
VGP Universal Kingdom, an amusement park in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Vermont Green Party
Vertebrate Genomes Project
Verlagsgruppe Passau, a German publishing company; see Deník
Vessels General Permit, related to ship pollution in the United States
Virtual Geomagnetic Pole, see plate reconstruction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau%20%28disambiguation%29
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Tau (Τ or τ) is the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet.
Tau may also refer to:
Mathematics
Tau (mathematical constant), a circle constant equal to (6.28318...)
Tau test in statistics (tau-a, tau-b and tau-c tests or Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient)
Tau function (disambiguation), several
Geography
Tau, Norway, a small town in Strand municipality, Rogaland county, Norway
Tău (disambiguation), two villages in Romania
Ta‘ū, an island in the Manua Island Group of American Samoa
Ta'u County, a county in American Samoa
Tau (Tongatapu), an island of the Tongatapu group in Tonga
Tau (Haapai), an island of the Haapai group in Tonga
Tau (Botswana), a village at the base of the Tswapong Hills in Botswana
Science and technology
TAU (spacecraft), a proposal to send a space probe to a thousand astronomical units from the Earth
Tau (particle), also called Tau lepton, an elementary particle in particle physics
Tau emerald, a species of dragonfly
Tau neutrino a subatomic elementary particle
Tau protein, a biochemical protein associated with microtubules
Tau, the standard astronomical abbreviation for Taurus (constellation)
Tau, a mutation in the Casein kinase 1 epsilon protein, in circadian biology
Rational Tau, a UML and SysML modeling tool
Opsanus tau, the scientific name for the oyster toadfish
Arts and media
Tau (film), a 2018 thriller film starring Maika Monroe
Tău (Negură Bunget album), a 2015 album by Romanian black metal band Negură Bunget
Tau, an alien rac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel%20Performance%20Center
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Opel Performance Center (OPC) is a division of the German automobile manufacturer Opel, initially set up as a subsidiary in 1997. The main focus of OPC is the development of performance derivatives of the Opel range, such as the hot hatch Corsa OPC and Astra OPC.
The OPC name is also used in some motorsport activities such as the VLN. In the United Kingdom, where Opel vehicles are sold under the Vauxhall marque, the VXR name is used instead. Former DTM racer Volker Strycek is managing director of Opel Performance Center.
History
Opel Performance Center GmbH was established in 1997. The first OPC car was an Astra G launched in 1999.
Prior to OPC models, Opel used the Grand Sport Injection (GSi) designation in the mid 1980s and the end of the 1990s for its high performance and hot hatch derivatives. Opel has offered many GSi models, e.g. the Manta B GSi, Kadett E GSi or Astra F GSi. The last vehicle with the GSi moniker was the Corsa C GSi, which was offered in the Opel model range until 2004. After three years, Opel decided to use the GSi moniker for the Corsa D in 2007.
With the Insignia B OPC Line being discontinued in 2022, the OPC sub-brand will be replaced by GSe, which now stands for Grand Sport electric.
OPC models
The retail versions developed by OPC are sold under the Opel brand, as special versions of the standard Opel vehicles. They are typically painted in a bright shade of blue, called Arden Blue (though other colours are available too). Their competition in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20cord%20stimulator
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A spinal cord stimulator (SCS) or dorsal column stimulator (DCS) is a type of implantable neuromodulation device (sometimes called a "pain pacemaker") that is used to send electrical signals to select areas of the spinal cord (dorsal columns) for the treatment of certain pain conditions. SCS is a consideration for people who have a pain condition that has not responded to more conservative therapy. There are also spinal cord stimulators under research and development that could enable patients with spinal cord injury to walk again via epidural electrical stimulation (EES).
Medical uses
The most common use of SCS is failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) in the United States and peripheral ischemic pain in Europe.
As of 2014 the FDA had approved SCS as a treatment for FBSS, chronic pain, complex regional pain syndrome, intractable angina, as well as visceral abdominal and perineal pain and pain in the extremities from nerve damage.
Once a person has had a psychological evaluation and deemed an appropriate candidate for SCS, a temporary implant is placed, called a trial, to determine the best stimulation pattern, and the person is sent home for three to ten days with an external pulse generator. If pain control and increased activity was achieved, a permanent system, with leads and a pulse generator, is placed.
Contraindications
SCS may be contraindicated in people who have coagulation related disorders, or are on anticoagulant therapy. Other contraindications include local
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20neuroscience
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From the ancient Egyptian mummifications to 18th-century scientific research on "globules" and neurons, there is evidence of neuroscience practice throughout the early periods of history. The early civilizations lacked adequate means to obtain knowledge about the human brain. Their assumptions about the inner workings of the mind, therefore, were not accurate. Early views on the function of the brain regarded it to be a form of "cranial stuffing" of sorts. In ancient Egypt, from the late Middle Kingdom onwards, in preparation for mummification, the brain was regularly removed, for it was the heart that was assumed to be the seat of intelligence. According to Herodotus, during the first step of mummification: "The most perfect practice is to extract as much of the brain as possible with an iron hook, and what the hook cannot reach is mixed with drugs." Over the next five thousand years, this view came to be reversed; the brain is now known to be the seat of intelligence, although colloquial variations of the former remain as in "memorizing something by heart".
Antiquity
The earliest reference to the brain occurs in the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, written in the 17th century BC. The hieroglyph for brain, occurring eight times in this papyrus, describes the symptoms, diagnosis, and prognosis of two patients, wounded in the head, who had compound fractures of the skull. The assessments of the author (a battlefield surgeon) of the papyrus allude to ancient Egyptians having a v
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric%20connection
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In mathematics, a metric connection is a connection in a vector bundle E equipped with a bundle metric; that is, a metric for which the inner product of any two vectors will remain the same when those vectors are parallel transported along any curve. This is equivalent to:
A connection for which the covariant derivatives of the metric on E vanish.
A principal connection on the bundle of orthonormal frames of E.
A special case of a metric connection is a Riemannian connection; there exists a unique such connection which is torsion free, the Levi-Civita connection. In this case, the bundle E is the tangent bundle TM of a manifold, and the metric on E is induced by a Riemannian metric on M.
Another special case of a metric connection is a Yang–Mills connection, which satisfies the Yang–Mills equations of motion. Most of the machinery of defining a connection and its curvature can be worked through without requiring any compatibility with the bundle metric. However, once one does require compatibility, this metric connection defines an inner product, Hodge star (which additionally needs a choice of orientation), and Laplacian, which are required to formulate the Yang–Mills equations.
Definition
Let be any local sections of the vector bundle E, and let X be a vector field on the base space M of the bundle. Let define a bundle metric, that is, a metric on the vector fibers of E. Then, a connection D on E is a metric connection if:
Here d is the ordinary differential of a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphic%20vector%20bundle
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In mathematics, a holomorphic vector bundle is a complex vector bundle over a complex manifold such that the total space is a complex manifold and the projection map is holomorphic. Fundamental examples are the holomorphic tangent bundle of a complex manifold, and its dual, the holomorphic cotangent bundle. A holomorphic line bundle is a rank one holomorphic vector bundle.
By Serre's GAGA, the category of holomorphic vector bundles on a smooth complex projective variety X (viewed as a complex manifold) is equivalent to the category of algebraic vector bundles (i.e., locally free sheaves of finite rank) on X.
