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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSORT
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PSORT is a bioinformatics tool used for the prediction of protein localisation sites in cells. It receives the information of an amino acid sequence and its taxon of origin (e.g. Gram-negative bacteria) as inputs. Then it analyses the input sequence by applying the stored rules for various sequence features of known protein sorting signals. Finally, it reports the possibility for the input protein to be localised at each candidate site with additional information.
Researchers using this tool can predict with some degree of reason, where in a cell a protein is most likely to localise to. This is because proteins are localised by cell machinery that recognises signal peptide sequences (similar to a postal address) and moves the protein the appropriate location. The signal peptide is often cleaved off after the destination is reached. PSORT uses known signal peptide sequences to analyse and predict what an input sequence is most likely to cause a localisation to.
Protein localisation is important because it supports a proposed role that a protein may have. For instance, catalase enzymes (proteins that convert peroxide into water and oxygen) should be expected to localise to a peroxisome because that is an area of high peroxide activity. By analysing a signal peptide sequence and visual localisation by GFP expression, strong evidence is obtained for this role.
The program was written by Dr Kenta Nakai from the Human Genome Center at the Institute for Medical Science, Universit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior%20extensor%20retinaculum%20of%20foot
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The inferior extensor retinaculum of the foot (cruciate crural ligament, lower part of anterior annular ligament) is a Y-shaped band placed in front of the ankle-joint, the stem of the Y being attached laterally to the upper surface of the calcaneus, in front of the depression for the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament; it is directed medialward as a double layer, one lamina passing in front of, and the other behind, the tendons of the peroneus tertius and extensor digitorum longus.
At the medial border of the latter tendon, these two layers join, forming a compartment in which the tendons are enclosed.
From the medial extremity of this sheath, the two limbs of the Y diverge: one is directed upward and medialward, to be attached to the tibial malleolus, passing over the extensor hallucis longus and the vessels and nerves but enclosing the tibialis anterior by a splitting of its fibers.
The other limb extends downward and medialward, to be attached to the border of the plantar aponeurosis, and passes over the tendons of the extensor hallucis longus and tibialis anterior and also the vessels and nerves.
Additional images
See also
Cruciate ligament
References
Lower limb anatomy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDT
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BDT may refer to:
Baker Dearing Educational Trust, educational charity in the United Kingdom
Ballistic deflection transistor, electronic devices for high-speed integrated circuits
Bangladeshi taka (ISO 4217 code), the currency of Bangladesh
Bangladesh Standard Time, sometimes abbreviated BDT to distinguish from British Standard Time (BST).
BDT & MSD Partners, an American merchant bank
The Best Damn Thing, a 2007 album by Avril Lavigne
Black–Derman–Toy model, a short rate model in mathematical finance
Bokoto language (ISO 639-3 code), a Gbaya language of the Central African Republic
Bolshoi Drama Theater (Russian: Большой Драматический Театр имени Г. А. Товстоногова; БДТ), a theater in Saint Petersburg, Russia
British Dependent Territories, former designation of British Overseas Territories
Gbadolite Airport (IATA code), Gbadolite, DR Congo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral%20supracondylar%20ridge
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The lateral supracondylar ridge is a prominent, rough margin on the lower part of the lateral border of the humerus. It presents an anterior lip for the origin of forearm extensors, including the brachioradialis muscle above, and the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle below. It also presents a posterior lip for the triceps brachii, and an intermediate ridge for the attachment of the lateral intermuscular septum.
Clinical significance
The lateral supracondylar ridge may be broken in a supracondylar humerus fracture, common in children.
References
External links
Image at u-szeged.hu
Humerus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Jenks
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Stephen Jenks (March 17, 1772 – June 3, 1856) was an Yankee tunesmith, teacher, and tunebook compiler. He was born in Glocester, Rhode Island and raised in Ellington, Connecticut. During his life he moved from town to town, living in Ridgefield and New Canaan, Connecticut, Pound Ridge, New York, and Providence, Rhode Island, finally settling in Thompson, Ohio in 1829. Between 1799 and 1810 he authored and coauthored more than ten printed collections of sacred and secular music; after moving to Ohio, he became a farmer and a maker of percussion instruments.
The music
Stephen Jenks' music is representative of the type of music being written at that time in rural New England America, a cappella and an interest in melodic writing. However, his music contains striking harmonic progressions, unusual dissonances and cross relations. In "Weeping Nature" (The Delights of Harmony, 1804), for example, Jenks seems to revel in the clash of the E major / minor chord or in the song "Sorrow’s Tear," filled with cross relations between C sharp / C natural. Although many of these result from his use of modal harmony and, as previously mentioned, strong melodic writing for the individual parts, his use of these relations is not simply random, they are used to express the text being set. In "Weeping Nature" the lyrics (probably written by Samuel Stennett) concern the death of the body:
With murm’ring eyes she [nature] doth survey
her fellow lump of mortal clay
Destroy’d by Death’s consuming
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize%20Craze
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Maize Craze was the game in the inaugural year, 1992, of the FIRST Robotics Competition. This game was played by four individual robots trying to collect tennis balls into their starting base. An impediment to the robots was that the entire playing field was covered in a layer of corn 1-2 inches thick.
Game overview
Field
The field was a 16-inch by 16-inch square piece of plywood, 2.5 feet above the floor, covered in a 1-2-inch-thick layer of corn. The field's perimeter was rimmed with 8-inch-high Plexiglas walls. The four home bases measured 20 inches square and were centered on each side of the field at its edge.
There were five posts on the field, one in each corner and one in the center. The center post was 12 inches tall and was capped by a 25-point tennis ball. Two diagonally opposed corner posts were 24 inches tall and capped by 10-point tennis balls. The remaining two posts were 36 inches tall and capped by 25-point tennis balls. 150 1-point tennis balls surround the center post.
25 feet above the floor was a structure to support the electrical umbilicals for the robots.
Scoring
In each match, four robots played individually to earn the highest score, starting on the four home bases. Each robot had 2 minutes to shepherd tennis balls into their home base. The robot with the highest score of balls in base at the end won. In the event of a tie, the robot that finished earlier won.
Robots
Robots were powered through 'umbilicals' hanging from the overhead beams and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berend%20George%20Escher
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Berend George Escher (4 April 1885 – 11 October 1967) was a Dutch geologist.
Escher had a broad interest, but his research was mainly on crystallography, mineralogy and volcanology. He was a pioneer in experimental geology. He was a half-brother of the artist M. C. Escher, and had some influence on his work due to his knowledge of crystallography. M.C. Escher created a woodcut ex libris for his brother 'Beer' with a stylized image of a volcano around 1922 (Bool number 91).
Escher was the son of the civil engineer G. A. Escher, a director of the Dutch watermanagement (Rijkswaterstaat) and his first wife, Charlotte Marie Hartitzsch. Escher spent his youth in Switzerland. He studied geology at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Technical University) of Zürich, where he was a pupil of Albert Heim. He finished his studies in 1911 and returned to the Netherlands where he first became the assistant of M. E. F. T. Dubois at the University of Amsterdam and then curator of the geological collections at Delft University. In 1916 he was employed by Royal Dutch Shell in the Dutch East Indies.
Escher became professor at Leiden University in 1922, at the same time he became director of the geological museum there, he was the successor of K. Martin in that position. Whereas Martin's interest lay mainly with paleontology and stratigraphy, Escher was in the first place a mineralogist. In Leiden he reorganized the museum by giving more attention to educating the general public in geo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral%20%28disambiguation%29
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A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline, formed as a result of geological processes.
Mineral may also refer to:
Mineral water, water containing dissolved minerals of the sense above
Mineral (nutrient), an element required by living organisms
Mineral resources, geological deposits (crystalline, non-crystalline, solid, liquid or gas) which potentially can be mined
Places
Mineral, California
Mineral, Washington
Mineral del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico
Mineral, Illinois
Mineral, Oklahoma
Mineral Township, Bureau County, Illinois, United States
Mineral Township, Cherokee County, Kansas, United States
Mineral Township, Barry County, Missouri, United States
Mineral Township, Venango County, Pennsylvania, United States
Mineral, Texas
Mineral, Virginia
Other uses
Mineral (band), an emo band
Mineral River, a river in Michigan
Soft drinks, in some English speaking countries
See also
Mineral City (disambiguation)
Mineral County (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle%20Death
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Castle Death is the seventh book in the Lone Wolf book series created by Joe Dever.
Gameplay
Lone Wolf books rely on a combination of thought and luck. Certain statistics such as combat skill and endurance attributes are determined randomly before play (reading). The player is then allowed to choose which Magnakai disciplines or skills he or she possess. This number depends directly on how many books in the series have been completed ("Magnakai rank"). With each additional book completed, the player chooses one additional Magnakai discipline.
Plot
In his quest to attain Kai Grand Master status, Lone Wolf must seek out and find 7 Lorestones. After obtaining the Lorestone of Varetta in the previous book and absorbing its wisdom and power, the location of the next Lorestone is revealed as the remote township of Herdos. Here, Lone Wolf is directed by friendly Elder Magi to search within the accursed fortress of Kazan-Oud, otherwise known as "Castle Death".
External links
Gamebooks - Lone Wolf
Gamebooks - Castle Death
Project Aon - Castle Death
Lone Wolf (gamebooks)
1986 fiction books
Berkley Books books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Jungle%20of%20Horrors
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The Jungle of Horrors is the eighth book in the award-winning Lone Wolf book series created by Joe Dever.
Gameplay
Lone Wolf books rely on a combination of thought and luck. Certain statistics such as combat skill and endurance attributes are determined randomly before play (reading). The player is then allowed to choose which Magnakai disciplines or skills he or she possess. This number depends directly on how many books in the series have been completed ("Magnakai rank"). With each additional book completed, the player chooses one additional Magnakai discipline.
This book provides the player (reader) with a companion/guide named Paido, who accompanies the player through much of the book, in contrast to most of the other books which feature only solo adventures.
Plot
After surviving the perils of Castle Death and being tutored by the Elder Magi, Lone Wolf and the reader now seek out the third Lorestone. The location of this Lorestone is thought to be hidden in a temple deep within a jungle-swamp known as the Danarg. Over the years, this fetid swamp has become the home for any number of evil creatures who seek to protect the jungle and its treasures. To make matters worse, news is delivered that the Darklords have united behind a new leader, and may soon again bring war to Magnamund, increasing Lone Wolf's sense of urgency.
External links
Gamebooks - Lone Wolf
Gamebooks - The Jungle of Horrors
Project Aon - The Jungle of Horrors
1987 fiction books
Lone Wolf (gameboo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeation
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In physics and engineering, permeation (also called imbuing) is the penetration of a permeate (a fluid such as a liquid, gas, or vapor) through a solid. It is directly related to the concentration gradient of the permeate, a material's intrinsic permeability, and the materials' mass diffusivity. Permeation is modeled by equations such as Fick's laws of diffusion, and can be measured using tools such as a minipermeameter.
Description
The process of permeation involves the diffusion of molecules, called the permeant, through a membrane or interface. Permeation works through diffusion; the permeant will move from high concentration to low concentration across the interface. A material can be semipermeable, with the presence of a semipermeable membrane. Only molecules or ions with certain properties will be able to diffuse across such a membrane. This is a very important mechanism in biology where fluids inside a blood vessel need to be regulated and controlled. Permeation can occur through most materials including metals, ceramics and polymers. However, the permeability of metals is much lower than that of ceramics and polymers due to their crystal structure and porosity.
Permeation is something that must be considered carefully in many polymer applications, due to their high permeability. Permeability depends on the temperature of the interaction as well as the characteristics of both the polymer and the permeant component. Through the process of sorption, molecules of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Prisoners%20of%20Time
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The Prisoners of Time is the eleventh book in the Lone Wolf book series created by Joe Dever.
Gameplay
Lone Wolf books rely on a combination of thought and luck. Certain statistics such as combat skill and endurance attributes are determined randomly before play (reading). The player is then allowed to choose which Magnakai disciplines or skills he or she possess. This number depends directly on how many books in the series have been completed ("Magnakai rank"). With each additional book completed, the player chooses one additional Magnakai discipline.
Like several of the previous books in the series, this book again suffers from relative linearity. Furthermore, there are a set of difficult battles near the end of the book which can make completing the book frustrating, particularly for those who are not carrying characters over from previous books (and thus do not have the advantage of additional Magnakai disciplines or ranks).
Plot
Although Lone Wolf is successful in rescuing one of the captive Lorestones from Torgar, both he and the remaining two Lorestones are blasted through a dimensional portal (Shadow Gate) by Darklord Gnaag. After plummeting through the Shadow Gate, Lone Wolf finds himself trapped on the Daziarn Plane and must join strange allies and face old enemies if he hopes to make his way back from the Daziarn in time to save his homeland from destruction at the hands of the Darklords and their powerful new armies.
External links
Gamebooks - Lone Wolf
Gam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20tetraiodide
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Carbon tetraiodide is a tetrahalomethane with the molecular formula CI4. Being bright red, it is a relatively rare example of a highly colored methane derivative. It is only 2.3% by weight carbon, although other methane derivatives are known with still less carbon.
Structure
The tetrahedral molecule features C-I distances of 2.12 ± 0.02 Å. The molecule is slightly crowded with short contacts between iodine atoms of 3.459 ± 0.03 Å, and possibly for this reason, it is thermally and photochemically unstable.
