source
stringlengths 32
209
| text
stringlengths 18
1.5k
|
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Bay%2C%20Nevada
|
Crystal Bay is a census-designated place (CDP) on the north shore of Lake Tahoe in Washoe County, Nevada, United States. The population was 305 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Reno−Sparks Metropolitan Statistical Area. Prior to 2010, it was listed by the U.S. Census Bureau within the Incline Village–Crystal Bay CDP.
Geography
Elevation ranges from on the shore of Lake Tahoe to over above sea level. The CDP is located on the north shore of Lake Tahoe, adjacent to the California state line.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 42.12%, is water.
Climate
Crystal Bay has a humid continental climate (Dsb) with warm to hot summers with cool nights and moderately cold winters with frigid nights.
Demographics
Education
The region is served by the Washoe County School District.
See also
List of census-designated places in Nevada
References
External links
Census-designated places in Nevada
Census-designated places in Washoe County, Nevada
Lake Tahoe
Reno, NV Metropolitan Statistical Area
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20M2
|
NVC community M2 (Sphagnum cuspidatum/recurvum bog pool community) is one of the mire communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is a fairly widely distributed community in northern western Britain, and is also found in Norfolk. There are two subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Cross-leaved heath (Erica tetralix)
Common cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium)
Round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia)
Feathery bog-moss (Sphagnum cuspidatum)
Flat-topped / flexuous bog-mosses (S. recurvum)
Three rare species are associated with the community:
Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia)
Tall bog-sedge (Carex magellanica)
Golden bog-moss (Sphagnum pulchrum)
Distribution
This community is found in various locations in Wales, southern and northeastern Scotland, and northern England, with an outpost in Norfolk.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the Rhynchospora alba subcommunity
the Sphagnum recurvum subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 2 - Mires and heaths (hardback), (paperback)
M02
Sphagnum cuspidatum bog pool community
cuspidatum, NVC
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20biology
|
Membrane biology is the study of the biological and physiochemical characteristics of membranes, with applications in the study of cellular physiology.
Membrane bioelectrical impulses are described by the Hodgkin cycle.
Biophysics
Membrane biophysics is the study of biological membrane structure and function using physical, computational, mathematical, and biophysical methods. A combination of these methods can be used to create phase diagrams of different types of membranes, which yields information on thermodynamic behavior of a membrane and its components. As opposed to membrane biology, membrane biophysics focuses on quantitative information and modeling of various membrane phenomena, such as lipid raft formation, rates of lipid and cholesterol flip-flop, protein-lipid coupling, and the effect of bending and elasticity functions of membranes on inter-cell connections.
See also
References
Biophysics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain%20%28surgery%29
|
A surgical drain is a tube used to remove pus, blood or other fluids from a wound, body cavity, or organ. They are commonly placed by surgeons or interventional radiologists after procedures or some types of injuries, but they can also be used as an intervention for decompression. There are several types of drains, and selection of which to use often depends on the placement site and how long the drain is needed.
Use and Management
Drains help to remove contents, usually fluids, from inside the body. This is beneficial since fluid accumulation may cause distension and pressure, which can lead to pain. For example, nasogastric (NG) tubes inserted through the nose and into the stomach can help remove stomach contents for patients who have a blockage further along in their gastrointestinal tract. After surgery, drains can be placed to remove blood, lymph, or other fluids that accumulate in the wound bed. This helps to promote wound healing and allows healthcare providers to monitor the wound for any signs of internal infection or damage to surgically repaired structures.
Drains may be classified as passive or active, open or closed, and external or internal. Passive drains rely on gravity or capillary action to remove fluid, whereas active drains rely on a suction/vacuum force, whether that be through connection to wall suction, a portable suction device, or a bulb that has been squeezed to create a vacuum. Open drains are commonly used for superficial wounds and drain into
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiriol
|
Seiriol (, ) was an early 6th-century saint, who created a cell at Penmon Priory on Anglesey, off the coast of north Wales. He later moved to Ynys Seiriol (Puffin Island).
Narrative
Seiriol was a son of King Owain Danwyn of Rhos, and younger brother of King Cynlas of Rhos and King Einion of Llŷn. His cell at Penmon is said to have been rebuilt by his brothers, as they didn't think his humble residence was good enough. St Seiriol's Well (Ffynnon Seiriol) lies in a small chamber adjoining its remains. Both are protected by Cadw, the publicly funded body responsible for the historic monuments of Wales. Adjacent to them are the church and ruins of a monastery also dating back to Seiriol's day.
According to legend, he and Saint Cybi were good friends, and would meet weekly near Llanerchymedd, at the Clorach wells. Saint Cybi would walk from Holyhead, facing the rising sun in the morning and setting sun in the evening. Saint Cybi was known as Cybi Felyn (Cybi the Tanned), as he was tanned during his journey. Seiriol, travelling in the opposite direction, from Penmon, would have his back to the sun.Thus, he was known as Seiriol Wyn (Seiriol the Fair). Rhyd-y-Saint railway station (English: Ford of the Saints railway station) on the Red Wharf Bay branch line near Pentraeth was named so, since Seiriol and Cybi are said to have met there.
St Seiriol's Well is a small rectangular pool set in a well chamber to the north of Penmon Priory church.
In his old age, Seiriol retired to Yn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20H1
|
NVC community H1 (Calluna vulgaris - Festuca ovina heath) is one of the heath communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as lowland dry heaths.
It is a fairly localised community. There are five subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Heather (Calluna vulgaris)
Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina)
Broom Fork-moss Dicranum scoparium
Cypress-leaved Plait-moss Hypnum cupressiforme sensu lato
No rare species are associated with the community.
Distribution
This community is confined to eastern and southeastern England, from Sussex to Lincolnshire, with the greatest concentrations occurring in Norfolk.
Subcommunities
There are five subcommunities:
the Hypnum cupressiforme subcommunity
the Hypogymnia physodes - Cladonia impexa subcommunity
the Teucrium scorodonia subcommunity
the Carex arenaria subcommunity
the so-called species-poor subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 2 - Mires and heaths (hardback), (paperback)
H01
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Touch
|
"Love Touch" is a song performed by Rod Stewart and written by Holly Knight, Mike Chapman and Gene Black. It was released as a single in 1986 and peaked at #6 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song is played over the end credits of the Robert Redford-Debra Winger romantic comedy Legal Eagles and is often listed with the subtitle "Theme from Legal Eagles" even though it doesn't appear on the film's soundtrack album, distributed by MCA Records. The song is a plea from someone who has been fighting with his lover, but is apologizing and asking for another chance to "be good."
Reception
Cash Box called it "a delightfully perky little ditty, melodic and catchy as the day is long." Billboard said "steel drums carry unhurried rhythms, and the rocker is temporarily tamed into a crooner."
Although it is among Stewart's most successful songs, he rarely performs "Love Touch" in concert. Stewart holds a low opinion of the song's lyrics, calling it "one of the silliest songs I've ever recorded," in the liner notes of Encore: The Very Best of Rod Stewart Volume 2.
Charts
References
Rod Stewart songs
1986 singles
1986 songs
Songs written for films
Songs written by Holly Knight
Songs written by Mike Chapman
Music videos directed by Mary Lambert
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unknotting%20problem
|
In mathematics, the unknotting problem is the problem of algorithmically recognizing the unknot, given some representation of a knot, e.g., a knot diagram. There are several types of unknotting algorithms. A major unresolved challenge is to determine if the problem admits a polynomial time algorithm; that is, whether the problem lies in the complexity class P.
Computational complexity
First steps toward determining the computational complexity were undertaken in proving that the problem is
in larger complexity classes, which contain the class P. By using normal surfaces to describe the Seifert surfaces of a given knot, showed that the unknotting problem is in the complexity class NP. claimed the weaker result that unknotting is in AM ∩ co-AM; however, later they retracted this claim. In 2011, Greg Kuperberg proved that (assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis) the unknotting problem is in co-NP, and in 2016, Marc Lackenby provided an unconditional proof of co-NP membership.
The unknotting problem has the same computational complexity as testing whether an embedding of an undirected graph in Euclidean space is linkless.
Unknotting algorithms
Several algorithms solving the unknotting problem are based on Haken's theory of normal surfaces:
Haken's algorithm uses the theory of normal surfaces to find a disk whose boundary is the knot. Haken originally used this algorithm to show that unknotting is decidable, but did not analyze its complexity in more detail.
Hass, L
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrained%20Shortest%20Path%20First
|
Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) is an extension of shortest path algorithms. The path computed using CSPF is a shortest path fulfilling a set of constraints. It simply means that it runs shortest path algorithm after pruning those links that violate a given set of constraints. A constraint could be minimum bandwidth required per link (also known as bandwidth guaranteed constraint), end-to-end delay, maximum number of links traversed, include/exclude nodes. CSPF is widely used in MPLS Traffic Engineering. The routing using CSPF is known as Constraint Based Routing (CBR).
The path computed using CSPF could be exactly same as that of computed from OSPF and IS-IS, or it could be completely different depending on the set of constraints to be met.
Example with bandwidth constraint
Consider the network to the right, where a route has to be computed from router-A to the router-C satisfying bandwidth constrained of x- units, and link cost for each link is based on hop-count (i.e., 1).
If x = 50 units then CSPF will give path A → B → C.
If x = 55 units then CSPF will give path A → D → E → C.
If x = 90 units then CSPF will give path A → D → E → F → C.
In all of these cases OSPF and IS-IS will result in path A → B → C.
However, if the link costs in this topology are different, CSPF may accordingly determine a different path. For example, suppose that as before, hop count is used as link cost for all links but A → B and B → C, for which the cost is 4. In this case:
If x =
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese%20673
|
Gliese 673 is an orange dwarf star in the constellation Ophiuchus. It has a stellar classification of K7V. Main sequence stars with this spectra have a mass in the range of 60–70% of solar mass () (comparable to the members of the binary star system 61 Cygni).
This star is relatively near the Sun at a distance of about 25 light-years. In spite of this proximity, however, it is still too faint to be viewed by the unaided eye. It is considered a slowly rotating star with a relatively high proper motion.
Gliese 673 is among nearby K-type stars of a type in a 'sweet spot' between Sun-analog stars and M stars, in terms of the likelihood of life and its ease of detectability (in this case for planets in the system's outer conservative habitable zone), per analysis of Giada Arney from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
See also
List of star systems within 25–30 light-years
References
External links
ARICNS
Ophiuchus
157881
K-type main-sequence stars
0673
085295
0718
Durchmusterung objects
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20diffusion%20search
|
Stochastic diffusion search (SDS) was first described in 1989 as a population-based, pattern-matching algorithm. It belongs to a family of swarm intelligence and naturally inspired search and optimisation algorithms which includes ant colony optimization, particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms; as such SDS was the first Swarm Intelligence metaheuristic. Unlike stigmergetic communication employed in ant colony optimization, which is based on modification of the physical properties of a simulated environment, SDS uses a form of direct (one-to-one) communication between the agents similar to the tandem calling mechanism employed by one species of ants, Leptothorax acervorum.
In SDS agents perform cheap, partial evaluations of a hypothesis (a candidate solution to the search problem). They then share information about hypotheses (diffusion of information) through direct one-to-one communication. As a result of the diffusion mechanism, high-quality solutions can be identified from clusters of agents with the same hypothesis. The operation of SDS is most easily understood by means of a simple analogy – The Restaurant Game.
The restaurant game
A group of delegates attends a long conference in an unfamiliar town. Every night each delegate must find somewhere to dine. There is a large choice of restaurants, each of which offers a large variety of meals. The problem the group faces is to find the best restaurant, that is the restaurant where the maximum number of delegat
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescinnamine
|
Rescinnamine, known by the brand names Moderil, Cinnasil, and Anaprel, is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor used as an antihypertensive drug.
It is a vinca alkaloid obtained from Rauvolfia serpentina and other species of Rauvolfia.
References
Indoloquinolizines
Tryptamine alkaloids
Isoquinoline alkaloids
ACE inhibitors
Antihypertensive agents
Alkaloids found in Rauvolfia
Pyrogallol ethers
Cinnamate esters
Indole ethers at the benzene ring
Heterocyclic compounds with 5 rings
Methoxy compounds
Methyl esters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poinsot%27s%20spirals
|
In mathematics, Poinsot's spirals are two spirals represented by the polar equations
where csch is the hyperbolic cosecant, and sech is the hyperbolic secant. They are named after the French mathematician Louis Poinsot.
Examples of the two types of Poinsot's spirals
See also
References
Spirals
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanethidine
|
Guanethidine is an antihypertensive drug that reduces the release of catecholamines, such as norepinephrine. Guanethidine is transported across the sympathetic nerve membrane by the same mechanism that transports norepinephrine itself (NET, uptake 1), and uptake is essential for the drug's action. Once guanethidine has entered the nerve, it is concentrated in transmitter vesicles, where it replaces norepinephrine. It may also inhibit the release of granules by decreasing norepinephrine.
Medical uses
Guanethidine was once a mainstay for hypertension resistant to other agents, and was often used safely during pregnancy, but it is no longer used in the US due to lack of availability. It is still licensed in some countries, e.g., UK, for the rapid control of blood pressure in a hypertensive emergency.
