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# Division 2 Norra **Division 2 Norra** (literally, \"Division 2 Northern\") was a league of the second level, Division 2, in the league system of Swedish football. It comprised between ten and fourteen Swedish football teams and had status as an official second-level league from 1928--29 to 1946--47 and from 1972 to 1986. ## History The league was formed as one of two official second-level leagues in 1928--29, and from 1932--33 as one of four. It was replaced by Division 2 Nordöstra in 1947--48, but was recreated again in 1972. In 1987, the new Division 1 leagues were formed and replaced Division 2 as the second level, this also marked the end for Division 2 Norra
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# Weapon effects simulation **Weapon Effects Simulation** (WES) is the creation of artificial weapons effects such as flashes, bangs and smoke during military training exercises. It is used in combination with Tactical engagement simulation (TES), which uses laser projection for training purposes instead of bullets and missiles. Typically, an accurate laser \"shot\" hitting a target such as a tank, will trigger cartridge-based WES equipment fitted to the tank which will give a flash, bang and smoke, signifying a hit in the exercise scenario
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# Matthew Hatchette **Matthew Isaac Hatchette** (born May 1, 1974) is an American former professional football player who played wide receiver for six regular seasons for the Minnesota Vikings, New York Jets, and Jacksonville Jaguars. He was selected in the seventh round of the 1997 NFL draft. ## NFL career {#nfl_career} During his career, he caught 60 passes for 887 yards and six touchdowns, averaging 14.8 yards per catch. His playoff statistics are six receptions for 39 yards and two touchdowns. Hatchette signed with the Oakland Raiders in 2002, but was released in the pre-season due to a serious shoulder injury. Hatchette played one season for the Amsterdam Admirals, an NFL Europe team, in 2003. He was named to the All-NFL Europe Team that year and broke the League\'s receiving records in number of passes caught, yardage, and touchdowns. Following his success in Amsterdam, Hatchette signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars in 2003. In Jacksonville, he played in six games, catching 15 passes for 203 yards and two touchdowns. He was released following the 2003 season and retired shortly thereafter. ## Coaching career {#coaching_career} Hatchette was offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach at Pierce Junior College in 2015, Orange Lutheran High School in 2016, Long Beach Poly High School in 2017, and Loyola High School from 2018 to 2024. Hatchette became the head football coach at Huntington Beach High School in February 2025
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# Boston (UK Parliament constituency) **Boston** was a parliamentary borough in Lincolnshire, which elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons from 1547 until 1885, and then one member from 1885 until 1918, when the constituency was abolished. `{{TOC limit|2}}`{=mediawiki} ## History Boston first elected Members of Parliament in 1352--1353, but after that the right lapsed and was not revived again until the reign of Edward VI. The borough consisted of most of the town of Boston, a port and market town on the River Witham which had overgrown its original boundaries as the river had been cleared of silt and its trade developed. In 1831, the population of the borough was 11,240, contained 2,631 houses. The right to vote belonged to the Mayor, aldermen, members of the common council and all resident freemen of the borough who paid scot and lot. This gave Boston a relatively substantial electorate for the period, 927 votes being cast in 1826 and 565 in 1831. The freedom was generally obtained either by birth (being the son of an existing freemen) or servitude (completing an apprenticeship in the town), but could also be conferred as an honorary status, and Boston charged a consistently escalating sum to its Parliamentary candidates who wanted to be admitted as freemen - set at £20 in 1700, it was raised to £50 in 1719, to £100 in 1790 and to £135 in 1800. Major local landowners had some influence over election outcomes through deference of the voters - the Duke of Ancaster, for example, was generally allowed to choose one of the members up to the end of the 18th century - but in the last few years before the Reform Act at least one of the two members seems consistently to have been the free choice of the people of the town. However, bribery was rife in some of the early 19th-century elections, and the election of Thomas Fydell in 1802 was overturned when it was discovered that not only had he been paying electors five guineas for a vote, but that many of these were not qualified to vote anyway. (They were freemen not resident in the borough, whose names had been fraudulently entered as paying the poor rate at houses where they did not live, so as to appear eligible.) Boston retained both its MPs under the Reform Act, but its boundaries were extended slightly, taking in more of the town and part of the neighbouring parish of Skirbeck. This increased the population of the borough to 12,818, although only 869 of these were eligible to vote in the first election after Reform; this had grown to just over 1,000 by the time of the Second Reform Act, when the widening of the franchise more than doubled it, over 2,500 electors being registered for the 1868 general election which followed. But by the 1870s, electoral corruption had again become a problem in Boston. The result of the 1874 election was overturned for bribery, and a Royal Commission set up to investigate; when the next general election, in 1880, had to be declared void for the same reasons, Boston\'s representation was suspended for the remainder of the Parliament. Boston had its right to vote restored for the 1885 election, but the boundary changes which came into effect at the same time slightly reduced the size of the borough and allowed it only one MP. The constituency at this period was mainly middle-class but non-conformists had a strong presence, enabling the Liberals to be competitive where they might otherwise have struggled. The deciding factor which may have tilted the constituency towards the Conservatives in its final years may have been the benefit that the local fisherman saw in Tariff Reform. The borough was abolished with effect from the general election of 1918, Boston being included in the new Holland with Boston county division. ## Boundaries **1832-1885**: The old borough of Boston, the parish of Skirbeck, and the hamlet of Skirbeck Quarter, including the Fen Allotment of the hamlet of Skirbeck Quarter, but not the Fen Allotment of the parish of Skirbeck. **1885-1918**: The existing parliamentary borough, excluding two detached parts situate to the north of the borough, one in East Fen and one in West Fen, and also excluding a part situate on the north side of the borough in the parishes of Sibsey and Frithville.
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# Boston (UK Parliament constituency) ## Members of Parliament {#members_of_parliament} ------------------------------------------------------------- 1547-1640 --- 1640-1880 --- 1885-1918 --- Jump to Elections ------------------------------------------------------------- ### 1547-1640 +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Year | First member | Second member | +============+===============================================+===========================================+ | 1547 | John Wendon | William Naunton | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1553 (Mar) | Leonard Irby | George Foster | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1553 (Oct) | Francis Allen | George Foster | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1554 (Apr) | Leonard Irby | George Foster | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1554 (Nov) | Leonard Irby | George Foster | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1555 | Leonard Irby | George Foster | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1558 | Leonard Irby | George Foster | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1559 (Jan) | Robert Carr | Leonard Irby | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1562--3 | Thomas Heneage, *sat for Lincolnshire,\ | Leonard Irby | | | replaced Jan 1563 by* John Tamworth | | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1571 | Christopher Hatton, *sat for Higham Ferrers,\ | Leonard Irby | | | replaced 1571 by* Thomas Lyfield | | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1572 | Stephen Thymbleby | William Dodington | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1584 (Nov) | Nicholas Gorges | Vincent Skinner | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1586 (Oct) | Vincent Skinner | Richard Stevenson | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1588--9 | Vincent Skinner | Anthony Irby | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1593 | Anthony Irby | Richard Stevenson | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1597 (Sep) | Anthony Irby | Richard Stevenson | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1601 (Oct) | Anthony Irby | Henry Capell | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1604 | Anthony Irby | Francis Bullingham | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1614 | Anthony Irby | Leonard Bawtree | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1621 | Anthony Irby | Sir Thomas Cheek, *sat for Harwich\ | | | | replaced by* Sir William Airmine | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1624 | William Boswell | Sir Clement Cotterell, *sat for Grantham\ | | | | replaced by* Sir William Airmine | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1625 | Sir Edward Barkham | William Boswell | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1626 | Sir Edward Barkham | Richard Oakley | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1628 | Richard Bellingham | Richard Oakley, *unseated after petition\ | | | | replaced by* Anthony Irby | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1629--1640 | *No Parliaments summoned* | | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | | | | +------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ Back to Members of Parliament
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# Boston (UK Parliament constituency) ## Members of Parliament {#members_of_parliament} ### 1640-1880 {#section_1} +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | Year | | First member | First party | | Second member | Second party | +===============+========================================================+===========================+=================+=================================================+==========================+=================+ | | | | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | April 1640 | | William Ellis | Parliamentarian | | Sir Anthony Irby | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | November 1640 | | | | | Sir Anthony Irby | Parliamentarian | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | December 1648 | | | | *Irby excluded in Pride\'s Purge - seat vacant* | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1653 | *Boston was unrepresented in the Barebones Parliament* | | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1654 | | William Ellis | | *Boston had only one seat in the First and\ | | | | | | | | Second Parliaments of the Protectorate* | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1656 | | Sir Anthony Irby | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | January 1659 | | | | | Francis Mussenden | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | May 1659 | | William Ellis | | *One seat vacant in restored Rump* | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | February 1660 | | | | | Sir Anthony Irby | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | April 1660 | | Thomas Hatcher | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1661 | | Lord Willoughby de Eresby | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1666 | | Sir Philip Harcourt | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | February 1679 | | Sir William Ellis | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | May 1679 | | Sir William Yorke | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1685 | | Lord Willoughby de Eresby | | | Peregrine Bertie | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1689 | | | | | Sir William Yorke | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1690 | | Peregrine Bertie | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1698 | | Richard Wynn | | | Edmund Boulter | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | January 1701 | | Sir William Yorke | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | December 1701 | | | | | Peregrine Bertie | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1702 | | Sir Edward Irby | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1705 | | | | | Richard Wynn | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1708 | | Peregrine Bertie | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1711 | | William Cotesworth | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1713 | | Henry Heron | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1719 | | | | | Richard Ellys | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1722 | | Henry Pacey | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1730 | | The Lord Coleraine | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1734 | | Albemarle Bertie | | | Richard Fydell | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1741 | | Lord Vere Bertie | | | John Michell | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1754 | | Lord Robert Bertie | | | Charles Amcotts | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1761 | | | | | John Michell | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1766 | | | | | Charles Amcotts | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1777 | | | | | Humphrey Sibthorp | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1782 | | Sir Peter Burrell | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1784 | | | | | Dalhousie Watherston | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1790 | | | | | Thomas Fydell I | Tory{{cite book | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1796 | | Thomas Colyear | Whig | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1802 | | William Madocks | Whig | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1803 | | | | | Thomas Fydell II | Tory | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1806 | | | | | Thomas Fydell I | Tory | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1812 | | | | | Peter Drummond-Burrell | Whig | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1820 | | Gilbert Heathcote | Whig | | Henry Ellis | Tory | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1821 | | | | | William Augustus Johnson | Whig | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1826 | | | | | Neil Malcolm | Tory | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1830 | | John Wilks | Radical | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1831 | | | | | Gilbert Heathcote | Whig | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1832 | | | | | Benjamin Handley | Whig | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1835 | | | | | John Studholme Brownrigg | Conservative | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1837 | | Sir James Duke | Whig | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1847 | | | | | Benjamin Bond Cabbell | Conservative | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1849 | | Hon. Dudley Pelham | Whig | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1851 | | James William Freshfield | Conservative | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1852 | | Gilbert Heathcote | Whig | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1856 | | Herbert Ingram | Radical | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1857 | | | | | William Henry Adams | Peelite | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1859 | | | Liberal | | Meaburn Staniland | Liberal | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1860 | | John Malcolm | Conservative | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1865 | | | | | Thomas Parry | Liberal | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1866 | | | | | Meaburn Staniland | Liberal | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1867 | | | | | Thomas Parry | Liberal | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1868 | | | | | Thomas Collins | Conservative | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1874 | | William Ingram | Liberal | | Thomas Parry | Liberal | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1874 | | | | | John Malcolm | Conservative | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1878 | | | | | Thomas Garfit | Conservative | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ | 1880 | *Representation suspended* | | | | | | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+ Back to Members of Parliament ### 1885-1918 {#section_2} Election Member ---------- ----------- ----------------------------------------------------- 1885 *Representation restored and reduced to one Member* 1885 William Ingram 1886 Henry Farmer-Atkinson 1892 Sir William Ingram 1895 William Garfit 1906 George Faber Jan. 1910 Charles Harvey Dixon 1918 *constituency abolished* Back to Members of Parliament