Carbon tetraiodide crystallizes in tetragonal crystal structure (a 6.409, c 9.558 (.10−1 nm)).
It has zero dipole moment due to its symmetrically substituted tetrahedral geometry.
Properties, synthesis, uses
Carbon tetraiodide is slightly reactive towards water, giving iodoform and I2. It is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. It decomposes thermally and photochemically to , C2I4. Its synthesis entails AlCl3-catalyzed halide exchange, which is conducted at room temperature:
CCl4 + 4 EtI -> CI4 + 4 EtCl
The product crystallizes from the reaction solution.
Carbon tetraiodide is used as an iodination reagent, often upon reaction with bases. Ketones are converted to 1,1-diiodoalkenes upon treatment with triphenylphosphine (PPh3) and carbon tetraiodide. Alcohols are converted in and to iodide, by a mechanism similar to the Appel reaction. In an Appel reaction, carbon tetrachloride is used to generate alkyl chlorides from alcohols.
Safety considerations
Manufacturer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial%20cell%20line-derived%20neurotrophic%20factor
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Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the GDNF gene. GDNF is a small protein that potently promotes the survival of many types of neurons. It signals through GFRα receptors, particularly GFRα1.
It is also responsible for the determination of spermatogonia into primary spermatocytes, i.e. it is received by RET proto-oncogene (RET) and by forming gradient with SCF it divides the spermatogonia into two cells. As the result there is retention of spermatogonia and formation of spermatocyte.
GDNF family of ligands (GFL)
GDNF was discovered in 1991, and is the first member of the GDNF family of ligands (GFL) found.
Function
GDNF is highly distributed throughout both the peripheral and central nervous system. It can be secreted by astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, motor neurons, and skeletal muscle during the development and growth of neurons and other peripheral cells.
The GDNF gene encodes a highly conserved neurotrophic factor. The recombinant form of this protein was shown to promote the survival and differentiation of dopaminergic neurons in culture, and was able to prevent apoptosis of motor neurons induced by axotomy. GDNF is synthesized as a 211 amino acid-long protein precursor, pro-GDNF. The pre-sequence leads the protein to the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion. While secretion takes place, the protein precursor folds via a sulfide-sulfide bond and dimerizes. The protein then is modified by N-linked
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20regression%20model
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Truncated regression models are a class of models in which the sample has been truncated for certain ranges of the dependent variable. That means observations with values in the dependent variable below or above certain thresholds are systematically excluded from the sample. Therefore, whole observations are missing, so that neither the dependent nor the independent variable is known. This is in contrast to censored regression models where only the value of the dependent variable is clustered at a lower threshold, an upper threshold, or both, while the value for independent variables is available.
Sample truncation is a pervasive issue in quantitative social sciences when using observational data, and consequently the development of suitable estimation techniques has long been of interest in econometrics and related disciplines. In the 1970s, James Heckman noted the similarity between truncated and otherwise non-randomly selected samples, and developed the Heckman correction.
Estimation of truncated regression models is usually done via parametric maximum likelihood method. More recently, various semi-parametric and non-parametric generalisation were proposed in the literature, e.g., based on the local least squares approach or the local maximum likelihood approach, which are kernel based methods.
See also
Censored regression model
Sampling bias
Truncated distribution
References
Further reading
Actuarial science
Single-equation methods (econometrics)
Regression models
M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censored%20regression%20model
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Censored regression models are a class of models in which the dependent variable is censored above or below a certain threshold. A commonly used likelihood-based model to accommodate to a censored sample is the Tobit model, but quantile and nonparametric estimators have also been developed. These and other censored regression models are often confused with truncated regression models. Truncated regression models are used for data where whole observations are missing so that the values for the dependent and the independent variables are unknown. Censored regression models are used for data where only the value for the dependent variable is unknown while the values of the independent variables are still available.
Censored dependent variables frequently arise in econometrics. A common example is labor supply. Data are frequently available on the hours worked by employees, and a labor supply model estimates the relationship between hours worked and characteristics of employees such as age, education and family status. However, such estimates undertaken using linear regression will be biased by the fact that for people who are unemployed it is not possible to observe the number of hours they would have worked had they had employment. Still we know age, education and family status for those observations.
See also
Nonlinear regression
Nonparametric regression
Sampling bias
Truncated normal hurdle model
References
Further reading
Regression models
Single-equation met
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Coast
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In North Carolina, the Crystal Coast is an 85-mile stretch of coastline that extends from the Cape Lookout National Seashore, which includes 56 miles of protected beaches, southwestward to the New River. The Crystal Coast is a popular area with tourists and second-home owners in the summer.
The absolute boundaries of this coast are often disputed, but the main area includes all the major Carteret County beaches (those on Bogue Banks, which face south). It also includes eastern portions of Carteret County, such as Harkers Island, Down East and Shackleford Banks, as well as the northern Onslow County beaches (Bear Island/Hammock's Beach), and a few ports along the Intracoastal Waterway. Some tourism marketing describes the region as the Southern Outer Banks, to draw a connection to the main barrier islands of the Outer Banks.
The main communities include the coastal resorts of Atlantic Beach, Emerald Isle, Indian Beach, Pine Knoll Shores and Salter Path, as well as the inland (sound-side) ports of Beaufort, Morehead City, and Swansboro. Besides the many quiet beach communities and numerous shops and restaurants in the area, other major attractions include Fort Macon State Park, which protects a series of historic coastal forts used from the early 19th to the mid 20th century, and the North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores, one of three such aquariums located along the North Carolina coast. A population of feral Banker horses is located on Shackleford Banks, and sever
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl%27s%20inequality
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In linear algebra, Weyl's inequality is a theorem about the changes to eigenvalues of an Hermitian matrix that is perturbed. It can be used to estimate the eigenvalues of a perturbed Hermitian matrix.
Weyl's inequality about perturbation
Let and be n×n Hermitian matrices, with their respective eigenvalues ordered as follows:
Then the following inequalities hold:
and, more generally,
In particular, if is positive definite then plugging into the above inequalities leads to
Note that these eigenvalues can be ordered, because they are real (as eigenvalues of Hermitian matrices).
Weyl's inequality between eigenvalues and singular values
Let have singular values and eigenvalues ordered so that . Then
For , with equality for .
Applications
Estimating perturbations of the spectrum
Assume that is small in the sense that its spectral norm satisfies for some small . Then it follows that all the eigenvalues of are bounded in absolute value by . Applying Weyl's inequality, it follows that the spectra of the Hermitian matrices M and N are close in the sense that
Note, however, that this eigenvalue perturbation bound is generally false for non-Hermitian matrices (or more accurately, for non-normal matrices). For a counterexample, let be arbitrarily small, and consider
whose eigenvalues and do not satisfy .
Weyl's inequality for singular values
Let be a matrix with . Its singular values are the positive eigenvalues of the Hermitian augmented matrix
The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rug%20Rage
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Rug Rage was the 1993 game of the FIRST Robotics Competition. In it, teams competed individually to score as many balls as possible in their goal.
Game overview
Field
Rug Rage was played on a , rectangular, carpeted field. The edge of the field was lined with PVC pipe. There were four scoring areas, two on each long side of the field set from the ends. The four robots started in the corners of the field and scored in the goal in the same corner. The goals had horizontal cross bars at their entrances creating an opening. This allowed the small balls to roll in easily but kept out the balls.
Gameplay
Four robots played individually in each 2-minute match. In the center of the field were five, , red balls worth 5 points and twenty, , water-filled, blue balls worth 1 point. The goal was to ferry balls into a team's respective goal and earn the most points. As the large balls couldn't fit under the goals' cross bar, they had to be lifted over. In the event of a tie, the team with the most large balls scored in its goal won.
Robots
Robots had to fit within a cube and weigh no more than . Unlike the previous year, robots were powered by an on-board battery and not an umbilical. Robots were controlled by an on-board Motorola micro controller. Commands were sent by the drivers through an 8 position joystick and a Termiflex keypad controller.
Awards
The following awards were presented at the competition:
Chairman's Award
Most Creative Design
Best Offensive Round
Outstanding D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudline
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The baudline time-frequency browser is a signal analysis tool designed for scientific visualization. It runs on several Unix-like operating systems under the X Window System. Baudline is useful for real-time spectral monitoring, collected signals analysis, generating test signals, making distortion measurements, and playing back audio files.
Applications
Acoustic cryptanalysis
Audio codec lossy compression analysis
Audio signal processing
Bioacoustics research
Data acquisition (DAQ)
Gravitational Wave analysis
Infrasound monitoring
Musical acoustics
radar
Seismic data processing
SETI
Signal analysis
Software Defined Radio
Spectral analysis
Very low frequency (VLF) reception
WWV frequency measurement
Features
Spectrogram, Spectrum, Waveform, and Histogram displays
Fourier, Correlation, and Raster transforms
SNR, THD, SINAD, ENOB, SFDR distortion measurements
Channel equalization
Function generator
Digital down converter
Audio playing with real-time DSP effects like speed control, pitch scaling, frequency shifting, matrix surround panning, filtering, and digital gain boost
Audio recording of multiple channels
JACK Audio Connection Kit sound server support
Import AIFF, AU, WAV, FLAC, MP3, Ogg Vorbis, AVI, MOV, and other file formats
License
The old baudline version comes with no warranty and is free to download. The binaries may be used for any purpose, though no form of redistribution is permitted. The new baudline version is available via a subsc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie%20Willits
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Reggie Gene Willits (born May 30, 1981) is an American former professional baseball outfielder and associate head baseball coach for the Oklahoma Sooners. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim from 2006 through 2011, and was the first base coach for the New York Yankees from 2018 through 2021.
Early life
Reggie is the son of Gene and Judy Willits of Fort Cobb, Oklahoma. He attended junior high and high school at Fort Cobb-Broxton. He attended Seminole State College in Seminole, Oklahoma, and transferred to the University of Oklahoma, where he played for the Oklahoma Sooners.
Playing career
The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim selected Willits in the seventh round, with the 210th overall selection, of the 2003 Major League Baseball draft. Willits made his Major League Baseball debut with the Angels on April 26, 2006. He made the Angels' Opening Day roster in 2007.
On August 17, 2011, he was designated for assignment by the Angels after five seasons in Anaheim. After the 2011 season, he elected for free agency.
Coaching career
In 2013, Willits became the head baseball coach for Binger-Oney High School. Willits joined the New York Yankees' organization in 2015 as their outfield and baserunning coordinator. He was promoted to first base coach for the 2018 season.
After the 2021 season, Willits accepted a volunteer coaching assistant position with the Oklahoma Sooners.
Personal life
Willits married Amber Klugh of Fort Cobb; they met whi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy%20Enlisted%20Classification
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The Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) system supplements the rating designators for enlisted members of the United States Navy. A naval rating and NEC designator are similar to the Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) designators used in the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps and the Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC) used in the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Space Force.
The U.S. Navy has several ratings or job specialties for its enlisted members. An enlisted member is known by the enlisted rating, for example, a Machinist's Mate (or MM or by the enlisted rate, for example Petty Officer First Class (or PO1). Often Navy enlisted members are addressed by a combination of rating and rate. In this example, this machinist's mate petty officer first class may be addressed as Machinist's Mate 1st Class (or MM1).
However, the NEC designator is a four-digit code that identifies skills and abilities beyond the standard (or outward) rating designator. According to the Military Personnel Manual (MILSPERMAN) 1221-010, the NEC designator facilitates personnel planning, procurement, and selection for training; development of training requirements; promotion, distribution, assignment and the orderly call to active duty of inactive duty personnel in times of national emergency or mobilization.
For example, a person holding the MM-3385 is a nuclear-trained machinist's mate for surface ships, and a person with an MM-3355 is a nuclear-trained machinist's mate for submarines.
In the U.S. Navy's o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco%20Corporation
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is a Japanese precision tools maker, especially for the semiconductor production industry.
The company makes dicing saws and laser saws to cut semiconductor silicon wafers and other materials; grinders to process silicon and compound semiconductor wafers to ultra-thin levels; polishing machines to remove the grinding damage layer from the wafer back-side and to increase chip strength.
History
The company was founded as Daiichi-Seitosho in May 1937, as an industrial abrasive wheel manufacturer.
After World War II Japan faced a construction boom which also helped DISCO to boost its sales. The company's grinder discs were in high demand from utility companies, which needed them to manufacture watt-meters.
In December 1968 the company developed and released an ultra-thin resinoid cutting wheel, Microncut. The wheel contained diamond powder and as a result it was capable of making sharp, precision cuts as demanded in the semiconductor manufacturing process. There were no cutting machines available in the market on which ultra-thin precision wheels could be mounted and run, DISCO decided to develop its own machine in 1975. The cutting machine, DAD-2h, received instant recognition from semiconductor companies, including Texas Instruments.
The company adopted the name of DISCO Corporation in May 1977, was listed with the Japan Securities Dealers' Association in October 1989, and entered the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange in December 1999.
References
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interprocedural%20optimization
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Interprocedural optimization (IPO) is a collection of compiler techniques used in computer programming to improve performance in programs containing many frequently used functions of small or medium length. IPO differs from other compiler optimizations by analyzing the entire program as opposed to a single function or block of code.
IPO seeks to reduce or eliminate duplicate calculations and inefficient use of memory and to simplify iterative sequences such as loops. If a call to another routine occurs within a loop, IPO analysis may determine that it is best to inline that routine. Additionally, IPO may re-order the routines for better memory layout and locality.