Intravenous nerve block (Bier block) using guanethidine has been used to treat chronic pain caused by complex regional pain syndrome.
Side effects
Side effects include postural and exercise hypotension, sexual dysfunction (delayed or retrograde ejaculation), and diarrhea.
Pharmacology
Guanethidine is transported by uptake 1 into the presynaptic terminal transported by norepinephrine transporter (NET). (In this it competes with norepinephrine so can potentiate exogenously applied norepinephrine.) It becomes concentrated in norepinephrine transmitter vesicles, replacing norepinephrine in these vesicles. This leads to a gradual depletion of norepinephrine stores in the nerve ending
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20OV4
|
British NVC community OV4 (Chrysanthemum segetum - Spergula arvensis community) is one of the open habitat communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of six arable weed and track-side communities of light, less-fertile acid soils.
It is widely distributed, and there are two subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Corn marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum)
Annual meadow-grass (Poa annua)
Knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare)
Corn spurrey (Spergula arvensis)
No rare species are associated with the community.
Distribution
This is a widely distributed community, most commonly found in western Britain.
Subcommunities
The two subcommunities are:
the so-called typical subcommunity
the Ranunculus repens - Sonchus asper subcommunity
References
OV04
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centronuclear%20myopathy
|
Centronuclear myopathies (CNM) are a group of congenital myopathies where cell nuclei are abnormally located in the center of muscle cells instead of their normal location at the periphery.
Symptoms of CNM include severe hypotonia, hypoxia-requiring breathing assistance, and scaphocephaly. Among centronuclear myopathies, the X-linked myotubular myopathy form typically presents at birth, and is thus considered a congenital myopathy. However, some centronuclear myopathies may present later in life.
Presentation
As with other myopathies, the clinical manifestations of MTM/CNM are most notably muscle weakness and associated disabilities. Congenital forms often present with neonatal low muscle tone, severe weakness, delayed developmental milestones (particularly gross motor milestones such as head control, crawling, and walking) and pulmonary complications (presumably due to weakness of the muscles responsible for respiration). Involvement of the facial muscles may cause ophthalmoplegia or ptosis. A mutation in the RYR1 gene causing CNM may also cause susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia, a potentially life-threatening reaction to anesthesia. While some patients with centronuclear myopathies remain ambulatory throughout their adult life, others may never crawl or walk and may require wheelchair use for mobility. There is substantial variability in the degree of functional impairment among the various centronuclear myopathies. Although this condition only affects the volun
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJAC
|
WJAC may refer to:
WJAC-TV, an NBC–affiliated station located in Johnstown, Pennsylvania
The former call sign, or a derivative thereof the following stations:
WKGE, a radio station (850 AM) in Johnstown previously known as WJAC (AM)
WKYE, a radio station (96.5 FM) in Johnstown previously known as WJAC-FM
World Junior A Challenge, an international ice hockey tournament
Women's Junior Air Corps
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcytosis
|
Transcytosis (also known as cytopempsis) is a type of transcellular transport in which various macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell. Macromolecules are captured in vesicles on one side of the cell, drawn across the cell, and ejected on the other side. Examples of macromolecules transported include IgA, transferrin, and insulin. While transcytosis is most commonly observed in epithelial cells, the process is also present elsewhere. Blood capillaries are a well-known site for transcytosis, though it occurs in other cells, including neurons, osteoclasts and M cells of the intestine.
Regulation
The regulation of transcytosis varies greatly due to the many different tissues in which this process is observed. Various tissue-specific mechanisms of transcytosis have been identified. Brefeldin A, a commonly used inhibitor of ER-to-Golgi apparatus transport, has been shown to inhibit transcytosis in dog kidney cells, which provided the first clues as to the nature of transcytosis regulation. Transcytosis in dog kidney cells has also been shown be regulated at the apical membrane by Rab17, as well as Rab11a and Rab25. Further work on dog kidney cells has shown that a signaling cascade involving the phosphorylation of EGFR by Yes leading to the activation of Rab11FIP5 by MAPK1 upregulates transcytosis. Transcytosis has been shown to be inhibited by the combination of progesterone and estradiol followed by activation mediated by prolactin in the rabbit mammary gl
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood%20function
|
The Greenwood function correlates the position of the hair cells in the inner ear to the frequencies that stimulate their corresponding auditory neurons. Empirically derived in 1961 by Donald D. Greenwood, the relationship has shown to be constant throughout mammalian species when scaled to the appropriate cochlear spiral lengths and audible frequency ranges. Moreover, the Greenwood function provides the mathematical basis for cochlear implant surgical electrode array placement within the cochlea.
Experimental methods and results
In 1961, Professor Donald D. Greenwood utilized experimental methods within the field of psychoacoustics to measure the frequency resolution between critical bands within the human cochlea and develop a function correlating the anatomic location of the inner ear hair cells and the frequencies at which they are stimulated (Greenwood 1961a,b).
Georg von Békésy demonstrated physiologically that different frequencies of sound stimulated different regions of the cochlea (Wilson 2004). Based upon the findings of Békésy, Greenwood placed four students under the age of 29 with presumably healthy cochleas in isolation chambers and introduced pure tones within the range of audible frequencies (20-20,000 Hz). Upon application of each tone, he then introduced a second pure tone of the same frequency and then raised and lowered the frequency until it was sufficiently different from the original frequency to become audible (Greenwood 1961a). Subjects responded
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA%20Suite%20A%20Cryptography
|
NSA Suite A Cryptography is NSA cryptography which "contains classified algorithms that will not be released." "Suite A will be used for the protection of some categories of especially sensitive information (a small percentage of the overall national security-related information assurance market)."
Incomplete list of Suite A algorithms:
ACCORDION
BATON
CDL 1
CDL 2
FFC
FIREFLY
JOSEKI
KEESEE
MAYFLY
MEDLEY
MERCATOR
SAVILLE
SHILLELAGH
WALBURN
WEASEL
See also
Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
NSA Suite B Cryptography
References
General
NSA Suite B Cryptography / Cryptographic Interoperability
Cryptography standards
National Security Agency cryptography
Standards of the United States
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacca
|
Sacca () is a Pali word meaning "real" or "true". In early Buddhist literature, sacca is often found in the context of the "Four Noble Truths", a crystallization of Buddhist wisdom. In addition, sacca is one of the ten pāramīs or "most high" a bodhisatta must develop in order to become a Buddha.
The profoundest truth of reality
In the Pali Canon, sacca is frequently found in the term ariya-sacca, meaning "noble truth" or "truth of the noble ones". More specifically, the term ariya-sacca refers to the Buddha's "Four Noble Truths," elucidated in his first discourse as follows (where sacca is translated as "reality"):
Now this, bhikkhus, is the Truth about pain: birth is painful, aging is painful, illness is painful, death is painful; sorrow, lamentation, physical pain, unhappiness and distress are painful; union with what is disliked is painful; separation from what is liked is painful; not to get what one wants is painful; in brief, the five bundles of grasping-fuel are painful.
Now this, bhikkhus, is the Truth about that which causes pain: It is this craving which leads to renewed existence, accompanied by delight and attachment, seeking delight now here now there; that is, craving for sense-pleasures, craving for existence, craving for extermination (of what is not liked).
Now this, bhikkhus, is the Truth about that which can put an end to pain. It is the remainderless fading away and cessation of that same craving, the giving up and relinquishing of it, freedom from
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutely%20Everybody
|
"Absolutely Everybody" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Vanessa Amorosi, released as the second single from her debut album, The Power (2000), on 15 November 1999 by Transistor Music Australia. The song reached number six in Australia and number 10 in New Zealand, and when released in Europe the following year, it peaked at number seven in the United Kingdom, number one in Hungary, and the top 10 in five other countries.
Song information
"Absolutely Everybody" debuted and peaked at number six on the Australia ARIA Single Charts, her fourth-highest-charting single to date. It was the 74th-best-selling single of 1999 and the 40th-best-selling single for 2000 in that country. It remained in the ARIA Singles Chart for over six months after its release. In New Zealand, the single peaked at number 10 on 14 May 2000 and spent 27 weeks in the top 50. Shortly after her performances at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the song was released internationally and reached the top 10 in the United Kingdom and throughout Europe. The song's highest peak was in Hungary, where it reached number one.
For her service to music, Amorosi was later awarded the Australian Centenary Medal by the Government of Australia. "Absolutely Everybody", with its positive lyrics, became an unofficial theme song for various cultural events. The song had four different music videos. The first was released in Australia in 1999, followed by the Australian Millennium version; the other two videos were mad
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMake
|
In software development, CMake is cross-platform free and open-source software for build automation, testing, packaging and installation of software by using a compiler-independent method. CMake is not a build system itself; it generates another system's build files. It supports directory hierarchies and applications that depend on multiple libraries. It is used in conjunction with native build environments such as Make, Qt Creator, Ninja, Android Studio, Apple's Xcode, and Microsoft Visual Studio. It has minimal dependencies, requiring only a C++ compiler on its own build system.
CMake is distributed as free and open-source software under a permissive BSD-3-Clause license.
History
CMake development began in 1999, in response to the need for a cross-platform build environment for the Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit (ITK). The project is funded by the United States National Library of Medicine as part of the Visible Human Project. It was partially inspired by , a predecessor to CMake, which was made by Ken Martin and other developers to support building of the Visualization Toolkit (VTK). pcmaker was a C program that converted Make files into MS Windows' NMake counterparts. At Kitware, Bill Hoffman blended components of pcmaker with his own ideas, striving to mimic the functionality of Unix configure scripts. CMake was first implemented in 2000 and further developed in 2001.
Historically CMake was conceived with the following major features in mind:
dependin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalcahue
|
Dalcahue is a port city and a commune in Chiloé Province, on Chiloé Island, Los Lagos Region, Chile.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census by the National Statistics Institute, the Dalcachue commune spans an area of and had 10,693 inhabitants; of these, 4,933 (46.1%) lived in urban areas and 5,760 (53.9%) in rural areas. At that time, there were 5,420 men and 5,273 women. The population grew by 37.7% (2,931 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.
Administration
As a commune, Dalcahue is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Alfredo Hurtado Alvarez (PDC).
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Dalcahue is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Gabriel Ascencio (PDC) and Alejandro Santana (RN) as part of the 58th electoral district, together with Castro, Ancud, Quemchi, Curaco de Vélez, Quinchao, Puqueldón, Chonchi, Queilén, Quellón, Chaitén, Hualaihué, Futaleufú and Palena. The commune is represented in the Senate by Camilo Escalona Medina (PS) and Carlos Kuschel Silva (RN) as part of the 17th senatorial constituency (Los Lagos Region).
Transportation
The city is served by the Mocopulli Airport that connects the Chiloé island with the rest of Chile
Gallery
See also
Quíquel
References
External links
Municipality of Dalcahue
Communes of Chile
Populated places in Chiloé
Populated places in Chiloé Province
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20R%C3%B6ssler
|
Otto Eberhard Rössler (born 20 May 1940) is a German biochemist known for his work on chaos theory and the theoretical equation known as the Rössler attractor. He is best known to the general public for his involvement in a failed lawsuit to halt the Large Hadron Collider due to fears that it would generate mini black holes.
Biography
Rössler was born in Berlin, into an academic family: his father, also named Otto Rössler, was an Austrian Nazi and a scholar of Semitic languages who was affiliated with the Ahnenerbe and later held a professorship at the University of Marburg.
Rössler was awarded his MD in 1966. After postdoctoral studies at the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology in Bavaria, and a visiting appointment at the Center for Theoretical Biology at SUNY-Buffalo, in 1969 he became Professor for Theoretical Biochemistry at the University of Tübingen. In 1994, he became Professor of Chemistry by decree.
Rössler has held visiting positions at the University of Guelph (Mathematics) in Canada, the Center for Nonlinear Studies of the University of California at Los Alamos, the University of Virginia (Chemical Engineering), the Technical University of Denmark (Theoretical Physics), and the Santa Fe Institute (Complexity Research) in New Mexico.
Research
Rössler has authored hundreds of scientific papers in fields as wide-ranging as biogenesis, the origin of language, differentiable automata, chaotic attractors, endophysics, micro relativity, artificial univers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophic%20optical%20damage
|
Catastrophic optical damage (COD), or catastrophic optical mirror damage (COMD), is a failure mode of high-power semiconductor lasers. It occurs when the semiconductor junction is overloaded by exceeding its power density and absorbs too much of the produced light energy, leading to melting and recrystallization of the semiconductor material at the facets of the laser. This is often colloquially referred to as "blowing the diode." The affected area contains a large number of lattice defects, negatively affecting its performance. If the affected area is sufficiently large, it can be observable under optical microscope as darkening of the laser facet, and/or as presence of cracks and grooves. The damage can occur within a single laser pulse, in less than a millisecond. The time to COD is inversely proportional to the power density.
Catastrophic optical damage is one of the limiting factors in increasing performance of semiconductor lasers. It is the primary failure mode for AlGaInP/AlGaAs red lasers.
Short-wavelength lasers are more susceptible to COD than long-wavelength ones.
The typical values for COD in industrial products range between 12 and 20 MW/cm2.
