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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes8
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In cryptography, Hermes8 is the name of a stream cypher algorithm designed by Ulrich Kaiser. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has been classified as an 'archive' algorithm and will not be further considered.
Security
In the paper "An Analysis of the Hermes8 Stream Ciphers" the authors claim, 'an attack on the latest version of the cipher (Hermes8F), which requires very few known keystream bytes and recovers the cipher's secret key in less than a second on a normal PC'.
References
"An Analysis of the Hermes8 Stream Ciphers" paper by Steve Babbage et al.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSQUITO
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In cryptography, MOSQUITO was a stream cipher algorithm designed by Joan Daemen and Paris Kitsos. It was submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. After the initial design was broken by Joux and Muller, a tweaked version named MOUSTIQUE was proposed which made it to Phase 3 of the eSTREAM evaluation process as the only self-synchronizing cipher remaining. However, MOUSTIQUE was subsequently broken by Käsper et al., leaving the design of a secure and efficient self-synchronising stream cipher as an open research problem.
Cryptographic algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLS%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, NLS is a stream cypher algorithm designed by Gregory Rose, Philip Hawkes, Michael Paddon, and Miriam Wiggers de Vries. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20Bear%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, Polar Bear is a stream cypher algorithm designed by Johan Håstad and Mats Näslund. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
External links
Polar Bear eStream submission
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFINKS
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Sfinks (Polish for "Sphynx") was also the initial name of the Janusz A. Zajdel Award
In cryptography, SFINKS is a stream cypher algorithm developed by An Braeken, Joseph Lano, Nele Mentens, Bart Preneel, and Ingrid Verbauwhede. It includes a message authentication code. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
Stream ciphers
Cryptography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSC-3
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In cryptography, TSC-3 is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Jin Hong, Dong Hoon Lee, Yongjin Yeom, Daewan Han, and Seongtaek Chee. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WG%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, WG is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Guang Gong and Yassir Nawaz. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamb
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In cryptography, Yamb is a stream cypher algorithm developed by LAN Crypto. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
External links
Archived eSTREAM Phase 1 page for Yamb
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogbit%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, Frogbit is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Thierry Moreau and is patented. It includes a message authentication code feature. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has not been selected as a focus algorithm nor for Phase 2; it has been 'archived'.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAG%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, MAG is stream cipher algorithm developed by Rade Vuckovac. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has not been selected for focus, nor for consideration in Phase 2; it has been 'archived'.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-1
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In cryptography, Mir-1 is a software-oriented stream cypher algorithm developed by Alexander Maximov. The algorithm was submitted to the eSTREAM project of the eCRYPT network in 2005. Mir-1 is named after the Russian space station Mir.
Mir-1 uses a multiword T-function with four 64-bit words. The data in each word is processed, generating a keystream. Its key size is 128 bits, and its IV is 64 bits.
The designer claimed that Mir-1 had a security level of 2128, i.e., that it could not be "broken" faster than an exhaustive search. At SASC 2006, a successful key-recovery attack on Mir-1 was shown. Maximov did not dispute the attack, and the algorithm was archived after Phase 1 by the eSTREAM committee.
References
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSS%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, SSS is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Gregory Rose, Philip Hawkes, Michael Paddon, and Miriam Wiggers de Vries. It includes a message authentication code feature. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has not selected for focus nor for consideration during Phase 2; it has been 'archived'.
References
Stream ciphers
Message authentication codes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRBDK3%20YAEA
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In cryptography, TRBDK3 YAEA is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Timothy Brigham. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has not been selected for focus nor for consideration during at Phase 2; it has been 'archived'.
References
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJCSG
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In cryptography, CJCSG is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Cees Jansen and Alexander Kolosha. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has been classified as an archival algorithm and will not be further considered.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC%20%28stream%20cipher%29
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In cryptography, ABC is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Vladimir Anashin, Andrey Bogdanov, Ilya Kizhvatov, and Sandeep Kumar. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
References
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysorthography
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Dysorthography is a disorder of spelling which accompanies dyslexia by a direct consequence of the phonological disorder.
In the American classification from the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and the classification from the World Health Organization (WHO), it is a subtype of specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression.
A related term, dysgraphia, is a disorder of writing ability.
See also
Neurolinguistics
Orthography
Dyslexia
References
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Writing
Learning disabilities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterostatin
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Enterostatin is a pentapeptide derived from a proenzyme in the gastrointestinal tract called procolipase. It reduces food intake, in particular fat intake, when given peripherally or into the brain.
Function
Enterostatin is created in the intestine by pancreatic procolipase, the other colipase serving as an obligatory cofactor for pancreatic lipase during fat digestion. Enterostatin can be created in the gastric mucosa and the mucosal epithelia in the small intestine. An increased high fat diets will cause the procolipase gene transcription and enterostatin to release into the gastrointestinal lumen. Enterostatin appears in the lymph and circulation after a meal. Enterostatin has been shown to selectively reduce fat intake during a normal meal. The testing has been successful with different species.
Signaling pathway
The signaling pathway of the peripheral mechanism uses afferent vagal to hypothalamic centers. The central responses are mediated through a pathway including serotonergic and opioidergic components. Inveterately, enterostatin cuts fat intake, bodyweight, and body fat. This reaction may involve multiple metabolic effects of enterostatin, which include a decrease of insulin secretion, a growth in sympathetic drive to brown adipose tissue, and the stimulation of adrenal corticosteroid secretion. A possible pathophysiological role is indicated by studies that have associated low enterostatin output and/or responsiveness to breeds of rat that become obese and prefe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour%20of%20Utah
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The Larry H. Miller Tour of Utah, was an annual multi-day road cycling race; traversing the states of Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming. Since the 2011 edition, the tour holds UCI classification (currently as 2.HC). Between five and six UCI WorldTeams compete annually.
History
The Tour of Utah began in 2000, as an amateur race. It was originally called the Thanksgiving Point Stage Race. It received its present name in 2004. Originally organized by cycling enthusiasts, the race was purchased by the Larry H. Miller Group of Companies, Larry H. Miller's holding company, in 2007. The tour received UCI classification (2.2) in 2006. However, the 2007 edition was postponed due to lack of sponsorship.
The 2008 and 2009 editions subsequently returned to United States National Racing Calendar. After the 2010 edition, the Tour of Utah was placed in the UCI America Tour, and regained UCI classification (2.1). Five UCI ProTeams were among the sixteen teams competing in the 2011 and 2013 editions, and six were among the seventeen teams competing in the 2012 edition. In the 2014 edition, six of the sixteen teams were UCI ProTeams. In 2015, the Tour rating was elevated to 2.HC, one of the few UCI-sanctioned, multi-stage, pro cycling events in North America.
In 2010, only 71 of the initial 140 riders finished. After receiving 2.1 status in 2011, a stronger field participated; 88 of the initial 120 competitors finished. In September 2014, it was announced that the race was promoted to 2.HC status,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztarac
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Aztarac is a scrolling multidirectional shooter with color vector graphics. It was developed by Tim Stryker (1954–1996) and released in arcades by Centuri in 1983. The player commands an intergalactic race of mutant humans whose mode of transport is a tank. Its turret is independently controlled, allowing the player to move in one direction while shooting in another. The mission is to guard space outposts from hordes of incoming enemy ships. Aztarac color vector graphics were impressive at the time of release, and a circular plastic lens over the screen accentuates the visuals. Few machines were produced, though the exact number is unclear. Centuri only developed two vector games; Aztarac was the second.
Gameplay
Four outposts are located in the center of a scrolling playfield, and the player must protect them from waves of enemy attackers. A flight-style joystick moves the player's tank; a trigger on the joystick shoots; a separate knob rotates the tank's turret independently of movement; and a button activates a scanner which shows where offscreen enemies are.
Reception
According to Tony Temple of The Arcade Blogger, Aztarac was an obscure release:
Legacy
One of the few Aztarac machines still in existence was discovered and restored in 2016. It turned out to be the one originally owned by the game's creator, Tim Stryker.
Dennis Bartlett of Iowa, USA, scored a world record 142,390 points on Aztarac on February 11, 1984.
References
External links
Aztarac at the Centu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney%20Goldstein
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Sydney Goldstein FRS (3 December 1903, Kingston upon Hull – 22 January 1989, Cambridge, MA) was a British mathematician noted for his contribution to fluid dynamics. He is described as: "... one of those who most influenced progress in fluid dynamics during the 20th century."
He was especially known for his work on steady-flow laminar boundary-layer equations and on the turbulent resistance to rotation of a disk in a fluid. Goldstein was extremely knowledgeable on aerodynamics and his work had a significant impact in that area.
Early life
Goldstein was born into the Jewish community of Hull, where his family ran a furniture store. After his mother died he moved to live with an aunt and attended Bede Collegiate School in Sunderland. At the University of Leeds in 1921 he studied mathematics, but was to move to St John's College, Cambridge, graduating from the Mathematical Tripos in 1925 and gaining the Smith's Prize in 1927. He was awarded an Isaac Newton Studentship to continue research in applied mathematics under Harold Jeffreys. His 1928 PhD thesis was entitled The Theory And Application Of Mathieu Functions.
Career
He was appointed Rockefeller Research Fellow and spent a year working in University of Göttingen. In 1929 he became a fellow of St John's College but later the same year was appointed to a lectureship in Mathematics at the University of Manchester. At Manchester the influence of Osborne Reynolds and Horace Lamb in fluid dynamics was still felt there and had
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxation%20%28approximation%29
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In mathematical optimization and related fields, relaxation is a modeling strategy. A relaxation is an approximation of a difficult problem by a nearby problem that is easier to solve. A solution of the relaxed problem provides information about the original problem.
For example, a linear programming relaxation of an integer programming problem removes the integrality constraint and so allows non-integer rational solutions. A Lagrangian relaxation of a complicated problem in combinatorial optimization penalizes violations of some constraints, allowing an easier relaxed problem to be solved. Relaxation techniques complement or supplement branch and bound algorithms of combinatorial optimization; linear programming and Lagrangian relaxations are used to obtain bounds in branch-and-bound algorithms for integer programming.
The modeling strategy of relaxation should not be confused with iterative methods of relaxation, such as successive over-relaxation (SOR); iterative methods of relaxation are used in solving problems in differential equations, linear least-squares, and linear programming. However, iterative methods of relaxation have been used to solve Lagrangian relaxations.
Definition
A relaxation of the minimization problem
is another minimization problem of the form
with these two properties
for all .
The first property states that the original problem's feasible domain is a subset of the relaxed problem's feasible domain. The second property states that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian%20relaxation
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In the field of mathematical optimization, Lagrangian relaxation is a relaxation method which approximates a difficult problem of constrained optimization by a simpler problem. A solution to the relaxed problem is an approximate solution to the original problem, and provides useful information.
The method penalizes violations of inequality constraints using a Lagrange multiplier, which imposes a cost on violations. These added costs are used instead of the strict inequality constraints in the optimization. In practice, this relaxed problem can often be solved more easily than the original problem.