IPO may also include typical compiler optimizations applied on a whole-program level, for example dead code elimination (DCE), which removes code that is never executed. IPO also tries to ensure better use of constants. Modern compilers offer IPO as an option at compile-time. The actual IPO process may occur at any step between the human-readable source code and producing a finished executable binary program.
For languages that compile on a file-by-file basis, effective IPO across translation units (module files) requires knowledge of the "entry points" of the program so that a whole program optimization (WPO) can be run. In many cases, this is implemented as a link-time optimization (LTO) pass, because the whole program is visible to the linker.
Analysis
The objective of any optimization for speed is to have th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD72
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CD72 (Cluster of Differentiation 72), also known in murine biology as Lyb-2, is a protein active in the immune system of animals. It consists of two identical halves, each of about 39-43 kD, and is a C-type lectin. Its primarily locus of expression is B-cells (from the pro-B through the mature B-cell stage), where it appears to mediate aspects of B-cell - T-cell interaction. It is a ligand for CD5.
CD72 is a regulatory protein on B lymphocytes. The cytoplasmic tail of CD72 contains two potential immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs, one of which has been shown to recruit the tyrosine phosphatase SHP- 1. These features suggest a negative regulatory role for CD72. CD72 is a nonredundant regulator of B-cell development and a negative regulator of B-cell responsiveness.
See also
Cluster of differentiation
References
External links
Dr. Jane Parnes lab at Stanford University
Clusters of differentiation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal%20tissue%20implant
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Fetal tissue implant or fetal cell therapy is an experimental medical therapy where researchers implant tissue from a fetus into a person as treatment of a disease. In the case of Parkinson's disease, it is hoped that the fetal tissue would produce chemicals, specifically dopamine, which is lacking in the diseased brain. This therapy is also being investigated for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. Fetal tissue is unique since it is fast growing and has a lower possibility of rejection from the host's immune system than adult cells.
Uses
In 1982, seven people in Santa Clara County, California were diagnosed with Parkinsonism after having used MPPP contaminated with MPTP. In 1992, two of the seven patients were successfully treated at Lund University Hospital in Sweden with neural grafts of fetal tissue. One patient, who had been essentially paralyzed, regained enough motor function to ride a bicycle.
Ethical and political concerns
Because the source of the tissue is aborted fetuses, there are significant legal and ethical issues being discussed. Federal funding for embryonic tissue research was restricted in the United States under Presidents Reagan and Bush before being lifted under the Clinton administration.
See also
Stem cell
Induced stem cells
References
Experimental medical treatments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monge%E2%80%93Amp%C3%A8re%20equation
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In mathematics, a (real) Monge–Ampère equation is a nonlinear second-order partial differential equation of special kind. A second-order equation for the unknown function u of two variables x,y is of Monge–Ampère type if it is linear in the determinant of the Hessian matrix of u and in the second-order partial derivatives of u. The independent variables (x,y) vary over a given domain D of R2. The term also applies to analogous equations with n independent variables. The most complete results so far have been obtained when the equation is elliptic.
Monge–Ampère equations frequently arise in differential geometry, for example, in the Weyl and Minkowski problems in differential geometry of surfaces. They were first studied by Gaspard Monge in 1784 and later by André-Marie Ampère in 1820. Important results in the theory of Monge–Ampère equations have been obtained by Sergei Bernstein, Aleksei Pogorelov, Charles Fefferman, and Louis Nirenberg. More recently, Alessio Figalli and Luis Caffarelli were recognized for their work on the regularity of the Monge–Ampère equation, with the former winning the Fields Medal in 2018 and the latter the Abel Prize in 2023.
Description
Given two independent variables x and y, and one dependent variable u, the general Monge–Ampère equation is of the form
where A, B, C, D, and E are functions depending on the first-order variables x, y, u, ux, and uy only.
Rellich's theorem
Let Ω be a bounded domain in R3, and suppose that on Ω A, B, C, D, an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20permutation%20statistics
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The statistics of random permutations, such as the cycle structure of a random permutation are of fundamental importance in the analysis of algorithms, especially of sorting algorithms, which operate on random permutations. Suppose, for example, that we are using quickselect (a cousin of quicksort) to select a random element of a random permutation. Quickselect will perform a partial sort on the array, as it partitions the array according to the pivot. Hence a permutation will be less disordered after quickselect has been performed. The amount of disorder that remains may be analysed with generating functions. These generating functions depend in a fundamental way on the generating functions of random permutation statistics. Hence it is of vital importance to compute these generating functions.
The article on random permutations contains an introduction to random permutations.
The fundamental relation
Permutations are sets of labelled cycles. Using the labelled case of the Flajolet–Sedgewick fundamental theorem and writing for the set of permutations and for the singleton set, we have
Translating into exponential generating functions (EGFs), we have
where we have used the fact that the EGF of the combinatorial species of permutations (there are n! permutations of n elements) is
This one equation allows one to derive a large number of permutation statistics. Firstly, by dropping terms from , i.e. exp, we may constrain the number of cycles that a permutation contains,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubuck
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Nubuck (pronounced ) is top-grain leather that has been sanded or buffed on the grain side, or outside, to give a slight nap of short protein fibers, producing a velvet-like surface. It is resistant to wear, and may be white or coloured.
Nubuck is similar to suede, but is created from the outer side of a hide, giving it more strength and thickness and a fine grain. It is generally more expensive than suede, and must be coloured or dyed heavily to cover up the sanding and stamping process.
Nubuck characteristics are similar to aniline leather. It is soft to the touch, scratches easily, and water drops darken it temporarily (it dries to its original color). Shoes and auto interiors are some of the most common commercial uses for this leather.
Originating from the leather tanning traditions of yore, Nubuck leather gets its name from "new" and buck(skin)., a nod to the young deer hides initially used for its production. Over time, the term has expanded to include similar materials made from other types of hide, typically cowhide or calfskin. This top-grain leather is valued for its velvety surface, achieved through sanding or buffing, which distinguishes it from other types of leather in texture and appearance.
References
Further reading
Leather
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midy%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Midy's theorem, named after French mathematician E. Midy, is a statement about the decimal expansion of fractions a/p where p is a prime and a/p has a repeating decimal expansion with an even period . If the period of the decimal representation of a/p is 2n, so that
then the digits in the second half of the repeating decimal period are the 9s complement of the corresponding digits in its first half. In other words,
For example,
Extended Midy's theorem
If k is any divisor of h (where h is the number of digits of the period of the decimal expansion of a/p (where p is again a prime)), then Midy's theorem can be generalised as follows. The extended Midy's theorem states that if the repeating portion of the decimal expansion of a/p is divided into k-digit numbers, then their sum is a multiple of 10k − 1.
For example,
has a period of 18. Dividing the repeating portion into 6-digit numbers and summing them gives
Similarly, dividing the repeating portion into 3-digit numbers and summing them gives
Midy's theorem in other bases
Midy's theorem and its extension do not depend on special properties of the decimal expansion, but work equally well in any base b, provided we replace 10k − 1 with bk − 1 and carry out addition in base b.
For example, in octal
In duodecimal (using inverted two and three for ten and eleven, respectively)
Proof of Midy's theorem
Short proofs of Midy's theorem can be given using results from group theory. However, it is al
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyanion%20hole
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An oxyanion hole is a pocket in the active site of an enzyme that stabilizes transition state negative charge on a deprotonated oxygen or alkoxide. The pocket typically consists of backbone amides or positively charged residues. Stabilising the transition state lowers the activation energy necessary for the reaction, and so promotes catalysis. For example, proteases such as chymotrypsin contain an oxyanion hole to stabilise the tetrahedral intermediate anion formed during proteolysis and protects substrate's negatively charged oxygen from water molecules. Additionally, it may allow for insertion or positioning of a substrate, which would suffer from steric hindrance if it could not occupy the hole (such as BPG in hemoglobin). Enzymes that catalyse multi-step reactions can have multiple oxyanion holes that stabilise different transition states in the reaction.
See also
Enzyme catalysis
Active site
Transition state
Serine proteases#Catalytic mechanism
References
Enzymes
Protein structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20scattering%20transform
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In mathematics, the inverse scattering transform is a method for solving some non-linear partial differential equations. The method is a non-linear analogue, and in some sense generalization, of the Fourier transform, which itself is applied to solve many linear partial differential equations. The name "inverse scattering method" comes from the key idea of recovering the time evolution of a potential from the time evolution of its scattering data: inverse scattering refers to the problem of recovering a potential from its scattering matrix, as opposed to the direct scattering problem of finding the scattering matrix from the potential.
The inverse scattering transform may be applied to many of the so-called exactly solvable models, that is to say completely integrable infinite dimensional systems.
Overview
The inverse scattering transform was first introduced by for the Korteweg–de Vries equation, and soon extended to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the Sine-Gordon equation, and the Toda lattice equation. It was later used to solve many other equations, such as the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation, the Ishimori equation, the Dym equation, and so on. A further family of examples is provided by the Bogomolny equations (for a given gauge group and oriented Riemannian 3-fold), the solutions of which are magnetic monopoles.
A characteristic of solutions obtained by the inverse scattering method is the existence of solitons, solutions resembling both particles and waves,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20Knowledge%20Organization%20System
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Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) is a W3C recommendation designed for representation of thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, subject-heading systems, or any other type of structured controlled vocabulary. SKOS is part of the Semantic Web family of standards built upon RDF and RDFS, and its main objective is to enable easy publication and use of such vocabularies as linked data.
History
DESIRE II project (1997–2000)
The most direct ancestor to SKOS was the RDF Thesaurus work undertaken in the second phase of the EU DESIRE project . Motivated by the need to improve the user interface and usability of multi-service browsing and searching, a basic RDF vocabulary for Thesauri was produced. As noted later in the SWAD-Europe workplan, the DESIRE work was adopted and further developed in the SOSIG and LIMBER projects. A version of the DESIRE/SOSIG implementation was described in W3C's QL'98 workshop, motivating early work on RDF rule and query languages: A Query and Inference Service for RDF.
LIMBER (1999–2001)
SKOS built upon the output of the Language Independent Metadata Browsing of European Resources (LIMBER) project funded by the European Community, and part of the Information Society Technologies programme. In the LIMBER project CCLRC further developed an RDF thesaurus interchange format which was demonstrated on the European Language Social Science Thesaurus (ELSST) at the UK Data Archive as a multilingual version of the English language Humanities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20podzolic
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Brown podzolic soils are a subdivision of the Podzolic soils in the British soil classification. Although classed with podzols because they have an iron-rich, or spodic horizon, they are, in fact intermediate between podzols and Brown earths. They are common on hilly land in western Europe, in climates where precipitation of more than about 900mm exceeds evapotranspiration for a large part of the year, and summers are relatively cool. The result is that leaching of the soil profile occurs; in which mobile chemicals are washed out of the topsoil, or A horizon, and accumulate lower down, in the B horizon.
These soils have large amounts (more than 5%) of organic carbon in the surface horizon, which is therefore dark in colour. In unploughed situations there may be a "mor" humus layer in which the surface organic matter is only weakly mixed with the mineral component. Unlike podzols proper, these soils have no continuous leached E horizon. This is because they are formed on slopes where, over long periods, the topsoil weathered from higher up the slope is continually being carried down the slope by the action of rain, gravity and faunal activity. This means that fresh supplies of iron and aluminium oxides (sesquioxides) are constantly being provided, and leaching ensures a net accumulation of these compounds in the B horizon, giving an orange-brown "rusty" colour which is very distinctive. The aluminum and ferric iron compounds in the subsoil also tend to bind the soil p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial%20regression
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In statistics, binomial regression is a regression analysis technique in which the response (often referred to as Y) has a binomial distribution: it is the number of successes in a series of independent Bernoulli trials, where each trial has probability of success . In binomial regression, the probability of a success is related to explanatory variables: the corresponding concept in ordinary regression is to relate the mean value of the unobserved response to explanatory variables.
Binomial regression is closely related to binary regression: a binary regression can be considered a binomial regression with , or a regression on ungrouped binary data, while a binomial regression can be considered a regression on grouped binary data (see comparison). Binomial regression models are essentially the same as binary choice models, one type of discrete choice model: the primary difference is in the theoretical motivation (see comparison). In machine learning, binomial regression is considered a special case of probabilistic classification, and thus a generalization of binary classification.
Example application
In one published example of an application of binomial regression, the details were as follows. The observed outcome variable was whether or not a fault occurred in an industrial process. There were two explanatory variables: the first was a simple two-case factor representing whether or not a modified version of the process was used and the second was an ordinary quantitativ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterol%20regulatory%20element-binding%20protein
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Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are transcription factors that bind to the sterol regulatory element DNA sequence TCACNCCAC. Mammalian SREBPs are encoded by the genes SREBF1 and SREBF2. SREBPs belong to the basic-helix-loop-helix leucine zipper class of transcription factors. Unactivated SREBPs are attached to the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. In cells with low levels of sterols, SREBPs are cleaved to a water-soluble N-terminal domain that is translocated to the nucleus. These activated SREBPs then bind to specific sterol regulatory element DNA sequences, thus upregulating the synthesis of enzymes involved in sterol biosynthesis. Sterols in turn inhibit the cleavage of SREBPs and therefore synthesis of additional sterols is reduced through a negative feed back loop.