Causes and mechanisms
At the edge of a diode laser, where light is emitted, a mirror is traditionally formed by cleaving the semiconductor wafer to form a specularly reflecting plane. This approach is facilitated by the weakness of the [110] crystallographic plane in III-V semiconductor crystals (such as GaAs, InP, GaSb
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Palace%20F.C.%20%28Women%29
|
Crystal Palace Football Club Women, formerly known as Crystal Palace Ladies Football Club, is a women's association football club based in south-east London which competes in the FA Women's Championship. The club, known as the "Eagles", is affiliated to Crystal Palace F.C., the men's equivalent. The women's section encompasses the under-9 age group through to senior level, including an academy at The Priory School in Orpington. The club have played their home matches at Gander Green Lane, Sutton, since the start of the 2023–24 season. They previously played at Hayes Lane, the home ground of Bromley F.C., between 2014 and 2023.
History
The club was formed in 1992 as Crystal Palace Ladies F.C.. Since 2003, the club has risen up England's football pyramid, winning the South East Combination Women's Football League in 2003–04, and later achieved their first cup success beating Chelsea in the Surrey FA County Cup Final in 2011. Palace reached the FA Women's Premier League in 2013–14. The club won the Division One title in 2015–16 after going the whole season undefeated and also won the Surrey FA County Cup that same season beating AFC Wimbledon in the final.
In 2018, The Guardian newspaper claimed that the Crystal Palace Ladies reserve team players were told "they face not being able to represent the club any longer if they cannot each raise £250 in sponsorship, or put up the money themselves", though the club reported this as "inaccurate." The Crystal Palace F.C. men's star fir
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20Caeli
|
Alpha Caeli (α Cae, α Caeli) is a double star system in the constellation Caelum.
Physical Properties
Primary
Alpha Caeli A is an F-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of F2V and an apparent magnitude of +4.44. It has 1.48 times the mass of the Sun and 1.3 times the solar radius. The projected rotational velocity at the stellar equator is 47.8 km/s. It is suspected of being a Delta Scuti variable star.
Companion + Orbit
The companion is a spectral class M0.5V red dwarf star with absolute magnitude 9.80. It is a UV Ceti variable star that undergoes random increases in luminosity. This star is currently separated from the primary by an angle of 6.6 arcseconds, which indicates an orbit with a semimajor axis whose expected value is 206 AU.
Motion
Alpha Caeli is approximately 65.7 light years from Earth and is an estimated 900 million years old. The space velocity components of this system are U = 10, V = 6 and W = -10 km/s. It is orbiting the Milky Way galaxy at an average distance of 8.006 kpc from the core and with an orbital eccentricity of 0.07. This orbit lies close to the galactic plane, and the system travels no more than 0.05 kpc above or below this plane. Alpha Caeli is probably a member of the Ursa Major moving group of stars that have similar kinematic properties and probably originated from the same star cluster.
References
Caeli, Alpha
Caelum
F-type main-sequence stars
029875
021770
CD-42 01587
Binary stars
1502
Gliese and GJ objects
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20theory
|
Classification theory may refer to:
For the practice and science of classification see Taxonomy and Library science
For the science of finding, describing and categorising organisms see alpha taxonomy
For classification theory in biology see Biological classification
For classification theory in mathematical model theory see stable theory
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromodomain
|
A bromodomain is an approximately 110 amino acid protein domain that recognizes acetylated lysine residues, such as those on the N-terminal tails of histones. Bromodomains, as the "readers" of lysine acetylation, are responsible in transducing the signal carried by acetylated lysine residues and translating it into various normal or abnormal phenotypes. Their affinity is higher for regions where multiple acetylation sites exist in proximity. This recognition is often a prerequisite for protein-histone association and chromatin remodeling. The domain itself adopts an all-α protein fold, a bundle of four alpha helices each separated by loop regions of variable lengths that form a hydrophobic pocket that recognizes the acetyl lysine.
Discovery
The bromodomain was identified as a novel structural motif by John W. Tamkun and colleagues studying the Drosophila gene Brahma/brm, and showed sequence similarity to genes involved in transcriptional activation. The name "bromodomain" is derived from the relationship of this domain with Brahma and is unrelated to the chemical element bromine.
Bromodomain-containing proteins
Bromodomain-containing proteins can have a wide variety of functions, ranging from histone acetyltransferase activity and chromatin remodeling to transcriptional mediation and co-activation. Of the 43 known in 2015, 11 had two bromodomains, and one protein had 6 bromodomains. Preparation, biochemical analysis, and structure determination of the bromodomain containi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPO
|
LPO may refer to:
Lipid peroxidation
LPO-50, a flamethrower built by the Soviet Union
Law practice optimization
Landing Page Optimization
Leading Petty Officer
Legal Process Outsourcing
Lexicographic path ordering, a well-ordering in term rewriting (computer science)
Libertarian Party of Ohio
Libration point orbit
Licensed Post Office
Limited principle of omniscience
London Philharmonic Orchestra
Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra
Lactoperoxidase, an antibacterial protein present in milk and saliva
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography%20of%20London
|
The demography of London is analysed by the Office for National Statistics and data is produced for each of the Greater London wards, the City of London and the 32 London boroughs, the Inner London and Outer London statistical sub-regions, each of the Parliamentary constituencies in London, and for all of Greater London as a whole. Additionally, data is produced for the Greater London Urban Area. Statistical information is produced about the size and geographical breakdown of the population, the number of people entering and leaving country and the number of people in each demographic subgroup. The total population of London as of 2021 is 8,799,800.
History
Creation of Greater London - 1965
Through the London Government Act of 1963, the Greater London region was established officially in 1965.
Migration boom - 1997 to today
From 1997 onwards, London has experienced a drastic change in the composition of the city's population, which has off set the decline of the population which had been occurring. In 1991, 21.7% of the city was foreign born but by 2011 this had risen to 36.7%.
In 2011, a historic tipping point occurred with the release of the 2011 census indicating that the White British population, which had before been the majority, was now no longer a majority of the city's population, although it remained by far the largest single ethnic group.
Population
The historical population for the current area of Greater London, divided into the statistical areas of Inner
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP%20Statistics
|
Advanced Placement (AP) Statistics (also known as AP Stats) is a college-level high school statistics course offered in the United States through the College Board's Advanced Placement program. This course is equivalent to a one semester, non-calculus-based introductory college statistics course and is normally offered to sophomores, juniors and seniors in high school.
One of the College Board's more recent additions, the AP Statistics exam was first administered in May 1996 to supplement the AP program's math offerings, which had previously consisted of only AP Calculus AB and BC. In the United States, enrollment in AP Statistics classes has increased at a higher rate than in any other AP class.
Students may receive college credit or upper-level college course placement upon passing the three-hour exam ordinarily administered in May. The exam consists of a multiple-choice section and a free-response section that are both 90 minutes long. Each section is weighted equally in determining the students' composite scores.
History
The Advanced Placement program has offered students the opportunity to pursue college-level courses while in high school. Along with the Educational Testing Service, the College Board administered the first AP Statistics exam in May 1997. The course was first taught to students in the 1996-1997 academic year. Prior to that, the only mathematics courses offered in the AP program included AP Calculus AB and BC. Students who didn't have a strong backgroun
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurloff%20cell
|
Kurloff cells (also known as Foà-Kurloff cells,) were described as mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood and organs of the guinea pig, capybara, paca, agouti and cavie. The Kurloff cell contains a characteristic proteoglycan-containing inclusion body. In the guinea pig, Kurloff cells are more numerous in the adult female than the adult male. A marked increase in the number of circulating Kurloff cells is present in the peripheral blood during pregnancy and after estrogen treatment in male and female animals. A relatively smaller number of cells take place in immature, non-pregnant, and non-estrogen-treated animals. The exact function of Kurloff cells remains unknown, but it has some of the characteristics of both monocytes and lymphocytes. In guinea-pigs, it has been proposed that Kurloff cells mainly involve in the function of the immune system, such as acting as a natural killer cell and preventing damage to the trophoblast by maternal defensive cells. Also, Kurloff cells present antibody-dependent cytotoxic activity in vitro.
Structure
The structure of Kurloff cell was identified using light microscopy and periodic-acid Schiff staining. The Kurloff cell has an egg shape and the axis of the cell varies from 8 to 12 µm in length, and 10-25 µm in diameter. The inclusion body, which is round in shape and 1-8 µm in diameter, occupies most of the cell's cytoplasm. Also, the inclusion body resembles a lymphocyte. The nucleus of Kurloff cell is sickle-shaped and is pushed t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh%20Cambridge%20Survey
|
The 7C Survey (7C) of radio sources was performed by the Cavendish Astrophysics Group using the Cambridge Low-Frequency Synthesis Telescope at Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory.
7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus%20amyloliquefaciens
|
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a species of bacterium in the genus Bacillus that is the source of the BamHI restriction enzyme. It also synthesizes a natural antibiotic protein barnase, a widely studied ribonuclease that forms a famously tight complex with its intracellular inhibitor barstar, and plantazolicin, an antibiotic with selective activity against Bacillus anthracis.
It is used in agriculture, aquaculture, and hydroponics to fight root pathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum, Pythium, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria tenuissima and Fusarium as well improve root tolerance to salt stress. They are considered a growth-promoting rhizobacteria and have the ability to quickly colonize roots.
Discovery and name
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was first isolated from the soil 1943 by the Japanese scientist Juichiro Fukumoto, who gave the bacterium its name because it produced (faciens) a liquifying (lique) amylase (amylo).
Uses
Alpha amylase from B. amyloliquefaciens is often used in starch hydrolysis. It is also a source of subtilisin, which catalyzes the breakdown of proteins in a similar way to trypsin.
Agriculture
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is considered a root-colonizing biocontrol bacterium, and is used to fight some plant root pathogens in agriculture, aquaculture, and hydroponics. It has been shown to provide benefits to plants in both soil and hydroponic applications. It takes action against bacterial and fungi pathogens, and may prevent infection though competitive
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryl%20hydrocarbon%20receptor
|
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (also known as AhR, AHR, ahr, ahR, AH receptor, or dioxin receptor) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AHR gene. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression. It was originally thought to function primarily as a sensor of xenobiotic chemicals and also as the regulator of enzymes such as cytochrome P450s that metabolize these chemicals. The most notable of these xenobiotic chemicals are aromatic (aryl) hydrocarbons from which the receptor derives its name.
More recently, it has been discovered that AhR is activated (or deactivated) by a number of endogenous indole derivatives such as kynurenine. In addition to regulating metabolism enzymes, the AhR has roles in regulating immunity, stem cell maintenance, and cellular differentiation.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a member of the family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. AhR binds several exogenous ligands such as natural plant flavonoids, polyphenols and indoles, as well as synthetic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxin-like compounds. AhR is a cytosolic transcription factor that is normally inactive, bound to several co-chaperones. Upon ligand binding to chemicals such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the chaperones dissociate resulting in AhR translocating into the nucleus and dimerizing with ARNT (AhR nuclear translocator), leading to changes in gene transcription.
Protein functional domains
The Ah
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20potassium%20ATPase
|
Gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase, also known as H+/K+ ATPase, is an enzyme which functions to acidify the stomach. It is a member of the P-type ATPases, also known as E1-E2 ATPases due to its two states.
Biological function and location
The gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase or H+/K+ ATPase is the proton pump of the stomach. It exchanges potassium from the intestinal lumen with cytoplasmic hydronium and is the enzyme primarily responsible for the acidification of the stomach contents and the activation of the digestive enzyme pepsin (see gastric acid).
The H+/K+ ATPase is found in parietal cells, which are highly specialized epithelial cells located in the inner cell lining of the stomach called the gastric mucosa. Parietal cells possess an extensive secretory membrane system and the H+/K+ ATPase is the major protein constituent of these membranes. A small amount of H+/K+ ATPase is also found in the renal medulla.
Genes and protein structure
The H+/K+ ATPase is a heterodimeric protein, the product of 2 genes. The gene ATP4A encodes the H+/K+ ATPase α subunit, and is a ~1000-amino acid protein that contains the catalytic sites of the enzyme and forms the pore through the cell membrane that allows the transport of ions. Hydronium ions bind to two active sites present in the α subunit. The α subunit also has a phosphorylation site (Asp385). The gene ATP4B encodes the β subunit of the H+/K+ ATPase, which is a ~300-amino acid protein with a 36-amino acid N-terminal cytoplasmi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Neurath
|
Hans Neurath (October 29, 1909 – April 2002) was a biochemist, a leader in protein chemistry, and the founding chairman of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Washington in Seattle. He was born in Vienna, Austria, and received his doctorate in 1933 from the University of Vienna. He then studied in London and at the University of Minnesota. In 1938, he was appointed professor at Duke University, where he established a research program on the physical chemistry of proteins.
Neurath was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a foreign member of the Max Planck Society of Germany.
Scientific research
Neurath had wide-ranging interests in the physical chemistry of proteins. He published seminal papers on protein structure and denaturation and debunked early models of protein structures, notably those of William Astbury. His research focused mainly on the proteolytic enzymes, which catalyze the hydrolysis of protein substrates.
Neurath's work on proteolytic enzymes included studies of trypsin, carboxypeptidase and thermolysin.
Neurath also studied other aspects of protein chemistry, such as protein denaturation and biological regulation.