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# Boston (UK Parliament constituency) ## Elections ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1830s -- 1840s -- 1850s -- 1860s -- 1870s -- 1880s -- 1890s -- 1900s -- 1910s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ### Elections in the 1830s {#elections_in_the_1830s} ### Elections in the 1840s {#elections_in_the_1840s} Duke resigned by accepting the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds in order to contest a by-election at City of London. Back to elections ### Elections in the 1850s {#elections_in_the_1850s} Pelham\'s death caused a by-election. Wire retired from the contest. Heathcote resigned to contest the 1856 by-election at Rutland. Herbert\'s appointment as Recorder of Derby required a by-election. Back to elections ### Elections in the 1860s {#elections_in_the_1860s} Ingram\'s death caused a by-election. On petition, Parry\'s election was declared void on grounds of bribery and Staniland was duly elected in his place. Staniland then resigned, causing a by-election. Back to elections ### Elections in the 1870s {#elections_in_the_1870s} An election petition found extensive bribery relating to Parry\'s votes, which on the initial count totalled 1,347. However, 353 of these were struck off - and further may have been taken if the process had not stopped on 8 June 1874 - leading to Malcolm\'s election instead. A Royal Commission was established to investigate the borough. A separate petition against Ingram was dropped. In 1878, Malcolm then resigned in order to contest a by-election in Argyllshire, leading to a by-election in Boston. Back to elections ### Elections in the 1880s {#elections_in_the_1880s} Bribery convictions led to the Boston writ being suspended and the 1880 result being voided. The seat was again reconstituted in 1885, when it was reduced to one member. Back to elections ### Elections in the 1890s {#elections_in_the_1890s} `{{Election box begin|title=[[1892 United Kingdom general election|General election 1892]]: Boston<ref name="ReferenceCraig85-18"/> }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party=Liberal Party (UK) |candidate=[[Sir William Ingram, 1st Baronet|William Ingram]] |votes=1,355 |percentage=51.2 |change=+2.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party=Conservative Party (UK) |candidate=[[Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Earl of Ancaster|Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby]] |votes=1,293 |percentage=48.8 |change=−2.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes=62 |percentage=2.4 |change = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes= 2,648 |percentage= 86.7 |change= +0.8 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box registered electors| |reg. electors = 3,054 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box gain with party link| |winner=Liberal Party (UK) |loser=Conservative Party (UK) |swing=+2.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box begin|title=[[1895 United Kingdom general election|General election 1895]]: Boston<ref name="ReferenceCraig85-18"/> }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party=Conservative Party (UK) |candidate=[[William Garfit]] |votes=1,633 |percentage=56.9 |change=+8.1 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party=Liberal Party (UK) |candidate=[[Sir William Ingram, 1st Baronet|William Ingram]] |votes=1,237 |percentage=43.1 |change=−8.1 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes=396 |percentage=13.8 |change= ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes=2,870 |percentage=87.0 |change=+0.3 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box registered electors| |reg. electors = 3,299 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box gain with party link| |winner=Conservative Party (UK) |loser=Liberal Party (UK) |swing=+8.1 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki} Back to elections ### Elections in the 1900s {#elections_in_the_1900s} `{{Election box begin|title=[[1906 United Kingdom general election|General election 1906]]: Boston<ref name="ReferenceCraig85-18"/> }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party=Liberal Party (UK) |candidate=[[George Faber (British politician)|George Faber]] |votes=1,801 |percentage=51.5 |change=+11.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party=Conservative Party (UK) |candidate=[[William Garfit]] |votes=1,694 |percentage=48.5 |change=−11.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes=107 |percentage=3.0 |change= ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes=3,495 |percentage=89.7 |change=+6.6 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box registered electors| |reg. electors = 3,896 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box gain with party link| |winner=Liberal Party (UK) |loser=Conservative Party (UK) |swing=+11.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki} Back to elections ### Elections in the 1910s {#elections_in_the_1910s} `{{Election box begin| |title=[[December 1910 United Kingdom general election|General election December 1910]]: Boston<ref name="ReferenceCraig85-18"/> }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party=Conservative Party (UK) |candidate=[[Charles Harvey Dixon]] |votes=1,875 |percentage=52.3 |change=−1.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party=Liberal Party (UK) |candidate=[[Fitzroy Hemphill, 3rd Baron Hemphill|Fitzroy Hemphill]] |votes=1,712 |percentage=47.7 |change=+1.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes=163 |percentage=4.6 |change=−2.4 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes= 3,587 |percentage=88.9 |change=−2.5 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link| |winner=Conservative Party (UK) |swing=−1.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki} **General Election 1914--15**: Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected; - **Unionist**: Charles Harvey Dixon - **Liberal**: F
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# Things Hoped For ***Things Hoped For*** is a young adult book by Andrew Clements. Released in 2006 by Philomel Books, the book is a sequel to *Things Not Seen*. It is followed by *Things That Are*. ## Plot After her Grandfather mysteriously leaves their large house in New York City, Gwen tries to continue her life as normally as possible while practicing hard for her violin auditions. Ignoring the constant and rudely demanding and angry visits of a greedy great-uncle wanting the house. She then meets Robert (Bobby) from *Things Not Seen* in a cafe. Robert is in town also preparing for trumpet auditions. Gwen invites Robert to stay in her empty house with her to help get him out of the hotel he was staying in. After becoming good friends in the following days, while shopping in a store in New York City they spot a faint shadow apparently coming from an invisible person. Robert then tells Gwen that two years ago he turned invisible. In the following days, Robert discovers Gwen\'s grandfather died in the freezer. Her grandfather went in with an oxygen bottle, thick clothes, and left the refrigerator slightly open so he could have left if he wanted to. The other invisible man is discovered in Gwen\'s house shortly after her grandfather\'s body is found. The man, named William, is seeking out Robert to find out how to undo his invisibility. William is revealed to be a dangerous thief who threatens them recklessly. Gwen is distraught, but gets a phone call from Alicia, Robert\'s girlfriend, asking her to play violin. Alicia thanks Gwen for the beautiful song. On the day of Gwen\'s audition, she opens an envelope with dog tags with a code leading to the title of a Bible passage. The passage says, \"There is no greater love than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends\". Gwen finally understood why her grandfather did what he did, and she walks confidently into her audition. ## Characters ### Main - Gwendolyn \"Gwen\" Page - A girl, the main character, and the narrator who is trying to practice her violin auditions. - Robert Phillips (Also known as Bobby) - A boy who is preparing for trumpet auditions. He was invisible in *Things Not Seen*. ### Minor - Lawrence Page (Gwen\'s grandfather) - Uncle Henry \"Hank\" Page - Gwen\'s great-uncle - William - A man who is invisible who Gwen and Robert see in a shoe store and also goes into Gwen\'s house when the police arrived - Alicia Van Dorn - Bobby\'s blind girlfriend
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# Clarence Woolmer **Clarence Shirley Woolmer** (27 June 1910 in Lewisham, London, England -- 10 February 1999) was a former English cricketer. He was captain of United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) during the Ranji Trophy in 1948--1949 against Bombay State (Maharashtra). His son Bob Woolmer (born in Kanpur) was a cricketer for England as well as a coach of South Africa and Pakistan. When Bob was born, Clarence placed bat and ball in Bob\'s cot hoping that he would eventually become a cricketer
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# Estefania Aldaba-Lim **Estefanía \"Fanny\" Aldaba Lim** (born **Estefanía Aldaba**; January 6, 1917 -- March 7, 2006) was the first female secretary of any Cabinet of the Philippines, serving as Secretary of Social Services and Development from 1971 to 1977. She was also the first Filipina clinical psychologist. ## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education} Aldaba was born on January 6, 1917, the fifth of 14 children. She was born and raised in Malolos, in the province of Bulacan, Philippines, by her father, a provincial treasurer of Malolos, and her mother, a homemaker. Aldaba graduated from Malolos Elementary School and finished her secondary education at Bulacan High School (now Marcelo H. del Pilar National High School) in 1933. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Philippine Women\'s University in 1936, a Bachelor of Education degree from Philippine Women\'s University in 1938, and a Master of Arts in psychology from the University of the Philippines in 1939. In 1942, Aldaba completed her PhD at the University of Michigan, becoming the first Filipina to earn a doctoral degree in clinical psychology. ## Career Aldaba-Lim returned to Manila in 1948. She established the Institute of Human Relations at Philippine Women\'s University, and was a founding member and president of the Philippine Association of Psychologists and of the Philippine Mental Health Association. In 1971, Aldaba-Lim became the first woman cabinet member in the Philippines when she was appointed as Secretary of the Department of Social Services and Development (DSSD). She held this role until 1977. In 1976 through 1977, Aldaba-Lim served as president of the Girl Scouts of the Philippines. In 1976, Aldaba-Lim was elected the Asian regional representative of the UNESCO Executive Board. In 1979, she became was the first woman to become Special Ambassador to the United Nations, with the rank of assistant secretary general during the UNICEF---UNESCO International Year of the Child. She received the United Nations Peace Medal that year from Secretary General Kurt Waldheim. In 1994, she founded the Museo Pambata, the Philippines\'s first children\'s museum, in the repurposed 1949 Manila Elks Club building in Manila. ## Marriage and children {#marriage_and_children} Aldaba-Lim had six children with her husband Luis Lim, whom she married in 1944. Lim died in an airplane crash in 1962. One of her children is the broadcast journalist Cheche Lazaro. ## Death On March 7, 2006, at age 89, Aldaba-Lim died of leukemia at her home in Manila, Philippines
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# Great-winged petrel The **great-winged petrel** (***Pterodroma macroptera***) is a petrel living and breeding in the world\'s Southern Ocean. ## Taxonomy This species was formerly treated as containing two subspecies - *P. m. macroptera* and *P. m. gouldi*, the latter of which is endemic to New Zealand. As of 2014, the latter is recognized as a species in its own right, the grey-faced petrel (*Pterodroma gouldi*). In 2016 further research was published supporting the full species status of the grey-faced petrel. ## Description This is a large seabird, with a body length of 42--45 cm. The bird is completely dark brown except for a variable patch of white near the base of the bill, which is black. It is separated from sooty shearwater and short-tailed shearwater by the all-dark underwing, the thick, stubby bill, and different jizz. The similar flesh-footed shearwater has a light, pinkish bill. Petrels in the genus *Procellaria* are larger and have a less bounding flight. ## Distribution The great-winged petrel breeds in the Southern Hemisphere between 30 and 50 degrees south with colonies on Tristan da Cunha, Gough Island, the Crozet Islands, the Prince Edward Islands, the Kerguelen Islands and on the coasts of southern Australia. It is a rare vagrant to the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California, United States. ## Ecology The species feeds mostly on squid and to a lesser degree on fish and crustaceans. Prey is generally caught at night, by dipping and surface-seizing. The great-winged petrel will on occasion follow whales and associate with other related bird species to feed. Breeding occurs in the southern winter (beginning in April); nests are either solitary or in small colonies, located in burrows or aboveground among boulders or low vegetation. ## Gallery <File:Pterodroma> macroptera - SE Tasmania 2019.jpg\|Great-winged petrel (*Pterodroma macroptera*), east of the Tasman Peninsula, Tasmania, Australia <File:Great-winged> Petrel, chick
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Great-winged petrel
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# Young Men's Buddhist Association The **YMBA**, or **Young Men\'s Buddhist Association**, was created in Sri Lanka in 1898. The main founder was C. S. Dissanayake as part of a bid to provide Buddhist institutions as an alternative to YMCA, otherwise known as the Young Men\'s Christian Association. It has had many famous presidents such as philanthropists Ernest de Silva and Henry Woodward Amarasuriya. It also exists in other countries, although they are independent organizations
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Young Men's Buddhist Association
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10,128,338
# Steve Hendrickson **Steven Daniel Hendrickson** (August 30, 1966 -- January 8, 2021) was an American professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). Hendrickson attended Napa High School where he was an outstanding varsity player during all four years at the school. His No. 30 jersey remains the only one ever retired by the school. He played college football for the California Golden Bears where he graduated with a major in history. He was named defensive player of the game at the 1988 Blue--Gray Football Classic and was drafted in the sixth round of the 1989 NFL draft by the San Francisco 49ers. He played seven NFL seasons for the San Francisco 49ers, Dallas Cowboys, San Diego Chargers, Houston Oilers and Philadelphia Eagles. Hendrickson was a member of the San Francisco 49ers when they won their fourth Super Bowl XXIV on January 28, 1990. During his professional career, he played various positions despite his relatively small stature. With the Chargers Hendrickson was used as a short-yardage, goal-line running back, despite being a defensive player. He scored on a 1-yard run against the Kansas City Chiefs in a January 1993 playoff game in San Diego, to cap off a 17--0 shutout. ## Personal life {#personal_life} Hendrickson resided in Napa, California. He has two children, Courtney and Kyle, who graduated from the University of California and Fresno State University respectively. Hendrickson suffered several concussions during his playing years. He suffered from many of the same symptoms as other former NFL players who have been diagnosed with trauma-related brain injuries resulting from concussions during their playing years. He collected disability payments from the Social Security Administration in addition to a disability pension from the NFL Player Retirement Plan. The NFL pension plan\'s six-person board determined his injuries were \"non-football related\", which made him ineligible for enhanced benefits. Hendrickson\'s nephew, Dave Lewis, confirmed that Hendrickson died on January 8, 2021, at his home in Nampa, Idaho
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Steve Hendrickson