The problem of maximizing the Lagrangian function of the dual variables (the Lagrangian multipliers) is the Lagrangian dual problem.
Mathematical description
Suppose we are given a linear programming problem, with and , of the following form:
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If we split the constraints in such that ,
and we may write the system:
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|max
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We may introduce the constraint (2) into the objective:
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"
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If we let be nonnegative
weights, we get penalized if we violate the constraint (2), and we are also rewarded if we satisfy the constraint strictly. The above
system is called the Lagrangian relaxation of our original problem.
The LR solution as a bound
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uromodulin
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Uromodulin (UMOD), also known as Tamm–Horsfall protein (THP), is a Zona pellucida-like domain-containing glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the UMOD gene. Uromodulin is the most abundant protein excreted in ordinary urine.
Gene
The human UMOD gene is located on chromosome 16. While several transcript variants may exist for this gene, the full-length natures of only two have been described to date. These two represent the major variants of this gene and encode the same isoform.
Protein
THP is a GPI-anchored glycoprotein. It is not derived from blood plasma but is produced by the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle of the mammalian kidney. While the monomeric molecule has a MW of approximately 85 kDa, it is physiologically present in urine in large aggregates of up to several million Da. When this protein is concentrated at low pH, it forms a gel. Uromodulin represents the most abundant protein in normal human urine (results based on MSMS determinations). It is the matrix of urinary casts derived from the secretion of renal tubular cells.
Structure
Uromodulin consists of an EGF domain (EGF I); two calcium-binding EGF domains (EGF II, III); a cysteine-rich decoy module consisting of a β-hairpin and a D10C domain (previously referred to as D8C); a fourth EGF domain; and a C-terminal bipartite Zona pellucida-like (ZP) module consisting of ZP-N and ZP-C domains separated by an interdomain linker. The ZP domain polymerizes into filaments, with protruding arms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current%20Opinion%20in%20Cell%20Biology
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Current Opinion in Cell Biology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier covering all aspects of cell biology including genetics, cell communication, and metabolism. It was established in 1998 and is part of the Elsevier Current Opinion series of journals. The editors-in-chief are Tom Mistley (National Institutes of Health) and Anne Ridley.
The journal has a 2018 impact factor of 8.233.
References
External links
Molecular and cellular biology journals
Elsevier academic journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transflective%20liquid-crystal%20display
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A transflective liquid-crystal display is a liquid-crystal display (LCD) with an optical layer that reflects and transmits light (transflective is a portmanteau of transmissive and reflective). Under bright illumination (e.g. when exposed to daylight) the display acts mainly as a reflective display with the contrast being constant with illuminance. However, under dim and dark ambient situations the light from a backlight is transmitted through the transflective layer to provide light for the display. The transflective layer is called a transflector. It is typically made from a sheet polymer. It is similar to a one-way mirror but is not specular.
An application is digital LCD wristwatches. In dim ambient light or at night a backlight allows reading of the display in its transmissive mode. Digital time displays in alarm clocks for bedrooms may also work this way. If they are battery-powered, the backlight may be push-button operated. The backlighting is usually dim, so that the display is comfortably readable at night. Some 21st century smartwatches such as the Pebble Smartwatch and the Amazfit Stratos also use transflective LCDs.
When an illuminance sensor is added for control of the backlight, such a transflective LCD can be read over a wide range of illuminance levels. This technique is often found in automotive instrumentation. In portable electronic devices the transflective mode of operation helps to save battery charge, since in bright environments no backlighting i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiator
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In electronics, a differentiator is a circuit designed to produce an output approximately proportional to the rate of change (the time derivative) of the input. A true differentiator cannot be physically realized, because it has infinite gain at infinite frequency. A similar effect can be achieved, however, by limiting the gain above some frequency. The differentiator circuit is essentially a high-pass filter.
An active differentiator includes some form of amplifier, while a passive differentiator is made only of resistors, capacitors and inductors.
Passive differentiator
The simple four-terminal passive circuits depicted in figure, consisting of a resistor and a capacitor, or alternatively a resistor and an inductor, behave as differentiators.
Indeed, according to Ohm's law, the voltages at the two ends of the capacitive differentiator are related by a transfer function that has a zero in the origin and a pole in − and that is consequently a good approximation of an ideal differentiator at frequencies below the natural frequency of the pole:
Similarly, the transfer function of the inductive differentiator has a zero in the origin and a pole in −.
Active differentiator
Ideal differentiator
A differentiator circuit (also known as a differentiating amplifier or inverting differentiator) consists of an ideal operational amplifier with a resistor R providing negative feedback and a capacitor C at the input, such that:
is the voltage across C (from the op amp's virtual
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probe%20card
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A probe card (commonly referred to as a DUT board) is used in automated integrated circuit testing. It is an interface between an electronic test system and a semiconductor wafer.
Use and manufacture
A probe card or DUT board is a printed circuit board (PCB), and is the interface between the integrated circuit and a test head, which in turn attaches to automatic test equipment (ATE) (or "tester"). Typically, the probe card is mechanically docked to a Wafer testing prober and electrically connected to the ATE . Its purpose is to provide an electrical path between the test system and the circuits on the wafer, thereby permitting the testing and validation of the circuits at the wafer level, usually before they are diced and packaged. It normally comprises a PCB and some form of contact elements, usually metallic.
A semiconductor manufacturer will typically require a new probe card for each new device wafer and for device shrinks (when the manufacturer reduces the size of the device while keeping its functionality) because the probe card is effectively a custom connector that takes the universal pattern of a given tester and translates the signals to connect to electrical pads on the wafer. For testing of Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) and Flash memory (FLASH) devices, these pads are typically made of aluminum and are 40–90 per side. Other devices may have flat pads, or raised bumps or pillars made of copper, copper alloys or many types of solders such as lead-tin, tin-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic%20acid%20metabolism
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Nucleic acid metabolism is a collective term that refers to the variety of chemical reactions by which nucleic acids (DNA and/or RNA) are either synthesized or degraded. Nucleic acids are polymers (so-called "biopolymers") made up of a variety of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotide synthesis is an anabolic mechanism generally involving the chemical reaction of phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Degradation of nucleic acids is a catabolic reaction and the resulting parts of the nucleotides or nucleobases can be salvaged to recreate new nucleotides. Both synthesis and degradation reactions require multiple enzymes to facilitate the event. Defects or deficiencies in these enzymes can lead to a variety of diseases.
Synthesis of nucleotides
Nucleotides are the monomers which polymerize into nucleic acids. All nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. The bases found in nucleic acids are either purines or pyrimidines. In the more complex multicellular animals, they are both primarily produced in the liver but the two different groups are synthesized in different ways. However, all nucleotide synthesis requires the use of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) which donates the ribose and phosphate necessary to create a nucleotide.
Purine synthesis
Adenine and guanine are the two nucleotides classified as purines. In purine synthesis, PRPP is turned into inosine monophosphate, or IMP. Production of IMP from PRPP requires glutamine, glycine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranylgeranyltransferase%20type%201
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Geranylgeranyltransferase type 1 or simply geranylgeranyltransferase is one of the three enzymes in the prenyltransferase group. In specific terms, Geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase 1) adds a 20-carbon isoprenoid called a geranylgeranyl group to proteins bearing a CaaX motif: a four-amino acid sequence at the carboxyl terminal of a protein. Geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitors are being investigated as anti-cancer agents.
Function
Prenyltransferases, including geranylgeranyltransferase, posttranslationally modify proteins by adding an isoprenoid lipid called a prenyl group to the carboxyl terminus of the target protein. This process, called prenylation, causes prenylated proteins to become membrane-associated due to the hydrophobic nature of the prenyl group. Most prenylated proteins are involved in cellular signaling, wherein membrane association is critical for function.
Structure
Geranylgeranyltransferase contains two subunits, α and β that are encoded by the FNTA and PGGT1B genes, respectively. Both subunits are composed primarily of alpha helices. Geranylgeranyltransferase coordinates a zinc cation on its β subunit at the lip of the active site. Geranylgeranyltransferase has a hydrophobic binding pocket for geranylgeranyl diphosphate, the lipid donor molecule. All Geranylgeranyltransferase substrates invariably have a cysteine as their fourth-to-last residue. This cysteine, coordinated by the zinc, engages in an SN2 type attack on the geranylgeranyl diphosphate, dis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab%20geranylgeranyltransferase
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Rab geranylgeranyltransferase also known as (protein) geranylgeranyltransferase II is one of the three prenyltransferases. It transfers (usually) two geranylgeranyl groups to the cystein(s) at the C-terminus of Rab proteins.
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine S-geranylgeranyl-Cys-protein + diphosphate
The C-terminus of Rab proteins varies in length and sequence and is referred to as hypervariable. Thus Rab proteins do not have a consensus sequence, such as the CAAX box, which the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase can recognise. Instead Rab proteins are bound by the Rab escort protein (REP) over a more conserved region of the Rab protein and then presented to the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase.
Once Rab proteins are prenylated, the lipid anchor(s) ensure that Rabs are no longer soluble. REP therefore plays an important role in binding and solubilising the geranylgeranyl groups and delivers the Rab protein to the relevant cell membrane.
Reaction
Rab geranylgeranyltransferase (RabGGTase; enzyme commission code EC 2.5.1.60) is classified as a transferase enzyme; specifically, it is in the protein prenyltransferase family along with two other enzymes (protein farnesyltransferase and protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I). The reaction catalyzed by RabGGTase is summarized as follows:
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine = S-geranylgeranyl-protein + diphosphate
This reaction is essential in the control of membrane docking and fusion. Studies of mice have
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclease%20protection%20assay
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Nuclease protection assay is a laboratory technique used in biochemistry and genetics to identify individual RNA molecules in a heterogeneous RNA sample extracted from cells. The technique can identify one or more RNA molecules of known sequence even at low total concentration. The extracted RNA is first mixed with antisense RNA or DNA probes that are complementary to the sequence or sequences of interest and the complementary strands are hybridized to form double-stranded RNA (or a DNA-RNA hybrid). The mixture is then exposed to ribonucleases that specifically cleave only single-stranded RNA but have no activity against double-stranded RNA. When the reaction runs to completion, susceptible RNA regions are degraded to very short oligomers or to individual nucleotides; the surviving RNA fragments are those that were complementary to the added antisense strand and thus contained the sequence of interest.
Probe
The probes are prepared by cloning part of the gene of interest in a vector under the control of any of the following promoters, SP6, T7 or T3. These promoters are recognized by DNA dependent RNA polymerases originally characterized from bacteriophages. The probes produced are radioactive as they are prepared by in vitro transcription using radioactive UTPs. Uncomplemented DNA or RNA is cleaved off by nucleases. When the probe is a DNA molecule, S1 nuclease is used; when the probe is RNA, any single-strand-specific ribonuclease can be used. Thus the surviving probe-mRN
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanceosome
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An enhanceosome is a protein complex that assembles at an enhancer region on DNA and helps to regulate the expression of a target gene.