Definition through trivialization
Specifically, one requires that the trivialization maps
are biholomorphic maps. This is equivalent to requiring that the transition functions
are holomorphic maps. The holomorphic structure on the tangent bundle of a complex manifold is guaranteed by the remark that the derivative (in the appropriate sense) of a vector-valued holomorphic function is itself holomorphic.
The sheaf of holomorphic sections
Let be a holomorphic vector bundle. A local section is said to be holomorphic if, in a neighborhood of each point of , it is holomorphic in some (equivalently any) trivialization.
This condition is local, meaning that holomorphic sections form a sheaf on . This sheaf is sometimes denoted , or abusively by . Such a sheaf is always locally free of the same rank as the rank of the vector bundle. If is the trivial line bundle th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balian%E2%80%93Low%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Balian–Low theorem in Fourier analysis is named for Roger Balian and Francis E. Low.
The theorem states that there is no well-localized window function (or Gabor atom) g either in time or frequency for an exact Gabor frame (Riesz Basis).
Statement
Suppose g is a square-integrable function on the real line, and consider the so-called Gabor system
for integers m and n, and a,b>0 satisfying ab=1. The Balian–Low theorem states that if
is an orthonormal basis for the Hilbert space
then either
Generalizations
The Balian–Low theorem has been extended to exact Gabor frames.
See also
Gabor filter (in image processing)
References
Theorems in Fourier analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium%20bromoperoxidase
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Vanadium bromoperoxidases are a kind of enzymes called haloperoxidases. Its primary function is to remove hydrogen peroxide which is produced during photosynthesis from in or around the cell. By producing hypobromous acid (HOBr) a secondary reaction with dissolved organic matter, what results is the bromination of organic compounds that are associated with the defense of the organism. These enzymes produce the bulk of natural organobromine compounds in the world.
Vanadium bromoperoxidases are one of the few classes of enzymes that requires vanadium. The active site features a vanadium oxide center attached to the protein via one histidine side chain and a collection of hydrogen bonds to the oxide ligands.
Occurrence and function
Vanadium bromoperoxidases have been found in bacteria, fungi, marine macro algae (seaweeds), and marine microalgae (diatoms) which produce brominated organic compounds. It has not been definitively identified as the bromoperoxidase of higher eukaryotes, such as murex snails, which have a very stable and specific bromoperoxidase, but perhaps not a vanadium dependent one. While the purpose of the bromoperoxidase is still unknown, the leading theories include that it’s a way of regulating hydrogen peroxide produced by photosynthesis and/or as a self-defense mechanism by producing hypobromic acid which prevents the growth of bacteria.
The enzymes catalyse the oxidation of bromide (0.0067% of sea water) by hydrogen peroxide. The resulting electrophili
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesz%20sequence
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In mathematics, a sequence of vectors (xn) in a Hilbert space is called a Riesz sequence if there exist constants such that
for all sequences of scalars (an) in the ℓp space ℓ2. A Riesz sequence is called a Riesz basis if
.
Alternatively, one can define the Riesz basis as a family of the form , where is an orthonormal basis for and is a bounded bijective operator.
Paley-Wiener criterion
Let be an orthonormal basis for a Hilbert space and let be "close" to in the sense that
for some constant , , and arbitrary scalars . Then is a Riesz basis for . Hence, Riesz bases need not be orthonormal.
Theorems
If H is a finite-dimensional space, then every basis of H is a Riesz basis.
Let be in the Lp space L2(R), let
and let denote the Fourier transform of . Define constants c and C with . Then the following are equivalent:
The first of the above conditions is the definition for () to form a Riesz basis for the space it spans.
See also
Orthonormal basis
Hilbert space
Frame of a vector space
References
Functional analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX6
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Paired box protein Pax-6, also known as aniridia type II protein (AN2) or oculorhombin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PAX6 gene.
Function
PAX6 is a member of the Pax gene family which is responsible for carrying the genetic information that will encode the Pax-6 protein. It acts as a "master control" gene for the development of eyes and other sensory organs, certain neural and epidermal tissues as well as other homologous structures, usually derived from ectodermal tissues. However, it has been recognized that a suite of genes is necessary for eye development, and therefore the term of "master control" gene may be inaccurate. Pax-6 is expressed as a transcription factor when neural ectoderm receives a combination of weak Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and strong TGF-Beta signaling gradients. Expression is first seen in the forebrain, hindbrain, head ectoderm and spinal cord followed by later expression in midbrain. This transcription factor is most noted for its use in the interspecifically induced expression of ectopic eyes and is of medical importance because heterozygous mutants produce a wide spectrum of ocular defects such as aniridia in humans.
Pax6 serves as a regulator in the coordination and pattern formation required for differentiation and proliferation to successfully take place, ensuring that the processes of neurogenesis and oculogenesis are carried out successfully. As a transcription factor, Pax6 acts at the molecular level in the signaling and for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterioferritin
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Bacterioferritin (Bfr) is an oligomeric protein containing both a binuclear iron centre and haem b. The tertiary and quaternary structure of Bfr is very similar to that of ferritin. The physiological functions of BFR, which may be other than just iron uptake, are not clear. Bfr forms a roughly spherical, hollow shell from 24 identical subunits, incorporating 12 haem groups. Iron is stored as a hydrated ferric oxide mineral in its central cavity (about 80 Å diameter). The overall complex has cubic (432) symmetry. Each subunit includes a binuclear metalbinding site (the diiron site) linking together the four major helices of the subunit, which has been identified as the ferroxidase active site.
Bfr from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PaBfr), unlike other Bfrs, is found to contain two subunit types, which differ considerably in their amino acid sequences. A similar hetero-assembly is seen in the ferritins of higher eukaryotes.
Bfr from Escherichia coli (EcBfr) which naturally shows structural instability and an incomplete self-assembly behavior by populating two oligomerization states has been used as a model for studies on the self-assembly of minimal protein nano-cages.
References
Frolow, F., Kalb, A. J. & Yariv, J. (1994). Structure of a Unique Twofold Symmetrical Heme-Binding Site. Nature Structural Biology 1, 453–460.
Dautant, A., Meyer, J. B., Yariv, J., Precigoux, G., Sweet, R. M., Kalb, A. J. & Frolow, F. (1998). Structure of a monoclinic crystal form of cytochrome b1 (b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrolipoyl%20transacetylase
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Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (or dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase) is an enzyme component of the multienzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is responsible for the pyruvate decarboxylation step that links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. This involves the transformation of pyruvate from glycolysis into acetyl-CoA which is then used in the citric acid cycle to carry out cellular respiration.
There are three different enzyme components in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1) is responsible for the oxidation of pyruvate, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (this enzyme; EC 2.3.1.12) transfers the acetyl group to coenzyme A (CoA), and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (EC 1.8.1.4) regenerates the lipoamide. Because dihydrolipoyl transacetylase is the second of the three enzyme components participating in the reaction mechanism for conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, it is sometimes referred to as E2.
In humans, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase enzymatic activity resides in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex component E2 (PDCE2) that is encoded by the DLAT (dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase) gene.
Nomenclature
The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine S-acetyltransferase.