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# Wanda Zabłocka **Wanda Zabłocka** (December 20, 1900 in Tarnów -- November 30, 1978 in Toruń) was a Polish botanist, phytopathologist and mycologist. She was a professor at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (1954--1970). Zabłocka was the author of mycology and phytopathology works, including mycorrhiza of *Viola* (1935, 1936). She is also the author of several books about fungi for the general public. ## Career Zabłocka started doctoral studies at the Jagiellonian University, Kraków supervised by Władysław Szjnocha (maybe geologist Władysław Szajnocha) while teaching in the State Gymnasium for Girls for financial support. In 1925 she was awarded her doctorate. She was then employed as a senior assistant in the Department of Botany of the Faculty of Agriculture and supervised laboratory classes. Later, she visited the Institute of Botany and the Natural History Museum in Vienna and the Natural History Museum in Paris to further her research. In the mide-1930s she published on mycorrhizal fungi that formed symbiotic relationships with the plant genus *Viola*. During the Second World War, she took an active part in securing and storing the property of the university. In 1945, she defended her habilitation thesis on her mycorrhizal research and the following year moved to the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. She was involved in establishing the Department of General Botany and Department of Microbiology. She became Head of the Department of Mycology. She was promoted to professor in 1954. She retired in 1970. She initiated the Phytopathology Laboratories at the Experimental Centre of Applied Biology in the village of Koniczynka. Zabłocka specialized in mycology and phytopathology. Her most important research concerned Gasteromycetes, Hypholoma and mycorrhiza. She also made mycology more accessible to the public through publishing the first scientific guide to mushrooms in Polish ({{ lang \| pl \|Grzyby kapeluszowe Polski}}, 1949) and a book on parasitic fungi in 1950. She collected specimens for the university\'s herbarium. Some remain at the Nicolaus Copernicus University while others have been transferred to the Herbarium of the University of Warsaw. ## Awards Zabłocka was awarded the Medal for Long Service, the Gold Cross of Merit, the Knight\'s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta and the Gold Badge of the Nicolaus Copernicus University. ## Early and personal life {#early_and_personal_life} Wanda Heitzman was born December 20, 1900, in Tarnów in what was then the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. She attended secondary school in Kraków and in 1918 she passed the school-leaving examination with honours. She then took a one-year horticulture course at the Faculty of Agriculture of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. She continued her studies and in 1923 graduated in natural science from the Faculty of Philosophy. In September 1925 she married fellow botanist Jan Wojciech Zabłocki
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Wanda Zabłocka
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# Henry Smith (Rhode Island governor) **Henry Smith** (February 10, 1766`{{spnd}}`{=mediawiki}June 28, 1818) was the fifth Governor of Rhode Island from October 15, 1805, to May 7, 1806. Smith was born in Providence in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. He was educated in Providence, and became a successful merchant. He served as an officer in the militia, and attained the rank of colonel in a Providence County unit known as the Providence Independent Light Dragoons. As a result of his business success, in the early 1800s Smith constructed a mansion at Smith and Davis Streets on Smith Hill in Providence. Known as the Colonel Henry Smith House, it stood until the early 1920s, when it was razed to allow for construction of an annex for the Rhode Island State House. Elected to the Rhode Island Senate in 1803, he was the leader of the senate or \"first senator\" when Governor Arthur Fenner died. Lieutenant Governor Paul Mumford had died before Fenner, so as first senator Smith succeeded to the governorship. He died on June 28, 1818, and was buried at North Burial Ground in Providence
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# Isaac Wilbour **Isaac Wilbour** (April 25, 1763`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}October 4, 1837) was an American politician from Rhode Island holding several offices, including the sixth Governor of the state. ## Biography Wilbour was born in Little Compton in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. He served in the state legislature in 1805 and 1806. From October 1805 to May 1806 he served as speaker. He was Lieutenant Governor from 1806 to 1807. There had been no winner in the gubernatorial election in 1806, so he was Acting Governor from May 7, 1806, to May 6, 1807. Wilbour represented Rhode Island in the United States House of Representatives as a Democratic-Republican from 1807 to 1809. He ran again in 1808 and 1812 but lost both times. He served as Lieutenant Governor again from 1810 to 1811. In May 1818 he became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island and acted as Chief Justice of that court from May 1819 to May 1827. Wilbour died in Little Compton, Rhode Island, and his remains were buried in the Seaconnet Cemetery
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# Black petrel The **black petrel** (***Procellaria parkinsoni***), (*tāiko*, or *tākoketai*) also called **Parkinson\'s petrel**, is a medium-sized, black-plumaged petrel, the smallest of the *Procellaria*. The species is an endemic breeder of New Zealand, breeding only on Great Barrier Island and Little Barrier Island, off the North Island. At sea it disperses as far as Australia and Ecuador. ## Taxonomy The black petrel was formally described in 1862 by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in a list of birds from New Zealand. He coined the binomial name *Procellaria parkinsoni*. The genus name is from the Latin *procella* meaning \"storm\" or \"gale\". The specific epithet *parkinsoni* was chosen to honour the artist and collector Sydney Parkinson. The species is considered to be monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. ## Description The plumage of the black petrel is all black, as are its legs and bill except for pale sections on the bill. It is a medium-sized petrel: males average about 720 g, females around 680 g. It has an overall length of 46 cm and a wingspan averaging 115 cm. ## Distribution It is endemic to New Zealand. It was previously found throughout the North Island and Northwest Nelson in the South Island, but predators (feral cats, pigs) caused their extinction on the mainland from about the 1950s. It is often seen in the outer Hauraki Gulf from October to May. Breeding is now restricted to the main colony on Great Barrier Island (c. 5000 birds over summer, including approximately 1300 breeding pairs and 1000 \"pre-breeders\" seeking mates) and a small colony of c. 250 birds on Little Barrier Island. In addition to breeding birds, there are likely to be a further 6000 juveniles, pre-breeders and non-breeding birds at sea. Black petrels may range from the east coast of Australia all the way to the coast of South America between Mexico and Peru and the Galapagos islands. Females and males forage separately and in different places -- it is not known why. Birds forage much closer to the Hauraki Gulf over the summer and autumn while incubating an egg and raising a chick -- mainly in the Tasman Sea and to the north-east of New Zealand.
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# Black petrel ## Behaviour ### Breeding Breeding takes place from October to June in the Hauraki Gulf. Adults return to the colony in mid-October to clean burrows, pair and mate with the same partner. Males will return to the same burrow every year and try to attract another female if their mate does not return or if there is a \"divorce\" (about 12% annually). Pairs then depart on \"honeymoon\", returning to the colony again in late November when the females lay a single egg. Both birds share incubation of the egg for 57 days (about 8 weeks). Eggs can hatch from late January through February. Chicks fledge after 107 days (15 weeks) from mid-April through to late June; about 75% of chicks survive to fledge. In 2011 breeding success fell to 61% for unknown reasons. Adults and chicks migrate to South America for winter (to waters off the Ecuador coast); only 10% of fledged chicks survive this first year. Juveniles will remain at sea in the West Pacific for 3--4 years until they are ready to breed; survival rate is 46% during this time vs 90% for birds over 3 years old). At about four years old, pre-breeding birds will fly back to the colony to find a mate, which may take one or two seasons. ### Feeding They may feed at night or during the day (unlike albatrosses which do not feed at night). Birds will aggressively follow fishing boats and longline hooks and may dive up to 20m below the surface after baits. Black petrels can cover amazing distances -- the longest recorded foraging trip for a bird from Great Barrier Island is 39 days. Mapping of foraging patterns against fishing activity in New Zealand waters is underway.
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# Black petrel ## Status and conservation {#status_and_conservation} The black petrel is classified under the DOC Threat Classification System as Nationally Vulnerable and by the International Union for Conservation of Nature or IUCN Red list: Vulnerable. Land-based population research at their breeding colonies since 1995 indicates the species is declining at a rate of at least 1.4% per year. At current survival rates, a fledged bird has a 1 in 20 chance of reaching breeding age (4+ years) and must breed 20 times successfully just to replace the current population. While at sea, black petrels are caught by commercial and recreational fishers both in New Zealand and overseas. Ministry of Fisheries research shows the black petrel is the most at-risk seabird in New Zealand from commercial fishing, estimating that between 725 and 1524 birds may have been killed each year in the period 2003 to 2009. Petrels may be drowned by taking longline hooks after they are set (launched) or when they are being pulled onto boats. Inshore snapper and bluenose bottom longline fisheries are the greatest risks, especially where fisheries overlap with foraging patterns of breeding birds. Reported deaths by fishers are low -- since 1996, there have been only 38 birds reported caught and killed in New Zealand waters by local commercial fishers, mainly on domestic tuna longline and on snapper fisheries. Less than 0.5% of boats in these high risk fisheries had observers on board in any one year. The level of deaths in fisheries outside New Zealand waters is unknown. There are anecdotal capture reports from recreational fishers, especially in the outer Hauraki Gulf where birds are commonly reported. On Great Barrier Island feral pigs are known to dig up burrows and eat eggs and chicks -- in one example in 1996 pigs destroyed 8 burrows in one incident. Feral cats can kill adults on the ground or at the nest as well as chicks. Cat numbers on Great Barrier Island are impacted by trapping by the Department of Conservation in the Whangapoua basin but there has been no specific protection of the colony to date. Kiore and ship rats are also present on Great Barrier Island but predation levels are between 1 and 6.5% per annum; kiore cannot eat through a black petrel egg. Risk to black petrel survival from a one-off event/events is significant due to limited habitat for breeding / i.e. a single site on Hirakimata on Great Barrier Island (for example fire, storm damage or predator invasion at main colony)
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# William Jones (governor) **William Jones** (October 8, 1753`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}April 9, 1822) was the eighth Governor of Rhode Island from 1811 to 1817. He was a Federalist. ## Early life {#early_life} Jones was born in Newport in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, into a family of Welsh origin. His grandfather Thomas Jones (1691--1740) was born in Wales and settled in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. His parents were William and Elizabeth (Pearce) Jones. William was the fourth of five children. ## Military service {#military_service} In January 1776, at age 23, Jones was commissioned as Lieutenant in Babcock\'s/Lippitt\'s Regiment, which was raised in Rhode Island. By September he was promoted to captain. The regiment joined General George Washington\'s Main Army at Harlem Heights in October, just after the battle; then fought in the Battle of White Plains; the Battle of the Assunpink Creek and the Battle of Princeton. In February 1777 he returned to Rhode Island. On March 4, 1778, Jones was commissioned as captain of Marines on board the sloop USS *Providence*. He is credited with originating the phrase \"a few good men.\" On 20 March 1779 in Boston, Capt. Jones advertised for \"a few good men\" to enlist in the Corps for naval duty. The term seemed ideally suited for Marines, mainly because of the implication that \"a few\" good men would be enough. This term has survived for over 200 years and has been synonymous with U.S. Marines ever since. He was captured at the Siege of Charleston in May 1780, was later exchanged, and served until the end of the war. He was probably discharged, along with most of the Continental armed forces, in November 1783. By right of his service in the Continental Army and Marine Corps, Jones became an Original Member of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati. After the war, he became a justice of the peace. ## Political career {#political_career} Jones was elected to the Rhode Island General Assembly in 1807. He was Speaker of the Rhode Island State House of Representatives two terms, in 1809--10 and 1810--11. Jones was a Federalist and won the gubernatorial election against incumbent James Fenner in 1811 by just a few hundred votes. Jones opposed the War of 1812, considering the war unjust, and asserted his authority in using the state militia amid concerns about the defense of the coastline. Originally balking at the requirement of sending 500 troops for federal service, he nonetheless relented, and the troops served as part of the 25th Regiment, U.S. Infantry. He was re-elected five times, but having been defeated when seeking a seventh term, he retired from the public life. He was the only Federalist ever to serve as Governor of Rhode Island. ## Personal life {#personal_life} On February 28, 1787, Jones was married to Anne Dunn, daughter of Samuel Dunn, of Providence. He had one child, Harriet, who went on to marry Thomas C. Hoppin. Jones nephew, William Henry Allen, was an American naval officer during the War of 1812. Jones was the grandfather of Rhode Island governor Elisha Dyer and the great grandfather of governor Elisha Dyer Jr. Jones was a member of the Beneficent Congregational Church, a fellow of Brown University, president of the Peace Society, and the member of the Rhode Island Bible Society. He was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1813. He was buried at Swan Point Cemetery in Providence, Rhode Island
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# Leicester (UK Parliament constituency) **Leicester** was a parliamentary borough in Leicestershire, which elected two members of parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons from 1295 until 1918, when it was split into three single-member divisions. ## History Leicester sent burgesses to Parliament for the first time in 1295. Originally both Members were chosen by the whole \'commons\' of the borough until at least 1407, when Thomas Denton and John Tonge were stated to have been chosen \'per totam communitatem tocius burgi\'. At some unknown date before the middle of the 15th century, however, the \'commons\', lost power within the borough and were restricted to the election of just one of the Members, the other being chosen by the mayor and 24 jurats (or aldermen). This situation was reversed by the middle of the sixteenth century. Although most Members were citizens, usually officials, of the borough there was considerable influence and involvement by the two leading families, the Hastings and the Greys during the 16th and 17th centuries. The constituency was abolished in 1918 and replaced by Leicester East, Leicester South and Leicester West. ## Members of Parliament {#members_of_parliament} ### 1295--1640 +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Parliament | First member | Second member | +============+==================================+=======================================+ | 1294 | Ralph Norman | Robert de Scarnford | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1299 | Robert Knythtecote | Roger de Glenne | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ?1299 | Richard Donnington | Roger de Glenne | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1301 | Ralph Tewe | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1304 | Richard Soning | Nicholas de Glenne | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1306 | Ralph Norman | Henry de Carleton | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1307 | William Lyndrych | William le Palmer | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1308 | Henry Erdington | Richard Eggbaston | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1310 | William Lyndrych | Peter de Kent | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1311 | William Lyndrych | Robert de Leicester | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1312 | William Clowne | Richard Leverych | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ?1312 | Robert Hereward | Nicholas Mercer | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1313 | Roger de Glenne | John Stocton | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1314 | William de Benham | Simon de Lyndrych | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ?1314 | Roger Pickering | William le Palmer | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1318 | Thomas Fox | William le Palmer, jnr | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ?1318 | Henry Palmer | John Derby | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1321 | Geoffrey de Staunton | John Derby | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1322 | Ralph Burton | Walter Busseby | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1326 | William Reddington | William Jolly | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1327 | John FitzHenry of Leicester | John Geryn | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1328 | Richard Claver | John Leverich | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1328 | Richard Claver | John Geryn | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1328 | Rad de Seccheville | Robert de Waltham | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1329 | John de Glenne | Willim Petlyng | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1330 | Richard de Bonyngton | Robert de Gryndon or William Wareyn | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1330 | John de Leverych | Thomas Dawbenny | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1332 | Henry Merlins | Richard de Donnington | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1332 | William de Cloune | Richard Leverich | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1333 | John Leverych | John FitzHenry or John de Garthorp | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1334 | Richard Foxton | Richard Clerk | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1334 | John Leverich | Robert de Foston | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1336 | John Leverych | John Querndon | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ?1336 | William Rodington | William le Palmer | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1337 | Richard de Donnington | Richard Leycester | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1337 | Richard de Donnington | John Martyn | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1338 | Richard de Donnington | John Querndon | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1338 | Richard de Donnington | John Turvey | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ?1338 | William Palmer | Thomas Fox | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ?1338 | John Harding | Robert Bonyng | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1339 | William Warryn | Thomas Fitz Robert | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1339 | William Leverich | Richard de Walcote | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1340 | Nicholas Radding | William Fitz Richard | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ?1340 | Richard Walcote | William Brad | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ?1340 | Ralph Burton | John Blake | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1341 | John le Clerk | William Donnington | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1343 | Walter Busseby | William Reddington | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1346 | Richard Walcot | William Dunstable | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1347 | Richard Beby | Allan Sutton | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1348 | John Recenour | William Wakefield | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1350 | William Dunstable | Thomas Beby | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1351 | William Dunstable | Thomas Beby | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1354 | John Martin | John de Hodynges | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1355 | William Dunstable \| Thomas Beby | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1357 | John de Petlyng | Thomas de Crom. | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1360 | Thomas Beby | Roger Belgrave | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ?1360 | Roger Knyghton | Thomas Beby | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1362 | Richard Knyghton | William Burton | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1363 | John Peterburgh | Roger Kilby | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1365 | William Tabb | John Stafford | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1368 | Walter Lynd | Roger de Belgrave | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1369 | William Burton | William atte Greene | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1371 | William Taillard | Richard de Knyghton | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1372 | William atte Greene | Roger Beby | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1373 | John Stafford | John Peterburgh | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1375 | Henry de Petlyng | Henry de Clipstone | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1377 | William Huntedon | John Stafford | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ?1377 | William Humberstone | William de Thornton | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1378 | John Chapman | Andrew Glasewright | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1379 | John de Stafford | William Ferrour | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1380 | John Sherote | Richard Boyes | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1381 | Stephen Chambre | Robert Norton | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1382 | John Stafford | Thomas Wakefield | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ?1382 | Roger Belgrave | Richard Braunston | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1383 | Geoffrey Clerk | John Fode | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1386 | Geoffrey Clerk | William Morton | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1388 (Feb) | Geoffrey Clerk | William Morton | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1388 (Sep) | Geoffrey Clerk | John Cook | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1390 (Jan) | ?Geoffrey Clerk | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1390 (Nov) | | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1391 | Geoffrey Clerk | Henry Beeby | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1393 | Thomas Wakefield | John Houghton | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1394 | ?Geoffrey Clerk | Henry Beeby | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1395 | Robert Skillington | Henry Beeby | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1397 (Jan) | Thomas Wakefield | Roger Humberston | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1397 (Sep) | Thomas Bailly | Richard Falconer | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1399 | William Bispham | John Church | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1401 | John London | Peter Clerk | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1402 | | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1404 (Jan) | | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1404 (Oct) | | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1406 | John Donyngton | Roger Goldsmith | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1407 | Thomas Denton | John Tonge | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1410 | Robert Evington | John Church | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1411 | Robert Evington | Ralph Brasier | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1413 (Feb) | | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1413 (May) | John Hewet | John Church | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1414 (Apr) | Ralph Brasier | Thomas Denton | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1414 (Nov) | Henry Forster | Robert Evington | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1415 | | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1416 (Mar) | | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1416 (Oct) | | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1417 | | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1419 | Henry Forster | Ralph Brasier | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1420 | John Pykwell | John Church | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1421 (May) | Ralph Brasier | John Church | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1421 (Dec) | Henry Forster | John Nightingale | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1423 | Ralph Brasier | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1426 | Ralph Brasier | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1432 | Ralph Brasier | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1455--1456 | Thomas Dalton | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1510--1515 | *No names known* | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1523 | William Bolt | Roger Wigston | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1529 | Thomas Brokesby | Robert Harward | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1536 | ? | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1539 | John Beaumont | William Wigston | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1542 | Robert Burdett | ?John Beaumont | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1545 | Edward Hastings | John Throckmorton | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1547 | George Swillington | Ralph Skinner | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1553 (Mar) | George Swillington | Robert Cotton | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1553 (Oct) | William Faunt | Thomas Farnham | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1554 (Apr) | Francis Farnham | Thomas Jenkinson | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1554 (Nov) | Francis Farnham | Hugh Aston | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1555 | Francis Farnham | ? | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1558 | Robert Breham | Maurice Tyttell | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1559 (Jan) | John Hastings | Robert Breham | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1562--1563 | Robert Breham | Rubert Brokesby | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1571 | Thomas Cave | Stephen Hales | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1572 (Apr) | Robert Breham | John Stanford I | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1584 (Nov) | Henry Skipwith | Thomas Johnson | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1586 (Oct) | Henry Skipwith | Thomas Johnson | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1588 (Oct) | John Chippendale | Robert Heyrick | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1593 | John Stanford I | James Clarke | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1597 (Sep) | George Parkins | John Stanford II | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1601 (Oct) | George Belgrave | William Herrick | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1604 | William Skipwith, *died 1610\ | Henry Beaumont | | | and replaced by* Henry Rich) | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1614 | Henry Rich | Sir Francis Leigh | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1621--1622 | Sir Richard Moryson | Sir William Herrick | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1624 | Sir Humphrey May | William Ive | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1625 | Thomas Jermyn | Sir Humphrey May, *sat for Lancaster\ | | | | and repl. by* Sir George Hastings) | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1626 | Sir Humphrey May | Sir George Hastings | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1628 | Sir Humphrey May | Sir John Stanhope | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 1629--1640 | *No parliaments summoned* | | +------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ ### 1640--1918 {#section_1}
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0
10,128,460
# Leicester (UK Parliament constituency) ## Members of Parliament {#members_of_parliament} ### 1640--1918 {#section_1} Year First member First party Second member Second party --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- ------------------------ April 1640 Thomas Coke Simon Every November 1640 Thomas Coke Royalist Lord Grey of Groby Parliamentarian January 1644 *Coke disabled from sitting -- seat vacant* 1645 Peter Temple 1653 *Leicester was unrepresented in the Barebones Parliament* 1654 Sir Arthur Hesilrige William Stanley 1656 January 1659 May 1659 Peter Temple *One seat vacant through the death of Lord Grey of Groby* 1660 Thomas Armeston John Grey 1661 Sir William Hartopp Sir John Pretyman 1677 John Grey 1679 Sir Henry Beaumont 1685 Thomas Babington 1689 Lawrence Carter 1690 Sir Edward Abney 1695 Archdale Palmer 1698 Sir William Villiers Lawrence Carter 1701 James Winstanley Lawrence Carter 1702 Sir George Beaumont 1719 Thomas Noble 1722 (Sir) Lawrence Carter January 1727 Thomas Boothby-Skrymsher August 1727 George Wrighte 1737 James Wigley 1765 Anthony James Keck 1766 John Darker 1768 Hon. Booth Grey Whig{{cite book last=Stooks Smith first=Henry. editor=Craig, F. W. S. 1774 John Darker Tory February 1784 Shukburgh Ashby April 1784 John Macnamara Charles Loraine-Smith 1790 Thomas Parkyns Whig Samuel Smith Tory 1800 Thomas Babington Tory 1818 John Mansfield Tory Thomas Pares Whig 1826 Sir Charles Abney-Hastings Tory Robert Otway-Cave Tory 1830 William Evans Whig 1831 Wynne Ellis Radical 1835 Edward Goulburn Conservative Thomas Gladstone Conservative 1837 Samuel Duckworth Radical Sir John Easthope Radical 1839 Wynne Ellis Radical 1847 Sir Joshua Walmsley Radical Richard Gardner Radical 1848 John Ellis Radical Richard Harris Radical 1852 Sir Joshua Walmsley Radical Richard Gardner Radical 1856 John Biggs Radical 1857 John Dove Harris Whig 1859 Joseph William Noble Liberal Liberal 1861 William Unwin Heygate Conservative 1862 Peter Alfred Taylor Liberal 1865 John Dove Harris Liberal 1874 Alexander McArthur Liberal 1884 James Allanson Picton Liberal 1892 Sir James Whitehead Liberal 1894 Henry Broadhurst Liberal Walter Hazell Liberal 1900 Sir John Rolleston Conservative January 1906 Ramsay MacDonald Labour March 1906 Franklin Thomasson Liberal 1910 Eliot Crawshay-Williams Liberal 1913 Sir Gordon Hewart Liberal 1918 *Constituency abolished: see Leicester East, Leicester South, Leicester West* **Notes** `{{Reflist| group = "notes"}}`{=mediawiki}
354
Leicester (UK Parliament constituency)
1
10,128,460
# Leicester (UK Parliament constituency) ## Election results {#election_results} ### Elections in the 1830s {#elections_in_the_1830s} Duckworth resigned after being appointed as Master of the Court of Chancery. ### Elections in the 1840s {#elections_in_the_1840s} The election was declared void on petition on 1 June 1848, due to bribery by Walmsley and Gardner\'s agents, causing a by-election. ### Elections in the 1850s {#elections_in_the_1850s} Gardner\'s death caused a by-election. ### Elections in the 1860s {#elections_in_the_1860s} Noble\'s death caused a by-election. Biggs resigned, causing a by-election. ### Elections in the 1870s {#elections_in_the_1870s} ### Elections in the 1880s {#elections_in_the_1880s} Taylor resigned, causing a by-election. ### Elections in the 1890s {#elections_in_the_1890s} Both Picton and Whitehead resigned. The House of Commons passed separate resolutions for two by-elections, and two separate election writs were issued to Leicester Corporation. However, Israel Hart, the mayor of Leicester, decided to economise by holding a single by-election for both vacancies. In 1895, a select committee of the Commons reported that this procedure was incorrect, but that since it was adopted in good faith and without objection from any of the candidates, the result would be allowed to stand. `{{Election box begin | title=1894 Leicester by-election<ref>David Howell, ''British workers and the Independent Labour Party, 1888–1906'', p.233</ref><ref name="craig1885"/>}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Liberal-Labour (UK) |candidate = [[Henry Broadhurst]] |votes = 9,464 |percentage =33.8 |change = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Liberal Party (UK) |candidate = [[Walter Hazell]] |votes = 7,184 |percentage =25.6 |change =''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate = [[John Rolleston (British politician)|John Rolleston]] |votes = 6,967 |percentage =24.9 |change =''New'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent Labour Party |candidate = [[Joseph Burgess]] |votes = 4,402 |percentage =15.7 |change =''New'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes = 217 |percentage = 0.7 |change = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes = 17,853 (est) |percentage =77.2 |change =''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box registered electors| |reg. electors = 23,125 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Liberal-Labour (UK) |swing =''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Liberal Party (UK) |swing = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box begin | title=[[1895 United Kingdom general election|General election 1895]]: Leicester<ref name="craig1885"/>}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Liberal-Labour (UK) |candidate = [[Henry Broadhurst]] |votes = 9,792 |percentage =33.6 |change = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Liberal Party (UK) |candidate = [[Walter Hazell]] |votes = 7,753 |percentage =26.5 |change = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate = [[John Rolleston (British politician)|John Rolleston]] |votes = 7,654 |percentage =26.2 |change = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent Labour Party |candidate = [[Joseph Burgess]] |votes = 4,009 |percentage =13.7 |change =''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes = 99 |percentage = 0.3 |change = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes =18,856 (est) |percentage =77.2 |change = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box registered electors| |reg. electors = 24,113 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Liberal-Labour (UK) |swing = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Liberal Party (UK) |swing = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki}
544
Leicester (UK Parliament constituency)
2
10,128,460