Writing and editing
Neurath wrote more than 400 papers. He was founding editor of two journals: Biochemistry, which he edited from 1961 to 1991; and Protein Science, which he edited from 1991 to 1998. He also edited three volumes of "The Proteins," a reference work.
Wor
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Stott%20Taylor
|
Sir Hugh Stott Taylor (6 February 1890 – 17 April 1974) was an English chemist primarily interested in catalysis. In 1925, in a landmark contribution to catalytic theory, Taylor suggested that a catalysed chemical reaction is not catalysed over the entire solid surface of the catalyst but only at certain 'active sites' or centres.
He also developed important methods for procuring heavy water during World War II and pioneered the use of stable isotopes in studying chemical reactions.
Early life
Taylor was born in St Helens, Lancashire, England in 1890, the son of glass technologist James and Ellen (née Stott) Taylor. He was educated at Cowley Grammar School in St Helens and then attended the University of Liverpool, where he received his BSc in 1909 and his MSc in 1910. Taylor then carried out three years of graduate work in Liverpool, after which he spent one year at the Nobel Institute in Stockholm in the laboratory of Svante Arrhenius and another at the Technische Hochschule in Hanover under Max Bodenstein. These studies earned him a PhD degree from the University of Liverpool in 1914.
Basic research
Taylor showed that chemisorption may be an activated process, and occur slowly. Moreover, he conceived the idea that chemically active sites might be sparse on the surface of a catalyst and, hence, could be inhibited with relatively few molecules.
Taylor showed that hydrogen atoms are key intermediates of reactions involving H2 on metal surfaces and also discovered th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASL
|
WASL may refer to:
WASL (FM), a radio station (100.1 FM) licensed to Dyersburg, Tennessee, United States
WASL (gene), a human gene called Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome-like
West Asia Super League (WASL)
Washington Assessment of Student Learning
Western Australian Super League, an ice hockey league
See also
Al Wasl (disambiguation)
Wasl, a village in Yemen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moga
|
Moga may refer to:
Acronyms
Molybdopterin adenylyltransferase, an enzyme
MOGA, the video game controller series by PowerA
Modern girl, shortened to moga in Japanese
Multi-objective genetic algorithm, an algorithm for multiple objective optimization
Geography
Moga district, in Panjab, India
Moga, Punjab, a city and municipality in the district
Moga, Iran, a village in Hormozgan Province, Iran
People
Moga, alternate name of the Indo-Scythian king Maues
Moga inscription, an archaeological artifact found in the area of Taxila, Gandhara, Pakistan
Surname
Eva Moga (born 1968), Spanish alpine skier who competed in the 1988 Winter Olympics
Marius Moga (born 1981), Romanian music producer, composer, and singer
James Moga (born 1983), South Sudanese association football player (Indian I-League)
Sergiu Moga (born 1992), Romanian association football player (Liga I)
Tautau Moga (born 1993), Australian rugby league footballer (National Rugby League) of Samoan descent
Vasile Moga (1774–1845), Romanian bishop
Others
Moga (mascot), mascot for the 2023 National Games of India
See also
Mogas (disambiguation)
Romanian-language surnames
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current%20crowding
|
Current crowding (also current crowding effect, or CCE) is a nonuniform distribution of current density through a conductor or semiconductor, especially in the vicinity of electrical contacts and over PN junctions.
Current crowding is one of the factors limiting the efficiency of light-emitting diodes. Materials with low mobility of charge carriers (e.g., aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP)) are especially prone to current crowding phenomena. It is the dominant loss mechanism in some LEDs, where the current densities, especially around the P-side contacts, reach an area of the emission characteristics with lower brightness/current efficiency.
Current crowding can lead to localized overheating and formation of thermal hotspots, in catastrophic cases leading to thermal runaway. Nonhomogenous distribution of current also aggravates electromigration effects and the formation of voids (see, e.g., the Kirkendall effect). Formation of voids causes localized nonhomogeneity of current density, and the increased resistance around the void causes further localized temperature rise, which in turn accelerates the formation of the void. Conversely, localized lowering of current density may lead to deposition of the migrated atoms, leading to further lowering of current density, further deposition of material, and formation of hillocks, which may cause short circuits.
In large bipolar junction transistors, the resistance of the base layer influences the distribution of current d
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAZ
|
Maz or MAZ may refer to:
IATA code for Eugenio María de Hostos Airport, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Minsk Automobile Plant, abbreviated in Belarusian as MAZ
Myc-associated zinc finger protein, a protein encoded by the MAZ gene
Maz, a village in Iran
Mammalian assemblage zone, a collection of fossil mammal bones
Maz Kanata, a former space pirate in the sequel era of the Star Wars universe
Bill "Maz" Mazeroski, former American baseball player
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20H2
|
NVC community H2 (Calluna vulgaris - Ulex minor heath) is one of the heath communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as lowland dry heaths.
It has a localised distribution in southern England. There are three subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Heather (Calluna vulgaris)
Wavy Hair-grass (Deschampsia flexuosa)
Bell Heather (Erica cinerea)
Dwarf Gorse (Ulex minor)
Two rare species, Bristle Bent (Agrostis curtisii) and Hairy Greenweed (Genista pilosa), are associated with the community.
Distribution
This community is confined to southern England, from Dorset to Surrey and Kent, with the greatest concentrations occurring in the New Forest, Hampshire.
Subcommunities
There are three subcommunities:
the so-called typical subcommunity
the Vaccinium myrtillus subcommunity
the Molinia caerulea subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 2 - Mires and heaths (hardback), (paperback)
H02
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%E2%80%93Wales%20defect
|
A Stone–Wales defect is a crystallographic defect that involves the change of connectivity of two π-bonded carbon atoms, leading to their rotation by 90° with respect to the midpoint of their bond. The reaction commonly involves conversion between a naphthalene-like structure into a fulvalene-like structure, that is, two rings that share an edge vs two separate rings that have vertices bonded to each other.
The reaction occurs on carbon nanotubes, graphene, and similar carbon frameworks, where the four adjacent six-membered rings of a pyrene-like region are changed into two five-membered rings and two seven-membered rings when the bond uniting two of the adjacent rings rotates. In these materials, the rearrangement is thought to have important implications for the thermal, chemical, electrical, and mechanical properties. The rearrangement is an example of a pyracyclene rearrangement.
History
The defect is named after Anthony Stone and David J. Wales at the University of Cambridge, who described it in a 1986 paper on the isomerization of fullerenes. However, a similar defect was described much earlier by G. J. Dienes in 1952 in a paper on diffusion mechanisms in graphite and later in 1969 in a paper on defects in graphite by Peter Thrower. For this reason, the term Stone–Thrower–Wales defect is sometimes used.
Structural effects
The defects have been imaged using scanning tunneling microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and can be determined using various vibra
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20SM1
|
British NVC community SM1 (Zostera communities) is one of the salt-marsh communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
This community is found very widely around Britain's coastline. There are no subcommunities, although stands of this community can be ascribed to one of three types based on the species present.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community, one in each type of stand:
Eelgrass (Zostera marina)
Narrow-leaved Eelgrass (Zostera angustifolia)
Dwarf Eelgrass (Zostera noltei)
No rare species are associated with the community.
Distribution
This community is found widely around most of Britain's coastline, although stands of Zostera noltei and Zostera angustifolia are absent from the English west coast. Stands of Zostera marina are particularly frequent in western Scotland.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000), British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
SM01
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumin
|
Albumin is a family of globular proteins, the most common of which are the serum albumins. All of the proteins of the albumin family are water-soluble, moderately soluble in concentrated salt solutions, and experience heat denaturation. Albumins are commonly found in blood plasma and differ from other blood proteins in that they are not glycosylated. Substances containing albumins are called albuminoids.
A number of blood transport proteins are evolutionarily related in the albumin family, including serum albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, vitamin D-binding protein and afamin. This family is only found in vertebrates.
Albumins in a less strict sense can mean other proteins that coagulate under certain conditions. See for lactalbumin, ovalbumin and plant "2S albumin".
Function
Albumins in general are transport proteins that bind to various ligands and carry them around. Human types include:
Human serum albumin is the main protein of human blood plasma. It makes up around 50% of human plasma proteins. It binds water, cations (such as Ca2+, Na+ and K+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin, thyroxine (T4) and pharmaceuticals (including barbiturates). Its main function is to regulate the oncotic pressure of blood. The isoelectric point of albumin is 4.7.
Alpha-fetoprotein is a fetal plasma protein that binds various cations, fatty acids and bilirubin.
Vitamin D-binding protein binds to vitamin D and its metabolites, as well as to fatty acids.
Not much is known about afamin. It seem
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone%20Zeal
|
Zone Zeal was the 2002 game for the FIRST Robotics Competition. In it, robots playing in alliances of two competed to move goals and balls into various zones within the playing field.
Playing Field
The playing field was divided into fifths called zones. At the beginning of the match, there were 40 balls arranged along the sides of the field in the center zone and the two adjacent zones. In the center zone were three mobile goals.
The zones were numbered 1 to 5. The Blue team could score by placing ball-filled goals in zones 4 or 5, and could score a bonus 10 points for every goal in zone 4. At the end of the match, for every robot Blue had in zone 1, Blue would score 10 points. For the red alliance, it was the opposite. Balls could be scored in zones 1 or 2, goals would receive bonus points for being in zone 2, and robots scored 10 points each for ending the match in zone 5.
Scoring
The primary source of points in Zone Zeal was placing balls in the mobile goals, then moving the goal into the appropriate zone. For every ball in a goal, an alliance received 1 point. For every goal in the alliance's goal zone at the end of the match, the alliance would receive 10 points. Further, the team received 10 points for every robot in the robot zone at the end of the match.
Events
The following regional events were held in 2002:
Buckeye Regional - Cleveland, Ohio
Canadian Regional - Mississauga, Ontario
Great Lakes Regional - Ypsilanti, Michigan
Johnson & Johnson Mid-Atlantic
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Born%20rule
|
The Cauchy–Born rule or Cauchy–Born approximation is a basic hypothesis used in the mathematical formulation of solid mechanics which relates the movement of atoms in a crystal to the overall deformation of the bulk solid. It states that in a crystalline solid subject to a small strain, the positions of the atoms within the crystal lattice follow the overall strain of the medium. The currently accepted form is Max Born's refinement of Cauchy's original hypothesis which was used to derive the equations satisfied by the Cauchy stress tensor. The approximation generally holds for face-centered and body-centered cubic crystal systems. For complex lattices such as diamond, however, the rule has to be modified to allow for internal degrees of freedom between the sublattices. The approximation can then be used to obtain bulk properties of crystalline materials such as stress-strain relationship.
For crystalline bodies of finite size, the effect of surface stress is also significant. However, the standard Cauchy–Born rule cannot deduce the surface properties. To overcome this limitation, Park et al. (2006) proposed a surface Cauchy–Born rule. Several modified forms of the Cauchy–Born rule have also been proposed to cater to crystalline bodies having special shapes. Arroyo & Belytschko (2002) proposed an exponential Cauchy Born rule for modeling of mono-layered crystalline sheets as two-dimensional continuum shells. Kumar et al. (2015) proposed a helical Cauchy–Born rule for modeling
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic%20biology
|
Forensic biology is the use of biological principles and techniques in the context of law enforcement investigations.
Forensic biology mainly focuses on DNA sequencing of biological matter found at crime scenes. This assists investigators in identifying potential suspects or unidentified bodies.
Forensic biology has many sub-branches, such as forensic anthropology, forensic entomology, forensic odontology, forensic pathology, and forensic toxicology.
Disciplines
History
The first known briefings of forensic procedures still used today are recorded as far back as the 7th century through the concept of utilizing fingerprints as a means of identification.
By the 7th century, forensic procedures were used to account criminals of guilt charges among other things.
Nowadays, the practice of autopsies and forensic investigations has seen a significant surge in both public interest and technological advancements. One of the early pioneers in employing these methods, which would later evolve into the field of forensics, was Alphonse Bertillon, who is also known as the "father of criminal identification". In 1879, he introduced a scientific approach to personal identification by developing the science of anthropometry. This method involved a series of body measurements for distinguishing one human individual from another.
Karl Landsteiner later made further significant discoveries in forensics. In 1901, he found out that blood could be categorized into different groups: A, B,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Indolinethione
|
2-Indolinethione is an organic compound with the formula . It is a derivative of dihydroindole containing a thione group. The compound is a tautomer of 2-mercaptoindole. A white solid, it is prepared by thiation of 2-oxindole. 2-Indolinethione is a precursor to several natural products.
References
Indolines
Thioamides
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammett%20equation
|
In organic chemistry, the Hammett equation describes a linear free-energy relationship relating reaction rates and equilibrium constants for many reactions involving benzoic acid derivatives with meta- and para-substituents to each other with just two parameters: a substituent constant and a reaction constant. This equation was developed and published by Louis Plack Hammett in 1937 as a follow-up to qualitative observations in his 1935 publication.
The basic idea is that for any two reactions with two aromatic reactants only differing in the type of substituent, the change in free energy of activation is proportional to the change in Gibbs free energy. This notion does not follow from elemental thermochemistry or chemical kinetics and was introduced by Hammett intuitively.