Isoforms
Mammalian genomes have two separate SREBP genes ( and ):
SREBP-1 expression produces two different isoforms, SREBP-1a and -1c. These isoforms differ in their first exons owing to the use of different transcriptional start sites for the SREBP-1 gene. SREBP-1c was also identified in rats as ADD-1. SREBP-1c is responsible for regulating the genes required for de novo lipogenesis.
SREBP-2 regulates the genes of cholesterol metabolism.
Function
SREB proteins are indirectly required for cholesterol biosynthesis and for uptake and fatty acid biosynthesis. These proteins work with asymmetric sterol regulatory element (StRE). SREBPs have a structure similar to E-b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixiolirion
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Ixiolirion is a genus of flowering plants native to central and southwest Asia, first described as a genus in 1821. Recent classifications place the group in the monogeneric family Ixioliriaceae in the order Asparagales of the monocots. In earlier systems of classification, it was usually placed in the family Amaryllidaceae.
The genus name – composed of Ixio- and ('lily') – means 'Ixia-like lily'.
There are four species in this genus and family
Ixiolirion ferganicum Kovalevsk. & Vved. - Kyrgyzstan
Ixiolirion karateginum Lipsky - Pakistan, Tajikistan
Ixiolirion songaricum P.Yan - Xinjiang
Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Schult. & Schult.f. - Altai Krai, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Sinai, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Persian Gulf sheikdoms, Kashmir, Xinjiang
Gallery
References
External links
Ixioliriaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. Version: 27 April 2006. http://delta-intkey.com
NCBI Taxonomy Browser
links at CSDL, Texas
Asparagales genera
Ixioliriaceae
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugs%20Are%20Nice
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Drugs Are Nice: A Post-Punk Memoir is the memoir of punk musician and performance artist Lisa Crystal Carver, published by Soft Skull Press in the US in 2005 and by Snowbooks in the UK in 2006.
The book covers her life from ages 18 to 32. It relates her childhood growing up with her volatile ex-convict father, and her running away at 19 to enter into a troubled marriage to French performance artist Costes. The book also details her relationships with Smog's Bill Callahan and with industrial-music provocateur Boyd Rice, with whom she had her son Wolfgang.
Background
Drugs are Nice is adapted in part from Carver's diaries. She workshopped the book at a critique group she called the "Meat and Books Club" (named for the Atkins diet two of its writers were on). The chapters about her relationship with Rice, where Carver writes that Rice insisted she get an abortion to end her second pregnancy and was violent toward her, were difficult for her to write. She told the Boston Phoenix that she "had to get drunk every day" to write them. In lieu of a traditional book tour, Carver re-enacted a few anecdotes from the book live, including a suicide attempt with a potato peeler and a quick "make-out session" with GG Allin.
The book was released alongside an hour-long DVD, Drugs Are Nice: A Suckumentary 1988-2005. It contained fith film shorts, footage of her band Suckdog, and avant-garde operas that she and Costes had put on.
Critical reception
The Village Voice, reviewing the memoir,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin%20%28name%29
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Justin is a masculine given name of Latin origin. It is the anglicized form of the Latin given name Justinus, a derivative of Justus, meaning "just", "fair", or "righteous". Justinus was the name borne by various early saints, notably a 2nd-century Christian apologist and a boy martyr of the 3rd century. The name is also related to the similar Latin name Justinian. As an English name, Justin is common particularly in the English-speaking world starting in the latter half of the 20th century.
People named Justin
Justin (historian) (Latin: Junianus Justinus), a 3rd-century Roman historian
Justin I (c. 450–527), or Flavius Iustinius Augustus, Eastern Roman Emperor who ruled from 518 to 527
Justin II (c. 520–578), or Flavius Iustinius Iunior Augustus, Eastern Roman Emperor who ruled from 565 to 578
Justin (magister militum per Illyricum) (fl. 538–552), Byzantine general
Justin (gnostic), 2nd-century Gnostic Christian
Justin (Moesia) (d. 528), Byzantine general killed in battle in 528
Justin (consul 540) (c. 525–566), a Byzantine general
Iustin Moisescu (1910–1986), a Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church
Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin (1917–2002), former prime minister of Dahomey (now Benin)
Justin Allgaier (born 1986), American racing driver
Justin Amash (born 1980), U.S. Congressman from Michigan.
Justin Arop (1958–1994), Ugandan javelin thrower
Justin Baldoni (born 1984), American actor, director and activist
Justin Bean (born 1996), American basketball player
Justin Berry (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGK
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PGK may refer to:
Papua New Guinean kina, the currency of Papua New Guinea by ISO 4217 code
Pasukan Gerakan Khas, a Malaysian police special operations unit
Phosphoglycerate kinase, an enzyme
XM1156 Precision Guidance Kit, a U.S. Army program for artillery shells
Depati Amir Airport, Indonesia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyta
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Keyta () was used instead of soap in Iceland before it was introduced there. Keyta was made by storing urine from domestic animals for some time, the alkaline fluid left over is rich in urea which is ideal for cleansing wool for example. It is also a good fertilizer. Sometimes human urine was used in its basic state, and it would be used for bathing.
Keyta was also heavily used to wash show-winning live-stock, especially hairy pigs such as boar. This is referred to as Svínskeggur. Farm animals which have been cleansed using this process are referred to as Addi.
Social history of Iceland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia
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Borrelia is a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. Several species cause Lyme disease, also called Lyme borreliosis, a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks. Other species of Borrelia cause relapsing fever, and are transmitted by ticks or lice, depending on the species of bacteria. A few Borrelia species as Candidatus Borrelia mahuryensis harbor intermediate genetic features between Lyme disease and relapsing fever Borrelia. The genus is named after French biologist Amédée Borrel (1867–1936), who first documented the distinction between a species of Borrelia, B. anserina, and the other known type of spirochete at the time, Treponema pallidum. This bacterium must be viewed using dark-field microscopy, which make the cells appear white against a dark background. Borrelia species are grown in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium. Of 52 known species of Borrelia, 20 are members of the Lyme disease group (with an additional 3 proposed), 29 belong to the relapsing fever group, and two are members of a genetically distinct third group typically found in reptiles. A proposal has been made to split the Lyme disease group based on genetic diversity and move them to their own genus, Borelliella, but this change is not widely accepted. This bacterium uses hard and soft ticks and lice as vectors. Testing for the presence of the bacteria in a human includes two-tiered serological testing, including immunoassays and immunoblotting.
Biology
Borrelia species are members of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L42
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L42 may refer to:
HMS Brocklesby (L42), an ex-coaster taken up from trade that served in World War I for the British Royal Navy
Lee–Enfield L42, a sniper rifle
Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42, a human protein
Sako Model L42, a rifle
Spanish landing ship Pizarro (L42)
an engine in GM's Ecotec engine family
a version of the Chaika L-4 amphibian aircraft
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patlak%20plot
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A Patlak plot (sometimes called Gjedde–Patlak plot, Patlak–Rutland plot, or Patlak analysis) is a graphical analysis technique based on the compartment model that uses linear regression to identify and analyze pharmacokinetics of tracers involving irreversible uptake, such as in the case of deoxyglucose. It is used for the evaluation of nuclear medicine imaging data after the injection of a radioopaque or radioactive tracer.
The method is model-independent because it does not depend on any specific compartmental model configuration for the tracer, and the minimal assumption is that the behavior of the tracer can be approximated by two compartments – a "central" (or reversible) compartment that is in rapid equilibrium with plasma, and a "peripheral" (or irreversible) compartment, where tracer enters without ever leaving during the time of the measurements. The amount of tracer in the region of interest is accumulating according to the equation:
where represents time after tracer injection, is the amount of tracer in region of interest, is the concentration of tracer in plasma or blood, is the clearance determining the rate of entry into the peripheral (irreversible) compartment, and is the distribution volume of the tracer in the central compartment. The first term of the right-hand side represents tracer in the peripheral compartment, and the second term tracer in the central compartment.
By dividing both sides by , one obtains:
The unknown constants and can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator%20membrane
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The obturator membrane is a thin fibrous sheet, which almost completely closes the obturator foramen.
Its fibers are arranged in interlacing bundles mainly transverse in direction; the uppermost bundle is attached to the obturator tubercles and completes the obturator canal for the passage of the obturator vessels and nerve.
The membrane is attached to the sharp margin of the obturator foramen except at its lower lateral angle, where it is fixed to the pelvic surface of the inferior ramus of the ischium, i. e., within the margin.
Both obturator muscles are connected with this membrane.
Additional images
References
External links
()
Joints
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20channel
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A plasma channel is a conductive channel of plasma. A plasma channel can be formed in the following ways.
With a high-powered laser that operates at a certain frequency that will provide enough energy for an atmospheric gas to break into its ions, or form a plasma, such as in a Laser-Induced Plasma Channel, for example in an electrolaser.
With a voltage higher than the dielectric breakdown voltage applied across a dielectric, and dielectric breakdown occurs.
A plasma channel has a low electrical resistance and, once formed, will permit continuous current flow if the energy source that heats the plasma can be maintained. Unlike a normal electrical conductor, the resistance (and voltage drop) across an unconfined plasma channel decreases with increasing current flow, a property called negative resistance. As a result, an electric spark that initially required a very high voltage to initiate avalanche breakdown within the insulating gas will rapidly evolve into a hot, low-voltage electric arc if the electrical power source can continue to deliver sufficient power to the arc. Plasma channels tend to self constrict (see plasma pinch) due to magnetic forces stemming from the current flowing through the plasma.
On Earth, plasma channels are most frequently encountered in lightning storms.
See also
List of plasma (physics) articles
Plasma physics
Electromagnetism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squared%20triangular%20number
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In number theory, the sum of the first cubes is the square of the th triangular number. That is,
The same equation may be written more compactly using the mathematical notation for summation:
This identity is sometimes called Nicomachus's theorem, after Nicomachus of Gerasa (c. 60 – c. 120 CE).
History
Nicomachus, at the end of Chapter 20 of his Introduction to Arithmetic, pointed out that if one writes a list of the odd numbers, the first is the cube of 1, the sum of the next two is the cube of 2, the sum of the next three is the cube of 3, and so on. He does not go further than this, but from this it follows that the sum of the first cubes equals the sum of the first odd numbers, that is, the odd numbers from 1 to . The average of these numbers is obviously , and there are of them, so their sum is
Many early mathematicians have studied and provided proofs of Nicomachus's theorem. claims that "every student of number theory surely must have marveled at this miraculous fact". finds references to the identity not only in the works of Nicomachus in what is now Jordan in the first century CE, but also in those of Aryabhata in India in the fifth century, and in those of Al-Karaji circa 1000 in Persia. mentions several additional early mathematical works on this formula, by Al-Qabisi (tenth century Arabia), Gersonides (circa 1300 France), and Nilakantha Somayaji (circa 1500 India); he reproduces Nilakantha's visual proof.
Numeric values; geometric and probabilistic i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%20factor
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In condensed matter physics and crystallography, the static structure factor (or structure factor for short) is a mathematical description of how a material scatters incident radiation. The structure factor is a critical tool in the interpretation of scattering patterns (interference patterns) obtained in X-ray, electron and neutron diffraction experiments.
Confusingly, there are two different mathematical expressions in use, both called 'structure factor'. One is usually written ; it is more generally valid, and relates the observed diffracted intensity per atom to that produced by a single scattering unit. The other is usually written or and is only valid for systems with long-range positional order — crystals. This expression relates the amplitude and phase of the beam diffracted by the planes of the crystal ( are the Miller indices of the planes) to that produced by a single scattering unit at the vertices of the primitive unit cell. is not a special case of ; gives the scattering intensity, but gives the amplitude. It is the modulus squared that gives the scattering intensity. is defined for a perfect crystal, and is used in crystallography, while is most useful for disordered systems. For partially ordered systems such as crystalline polymers there is obviously overlap, and experts will switch from one expression to the other as needed.
The static structure factor is measured without resolving the energy of scattered photons/electrons/neutrons. Energy-r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudolikelihood
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In statistical theory, a pseudolikelihood is an approximation to the joint probability distribution of a collection of random variables. The practical use of this is that it can provide an approximation to the likelihood function of a set of observed data which may either provide a computationally simpler problem for estimation, or may provide a way of obtaining explicit estimates of model parameters.
The pseudolikelihood approach was introduced by Julian Besag in the context of analysing data having spatial dependence.
Definition
Given a set of random variables the pseudolikelihood of is
in discrete case and
in continuous one.
Here is a vector of variables, is a vector of values, is conditional density and is the vector of parameters we are to estimate. The expression above means that each variable in the vector has a corresponding value in the vector and means that the coordinate has been omitted. The expression is the probability that the vector of variables has values equal to the vector . This probability of course depends on the unknown parameter . Because situations can often be described using state variables ranging over a set of possible values, the expression can therefore represent the probability of a certain state among all possible states allowed by the state variables.