# Leicester (UK Parliament constituency) ## Election results {#election_results} ### Elections in the 1900s {#elections_in_the_1900s} `{{Election box begin | title=[[1900 United Kingdom general election|General election 1900]]: Leicester<ref>David Howell, ''British workers and the Independent Labour Party, 1888–1906'', p.237</ref><ref name="craig1885"/> }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Liberal-Labour (UK) |candidate = [[Henry Broadhurst]] |votes = 10,385 |percentage =32.3 |change = &minus;1.3 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate = [[John Rolleston (British politician)|John Rolleston]] |votes = 9,066 |percentage =28.2 |change =+2.0 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Liberal Party (UK) |candidate = [[Walter Hazell]] |votes = 8,528 |percentage =26.5 |change =0.0 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Labour Representation Committee (1900) |candidate = [[Ramsay MacDonald]] |votes = 4,164 |percentage =13.0 |change = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes = 32,143 |percentage =83.3 |change =+5.1 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box registered electors| |reg. electors = 24,962 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes = 6,221 |percentage = 19.3 |change = +19.0 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Liberal-Labour (UK) |swing = &minus;1.7 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes = 538 |percentage = 1.7 |change = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box gain with party link| |winner = Conservative Party (UK) |loser = Liberal Party (UK) |swing = +1.0 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box begin | title=[[1906 United Kingdom general election|General election 1906]]: Leicester<ref name="lib16" /><ref name="craig1885"/>}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Liberal-Labour (UK) |candidate = [[Henry Broadhurst]] |votes = 14,745 |percentage =39.9 |change =+7.6 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Labour Representation Committee (1900) |candidate = [[Ramsay MacDonald]] |votes = 14,685 |percentage =39.8 |change =+26.8 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate = [[John Rolleston (British politician)|John Rolleston]] |votes = 7,504 |percentage =20.3 |change = &minus;7.9 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes = 36,934 |percentage =88.9 |change =+5.6 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box registered electors| |reg. electors = 25,129 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes = 7,241 |percentage = 19.6 |change = +0.3 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Liberal-Labour (UK) |swing = +7.8 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes = 7,181 |percentage = 19.5 |change = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box gain with party link| |winner = Labour Representation Committee (1900) |loser = Conservative Party (UK) |swing = +17.4 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box begin | title=[[1906 Leicester by-election]]<ref name="lib16" /><ref name="craig1885"/>}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Liberal Party (UK) |candidate = [[Franklin Thomasson]] |votes = 10,766 |percentage =59.9 |change = +20.0 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate = [[John Rolleston (British politician)|John Rolleston]] |votes = 7,206 |percentage =40.1 |change = +19.8 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes = 3,560 |percentage = 19.8 |change = +0.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes = 17,972 |percentage =71.5 |change = &minus;17.4 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box registered electors| |reg. electors = 25,129 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Liberal Party (UK) |swing = +0.1 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki} ### Elections in the 1910s {#elections_in_the_1910s} `{{Election box begin | title=[[1913 Leicester by-election]]<ref name="hazell">''The New Hazell Annual'' (1917), p.191</ref><ref name="craig1885"/> }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Liberal Party (UK) |candidate = [[Gordon Hewart]] |votes = 10,863 |percentage =47.8 |change =+8.6 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Unionist Party (UK) |candidate = Alured Myddelton Wilshere |votes = 9,279 |percentage =40.8 |change =+18.5 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = British Socialist Party |candidate = [[Edward Hartley]] |votes = 2,580 |percentage =11.4 |change = ''New'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes = 1,584 |percentage = 7.0 |change = -9.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes = 22,722 |percentage =84.2 |change =+0.7 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box registered electors| |reg. electors = 26,972 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Liberal Party (UK) |swing =−4
648
Leicester (UK Parliament constituency)
3
10,128,471
# William C. Gibbs **William Channing Gibbs** (February 10, 1787`{{spnd}}`{=mediawiki}February 21, 1871) was the tenth Governor of Rhode Island from 1821 to 1824. ## Early life {#early_life} Gibbs was born in Newport, Rhode Island, the son of George Gibbs II and Mary Channing. He served in the state militia, rising to the rank of major general. ## Family Governor Gibbs was married to Mary Kane, with whom he had ten children. One daughter, Sarah Gibbs, married Robert Means Thompson, a naval officer, business executive and president of the American Olympic Association. Thompson also served as the Commander-in-Chief of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. His son, Theodore K. Gibbs (born in 1840), served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was commissioned a 2nd lieutenant in the 1st Artillery in October 1861 and was promoted to 1st lieutenant in February 1862. He received brevets (honorary promotions) to the ranks of captain and major for gallantry in action at the battles of Olustee, Florida and Cold Harbor, Virginia respectively. He was a companion of the Massachusetts Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. He resigned from the Army in May 1870 and lived in New York City and Newport, Rhode Island until his death in 1909. Another son, Eugene Beauharnais Gibbs (born in 1833), served as a captain in the 2nd California Infantry during the Civil War. After the war, he was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant the 8th Infantry in the Regular Army, rose to the rank of captain, and served until his death in 1882. Gibbs\' brother, George Gibbs (1776-1833) was a noted mineralogist and was the father of Brevet Major General Alfred Gibbs (1823-1868) who served with distinction in both the Mexican War and the Civil War. ## Political career {#political_career} He was a representative in Rhode Island\'s General Assembly from 1816 to 1820. He served as governor from May 2, 1821, to May 5, 1824. During the three terms that he was governor, the state ballot held the question of expanding suffrage, but it was constantly rejected. In his last term, a Constitutional Convention drafted a document about voting rights, nevertheless, the proposed State Constitution was rejected by the voters. Gibbs died on February 21, 1871, at the age of 84 and is buried in the Island Cemetery in Newport with his wife and his son Theodore Kane Gibbs
406
William C. Gibbs
0
10,128,488
# Yahoo Voice **Yahoo Voice** was a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), PC-PC, PC-Phone and Phone-to-PC telecommunications service. It was provided by Yahoo via its Yahoo Messenger instant messaging application. Yahoo Voice used the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), GIPS codec and the Dialpad engine for voice transport. After 2008 the service was provided by JAJAH, an external VoIP provider. In July 2012, Yahoo Voice was compromised and 453,491 email addresses and passwords were stolen using SQL injection. A 17 MB text file containing the stolen passwords was released by a group of hackers called D33DS company. Yahoo announced the end of Yahoo Voice on January 30, 2013. ## Yahoo Phone Out {#yahoo_phone_out} PC-to-Phone calls to landlines and mobile phones was provided via the Yahoo Phone Out service. Conference calls from PC to Multiple (PSTN) phones or mobiles was not supported. ## Yahoo Phone In {#yahoo_phone_in} Phone-to-PC calls can be received from landline or mobile phones. With Yahoo Phone In users could choose a phone number from three countries (US, UK and France)
172
Yahoo Voice
0
10,128,489
# Listen Like Thieves (song) *Pandoc failed*: ``` Error at (line 51, column 1): unexpected '{' {{singlechart|UK|46|artist=INXS|song=Listen Like Thieves|date=1986-06-21}} ^ ``
21
Listen Like Thieves (song)
0
10,128,505
# Madre Luna **Madre Luna** is a Spanish-language telenovela produced by the United States--based television network Telemundo and RTI Colombia. This limited-run series, also known as *Grains of Love*, debuted on July 2, 2007. Veteran telenovela writer Julio Jiménez developed the story as a vehicle for star Amparo Grisales. The show scored a 35 percent share of the Colombian audience during the summer of 2007. During November 2007, it averaged 571,000 core adult (ages 18--49) viewers. *Luna\'s* final episode aired Monday, January 28, 2008. ## Story This romantic melodrama features Alejandra Aguirre (Amparo Grisales), a gorgeous, tenacious woman with an amazingly well-preserved body who grows rice in the rural town of Castellón---and hides a deep, shocking secret. She is a 50-year-old woman with great passion, sensuality and splendor. Her self-willed intensity puts her in the middle of a rivalry between Leonardo Cisneros (Gabriel Porras) and his handsome, daring son Ángel (Michel Brown). Both dashing men want to possess this vivacious heroine. Leonardo is Alejandra\'s old flame, who gave her two energetic children, Valentin and Demetrio. He reappears in her life after many years of absence and revives the strong feelings which she thought had died long ago. This turns her whole life upside down, forcing her to face her past. Years before, Leonardo met Alejandra during a business trip and they fell in love. He never told his unsuspecting lover that he had been married to his cruel, calculating wife Flavia (Mónica Dionne), who is the mother of his son Ángel, for three years. Instead, he chose to live a double life of deception. Not knowing the truth, Alejandra discovered that she was pregnant. When she finally discovered Leonardo\'s deception, she broke off the relationship. She chose to keep her silence rather than risk hurting his family. While she accepts a plot of land in Castellón from Leonardo, she avoids him for years before serendipity brings them back together. Alejandra\'s reappearance sends a jolt of passion through Leonardo\'s heart. This also raises hatred and envy in vengeful people who want Alejandra and her children destroyed. These dangerous enemies include Doña Trinidad Zapata (Saby Kamalich), Flavia\'s tyrannical mother, and the villainous Tirso Reinoso (Paulo Quevedo), who oversees the Cisneros property, along with the scheming Commandante Veneno (\"Captain Venom\") (Mauricio Aspe), who leads a group of thugs called the Sierra Brigade. Meanwhile, the younger generation faces its own fight for love, companionship and fulfillment. Leonardo\'s son Angel falls for Alejandra, knowing nothing of her forbidden secrets. Despite the enormous age difference, Angel becomes so obsessed that he tries to take her by force. This provokes Alejandra\'s strong desire to stand up against anyone who would abuse her or her children. Leonardo\'s other sons are also adults with their own conflicts. Valentin now works on the rice farm and Demetrio attends college. These two find themselves competing for the love of Flavia\'s beautiful young niece, Anabel Saldaña (Ana Lucía Domínguez). All this leads both families down a path to intrigue, desperation, and betrayal. Generational and status conflicts converge. The struggle over love and family and between rich arrogant upper-class families and poor, decent farmers pushes both Alejandra and Leonardo to their limits. ## Title The name *Madre Luna* refers to a family character in the children\'s stories that Alejandra told her sons when they were growing up. Telemundo\'s English promotional copy says that the *luna* (moon) represents the two heroines. Alejandra and Anabel lead the story toward its emotional climaxes just as the phases of the moon direct \"ancient feminine mysteries.\".
588
Madre Luna
0
10,128,505
# Madre Luna ## Production *Madre Luna* is the last Telemundo-produced telenovela filmed in NTSC resolution. *Variety* called the show \"exquisitely lensed,\" featuring \"bronzed bodies, revealing dresses, hacienda lust and luxury, and pop scoring\". *Madre Luna* is shot in Colombia and vehicles in the show bear yellow Colombian license plates. Jiménez said the setting is an imaginary locale inspired by Colombia\'s rice fields Despite the setting, Telemundo made product placement deals to promote Windex, Splenda and other U.S. brands during the show. In addition, Telemundo is expected to air 130 hours of *Madre Luna* from Monday to Friday over about six months. As with most of its soap operas, the network broadcasts English subtitles as closed captions on CC3. This show replaced *Marina* in Telemundo\'s 8 p.m. ET/PT time slot. ## Changes When Telemundo announced *Madre Luna* in May, 2006, the story was different. Grisales was to play a character named *Leonor* Aguirre. When her husband dies, she returns home to Castellón to face her troubled past and protect her family honor. She falls madly in love with a charming man half her age. The villain in this story was Isadora, who believes Leonor was once romantically involved with her husband. So she plots to expose Leonor\'s dark secret and ruin her family\'s reputation Isadora spreads a hideous rumor around town, provoking irate villagers to attack Leonor\'s home and kill her eldest son. The novela was to focus on Leonor\'s quest to rise from the ashes and avenge her son\'s tragic death. Actor Javier Gómez was originally cast in a major role in this series, but he went over to another Telemundo soap, *Sin Vergüenza*, instead. ## Cast Actor Character ------------------------ ------------------------------------------------- Amparo Grisales Alejandra Aguirre Gabriel Porras Leonardo Cisneros Michel Brown Ángel Cisneros Portillo Mónica Dionne Flavia Portillo Zapata de Cisneros Arap Bethke Demetrio Aguirre / Demetrio Cisneros Aguirre Alex Sirvent Valentín Aguirre / Valentín Cisneros Aguirre Ana Lucía Domínguez Anabel Saldaña Portillo Saby Kamalich Doña Trinidad \"Trini\" Zapata Vda
331
Madre Luna
1
10,128,533
# Wedge-rumped storm petrel The **wedge-rumped storm petrel** (***Hydrobates tethys***) is a storm petrel. It breeds in the Galápagos Islands and on the coast of Peru. It was formerly defined in the genus *Oceanodroma* before that genus was synonymized with *Hydrobates*
41
Wedge-rumped storm petrel
0
10,128,536
# The Mating Game (film) ***The Mating Game*** is a 1959 American comedy film directed by George Marshall and starring Debbie Reynolds, Tony Randall and, in his final film role, Paul Douglas. It was produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Reynolds sings the title song during the opening credits. The film was written by William Roberts and very loosely based on the 1958 British novel, *The Darling Buds of May* by H. E. Bates, which was later adapted into a more faithful 1991--1993 British miniseries, starring Catherine Zeta-Jones in the role that Reynolds plays in the film. ## Plot Irritated neighbor Wendell Burnshaw brings the Larkin family to the attention of the Internal Revenue Service. Lorenzo Charlton is assigned to the case by his boss, Oliver Kelsey. Ma and Pop Larkin warmly welcome him to their family farm in Maryland, at first unaware of why he is there. Lorenzo is aghast to learn that the Larkins have never filed a tax return. With their cooperation, he sets out to figure out what, if anything, they owe in the way of back taxes, a difficult task, as Pop usually just trades for what they need and keeps no records. Lorenzo and the eldest Larkin daughter, Mariette, become attracted to each other, but he does not let that get in the way of his work, at least not at first. However, as time goes by, he begins to loosen up and lose some of his buttoned-down mentality---especially when Pop encourages him to drink a strong alcoholic beverage. When Kelsey and Burnshaw drop by to check his progress, Kelsey is displeased with this development. He takes charge of the investigation and sends Lorenzo back to the office in disgrace. Kelsey calculates the Larkins owe \$50,000. The Larkins are unable to pay such a large sum, so Kelsey tells them they can either sell the farm to Burnshaw or face foreclosure. The Larkins\' many friends rally round them and offer to buy some of their junk for inflated prices, but Pop proudly turns them down. Meanwhile, Mariette goes to see Lorenzo. The family\'s only hope is a receipt for 30 horses bought by the government in the American Civil War and never paid for. With great difficulty, they manage to see Inspector General Bigelow. His legal department calculates that the Larkins are owed, with all the interest that has accrued, over \$14 million. Pop decides not to accept it, as he did nothing to earn it, but Lorenzo gets Bigelow to agree to apply it against all present and future taxes owing. ## Cast - Tony Randall as Lorenzo Charlton - Debbie Reynolds as Mariette Larkin - Paul Douglas as Pop Larkin - Una Merkel as Ma Larkin - Fred Clark as Oliver Kelsey - Philip Ober as Wendell Burnshaw - Philip Coolidge as Reverend Osgood - Charles Lane as Inspector General Bigelow - Trevor Bardette as Chief Guthrie - William Smith as Barney - Addison Powell as David De Groot - Rickey Murray as Lee Larkin - Donald Losby as Grant Larkin - Cheryl Bailey as Victoria Larkin - Caryl Bailey as Susan Larkin ## Production The film was shot in Metrocolor and CinemaScope. ## Box office {#box_office} According to MGM records, the film earned \$2.6 million in the US and Canada and \$1,325,000 elsewhere, resulting in a profit of \$1,261,000.