The basic equation is:
where
= Reference constant
= Substituent constant
= Reaction rate constant
relating the equilibrium constant, , for a given equilibrium reaction with substituent R and the reference constant when R is a hydrogen atom to the substituent constant which depends only on the specific substituent R and the reaction rate constant ρ which depends only on the type of reaction but not on the substituent used.
The equation also holds for reaction rates k of a series of reactions with substituted benzene derivatives:
In this equation is the reference reaction rate of the unsubstituted reactant, and k that of a substituted reactant.
A plot of for a given equilibrium versus for a giv
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2Y12
|
{{DISPLAYTITLE:P2Y12}}
P2Y12 is a chemoreceptor for adenosine diphosphate (ADP) that belongs to the Gi class of a group of G protein-coupled (GPCR) purinergic receptors. This P2Y receptor family has several receptor subtypes with different pharmacological selectivity, which overlaps in some cases, for various adenosine and uridine nucleotides. The P2Y12 receptor is involved in platelet aggregation and is thus a biological target for the treatment of thromboembolisms and other clotting disorders. Two transcript variants encoding the same isoform have been identified for this gene.
In the field of purinergic signaling, the P2Y12 protein on the periphery is found mainly but not exclusively on the surface of blood platelets, and is an important regulator in blood clotting. In the central nervous system, this receptor has been found expressed exclusively on microglia, where it is necessary for physiological and pathological microglial actions, such as monitoring neuronal functions and microglial neuroprotection.
P2Y12 inhibitors
The drugs clopidogrel (Plavix), prasugrel (Efient, Effient), ticagrelor (Brilinta), and cangrelor (Kengreal) bind to this receptor and are marketed as antiplatelet agents.
For acute coronary syndrome
The combination of a P2Y12 inhibitor and aspirin, called dual antiplatelet treatment, remains the first-line treatment for acute coronary syndrome. A 2019 randomized trial suggested that prasugrel is superior to ticagrelor.
Antiplatelet treatment of S
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-stature%20homeobox%20gene
|
The short-stature homeobox gene (SHOX), also known as short-stature-homeobox-containing gene, is a gene located on both the X and Y chromosomes, which is associated with short stature in humans if mutated or present in only one copy (haploinsufficiency).
Pathology
SHOX was first found during a search for the cause of short stature in women with Turner syndrome, where there is loss of genetic material from the X chromosome, typically by loss of one entire X chromosome.
Since its discovery, the gene has been found to play a role in idiopathic short stature, Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis, and Langer mesomelic dysplasia.
Gene dosage effects of extra copies of SHOX may be a cause of the increased stature seen in other sex chromosome aneuploidy conditions such as triple X, XYY, Klinefelter, XXYY and similar syndromes.
Genetics and function
SHOX is composed of 6 different exons and is located in the pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1) of the X chromosome (Xp22.33) and Y chromosome. Since genes in PAR escape X inactivation, their dosage changes with sex chromosome aneuploidies such as Turner.
Similar genes are present in a variety of animals and insects.
It is a homeobox gene, meaning that it helps to regulate development.
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on SHOX-Related Haploinsufficiency Disorders
__notoc__
Genes on human chromosome X
Genes on human chromosome Y
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFX
|
KFX may refer to:
Computing
KFX (program), the kernel language of FX-87, a polymorphic typed functional language
Kameleon FireEx KFX, a computational fluid dynamics simulation program focusing on gas dispersion and fire simulation.
.kfx, a proprietary ebook format for the Amazon Kindle
Kofax (stock ticker: KFX), process automation software provider
Other uses
Kullui (ISO 639 language code: kfx)
KAI KF-X, a South Korean project for development of an indigenous fighter aircraft
KFX, a series of ATVs, see List of Kawasaki motorcycles
OMX Copenhagen 20, a stock market index for the Copenhagen Stock Exchange, formerly known as KFX
See also
KFXS radio station
KF (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRMD
|
TRMD may refer to:
Dampskibsselskabet Torm, a shipping company
TRNA (guanine37-N1)-methyltransferase, an enzyme
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAGE%20%28receptor%29
|
RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts), also called AGER, is a 35 kilodalton transmembrane receptor of the immunoglobulin super family which was first characterized in 1992 by Neeper et al. Its name comes from its ability to bind advanced glycation endproducts (AGE), which include chiefly glycoproteins, the glycans of which have been modified non-enzymatically through the Maillard reaction. In view of its inflammatory function in innate immunity and its ability to detect a class of ligands through a common structural motif, RAGE is often referred to as a pattern recognition receptor. RAGE also has at least one other agonistic ligand: high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1). HMGB1 is an intracellular DNA-binding protein important in chromatin remodeling which can be released by necrotic cells passively, and by active secretion from macrophages, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells.
The interaction between RAGE and its ligands is thought to result in pro-inflammatory gene activation. Due to an enhanced level of RAGE ligands in diabetes or other chronic disorders, this receptor is hypothesised to have a causative effect in a range of inflammatory diseases such as diabetic complications, Alzheimer's disease and even some tumors.
Isoforms of the RAGE protein, which lack the transmembrane and the signaling domain (commonly referred to as soluble RAGE or sRAGE) are hypothesized to counteract the detrimental action of the full-length receptor and are hoped to prov
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20fuel%20cell%20vehicles
|
A fuel cell vehicle is a vehicle that uses a fuel cell to power an electric drive system. There are also hybrid vehicles meaning that they are fitted with a fuel cell and a battery or a fuel cell and an ultracapacitor. For HICEV see List of hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles. For a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of fuel cell vehicles, see fuel cell vehicle.
Cars
Production
Cars commercially available for sale or leasing.
Demonstration fleets
Cars for testing and pre-production.
1996 - Toyota FCHV-1
1997 - Toyota FCHV-2
1999 - Lotus Engineering Black Cab
2000 - Ford Focus FCV
2001 - Hyundai Santa Fe FCEV
2001 - GM HydroGen3 / Opel HydroGen3
2001 - Toyota FCHV-3
2001 - Toyota FCHV-4
2001 - Toyota FCHV-5
2001 - Nissan X-Trail FCHV
2004 - Audi A2H2
2004 - Mercedes-Benz A-Class F-Cell, powered by Ballard Power Systems
2005 - Fiat Panda Hydrogen
2005 - Mazda Premacy Hydrogen RE Hybrid
2007 - Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell / GM HydroGen4 also known as Opel HydroGen4 and Vauxhall HydroGen4
2008 - Kia Borrego FCEV
2008 - PSA H2Origin
2008 - Renault Scenic ZEV H2
2008 - Toyota FCHV-adv
2010 - Mercedes-Benz B-Class F-Cell
2016 - Roewe 950 Fuel Cell (plug-in hybrid fuel cell)
2020 - Maxus EUNIQ 7 Minivan
Concept
Aetek/FYK
2008 - FYK Aetek AS (unknown hybrid)
Alfa Romeo:
2010 - Alfa Romeo MiTo FCEV
Audi:
2009 - Audi Q5 FCEV
2014 - Audi A7 h-tron quattro powered by Ballard Power Systems
BMW:
2010 - BMW 1 Series Fuel-cell hybrid el
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidefinite%20programming
|
Semidefinite programming (SDP) is a subfield of convex optimization concerned with the optimization of a linear objective function (a user-specified function that the user wants to minimize or maximize)
over the intersection of the cone of positive semidefinite matrices with an affine space, i.e., a spectrahedron.
Semidefinite programming is a relatively new field of optimization which is of growing interest for several reasons. Many practical problems in operations research and combinatorial optimization can be modeled or approximated as semidefinite programming problems. In automatic control theory, SDPs are used in the context of linear matrix inequalities. SDPs are in fact a special case of cone programming and can be efficiently solved by interior point methods.
All linear programs and (convex) quadratic programs can be expressed as SDPs, and via hierarchies of SDPs the solutions of polynomial optimization problems can be approximated. Semidefinite programming has been used in the optimization of complex systems. In recent years, some quantum query complexity problems have been formulated in terms of semidefinite programs.
Motivation and definition
Initial motivation
A linear programming problem is one in which we wish to maximize or minimize a linear objective function of real variables over a polytope. In semidefinite programming, we instead use real-valued vectors and are allowed to take the dot product of vectors; nonnegativity constraints on real variables i
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteocalcin
|
Osteocalcin, also known as bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein (BGLAP), is a small (49-amino-acid) noncollagenous protein hormone found in bone and dentin, first identified as a calcium-binding protein.
Because osteocalcin has gla domains, its synthesis is vitamin K dependent. In humans, osteocalcin is encoded by the BGLAP gene. Its receptors include GPRC6A, GPR158, and possibly a third, yet-to-be-identified receptor. There is evidence that GPR37 might be the third osteocalcin receptor.
Function
Osteocalcin is secreted solely by osteoblasts and thought to play a role in the body's metabolic regulation. In its carboxylated form it binds calcium directly and thus concentrates in bone.
In its uncarboxylated form, osteocalcin acts as a hormone in the body, signalling in the pancreas, fat, muscle, testes, and brain.
In the pancreas, osteocalcin acts on beta cells, causing beta cells in the pancreas to release more insulin.
In fat cells, osteocalcin triggers the release of the hormone adiponectin, which increases sensitivity to insulin.
In muscle, osteocalcin acts on myocytes to promote energy availability and utilization and in this manner favors exercise capacity.
In the testes, osteocalcin acts on Leydig cells, stimulating testosterone biosynthesis and therefore affects male fertility.
In the brain, osteocalcin plays an important role in development and functioning including spatial learning and memory.
An acute stress response (ASR), colloquially known
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic%20hearing
|
Ultrasonic hearing is a recognised auditory effect which allows humans to perceive sounds of a much higher frequency than would ordinarily be audible using the inner ear, usually by stimulation of the base of the cochlea through bone conduction. Normal human hearing is recognised as having an upper bound of 15–28 kHz, depending on the person.
Ultrasonic sinusoids as high as 120 kHz have been reported as successfully perceived. Two competing theories are proposed to explain this effect. The first asserts that ultrasonic sounds excite the inner hair cells of the cochlea basal turn, which are responsive to high frequency sounds. The second proposes that ultrasonic signals resonate the brain and are modulated down to frequencies that the cochlea can then detect.
Researchers Tsutomu Oohashi et al. have coined the term hypersonic effect to describe the results of their controversial study supporting audibility of ultrasonics.
By modulating speech signals onto an ultrasonic carrier, intelligible speech has also been perceived with a high degree of clarity, especially in areas of high ambient noise. Deatherage states that what humans experience as ultrasonic perception may have been a necessary precursor in the evolution of echolocation in marine mammals.
See also
Hypersonic effect
References
Ultrasound
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic%20library
|
A genomic library is a collection of overlapping DNA fragments that together make up the total genomic DNA of a single organism. The DNA is stored in a population of identical vectors, each containing a different insert of DNA. In order to construct a genomic library, the organism's DNA is extracted from cells and then digested with a restriction enzyme to cut the DNA into fragments of a specific size. The fragments are then inserted into the vector using DNA ligase. Next, the vector DNA can be taken up by a host organism - commonly a population of Escherichia coli or yeast - with each cell containing only one vector molecule. Using a host cell to carry the vector allows for easy amplification and retrieval of specific clones from the library for analysis.
There are several kinds of vectors available with various insert capacities. Generally, libraries made from organisms with larger genomes require vectors featuring larger inserts, thereby fewer vector molecules are needed to make the library. Researchers can choose a vector also considering the ideal insert size to find the desired number of clones necessary for full genome coverage.
Genomic libraries are commonly used for sequencing applications. They have played an important role in the whole genome sequencing of several organisms, including the human genome and several model organisms.
History
The first DNA-based genome ever fully sequenced was achieved by two-time Nobel Prize winner, Frederick Sanger, in 1977. Sang
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20knapsack%20problems
|
The knapsack problem is one of the most studied problems in combinatorial optimization, with many real-life applications. For this reason, many special cases and generalizations have been examined.
Common to all versions are a set of n items, with each item having an associated profit pj and weight wj. The binary decision variable xj is used to select the item. The objective is to pick some of the items, with maximal total profit, while obeying that the maximum total weight of the chosen items must not exceed W. Generally, these coefficients are scaled to become integers, and they are almost always assumed to be positive.
The knapsack problem in its most basic form:
Direct generalizations
One common variant is that each item can be chosen multiple times. The bounded knapsack problem specifies, for each item j, an upper bound uj (which may be a positive integer, or infinity) on the number of times item j can be selected:
The unbounded knapsack problem (sometimes called the integer knapsack problem) does not put any upper bounds on the number of times an item may be selected:
The unbounded variant was shown to be NP-complete in 1975 by Lueker. Both the bounded and unbounded variants admit an FPTAS (essentially the same as the one used in the 0-1 knapsack problem).
If the items are subdivided into k classes denoted , and exactly one item must be taken from each class, we get the multiple-choice knapsack problem:
If for each item the profit and weight are equal, we get
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetium%20aluminium%20garnet
|
Lutetium aluminum garnet (commonly abbreviated LuAG, molecular formula Lu3Al5O12) is an inorganic compound with a unique crystal structure primarily known for its use in high-efficiency laser devices. LuAG is also useful in the synthesis of transparent ceramics.