Other names in common use include:
acetyl-CoA:dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase,
acetyl-CoA:enzyme 6-N-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine S-acetyltransferase.
dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase,
dihyd
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20%28disambiguation%29
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A gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
Gene or Genes also may refer to:
Given name
Gene (given name)
Gene, a variation of Eugenia (given name)
Gene Autry (1907–1998), American singer-songwriter, actor, businessman
Gene Eugene, American singer, songwriter and producer Gene Andrusco (1961–2000)
Gene Simmons, stage name of Gene Klein (born 1949), American musician and member of Kiss
James Gene Tunney (1897-1978), Irish-American boxer and world heavyweight boxing champion
Gene Vincent, American rock and roll and rockabilly singer and musician Vincent Eugene Craddock (1935–1971)
Gene Wilder, stage name of American actor Jerome Silberman (1933–2016)
Arts and entertainment
Fictional characters
Gene Belcher, on the television series Bob's Burgers
Gene Forrester, in A Separate Peace
Gene Hunt, on the British science fiction/police procedural drama series Life on Mars and its sequel, Ashes to Ashes
Gene Marshall, a collectible fashion doll
Gene, the main antagonist in Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops
Gene, the main character in God Hand
Gene, the main character in The Emoji Movie
Gene Takavic, an alias used by the character Saul Goodman in the television series Better Call Saul
Music
Gene (band), English indie/rock quartet who rose to prominence in the mid-1990s
Genes (album) (2003) by Irish artist Dave Couse
Other arts and entertainment
Genes (game show), Tamil language game show
Gene (novel), a novel by Stel Pavlou
Ge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetyltransferase
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N-acetyltransferase (NAT) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA to arylamines, arylhydroxylamines and arylhydrazines. They have wide specificity for aromatic amines, particularly serotonin, and can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without CoA. N-acetyltransferases are cytosolic enzymes found in the liver and many tissues of most mammalian species, except the dog and fox, which cannot acetylate xenobiotics.
Acetyl groups are important in the conjugation of metabolites from the liver, to allow excretion of the byproducts (phase II metabolism). This is especially important in the metabolism and excretion of drug products (drug metabolism).
Enzyme Mechanism
NAT enzymes are differentiated by the presence of a conserved catalytic triad that favors aromatic amine and hydrazine substrates. NATs catalyze the acetylation of small molecules through a double displacement reaction called the ping pong bi bi reaction. The mechanism consists of two sequential reactions. In reaction one acetyl-CoA initially binds to the enzyme and acetylates Cys68. In reaction two, after acetyl-CoA is released, the acetyl acceptor interacts with the acetylated enzyme to form product. This second reaction is independent of the acetyl donor since it leaves the enzyme before the acetyl acceptor binds. However, like with many ping pong bi bi reactions, its possible there is competition between the acetyl donor and acetyl acceptor for the unacetylated enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histiocytoma%20%28dog%29
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A histiocytoma in the dog is a benign tumor. It is an abnormal growth in the skin of histiocytes (histiocytosis), a cell that is part of the immune system. A similar disease in humans, Hashimoto-Pritzker disease, is also a Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Dog breeds that may be more at risk for this tumor include Bulldogs, American Pit Bull Terriers, American Staffordshire Terriers, Scottish Terriers, Greyhounds, Boxers, and Boston Terriers. They also rarely occur in goats and cattle.
Histiocytic disorders
A histiocyte is a differentiated tissue cell that has its origin in the bone marrow. The source for histiocytes is the monocyte/macrophage line. Monocytes (found in the blood) and macrophages (found in tissue) are responsible for phagocytosis (ingestion) of foreign material in the body. Langerhans cells are dendritic cells found in the skin and function by internalizing antigens (foreign particles) and presenting them to T cells. They arise from monocytes. Histiocytic disorders refer to diseases that are caused by abnormal behavior of these cells. They include the following:
Reactive diseases of Langerhans cells
Histiocytomas
Cutaneous histiocytosis
Systemic histiocytosis
Reactive diseases of macrophages
Hemophagocytic syndrome - a condition where macrophages phagocytose myeloid and erythroid precursors (similar to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in humans)
Malignant diseases of Langerhans cells
Malignant histiocytosis - a condition found in Bernese Mountain Dog
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewabic%20State%20Park
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Bewabic State Park is a public recreation area covering on the shore of Fortune Lake, west of Crystal Falls in Iron County, Michigan. The state park's rich Civilian Conservation Corps history is evidenced by the CCC structures still in use. The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its CCC-related architecture in 2016.
History
Herbert F. Larson was appointed as engineer-manager of the Iron County Road Commission in 1917. Taking advantage of a 1913 Michigan law, Larson purchased for the county individual tracts of land as well as wide rights of way along what is now US-2, to be set aside as parks for public use. He particularly looked for and obtained some of the last stands of virgin timber in the county. Larson is credited, in 1919, with the establishment of the first roadside park in America on Stager Lake along US 2. The success of the Stager Lake park led Larson to purchase land for other parks, including the area that is now Bewabic State Park.
Bewabic Park was created in 1923, when Larson purchased a 120-acre farmstead on Fortune Lake containing a stand of virgin timber. Larson turned the farmhouse into a caretaker's residence, and installed a bathing beach, picnic area parking lot, and campground. Improvements at the park were minimal until 1933, when workers from the Civil Works Administration (CWA) were assigned to the park.
One hundred and seventy CWA workers were assigned to Bewabic Park in 1933. They constructed a footbridge and trai
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheoscopic%20fluid
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In fluid mechanics (specifically rheology), rheoscopic fluids are fluids whose internal currents are visible as it flows. Such fluids are effective in visualizing dynamic currents, such as convection and laminar flow. They are microscopic crystalline platelets such as mica, metallic flakes, or fish scales in suspension in a fluid such as water or glycol stearate.
When the fluid is put in motion, the suspended particles orient themselves in localized, preferential alignment, larger parts of the fluid moving sheer parallel to other parts of the fluid. With appropriate illumination, the particle-filled fluid will reflect differing intensities of light.
A Kalliroscope is an art device/technique based on rheoscopic fluids (using crystalline guanine as the indicator particles) invented by artist Paul Matisse.
See also
Reynolds number
References
External links
University of Chicago Materials Research Centre Demonstration
Instructables: Making Rheoscopic fluid
Paul Matisse, rheoscopist
artistic techniques
fluid dynamics
educational toys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular%20monoamine%20transporter%202
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The solute carrier family 18 member 2 (SLC18A2) also known as vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC18A2 gene. SLC18A2 is an integral membrane protein that transports monoamines—particularly neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine—from cellular cytosol into synaptic vesicles. In nigrostriatal pathway and mesolimbic pathway dopamine-releasing neurons, SLC18A2 function is also necessary for the vesicular release of the neurotransmitter GABA.