Formation
Enhancers are bound by transcription activator proteins and transcriptional regulation is typically controlled by more than one activator. Enhanceosomes are formed in special cases when these activators cooperatively bind together along the enhancer sequence to create a distinct three-dimensional structure. Each enhanceosome is unique towards its specific enhancer. This assembly is facilitated by energetically favorable protein: protein and protein: DNA interactions. Therefore, all the necessary activators need to be present for the enhanceosome to be formed and able to function.
Function
Once the enhanceosome has been formed, it recruits coactivators and general transcription factors to the promoter region of the target gene to begin transcription. The effectiveness of this is dependent on DNA conformation. As a result, the enhanceosome also recruits non histone architectural transcription factors, called high-mobility group (HMG) proteins, which are responsible for regulating chromatin structure. These factors do not bind to the enhancer, but instead are used to restructure the DNA to ensure that the genes can be accessed by the transcription factors.
Role
Most enhanceosomes have been discovered pertaining to genes requiring tight regulation, like those associated with the cells defense system. Using more than one kind of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20conductance
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Fluid conductance is a measure of how effectively fluids are transported through a medium or a region. The concept is particularly useful in cases in which the amount of fluid transported is linearly related to whatever is driving the transport.
For example, the concept is useful in the flow of liquids through permeable media, especially in hydrology in relation to river and lake bottoms. In this case, it is an application of intrinsic permeability to a unit of material with a defined area and thickness, and the magnitude of conductance affects the rate of groundwater recharge or interaction with groundwater. This parameter is often used in such computer modelling codes as MODFLOW.
Conductance is also a useful concept in the design and study of vacuum systems. Such systems consist of vacuum chambers and the various flow passages and pumps that connect and maintain them. These systems are common in physical science laboratories and many laboratory apparatus as well, such as mass spectrometers. Typically, the pressures inside these devices are low enough that the gas inside them is rarefied, meaning here that the mean free path of constituent atoms and molecules is a non-negligible fraction of the dimensions of orifices and passageways. Under those conditions, the total mass flow through an orifice or conduit is typically linearly proportional to the pressure drop, so that it is convenient to quantify mass flow in terms of the fluid conductance of the constituent components.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassall%E2%80%93Henle%20bodies
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Hassall–Henle bodies are small transparent growths on the posterior surface of Descemet's membrane at the periphery of the cornea. These bodies contain collagenous matter in which numerous cracks and fissures are filled with extrusions of the corneal endothelium. The condition is usually associated with the aging process.
Hassall–Henle bodies are named after British physician Arthur Hill Hassall (1817–1894) and German anatomist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle (1809–1885). They are sometimes referred to as Hassall–Henle warts or Henle's warts.
References
Ophthalmology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID%20Journal
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RFID Journal is an independent media company devoted solely to radio frequency identification (RFID) and its business applications. A bi-monthly print publication and online news and information source, the journal offers news, features that address key adoption issues, case studies, and white papers written by academics and industry insiders on different aspects of RFID technology. The Web site includes an FAQs section, organized by topic, bulletin boards, a blog, an RFID event calendar, a searchable vendor directory, a career center, and a store where visitors can purchase reports by RFID Journal and others.
Digital magazine
RFID Journal's digital magazine is published six times a year. It focuses on high-level strategic issues. Topics include building a business case, achieving a return on investment by working with business partners, off-setting the cost of RFID mandates with internal savings, and aligning an RFID deployment strategy with a company's overall business strategy.
Launched on March 1, 2002, RFID Journal, LLC, is a privately held corporation headquartered in Melville, N.Y. RFID Journal is edited by Mark Roberti.
.
Online edition
The RFID Journal Web site provides news about RFID. The focus is on the latest deployments, mandates, standards development, and product innovation. Premium content includes features, case studies, best practices, and how-to that explain the technology's capabilities and how it is being used by companies.
Conferences
RFID Journa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kramers%27%20theorem
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In quantum mechanics, the Kramers' degeneracy theorem states that for every energy eigenstate of a time-reversal symmetric system with half-integer total spin, there is another eigenstate with the same energy related by time-reversal. In other words, the degeneracy of every energy level is an even number if it has half-integer spin. The theorem is named after Dutch physicist H. A. Kramers.
In theoretical physics, the time reversal symmetry is the symmetry of physical laws under a time reversal transformation:
If the Hamiltonian operator commutes with the time-reversal operator, that is
then, for every energy eigenstate , the time reversed state is also an eigenstate with the same energy. These two states are sometimes called a Kramers pair. In general, this time-reversed state may be identical to the original one, but that is not possible in a half-integer spin system: since time reversal reverses all angular momenta, reversing a half-integer spin cannot yield the same state (the magnetic quantum number is never zero).
Mathematical statement and proof
In quantum mechanics, the time reversal operation is represented by an antiunitary operator acting on a Hilbert space . If it happens that , then we have the following simple theorem:
If is an antiunitary operator acting on a Hilbert space satisfying and a vector in , then is orthogonal to .
Proof
By the definition of an antiunitary operator, , where and are vectors in . Replacing and and using that , we get
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMS%20%28software%29
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GMS (Groundwater Modeling System) is water modeling application for building and simulating groundwater models from Aquaveo. It features 2D and 3D geostatistics, stratigraphic modeling and a unique conceptual model approach. Currently supported models include MODFLOW, MODPATH, MT3DMS, RT3D, FEMWATER, SEEP2D, and UTEXAS.
Version 6 introduced the use of XMDF (eXtensible Model Data Format), which is a compatible extension of HDF5. The purpose of this is to allow internal storage and management of data in a single HDF file, rather than using many flat files.
History
GMS was initially developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s on Unix workstations by the Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory at Brigham Young University. The development of GMS was funded primarily by The United States Army Corps of Engineers and was known—until version 4.0, released in late 1999—as the Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System, or DoD GMS. It was ported to Microsoft Windows in the mid 1990s. Version 3.1 was the last version that supported HP-UX, IRIX, OSF/1, and Solaris platforms. Development of GMS—along with WMS and SMS—was transferred to Aquaveo when it formed in April 2007.
A study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics in August 2000 stated that "GMS provides an interface to the groundwater flow model, MODFLOW, and the contaminant transport model, MT3D. MODFLOW is a three-dimensional, cell-centered, finite-difference, saturated-flow model capable of both
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodyne
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The autodyne circuit was an improvement to radio signal amplification using the De Forest Audion vacuum tube amplifier. By allowing the tube to oscillate at a frequency slightly different from the desired signal, the sensitivity over other receivers was greatly improved. The autodyne circuit was invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong of Columbia University, New York, NY. He inserted a tuned circuit in the output circuit of the Audion vacuum tube amplifier. By adjusting the tuning of this tuned circuit, Armstrong was able to dramatically increase the gain of the Audion amplifier. Further increase in tuning resulted in the Audion amplifier reaching self-oscillation.
This oscillating receiver circuit meant that the then latest technology continuous wave (CW) transmissions could be demodulated. Previously only spark, interrupted continuous wave (ICW, signals which were produced by a motor chopping or turning the signal on and off at an audio rate), or modulated continuous wave (MCW), could produce intelligible output from a receiver.
When the autodyne oscillator was advanced to self-oscillation, continuous wave Morse code dots and dashes would be clearly heard from the headphones as short or long periods of sound of a particular tone, instead of an all but impossible to decode series of thumps. Spark and chopped CW (ICW) were amplitude modulated signals which didn't require an oscillating detector.
Such a regenerative circuit is capable of receiving weak signals, if carefully c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C3%ADp
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Žíp () is a village and municipality in the Rimavská Sobota District of the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Rimavská Sobota District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusztai
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Pusztai is a Hungarian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Antal Pusztai (born 1978), Hungarian musician
Árpád Pusztai (1930–2021), Hungarian protein scientist
Oliver Pusztai (born 1981), Hungarian footballer
Liza Pusztai (born 2001), Hungarian fencer
Surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Renno
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René Renno (born 19 February 1979) is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
Career statistics
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Berlin
German men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Hertha BSC II players
Tennis Borussia Berlin players
SG Wattenscheid 09 players
Rot-Weiss Essen players
VfL Bochum players
VfL Bochum II players
FC Energie Cottbus players
FC Energie Cottbus II players
3. Liga players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland%20Dobrushin
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Roland Lvovich Dobrushin () (July 20, 1929 – November 12, 1995) was a mathematician who made important contributions to probability theory, mathematical physics, and information theory.
Life and work
Dobrushin received his Ph.D. at Moscow State University under the supervision of Andrey Kolmogorov.
In statistical mechanics, he introduced (simultaneously with Lanford and Ruelle) the DLR equations for the Gibbs measure. Together with Kotecký and Shlosman, he studied the formation of droplets in Ising-type models, providing mathematical justification of the Wulff construction.
He was a foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Academia Europæa and US National Academy of Sciences.
The Dobrushin prize was established in his honour.
Notes
References
External links
Memorial website.
Biography (in Russian)
Obituary from The Independent
1929 births
1995 deaths
Soviet mathematicians
20th-century Russian mathematicians
Probability theorists
Moscow State University alumni
Members of Academia Europaea
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSFP
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SSFP can refer to:
Service specific face plate, a telephone socket filter
Steady-state free precession imaging, a family of pulse sequences for magnetic resonance imaging
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Rathgeber
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Thomas Rathgeber (born 30 April 1985 in Kempten, West Germany) is a German footballer who plays for FC Kempten.
Career statistics
Club
References
External links
Thomas Rathgeber at FuPa
1985 births
Living people
German men's footballers
VfL Bochum players
VfL Bochum II players
SpVgg Unterhaching players
Kickers Offenbach players
1. FC Saarbrücken players
SpVgg Unterhaching II players
FC Schalke 04 II players
SSV Ulm 1846 players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
Regionalliga players
Men's association football forwards
Sportspeople from Kempten im Allgäu
Footballers from Swabia (Bavaria)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPAX
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KPAX may refer to:
KPAX-TV, a U.S. television station (channel 8) licensed to Missoula, Montana
K-PAX, a series of novels by Gene Brewer
K-PAX (film), the film based on the first novel of that series
K-Pax Racing, an auto racing team
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Amedick
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Martin Amedick (born 6 September 1982) is a German retired professional footballer who plays as a centre back.
Career statistics
.
Honours
Club
Borussia Dortmund
DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2007–08
References
External links
1982 births
German men's footballers
Living people
Sportspeople from Paderborn
Footballers from Detmold (region)
Eintracht Braunschweig players
Arminia Bielefeld players
SC Paderborn 07 players
Borussia Dortmund players
Borussia Dortmund II players
1. FC Kaiserslautern players
Eintracht Frankfurt players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Men's association football defenders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454%20Life%20Sciences
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454 Life Sciences was a biotechnology company based in Branford, Connecticut that specialized in high-throughput DNA sequencing. It was acquired by Roche in 2007 and shut down by Roche in 2013 when its technology became noncompetitive, although production continued until mid-2016.