LuAG is a dopable scintillating crystal that will demonstrate luminescence after excitation. Scintillating crystals are selected for high structural perfection, high density and high effective atomic number. LuAG is particularly favored over other crystals for its high density and thermal conductivity. LuAG has a relatively small lattice constant in comparison to the other rare-earth garnets, which results in a higher density producing a crystal field with narrower linewidths and greater energy level splitting in absorption and emission. These properties make it an excellent host for active ions such as Yb, Tm, Er, and Ho employed in diode-pumped solid-state lasers.
The density of the lutetium crystal is greater than that of other metals, such as yttrium, meaning that the crystal properties do not change with the addition of dopant ions. It can be especially useful for high energy particle detection and quantification on account of its density and thermal stability. This high melting temperature, in addition to the lack of availability of lutetium has made this crystal less commonly used than its fellow garnets, despite its favorable physical properties.
Physical properties and structure
Lutetium aluminum garnet, w
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20line
|
A field line is a graphical visual aid for visualizing vector fields. It consists of an imaginary integral curve which is tangent to the field vector at each point along its length. A diagram showing a representative set of neighboring field lines is a common way of depicting a vector field in scientific and mathematical literature; this is called a field line diagram. They are used to show electric fields, magnetic fields, and gravitational fields among many other types. In fluid mechanics field lines showing the velocity field of a fluid flow are called streamlines.
Definition and description
A vector field defines a direction and magnitude at each point in space. A field line is an integral curve for that vector field and may be constructed by starting at a point and tracing a line through space that follows the direction of the vector field, by making the field line tangent to the field vector at each point. A field line is usually shown as a directed line segment, with an arrowhead indicating the direction of the vector field. For two-dimensional fields the field lines are plane curves; since a plane drawing of a 3-dimensional set of field lines can be visually confusing most field line diagrams are of this type. Since at each point where it is nonzero and finite the vector field has a unique direction, field lines can never intersect, so there is exactly one field line passing through each point at which the vector field is nonzero and finite. Points where t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20classification%20in%20the%20Giro%20d%27Italia
|
The general classification in the Giro d'Italia is the most important classification of the Giro d'Italia, which determines who is the overall winner. It is therefore considered more important than secondary classifications as the points classification or the mountains classification.
Since 1931, the leader of the general classification is identified by a pink jersey ( ). Prior to that year and since the creation of the race, no colour was used to distinguish the winner at the top of the classification. The first rider to wear the maglia rosa was Learco Guerra following the first stage of the 1931 Giro d'Italia. The first jersey was entirely pink and made from wool. It had a roll-neck collar and front pockets. As Italy was under Fascist Party rule there was a gray shield stitched onto the shirt, a symbol for the party. This initial jersey and many of the first pink jerseys were designed by Vittore Gianni who had created jerseys for AC Milan and Juventus. Castelli has made the pink jerseys from 1981 to being worn by Miguel Indurain last in 1992. In 2018 they resigned a four agreement to be the sponsor if the jersey again. Since 2000, the pink jersey has been altered between years from being exclusively solid pink, like in 2006 there was a bike pattern on the jersey in a darker shade of pink. To celebrate the 2009 Giro d'Italia which was on the 100th anniversary of the race's beginning in 1909, the jersey had side panels displaying the Italian colors of green, white, and red a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20system%20of%20the%20Royal%20Navy
|
The Type system is a classification system used by the British Royal Navy to classify surface escorts by function. The system evolved in the early 1950s, when the Royal Navy was experimenting with building single-purpose escort vessels with specific roles in light of experience gained in World War II. The original (July 1950) numbering scheme was:
Type 1X were Anti-Submarine (ASW) frigates (when the numbers ran out in the 1960s, ASW frigates continued as the Type 2X series).
Type 3X were General-Purpose (GP) frigates (Chosen 2015)
Type 4X were Anti-Aircraft (AAW) frigates (this later evolved into the "Destroyer" Type series).
Type 6X were Aircraft-Direction (ADW) frigates.
Type 8X were multi-role ships. An Admiralty Fleet Order defined these ships as "destroyers" if they could achieve "fleet speed" or as "sloops" if they could not.
Types 11-30, anti-submarine frigates
Type 11 : Diesel powered anti-submarine frigate based on hull of Type 41 / 61. Not built.
Type 12 Whitby-class : Steam powered, high-speed "first-rate" anti-submarine frigate.
Type 12M Rothesay-class : Modified Type 12 design.
Type 12I Leander : Improved Type 12, general purpose frigate. Also produced as the , , and for other navies
Type 14 Blackwood : Steam powered, high-speed, "second-rate" anti-submarine frigate.
Type 15 : High-speed anti submarine frigate, produced by full conversion of wartime built destroyers of the R-, T-, U- and V- and W and Z-classes.
Type 16 : High-speed anti submarine fr
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijdeman%27s%20theorem
|
In number theory, Tijdeman's theorem states that there are at most a finite number of consecutive powers. Stated another way, the set of solutions in integers x, y, n, m of the exponential diophantine equation
for exponents n and m greater than one, is finite.
History
The theorem was proven by Dutch number theorist Robert Tijdeman in 1976, making use of Baker's method in transcendental number theory to give an effective upper bound for x,y,m,n. Michel Langevin computed a value of exp exp exp exp 730 for the bound.
Tijdeman's theorem provided a strong impetus towards the eventual proof of Catalan's conjecture by Preda Mihăilescu. Mihăilescu's theorem states that there is only one member to the set of consecutive power pairs, namely 9=8+1.
Generalized Tijdeman problem
That the powers are consecutive is essential to Tijdeman's proof; if we replace the difference of 1 by any other difference k and ask for the number of solutions
of
with n and m greater than one we have an unsolved problem, called the generalized Tijdeman problem. It is conjectured that this set also will be finite. This would follow from a yet stronger conjecture of Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai (1931), see Catalan's conjecture, stating that the equation only has a finite number of solutions. The truth of Pillai's conjecture, in turn, would follow from the truth of the abc conjecture.
References
Theorems in number theory
Diophantine equations
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcranial%20direct-current%20stimulation
|
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of neuromodulation that uses constant, low direct current delivered via electrodes on the head. It was originally developed to help patients with brain injuries or neuropsychiatric conditions such as major depressive disorder. It can be contrasted with cranial electrotherapy stimulation, which generally uses alternating current the same way, as well as transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Research shows increasing evidence for tDCS as a treatment for depression. There is mixed evidence about whether tDCS is useful for cognitive enhancement in healthy people. There is no strong evidence that tDCS is useful for memory deficits in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, non-neuropathic pain, nor for improving arm or leg functioning and muscle strength in people recovering from a stroke. There is emerging supportive evidence for tDCS in the management of schizophreniaespecially for negative symptoms.
Efficacy
Depression
In 2015, the British National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) found tDCS to be a safe and effective treatment modality for depression, though further investigation was needed. Since then, several studies and meta-analyses have demonstrated tDCS to be a safe and effective treatment for depression.
A meta-analysis published in 2020 found moderate- to high-quality evidence for tDCS as a treatment for depression with only low to
moderate clinical efficacy. Active tDCS was significantly s
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottesman%E2%80%93Knill%20theorem
|
In quantum computing, the Gottesman–Knill theorem is a theoretical result by Daniel Gottesman and Emanuel Knill that states that stabilizer circuits, circuits that only consist of gates from the normalizer of the qubit Pauli group, also called Clifford group, can be perfectly simulated in polynomial time on a probabilistic classical computer. The Clifford group can be generated solely by using CNOT, Hadamard, and phase gate S; and therefore stabilizer circuits can be constructed using only these gates.
The reason for the speed up of quantum computers is not yet fully understood. The theorem proves that, for all quantum algorithms with a speed up that relies on entanglement which can be achieved with a CNOT and a Hadamard gate to produce entangled states, this kind of entanglement alone does not give any computing advantage.
There exists a more efficient simulation of stabilizer circuits than the construction of the original publication with an implementation.
The Gottesman–Knill theorem was published in a single author paper by Gottesman in which he credits Knill with the result through private communication.
Formal statement
Theorem: A quantum circuit using only the following elements can be simulated efficiently on a classical computer:
Preparation of qubits in computational basis states,
Clifford gates (Hadamard gates, controlled NOT gates, phase gate S ), and
Measurements in the computational basis.
The Gottesman–Knill theorem shows that even some highly entangl
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Flyer%20%28Tivoli%20Gardens%29
|
Star Flyer () is a carousel-meets-watchtower style amusement ride in Tivoli Gardens, Copenhagen, Denmark. It was manufactured by Funtime and opened in May 2006.
Statistics
Height
Platform diameter
Chairs 12 (2 seats each)
Capacity circa 960 passengers/hour
Maximum rotation speed
Maximum vertical speed
References
External links
Tivoli.dk — The Star Flyer
Swing rides
Amusement rides introduced in 2006
Landmarks in Copenhagen
Amusement rides manufactured by Funtime
Towers in Denmark
2006 establishments in Denmark
Towers completed in 2006
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T44
|
T44 may refer to:
Weapons and armour
T-44, a Soviet tank
57 mm Gun Motor Carriage T44, a self-propelled gun
T44 rifle, an American prototype rifle
Other uses
T44 (classification), a disability sport classification
Allison T44, an American turboprop engine
Beechcraft T-44 Pegasus, an American trainer aircraft
CCF-Brill T44, a Canadian trolley bus
SJ T44, a Swedish locomotive
T44 RNA
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse%20Films
|
Synapse Films is an American DVD and Blu-ray label, founded in 1997 and specializing in cult horror, science fiction and exploitation films. It is considered a boutique DVD label.
History
Synapse Films was owned and operated by Don May, Jr. and his business partners Jerry Chandler and Charles Fiedler, the catalyst being May's longstanding interest in and passion for TV and cinema. May explained, “I caught the laserdisc bug while working at a local laserdisc store while I was in college. I was selling laserdisc players and buying products and I pretty much spent every extra dollar I had on laserdiscs. I loved movies and the disc format and knew this was a business I wanted to be in.” May became a part owner of Elite Entertainment after leaving his aforementioned job in laserdisc retail.
The Synapse catalog ranges from European horror touchstones like Vampyros Lesbos, and Castle of Blood, to important genre documentaries including Roy Frumkes' Document of the Dead, from drive-in favorites like The Brain That Wouldn't Die to Leni Riefenstahl's Nazi film Triumph of the Will.
In 2004, Synapse released the controversial Thriller – A Cruel Picture on DVD, followed by a Blu-ray release in 2022. A competing 4k UHD release by Vinegar Syndrome is set for later in 2022, raising questions as to which company has a current and valid license to the title.
Detroit film scholar Nicholas Schlegel released his documentary The Synapse Story in its entirety on YouTube. The documentary details
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelsolin
|
Gelsolin is an actin-binding protein that is a key regulator of actin filament assembly and disassembly. Gelsolin is one of the most potent members of the actin-severing gelsolin/villin superfamily, as it severs with nearly 100% efficiency.
Cellular gelsolin, found within the cytosol and mitochondria, has a closely related secreted form, Plasma gelsolin, that contains an additional 24 AA N-terminal extension. Plasma gelsolin's ability to sever actin filaments helps the body recover from disease and injury that leaks cellular actin into the blood. Additionally it plays important roles in host innate immunity, activating macrophages and localizing of inflammation.
Structure
Gelsolin is an 82-kD protein with six homologous subdomains, referred to as S1-S6. Each subdomain is composed of a five-stranded β-sheet, flanked by two α-helices, one positioned perpendicular with respect to the strands and one positioned parallel. The β-sheets of the three N-terminal subdomains (S1-S3) join to form an extended β-sheet, as do the β-sheets of the C-terminal subdomains (S4-S6).
Regulation
Among the lipid-binding actin regulatory proteins, gelsolin (like cofilin) preferentially binds polyphosphoinositide (PPI). The binding sequences in gelsolin closely resemble the motifs in the other PPI-binding proteins.
Gelsolin's activity is stimulated by calcium ions (Ca2+). Although the protein retains its overall structural integrity in both activated and deactivated states, the S6 helical tail
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelina%20Villegas
|
Evangelina Villegas (October 24, 1924 – April 24, 2017) was a Mexican cereal biochemist whose work with maize led to the development of quality protein maize (QPM). She and her colleague from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Surinder Vasal, shared the 2000 World Food Prize for this achievement. Villegas was the first woman to ever receive the World Food Prize.
Education
Villegas did a B.A. chemistry and biology at the National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico and earned a M.Sc. on cereal technology from Kansas State University. She also earned a Ph.D. in cereal chemistry from the North Dakota State University.
Career
In 1950, Villegas became a chemist at the Instiuto Nacional de Nutriologia. She would also work as a librarian in the Office of Special Studies. Then in 1957, in this same office, she began work for the Wheat Industrial Quality Chemical Evaluation. A decade later, she would move to the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in Mexico (CIMMYT).
In the 1970s, Villegas would begin collaborative research with Vasal. Villegas was in charge of the lab investigating protein quality, while Vasal worked on developing QPM varieties that would gain widespread acceptance. Villegas and Vasal together combined existing "opaque-2" maize variety using molecular biology techniques. During this time, Villegas would be credited for the evaluation, development, and adaptation of a chemical methodology to screen large numbers of small sampl
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channelling%20%28physics%29
|
In condensed-matter physics, channelling (or channeling) is the process that constrains the path of a charged particle in a crystalline solid.