Binding sites and ligands
SLC18A2 is believed to possess at least two distinct binding sites, which are characterized by tetrabenazine (TBZ) and reserpine binding to the transporter. Amphetamine (TBZ site) and methamphetamine (reserpine site) bind at distinct sites on SLC18A2 to inhibit its function. SLC18A2 inhibitors like tetrabenazine and reserpine reduce the concentration of monoamine neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft by inhibiting uptake through SLC18A2; the inhibition of SLC18A2 uptake by these drugs prevents the storage of neurotransmitters in synaptic vesicles and reduces the quantity of neurotransmitters that are released through exocytosis. Although many substituted amphetamines induce the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles through SLC18A2 while inhibiting uptake through SLC18A2, they may facilitate the release of monoamine neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft by simultaneously reversing the direction of transport through
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatinase
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Gelatinases are enzymes capable of degrading gelatin through hydrolysis, playing a big role in degradation of the extracellular matrix and remodeling of tissue. Gelatinase is a type of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP), a family of enzymes that depend on zinc as a cofactor and can break down parts of the extracellular matrix. MMPs have multiple subgroups, including Gelatinase A (MMP-2) and Gelatinase B (MMP-9). Gelatinases are composed of a variety of EC numbers: Gelatinase A uses 3.4.24.24, and Gelatinase B uses 3.4.24.35, noting the ending overlap. The first digit, 3, is the class. Class 3 is hydrolases, or enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions, or cleavage bonds with water. Next digit is sub-class 4, or proteases, which are enzymes who hydrolyze peptide bonds in proteins. The next number is the sub-subclass of 24, which classifies metalloendopeptidase- characterized by the existence of metal ions in the active site, in this case zinc, aiding the cleavage of peptide bonds. The last part of the EC number is the serial number, identifying specific enzymes within a sub-subclass. The 24 for Gelatinase A is a metalloproteinase that breaks down gelatin and collagen, while the 35 for Gelatinase B is for hydrolyzing peptide bonds.
Gelatinase application in species
Gelatinase enzymes can be found in a variety of animals: mammals, bacteria (including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens), fungi, birds, etc., but may have variations among species based on identification
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Classification%20of%20Primary%20Care
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The International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC) is a classification method for primary care encounters. The ICPC-3 strives to be a person centered classification for Primary Care, building on the foundations of the ICPC-2. It includes references to existing international standards such as ICD-10, ICD-11, ICF as well as SNOMED CT clinical terminology. It provides a framework for documenting and organizing clinical data from primary care patient contacts.
The ICPC-3 includes codes for the four key elements of healthcare encounters:
the reason for the encounter (RFE);
the diagnosis and/or health problem;
functioning (i.e. information about activities/participation, physiological functions and about personal and environmental factors related to the health problem);
processes of care.
History
The ICPC was developed by the WONCA International Classification Committee (WICC), and was first published in 1987 by Oxford University Press (OUP). A revision and inclusion of criteria and definitions was published in 1998. The second revision was accepted within the World Health Organization's (WHO) Family of International Classifications. The third revision, ICPC-3, has been adopted by WONCA in December 2020 and endorsed on April 16, 2021 during the WONCA Executive meeting.
The classification was developed in a context of increasing demand for quality information on primary care as part of growing worldwide attention to global primary health care objectives, including the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICPC-2%20PLUS
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ICPC-2 PLUS is an extended terminology classified to ICPC-2 International Classification of Primary Care, which aids data entry, retrieval and analysis. ICPC-2 PLUS takes into account the frequency distribution of problems seen in primary health care. It allows for the classification of the patient's reason for encounter (RFE), the problems/diagnosis managed, primary care interventions, and the ordering of the data of the primary care session in an episode of care structure.
ICPC-2 PLUS provides a list of possible terms matching a keyword (or start of a keyword) entered by the user. The user then selects the most appropriate term. Each term is already classified to ICPC-2 rubrics and a system of additional groupers that may include terms from multiple ICPC-2 rubrics.
Each term has one or more keywords linked to it which may include abbreviations, synonyms, generics or specifics. The keyword searching is thus much broader, faster and better controlled than text mining of free text and labels. Instead of guessing what the physician meant by a term (in free text) prior to classification, the physician is actually prompted with a small list of terms to select from which are already classified.
The product also includes a "natural language" label for each term which can be used for reports and letters.
Note: The PLUS extension mentioned here is not part of the ICPC-2 standard. The World Organization of Family Doctors (WONCA) and the WONCA International Classification Committee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20consumption
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Energy consumption is the amount of energy used.
Biology
In the body, energy consumption is part of energy homeostasis. It derived from food energy. Energy consumption in the body is a product of the basal metabolic rate and the physical activity level. The physical activity level are defined for a non-pregnant, non-lactating adult as that person's total energy expenditure (TEE) in a 24-hour period, divided by his or her basal metabolic rate (BMR):
Demographics
Topics related to energy consumption in a demographic sense are:
World energy supply and consumption
Domestic energy consumption
Electric energy consumption
Effects of energy consumption
Environmental impact of the energy industry
Climate change
White's law
Reduction of energy consumption
Energy conservation, the practice of decreasing the quantity of energy used
Efficient energy use
See also
Energy efficiency
Energy efficiency in transport
Electricity generation
Energy mix
Energy policy
Energy transformation
References
External links
World energy consumption per capita per country
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular%20%28disambiguation%29
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Perpendicular is the relationship between two lines which meet at a right angle.
Perpendicular may also refer to:
Perpendicular axis theorem
Perpendicular Gothic architecture style of mediaeval Gothic architecture in the Kingdom of England
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Perpendicular plate of palatine bone
Perpendicular Point, New Zealand
Perpendicular recording, disc drive technology
See also
Point Perpendicular, New South Wales, Australia
Purpendicular, music album by Deep Purple
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoconjugate
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Glycoconjugates are the classification family for carbohydrates – referred to as glycans – which are covalently linked with chemical species such as proteins, peptides, lipids, and other compounds. Glycoconjugates are formed in processes termed glycosylation.
Glycoconjugates are very important compounds in biology and consist of many different categories such as glycoproteins, glycopeptides, peptidoglycans, glycolipids, glycosides, and lipopolysaccharides. They are involved in cell–cell interactions, including cell–cell recognition; in cell–matrix interactions; in detoxification processes.
Generally, the carbohydrate part(s) play an integral role in the function of a glycoconjugate; prominent examples of this are neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and blood proteins where fine details in the carbohydrate structure determine cell binding (or not) or lifetime in circulation.
Although the important molecular species DNA, RNA, ATP, cAMP, cGMP, NADH, NADPH, and coenzyme A all contain a carbohydrate part, generally they are not considered as glycoconjugates.
Glycocojugates is covalent linking of carbohydrates antigens to protein scaffolds with goal of achieving a long term immunological response in body. Immunization with glycoconjugates successfully induced long term immune memory against carbohydrates antigens. Glycoconjugate vaccines was introduced since the 1990s have yielded effective results against influenza and meningococcus.
In 2021 glycoRNAs were observed for the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite%20inscriptions
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The corpus of texts written in the Hittite language is indexed by the Catalogue des Textes Hittites (CTH, since 1971). The catalogue is only a classification of texts; it does not give the texts. One traditionally cites texts by their numbers in CTH. Major sources for studies of selected texts themselves are the books of the StBoT series and the online Textzeugnisse der Hethiter.
CTH numbering scheme
The texts are classified as follows:
Historical Texts (CTH 1–220)
Administrative Texts (CTH 221–290)
Legal Texts (CTH 291–298)
Lexical Texts (CTH 299–309)
Literary Texts (CTH 310–320)
Mythological Texts (CTH 321–370)
Hymns and Prayers (CTH 371–389)
Ritual Texts (CTH 390–500)
Cult Inventory Texts (CTH 501–530)
Omen and Oracle Texts (CTH 531–582)
Vows (CTH 583–590)
Festival Texts (CTH 591–724)
Texts in Other Languages (CTH 725–830)
Texts of Unknown Type (CTH 831–833)
Selected texts
Some Wikipedia articles dedicated to specific Hittite texts follow. More are to be found as sections of other articles.