History
454 Life Sciences was founded by Jonathan Rothberg and was originally known as 454 Corporation, a subsidiary of CuraGen. For their method for low-cost gene sequencing, 454 Life Sciences was awarded the Wall Street Journal's Gold Medal for Innovation in the Biotech-Medical category in 2005. The name 454 was the code name by which the project was referred to at CuraGen, and the numbers have no known special meaning.
In November 2006, Rothberg, Michael Egholm, and colleagues at 454 published a cover article with Svante Pääbo in Nature describing the first million base pairs of the Neanderthal genome, and initiated the Neanderthal Genome Project to complete the sequence of the Neanderthal genome by 2009.
In late March 2007, Roche Diagnostics acquired 454 Life Sciences for US$154.9 million. It remained a separate business unit.
In October 2013, Roche announced that it would shut down 454, and stop supporting the platform by mid-2016.
In May 2007, 454 published the results of Project "Jim": the sequencing of the genome of James Watson, co-discoverer of the structure of DNA.
Technology
454 Sequencing used a large-scale parallel pyrosequencing system capable of sequencing roughly 400-600 mega
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance%20%28Jordan%20Rudess%20album%29
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Resonance is an album by Jordan Rudess recorded and released in 1999.
The album fits with Rudess' "lighter side" along with Secrets of the Muse, 4NYC, Christmas Sky and Notes on a Dream. The tracks are primarily improvised on synthesizers.
Track listing
All tracks are composed by Jordan Rudess.
"Resonance" – 9:55
"Timeline" – 10:27
"Flying" – 10:45
"Catharsis" – 5:15
"Tears" – 4:09
Personnel
Jordan Rudess - Piano, Keyboards
1999 albums
Jordan Rudess albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenoesophageal%20ligament
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The phrenoesophageal ligament (phrenicoesophageal ligament, or phrenoesophageal membrane) is the ligament by which the esophagus is attached to the diaphragm. It is an extension of the inferior diaphragmatic fascia and is divided into an upper and lower limb which attach to the superior and inferior surfaces of the diaphragm respectively at the esophageal hiatus. The upper limb attaches the esophagus to the superior surface of the diaphragm and the lower limb attaches the cardia region of the stomach to the inferior surface of the diaphragm at the cardiac notch of stomach. The ligament allows independent movement of the diaphragm and esophagus during respiration and swallowing.
References
Full text
Ligaments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Alexander%20Miers
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Sir Henry Alexander Miers, FRS (25 May 1858 – 10 December 1942) was a British mineralogist and crystallographer.
Born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, he was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Oxford. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1896.
He was Professor of Crystallography at the Victoria University of Manchester 1915–1926 and Vice-Chancellor of the University during the same years.
Selected publications
with R. Crosskey:
References
External links
AIM25: University College London: Miers Papers at www.aim25.ac.uk
1858 births
1942 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society
British mineralogists
Wollaston Medal winners
Vice-Chancellors of the Victoria University of Manchester
Academics of the University of Manchester
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultiame
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Sultiame (or sulthiame) is a sulfonamide and inhibitor of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. It is used as an anticonvulsant.
History
Sultiame was first synthesised in the laboratories of Bayer AG in the mid 1950s and eventually launched as Ospolot in Europe and other markets the early 1960s. It never became a registered drug in the United States. The brand was transferred to Desitin GmbH in 1993 and is sold in several European countries, in Israel, Japan, and Australia.
Sultiame became established as a second-line drug for treatment of partial epilepsy in the 1960s and 1970s and was often used in combination with the established anticonvulsant phenytoin. Temporal lobe seizures appeared particularly responsive to sultiame. Doubts subsequently arose as to whether sultiame has intrinsic anticonvulsant properties. After discovering sultiame's ability to raise the blood levels of phenytoin, it was assumed that sultiame would only act in combination with phenytoin. This finding, together with the equivocal results of a study in the US, resulted in a quick decline of sultiame's use. It was only in 1988, that the German child neurologist Hermann Doose discovered its specific effects in benign focal epilepsies of childhood. Today, sulthiame is the drug of choice for benign focal epilepsies of childhood (such as benign rolandic epilepsy) in the German-speaking countries and Israel.
Indications
Historically, sultiame has been used to treat partial seizures. In Australia, it is currentl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl%20scalar
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In the Newman–Penrose (NP) formalism of general relativity, Weyl scalars refer to a set of five complex scalars which encode the ten independent components of the Weyl tensor of a four-dimensional spacetime.
Definitions
Given a complex null tetrad and with the convention , the Weyl-NP scalars are defined by
Note: If one adopts the convention , the definitions of should take the opposite values; that is to say, after the signature transition.
Alternative derivations
According to the definitions above, one should find out the Weyl tensors before calculating the Weyl-NP scalars via contractions with relevant tetrad vectors. This method, however, does not fully reflect the spirit of Newman–Penrose formalism. As an alternative, one could firstly compute the spin coefficients and then use the NP field equations to derive the five Weyl-NP scalars
where (used for ) refers to the NP curvature scalar which could be calculated directly from the spacetime metric .
Physical interpretation
Szekeres (1965) gave an interpretation of the different Weyl scalars at large distances:
is a "Coulomb" term, representing the gravitational monopole of the source;
& are ingoing and outgoing "longitudinal" radiation terms;
& are ingoing and outgoing "transverse" radiation terms.
For a general asymptotically flat spacetime containing radiation (Petrov Type I), & can be transformed to zero by an appropriate choice of null tetrad. Thus these can be viewed as gauge quantities.
A par
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral%20reconstruction
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Ancestral reconstruction (also known as Character Mapping or Character Optimization) is the extrapolation back in time from measured characteristics of individuals (or populations) to their common ancestors. It is an important application of phylogenetics, the reconstruction and study of the evolutionary relationships among individuals, populations or species to their ancestors. In the context of evolutionary biology, ancestral reconstruction can be used to recover different kinds of ancestral character states of organisms that lived millions of years ago. These states include the genetic sequence (ancestral sequence reconstruction), the amino acid sequence of a protein, the composition of a genome (e.g., gene order), a measurable characteristic of an organism (phenotype), and the geographic range of an ancestral population or species (ancestral range reconstruction). This is desirable because it allows us to examine parts of phylogenetic trees corresponding to the distant past, clarifying the evolutionary history of the species in the tree. Since modern genetic sequences are essentially a variation of ancient ones, access to ancient sequences may identify other variations and organisms which could have arisen from those sequences. In addition to genetic sequences, one might attempt to track the changing of one character trait to another, such as fins turning to legs.
Non-biological applications include the reconstruction of the vocabulary or phonemes of ancient languages, a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprapleural%20membrane
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The suprapleural membrane, eponymously known as Sibson's fascia, is a structure described in human anatomy.
It is named for Francis Sibson.
Anatomy
It refers to a thickening of connective tissue that covers the apex of each human lung. It is an extension of the endothoracic fascia that exists between the parietal pleura and the thoracic cage. Sibson muscular part is originated from scalenus medius muscle. Fascial part is originated from Endothoracic Fascia. It attaches to the internal border of the first rib and the transverse processes of vertebra C7. It extends approximately an inch more superiorly than the superior thoracic aperture, because the lungs themselves extend higher than the top of the ribcage.
Clinical significance
The function of the suprapleural membrane is to protect the apex of the lung (as some of the part which extends outside the rib cage) and to protect the cervical fascia. This helps in resisting intrathoracic pressure changes therefore preventing inflation and deflation of the neck during expiration and inspiration respectively and also providing rigidity to the thoracic inlet.
Herniation of the cervical fascia may result due to injury to suprapleural membrane.
"The thoracic duct traverses Sibson's Fascia of the thoracic-inlet up to the level of C7 before turning around and emptying into the left (major) duct. The right (minor duct) only traverses the thoracic inlet once."<ref>p. 86, p 210, Kuchera, WA.
References
Thoracic cavity
Pleura
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genencor
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Genencor is a biotechnology company based in Palo Alto, CA and a subsidiary of IFF. Genencor is a producer of Industrial enzymes and low-priced bulk protein. The name Genencor originates with Genencor, Inc., the original joint venture between Genentech and Corning Incorporated, which was founded in 1982. It is considered to have pioneered the field of industrial biotechnology, as distinct from traditional applications of biotechnology to health care and agriculture.
In 2005 Genencor was acquired by Danisco.
In 2008 Genencor entered a joint venture with DuPont, called DuPont Danisco Cellulosic Ethanol LLC, to develop and commercialize low cost technology for the production of cellulosic ethanol. In 2008, Genencor and Goodyear announced they were working to develop BioIsoprene.
In 2011, Dupont acquired Danisco for $6.3 billion.
In 2021, portions of Dupont including the Genencor division were acquired by International Flavors & Fragrances.
Awards
Genencor achieved the following awards:
Named No. 2 Best Medium-Sized Company to Work for in America by the Great Place to Work® Institute, Inc. (2004)
Named No. 1 Best Medium-Sized Company to Work for in America by the Great Place to Work® Institute, Inc. (2005)
Named No. 1 Best Place to Work in the Bay Area by the San Francisco Chronicle (2005)
Named No. 11 Best Medium-Sized Company to Work for in America by the Great Place to Work® Institute, Inc. (2011)
See also
Environmental biotechnology
Agricultural biotechnology
Referenc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal%20protein
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A ribosomal protein (r-protein or rProtein) is any of the proteins that, in conjunction with rRNA, make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation. E. coli, other bacteria and Archaea have a 30S small subunit and a 50S large subunit, whereas humans and yeasts have a 40S small subunit and a 60S large subunit. Equivalent subunits are frequently numbered differently between bacteria, Archaea, yeasts and humans.
A large part of the knowledge about these organic molecules has come from the study of E. coli ribosomes. All ribosomal proteins have been isolated and many specific antibodies have been produced. These, together with electronic microscopy and the use of certain reactives, have allowed for the determination of the topography of the proteins in the ribosome. More recently, a near-complete (near)atomic picture of the ribosomal proteins is emerging from the latest high-resolution cryo-EM data (including ).
Conservation
Ribosomal proteins are among the most highly conserved proteins across all life forms. Among the 40 proteins found in various small ribosomal subunits (RPSs), 15 subunits are universally conserved across prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, 7 subunits are only found in bacteria (bS21, bS6, bS16, bS18, bS20, bS21, and bTHX), while 17 subunits are only found in archaea and eukaryotes. Typically 22 proteins are found in bacterial small subunits and 32 in yeast, human and most likely most other eukaryotic species. Twenty-seven (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon%20Freiherr%20von%20Eickstedt
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Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt (April 10, 1892 – December 20, 1965) was a German physical anthropologist who classified humanity into races. His study in the classification of human races made him one of the leading racial theorists of Nazi Germany.
Early life
Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt was born on April 10, 1892, in Jersitz, Province of Posen.
Career
Von Eickstedt was an anthropologist. He was the author of Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit (Ethnology and the Race History of Mankind).