Many physical phenomena can occur when a charged particle is incident upon a solid target, e.g., elastic scattering, inelastic energy-loss processes, secondary-electron emission, electromagnetic radiation, nuclear reactions, etc. All of these processes have cross sections which depend on the impact parameters involved in collisions with individual target atoms. When the target material is homogeneous and isotropic, the impact-parameter distribution is independent of the orientation of the momentum of the particle and interaction processes are also orientation-independent. When the target material is monocrystalline, the yields of physical processes are very strongly dependent on the orientation of the momentum of the particle relative to the crystalline axes or planes. Or in other words, the stopping power of the particle is much lower in certain directions than others. This effect is commonly called the "channelling" effect. It is related to other orientation-dependent effects, such as particle diffraction. These relationships will be discussed in detail later.
History
The channelling effect was first discovered in pioneering binary collision approximation computer simulations in 1963 in order to explain exponential tails in experimentally observed ion range distributions that did not conform to standard theories of ion penetratio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20barrel
|
In protein structures, a beta barrel is a beta sheet composed of tandem repeats that twists and coils to form a closed toroidal structure in which the first strand is bonded to the last strand (hydrogen bond). Beta-strands in many beta-barrels are arranged in an antiparallel fashion. Beta barrel structures are named for resemblance to the barrels used to contain liquids. Most of them are water-soluble proteins and frequently bind hydrophobic ligands in the barrel center, as in lipocalins. Others span cell membranes and are commonly found in porins. Porin-like barrel structures are encoded by as many as 2–3% of the genes in Gram-negative bacteria. It has been shown that more than 600 proteins with various function (e.g., oxidase, dismutase, amylase) contain the beta barrel structure.
In many cases, the strands contain alternating polar and non-polar (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) amino acids, so that the hydrophobic residues are oriented into the interior of the barrel to form a hydrophobic core and the polar residues are oriented toward the outside of the barrel on the solvent-exposed surface. Porins and other membrane proteins containing beta barrels reverse this pattern, with hydrophobic residues oriented toward the exterior where they contact the surrounding lipids, and hydrophilic residues oriented toward the aqueous interior pore.
All beta-barrels can be classified in terms of two integer parameters: the number of strands in the beta-sheet, n, and the "shear number", S
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners%20of%20the%20Sun%20%28video%20game%29
|
Prisoners of the Sun is a video game based on The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners of the Sun from the series The Adventures of Tintin, the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. It was released for the SNES, Windows, Game Boy and Game Boy Color by late 1997 and 2000.
Gameplay
Prisoners of the Sun is a Platform game. The player controls the character Tintin around obstacles and through challenges to complete the various levels of the game. The gameplay and animation of this game is similar to Infogrames' previous release, Tintin in Tibet, which was released in 1995.
Release
It was released in 1997 for PC, SNES and Game Boy and later re-released in 2000 for Game Boy Color.
References
External links
Prisoners of the Sun at Tintinologist.org
1997 video games
Game Boy Color games
Role-playing video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games based on Tintin
Video games scored by Alberto Jose González
Windows games
Video games developed in France
Infogrames games
Single-player video games
Promethean Designs games
Video games set in Peru
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff%20Wilson%20%28professor%29
|
Geoffrey Victor Herbert Wilson (23 September 1938 – 9 January 2020) was an internationally distinguished nuclear physicist who made contributions to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and low temperature physics. His research team achieved the lowest temperature ever recorded in Australia. He was born in Mentone, Victoria.
He was National President of the Australian Institute of Physics and held appointments as Chair of the Victorian and Queensland Vice-Chancellors’ Committees, Vice President and Acting President of the Australian Vice-Chancellors’ Committee. He has been Chair of the Boards of Queensland Tertiary Admissions Centre, Victorian Tertiary Admissions Centre and the Graduate Careers Council of Australia.
Wilson had a distinguished career as a physicist with more than 100 published papers in international scientific journals. He was a member of the Australian College of Educators and a director of the Australian Institute of Management.
After retiring from Deakin University he carried out extensive consulting including the development of drafts of the new National Protocols on Higher Education Processes and was a member of the Cooperative Research Centres Committee. He chaired the Board of AMCSearch. Deakin University awards the Geoff Wilson Medal "to celebrate the career of Professor Geoffrey Victor Herbert Wilson AM".
Wilson died on 9 January 2020 in Geelong, Victoria at the age of 81.
Appointments
Vice-Chancellor and President of Deakin University, 199
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20Time
|
Liquid Time is a 2002 avant-garde surf film that focuses solely on the fluid forms of tubing waves. Brothers Monty Webber and Greg Webber revived a childhood passion for perfectly formed tiny waves by filming the wake of their runabout as it pealed along the edge of a river sandbank. The 20-minute film received the Cinematography Award at the Saint Jean de Luz Surf Film Festival (2004 Edition).
Quotes from the DVD cover
"Mind-boggling! I must say I don't think I've seen a film that is so beautiful. If there were Academy Awards given out for photography, editing, concept and music in the surfing arena, Liquid Time would take the lot." Alby Falzon
"Fascinating! Those microwaves break new ground in surf film. The music, the complete camera techniques. A superb job." George Greenough
"Damn it, man. You've made something so beautiful." Jack McCoy
"It's hypnotically fascinating. The slow movements of the lip coming down are just mesmerizing." Paul Witzig
References
Documentary films about surfing
Water waves
Australian surfing films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic%20logic
|
Probabilistic logic (also probability logic and probabilistic reasoning) involves the use of probability and logic to deal with uncertain situations. Probabilistic logic extends traditional logic truth tables with probabilistic expressions. A difficulty of probabilistic logics is their tendency to multiply the computational complexities of their probabilistic and logical components. Other difficulties include the possibility of counter-intuitive results, such as in case of belief fusion in Dempster–Shafer theory. Source trust and epistemic uncertainty about the probabilities they provide, such as defined in subjective logic, are additional elements to consider. The need to deal with a broad variety of contexts and issues has led to many different proposals.
Logical background
There are numerous proposals for probabilistic logics. Very roughly, they can be categorized into two different classes: those logics that attempt to make a probabilistic extension to logical entailment, such as Markov logic networks, and those that attempt to address the problems of uncertainty and lack of evidence (evidentiary logics).
That the concept of probability can have different meanings may be understood by noting that, despite the mathematization of probability in the Enlightenment, mathematical probability theory remains, to this very day, entirely unused in criminal courtrooms, when evaluating the "probability" of the guilt of a suspected criminal.
More precisely, in evidentiary logic, t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk%20soil
|
Bulk soil is soil outside the rhizosphere that is not penetrated by plant roots. The bulk soil is like an ecosystem, it is made up of many things such as: nutrients, ions, soil particles, and root exudates. There are many different interactions that occur between all the members of the bulk soil. Natural organic compounds are much lower in bulk soil than in the rhizosphere. Furthermore, bulk soil inhabitants are generally smaller than identical species in the rhizosphere. The main two aspects of bulk soil are its chemistry and microbial community composition.
Chemistry of bulk soil
Soil is made up of layers called soil horizons, these make up a vertical soil profile. There are five master horizons O, A, E, B, and C. The O horizon contains organic matter, A is considered the topsoil, E is present or absent depending on the type of soil and conditions, B is the subsoil, and C is unconsolidated rock. There are many chemical interactions and properties that are in all the soil. Chemical properties of the bulk soil are organic matter, carbon, nutrient content, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), free ions (cations or anions), pH, and base saturation and organisms. These can impact many chemical processes such as nutrient cycling, soil formation, biological activity, and erosion.
Microbial communities
Soil is composed of a diverse community of microbes such as: fungi, bacteria, archaea, viruses and microfauna. There are microbes in the bulk soil and the rhizosphere, the variation
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geronimo%3A%20An%20American%20Legend
|
Geronimo: An American Legend is a 1993 historical Western film starring Wes Studi, Jason Patric, Gene Hackman, Robert Duvall, and Matt Damon in an early role. The film, which was directed by Walter Hill, is based on a screenplay by John Milius. It is a fictionalized account of the Apache Wars and how First Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood convinced Apache leader Geronimo to surrender in 1886.
Plot
The film loosely follows the events leading up to the surrender of Geronimo in 1886. A respected healer, Geronimo and his fellow Apache reluctantly agree to settle on a reservation established by the American government in accordance with the Indian Removal Act. The tribe does its best to assimilate, but many Apache struggle to abandon their traditional way of life while the government fails to honor its promise to keep American settlers from encroaching on tribal lands.
Geronimo finally commits himself to armed resistance when soldiers of the U.S. Cavalry accompanied by Indian fighter Al Sieber slaughter a holy man and his band of Apache after discovering them practicing their "heathen" faith in secret. Geronimo forms a ragtag militia, who humiliate the army by evading capture time and time again while carrying out well-planned guerilla attacks. The plot centers upon Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood, a West Point graduate charged with capturing Geronimo with the assistance of Sieber and Britton Davis, an ambitious but inexperienced cavalryman.
Gatewood is torn between his grudging r
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra%20Wilson
|
Myra S. Wilson is a British computer scientist. She is a senior lecturer in computer science at Aberystwyth University, Wales. Her research interests are in the broad area of robotics, and she also teaches in the field.
Education and research
Myra S. Wilson received the B.Sc. degree from Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, U.K., and the Ph.D. degree in computer science from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K.
She heads the Intelligent Robotics Group, as well as the Biologically Inspired Robotics Network (biro-net). Her interests include adaptive robotics and biologically inspired systems.
Media work
She was a judge on the BBC television robot combat programme Robot Wars for the fourth and fifth series in 2000–2001.
Selected publications
Walker, Joanne, Simon Garrett, and Myra Wilson. "Evolving controllers for real robots: A survey of the literature." Adaptive Behavior 11.3 (2003): 179-203.
J. H. Walker, S. M. Garrett and M. S. Wilson, "The balance between initial training and lifelong adaptation in evolving robot controllers," in IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part B: Cybernetics, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 423–432, April 2006, doi: 10.1109/TSMCB.2005.859082.
Giagkos, Alexandros, and Myra S. Wilson. "BeeIP: Bee-inspired protocol for routing in mobile ad-hoc networks." International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010.
Burbidge, Robert, and Myra S. Wilson. "Vector-valued function estimation by grammati
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20acetate
|
Silver acetate is a coordination compound with the empirical formula CH3CO2Ag (or AgC2H3O2). A photosensitive, white, crystalline solid, it is a useful reagent in the laboratory as a source of silver ions lacking an oxidizing anion.
Synthesis and structure
Silver acetate can be synthesized by the reaction of acetic acid and silver carbonate.
2 CH3CO2H + Ag2CO3 → 2 AgO2CCH3 + H2O + CO2
Solid silver acetate precipitates upon concentration of solutions of silver nitrate and sodium acetate.
The structure of silver acetate consists of 8-membered Ag2O4C2 rings formed by a pair of acetate ligands bridging a pair of silver centres.
Reactions
Silver acetate finds use in certain transformations in organic synthesis.
Sulfenamide synthesis
Silver acetate is used to prepare sulfenamides from disulfides and secondary amines:
R2NH + AgOAc + (RS)2 → R2NSR + AgSR + HOAc
Hydrogenation
A solution of silver acetate in pyridine absorbs hydrogen, producing metallic silver:
2 CH3CO2Ag + H2 → 2 Ag + 2 CH3CO2H
Direct ortho-arylation
Silver acetate is a reagent for direct ortho-arylation (to install two adjacent substituents on an aromatic ring) of benzylamines and N-methylbenzylamines. The reaction is palladium-catalyzed and requires a slight excess of silver acetate. This reaction is shorter than previous ortho-arylation methods.
Oxidative dehalogenation
Silver acetate can be used to convert certain organohalogen compounds into alcohols. It may be used, in spite of its high cost, in instanc
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unipolar%20neuron
|
A unipolar neuron is a neuron in which only one process, called a neurite, extends from the cell body. The neurite then branches to form dendritic and axonal processes. Most neurons in the central nervous systems of invertebrates, including insects, are unipolar. The cell bodies of invertebrate unipolar neurons are often located around the edges of the neuropil, in the so-called cell-body rind.
Most neurons in the central nervous systems of vertebrates, including mammals, are multipolar. In multipolar neurons, multiple processes extend from the cell body including dendrites and axons. Some neurons in the vertebrate brain have a unipolar morphology: a notable example is the unipolar brush cell, found in the cerebellum and granule region of the dorsal cochlear nucleus.
A third morphological class, bipolar neurons, extend just one axon and dendritic process from the cell body. Examples of bipolar neurons include most invertebrate sensory neurons and bipolar cells of the vertebrate retina.