The pseudo-log-likelihood is a similar measure derived from the above expression, namely (in discrete case)
One use of the pseudolikelihood measure is as an approximat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYDS
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KYDS is a Sacramento, California FM radio station with the frequency 91.5 MHz. It is maintained at El Camino Fundamental High School, and select students from the school are allowed to participate in its operation. The original inception of KYDS was in 1976, when it broadcast only in the school cafeteria during lunch hour. KYDS originally received its FCC broadcast license in 1978 as one of the last Class "D" licensed FM stations in the country. The station went on the air with 10 watts of power (transmitter power output, not effective radiated power), into a 4-bay antenna and broadcast a monaural signal that effectively covered a 5-mile radius. Do to the COVID-19 pandemic and a campaign to modernize, the station now broadcasts on the internet on KYDS.rocks
External links
KYDS on MySpace
KYDS on Instagram
YDS
Radio stations established in 1978
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson%20AG
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SAMSON AG, founded in 1907 by Hermann Sandvoss, is a German corporation headquartered in Frankfurt. It develops systems and products that can control all types of fluid. Its product line includes valves, self-operating regulators, automation systems, sensors, thermostats, and digital devices, among others.
Background
SAMSON was founded in 1907 after Sandvoss invented a regulator that can function without an external power supply. The device automatically controls processes by utilizing differences in pressure. By 1916, its main manufacturing facility and headquarters were relocated to Frankfurt's River Main.
Aside from regulators, SAMSON AG develops measurement and control technologies such as control valves, and electro-pneumatic transducers, control valves for HVAC systems - controllers and sensors for HVAC systems. The control valves have modular designs, giving it flexibility in terms of usage in engineering and building automation processes. The range of products in these areas cover chemical, petrochemical, pulp and paper, power, HVAC and food and beverage industries. In 2002, the sales of its products reached $317 million.
Today, SAMSON operates in over 40 countries with more than 4,500 employees and more than 50 subsidiaries, more than 200 engineering and service centers worldwide.
Products
SAMSON manufactures and supplies control valves, regulators and accessories for process control. Majors products are:
Control valves
Positioners, limit switches, accessorie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Centre%20for%20Field%20Robotics
|
The Australian Centre for Field Robotics (ACFR) is dedicated to the research and teaching of concepts relating to intelligent autonomous systems, at The University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Originally established as an ARC Key Centre of Teaching and Research in 1999, it now forms part of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Autonomous Systems, along with groups at the University of Technology, Sydney and the University of New South Wales.
Research direction
The Centre undertakes research in a broad range of areas related to the perception, control and learning capabilities of land, air and sea-based autonomous systems. Work at the ACFR is directed to the perception and systems aspects of this larger research area, specifically:
Perception
Sensor Construction and Deployment
Sensor Representation
Measurement in the presence of uncertainty
Decentralised fusion (DDF) of data from disparate and/or dislocated sensors
Systems
Modelling of large-scale systems
Design
See also
University of Sydney
University of New South Wales
University of Technology, Sydney
Australian Research Council
References
External links
The Australian Centre for Field Robotics (outdated)
Centre for Autonomous Systems
Centre Publications
Robotics organizations
Robotics in Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBX
|
UBX may refer to:
Ulaanbaatar Securities Exchange, a stock exchange in Mongolia
Ultrabithorax, a homeobox gene found in insects
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricine
|
Tricine is an organic compound that is used in buffer solutions. The name tricine comes from tris and glycine, from which it was derived. It is a white crystalline powder that is moderately soluble in water. It is a zwitterionic amino acid that has a pKa1 value of 2.3 at 25 °C, while its pKa2 at 20 °C is 8.15. Its useful buffering range of pH is 7.4-8.8. Along with bicine, it is one of Good's buffering agents. Good first prepared tricine to buffer chloroplast reactions.
Applications
Tricine is a commonly used electrophoresis buffer and is also used in resuspension of cell pellets. It has a higher negative (more negative) charge than glycine allowing it to migrate faster. In addition its high ionic strength causes more ion movement and less protein movement. This allows for low molecular weight proteins to be separated in lower percent acrylamide gels. Tricine has been documented in the separation of proteins in the range of 1 to 100 kDa by electrophoresis. The tricine buffer at 25 mmol/L was found to be the most effective buffer among the ten tested for ATP assays using firefly luciferase. Tricine has also been found to be an effective scavenger of hydroxyl radicals in a study of radiation-induced membrane damage.
See also
SDS-PAGE
Ampholyte
Glycine
Bicine
References
Triols
Buffer solutions
Alpha-Amino acids
Amino acid derivatives
Zwitterions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic%20primitive
|
Cryptographic primitives are well-established, low-level cryptographic algorithms that are frequently used to build cryptographic protocols for computer security systems. These routines include, but are not limited to, one-way hash functions and encryption functions.
Rationale
When creating cryptographic systems, designers use cryptographic primitives as their most basic building blocks. Because of this, cryptographic primitives are designed to do one very specific task in a precisely defined and highly reliable fashion.
Since cryptographic primitives are used as building blocks, they must be very reliable, i.e. perform according to their specification. For example, if an encryption routine claims to be only breakable with number of computer operations, and it is broken with significantly fewer than operations, then that cryptographic primitive has failed. If a cryptographic primitive is found to fail, almost every protocol that uses it becomes vulnerable. Since creating cryptographic routines is very hard, and testing them to be reliable takes a long time, it is essentially never sensible (nor secure) to design a new cryptographic primitive to suit the needs of a new cryptographic system. The reasons include:
The designer might not be competent in the mathematical and practical considerations involved in cryptographic primitives.
Designing a new cryptographic primitive is very time-consuming and very error-prone, even for experts in the field.
Since algorithms in th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purification%20theorem
|
In game theory, the purification theorem was contributed by Nobel laureate John Harsanyi in 1973. The theorem aims to justify a puzzling aspect of mixed strategy Nash equilibria: that each player is wholly indifferent amongst each of the actions he puts non-zero weight on, yet he mixes them so as to make every other player also indifferent.
The mixed strategy equilibria are explained as being the limit of pure strategy equilibria for a disturbed game of incomplete information in which the payoffs of each player are known to themselves but not their opponents. The idea is that the predicted mixed strategy of the original game emerge as ever improving approximations of a game that is not observed by the theorist who designed the original, idealized game.
The apparently mixed nature of the strategy is actually just the result of each player playing a pure strategy with threshold values that depend on the ex-ante distribution over the continuum of payoffs that a player can have. As that continuum shrinks to zero, the players strategies converge to the predicted Nash equilibria of the original, unperturbed, complete information game.
The result is also an important aspect of modern-day inquiries in evolutionary game theory where the perturbed values are interpreted as distributions over types of players randomly paired in a population to play games.
Example
Consider the Hawk–Dove game shown here. The game has two pure strategy equilibria (Defect, Cooperate) and (Cooperate, D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaj%20Ulrik%20Linderstr%C3%B8m-Lang
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Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang (29 November 1896 – 25 May 1959) was a Danish protein scientist, who was the director of the Carlsberg Laboratory from 1939 until his death.
His most notable scientific contributions were the development of sundry physical techniques to study protein structure and function (especially hydrogen–deuterium exchange), and his definitions of protein primary, secondary,
tertiary and quaternary structure.
Linderstrøm-Lang devoted himself unstintingly to protein science and trained a whole generation of eminent protein scientists, Linderstrøm-Lang maintained a fun atmosphere in his laboratory and a happy spirit that expressed itself in wonderful Christmas parties and frequent trips to the Tivoli amusement park in Copenhagen. Linderstrøm-Lang was also a writer, musician and story-teller, and was active in the resistance movement against the Nazi occupation of Denmark.
Research and career
Early work
Linderstrøm-Lang began as a physicist. Only a year after the publication of the Debye–Hückel theory, Linderstrøm-Lang applied it to proteins and contributed in defining the term isoionic point. In particular, he formally considered the ensemble of protonation states. Linderstrøm-Lang began in the Carlsberg laboratory under its second director S. P. L. Sørensen (who invented the pH scale). 1949 volumetric studies showing that the interior of proteins has very few charges and, hence, is likely to be hydrophobic.
Innovative methods
Perhaps the most elegant meth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPD%20%28disambiguation%29
|
XPD can mean multiple things:
XPD, a spy novel by Len Deighton
the ISO 4217 code for the value of one troy ounce of palladium
XPD, a name for the ERCC2 protein
XPD Adventure Race, a multi-day adventure race held annually in Australia
XPD, Cross Polarization Discrimination, in wave transmission: ratio of the co-polarized average received power to the cross-polarized average received power
XPD Systems AB, an independent security consultancy and research firm
X-ray photoelectron diffraction, an analytic method to obtain structural and chemical information from surfaces.
XPD format, XPD files are DRM files associated with the PlayStation Network Downloader
, the ISO 639-3 code for the Paredarerme language
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial%20spoke
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The radial spoke is a multi-unit protein structure found in the axonemes of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Although experiments have determined the importance of the radial spoke in the proper function of these organelles, its structure and mode of action remain poorly understood.
Cellular location and structure
Radial spokes are T-shaped structures present inside the axoneme. Each spoke consists of a "head" and a "stalk," while each of these sub-structures is itself made up of many protein subunits. In all, the radial spoke is known to contain at least 17 different proteins, with 5 located in the head and at least 12 making up the stalk. The spoke stalk binds to the A-tubule of each microtubule outer doublet, and the spoke head faces in towards the center of the axoneme (see illustration at right).
Function
The radial spoke is known to play a role in the mechanical movement of the flagellum/cilium. For example, mutant organisms lacking properly functioning radial spokes have flagella and cilia that are immotile. Radial spokes also influence the cilium "waveform"; that is, the exact bending pattern the cilium repeats.
How the radial spoke carries out this function is poorly understood. Radial spokes are believed to interact with both the central pair microtubules and the dynein arms, perhaps in a way that maintains the rhythmic activation of the dynein motors. For example, one of the radial spoke subunits, RSP3, is an anchor protein predicted to hold another protein cal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary%20state
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A stationary state is a quantum state with all observables independent of time. It is an eigenvector of the energy operator (instead of a quantum superposition of different energies). It is also called energy eigenvector, energy eigenstate, energy eigenfunction, or energy eigenket. It is very similar to the concept of atomic orbital and molecular orbital in chemistry, with some slight differences explained below.
Introduction
A stationary state is called stationary because the system remains in the same state as time elapses, in every observable way. For a single-particle Hamiltonian, this means that the particle has a constant probability distribution for its position, its velocity, its spin, etc. (This is true assuming the particle's environment is also static, i.e. the Hamiltonian is unchanging in time.) The wavefunction itself is not stationary: It continually changes its overall complex phase factor, so as to form a standing wave. The oscillation frequency of the standing wave, times Planck's constant, is the energy of the state according to the Planck–Einstein relation.
Stationary states are quantum states that are solutions to the time-independent Schrödinger equation:
where
This is an eigenvalue equation: is a linear operator on a vector space, is an eigenvector of , and is its eigenvalue.
If a stationary state is plugged into the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, the result is
Assuming that is time-independent (unchanging in time), this equation holds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPF
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XPF may refer to:
CFP franc, the currency used in the French overseas collectivities (collectivités d’outre-mer, or COM) of French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna
ERCC4, an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ERCC4 gene
The Extended Control Program Facility (XPF), a component of the IBM i operating system
X Prize Foundation; offers inducement prize contests to encourage spaceflight and other technological development
a LMMS Preset File
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20for%20the%20Diffusion%20of%20Christian%20and%20General%20Knowledge%20Among%20the%20Chinese
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The Society for the Diffusion of Christian and General Knowledge Among the Chinese or SDCK () was an organization established in Shanghai in the late-19th century to communicate Western concepts of Christianity and science among the Chinese.
History
In 1887, the SDCK was founded in Shanghai and led by a group of American and British Methodist missionaries including Young John Allen, William Alexander Parsons Martin, Timothy Richard and Alexander Williamson. Its English name was changed in 1906 to the Christian Literature Society for China, reflecting in part one of its major sources of funds, the Christian Literature Society in Glasgow and in other parts of the world.
The SDCK endeavored to communicate Western concepts of Christianity and science among the Chinese through the translation of materials into the Chinese language. Its members also sought to prompt legal and institutional reform in China.
See also
Protestant missionary societies in China during the 19th Century
References
Christian missions in China
Christian missionary societies
Methodist missions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer%20Louis%20Anson
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Mortimer (Tim) Louis Anson (1901 – 16 October 1968) was the protein chemist who proposed that protein folding was a
reversible, two-state reaction. He was the founding
editor of Advances in Protein Chemistry.
Protein folding studies
Together with Alfred Mirsky, Anson was the first to propose
that conformational protein folding was a reversible process. He
later proposed that it was essentially a two-state process, i.e.,
that the folded and unfolded states were well-defined thermodynamic
states separated by a large activation energy barrier. He also
was the first to note that the energy barrier typical of folding
(5 kcal/mol, 20 kJ/lmol) was small compared to the absolute magnitudes of the
energies and entropies involved (~100 kcal/mol, 400 kJ/mol) and, hence,
proposed that energy and entropy were continuously traded off
during the folding process.
Anson moved to the Rockefeller Institute in 1927, where he remained
for fifteen years (1927–1942). He worked closely with John H. Northrop.
In 1937, Anson first purified and crystallized carboxypeptidase A, a
classic model system of protein science.
Advances in Protein Chemistry
In 1944 Anson was, with J. T. Edsall, the founding editor of Advances in Protein Chemistry, which remains one of the leading journals for reviewing the state
of biochemical problems. Anson conceived the journal in long
discussions with Kurt Jacoby, who had fled Nazi Germany
and had once headed the Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft in
Leipzig
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20Joseph%20Cohn
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Edwin Joseph Cohn (December 17, 1892 – October 1, 1953) was a protein scientist. A graduate of Phillips Academy, Andover [1911], and the University of Chicago [1914, PhD 1917], he made important advances in the physical chemistry of proteins, and was responsible for the blood fractionation project that saved thousands of lives in World War II.