Old Kingdom
Anitta text
Hittite military oath
Hittite laws (CTH 291–292), also called the Code of the Nesilim
Myth of Illuyanka
New Kingdom
Kikkuli's horse training instructions
Indictment of Madduwatta
Manapa-Tarhunta letter
Milawata letter
Song of Kumarbi
Story of Appu
Tawagalawa letter
Zita (Hittite prince)
See also
Amarna letters
Ugaritic texts
Notes
References
Gary M. Beckman, Harry A. Hoffner, Hittite diplomatic texts, volume 7 of Writings from the ancient world, Scholar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfite%20oxidase
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Sulfite oxidase () is an enzyme in the mitochondria of all eukaryotes, with exception of the yeasts. It oxidizes sulfite to sulfate and, via cytochrome c, transfers the electrons produced to the electron transport chain, allowing generation of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation. This is the last step in the metabolism of sulfur-containing compounds and the sulfate is excreted.
Sulfite oxidase is a metallo-enzyme that utilizes a molybdopterin cofactor and a heme group (in a case of animals). It is one of the cytochromes b5 and belongs to the enzyme super-family of molybdenum oxotransferases that also includes DMSO reductase, xanthine oxidase, and nitrite reductase.
In mammals, the expression levels of sulfite oxidase is high in the liver, kidney, and heart, and very low in spleen, brain, skeletal muscle, and blood.
Structure
As a homodimer, sulfite oxidase contains two identical subunits with an N-terminal domain and a C-terminal domain. These two domains are connected by ten amino acids forming a loop. The N-terminal domain has a heme cofactor with three adjacent antiparallel beta sheets and five alpha helices. The C-terminal domain hosts a molybdopterin cofactor that is surrounded by thirteen beta sheets and three alpha helices. The molybdopterin cofactor has a Mo(VI) center, which is bonded to a sulfur from cysteine, an ene-dithiolate from pyranopterin, and two terminal oxygens. It is at this molybdenum center that the catalytic oxidation of sulfite takes place.
The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow%20fluorescent%20protein
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Yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) is a genetic mutant of green fluorescent protein (GFP) originally derived from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. Its excitation peak is 513 nm and its emission peak is 527 nm. Like the parent GFP, YFP is a useful tool in cell and molecular biology because the excitation and emission peaks of YFP are distinguishable from GFP which allows for the study of multiple processes/proteins within the same experiment.
Three improved versions of YFP are Citrine, Venus, and Ypet. They have reduced chloride sensitivity, faster maturation, and increased brightness (defined as the product of the extinction coefficient and quantum yield). Typically, YFP serves as the acceptor for genetically-encoded FRET sensors of which the most likely donor FP is monomeric cyan fluorescent protein (mCFP). The red-shift relative to GFP is caused by a Pi-Pi stacking interaction as a result of the T203Y substitution introduced by mutation, which essentially increases the polarizability of the local chromophore environment as well as providing additional electron density into the chromophore.
"Venus" contains a novel amino acid substitution –F46L– which accelerates the oxidation of the chromophore at 37°C, the rate limiting step of maturation. The protein has other substitutions (F64L/ M153T/ V163A/ S175G), permitting Venus to fold well and giving it relative tolerance to acidosis and Cl−.
Evolution of YFP from GFP
Four protein mutations from the wild-type GFP found in Ae
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily%20seed%20germination%20types
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Lilies seed germination is classified as either epigeal or hypogeal. These classifications may be further refined as immediate or delayed. Whether a lily is epigeal or hypogeal may be related to survival strategies developed according to the climate where the lily originated. Epigeal lilies evolved in moderate climates. Hypogeal lilies evolved in harsher habitats where it would be advantageous to store food in a bulb, and later send up leaves in the spring.
Epigeal Lilies
Asiatic lilies include species of Lilium lancifolium (syn.tigrinum), L. cernuum, L. davidii, L. maximowiczii, L. macultum, L. hollandicum, L. amabile, L. pumilum, L. concolor, and L. bulbiferum. Epigeal trumpet lily species are L. leucanthum, L. regale, L. sargentiae, L. sulphureum, L. rosthornii and L. henryi. Many interdivisional hybrids also fall into the epigeal category.
Epigeal lilies germinate under moist, warm conditions (approximately 70°F) in one stage, taking about 14 days. One stage means that they send up a leaf right away.
Hypogeal Lilies
Oriental lily species, such as L. auratum, L. speciosum, L. nobilissimum, L. rubellum, L. alexandrae, and L. japonicum and Martagon species L. martagon, L. hansonii, L. medeoloides, and L. tsingtauense, are all hypogeal.
Hypogeal lilies require two or more stages with variations of temperature particular to each stage. For hypogeal lilies, the first stage of germination takes place entirely underground, where the bulb is created. Hypogeals require
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupa%20%28song%29
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"Krupa" is a 1996 song by British big beat/electronic rock band Apollo 440. The cover credits it as appearing in an advert for Sunkist.
The song is a homage to the Polish-American drummer Gene Krupa and is almost completely instrumental. The only lyrics in the entire song are "Yeah yeah" and "Now back to Gene Krupa's syncopated style" (a sample from dialogue in the film Taxi Driver), which are only repeated a couple of times. The main focus of the song is on the drumming rhythms, which were sampled from "The Ballroom Blitz" by Sweet.
The song also has its own music video, which shows various generic people on a normal day in a typical city. The video avoids showing people's faces in order to focus on the music.
It was used in a 1998 Budweiser beer commercial.
Critical reception
A reviewer from Music Week rated the song four out of five, saying, "This rousing acidic dance anthem pays homage to legendary jazz drummer Gene Krupa and is perfect for the ebbullient mood of summer 1996." Daisy & Havoc from the magazine's RM Dance Update gave it five out of five, writing, "Having won the heads and minds of many DJs, crowds and journalists via some secretive 'Krupa' white labels, the cat is now out of its bag and owning up to being rockin' techno-gangster types Apollo 440. The 'Original' version of the track is still the knock-out secret ingredient with its amazing rock drums, raving mad enthusiasm, simple but blindingly effective driving synths and 'syncopated style'." They added
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega%20oxidation
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Omega oxidation (ω-oxidation) is a process of fatty acid metabolism in some species of animals. It is an alternative pathway to beta oxidation that, instead of involving the β carbon, involves the oxidation of the ω carbon (the carbon most distant from the carboxyl group of the fatty acid). The process is normally a minor catabolic pathway for medium-chain fatty acids (10-12 carbon atoms), but becomes more important when β oxidation is defective.
In vertebrates, the enzymes for ω oxidation are located in the smooth ER of liver and kidney cells, instead of in the mitochondria as with β oxidation. The steps of the process are as follows:
After these three steps, either end of the fatty acid can be attached to coenzyme A. The molecule can then enter the mitochondrion and undergo β oxidation. The final products after successive oxidations include succinic acid, which can enter the citric acid cycle, and adipic acid.