From 1933 to 1945, he was the editor of Zeitschrift fur Rassenkunde, a German journal of racial studies, with the assistance of Hans F. K. Günther.
Death
He died on December 20, 1965.
Bibliography
Eickstedt, E. v.: 1920-21: Rassenelemente der Sikh. - Z. Ethnol. 52-53, 317-368.
Eickstedt, E. v. - 1923: A comparative anthropometry of 144 Punjabis. - Man in India 3, 161-188.
Eickstedt, E. v. - 1923: 50 Typen aus Europa, Afrika, Indien. - Leipzig.
Eickstedt, E. v. - 1924: Results of descriptions and measurements of 68 Muhammadans from the Punjab. - Man in India 3, 177-189.
Eickstedt, E. v. - 1926: Tamilen. - Arch. Rassenbilder, Bildaufsatz 1, Archivkarte 1-10. - 1926: Indische Tänzerinnen. - Völkerkde. 7/9, 155-157. - 1926: Die Diebskaste der Kallar in Südindien. - Völkerkde. 7/9, 6-15.
Eickstedt, E. v. - 1926: The races and types of the Western and Central Himalayas. - Man in India 6, 237- 276.
Eickstedt, E. v. - 1926: Zur Anthropologie der Garhwali im Himalaya.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox%20Continental
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The Vox Continental is a transistorised combo organ that was manufactured between 1962 and 1971 by the British musical equipment manufacturer Vox. It was designed for touring musicians and as an alternative to the heavy Hammond organ. It supports drawbars in a similar manner to the Hammond, and has distinctive reverse-coloured keys. The sound is generated by a series of oscillators, using a frequency divider to span multiple octaves.
The first Continentals were produced at Vox's manufacturing plant in Dartford, England; after arranging a deal with the Thomas Organ Company, later models were produced in the US and Italy. The most popular model was the single-manual Continental, but other models were produced, such as the budget Vox Jaguar, various dual-manual organs, and the experimental Guitar Organ and Voxmobile, based on the Vox Continental's internals.
The Continental became a popular instrument in the 1960s and 1970s, especially with garage and later new wave bands, and was used by the Beatles, the Animals, the Doors, Iron Butterfly, Elvis Costello, and Madness. After being phased out of production in the early 1970s, the instrument remained a sought-after combo organ by enthusiasts. Japanese manufacturer Korg bought the Vox name, producing a new version of the Vox Continental in 2017, and various modern stage keyboards include an emulation of the organ.
Description
The Continental had two basic designs, each with its own variations. They were the single-manual Contin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-broadcasting%20theorem
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In physics, the no-broadcasting theorem is a result of quantum information theory. In the case of pure quantum states, it is a corollary of the no-cloning theorem. The no-cloning theorem for pure states says that it is impossible to create two copies of an unknown state given a single copy of the state. Since quantum states cannot be copied in general, they cannot be broadcast. Here, the word "broadcast" is used in the sense of conveying the state to two or more recipients. For multiple recipients to each receive the state, there must be, in some sense, a way of duplicating the state. The no-broadcast theorem generalizes the no-cloning theorem for mixed states.
The theorem also includes a converse: if two quantum states do commute, there is a method for broadcasting them: they must have a common basis of eigenstates diagonalizing them simultaneously, and the map that clones every state of this basis is a legitimate quantum operation, requiring only physical resources independent of the input state to implement—a completely positive map. A corollary is that there is a physical process capable of broadcasting every state in some set of quantum states if, and only if, every pair of states in the set commutes. This broadcasting map, which works in the commuting case, produces an overall state in which the two copies are perfectly correlated in their eigenbasis.
Remarkably, the theorem does not hold if more than one copy of the initial state is provided: for example, broadc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapInfo%20TAB%20format
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The MapInfo TAB format is a geospatial vector data format for geographic information systems software. It is developed and regulated by MapInfo Corporation as a proprietary format.
File components
The basic file components for a MapInfo Professional data set relate to the two basic environments for working in MapInfo; "Browser View" and "Mapper View".
As with most other GIS packages, several files are required to allow the user to open a data set for viewing within MapInfo Professional. The most basic view would be the browser view only. This environment provides storage of attribute or object data and is represented like a spreadsheet. In this simplified scenario, no geographic information is available.
Minimum files required for the basic MapInfo Professional browser environment:
.TAB (The ASCII file that is the link between all other files and holds information about the type of data set file )
.DAT (The file that stores the attribute data. This is a dBase III DBF file)
As an alternative to the *.DAT file, MapInfo Professional can use other data formats such as, *.TXT, *.XLS *.WK*, *.MDB (and for each Microsoft Access format the software also makes another small file). MapInfo Professional still creates a .TAB file that contains information about the data set file, and the user interacts with the TAB file only.
There may also be a third file:
.IND (Optional index file for tabular data. This is present if any columns are indexed).
To view geographic information (the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20Analysis%20Backlog%20Elimination%20Act%20of%202000
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The DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000 (H.R. 4640, 42 U.S.C. 14135 et seq.) is a United States Act of Congress that primarily allows US states to carry out DNA analyses for use in the FBI's Combined DNA Index System and to collect and analyse DNA samples.
Under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, 42 U.S.C. § 14132, "Congress authorized the FBI to create a national index of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples taken from convicted offenders, crime scenes and victims of crime, and unidentified human remains." In response to this congressional mandate, the FBI established the Combined DNA Index System ("CODIS"). The CODIS database provides a means for state and local forensic laboratories to share DNA profiles in an attempt to "link evidence from crime scenes for which there are no suspects to DNA samples of convicted offenders on file in the system."
However, the 1994 Act was interpreted by the FBI to permit only the creation of the CODIS, not the taking of DNA samples of persons convicted of federal offenses for input into the system. Thus, "the FBI requested that Congress enact statutory authority to allow the taking of DNA samples from persons committing Federal crimes of violence, robbery, and burglary, or similar crimes in the District of Columbia or while in the military, and authorizing them to be included in CODIS."
Accordingly, Congress passed the DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000 ("DNA Act"), 42 U.S.C. § 14135 et seq., whi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigot%20%28film%29
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Gigot is a 1962 American comedy film directed by Gene Kelly and starring Jackie Gleason.
Plot
Gigot (Gleason) (the name means "leg of mutton" in French) is a mute Frenchman living in a cellar in the Ménilmontant district of Paris in the 1920s. He ekes out a hand-to-mouth existence as a janitor at his landlady's apartment building. He is routinely treated with condescension by neighbors and often is made the butt of practical jokes. However, he is a decent and kindhearted fellow, traits not unnoticed by children and the animals he often feeds. Gigot has one unusual predilection: he is attracted by funeral processions and finds himself attending, whether or not he ever knew the departed. He can't help but cry along with all the other mourners.
After being abused by locals at a pub, he chances upon a woman, Colette (Katherine Kath), and her 6-year-old daughter Nicole (Diane Gardner), huddled in a doorway trying to stay dry. He takes them to his dingy basement abode, gives them what food and drink he has, a bed to sleep in, and shelter from the rain. Colette is suspicious but is so exhausted that she accepts.
Gigot gleefully dotes upon Nicole. Gigot is astonished to discover she is ignorant of what a church is, completely unaware of God. Nicole points to a crucifix and asks about it. The mute attempts to convey the identity and significance of Christ as the savior of the world, but Nicole cannot understand. Frustrated at his inability to explain, Gigot begins punching
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtilisin
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Subtilisin is a protease (a protein-digesting enzyme) initially obtained from Bacillus subtilis.
Subtilisins belong to subtilases, a group of serine proteases that – like all serine proteases – initiate the nucleophilic attack on the peptide (amide) bond through a serine residue at the active site. Subtilisins typically have molecular weights 27kDa. They can be obtained from certain types of soil bacteria, for example, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from which they are secreted in large amounts.
Nomenclature
Subtilisin is also commercially known as Alcalase®, Endocut-02L, ALK-enzyme, bacillopeptidase, Bacillus subtilis alkaline proteinase bioprase, bioprase AL, colistinase, genenase I, Esperase®, maxatase, protease XXVII, thermoase, superase, subtilisin DY, subtilopeptidase, SP 266, Savinase®, Savinase® Evity, kazusase, protease VIII, protin A 3L, orientase 10B, protease S, Progress® Uno, Liquanase® Evity®, Progress® Excel . It is the type serine endopeptidase of MEROPS family S8.
Structure
The structure of subtilisin has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The mature form is a 275-residue globular protein with several alpha-helices, and a large beta-sheet. The N-terminal contains an I9 propeptide domain () that assists the folding of subtilisin. Proteolytic removal of the domain activates the enzyme. It is structurally unrelated to the chymotrypsin-clan of serine proteases, but uses the same type of catalytic triad in the active site. This makes it a classic exampl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbe%20Bay
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Kimbe Bay is a large bay in West New Britain Province, off the northern coast of New Britain, Papua New Guinea, at . Kimbe Bay is an important biodiversity hotspot. 60 percent of the coral species of the entire Indo-Pacific region live here. Kimbe Bay is the home of more than 860 coral reef fish species. Because of a massive die-off of coral worldwide due to pollution, human activities, and global warming, Kimbe Bay has become increasingly important, since it is seen as one of the last holdouts for coral should the degradation continue. Efforts are currently underway to limit the human impact on the bay. Due to its beauty it is also a popular diving site.
References
External links
Diving in Kimbe Bay
Bays of Papua New Guinea
West New Britain Province
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatsuba%20algorithm
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The Karatsuba algorithm is a fast multiplication algorithm. It was discovered by Anatoly Karatsuba in 1960 and published in 1962. It is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that reduces the multiplication of two n-digit numbers to three multiplications of n/2-digit numbers and, by repeating this reduction, to at most single-digit multiplications. It is therefore asymptotically faster than the traditional algorithm, which performs single-digit products.
The Karatsuba algorithm was the first multiplication algorithm asymptotically faster than the quadratic "grade school" algorithm.
The Toom–Cook algorithm (1963) is a faster generalization of Karatsuba's method, and the Schönhage–Strassen algorithm (1971) is even faster, for sufficiently large n.
History
The standard procedure for multiplication of two n-digit numbers requires a number of elementary operations proportional to , or in big-O notation. Andrey Kolmogorov conjectured that the traditional algorithm was asymptotically optimal, meaning that any algorithm for that task would require elementary operations.
In 1960, Kolmogorov organized a seminar on mathematical problems in cybernetics at the Moscow State University, where he stated the conjecture and other problems in the complexity of computation. Within a week, Karatsuba, then a 23-year-old student, found an algorithm that multiplies two n-digit numbers in elementary steps, thus disproving the conjecture. Kolmogorov was very excited about the discovery; he communica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheil%20equation
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In metallurgy, the Scheil-Gulliver equation (or Scheil equation) describes solute redistribution during solidification of an alloy.