Liver juice fractionation and concentration for treatment of pernicious anemia
In 1928, as group leader at Harvard Medical School, Cohn was able to concentrate, by a factor of 50 to 100 times, the vital factor in raw liver juice which had been shown by Minot and Murphy to be the only known specific treatment for pernicious anemia.
Cohn's contribution allowed practical treatment of this previously incurable and fatal illness, for the next 20 years.
Blood fractionation project
Cohn became famous for his work on blood fractionation during World War II.
In particular, he worked out the techniques for isolating the serum albumin fraction of blood plasma, which is essential for maintaining the osmotic pressure in the blood vessels, preventing their collapse. Transfusions with purified albumin on the battlefield rescued thousands of soldiers from shock.
After the war, Cohn worked to develop systems by which every component of donated blood would be used, so that nothing would be wasted.
On Cohn's office blackboard was inscribed a quotation from Goethe's Faust: "Das Blut ist ein ganz besonderer Saft." (Blood is a very special juice.)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20chromate
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Zinc chromate, ZnCrO4, is a chemical compound containing the chromate anion, appearing as odorless yellow powder or yellow-green crystals, but, when used for coatings, pigments are often added. It is used industrially in chromate conversion coatings, having been developed by the Ford Motor Company in the 1920s.
Production
A process known as the Cronak process is used to create zinc chromate for use in industry. This process is done by putting zinc or a zinc plated metal in a solution of sodium dichromate and sulfuric acid for a few seconds. Zinc chromate can also be synthesized by using neutral potassium chromate (K2CrO4) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), which forms a precipitate.
K2CrO4 + ZnSO4 → ZnCrO4 + K2SO4
Uses
Zinc chromate's main use is in industrial painting as a coating over iron or aluminium materials. It was used extensively on aircraft by the US military, especially during the 1930s and 1940s. It is also used in a variety of paint coatings for the aerospace and automotive industries. Its use as a corrosion-resistant agent was applied to aluminium alloy parts first in commercial aircraft, and then in military ones. During the 1940 and 1950s it was typically found as the "paint" in the wheel wells of retractable landing gear on US military aircraft to protect the aluminium from corrosion. This compound was a useful coating because it is an anti-corrosive and anti-rust primer. Since it is highly toxic, it also destroys organic growth on the surface. Zinc chromate i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20dating
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Mobile dating services, also known as cell dating, cellular dating, or cell phone dating, allow individuals to chat, flirt, meet, and possibly become romantically involved by means of text messaging, mobile chatting, and the mobile web.
These services allow their users to provide information about themselves in a short profile which is either stored in their phones as a dating ID or as a username on the mobile dating site. They can then search for other IDs online or by calling a certain phone number dictated by the service. The criteria include age, gender and sexual preference. Usually these sites are free to use but standard text messaging fees may still apply as well as a small fee the dating service charges per message.
Mobile dating websites, in order to increase the opportunities for meeting, focus attention on users that share the same social network and proximity. Some companies even offer services such as homing devices to alert users when another user is within thirty feet of one another. Some systems involve bluetooth technology to connect users in locations such as bars and clubs. This is known as proximity dating. These systems are actually more popular in some countries in Europe and Asia than online dating. With the advent of GPS Phones and GSM localization, proximity dating is likely to rise sharply in popularity.
According to The San Francisco Chronicle in 2005, "Mobile dating is the next big leap in online socializing." More than 3.6 million cell phone
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron%20phosphide
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Boron phosphide (BP) (also referred to as boron monophosphide, to distinguish it from boron subphosphide, B12P2) is a chemical compound of boron and phosphorus. It is a semiconductor.
History
Crystals of boron phosphide were synthesized by Henri Moissan as early as 1891.
Appearance
Pure BP is almost transparent, n-type crystals are orange-red whereas p-type ones are dark red.
Chemical properties
BP is not attacked by acids or boiling aqueous alkali water solutions. It is only attacked by molten alkalis.
Physical properties
BP is known to be chemically inert and exhibit very high thermal conductivity. Some properties of BP are listed below:
lattice constant 0.45383 nm
coefficient of thermal expansion 3.65 /°C (400 K)
heat capacity CP ~ 0.8 J/(g·K) (300 K)
Debye temperature = 985 K
Bulk modulus 152 GPa
relatively high microhardness of 32 GPa (100 g load).
electron and hole mobilities of a few hundred cm2/(V·s) (up to 500 for holes at 300 K)
high thermal conductivity of ~ 460 W/mK at room temperature
See also
Boron arsenide
Boron nitride
Aluminium phosphide
Gallium phosphide
References
Further reading
Boron compounds
Phosphides
III-V semiconductors
III-V compounds
Zincblende crystal structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Tileston%20Edsall
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John Tileston Edsall (3 November 1902 – 12 June 2002) was a protein scientist, who contributed significantly to the understanding of the hydrophobic interaction. He was an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the United States National Academy of Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.
Early life
Born in Philadelphia, John Edsall moved to Boston with his family at the age of 10. He graduated from Harvard University with a degree in chemistry. At Harvard he was a good friend of the physicist Robert Oppenheimer. He wrote an account of his life and career in a review.
Protein research
Edsall worked with Edwin Cohn during
World War II to apply protein methods to blood fractionation. Subsequently, in 1943, they published a book Proteins, Amino Acids and Peptides.
This had a profound influence on the next generation of protein scientists. Long afterwards Edsall wrote an account of his interaction with Cohn.
He published numerous papers on protein chemistry, including work on myosin, fibrinogen, light scattering, measurement of tyrosine groups by ultraviolet spectroscopy, and carbonic anhydrase.
Advances in Protein Chemistry
In 1944 John Edsall was a founding co-editor of the journal Advances in Protein Chemistry. He was invited by the publisher Kurt Jacoby and the founding editor Tim Anson, whom he had met in 1924 in Cambridge (although they were both undergraduates at Harvard University at nearly the same time). He remained series editor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20coding
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In digital communications, differential coding is a technique used to provide unambiguous signal reception when using some types of modulation. It makes data to be transmitted to depend not only on the current signal state (or symbol), but also on the previous one.
The common types of modulation that require differential coding include phase-shift keying and quadrature amplitude modulation.
Purposes of differential coding
When data is transmitted over balanced lines, it is easy to accidentally invert polarity in the cable between the transmitter and the receiver.
Similarly for BPSK. To demodulate BPSK, one needs to make a local oscillator synchronous with the remote one. This is accomplished by a carrier recovery circuit. However, the integer part of the recovered carrier is ambiguous. There are n valid but not equivalent phase shifts between the two oscillators. For BPSK, n = 2; the symbols appear inverted or not.
Differential encoding prevents inversion of the signal and symbols, respectively, from affecting the data.
Assuming that is a bit intended for transmission and was the symbol just transmitted, then the symbol to be transmitted for is
where indicates binary or modulo-2 addition. On the decoding side, is recovered as
That is, depends only on a difference between the symbols and and not on their values (inverted or not).
There are several different line codes designed to be polarity insensitive -- whether the data stream is inverted or not, the decoded
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratosis%20pharyngis
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Keratosis Pharyngis is a medical condition where keratin grows on the surface of the pharynx, that is the part of the throat at the back of the mouth. Keratin is a protein that normally occurs as the main component of hair and nails.
It is characterized by the presence of whitish-yellow dots on the pharyngeal wall, tonsils or lingual tonsils.
They are firmly adherent and cannot be wiped off.
The surrounding region does not show any sign or inflammation or any other symptoms that make affect the rest of the body.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of an individual with this condition will display horny excrescences on the surface of the tonsils, pharyngeal wall, or lingual tonsils. They appear as white or yellowish dots (projections). These excrescences are the result of hypertrophy and keratinization of epithelium. These so-called "dots" are firmly adherent to the area in which they reside and cannot be wiped off. There is no accompanying inflammation or any constitutional symptoms thus, it can be easily differentiated from acute follicular tonsillitis. There is no pain involved however, some discomfort or irritation of the throat may be felt. Removing the tonsils altogether may be a better option if irritation and discomfort is unbearable.
Discomfort
Painful swallowing
Irritation of the throat
Causes
There is no specific cause of this disease. Epithelial and fungal debris collects in the follicles in the pharynx which could be a sign of a potential cause. The ma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level%202
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Level 2 or Level II may refer to:
Technology
level 2 cache, a type of cache computer memory
Level 2, a level of automation in a self-driving car (see Autonomous car#Classification)
A NASDAQ price quotation service
Level II, the full and raw dataset from the U.S. National Weather Service's WSR-88D weather radar
Level 2, one of the levels in system support
Biosafety level 2, a laboratory grade
Level 2 market data
Music
Level II (Eru album), 2006
Level II (Blackstreet album), 2003
Level 2 (Last Chance to Reason album), 2011
Level 2 (Animal X album), 2001
Other
Level II, a skatepark located in the upstairs of the Dee Stadium in Houghton, Michigan
"Level Two" (Arrow), an episode of Arrow
Level 2 coronavirus restrictions, see COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland#Levels System
STANAG 4569 protection level
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacant%20niche
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The issue of what exactly defines a vacant niche, also known as empty niche, and whether they exist in ecosystems is controversial. The subject is intimately tied into a much broader debate on whether ecosystems can reach equilibrium, where they could theoretically become maximally saturated with species. Given that saturation is a measure of the number of species per resource axis per ecosystem, the question becomes: is it useful to define unused resource clusters as niche 'vacancies'?
History of the concept
Whether vacant niches are permissible has been both confirmed and denied as the definition of a niche has changed over time. Within the pre-Hutchinsonian niche frameworks of Grinnell (1917) and Elton (1927) vacant niches were allowable. In the framework of Grinnell, the species niche was largely equivalent to its habitat, such that a niche vacancy could be looked upon as a habitat vacancy. The Eltonian framework considered the niche to be equivalent to a species position in a trophic web, or food chain, and in this respect there is always going to be a vacant niche at the top predator level. Whether this position gets filled depends upon the ecological efficiency of the species filling it however.
The Hutchinsonian niche framework, on the other hand, directly precludes the possibility of there being vacant niches. Hutchinson defined the niche as an n-dimensional hyper-volume whose dimensions correspond to resource gradients over which species are distributed in a u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molina%2C%20Chile
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Molina is a Chilean city and commune in Curicó Province, Maule Region. Molina is named after Chilean Jesuit Juan Ignacio Molina.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Molina spans an area of and has 38,521 inhabitants (19,392 men and 19,129 women). Of these, 28,232 (73.3%) lived in urban areas and 10,289 (26.7%) in rural areas. The population grew by 8% (2,847 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.
Administration
As a commune, Molina is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Mirtha Segura Ovalle (UDI).
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Molina is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Roberto León (PDC) and Celso Morales (UDI) as part of the 36th electoral district, together with Curicó, Teno, Romeral, Sagrada Familia, Hualañé, Licantén, Vichuquén and Rauco. The commune is represented in the Senate by Juan Antonio Coloma Correa (UDI) and Andrés Zaldívar Larraín (PDC) as part of the 10th senatorial constituency (Maule-North).
Notable people
Laureano Ladrón de Guevara (1889–1968), painter, printmaker and muralist
References
External links
Municipality of Molina
Communes of Chile
Populated places in Curicó Province
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20goods%20and%20services
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Ecological goods and services (EG&S) are the economical benefits (goods and services) arising from the ecological functions of ecosystems. Such benefits accrue to all living organisms, including animals and plants, rather than to humans alone. However, there is a growing recognition of the importance to society that ecological goods and services provide for health, social, cultural, and economic needs.
Introduction
Examples of ecological goods include clean air, and abundant fresh water. Examples of ecological services include purification of air and water, maintenance of biodiversity, decomposition of wastes, soil and vegetation generation and renewal, pollination of crops and natural vegetation, groundwater recharge through wetlands, seed dispersal, greenhouse gas mitigation, and aesthetically pleasing landscapes. The products and processes of ecological goods and services are complex and occur over long periods of time. They are a sub-category of public goods.
The concern over ecological goods and services arises because we are losing them at an unsustainable rate, and therefore land use managers must devise a host of tools to encourage the provision of more ecological goods and services. Rural and suburban settings are especially important, as lands that are developed and converted from their natural state lose their ecological functions. Therefore, ecological goods and services provided by privately held lands become increasingly important.
Markets
A market may be cre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicholinium-3
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Hemicholinium-3 (HC3), also known as hemicholine, is a drug which blocks the reuptake of choline by the high-affinity choline transporter (ChT; encoded in humans by the gene SLC5A7) at the presynapse. The reuptake of choline is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of acetylcholine; hence, hemicholinium-3 decreases the synthesis of acetylcholine. It is therefore classified as an indirect acetylcholine antagonist.
Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and a donated acetyl group from acetyl-CoA, by the action of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Thus, decreasing the amount of choline available to a neuron will decrease the amount of acetylcholine produced. Neurons affected by hemicholinium-3 must rely on the transport of choline from the soma (cell body), rather than relying on reuptake of choline from the synaptic cleft.