The first step in ω-oxidation, i.e. addition of a hydroxy residue to the omega carbon of short, intermediate, and long chain unsaturated or saturated fatty acids, can serve to produce or inactivate signaling molecules. In humans, a subset of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) microsome-bound ω-hydroxylases (termed Cytochrome P450 omega hydroxylases) metabolize arachidonic acid (also known as eicosatetraenoic acid) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). 20-HETE possesses a range of activities in animal and cellular model systems, e.g. it constricts blood vessels, alte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice%20in%20a%20Lifetime
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Twice in a Lifetime may refer to:
Twice in a Lifetime (TV series), a Canadian mystery/drama series
Twice in a Lifetime (film), a 1985 film starring Gene Hackman
Twice in a Lifetime (1974 film), a TV film starring Ernest Borgnine
"Twice in a Lifetime", a song by Paul McCartney from The Paul McCartney Collection
"Twice Inna Lifetime", a song by Black Star from Mos Def & Talib Kweli Are Black Star
See also
Once in a Lifetime (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand%20index
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The Rand index or Rand measure (named after William M. Rand) in statistics, and in particular in data clustering, is a measure of the similarity between two data clusterings. A form of the Rand index may be defined that is adjusted for the chance grouping of elements, this is the adjusted Rand index. The Rand index is the accuracy of determining if a link belongs within a cluster or not.
Rand index
Definition
Given a set of elements and two partitions of to compare, , a partition of S into r subsets, and , a partition of S into s subsets, define the following:
, the number of pairs of elements in that are in the same subset in and in the same subset in
, the number of pairs of elements in that are in different subsets in and in different subsets in
, the number of pairs of elements in that are in the same subset in and in different subsets in
, the number of pairs of elements in that are in different subsets in and in the same subset in
The Rand index, , is:
Intuitively, can be considered as the number of agreements between and and as the number of disagreements between and .
Since the denominator is the total number of pairs, the Rand index represents the frequency of occurrence
of agreements over the total pairs, or the probability that and
will agree on a randomly chosen pair.
is calculated as .
Similarly, one can also view the Rand index as a measure of the percentage of correct decisions made by the algorithm. It can be computed using t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity%20class
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Toxicity class refers to a classification system for pesticides that has been created by a national or international government-related or -sponsored organization. It addresses the acute toxicity of agents such as soil fumigants, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, miticides, molluscicides, nematicides, or rodenticides.
General considerations
Assignment to a toxicity class is based typically on results of acute toxicity studies such as the determination of values in animal experiments, notably rodents, via oral, inhaled, or external application. The experimental design measures the acute death rate of an agent. The toxicity class generally does not address issues of other potential harm of the agent, such as bioaccumulation, issues of carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, mutagenic effects, or the impact on reproduction.
Regulating agencies may require that packaging of the agent be labeled with a signal word, a specific warning label to indicate the level of toxicity.
By jurisdiction
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) names four toxicity classes:
Class I – a: extremely hazardous
Class I – b: highly hazardous
Class II: moderately hazardous
Class III: slightly hazardous
The system is based on LD50 determination in rats, thus an oral solid agent with an LD50 at 5 mg or less/kg bodyweight is Class Ia, at 5–50 mg/kg is Class Ib, LD50 at 50–2000 mg/kg is Class II, and at LD50 at the concentration more than 2000 mg/kg is classified as Class III
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolyzed%20jojoba%20ester
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Hydrolyzed jojoba esters are the hydrolysate of jojoba esters derived by acid, enzyme or other method of hydrolysis. Hydrolyzed jojoba esters are commonly used in cosmetic formulations.
Chemical structure
Hydrolyzed jojoba esters are a mixture of the free fatty acids, free fatty alcohols and wax esters resulting from the saponification reaction (cleaving the ester bond) of jojoba oil. These free fatty acids and free fatty alcohols are unbranched aliphatic monounsaturates with a chain length of C16 to C26.
Physical properties
Hydrolyzed jojoba esters are a highly viscous, tacky gel at room temperature. They are a pale straw color and have no clearly defined melting point. They are soluble in most alcohols, glycols and water in certain pH ranges. The pH is typically above 10. When applied to skin, they form a water-resistant barrier which gives desirable substantivity to some cosmetic formulations.
Uses
The topical substantivity and water-resistance of hydrolyzed jojoba esters make them well suited to hold other substances on the surface of the skin or hair. Examples are: sunscreens and UV filters, pigments (for decorative cosmetics), insect repellents, quaternium hair conditioning agents, fragrance, and botanical extracts. Hydrolyzed jojoba esters can extend the moisturizing properties of traditional emulsions, and work as a refatting agent in astringents and toners. The high pH of Hydrolyzed jojoba esters make them suitable as a gel neutralizer to thicken carb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Good%20Reasons
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Three Good Reasons is an album by the American musician Crystal Gayle, released in 1992. Many of its songs are about the ending of a relationship. The title track was released as the album's first single. Gayle supported the album with a North American tour.
Critical reception
The Ottawa Citizen wrote that Gayle's voice "retains its other-worldly quality, that cool distance that lets her pass through any song without getting the least bit involved in it." The Richmond Times-Dispatch called the album "a smart departure from the syrupy, pops-flavored crossover hits she had in the mid-'70s." The Miami Herald noted that "a bluesy rhythm track accents 'The Trouble With Me (Is You)' while Gayle delivers a sly, '40s style performance."
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle – lead vocals, backing vocals
Joel Bouchillon – acoustic piano
Ronnie Godfrey – acoustic piano
Bobby All – acoustic guitar
Chris Leuzinger – electric guitar
Brian Smith – electric guitar
Billy Joe Walker Jr. – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Sonny Garrish – steel guitar
Ron De La Vega – bass
Steve Turner – drums
Rob Hajacos – fiddle
Charles Cochran – string arrangements
Bob Mason – cello
Gary Vanosdale – viola
Kristin Wilkinson – viola
Conni Ellisor – violin
Carl Gorodetzky – violin
Lee Larrison – violin
Ted Madsen – violin
Pamela Sixfin – violin
Jim Ferguson – backing vocals
Wendell Mobley – backing vocals
Cindy Richardson-Walker – backing vocals
Harry Stinson – backing vocals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Guelph%20Arboretum
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The University of Guelph Arboretum was formally established in 1970 by the University of Guelph. The Arboretum aims to conserve biodiversity and connect people with nature through teaching, research, and community outreach. The 165 hectare space serves as an “outdoor learning resource,” a “living laboratory” and a “community resource”. The Arboretum is open all year round to the public from dawn to dusk, and admission is free. It is used for a wide array of purposes such as teaching, research, conservation, recreation, school programs, adult workshops, and walking tours. It is also a popular place for weddings and ceremonies. There are more than 40 collections of woody plants for academic and display purposes, as well as various display gardens, memorial plantings, and facilities.
The University of Guelph Arboretum is a member of the American Public Gardens Association and the Society for Ecological Restoration. These memberships and programs allow the Arboretum to work cooperatively towards a variety of biodiversity and conservation goals. Additionally, the Arboretum is one of the 38 Arbnet Level 4 accredited arboretums around the world. The Arboretum and University of Guelph sit on Dish with One Spoon territory, treaty lands of the Mississaugas of the Credit, and the Between the Lakes Treaty 3 lands. Continuing to care for the rich natural heritage of this land in a sustainable manner is part of the Arboretum's vision. It is visited by approximately 100,000 people annuall
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal%20canaliculi
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The lacrimal canaliculi, (sing. canaliculus), are the small channels in each eyelid that drain lacrimal fluid, from the lacrimal puncta to the lacrimal sac. This forms part of the lacrimal apparatus that drains lacrimal fluid from the surface of the eye to the nasal cavity.