Some vertebrate sensory neurons are classified as pseudo-unipolar. Pseudo-unipolar neurons initially develop as bipolar cells, but at some point the two processes that extend from the cell body fuse to form a single neurite. The axon then splits into two branches. Sensory neurons with cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia of the vertebrate spinal cord are pseudo-unipolar: one branch projects to the periphery (to sensory receptors in the skin, joints, and muscle), the other to the spinal co
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1%20adrenergic%20receptor
|
alpha-1 (α1) adrenergic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) associated with the Gq heterotrimeric G protein. α1-adrenergic receptors are subdivided into three highly homologous subtypes, i.e., α1A-, α1B-, and α1D-adrenergic receptor subtypes. There is no α1C receptor. At one time, there was a subtype known as α1C, but it was found to be identical to the previously discovered α1A receptor subtype. To avoid confusion, naming was continued with the letter D. Catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) signal through the α1-adrenergic receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The crystal structure of the α1B-adrenergic receptor subtype has been determined in complex with the inverse agonist (+)-cyclazosin.
Effects
The α1-adrenergic receptor has several general functions in common with the α2-adrenergic receptor, but also has specific effects of its own. α1-receptors primarily mediate smooth muscle contraction, but have important functions elsewhere as well. The neurotransmitter norepinephrine has higher affinity for the α1 receptor than does the hormone adrenaline.
Smooth muscle
In smooth muscle cells of blood vessels the principal effect of activation of these receptors is vasoconstriction. Blood vessels with α1-adrenergic receptors are present in the skin, the sphincters of gastrointestinal system, kidney (renal artery) and brain. During the fight-or-flight response vasoconstriction results in decreased blood f
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2%20adrenergic%20receptor
|
The alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic receptor (or adrenoceptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the Gi heterotrimeric G-protein. It consists of three highly homologous subtypes, including α2A-, α2B-, and α2C-adrenergic. Some species other than humans express a fourth α2D-adrenergic receptor as well. Catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) signal through the α2-adrenergic receptor in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Cellular localization
The α2A adrenergic receptor is localised in the following central nervous system (CNS) structures:
Brainstem (especially the locus coeruleus as presynaptic & somatodendritic autoreceptor )
Midbrain
Hypothalamus
Olfactory system
Hippocampus
Spinal cord
Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
Septum
Whereas the α2B adrenergic receptor is localised in the following CNS structures:
Thalamus
Pyramidal layer of the hippocampus
Cerebellar Purkinje layer
and the α2C adrenergic receptor is localised in the CNS structures:
Midbrain
Thalamus
Amygdala
Dorsal root ganglia
Olfactory system
Hippocampus
Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Substantia nigra
Ventral tegmentum
Effects
The α2-adrenergic receptor is classically located on vascular prejunctional terminals where it inhibits the release of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) in a form of negative feedback. It is also located on the vascular smooth muscle cells of certain blood vessels, such as those found in skin arterioles or on vein
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-1%20adrenergic%20receptor
|
The beta-1 adrenergic receptor (β1 adrenoceptor), also known as ADRB1, can refer to either the protein-encoding gene (gene ADRB1) or one of the four adrenergic receptors. It is a G-protein coupled receptor associated with the Gs heterotrimeric G-protein that is expressed predominantly in cardiac tissue. In addition to cardiac tissue, beta-1 adrenergic receptors are also expressed in the cerebral cortex.
Historical Context
W. B. Cannon postulated that there were two chemical transmitters or sympathins while studying the sympathetic nervous system in 1933. These E and I sympathins were involved with excitatory and inhibitory responses. In 1948, Raymond Ahlquist published a manuscript in the American Journal of Physiology establishing the idea of adrenaline having distinct actions on both alpha and beta receptors. Shortly afterward, Eli Lilly Laboratories synthesized the first beta-blocker, dichloroisoproterenol.
General Information
Structure
ADRB-1 is a transmembrane protein that belongs to the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) family. GPCRs play a key role in cell signaling pathways and are primarily known for their seven transmembrane (7TM) helices, which have a cylindrical structure and span the membrane. The 7TM domains have three intracellular and three extracellular loops that connect these domains to one another. The extracellular loops contain sites for ligand binding on N-terminus of the receptor and the intracellular loops and C-terminus interact with signaling p
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2%20adrenergic%20receptor
|
The beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2 adrenoreceptor), also known as ADRB2, is a cell membrane-spanning beta-adrenergic receptor that binds epinephrine (adrenaline), a hormone and neurotransmitter whose signaling, via adenylate cyclase stimulation through trimeric Gs proteins, increases cAMP, and, via downstream L-type calcium channel interaction, mediates physiologic responses such as smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.
Robert J.Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka studied beta 2 adrenergic receptor as a model system which rewarded them the 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for groundbreaking discoveries that reveal the inner workings of an important family of such receptors: G-protein-coupled-receptors”.
The official symbol for the human gene encoding the β2 adrenoreceptor is ADRB2.
Gene
The gene is intronless. Different polymorphic forms, point mutations, and/or downregulation of this gene are associated with nocturnal asthma, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Structure
The 3D crystallographic structure (see figure and links to the right) of the β2-adrenergic receptor has been determined by making a fusion protein with lysozyme to increase the hydrophilic surface area of the protein for crystal contacts. An alternative method, involving production of a fusion protein with an agonist, supported lipid-bilayer co-crystallization and generation of a 3.5 Å resolution structure.
The crystal structure of the β2Adrenergic Receptor-Gs protein complex was solved in 2011. The largest c
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20Faraday%20effect
|
In optics, the inverse Faraday effect is the effect opposite to the Faraday effect. A static magnetization is induced by an external oscillating electrical field with the frequency , which can be achieved with a high intensity laser pulse for example. The induced magnetization is proportional to the vector product of and :
From this equation we see that the circularly polarized light with the frequency should induce a magnetization along the wave vector . Because is in the vector product, left- and right-handed polarization waves should induce magnetization of opposite signs.
The induced magnetization is comparable to the saturated magnetization of the media.
References
Rodriguez, V.; Verreault, D.; Adamietz, F.; Kalafatis, A. "All-Optical Measurements of the Verdet Constant in Achiral and Chiral Liquids: Toward All-Optical Magnetic Spectroscopies". ACS Photonics 2022, 9, 7, 2510–2519. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00720
Magneto-optic effects
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%28III%29%20bromide
|
Gold(III) bromide is a dark-red to black crystalline solid. It has the empirical formula , but exists primarily as a dimer with the molecular formula in which two gold atoms are bridged by two bromine atoms. It is commonly referred to as gold(III) bromide, gold tribromide, and rarely but traditionally auric bromide, and sometimes as digold hexabromide. As is similar with the other gold halides, this compound is unique for being a coordination complex of a group 11 transition metal that is stable in an oxidation state of +3 whereas copper or silver complexes persist in oxidation states of +1 or +2.
History
The first mention of any research or study of the gold halides dates back to the early-to-mid-19th century, and there are three primary researchers associated with the extensive investigation of this particular area of chemistry: Thomsen, Schottländer, and Krüss.
Structure
The dimer, digold hexabromide, has structural properties similar to those of the other gold trihalide dimeric compounds, such as gold(III) chloride. The gold centers exhibit square planar coordination with bond angles of roughly 90 degrees.
Calculations indicate that in the hypothetical monomeric forms of the gold trihalides, the Jahn-Teller effect causes differences to arise in the structures of the gold halide complexes. For instance, gold(III) bromide contains one long and two short gold-bromine bonds whereas gold(III) chloride and gold(III) fluoride consist of two long and one short gold-halogen bo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryepiglottic%20fold
|
The aryepiglottic folds are triangular folds of mucous membrane of the larynx. They enclose ligamentous and muscular fibres. They extend from the lateral borders of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages, hence the name 'aryepiglottic'. They contain the aryepiglottic muscles and form the upper borders of the quadrangular membrane. They have a role in growling as a form of phonation. They may be narrowed and cause stridor, or be shortened and cause laryngomalacia.
Structure
The aryepiglottic folds are triangular. They are narrow in front, wide behind, and slope obliquely downward and backward. They originate from the lateral borders of the epiglottis. They insert into the arytenoid cartilages.
In front, they are bounded by the epiglottis. Behind, they are bounded by the apices of the arytenoid cartilages, the corniculate cartilages, and the interarytenoid notch. Within the posterior part of each aryepiglottic fold exists a cuneiform cartilage which forms a whitish prominence, the cuneiform tubercle.
The aryepiglottic folds contain the aryepiglottic muscles. They form the upper borders of the quadrangular membrane, and the lateral borders of the laryngeal inlet.
Function
Phonation
Under certain circumstances, the aryepiglottic folds take part in phonation, for instance in the singing technique of vocal growl, such as practiced by Louis Armstrong and other jazz singers. The approximation of the aryepiglottic folds during vocalization may establish sustained co-oscillati
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloacal%20membrane
|
The cloacal membrane is the membrane that covers the embryonic cloaca during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.
It is formed by ectoderm and endoderm coming into contact with each other. As the human embryo grows and caudal folding continues, the urorectal septum divides the cloaca into a ventral urogenital sinus and dorsal anorectal canal. Before the urorectal septum has an opportunity to fuse with the cloacal membrane, the membrane ruptures, exposing the urogenital sinus and dorsal anorectal canal to the exterior. Later on, an ectodermal plug, the anal membrane, forms to create the lower third of the rectum. It ruptures in the seventh week of gestation.
References
External links
Diagram at unsw.edu.au
Overview at ana.ed.ac.uk
Embryology of urogenital system
Embryology of digestive system
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampirium
|
Vampirium is the twenty-seventh book of the award-winning Lone Wolf series of gamebooks created by Joe Dever.
Gameplay
Lone Wolf books rely on a combination of thought and luck. Certain statistics such as combat skill and endurance attributes are determined randomly before play (reading). The player is then allowed to choose which Kai disciplines or skills he or she possess. This number depends directly on how many books in the series have been completed ("Kai rank"). In his first book, the player starts with five disciplines. With each additional book completed, the player chooses one additional Kai discipline.
Plot
References
External links
Gamebooks - Lone Wolf
Origins of Lone Wolf
Book entry
Lone Wolf (gamebooks)
1998 fiction books
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27%20law
|
Paris' law (also known as the Paris–Erdogan equation) is a crack growth equation that gives the rate of growth of a fatigue crack. The stress intensity factor characterises the load around a crack tip and the rate of crack growth is experimentally shown to be a function of the range of stress intensity seen in a loading cycle. The Paris equation is
where is the crack length and is the fatigue crack growth for a load cycle . The material coefficients and are obtained experimentally and also depend on environment, frequency, temperature and stress ratio. The stress intensity factor range has been found to correlate the rate of crack growth from a variety of different conditions and is the difference between the maximum and minimum stress intensity factors in a load cycle and is defined as
Being a power law relationship between the crack growth rate during cyclic loading and the range of the stress intensity factor, the Paris–Erdogan equation can be visualized as a straight line on a log-log plot, where the x-axis is denoted by the range of the stress intensity factor and the y-axis is denoted by the crack growth rate.
The ability of ΔK to correlate crack growth rate data depends to a large extent on the fact that alternating stresses causing crack growth are small compared to the yield strength. Therefore crack tip plastic zones are small compared to crack length even in very ductile materials like stainless steels.
The equation gives the growth for a single
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail%20of%20the%20Wolf
|
Trail of the Wolf is the twenty-fifth book of the Lone Wolf book series created by Joe Dever.
Gameplay
Lone Wolf books rely on a combination of thought and luck. Certain statistics such as combat skill and endurance attributes are determined randomly before play (reading). The player is then allowed to choose which Kai disciplines or skills he or she possess. This number depends directly on how many books in the series have been completed ("Kai rank"). With each additional book completed, the player chooses one additional Kai discipline. In this first book, the player starts with five disciplines.
References
External links
Gamebooks - Lone Wolf
Origins of Lone Wolf
Book entry
Lone Wolf (gamebooks)
1997 fiction books
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune%20War
|
Rune War is the twenty-fourth book of the award-winning Lone Wolf book series created by Joe Dever.
Gameplay
Lone Wolf books rely on a combination of thought and luck. Certain statistics such as combat skill and endurance attributes are determined randomly before play (reading). The player is then allowed to choose which Kai disciplines or skills he or she possess. This number depends directly on how many books in the series have been completed ("Kai rank"). With each additional book completed, the player chooses one additional Kai discipline. In this first book, the player starts with five disciplines.
Reception
Chris Read reviewed Rune War for Arcane magazine, rating it a 6 out of 10 overall. Read comments that "the book is nicely illustrated and the narrative is generally good with plenty of decision-making and 'interaction' with NPCs. Naturally, Lady Luck plays her fickle part, but your skills and common sense are much more relevant to your success. This, above all, gives the book a good feel."
References
External links
Gamebooks - Lone Wolf
Origins of Lone Wolf
Book entry
Lone Wolf (gamebooks)
1995 fiction books
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mydnight%27s%20Hero
|
Mydnight's Hero is the twenty-third book of the award-winning Lone Wolf book series created by Joe Dever.
Gameplay
Lone Wolf books rely on a combination of thought and luck. Certain statistics such as combat skill and endurance attributes are determined randomly before play (reading). The player is then allowed to choose which Kai disciplines or skills he or she possess. This number depends directly on how many books in the series have been completed ("Kai rank"). With each additional book completed, the player chooses one additional Kai discipline. In this first book, the player starts with five disciplines.
Plot
References
External links
Gamebooks - Lone Wolf
Origins of Lone Wolf
Book entry
Lone Wolf (gamebooks)
1995 fiction books
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.