Toxicity
Hemicholinium-3 is highly toxic because it interferes with cholinergic neurotransmission. The LD50 of hemicholinium-3 for mice is about 35 μg.
See also
Triethylcholine
Vesamicol
References
Lactols
Phenylmorpholines
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Acetylcholine synthesis inhibitors
Biphenyls
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalkha%20Mongolian
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The Khalkha dialect ( / / , ) is a dialect of central Mongolic widely spoken in Mongolia. According to some classifications, the Khalkha dialect includes Southern Mongolian varieties such as Shiliin gol, Ulaanchab and Sönid. As it was the basis for the Cyrillic orthography of Mongolian, it is de facto the national language of Mongolia. The name of the dialect is related to the name of the Khalkha Mongols and the Khalkha river.
There are certain differences between normative (standardised form of Khalkha) and spoken Khalkha. For example, the normative language uses proximal demonstratives based on the word stem (except for the nominative and the accusative which takes the stem ) and thus exhibits the same developmental tendency as exhibited by Oirat. On the other hand, the spoken language also makes use of paradigms that are based on the stems and . This seems to agree with the use in Chakhar Mongolian. The same holds for the distal demonstrative .
Khalkha may roughly be divided into Northern and Southern Khalkha, which would include Sönid etc. Both varieties share affricate depalatalization, namely, > and > except before *i, while Southern Khalkha patterns with Chakhar and Ordos Mongolian in that it exhibits a dissimilating deaspiration; e.g. > . However, Mongolian scholars more often hold that the border between Khalkha and Chakhar is the border between the Mongolian state and the Chakhar area of South Mongolia.
Especially in the speech of younger speakers, (o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20pKa%20calculations
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Protein pKa calculations}}
In computational biology, protein pKa calculations are used to estimate the pKa values of amino acids as they exist within proteins. These calculations complement the pKa values reported for amino acids in their free state, and are used frequently within the fields of molecular modeling, structural bioinformatics, and computational biology.
Amino acid pKa values
pKa values of amino acid side chains play an important role in defining the pH-dependent characteristics of a protein. The pH-dependence of the activity displayed by enzymes and the pH-dependence of protein stability, for example, are properties that are determined by the pKa values of amino acid side chains.
The pKa values of an amino acid side chain in solution is typically inferred from the pKa values of model compounds (compounds that are similar to the side chains of amino acids). See Amino acid for the pKa values of all amino acid side chains inferred in such a way. There are also numerous experimental studies that have yielded such values, for example by use of NMR spectroscopy.
The table below lists the model pKa values that are often used in a protein pKa calculation, and contains a third column based on protein studies.
The effect of the protein environment
When a protein folds, the titratable amino acids in the protein are transferred from a solution-like environment to an environment determined by the 3-dimensional structure of the protein. For example, in an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawler%20Craton
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The Gawler Craton covers approximately 440,000 square kilometres of central South Australia. Its Precambrian crystalline basement crustal block was cratonised ca. 1550–1450 Ma. Prior to 1550 Ma the craton comprised a number of active Proterozoic orogenic belts extending back in time to at least 2450 Ma.
The Craton can be subdivided into a number of tectonic subdomains on the basis of structure and tectonostratigraphic history. The south-central Eyre Peninsula straddles the boundary between the Archaean to early Palaeoproterozoic Coulta Subdomain and the Cleve Subdomain, a Palaeoproterozoic orogenic belt ("mobile zone") probably representing a shelf or basinal depository for the Hutchison Group (ca. 1900–1845 Ma) prior to its deformation during the Kimban orogeny (ca. 1845–1710 Ma). On northeastern Eyre Peninsula, the Cleve Subdomain is bounded by the slightly younger Moonta Subdomain which is characterised by less intensely deformed metamorphosed acid volcanics and sediments ranging from the Myola Volcanics and Moonta Porphyry to the Moonabie Formation and Wandearah Metasiltstone.
Subsequent deformation on the craton has been largely epeirogenic forming shallow fault-bounded intracontinental depressions represented by Cainozoic basins, the southern continental margin and Spencer Gulf.
Physiography
The Gawler Craton, or Gawler Block, is a distinct physiographic province of the larger West Australian Shield division. It includes the smaller Stuart Range Basin and Pimba Pla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Rinaldo
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Kenneth E. Rinaldo (born 1958) is an American neo-conceptual artist and arts educator, known for his interactive robotics, 3D animation, and BioArt installations. His works include Autopoiesis (2000), and Augmented Fish Reality (2004), a fish-driven robot.
Biography
Rinaldo was born in Queens and raised in Long Island. He attended Ward Melville High School in East Setauket, New York. He moved to California and earned an Associate of Science degree in Computer Science from Cañada College, 1982. He went on to earn a Bachelor of Arts in communications from The University of California, Santa Barbara; 1984 and a Master of Fine Arts in Conceptual Information Arts from San Francisco State University, 1996. At San Francisco State he studied with artists Steve Wilson, Brian Rogers, George LeGrady and Paul DeMarinis.
In 2000 he received the first prize at the VIDA 3.0 International Artificial Life Competition for Autopoiesis; in 2001 the same piece received an honorable mention at the Ars Electronica Festival. In 2004 Rinaldo's Augmented Fish Reality, a fish-driven robot, won an award of distinction at the same festival.
In 2020 he was selected for the 2020 edition of The New Art Fest, an annual art and technology festival in Lisbon.
Rinaldo directs the Art and Technology Program in the Department of Art at Ohio State University.
References
Further reading
Aloi, Giovanni. (2012) Art and Animals. London: Tauris. p. 108.
BEAP: Biennale of Electronic Arts Perth. (2002). Austr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20W3
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NVC community W3 (Salix pentandra - Carex rostrata woodland) is one of the woodland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is one of seven woodland communities in the NVC classed as "wet woodlands".
This is a locally distributed community. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
Thirteen constant species are found in this community:
Grey willow (Salix cinerea)
Bay willow (Salix pentandra)
Wild angelica (Angelica sylvestris)
Cuckooflower (Cardamine pratensis)
Bottle sedge (Carex rostrata)
Marsh-marigold (Caltha palustris)
Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria)
Common marsh-bedstraw (Galium palustre)
Water avens (Geum rivale)
Marsh valerian (Valeriana dioica)
Pointed spear-moss (Calligeron cuspidatum)
Swan's-neck thyme-moss (Mnium hornum)
Dotted thyme-moss (Rhizomnium punctatum)
Six rare species are also associated with the community:
Dark-leaved willow (Salix myrsinifolia)
Fibrous tussock-sedge (Carex appropinquata)
Lesser tussock-sedge (Carex diandra)
Coralroot orchid (Corallorrhiza trifida)
Tufted loosestrife (Lysimachia thyrsiflora)
Round-leaved wintergreen (Pyrola rotundifolia)
Distribution
This community is distributed locally in submontane regions of northern England and Scotland. The authors of British Plant Communities noted that although the community had not been recorded in Wales, it is likely to be found there too.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 1 - Woodlands a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine%20hydroxylase
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Tyrosine hydroxylase or tyrosine 3-monooxygenase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of the amino acid L-tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). It does so using molecular oxygen (O2), as well as iron (Fe2+) and tetrahydrobiopterin as cofactors. L-DOPA is a precursor for dopamine, which, in turn, is a precursor for the important neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline). Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the rate limiting step in this synthesis of catecholamines. In humans, tyrosine hydroxylase is encoded by the TH gene, and the enzyme is present in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral sympathetic neurons and the adrenal medulla. Tyrosine hydroxylase, phenylalanine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase together make up the family of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAHs).
Reaction
Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the reaction in which L-tyrosine is hydroxylated in the meta position to obtain L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). The enzyme is an oxygenase which means it uses molecular oxygen to hydroxylate its substrates. One of the oxygen atoms in O2 is used to hydroxylate the tyrosine molecule to obtain L-DOPA and the other one is used to hydroxylate the cofactor. Like the other aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAHs), tyrosine hydroxylase use the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) under normal conditions, although other similar molecules may also work as a cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase.
The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W13
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W13 may refer to:
British NVC community W13, one of the woodland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system
Eagle's Nest Airport (Virginia), in Augusta County, Virginia, United States
Hansa-Brandenburg W.13, a German flying boat bomber
London Buses route W13
Mercedes W13, a racing car
Rhombicuboctahedron
Route W13 (WMATA), a former bus route in Maryland
W-13-class minesweeper of the Imperial Japanese Navy
W13 nuclear warhead
Watjanti language
W13, a postcode district in London, England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD18
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SD18, SD-18 or SD 18 may refer to:
SD18 (ship type) - a type of cargo ship
British NVC community SD18 - one of the 16 sand-dune communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system
Former state highways in South Dakota#Highway 18
EMD SD18 - an American-built diesel locomotive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Vegetation%20Classification
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National Vegetation Classification could refer to:
the British National Vegetation Classification (NVC)
the U.S. National Vegetation Classification (NVC or USNVC)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20National%20Vegetation%20Classification
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The U.S. National Vegetation Classification (NVC or USNVC) is a scheme for classifying the natural and cultural vegetation communities of the United States. The purpose of this standardized vegetation classification system is to facilitate communication between land managers, scientists, and the public when managing, researching, and protecting plant communities.
The non-profit group NatureServe maintains the NVC for the U.S. government.
See also
British National Vegetation Classification
Vegetation classification
External links
The U.S. National Vegetation Classification website
"National Vegetation Classification Standard, Version 2" FGDC-STD-005-2008, Vegetation Subcommittee, Federal Geographic Data Committee, February 2008
U.S. Geological Survey page about the Vegetation Characterization Program
Federal Geographic Data Committee page about the NVC
Environment of the United States
Flora of the United States
NatureServe
Biological classification
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20seal
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A hydraulic seal is a relatively soft, non-metallic ring, captured in a groove or fixed in a combination of rings, forming a seal assembly, to block or separate fluid in reciprocating motion applications. Hydraulic seals are vital in machinery. Their use is critical in providing a way for fluid power to be converted to linear motion.
Materials
Hydraulic seals can be made from a variety of materials such as polyurethane, rubber or PTFE. The type of material is determined by the specific operating conditions or limits due to fluid type, pressure, fluid chemical compatibility or temperature.
Static
A static hydraulic seal is located in a groove and sees no movement - only sealing within its confined space, acting like a gasket. To achieve this the gasket should be under pressure. The pressure is applied by tightening of the bolts.
Dynamic
A type of dynamic hydraulic seal called a rod seal is exposed to movement on its inner diameter along the shaft or rod of a hydraulic cylinder. Hydraulic Piston seals prevent fluid from crossing the area of the piston head. Rod seals ensure that fluid does not leak from the cylinder and adequate pressure is maintained. Wiper seals are installed to prevent contamination from entering the hydraulic system. A rod seal prevents leakage of hydraulic fluid to the outside of the sealing system. Additionally, rod seals help contribute, in combination with a wiper seal, to preventing contamination of the environment. A type of dynamic hydraulic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Convention%20on%20the%20International%20Classification%20of%20Patents%20for%20Invention
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The European Convention on the International Classification of Patents for Invention was signed on December 19, 1954, in Paris, France, by members of the Council of Europe. It entered into force on August 1, 1955, and it was denounced by all Parties and ceased to be in force as from February 18, 1999. The Convention created the International Classification of Patents for Invention. The convention is written in English and French, both texts being equally authoritative.
The convention, along with the European Convention relating to the Formalities required for Patent Applications of 1953, resulted from the work of the Council of Europe's Committee of Experts in patent matters in the early 1950s.
See also
List of Council of Europe treaties
Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification of March 24, 1971
International Patent Classification
References
External links
Archived page on the Council of Europe web site
Official text (.doc)
Official text (.htm)
Patent classifications
Treaties concluded in 1954
Treaties entered into force in 1955
Council of Europe treaties
Patent law treaties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20magnetofluidics
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Digital magnetofluidics is a method for moving, combining, splitting, and controlling drops of water or biological fluids using magnetic fields. This is accomplished by adding superparamagnetic particles to a drop placed on a superhydrophobic surface. Normally this type of surface would exhibit a lotus effect and the drop of water would roll or slide off. But by using magnetic fields, the drop is stabilized and its movements and structure can be controlled.
References
A. Egatz-Gomez, S. Melle, A.A. García, S. Lindsay, M.A. Rubio, P. Domínguez, T. Picraux, J. Taraci, T. Clement, and M. Hayes, “Superhydrophobic Nanowire Surfaces for Drop Movement Using Magnetic Fields,” in Proc. NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show, 2006, pp. 501–504.
Fluid mechanics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape%20analysis
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In compiler optimization, escape analysis is a method for determining the dynamic scope of pointers where in the program a pointer can be accessed. It is related to pointer analysis and shape analysis.
When a variable (or an object) is allocated in a subroutine, a pointer to the variable can escape to other threads of execution, or to calling subroutines. If an implementation uses tail call optimization (usually required for functional languages), objects may also be seen as escaping to called subroutines. If a language supports first-class continuations (as do Scheme and Standard ML of New Jersey), portions of the call stack may also escape.
If a subroutine allocates an object and returns a pointer to it, the object can be accessed from undetermined places in the program the pointer has "escaped". Pointers can also escape if they are stored in global variables or other data structures that, in turn, escape the current procedure.
Escape analysis determines all the places where a pointer can be stored and whether the lifetime of the pointer can be proven to be restricted only to the current procedure and/or thread.