Structure
There is a single lacrimal canaliculus in each eyelid, a superior lacrimal canaliculus in the upper eyelid and an inferior lacrimal canaliculus in the lower eyelid. The canaliculi travel vertically and then turn medially to travel towards the lacrimal sac. At the bend, the canaliculus is dilated and called the ampulla. Usually, the superior and inferior lacrimal canaliculi join to form a common passage that enters the lateral wall of the lacrimal sac.
Superior lacrimal canaliculus
The superior lacrimal canaliculus is located in the upper eyelid. It first ascends, then bends medially towards the lacrimal sac. It drains lacrimal fluid from the superior lacrimal punctum. It is smaller and shorter than the inferior lacrimal canaliculus.
Inferior lacrimal canaliculus
The inferior lacrimal canaliculus is located in the lower eyelid. It first descends, then bends medially towards the lacrimal sac. It drains lacrimal fluid from the inferior lacrimal punctum.
Histology
The lacrimal canaliculi have a mucosa composed of a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium on a basement membrane and a highly elastic lamina propria. Surrounding the mucosa are skeletal muscle fibres continuous with the orb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20genetic%20variation
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Human genetic variation is the genetic differences in and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (alleles), a situation called polymorphism.
No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins (who develop from one zygote) have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting.
The human genome has a total length of approximately 3.2 billion base pairs (bp) across 46 chromosomes of DNA as well as slightly under 17,000 bp DNA in cellular mitochondria. In 2015, the typical difference between an individual's genome and the reference genome was estimated at 20 million base pairs (or 0.6% of the total). As of 2017, there were a total of 324 million known variants from sequenced human genomes.
Comparatively speaking, humans are a genetically homogeneous species. Although a small number of genetic variants are found more frequently in certain geographic regions or in people with ancestry from those regions, this variation accounts for a small portion (~15%) of human genome variability. The majority of variation exists within the members of each human population. For comparison, rhesus macaques exhibit 2.5-fold greater DNA sequence diversity compared to humans.
The lack of discontinuities in genetic distances between human populations,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Surgeon
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Star Surgeon is a 1963 science fiction book by Northern Irish author James White, part of his Sector General series.
Synopsis
Dr Conway must deal with an unconscious patient, classification ELPH, who may be a cannibal or a demigod, or both. It came from the "other galaxy", and the species is well known, almost infamous, to the Ians, who are also from another galaxy. It is extremely long-lived, and regularly takes complete rejuvenation treatments, including the brain and memory, to keep itself young. By doing this, it is practically immortal. It, although unconscious, appeared to have the ability to negate the most powerful drugs and resist surgery to cure its skin condition. This later turned out to be the work of the entity's "doctor", who is an intelligent, organised collection of microscopic, virus-type cells. Once Doctor Conway realises this, he uses a wooden stake to make the ELPH's doctor focus itself in one small location, at which time it is removed from the ELPH, informed regarding the physiology-problems of its patient, and put back in. The patient, whose name is Lonvellin, quickly makes a full recovery, and it leaves to do what it does best: bona fide missions that involve taking backwards planetary cultures and pulling them up "by their bootstraps". His particular mission, this time, is to cure a diseased planet called Etla, and he recruits Dr Conway and the "Monitor Corps" to help him. When the empire that controls the planet of Etla misinterprets Lonvel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinjection
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Microinjection is the use of a glass micropipette to inject a liquid substance at a microscopic or borderline macroscopic level. The target is often a living cell but may also include intercellular space. Microinjection is a simple mechanical process usually involving an inverted microscope with a magnification power of around 200x (though sometimes it is performed using a dissecting stereo microscope at 40–50x or a traditional compound upright microscope at similar power to an inverted model).
For processes such as cellular or pronuclear injection the target cell is positioned under the microscope and two micromanipulators—one holding the pipette and one holding a microcapillary needle usually between 0.5 and 5 µm in diameter (larger if injecting stem cells into an embryo)—are used to penetrate the cell membrane and/or the nuclear envelope. In this way the process can be used to introduce a vector into a single cell. Microinjection can also be used in the cloning of organisms, in the study of cell biology and viruses, and for treating male subfertility through intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI, ).
History
The use of microinjection as a biological procedure began in the early twentieth century, although even through the 1970s it was not commonly used. By the 1990s, its use had escalated significantly and it is now considered a common laboratory technique, along with vesicle fusion, electroporation, chemical transfection, and viral transduction, for introducing a sma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter%20sculpture
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Butter sculptures are three-dimensional works of art created with butter, a dairy product made from the fat and protein components of churned cream. The works often depict animals, people, buildings and other objects. They are best known as attractions at state fairs in the United States as lifesize cows and people, but can also be found on banquet tables and even small decorative butter pats. Butter carving was an ancient craft in Tibet, Babylon, Roman Britain and elsewhere. The earliest documented butter sculptures date from Europe in 1536, where they were used on banquet tables. The earliest pieces in the modern sense as public art date from ca. 1870s America, created by Caroline Shawk Brooks, a farm woman from Helena, Arkansas. The heyday of butter sculpturing was about 1890–1930, but butter sculptures are still a popular attraction at agricultural fairs, banquet tables and as decorative butter patties.
History
The history of carving food into sculptured objects is ancient. Archaeologists have found bread and pudding molds of animal and human shapes at sites from Babylon to Roman Britain.
In Europe, during the Renaissance and Baroque periods molding food was commonly done for wealthy banquets. It was during this period that the earliest known reference to a butter sculpture is found. In 1536 Bartolomeo Scappi, cook to Pope Pius V, organized a feast composed of nine scenes elaborately carved out of food, each carried in episodically as centerpieces for a banquet. Scappi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursectomy
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A bursectomy is the removal of a bursa, which is a small sac filled with synovial fluid that cushions adjacent bone structures and reduces friction in joint movement. This procedure is usually carried out to relieve chronic inflammation (bursitis) or infection, when conservative management has failed to improve patient outcomes.
See also
List of surgeries by type
References
Further reading
Orthopedic surgical procedures
Synovial bursae
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulv%C3%B6spinel
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Ulvöspinel or ulvite is an iron titanium oxide mineral with formula: Fe2TiO4 or TiFe2+2O4. It forms brown to black metallic isometric crystals with a Mohs hardness of 5.5 to 6. It belongs to the spinel group of minerals, as does magnetite, Fe3O4.
Ulvöspinel forms as solid solutions with magnetite at high temperatures and reducing conditions, and grains crystallized from some basalt-gabbro magmas are rich in the ulvöspinel component. The ulvöspinel component tends to oxidize to magnetite plus ilmenite during subsolidus cooling of the host rocks, and the ilmenite so produced may form apparent exsolution (trellis type) laminae in magnetite. The texture was once interpreted as indicating solid solution between ilmenite and magnetite, until the oxidation reaction and resultant textures were reproduced in laboratory experiments first described by Buddington and Lindsley (1964, Journal of Petrology 5, p. 310-357). The results are important to plate tectonics because magnetite is an important recorder of rock magnetism.