555
The Mating Game (film)
0
10,128,536
# The Mating Game (film) ## Home media {#home_media} The film was released on DVD by The Warner Archive in March 2009
22
The Mating Game (film)
1
10,128,555
# 2007 British Grand Prix The **2007 British Grand Prix** (formally the **2007 Formula 1 Santander British Grand Prix**) was the ninth race of the 2007 FIA Formula One World Championship. It was held on 8 July 2007 at the Silverstone Circuit. The race was won by Kimi Räikkönen after overtaking pole position driver Lewis Hamilton during the first round of pit stops. Second place was taken by Fernando Alonso and Hamilton was third. With his ninth straight podium, Hamilton set the record for most consecutive podium finishes in a debut season. Following British driver Lewis Hamilton\'s win at the 2007 Canadian Grand Prix, circuit director Richard Phillips reported that ticket sales had \"gone through the roof\". Phillips added, \"we haven\'t seen this level of interest since Mansell-mania in the late 80s and early 90s\". ## Report ### Background In the run up to the race Ferrari presented a legal case against English engineer Nigel Stepney and a McLaren employee, after a search warrant revealed evidence of theft of technical information from the Italian team. McLaren indicated that they would fully cooperate with the investigation, and after a thorough internal investigation the team concluded that \"no Ferrari intellectual property has been passed to any other members of the team or incorporated into its cars.\" The FIA are launching their own investigation into the matter, but stress that their investigation will only involve matters of the Formula One rules and regulations. In another element of the pre-race activities, the Red Bull cars of David Coulthard and Mark Webber sported a livery of fan-submitted images as part of a one-off event for the charity *Wings for Life*. More than 30,000 fans pledged money and uploaded images to the team\'s website, and each fan has selected a spot on either car to have their image placed. The goal was to raise €1 million. This would be repeated again at the 2012 British Grand Prix, but the number would be reduced to 25,000 fans. Preparations for the race began on 19 June, when the teams began testing at Silverstone. During the first day\'s testing Ralf Schumacher set the fastest time, focusing on his race setup for the Grand Prix. In contrast the two top constructors, McLaren and Ferrari, set about testing new parts and developments on their cars. This testing was undertaken by their respective test drivers, Pedro de la Rosa and Luca Badoer. Spyker brought a new chassis to the test and raced it for the first time, with Adrián Vallés and Giedo van der Garde taking the car around the track for 64 laps. Nick Heidfeld ended his test session early after complaining of back problems. In day two of testing it was Jarno Trulli\'s turn to take the Toyota car around Silverstone, and managed to set the fastest time before the session was slowed down by showers. While Ferrari continued to test new parts to their car, this time with Kimi Räikkönen taking to the seat, McLaren stuck with Pedro de la Rosa and worked on the race set up and aerodynamics. Day three saw Toyota drop down from taking the fastest times to take the fifth fastest time on a moderately damp track. Felipe Massa was the fastest man on the track after 87 laps of the British circuit testing various aerodynamic and mechanical adjustments to the car. Although delayed through an oil system problem Alonso finished off aerodynamics work and continued to set up the car for the coming British Grand Prix, finishing with a time slower than second placed Williams driver Nico Rosberg. The leading GP2 driver Timo Glock took to the circuit with BMW Sauber up against ex-rival Nelson Piquet Jr. who was driving with Renault. Piquet Jr. made the fourth fastest time, more than a second faster than Glock.
633
2007 British Grand Prix
0
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# 2007 British Grand Prix ## Report ### Practice The first Friday practice was dominated as per many of the previous Grand Prix of the season, with Ferrari and McLaren taking the top 4 times. Lewis Hamilton took the top time at his home Grand Prix, and the two Ferraris split Alonso from his teammate. Both McLaren drivers spun their cars at different parts of the test, and they were not the only to do so. Other such drivers included Robert Kubica, David Coulthard, Adrian Sutil, Trulli and Massa; who all spun their vehicles on the greasy, but dry track. In the end Rosberg managed to set a faster time than the two competitive BMWs, and Trulli - who boasted a fastest time at Silverstone during testing in the last month - only just managed to set a faster time than Anthony Davidson in the Super Aguri. Davidson outpaced his British counterpart Jenson Button in the works Honda by half a second. Button, who suffered a minor back injury in a shunt in the United States Grand Prix, decided not to partake in the second Friday practice session in order to avoid aggravating the injury. Toyota returned to previous testing form in the second session, putting their drivers in with the McLaren drivers, both of them outpacing Alonso. Schumacher even managed to run exactly the same time as Hamilton. Ferrari meanwhile got the two fastest times of the session, with Räikkönen a full half a second faster than his Brazilian team-mate. Williams were close up behind Alonso, as BMW were running lower in the field than usual. Although Kubica was not complaining, Nick Heidfeld said that \"\[the car\] was difficult to drive, so we have to figure out why.\" Christian Klien got a drive during the practice to replace Button in the car and help set it up. Both of the works Hondas were beaten by both of the Super Aguri cars and Davidson improved on his time and position to tenth. Drivers from many different teams were running off the Copse corner, with eight drivers running off eleven times. The only incident of the afternoon was at the Copse, where Adrian Sutil ran his car onto the tarmac, then spun into the tyre barrier. He was unharmed and the damage to the car was insignificant. On the Saturday practice before the qualifying, the top drivers broke the 1 minute 20 barrier, with Massa, Alonso and Räikkönen all setting fastest laps in the high 1 minute 19s. Räikkönen took the fastest time, faster than rival Alonso who had set a very similar time to Massa. Hamilton\'s final time on low fuel was disrupted by Alexander Wurz sending his Williams off the track, resulting in a yellow flag. Toyota and Williams were the closest to the top of the pack - as BMW continued their bad run. Nick Heidfeld improved from his bad run from the day before to take a joint eighth fastest time, but team-mate Kubica found himself only able to achieve a sixteenth fastest time. Davidson out paced his team-mate for the third time of the weekend, and he achieved a tenth fastest time - something he has never converted to a qualifying session. ### Qualifying The first qualifying session was disrupted near the end by Anthony Davidson, who spun his Super Aguri while attempting to warm the tyres, bringing out the yellow flags. This also meant that he could not complete a good hot lap and left him near the back of the grid. This also forced Sato and Button to slow down on their hot laps, and the three drivers could not improve on their previous times in the closing stages of the session. The six drivers eliminated in the first round were Albers, Sato, Sutil, Davidson, Button and Rosberg (for the first time this season, but due to an engine issue). The fastest time of the session was taking by Alonso. The second session was quite uneventful, with Alonso taking the fastest time again. Near the end of the session the six fastest drivers decided not to set any more times. This was a gamble for the two BMW drivers, as by the end of the session Heidfeld had been pushed down to tenth position. The six drivers who were eliminated from the final session were Liuzzi, Speed, Barrichello, Wurz, Coulthard and Webber. The two McLaren drivers were the first two drivers out on the track for the initial fuel burning phase, and initially, Alonso was the fastest on the track. After the first set of pit stops it looked like Alonso was going to take the pole. On the last set of laps, Alonso was on a faster time than he was before, but Räikkönen was on a faster. Both of them completed their laps and Räikkönen came out on top, despite an error coming out of the final corner. Hamilton who had been sitting in fourth did not look like he was very competitive during qualifying. In the last few seconds of the session he set the fastest lap and put himself on pole position, and he was the only one to break into the 1 minute 19 second margin.
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# 2007 British Grand Prix ## Report ### Race Felipe Massa stalled on the grid, leading to a second formation lap and causing the Brazilian to start from the pit lane, joining Takuma Sato, who also started from the pits. Hamilton led from the start with Räikkönen closely following and Alonso a few seconds behind them. Hamilton led the race until lap sixteen, when he made his stop and rejoined in fifth; his car briefly lurched forward with the fuel hose attached when Hamilton reacted to the \'lollipop\' board being turned over. Räikkönen stopped three laps later and came out of the pit in front of Hamilton to take the race lead. Another three laps later Alonso took a good pit stop and came out in front of both of the previous race leaders. As Alonso was short-fuelled in the first set of pit stops in order to jump into the race lead, it meant that he had to stop quite early compared to his rival. McLaren\'s plan was to use the superior pace of a lighter car to build up a large gap between him and Räikkönen before the second set of pit stops, but the traffic played into Räikkönen\'s hands and when Alonso had to pit Räikkönen resumed the race lead. He was able to make his final stop and rejoined without losing first position. Behind the leaders, Massa was forcing his way through the pack to make up as many places as possible from the back, and finished in fifth behind a defensive Robert Kubica. Nick Heidfeld took sixth, while Heikki Kovalainen and Giancarlo Fisichella brought the two Renaults home in seventh and eighth. Rubens Barrichello and Jenson Button were taking advantage of being quite far back by investing in a one stop strategy and they finished ninth and tenth respectively. Nico Rosberg had a good race taking back quite a few places from the start - with points a possibility, but after a bad first pit stop he had to fight back to gain twelfth. His team-mate, Wurz, finished one place behind him in thirteenth after having tried to overtake Scott Speed and putting the American out of the race with broken suspension. David Coulthard took a good eleventh position; his team-mate, Webber, retired due to a full hydraulics failure. Adrian Sutil retired after a large engine failure going towards the Stowe corner. Toyota suffered the worst problems as both of their cars went out of the race, Ralf Schumacher retiring with a wheel fixation problem, and his teammate, Trulli retiring with handling problems. Anthony Davidson, after a good weekend of practice and an unlucky qualifying session, had to retire his Super Aguri car when he felt vibrations from the underside of the car. Liuzzi retired his car with gearbox failure but was ultimately still classified in 16th place. Räikkönen continued from the second stint of pit stops to take the win a couple of seconds ahead of Alonso. It was Räikkönen\'s second straight win after being victorious at the French Grand Prix the week before. Alonso, finishing second, told the Spanish press that he was adamant that he would catch up with Hamilton in the drivers championship saying that, \"With normal races, sooner or later I will close the gap. I must always be one step higher than him on the podium.\" The British driver finished third to lose two points in the championship to the chasing Alonso, but also achieving his ninth podium out of nine race starts, equalling Jim Clark\'s record. Hamilton also set the record for the most consecutive points finishes from a debut race. Following the race Ferrari chief Luca di Montezemolo complained that although Räikkönen had now won more races than any other driver in 2007, he was not leading the championship. Di Montezemolo said: \"This is unsporting, it\'s wrong: F1 shouldn\'t be a sport for calculators, it should be for winners.\"
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# 2007 British Grand Prix ## Classification ### Qualifying {#qualifying_1} Driver Constructor Q1 Q2 Q3 --------- ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- ---- 1 2 Lewis Hamilton align=\"center\" nowrap\|McLaren-Mercedes 1:19.885 1:19.400 **1:19.997** 1 2 6 Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 1:19.753 1:19.252 1:20.099 2 3 1 Fernando Alonso McLaren-Mercedes **1:19.330** **1:19.152** 1:20.147 3 4 5 Felipe Massa Ferrari 1:19.790 1:19.421 1:20.265 PL 5 10 Robert Kubica BMW Sauber 1:20.294 1:20.054 1:20.401 5 6 11 Ralf Schumacher Toyota 1:20.513 1:19.860 1:20.516 6 7 4 Heikki Kovalainen Renault 1:20.570 1:20.077 1:20.721 7 8 3 align=\"center\" nowrap\|`{{flagicon|Italy}}`{=mediawiki} Giancarlo Fisichella Renault 1:20.842 1:20.042 1:20.775 8 9 9 Nick Heidfeld BMW Sauber 1:20.534 1:20.178 1:20.894 9 10 12 Jarno Trulli Toyota 1:21.150 1:20.133 1:21.240 10 11 15 Mark Webber Red Bull-Renault 1:20.583 1:20.235 11 12 14 David Coulthard Red Bull-Renault 1:21.154 1:20.329 12 13 17 Alexander Wurz Williams-Toyota 1:20.830 1:20.350 13 14 8 Rubens Barrichello Honda 1:21.169 1:20.364 14 15 19 Scott Speed Toro Rosso-Ferrari 1:20.834 1:20.515 15 16 18 Vitantonio Liuzzi Toro Rosso-Ferrari 1:21.160 1:20.823 16 17 16 Nico Rosberg Williams-Toyota 1:21.219 17 18 7 Jenson Button Honda 1:21.335 18 19 23 Anthony Davidson Super Aguri-Honda 1:21.448 19 20 20 Adrian Sutil Spyker-Ferrari 1:22.019 20 21 22 Takuma Sato Super Aguri-Honda 1:22.045 PL 22 21 Christijan Albers Spyker-Ferrari 1:22.586 21 Source: ### Race {#race_1} Driver Constructor Laps Time/Retired Grid Points ----- ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ------ -------------- ----------------------------- -------- 1 6 **Kimi Räikkönen** **Ferrari** 59 1:21:43.074 2 **10** 2 1 **Fernando Alonso** align=\"center\" nowrap\| **McLaren-Mercedes** 59 +2.459 3 **8** 3 2 **Lewis Hamilton** **McLaren-Mercedes** 59 +39.373 1 **6** 4 10 **Robert Kubica** **BMW Sauber** 59 +53.319 5 **5** 5 5 **Felipe Massa** **Ferrari** 59 +54.063 PL`{{ref|1|1}}`{=mediawiki} **4** 6 9 **Nick Heidfeld** **BMW Sauber** 59 +56.336 9 **3** 7 4 **Heikki Kovalainen** **Renault** 58 +1 lap 7 **2** 8 3 align=\"center\" nowrap\| `{{flagicon|Italy}}`{=mediawiki} **Giancarlo Fisichella** **Renault** 58 +1 lap 8 **1** 9 8 Rubens Barrichello Honda 58 +1 lap 14 10 7 Jenson Button Honda 58 +1 lap 18 11 14 David Coulthard Red Bull-Renault 58 +1 lap 12 12 16 Nico Rosberg Williams-Toyota 58 +1 lap 17 13 17 Alexander Wurz Williams-Toyota 58 +1 lap 13 14 22 Takuma Sato Super Aguri-Honda 57 +2 laps PL`{{ref|2|2}}`{=mediawiki} 15 21 Christijan Albers Spyker-Ferrari 57 +2 laps 21 16 18 Vitantonio Liuzzi Toro Rosso-Ferrari 53 Gearbox 16 Ret 12 Jarno Trulli Toyota 43 Handling 10 Ret 23 Anthony Davidson Super Aguri-Honda 35 Mechanical 19 Ret 19 Scott Speed Toro Rosso-Ferrari 29 Collision 15 Ret 11 Ralf Schumacher Toyota 22 Wheel 6 Ret 20 Adrian Sutil Spyker-Ferrari 16 Engine 20 Ret 15 Mark Webber Red Bull-Renault 8 Hydraulics 11 Notes: - -- Felipe Massa started from pitlane after he stalled on the grid prior to the first formation lap. - -- Takuma Sato started from pitlane.