Optimizations
A compiler can use the results of escape analysis as a basis for optimizations:
Converting heap allocations to stack allocations. If an object is allocated in a subroutine, and a pointer to the object never escapes, the object may be a candidate for stack allocation instead of heap allocation. In garbage-collected languages this can reduce how o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20M1
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NVC community M1 (Sphagnum auriculatum bog pool community) is one of the mire communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is a fairly widespread community in western Britain, but absent from the east. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Common Cottongrass Eriophorum angustifolium
Bogbean Menyanthes trifoliata
Cow-horn Bog-moss Sphagnum auriculatum
Feathery Bog-moss Sphagnum cuspidatum
Five rare species are associated with the community:
Bog Orchid Hammarbya paludosa
Brown Beak-sedge Rhynchospora fusca
Rannoch-rush Scheuchzeria palustris
Intermediate Bladderwort Utricularia intermedia
Golden Bog-moss Sphagnum pulchrum
Distribution
This community has its main concentration in northwest Scotland, including the Outer Hebrides, Inner Hebrides, Caithness and Argyll. It is also found in southwest Scotland, Cumbria, central Wales, the New Forest, and in the Southwest peninsula.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 2 - Mires and heaths (hardback), (paperback)
M01
Sphagnum auriculatum bog pool community
auriculatum, NVC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allostasis
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Allostasis is the efficient regulation required to prepare the body to satisfy its needs before they arise by budgeting those needed resources such as oxygen, insulin etc., as opposed to homeostasis, in which the goal is a steady state. Allostasis, stability through variation, was proposed by Peter Sterling and Joseph Eyer in 1988 as a new model of physiological regulation. The goal of every living being is to “find and maintain a steady state for survival” which is achieved through allostasis and homeostasis. The term allostasis is used more frequently now since it is more inclusive of the idea that not everything in the body is in a single steady state meaning that there are varying levels of energy.
Evolution and allostasis
A second perspective on allostasis is that it is included in the story of how the brain was created. Barrett argues that during evolution organisms' internal systems became much more advanced; continuing to just have several groups of cells would have poorly managed these new systems that these bodies were acquiring. A brain was needed instead because its large size is much more capable of efficient management. However, in rare cases animal species do not rely on brains nor a similar allostatic process. The sea squirt is one example because once the larvae have fully grown they “absorb their brain.” The sea squirt's allostatic process would not be as complex as a human's for example since both species have ecological niches that are of different comp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouchterlony%20double%20immunodiffusion
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Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion (also known as passive double immunodiffusion) is an immunological technique used in the detection, identification and quantification of antibodies and antigens, such as immunoglobulins and extractable nuclear antigens. The technique is named after Örjan Ouchterlony, the Swedish physician who developed the test in 1948 to evaluate the production diphtheria toxins from isolated bacteria.
Procedure
A gel plate is cut to form a series of holes ("wells") in an agar or agarose gel. A sample extract of interest (for example human cells harvested from tonsil tissue) is placed in one well, sera or purified antibodies are placed in another well and the plate left for 48 hours to develop. During this time the antigens in the sample extract and the antibodies each diffuse out of their respective wells. Where the two diffusion fronts meet, if any of the antibodies recognize any of the antigens, they will bind to the antigens and form an immune complex. The immune complex precipitates in the gel to give a thin white line (precipitin line), which is a visual signature of antigen recognition.
The method can be conducted in parallel with multiple wells filled with different antigen mixtures and multiple wells with different antibodies or mixtures of antibodies, and antigen-antibody reactivity can be seen by observing between which wells the precipitate is observed. When more than one well is used there are many possible outcomes based on the reactivity o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractable%20nuclear%20antigen
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Extractable nuclear antigens (ENAs) are over 100 different soluble cytoplasmic and nuclear antigens. They are known as "extractable" because they can be removed from cell nuclei using saline and represent six main proteins: Ro, La, Sm, RNP, Scl-70, Jo1. Most ENAs are part of spliceosomes or nucleosomes complexes and are a type of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNPS). The location in the nucleus and association with spliceosomes or nucleosomes results in these ENAs being associated with additional RNA and proteins such as polymerases. This quality of ENAs often makes it difficult to purify and quantify their presence for clinical use.
Clinical applications
An extractable nuclear antigen panel, or an ENA panel, tests for presence of autoantibodies in the blood that react with proteins in the cell nucleus. It is usually done as a follow-up to a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test and when one is showing symptoms of an autoimmune disorder. The ANA tests for the presence or absence of autoantibodies, while the ENA panel evaluates which proteins in the cell nucleus the autoantibodies recognize. The ENA panel helps diagnosis, distinguish between, and monitor the progression of autoimmune diseases and is performed with a simple blood draw. While the levels of autoantibodies may fluctuate through one's life, once one develops autoantibodies, one will always have them. Autoantibodies to these antigens are associated with particular connective tissue disorders. Indeed, in 84.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coilin
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Coilin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COIL gene. Coilin got its name from the coiled shape of the Cajal bodies in which it is found. It was first identified using human autoimmune serum.
Function
Coilin protein is one of the main molecular components of Cajal bodies. Cajal bodies are non-membrane bound nuclear bodies of varying number and composition that are involved in the post-transcriptional modification of small nuclear and small nucleolar RNAs. In addition to its structural role, coilin acts as glue to connect the CB to the nucleolus. The N-terminus of the coilin protein directs its self-oligomerization while the C-terminus influences the number of nuclear bodies assembled per cell. Differential methylation and phosphorylation of coilin likely influences its localization among nuclear bodies and the composition and assembly of Cajal bodies. This gene has pseudogenes on chromosome 4 and chromosome 14.
To study CBs, coilin can be combined with GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) to form Coilin-GFP hybrid protein. The hybrid protein can then be used to locate CBs underneath a microscope, usually near the nucleolus of the cell. Other proteins that make up the CB include snRNPs and nucleolar snoRNPs.
Coilin has been shown to interact with ataxin 1, nucleolar phosphoprotein p130, SMN, and SNRPB.
References
Further reading
Structural proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20thoracic%20nucleus
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The posterior thoracic nucleus, (Clarke's column, column of Clarke, dorsal nucleus, nucleus dorsalis of Clarke) is a group of interneurons found in the medial part of lamina VII, also known as the intermediate zone, of the spinal cord. It is mainly located from the cervical vertebra C7 to lumbar L3–L4 levels and is an important structure for proprioception of the lower limb.
Anatomy
It occupies the medial part of the base of the posterior grey column and appears on the transverse section as a well-defined oval area.
It begins caudally at the level of the second or third lumbar nerve, and reaches its maximum size opposite the twelfth thoracic nerve. Above the level of the eight thoracic nerve its size diminishes, and the column ends opposite the last cervical or first thoracic nerve.
It is represented, however, in the other regions by scattered cells, which become aggregated to form a cervical nucleus opposite the third cervical nerve, and a sacral nucleus in the middle and lower part of the sacral region.
Nerve cells in the posterior thoracic nucleus are most abundant between the lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments. Cell bodies are of medium size and oval- or pyriform-shape. These cells characteristically present coarse Nissl granules and have characteristic eccentric nuclei.
Axonal projections from neurons in this nucleus give rise to the dorsal spinocerebellar tract which ascends ipsilaterally through the spinal cord and ends as mossy fibers in the ipsilateral c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler%20%28manga%29
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is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kia Asamiya. It was originally serialized in Kodansha's magazine Monthly Afternoon.
The manga was adapted into a three-part anime original video animation that was licensed in the North America by ADV Films.
The opening theme is called "I Was Born to fall in Love" and the end theme is called "Full Up Mind", both by Masami Okui. As well as the soundtrack, a single of the opening theme and three image albums - Compiler, Assembler and Interpreter - were released.
Plot
Compiler (as in a source code compiler) features two girls, Compiler and Assembler, who arrived on earth from 2-D cyberspace to play a "game" in which they will delete the real world and reform it. However, they move in with two young men called Toshi and Nachi and lose interest in the game. After Toshi is injured and the game is cancelled, two beings called Plasma and Compiler 2 are sent in to erase the girls.
References
External links
1991 manga
1994 anime OVAs
1995 anime OVAs
ADV Films
Kia Asamiya
Kodansha manga
Seinen manga
Studio Fantasia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal%20transmission
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Horizontal transmission is the transmission of organisms between biotic and/or abiotic members of an ecosystem that are not in a parent-progeny relationship. This concept has been generalized to include transmissions of infectious agents, symbionts, and cultural traits between humans.
Because the evolutionary fate of the agent is not tied to reproductive success of the host, horizontal transmission tends to evolve virulence. It is therefore a critical concept for evolutionary medicine.
Biological
Pathogen transmission
In biological, but not cultural, transmissions the carriers (also known as vectors) may include other species. The two main biological modes of transmission are anterior station and posterior station. In anterior station, transmission occurs via the bite of an infected organism (the vector), like in malaria, dengue fever, and bubonic plague. Posterior station is transmission via contact with infected feces. Examples are rickettsiae driven diseases (like typhus), which are contracted by a body louse's fecal material being scratched into the bloodstream. The vector is not necessarily another species, however. For example, a dog infected with Rabies may infect another dog via anterior station transmission. Moreover, there are other modes of biological transmission, such as generalized bleeding in ebola.
Symbiont transmission
Symbiosis describes a relationship in which at least two organisms are in an intimately integrated state, such that one organism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosmin-1
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Anosmin-1 is a secreted, EM associated glycoprotein found in humans and other organisms responsible for normal development, which is expressed in the brain, spinal cord and kidney. Absence or damage to the protein results in Kallmann syndrome in humans, which is characterized by loss of olfactory bulbs and GnRH secretion leading to anosmia and hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Anosmin-1 is coded by the KAL-1 gene, which is found on the X chromosome. Anosmin-1 is 100 kilodaltons and is expressed on the outside of cells. Because of this and because of its contribution to normal migration of nerve cells, a role in the extracellular matrix has been postulated.
Function
During neural crest cell development, anosmin-1 plays a role in cranial neural cell formation by spatiotemporal regulation.
Secreated anosmin-1 enhances FGF activity by promoting FGF8-FGFR1 complex formation, whereas inhibits both BMP5 and WNT3A activities.
As a results, orchestrated regulation of FGF, BMP, and WNT by anosmin-1 control EMT and MET during neural crest cell development.
In human retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPE), the expression of anosmin-1 is regulated by TGF-β which remain to be investigated.
Structure and pathology
Anosmin-1 is encoded by a gene ANOS1 (earlier called ADMLX, KAL, KAL1, KALIG1). In human it is located on the X chromosome at Xp22.3 and is affected in some male individuals with Kallmann syndrome. This gene codes for a protein of the extracellular matrix named anosmin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georeferencing
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Georeferencing or georegistration is a type of coordinate transformation that binds a digital raster image or vector database that represents a geographic space (usually a scanned map or aerial photograph) to a spatial reference system, thus locating the digital data in the real world. It is thus the geographic form of image registration. The term can refer to the mathematical formulas used to perform the transformation, the metadata stored alongside or within the image file to specify the transformation, or the process of manually or automatically aligning the image to the real world to create such metadata. The most common result is that the image can be visually and analytically integrated with other geographic data in geographic information systems and remote sensing software.
A number of mathematical methods are available, but the process typically involves identifying several sample ground control points with known locations on the image and the ground, then using curve fitting techniques to generate a parametric (or piecewise parametric) formula to transform the rest of the image. Once the parameters of the formula are stored, the image may be transformed dynamically at drawing time, or resampled to generate a georeferenced raster GIS file or orthophoto.
The term georeferencing has also been used to refer to other types of transformation from general expressions of geographic location (geocodes) to coordinate measurements, but most of these other methods are more com
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogroside
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A mogroside is a glycoside of cucurbitane derivatives found in certain plants, such as the fruit of the gourd vine Siraitia grosvenorii (known as monkfruit or luohan guo). Mogrosides are extracted from S. grosvenorii and used in the manufacture of sugar substitutes.
Mogrosides
Mogrosides include:
Mogrol
Mogroside II A1
Mogroside II B
7-Oxomogroside II E
11-Oxomogroside A1
Mogroside III A2
11-Deoxymogroside III
11-Oxomogroside IV A
Mogroside V
7-Oxomogroside V
11-Oxo-mogroside V
Mogroside VI
Siamenoside I
Mogroside V is the main component of Siraitia grosvenorii fruit, constituting 0.5% to 1.4% of the dried fruit.
Biosynthesis
One analysis of 200 candidate genes of Siraitia grosvenorii revealed five enzyme families involved in the synthesis of mogroside V: squalene epoxidases, triterpenoid synthases, epoxide hydrolases, cytochrome P450s, and UDP-glucosyltransferases. The metabolic pathway for mogroside biosynthesis involves an initial stage of fruit development when squalene is metabolized to di-glucosylated, tetra-hydroxycucurbitadienols, then during fruit maturation, branched glucosyl groups are added and catalyzed, leading to the sweet M4, M5, and M6 mogrosides.
Stability
Mogroside V appears to be heat stable in the range of 100 to 150 degrees Celsius for 4 hours and up to 8 hours in boiling water. It is stable at a pH of between 3 and 12 when stored from 2 to 8 degrees Celsius.
Uses
Some mogrosides are used in traditional Chinese medicine and some are
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