Ulvöspinel was first described by Fredrik Mogensen (1904-1978) from a dolerite layered intrusion in the Ulvö Islands, Ångermanland, Sweden in 1943. The locality is an iron, titanium and vanadium mining area that has been active since the 17th century. It is common in titaniferous magnetite iron ore deposits. It also occurs in kimberlites, in some reduced iron-bearing basalts and is common in lunar basalts.
References
Spinel group
Cubic minerals
Minerals in sp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%20Demonstration%20Time
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"Student Demonstration Time" is a song by the American rock band the Beach Boys from their 1971 album Surf's Up. It is an altered version of Jerry Lieber and Mike Stoller's "Riot in Cell Block Number 9" with new lyrics by Mike Love.
Background and lyrics
The song which "Student Demonstration Time" is based on—"Riot in Cell Block Number 9"—was originally written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller in 1954, and was considered for inclusion on the Beach Boys' 1965 album Party!, but was ultimately not included. The song was subsequently performed live by the Beach Boys in concert starting in 1969. In mid-1970, Mike Love re-wrote the lyrics after learning of the Kent State Shootings where four unarmed college students protesting the Cambodian Campaign were killed by the Ohio National Guard on Monday, May 4, 1970. Stephen Desper, engineer of the Beach Boys during this period, explained the genesis and context behind the song:
Other events referred to in the song include (in order of appearance):
Autumn 1964 – Berkeley Free Speech Movement
May 1969 – People's Park, also in Berkeley, California
June 1970 – rioting in Isla Vista, California
May 14–15, 1970 – Jackson State killings
May 4, 1970 – Kent State shootings
Release
"Student Demonstration Time" (backed with "Don't Go Near the Water") was released as a single in the Netherlands—where it peaked at #21—and Italy, as well as Australia, where it charted during 1972. However, for the British and German releases of the single, th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records%20and%20statistics%20of%20the%20Rugby%20World%20Cup
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Rugby World Cup records have been accumulating since the first Rugby World Cup tournament was held in 1987.
Team records
Titles
Title win rate
Most finals
Most semi-finals
Most quarter-finals
Most appearances
10 teams appeared in every World Cup:
/Western Samoa also qualified for every World Cup but was not invited to the 1987 Rugby World Cup.
was banned from competing in 1987 and 1991 due to the sporting boycott of South Africa but appeared in every World Cup since the ban was lifted. South Africa is the only nation to win all World Cup finals they played.
Points
<small>Last updated: 28 October 2023</small>
Margins
Tries
Player records
Points
Key: App = Appearances. Con = conversions. Pen = penalties. Drop = drop goals.
Tries Youngest try scorer in a World Cup gameGeorge North (), aged (2 tries v , 26 September 2011)Oldest try scorer in a World Cup gameDiego Ormaechea (), aged (v , 2 October 1999)
Conversions
Penalty goals
Drop goals
Appearance statistics Oldest player to appear in a World Cup matchDiego Ormaechea, , aged (v , 15 October 1999)For the specific match where Ormaeches established the current record, see the list of his Test matches at ESPN Scrum.Oldest player to appear in a World Cup finalDuane Vermeulen, , aged (v , 28 October 2023)Oldest player to win a World Cup finalSchalk Brits, , aged (v , 2 November 2019)Youngest player to appear in a World Cup matchVasil Lobzhanidze, , aged (v , 19 September 2015)Youngest play
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20shuffling
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DNA shuffling, also known as molecular breeding, is an in vitro random recombination method to generate mutant genes for directed evolution and to enable a rapid increase in DNA library size. Three procedures for accomplishing DNA shuffling are molecular breeding which relies on homologous recombination or the similarity of the DNA sequences, restriction enzymes which rely on common restriction sites, and nonhomologous random recombination which requires the use of hairpins. In all of these techniques, the parent genes are fragmented and then recombined.
DNA shuffling utilizes random recombination as opposed to site-directed mutagenesis in order to generate proteins with unique attributes or combinations of desirable characteristics encoded in the parent genes such as thermostability and high activity. The potential for DNA shuffling to produce novel proteins is exemplified by the figure shown on the right which demonstrates the difference between point mutations, insertions and deletions, and DNA shuffling. Specifically, this figure shows the use of DNA shuffling on two parent genes which enables the generation of recombinant proteins that have a random combination of sequences from each parent gene. This is distinct from point mutations in which one nucleotide has been changed, inserted, or deleted and insertions or deletions where a sequence of nucleotides has been added or removed, respectively. As a result of the random recombination, DNA shuffling is able to produce p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX3
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The PAX3 (paired box gene 3) gene encodes a member of the paired box or PAX family of transcription factors. The PAX family consists of nine human (PAX1-PAX9) and nine mouse (Pax1-Pax9) members arranged into four subfamilies. Human PAX3 and mouse Pax3 are present in a subfamily along with the highly homologous human PAX7 and mouse Pax7 genes. The human PAX3 gene is located in the 2q36.1 chromosomal region, and contains 10 exons within a 100 kb region.
Transcript splicing
Alternative splicing and processing generates multiple PAX3 isoforms that have been detected at the mRNA level. PAX3e is the longest isoform and consists of 10 exons that encode a 505 amino acid protein. In other mammalian species, including mouse, the longest mRNAs correspond to the human PAX3c and PAX3d isoforms, which consist of the first 8 or 9 exons of the PAX3 gene, respectively. Shorter PAX3 isoforms include mRNAs that skip exon 8 (PAX3g and PAX3h) and mRNAs containing 4 or 5 exons (PAX3a and PAX3b). In limited studies comparing isoform expression, PAX3d is expressed at the highest levels. From a functional standpoint, PAX3c, PAX3d, and PAX3h stimulate activities such as cell growth whereas PAX3e and PAX3g inhibit these activities, and PAX3a and PAX3b show no activity or inhibit these endpoints.
A common alternative splice affecting the PAX3 mRNA involves the sequence CAG at the 5’ end of exon 3. This splice either includes or excludes these three bases, thus resulting in the presence or absence of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product%20structure%20modeling
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Product structure is a hierarchical decomposition of a product, typically known as the bill of materials (BOM).
As business becomes more responsive to unique consumer tastes and derivative products grow to meet the unique configurations, BOM management can become unmanageable. For manufacturers, a bill of materials (BOM) is a critical product information record that lists the raw materials, assemblies, components, parts and the quantities of each needed to manufacture a product.
Advanced modeling techniques are necessary to cope with configurable products where changing a small part of a product can have multiple impacts on other product structure models. Concepts within this entry are in capital letters in order to indicate these concepts.
Several concepts are related to the subject of product structure modeling. All these concepts are discussed in this section. These concepts are divided into two main aspects. First the product breakdown is discussed which involves all the physical aspects of a product. Second, different views at the product structure are indicated.
Product breakdown
Figure 1 illustrates the concepts that are important to the structure of a product. This is a meta-data model, which can be used for modeling the instances in a specific case of product structuring.
The core of the product structure is illustrated by the product components (items) and their relationships. Thus, this involves the linking between items related to the product.
The assembly can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiota%20%28disambiguation%29
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Microbiota are the microflora and microfauna in an ecosystem.
Microbiota may also refer to:
Microbiota (plant), a genus of coniferous plants in the family Cupressaceae
See also
Gut microbiota
Human microbiota
Lung microbiota
Skin microbiota
Vaginal microbiota
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