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# 2007 British Grand Prix ## Championship standings after the race {#championship_standings_after_the_race} Drivers\' Championship standings +/-- Driver Points --------- --- ----------------- -------- 1 Lewis Hamilton 70 2 Fernando Alonso 58 1 3 Kimi Räikkönen 52 1 4 Felipe Massa 51 5 Nick Heidfeld 33 Source: Constructors\' Championship standings +/-- Constructor Points --------- --- ------------------ -------- 1 McLaren-Mercedes 128 2 Ferrari 103 3 BMW Sauber 56 4 Renault 31 5 Williams-Toyota 13 Source: - **Note**: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
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# Edward Stanley, 11th Earl of Derby **Edward Stanley, 11th Earl of Derby** (27 September 1689 -- 22 February 1776), known as **Sir Edward Stanley, 5th Baronet**, from 1714 to 1736, was a British nobleman, peer, and politician. Derby was the son of Sir Thomas Stanley, 4th Baronet, and Elizabeth Patten of Preston, and succeeded his father in the baronetcy in 1714. This branch of the Stanley family, known as the \"Stanleys of Bickerstaffe\", were descended from Sir James Stanley, younger brother of Thomas Stanley, 2nd Earl of Derby. He was appointed High Sheriff of Lancashire in 1723. He was elected to the House of Commons for Lancashire in 1727, a seat he held until 1736, when he succeeded his distant relative James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby, as eleventh Earl of Derby, and took his seat in the House of Lords. He later served as Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire from 1741 to 1757 and again from 1771 to 1776. As Lord Lieutenant, Derby was ordered to embody the Lancashire Militia in September 1745 after the government\'s forces had been defeated by the Jacobite rebels at the Battle of Prestonpans. The regiments had not been called out for training for 30 years, and Derby and his deputy lieutenants scrambled to raise money and find officers who could train the raw troops. Derby was appointed Colonel on 25 October and by 5 November he had assembled one regiment of eight companies. The regiment guarded Liverpool while the Jacobites marched through Lancashire to Derby, and one of its detached companies harried the Jacobites during their subsequent retreat. The regiment was disembodied in January 1746 when the crisis had passed. Lord Derby married Elizabeth Hesketh, daughter of Robert Hesketh, in 1714. He died in February 1776, aged 86, and was succeeded in the earldom by his grandson Edward, his son James Smith-Stanley, Lord Strange, having predeceased him. His daughter, Lady Charlotte Stanley, married General John Burgoyne. His great-great-grandson Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, was three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
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# The Mysterious Pilot ***The Mysterious Pilot*** is a 15-episode 1937 Columbia movie serial based on the book by William Byron Mowery and starring the record-breaking aviator Frank Hawks.{{#tag:ref\|Frank Hawks had gained fame through public appearances, record-breaking aviation events and tireless promotion of his \"brand\".\|group=N}} This was the second serial produced by Columbia. In the serial, Hawks plays a flying \"mountie\".`{{TOC limit|limit=2}}`{=mediawiki} ## Plot Carter Snowden (Kenneth Harlan) about to marry Jean McNain (Dorothy Sebastian), is accused of murder. When his accuser is killed, Jean flees the train she is on, and heads into the Canadian woods. Snowden sends a bodyguard to find Jean, who appeals to RCMP Captain Jim Dorn (Frank Hawks) for help. With his friend \"Kansas\" (Rex Lease) and Indian Luke (Yakima Canutt), Jim hides Jean. Snowden tracks down Jean and tries to lure her to his aircraft by telling her that Jim is injured and needs her. As soon as they realize what has happened, Jim and Kansas take to the air and force Snowden\'s aircraft down. Jean is unhurt but Snowden dies in the crash. Trying to get down to Jean, Jim\'s parachute gets tangled in the trees and Jean ends up rescuing him. ## Chapter titles {#chapter_titles} 1. The Howl of the Wolf 2. The Web Tangles 3. Enemies of the Air 4. In the Hands of the Law 5. The Crack-up 6. The Dark Hour 7. Wings of Destiny 8. Battle in the Sky 9. The Great Flight 10. Whirlpool of Death 11. The Haunted Mill 12. The Lost Trail 13. The Net Tightens 14. Vengeance Rides the Airways 15. Retribution ~Source:~ ## Cast - Frank Hawks as Captain Jim Dorn - Dorothy Sebastian as Jean McNain - Esther Ralston as Vivian McNain - Rex Lease as RCAF Sergeant \"Kansas\" Eby - Guy Bates Post as \"Papa\" Bergelot - Kenneth Harlan as Carter Snowden - Yakima Canutt as Indian Luke - George Rosener as Fritz - Clara Kimball Young as Martha, Fritz\'s Wife - Frank Lackteen as Yoroslaff, a henchman - Harry Harvey as \"Soft Shoe\" Cardigan, a henchman - Tom London as Kilgour, a henchman - Bob Walker as Boyer, a lumberjack henchman - Ted Adams as Carlson, a henchman ## Production *Mysterious Pilot* was adapted from the novel \"The Silver Hawk\" by William Byron Mowery. Frank Hawks was billed in *Mysterious Pilot* as the \"Fastest airman in the world.\" After each episode, Hawks appeared to deliver a \"flying lesson\". A Sikorsky S-39 amphibian was featured in the serial
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# The Journal of Military History ***The Journal of Military History*** is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the military history of all times and places. It is the official journal of the Society for Military History. The journal was established in 1937 and the editor-in-chief is Bruce Vandervort (Virginia Military Institute). It is abstracted and indexed in the Arts & Humanities Citation Index and Current Contents/Arts & Humanities. ## History The journal was established in 1937 as the *Journal of the American Military Foundation*. It was renamed *Journal of the American Military Institute* in 1939 and *Military Affairs: The Journal of Military History, Including Theory and Technology* in 1941, before obtaining its current name in 1989
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# Marlborough (UK Parliament constituency) **Marlborough** was a parliamentary borough centred on the town of Marlborough in Wiltshire, which elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons from 1295 until 1868, and then one member from 1868 until 1885, when the borough was abolished. ## Members of Parliament {#members_of_parliament} ### 1295--1640 +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | Parliament | First member | Second member | +============+==================================================+====================+ | 1386 | Thomas Cryps | John Jenewyne | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1388 (Feb) | John Curteys | John Wyly | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1388 (Sep) | John Curteys | John Wyly | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1390 (Jan) | Thomas Calston | Robert Warner | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1390 (Nov) | | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1391 | | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1393 | John Curteys | Thomas Lechenore | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1394 | John Curteys | Richard Frys | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1395 | John Curteys | Robert Drake | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1397 (Jan) | | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1397 (Sep) | John Canynges | Nicholas Cley | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1399 | Thomas Cryps | Thomas Cook | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1401 | | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1402 | Richard Collingbourne | John Bird | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1404 (Jan) | | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1404 (Oct) | | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1406 | Thomas Heose | Nicholas Tympeneye | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1407 | | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1410 | | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1411 | | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1413 (Feb) | | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1413 (May) | John Bird | William Byllyngtre | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1414 (Apr) | Thomas Hathaway | William Alcliffe | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1414 (Nov) | Thomas Hathaway | John Bird | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1415 | John Bird | Thomas Newman | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1416 (Mar) | Thomas Newman | Nicholas Swan | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1416 (Oct) | | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1417 | William Hungate | Hugh Gower | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1419 | | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1420 | Hugh Gower | Nicholas Swan | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1421 (May) | Hugh Gower | Laurence Fitton | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1421 (Dec) | Hugh Gower | John Giles | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1455 | Thomas Vaughan | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1510--1523 | *No names known* | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1529 | Edmund Darrell | Henry Bagot | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1536 | ? | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1539 | ?John Berwick | ?John Thynne | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1542 | ?William Barnes | ?John Thynne | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1545 | John Thynne | Andrew Baynton | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1547 | Humphrey Moseley | Thomas Smith | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1553 (Mar) | William Button | Roger Colly | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1553 (Oct) | Robert Weare alias Brown | Robert Bithway | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1554 (Apr) | Owen Gwyn | Thomas Tyndale | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1554 (Nov) | Peter Taylor alias Perce | John Broke | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1555 | Andrew Baynton | Gabriel Pleydell | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1558 | William Daniell | William Fleetwood | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1559 | William Daniell | John Young | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1562--3 | Michael Blount | Leonard Dannett | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1571 | John Cornwall | Philip Godwyn | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1572 | Nicholas St John | John Stanhope | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1584 | Henry Ughtred | Edward Stanhope | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1586 | Edward Stanhope | Edmund Hungerford | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1588 | Richard Wheler | John Cornwall | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1593 | Richard Wheler | Anthony Hungerford | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1597 | Richard Digges | Richard Wheler | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1601 | Richard Digges | Lawrence Hyde | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1604--1611 | Lawrence Hyde | Richard Digges | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1614 | Richard Digges | Sir Francis Popham | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1621 | William Seymour, Lord Beauchamp, *ennobled 1621\ | Richard Digges | | | and replaced by* Walter Devereux | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1624 | Sir Francis Seymour | Richard Digges | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1625 | Richard Digges | Edward Kyrton | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1626 | Richard Digges | Edward Kyrton | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1628 | Richard Digges | Henry Piercy | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | 1629--1640 | *No Parliaments summoned* | | +------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
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# Marlborough (UK Parliament constituency) ## Members of Parliament {#members_of_parliament} ### 1640--1868 {#section_1} +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | Year | | First member | First party | | Second member | Second party | +===============+=============================================================+==============================================================+=================+==================================================+=====================================+=================+ | March 1640 | | Sir William Carnaby | Royalist | | Francis Baskerville | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | November 1640 | | John Francklyn | Parliamentarian | | Sir Francis Seymour | Royalist | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1641 | | | | | Philip Smith | Parliamentarian | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1645 | | Charles Fleetwood | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1653 | *Marlborough was unrepresented in the Barebones Parliament* | | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1654 | | Charles Fleetwood | | *Marlborough had only one seat in the First and\ | | | | | | | | Second Parliaments of the Protectorate* | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1656 | | Jerome Sankey | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | January 1659 | | Thomas Grove | | | James Hayes | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | May 1659 | | Charles Fleetwood | | | Philip Smith | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | April 1660 | | Henry Hungerford | | | Jeffrey Daniel | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1661 | | Lord John Seymour | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1673 | | Sir John Elwes | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | February 1679 | | Thomas Bennet | | | Edward Goddard | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | August 1679 | | | | | Lord Bruce | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1685 | | Sir John Ernle | | | Sir George Willoughby | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | January 1695 | | | | | Thomas Bennet | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | November 1695 | | William Daniell | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1698 | | The Earl of Ranelagh | | | William Grinfield | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | January 1701 | | | | | John Jeffreys | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | November 1701 | | Robert Yard | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | July 1702 | | Hon. Robert Bruce | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | November 1702 | | | | | Edward Jeffreys | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | May 1705 | | Edward Ashe | | | John Jeffreys | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | November 1705 | | Earl of Hertford | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | May 1708 | | | | | Hon. James Bruce | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | December 1708 | | Sir Edward Ernle | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1710 | | Lord Bruce | | | Hon. Robert Bruce | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1712 | | Richard Jones | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1713 | | Gabriel Roberts | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1715 | | Sir William Humphreys | | | Joshua Ward | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1717 | | | | | Gabriel Roberts | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | March 1722 | | Earl of Hertford | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | October 1722 | | Thomas Gibson | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1727 | | | | | Edward Lisle | Tory | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1734 | | Francis Seymour | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1737 | | | | | John Crawley | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1741 | | Sir John Hynde Cotton, 3rd Baronet | Tory | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1747 | | | | | John Talbot | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1752 | | Sir John Hynde Cotton, 4th Baronet | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1754 | | | | | Hon. John Ward | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1761 | | Lord Brudenell | | | Colonel the Hon. Robert Brudenell | Tory | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1762 | | (Sir) James Long | Tory | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1768 | | | | | Hon. James Brudenell | Tory | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1780 | | The Earl of Courtown | Tory | | William Woodley | Tory | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1784 | | | | | Sir Philip Hales | Tory | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1790 | | | | | Major-General the Hon. Thomas Bruce | Tory | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1793 | | Earl of Dalkeith | Tory | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1796 | | Lord Bruce\ | Tory | | Hon. James Bruce | Tory | | | | (replaced on inheriting his father\'s earldom in April 1814) | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1797 | | | | | Robert Brudenell | Tory | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1802 | | | | | James Henry Leigh | Tory | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1806 | | | | | Earl of Dalkeith | Tory | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1807 | | | | | Viscount Stopford | Tory | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1810 | | | | | Edward Stopford | Tory | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1814 | | William Hill | Tory | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1818 | | John Wodehouse | Tory | | Lord Brudenell | Tory | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1826 | | Earl Bruce | Tory | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 13 March 1829 | | Thomas Bucknall-Estcourt | Tory | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 23 March 1829 | | | | | William John Bankes | Tory | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1832 | | Lord Ernest Bruce | Tory | | Henry Bingham Baring | Tory | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1834 | | | Conservative | | | Conservative | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1847 | | | Peelite | | | Peelite | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1859 | | | Liberal | | | Liberal | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 1868 | *Representation reduced to one member* | | | | | | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ ### 1868--1885 {#section_2} Year Member Party ------ -------------------------- -------------------- --------- 1868 Lord Ernest Bruce Liberal 1878 Lord Charles Bruce Liberal 1885 *Constituency abolished* ## Election results {#election_results}
988
Marlborough (UK Parliament constituency)
1
10,128,581
# Marlborough (UK Parliament constituency) ## Members of Parliament {#members_of_parliament} ### Elections in the 1830s {#elections_in_the_1830s} - The mayor refused to accept the nominations of Malet and Mirehouse, and Bucknall-Estcourt and Bankes were declared elected unopposed. ### Elections in the 1840s {#elections_in_the_1840s} Baring was appointed a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury and Bruce was appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household, requiring by-elections. ### Elections in the 1850s {#elections_in_the_1850s} Brudenell-Bruce was appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household, requiring a by-election. ### Elections in the 1860s {#elections_in_the_1860s} *Seat reduced to one member* ### Elections in the 1870s {#elections_in_the_1870s} Brudenell-Bruce succeeded to the peerage, becoming Marquess of Ailesbury. ### Elections in the 1880s {#elections_in_the_1880s} Bruce was appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household, requiring a by-election
119
Marlborough (UK Parliament constituency)
2
10,128,589
# Neighbourhoods in Regina, Saskatchewan Seven neighbourhoods are of considerable note: *Regina*\'s residential areas, apart from the remaining residential portion of the original town between the CPR tracks and Wascana Lake to the immediate south of the central business district, are largely typical of western Canadian cities, mostly consisting of unremarkable post-World War II single-family dwellings on substantial lots. : \(1\) The downtown business district; ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` : \(2\) the West End (latterly deemed the \"Cathedral Area\"); ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` : \(3\) the historic and affluent Crescents area, immediately to the north of Wascana Creek west of the Albert Street bridge and dam which creates Wascana Lake); ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` : \(4\) Germantown, originally an impoverished and ill-serviced ghetto of continental Europeans; ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` : \(5\) South Albert Street, adjacent to the provincial Legislative Building and office buildings, a neighbourhood of imposing mansions dating from the before the First World War through the post-War \'20s boom; ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` : \(6\) the Warehouse District, formerly --- obviously, as its name suggests --- the reception zone for freight arriving from eastern Canada and the USA for sale by Regina wholesalers, and latterly, with the eclipse of rail shipping, being redeveloped as desirable residential accommodation, upscale restaurants and fashionable shopping precincts; and ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` : \(7\) the latterly notorious North-Central district, an area of low-rent housing nowadays characterised by serious problems of crime, drug use and prostitution. According to the 22 November 2004 report of the Regina Planning Commission to the Mayor and City Council, \"The current directions of residential \[growth\] for Regina (northwest, southeast and infill in existing areas of development) were essentially established in 1961...and ...\[i\]n the most recent review of the Development Plan undertaken in 2001, it was determined that these directions continue to be the most appropriate for the next 20 years.\" An eighth general residential category, therefore, is: : \(8\) the newer residential subdivisions in the east, north and northwest precincts of the city, planned in anticipation of gradual urban growth over several decades, a development which now with Saskatchewan\'s recent and unexpected economic boom is occurring in a matter of years rather than decades.