Assumptions
Four key assumptions in Scheil analysis enable determination of phases present in a cast part. These assumptions are:
No diffusion occurs in solid phases once they are formed ()
Infinitely fast diffusion occurs in the liquid at all temperatures by virtue of a high diffusion coefficient, thermal convection, Marangoni convection, etc. ()
Equilibrium exists at the solid-liquid interface, and so compositions from the phase diagram are valid
Solidus and liquidus are straight segments
The fourth condition (straight solidus/liquidus segments) may be relaxed when numerical techniques are used, such as those used in CALPHAD software packages, though these calculations rely on calculated equilibrium phase diagrams. Calculated diagrams may include odd artifacts (i.e. retrograde solubility) that influence Scheil calculations.
Derivation
The hatched areas in the figure represent the amount of solute in the solid and liquid. Considering that the total amount of solute in the system must be conserved, the areas are set equal as follows:
.
Since the partition coefficient (related to solute distribution) is
(determined from the phase diagram)
and mass must be conserved
the mass balance may be rewritten as
.
Using the boundary condition
at
the following integration may be performed:
.
Integrating results in the Scheil-Gul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeding%20%28fluid%20dynamics%29
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Seeding a material is a concept used in fluid dynamics to describe the act of introducing specific particulates or other foreign substances into a stream of fluid being evaluated. An altered fluid will be described as having a seeded flow.
Details
These particulates are generally small enough to be carried by the fluid but large enough to be picked up using a flow visualization technique, such as particle image velocimetry (PIV). In reference to aerodynamic testing, such as wind tunnel testing, water tunnel testing, or any other test investigating the flow of a fluid which may be invisible to the naked eye, seeding a flow is often the only way to take visual measurements. Simple examples of a seeded flow include the introduction of smoke into a low speed wind tunnel to see the general path of the air, or injecting colored dye into a water tunnel to see secondary flow structures such as hairpin vortices.
As stated in The Handbook of Fluid Dynamics, an ideal seeding particle should have uniform properties such that its density is the same as the fluid that it's added to.
See also
Flow visualization
Fluid dynamics
Fluid mechanics
Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines
References
Fluid dynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier%20%28video%20game%29
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Barrier is a maze arcade game using vector graphics released by Vectorbeam in 1979. The game was sold to Vectorbeam by Cinematronics.
Gameplay
Players move a small triangle around on the grid, while attempting to avoid the diamonds that are also moving around on the grid. Reaching the end of the grid teleports the player back to the front of the grid to gain points. The game is played on a 3x10 grid that is displayed at angle to make it appear to be in 3-D.
References
External links
Barrier at Arcade History
1979 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Maze games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer hotseat games
Vector arcade video games
Vectorbeam games
Video games developed in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Humphrey
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Bobby Gene Humphrey (born October 11, 1966) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for the Denver Broncos and Miami Dolphins in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at the University of Alabama.
College career
Humphrey played from 1985 to 1988 for the Crimson Tide. During his freshman year, he would share the backfield with Gene Jelks and Kerry Goode. He would rush for 502 yards, on 99 carries, and 4 touchdowns. During his sophomore year, he led the Crimson Tide in rushing with 1,471 yards and scored 15 touchdowns. The season ended on Christmas Day in the Sun Bowl against the Washington Huskies. Humphrey scored three touchdowns, and the Tide finished with a 10-3 record. He was named to an All-American team. In 1987, Bobby Humphrey was once again the featured back for the Tide. Rushing for 1,255 yards on 238 carries, and 11 touchdowns. One of the highlights of his junior year, was a 220-yard rushing performance against Penn State. On Halloween night, against Mississippi State he would pass Johnny Musso as Alabama's all-time leading rusher. Alabama would finish the year in the 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl, where Humphrey would score two touchdowns in a losing effort. He was once again named to an All-American team, and finished tenth in the Heisman Trophy voting. During spring practice, he would break his left foot. He started his senior season against Temple, scoring a touchdown. But two weeks later, he would break his fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefoil%20knot%20fold
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The trefoil knot fold is a protein fold in which the protein backbone is twisted into a trefoil knot shape. "Shallow" knots in which the tail of the polypeptide chain only passes through a loop by a few residues are uncommon, but "deep" knots in which many residues are passed through the loop are extremely rare. Deep trefoil knots have been found in the SPOUT superfamily. including methyltransferase proteins involved in posttranscriptional RNA modification in all three domains of life, including bacterium Thermus thermophilus and proteins, in archaea and in eukaryota.
In many cases the trefoil knot is part of the active site or a ligand-binding site and is critical to the activity of the enzyme in which it appears. Before the discovery of the first knotted protein, it was believed that the process of protein folding could not efficiently produce deep knots in protein backbones. Studies of the folding kinetics of a dimeric protein from Haemophilus influenzae have revealed that the folding of trefoil knot proteins may depend on proline isomerization. Computational algorithms have been developed to identify knotted protein structures, both to canvas the Protein Data Bank for previously undetected natural knots and to identify knots in protein structure predictions, where they are unlikely to accurately reproduce the native-state structure due to the rarity of knots in known proteins.
Knottins are small, diverse and stable proteins with important drug design potential. They ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt%27s%20theorem
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Schmidt's theorem may refer to:
Krull–Schmidt theorem
Wolfgang M. Schmidt's subspace theorem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSMG
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RSMG may refer to:
Russell Simmons Music Group
16S rRNA (guanine527-N7)-methyltransferase, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Killarney%20%28Illinois%29
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Lake Killarney is a subdivision surrounding a private lake located to the west of the Fox River in unincorporated Cary and Crystal Lake, Illinois. It is located northwest of Chicago. Lake Killarney residents have exclusive lake rights to an spring fed lake.
The Lake Killarney Home Owners Association was incorporated March 15, 1962, and is the sole owner of the "Common Properties" known as Lake Killarney (the lake itself), its two beaches, parkland areas, along with various sections of property surrounding the lake.
Lake Killarney Lake
Lake Killarney is a glacial lake located in McHenry County, northwest of Cary. The lake has a maximum depth of , an average of , and a storage capacity of . Lake Killarney serves as a recreational lake for its residences. Residents practice catch and release to assure the fish stay plentiful. A valid Illinois Fishing license is required. Swimming, fishing, row-boating or canoeing, and sail-boating are the major uses of the lake. Access is limited to subdivision members only. No motors of any kind are allowed on the lake.
See also
List of lakes in Illinois
References
External links
Killarney
Bodies of water of McHenry County, Illinois
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-medoids
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The -medoids problem is a clustering problem similar to -means. The name was coined by Leonard Kaufman and Peter J. Rousseeuw with their PAM (Partitioning Around Medoids) algorithm. Both the -means and -medoids algorithms are partitional (breaking the dataset up into groups) and attempt to minimize the distance between points labeled to be in a cluster and a point designated as the center of that cluster. In contrast to the -means algorithm, -medoids chooses actual data points as centers (medoids or exemplars), and thereby allows for greater interpretability of the cluster centers than in -means, where the center of a cluster is not necessarily one of the input data points (it is the average between the points in the cluster). Furthermore, -medoids can be used with arbitrary dissimilarity measures, whereas -means generally requires Euclidean distance for efficient solutions. Because -medoids minimizes a sum of pairwise dissimilarities instead of a sum of squared Euclidean distances, it is more robust to noise and outliers than -means.
-medoids is a classical partitioning technique of clustering that splits the data set of objects into clusters, where the number of clusters assumed known a priori (which implies that the programmer must specify k before the execution of a -medoids algorithm). The "goodness" of the given value of can be assessed with methods such as the silhouette method.
The medoid of a cluster is defined as the object in the cluster whose average dissimi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollis%20Dow%20Hedberg
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Hollis Dow Hedberg (May 29, 1903 – August 14, 1988; nickname: "El Doctor Hedberg") was an American geologist specializing in petroleum exploration. His contribution to stratigraphic classification of rocks and procedures is a monumental work which received universal acceptance. The firm he worked for, the Gulf Oil Corporation in Venezuela, trusted his findings and explored what had until then been uncharted territory. As a result, they reaped huge benefits from their petroleum findings.
Hedberg taught at Princeton University from 1959 until his retirement in 1971. He was awarded the Mary Clark Thompson Medal by the National Academy of Sciences in 1973. In 1975 he was awarded the Wollaston Medal by the Geological Society of London. Hedberg won the Sidney Powers Memorial Award in 1963.
Early life
Hollis Dow Hedberg was born on 29 May 1903 in Falun, Kansas. He belonged to a small Swedish community and his parents lived on the second floor of the house. At that time Kansas experienced the worst flood in its history. His father, Carl August Hedberg, born in Sweden came to the US as one of four children. His mother, Zada Mary Dow, was of Scottish-English descent. His initial years were difficult; he worked in the fields. He developed a skill for whistling (which became his trait) while ploughing fields with horses. He came from a musical family: his father played violin, his mother the piano, his brother James the viola, and he played cello. They were fond of reading books to one
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrophic%20current
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A geostrophic current is an oceanic current in which the pressure gradient force is balanced by the Coriolis effect. The direction of geostrophic flow is parallel to the isobars, with the high pressure to the right of the flow in the Northern Hemisphere, and the high pressure to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This concept is familiar from weather maps, whose isobars show the direction of geostrophic winds. Geostrophic flow may be either barotropic or baroclinic. A geostrophic current may also be thought of as a rotating shallow water wave with a frequency of zero.
The principle of geostrophy or geostrophic balance is useful to oceanographers because it allows them to infer ocean currents from measurements of the sea surface height (by combined satellite altimetry and gravimetry) or from vertical profiles of seawater density taken by ships or autonomous buoys. The major currents of the world's oceans, such as the Gulf Stream, the Kuroshio Current, the Agulhas Current, and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, are all approximately in geostrophic balance and are examples of geostrophic currents.
Simple explanation
Sea water naturally tends to move from a region of high pressure (or high sea level) to a region of low pressure (or low sea level). The force pushing the water towards the low pressure region is called the pressure gradient force. In a geostrophic flow, instead of water moving from a region of high pressure (or high sea level) to a region of low pressure (or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity%20%28disambiguation%29
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Viscosity (commonly perceived as "thickness", or resistance to pouring) is the measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform under either shear stress or extensional stress.
Viscosity can also refer to:
A cognitive dimension for the design of notations measuring resistance to change.
Viscosity (programming) - a concept in object oriented programming, which refers to the ease at which a developer can add design-preserving code to a system.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Shell
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Donald L. Shell (March 1, 1924 – November 2, 2015) was an American computer scientist who designed the Shellsort sorting algorithm. He acquired his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Cincinnati in 1959, and published the Shellsort algorithm in the Communications of the ACM in July that same year.
Career
Donald Shell acquired a B.S. in Civil Engineering from the Michigan College of Mining and Technology which is now Michigan Technological University. This was a four-year degree which he acquired in three years with the highest GPA given in the college's history. A record which persisted for more than 30 years. After acquiring his degree he went into the Army Corps of Engineers, and from there to the Philippines to help repair damages during World War II. When he returned after the war, he married Alice McCullough and returned to Michigan Technological University, where he taught mathematics. In 1949 they moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, for Don to work for General Electric's engines division, where he developed a convergence algorithm and wrote a program to perform performance cycle calculations for GE's first aircraft jet engines. He also attended the University of Cincinnati, where in 1951 he acquired a M.S. in mathematics and, in 1959, acquired his Ph.D. in Mathematics. In July of that year he published the Shellsort algorithm and "The Share 709 System: A Cooperative Effort". In 1958, he and A. Spitzbart had published "A Chebycheff Fitting Criterion".
Although he is mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Carr
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Gene Carr may refer to:
Gene Carr (cartoonist) (1881–1959), comic strip artist
Gene Carr (ice hockey) (born 1951), ice hockey player
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Mines%20II
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Crystal Mines II is a puzzle video game designed and programmed by Ken Beckett for Color Dreams. It was licensed to Atari Corporation for the Lynx handheld system. The game is a sequel to Crystal Mines for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Both releases are similar to Boulder Dash, a genre which has since become known as "rocks and diamonds" games.
There are 150 levels and 31 bonus levels. The levels were designed by Scott Davis, Danny Sosebee, Lee Rider, Joel Byers, Jim Treadway, Gabriel Beckett and Ron Degen. Music was composed by Ken Calderone, and graphics were by Nina, Dan Burke and Ken Beckett.
Crystal Mines II was released for the Nintendo DS in 2010 as Crystal Mines.
Gameplay
The player guides a robot down a series of mines to collect crystals of different colors (and worth different point values). Along the way, the robot encounters wooden blocks, which can be blown up or sawed through, boulders of different types, dirt, which can be shot away with the robot's blaster, and a variety of monsters. The robot can also discover shields, radioactivity protection, deposits of copper, silver and gold, and caches of TNT. The metal deposits become bonuses to the player's score, while the other items can be used to complete various levels of the game.
Reception
CVG Magazine reviewed the Lynx version in their May 1992 issue, giving it a rating of 83 out of 100.
Re-releases
In 2000, Songbird Productions produced a sequel, Crystal Mines II: Buried Treasure on CD-ROM for Mic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%20abnormality
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A chromosomal abnormality, chromosomal anomaly, chromosomal aberration, chromosomal mutation, or chromosomal disorder, is a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA. These can occur in the form of numerical abnormalities, where there is an atypical number of chromosomes, or as structural abnormalities, where one or more individual chromosomes are altered. Chromosome mutation was formerly used in a strict sense to mean a change in a chromosomal segment, involving more than one gene. Chromosome anomalies usually occur when there is an error in cell division following meiosis or mitosis. Chromosome abnormalities may be detected or confirmed by comparing an individual's karyotype, or full set of chromosomes, to a typical karyotype for the species via genetic testing.
Numerical abnormality
An abnormal number of chromosomes is known as aneuploidy, and occurs when an individual is either missing a chromosome from a pair (resulting in monosomy) or has more than two chromosomes of a pair (trisomy, tetrasomy, etc.). Aneuploidy can be full, involving a whole chromosome missing or added, or partial, where only part of a chromosome is missing or added. Aneuploidy can occur with sex chromosomes or autosomes.
An example of trisomy in humans is Down syndrome, which is a developmental disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21; the disorder is therefore also called trisomy 21.
An example of monosomy in humans is Turner syndrome, where the individual is born with only
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcovado%20%28song%29
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"Corcovado" (known in English as "Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars") is a bossa nova song and jazz standard written by Antônio Carlos Jobim in 1960. English lyrics were later written by Gene Lees. The Portuguese title refers to the Corcovado mountain in Rio de Janeiro.
Tony Bennett recorded the first popular English cover of "Quiet Nights" with new lyrics by Buddy Kaye in 1963. Numerous English cover recordings then followed sometimes credited to Lees and/or Kaye and Lees, including the Andy Williams recording of the song with English lyrics, reaching #92 in the Billboard Hot 100 and #18 in the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart in 1965. Also receiving air-play, contemporaneously with Andy Williams' recording of "Quiet Nights," was Kitty Kallen's version. Her album, titled "Quiet Nights," was released by 20th Century-Fox Records in 1964.
Notable recordings
It is now considered a jazz standard, having been recorded by:
João Gilberto – O Amor, o Sorriso e a Flor (1960)
Sylvia Telles – Amor em Hi-Fi (1960)
Cannonball Adderley and Sérgio Mendes – Cannonball's Bossa Nova (1962)
Miles Davis – Quiet Nights (1962)
Stan Getz, Antônio Carlos Jobim, João Gilberto and Astrud Gilberto – Getz/Gilberto (1963)
Tony Bennett – I Wanna Be Around... (1963)
Charlie Byrd – Brazilian Byrd (1964)
Vince Guaraldi – The Latin Side of Vince Guaraldi (1964)
Caterina Valente – Valente on TV (1964)
Morgana King – on TV at Hollywood Palace (1964)
Oscar Peterson – We Get Requests (1964)
Sérgio Mendes – Sergio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosine
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Mimosine or leucenol is a toxic non-protein amino acid chemically similar to tyrosine. It occurs in some Mimosa spp. (including M. pudica) and all members of the closely related genus Leucaena.
This compound, also known as leucenol, was first isolated from the seeds of Leucaena glauca Benth., and was later investigated by Adams and coworkers.
Properties
Mimosine melts with decomposition. The hydrochloride salt melts at 174.5–175.0 °C with decomposition; the hydrobromide decomposes at 179.5 °C, and the hydroiodide decomposes at 183–183.5 °C. Mimosine only forms monobasic acids, but the methyl ester forms a dihydrochloride, C7H9O2N2(COOMe)•2 HCl•½ H2O, mp. 175–6 °C.
Biological effects
Mimosine arrests dividing cells in the late G1 phase by inhibiting DNA replication initiation. In ruminants, mimosine is degraded to 3,4- and 2,3-dihydroxypyridone (3,4- and 2,3-DHP).
Although toxicosis has occurred in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Africa and Florida, it has not been recorded in any other tropical and subtropical regions. Goats in Burma lost hair when fed a diet containing 50% of Leucaena. Goats and cattle in Hawaii are able to degrade the 3,4-DHP ruminally. Tolerance might be related to the presence or absence of microbes tolerant to mimosine and 3,4-DHP. It is known that at least Australian goats do not share the abilities of their Hawaiian counterparts.
Bickel and Wibaut found in feeding experiments with rats and mice that leucenol is probably the toxic constituent of Leuca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov%20backward%20equations%20%28diffusion%29
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The Kolmogorov backward equation (KBE) (diffusion) and its adjoint sometimes known as the Kolmogorov forward equation (diffusion) are partial differential equations (PDE) that arise in the theory of continuous-time continuous-state Markov processes. Both were published by Andrey Kolmogorov in 1931. Later it was realized that the forward equation was already known to physicists under the name Fokker–Planck equation; the KBE on the other hand was new.
Informally, the Kolmogorov forward equation addresses the following problem. We have information about the state x of the system at time t (namely a probability distribution ); we want to know the probability distribution of the state at a later time . The adjective 'forward' refers to the fact that serves as the initial condition and the PDE is integrated forward in time (in the common case where the initial state is known exactly, is a Dirac delta function centered on the known initial state).
The Kolmogorov backward equation on the other hand is useful when we are interested at time t in whether at a future time s the system will be in a given subset of states B, sometimes called the target set. The target is described by a given function which is equal to 1 if state x is in the target set at time s, and zero otherwise. In other words, , the indicator function for the set B. We want to know for every state x at time what is the probability of ending up in the target set at time s (sometimes called the hit probability
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solifenacin
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Solifenacin, sold as the brand name Vesicare among others, is a medicine used to treat overactive bladder and neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO). It may help with incontinence, urinary frequency, and urinary urgency.
Benefits appear similar to other medications in the class. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include dry mouth, constipation, and urinary tract infection. Severe side effects may include urinary retention, QT prolongation, hallucinations, glaucoma, and anaphylaxis. It is unclear if use is safe during pregnancy. It is of the antimuscarinic class and works by decreasing bladder contractions.
Solifenacin was approved for medical use in the United States in 2004. In 2020, it was the 266th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.
Medical use
It is used to treat overactive bladder. It may help with incontinence, urinary frequency, and urinary urgency.
Benefits appear similar to other antimuscarinics such as oxybutynin, tolterodine, and darifenacin.
It is also used to treat neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO), a form of bladder dysfunction related to neurological impairment, in children ages two years and older. NDO is a dysfunction of the bladder that results from disease or injury in the nervous system. NDO may be related to congenital conditions (often-inherited conditions beginning at or before birth), such as spina bifida (myelomeningocele), or other conditions such as spinal cord injury.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetohydroxamic%20acid
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Acetohydroxamic acid (also known as AHA or by the trade name Lithostat) is a drug that is a potent and irreversible enzyme inhibitor of the urease enzyme in various bacteria and plants; it is usually used for urinary tract infections. The molecule is similar to urea but is not hydrolyzable by urease; it thus disrupts the bacteria's metabolism through competitive inhibition.
Orphan drug
In 1983 the US Food and Drug Administration approved acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) as an orphan drug for "prevention of so-called struvite stones" under the newly enacted Orphan Drug Act of 1983. AHA cannot be patented because it is a standard chemical compound.
See also
Salicylhydroxamic acid
References
Orphan drugs
Hydroxamic acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrophysics
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Petrophysics (from the Greek πέτρα, petra, "rock" and φύσις, physis, "nature") is the study of physical and chemical rock properties and their interactions with fluids.
A major application of petrophysics is in studying reservoirs for the hydrocarbon industry. Petrophysicists work together with reservoir engineers and geoscientists to understand the porous media properties of the reservoir. Particularly how the pores are interconnected in the subsurface, controlling the accumulation and migration of hydrocarbons. Some fundamental petrophysical properties determined are lithology, porosity, water saturation, permeability, and capillary pressure.
The petrophysicists workflow measures and evaluates these petrophysical properties through well-log interpretation (i.e. in-situ reservoir conditions) and core analysis in the laboratory. During well perforation, different well-log tools are used to measure the petrophysical and mineralogical properties through radioactivity and seismic technologies in the borehole. In addition, core plugs are taken from the well as sidewall core or whole core samples. These studies are combined with geological, geophysical, and reservoir engineering studies to model the reservoir and determine its economic feasibility.
While most petrophysicists work in the hydrocarbon industry, some also work in the mining, water resources, geothermal energy, and carbon capture and storage industries. Petrophysics is part of the geosciences, and its studies are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoidal%20plane-wave%20solutions%20of%20the%20electromagnetic%20wave%20equation
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Sinusoidal plane-wave solutions are particular solutions to the electromagnetic wave equation.
The general solution of the electromagnetic wave equation in homogeneous, linear, time-independent media can be written as a linear superposition of plane-waves of different frequencies and polarizations.
The treatment in this article is classical but, because of the generality of Maxwell's equations for electrodynamics, the treatment can be converted into the quantum mechanical treatment with only a reinterpretation of classical quantities (aside from the quantum mechanical treatment needed for charge and current densities).
The reinterpretation is based on the theories of Max Planck and the interpretations by Albert Einstein of those theories and of other experiments. The quantum generalization of the classical treatment can be found in the articles on photon polarization and photon dynamics in the double-slit experiment.
Explanation
Experimentally, every light signal can be decomposed into a spectrum of frequencies and wavelengths associated with sinusoidal solutions of the wave equation. Polarizing filters can be used to decompose light into its various polarization components. The polarization components can be linear, circular or elliptical.
Plane waves
The plane sinusoidal solution for an electromagnetic wave traveling in the z direction is
for the electric field and
for the magnetic field, where k is the wavenumber,
is the angular frequency of the wave, and is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexafluoro-2-butyne
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Hexafluoro-2-butyne (HFB) is a fluorocarbon with the chemical structure CF3C≡CCF3. HFB is a particularly electrophilic acetylene derivative, and hence a potent dienophile for Diels–Alder reactions.
Synthesis and reactions
HFB is prepared by the action of sulfur tetrafluoride on acetylenedicarboxylic acid or by the reaction of potassium fluoride (KF) with hexachlorobutadiene.
It reacts with sulfur to give 3,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dithiete.
Cycloaddition of HFB and dithionitronium (NS2+) gives the 1,2,5-dithiazolium cation. This derivative can be reduced to the 7 electron neutral radical. This particular 1,3,5-dithiazole is also rare example of a radical that can be obtained as solid, liquid, and gaseous states. As a gas, it is blue.
References
Alkyne derivatives
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Fluorocarbons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interosseous%20membrane%20of%20forearm
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The interosseous membrane of the forearm (rarely middle or intermediate radioulnar joint) is a fibrous sheet that connects the interosseous margins of the radius and the ulna. It is the main part of the radio-ulnar syndesmosis, a fibrous joint between the two bones.
Function
The interosseous membrane divides the forearm into anterior and posterior compartments, serves as a site of attachment for muscles of the forearm, and transfers loads placed on the forearm.
The interosseous membrane is designed to shift compressive loads (as in doing a hand-stand) from the distal radius to the proximal ulna. The fibers within the interosseous membrane are oriented obliquely so that when force is applied the fibers are drawn taut, shifting more of the load to the ulna. This reduces the wear and tear of placing the whole load on a single joint. The role of the membrane in load shifting is illustrated when the interosseous membrane is cut; the forces on each bone equalize from their natural proportions.
Additionally, as the forearm moves from pronation to supination, the interosseous membrane fibers change from a relaxed state, to a tense state in the neutral position. They once again become relaxed as the forearm enters pronation.
The interosseous membrane is composed of five ligaments:
- Central band (key portion to be reconstructed in case of injury)
- Accessory band
- Distal oblique bundle
- Proximal oblique cord
- Dorsal oblique accessory cord
Injury
Severe forearm injuries
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voom%20HD%20Networks
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Voom HD Networks is a suite of 25 original high-definition television channels owned by AMC Networks. The channels were produced in Crystal Clear Hi-Definition with Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Sound and were the largest suite of HD channels in the world as part of a 15-year agreement between AMC Networks and Dish Network.
History
The Voom HD Networks were originally part of the Voom DTH satellite platform launched by Cablevision and were operated by its subsidiary, Rainbow DBS Company. The original Voom DTH was primed as a competitor to the established DirecTV and Dish Network systems, with its goal to become the first television provider with a lineup consisting mainly of high-definition TV networks. As part of this endeavor, Voom launched in 2003 twenty-one original channels that were completely in HD.
Service was broadcast via the Rainbow-1 communications satellite, which was built by Lockheed Martin and launched on July 17, 2003. It continues to operate from the 61.5°W orbital location, over the Atlantic Ocean.
Voom used the same unique 8PSK Turbo-coded modulation scheme as Dish Network but with a symbol rate of 22 MSPs 5/6 FEC versus Dish Network's 21.5 MSPS 2/3 FEC resulting in a data rate of 50.5 Mbit/s per transponder versus Dish Network's 41 Mpbs. Despite the same modulation scheme, Voom and Dish Network were incompatible given Voom's choice of conditional access and the system's standard. Dish Network uses Nagravision and DVB whereas Voom used Motorola's Digiciphe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%2C%20Nuevo%20Le%C3%B3n
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China is a municipality in the Mexican state of Nuevo León. China is approximately northeast of Monterrey.
According to a 2010 census done by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), China had 10,867 inhabitants. The town is home to the Presa El Cuchillo reservoir and has different theme parks.
Localities
San Bernardo
References
Municipalities of Nuevo León
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ounce%20%28disambiguation%29
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An ounce is any of several units of mass
Ounce may also be:
Ounce-force, a unit of force, one sixteenth of a pound-force
Fluid ounce, any of several units of volume
Ounce, alternative name for the snow leopard
Ounce, in heraldry the same feline as the leopard (heraldry)
Ounce (roman coin)
See also
Troy ounce
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20extensor%20tendon
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The common extensor tendon is a tendon that attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
Structure
The common extensor tendon serves as the upper attachment (in part) for the superficial muscles that are located on the posterior aspect of the forearm:
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
The tendon of extensor carpi radialis brevis is usually the most major tendon to which the other tendons merge.
Function
The common extensor tendon is the major attachment point for extensor muscles of the forearm. This enables finger extension and aids in forearm supination.
Clinical significance
Lateral elbow pain can be caused by various pathologies of the common extensor tendon. Overuse injuries can lead to inflammation. Tennis elbow is a common issue with the common extensor tendon.
See also
Common flexor tendon
Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)
References
Tendons
Upper limb anatomy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butenolide
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Butenolides are a class of lactones with a four-carbon heterocyclic ring structure. They are sometimes considered oxidized derivatives of furan. The simplest butenolide is 2-furanone, which is a common component of larger natural products and is sometimes referred to as simply "butenolide". A common biochemically important butenolide is ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Butenolide derivatives known as karrikins are produced by some plants on exposure to high temperatures due to brush fires. In particular, 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one was found to trigger seed germination in plants whose reproduction is fire-dependent.
References
External links
Synthesis of butenolides
Furanones
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20and%20Frequency%20Standards%20Laboratory
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The Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory is a part of the National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi which maintains and calibrates the Indian Standard Time.
Features of the Time and Frequency Standards Lab include:
Four caesium and rubidium atomic clocks
An innovative time service via telephone line known as Teleclock service was launched on 28 July 2009. After successful commissioning this type of service in Nepal and Saudi Arabia, initiation of similar service in SAARC countries are being planned.
INSAT satellite-based standard time and frequency broadcast service which offers IST correct to ±10 microsecond and frequency calibration up to ±100 picoseconds.
Time and frequency calibrations are made with the help of pico- and nano-seconds time interval, frequency counters, and phase recorders.
In the past, it once offered HF broadcast service operating at 10 MHz under call sign ATA to synchronise the user clock within a millisecond.
See also
Time and frequency metrology
References
External links
Indian Time Today (IST)
Research institutes in Delhi
Time in India
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20clamp
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A DNA clamp, also known as a sliding clamp, is a protein complex that serves as a processivity-promoting factor in DNA replication. As a critical component of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, the clamp protein binds DNA polymerase and prevents this enzyme from dissociating from the template DNA strand. The clamp-polymerase protein–protein interactions are stronger and more specific than the direct interactions between the polymerase and the template DNA strand; because one of the rate-limiting steps in the DNA synthesis reaction is the association of the polymerase with the DNA template, the presence of the sliding clamp dramatically increases the number of nucleotides that the polymerase can add to the growing strand per association event. The presence of the DNA clamp can increase the rate of DNA synthesis up to 1,000-fold compared with a nonprocessive polymerase.
Structure
The DNA clamp is an α+β protein that assembles into a multimeric, six-domain ring structure that completely encircles the DNA double helix as the polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing strand. Each domain is in turn made of two β-α-β-β-β structural repeats. The DNA clamp assembles on the DNA at the replication fork and "slides" along the DNA with the advancing polymerase, aided by a layer of water molecules in the central pore of the clamp between the DNA and the protein surface. Because of the toroidal shape of the assembled multimer, the clamp cannot dissociate from the template strand withou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester%20score
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Manchester score is an indicator of prognosis in small cell lung cancer. It is calculated from a number of physical and biochemical markers.
A patient with small cell lung cancer scores one point for each of the following: -
Serum lactate dehydrogenase exceeds the upper limit of the reference range.
Serum sodium concentration less than 132 mmol/L.
Serum alkaline phosphatase over one-and-a-half times the upper limit of the reference range.
Serum bicarbonate less than 24.
Karnofsky performance status less than 60.
Extensive stage disease.
Prognosis
References
Lung cancer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor%20expansion
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An extensor expansion (extensor hood, dorsal expansion, dorsal hood, dorsal aponeurosis) is the special connective attachments by which the extensor tendons insert into the phalanges.
These flattened tendons (aponeurosis) of extensor muscles span the proximal and middle phalanges.
At the distal end of the metacarpal, the extensor tendon will expand to form a hood, which covers the back and sides of the head of the metacarpal and the proximal phalanx.
Bands
The expansion soon divides into three bands:
lateral bands pass on either side of the proximal phalanx and stretch all the way to the distal phalanx. The lumbricals of the hand, extensor indicis muscle, dorsal interossei of the hand, and palmar interossei insert on these bands.
A single median band passes down the middle of the finger along the back of the proximal phalanx, inserting into the base of the middle phalanx.
A band known as the retinacular ligament runs obliquely along the middle phalanx, and connects the fibrous digital sheath on the anterior side of the phalanges to the extensor expansion.
Function
The extensor expansion allows for contractile forces from the extensor compartment muscles to be transferred to the phalanges. It also balances the forces across the phalanges.
References
External links
Muscular system
Tendons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usnic%20acid
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Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933 and 1937 by Curd and Robertson. Usnic acid was identified in many genera of lichens including Usnea, Cladonia, Hypotrachyna, Lecanora, Ramalina, Evernia, Parmelia and Alectoria. Although it is generally believed that usnic acid is exclusively restricted to lichens, in a few unconfirmed isolated cases the compound was found in kombucha tea and non-lichenized ascomycetes.
At normal conditions, usnic acid is a bitter, yellow, solid substance. It is known to occur in nature in both the d- and l-forms as well as a racemic mixture. Salts of usnic acid are called usnates (e.g. copper usnate).
Biological role in lichens
Usnic acid is a secondary metabolite in lichens whose role has not been completely elucidated. It is believed that usnic acid protects the lichen from adverse effects of sunlight exposure and deters grazing animals with its bitter taste.
Biosynthesis
Usnic acid is a polyketide biosynthesized via methylphloroacetophenone as an intermediate.
Safety
Usnic acid and its salts are idiosyncratically associated with severe hepatotoxicity and liver failure. Daily oral intake of 300–1350 mg over a period of weeks has led to severe hepatotoxicity in a number of persons.
Sodium usniate was one ingredient in a product called "Lipokinetix" that was claimed to induce we
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