367
Neighbourhoods in Regina, Saskatchewan
0
10,128,589
# Neighbourhoods in Regina, Saskatchewan ## Downtown business district {#downtown_business_district} The downtown business district, latterly and somewhat confusingly to the historically minded deemed \"Market Square\" by civic boosters (the historic Market Square was on the current site of the Regina City Police headquarters and was the site of the Regina Riot), is located between Saskatchewan Drive and the CPR line to the north, Albert Street to the west, Broad Street to the East and Victoria Avenue to the south. The historical heart of Regina and noted nationally for its widespread destruction in the Regina Cyclone of 1912, it is nowadays possibly more to be noted for its former significance as commercial and residential growth has relocated to the periphery of the city, and indeed many historically significant landmarks and buildings have long since been demolished and forgotten. New apartment buildings and condominium residential development in older commercial and office buildings in, for example, the Scarth Street Mall and the Motherwell Building, show promise of revitalising the city core; the Cornwall Centre, an impressive inner city shopping mall originally with Eaton\'s and Hudson\'s Bay Company department stores as its anchors together with large cinemas, has not yet thrived but growing posh residential redevelopment could spur new vitality if urban crime spilling over from North Central can be stemmed. Former commercial and office facilities along Scarth Street are now strata title apartments. Historic entertainment venues and churches have largely lapsed but the Globe Theatre has relocated from the Saskatchewan Centre of the Arts to the Old Post Office on 11th Avenue; the conversion of the Union Station to a casino and the construction of several new hotels are bringing new night life vitality to the Central Business District, albeit with the urgent caveat that urban crime spilling over from the North Central remains a serious issue. Currently, the downtown covers 82 hectares, 0.82 km2.
312
Neighbourhoods in Regina, Saskatchewan
1
10,128,589
# Neighbourhoods in Regina, Saskatchewan ## \"Cathedral Area\" (the West End) {#cathedral_area_the_west_end} In 1927, the City of Regina passed its first zoning bylaw, setting the patterns for land use in the area. Over time, additional bylaws encouraged the construction of high-density housing, which replaced older housing near Albert Street. A 235-hectare (581 acres) largely residential area west of downtown Regina, this neighbourhood is defined as the area west of Albert Street, northeast of Wascana Creek and south of the CPR mainline. The area has some commercial properties on the north and east and along the 13th Avenue shopping district, the neighbourhood\'s main street. Holy Rosary Roman Catholic Cathedral on 13th Avenue opened in 1913, and it is the source of real estate agents\' now popular sobriquet of the \"Cathedral Area,\" the area previously having been known as the West End. Immediately to the east of Holy Rosary on 13th Avenue is Westminster United (formerly Presbyterian) Church, also a construction of 1913, and the other major place of worship in the West End. When Holy Rosary found itself without a meeting house after the catastrophic fire of 1976 Westminster gladly provided it with a worship space for the duration of the repairs. In recent years the West End has come to be perceived both as a bohemian enclave and an area of economic need. There are, however, pockets of decidedly affluent housing throughout the Cathedral Area, extending intermittently from the immediate west of Albert Street right to Pasqua Street. Holy Rosary Cathedral has always been a centre of high culture in Regina and Westminster Presbyterian, later United, Church has been an élite bastion throughout its history while never forsaking its liberal Evangelical Protestant mandate of doing good as well as being good. Both Holy Rosary and Westminster (perhaps as well as St Mary\'s Anglican in the Crescents) draw parishioners --- and make it a matter of urgency that they do so --- not only from among the British élite but also from among the less advantaged persons in their geographical purview. On the perimeter of the West End on Albert Street is First Presbyterian Church, built in 1926 and founded by non-concurring dissidents from Westminster, Knox and Carmichael United Churches who objected to their several Presbyterian Church congregations\' entry into the United Church of Canada --- all Regina Presbyterian congregations had entered into the United Church. First Presbyterian, however, is perhaps a church more of the posh South Albert and Lakeview precincts than of the West End, the latter having been amply served by the two existing United Churches of Westminster and Wascana. (Wascana\'s plain vernacular style wooden meeting house originally stood on 14th Avenue as Fourteenth Avenue Methodist Church and was moved in 1925 to its new site at 13th and Pasqua; it was sold in the 1960s when Wascana United built a new church; the congregation subsequently merged with that of Westminster.) By the 1970s, inner-city problems had arisen to some extent --- declining and aging population, decreasing quality of housing stock, increasing crime, heavier vehicular traffic and fewer parking places --- although, unlike other older residential areas of town, the population base and indeed the number of young families remained sufficiently high that the now nearly century-old Connaught Public and Holy Rosary Separate Schools remained continuously in use while several other elementary schools were demolished and not replaced. By the middle of the 1970s, area residents organised the Cathedral Area Community Association. Through the work of the associations --- as well as joint municipal, provincial and federal social programs --- local conditions improved. In addition, the spread on non-residential properties and high-density housing was controlled, and a large number of older homes in the area were renovated extensively. The Cathedral Area in recent years has become a desirable residential neighbourhood by reason of its latter-day atmosphere of rakishness: the old Sacred Heart Academy, formerly a private girls\' high school operated by the Western Canada-based Sisters of Our Lady of the Missions, immediately adjacent to the Roman Catholic Cathedral on 13th Avenue at Garnet Street, has been redeveloped as tony townhouses; many formerly rundown houses have been expensively renovated. On the other hand, recent cuts to the Cathedral Area Community Association have put many of the community programs and festivals, that created the renewed atmosphere, in jeopardy. <File:Wascana> Creek.jpg\|Wascana Creek in Les Sherman Park, West End, downstream from the Albert Street Bridge and Wascana Lake <File:Westminster> Presbyterian (later United) Church.jpg\|Westminster Presbyterian, later United, Church on 13th Avenue, next door to Holy Rosary Cathedral <File:Connaught> Library.jpg\|Connaught Public Library, corner of 13th Avenue and Elphinstone Street, opposite Connaught Public School <File:Blessing> of the Holy Rosary Cathedral. 3125 13th Avenue. 1913..jpg\|Blessing of Holy Rosary Cathedral, 3125 13th Avenue at Garnet Street, 1913 <File:Sacred> Heart Academy -113539588.jpg\|The former Sacred Heart Academy, now converted to private strata-title residences, but also housing the Roman Catholic Synod Office ## The Crescents {#the_crescents} The Crescents, taking its name from Leopold, Angus and Connaught Crescents, the principal residential streets in the precinct, is the historically most desirable residential area of Regina. In zoning parlance a part of the \"Cathedral area,\" it is a discrete residential zone, its posh 1920s villas, mock-Tudor ambience and large lots a striking contrast to the more matter-of-factly working persons\' housing of the 13th Avenue neighbourhood. It made the list of \"Best Old House Neighborhoods 2011: City Living\" in This Old House Magazine. Originally a property development of the McCallum-Hill property company to the immediate north of Wascana Creek after the Wascana bridge was relocated to the east of its original location, it soon became one of Regina\'s most attractive and prestigious residential neighbourhoods. Regina\'s Roman Catholic Archbishop and Anglican Dean live here, as do many of Regina\'s social élite. It is wholly devoid of any commercial development; the only local church is the Anglican Church of St Mary the Virgin and non-Anglican church-going locals are largely parishioners of the \"Cathedral Area\" Holy Rosary Cathedral and Westminster United Church on 13th Avenue and First Presbyterian on Albert Street. The local primary school, Davin Public School, is named for Nicholas Flood Davin. Low-lying areas immediately adjacent to Wascana Creek are less desirable (and contain less impressive residences) owing to their being subject to flooding in particularly wet springs when the creek overflows its banks; a flood in 1915 is pictured; the most severe flood in the city\'s history occurred in 1971.
1,066
Neighbourhoods in Regina, Saskatchewan
2
10,128,589
# Neighbourhoods in Regina, Saskatchewan ## Albert Street South {#albert_street_south} The McCallum-Hill property development company pounced on the opportunity provided by the new Albert Street bridge, developing an imposing row of still-impressive mansions along south Albert Street and in the immediately adjacent old Lakeview precinct during the years immediately following the establishment of the province of Saskatchewan and designation of Regina as the provincial capital through until the beginning of the depression. The mansions of Walter Hill (built in 1911), E.D. McCallum (1912) and H.M. McCallum (1913), the principals of the McCallum-Hill company, remain standing on Albert Street South; the Hill residence is a designated municipal heritage site; the E.D. McCallum house was owned by the Sisters of the Precious Blood and used by them as an enclosed convent from 1948 to 1959. Regina\'s early promise soon failed with the stock market crash of 1929 and the long years of prairie drought which followed; the neighbourhood remains the closest approximation in Regina to Toronto\'s Forest Hill and Bridle Path. ## Germantown and the East End {#germantown_and_the_east_end} ### Germantown proper {#germantown_proper} The area known as Germantown (Broad Street east to Winnipeg Street and beyond --- the precise eastern and southern perimeter is somewhat amorphous --- and somewhat to the north of College Avenue to the CPR Yards) was settled by continental Europeans: Germans, Romanians, Hungarians, Serbs, Ukrainians, Poles, essentially anyone neither British Isles, French nor aboriginal in ancestry. In the early-predominant Anglo-Celtic mainstream non-francophone continental Europeans whatever their origin were generally referred to either as \"Galicians\" (Galicia at the time actually being Austrian Poland) or as \"Germans.\" Europeans became established around the former Market Square (now the location of the Regina city police station on Osler Street between 10th and 11th Avenues) by 1892. German, Ukrainian, Romanian and Serbian religious, secular and educational institutions and services were early established in the neighbourhood --- including St Nicholas\'s Romanian Orthodox Church (established in 1902), the oldest Romanian Orthodox parish in North America; St George\'s Cathedral (founded in 1914 though the present building dates from the early 1960s), the episcopal seat of the Romanian Orthodox Bishop of Regina; and the now long-demolished Holy Trinity Serbian Orthodox Church and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Descent of the Holy Ghost, both formerly on Winnipeg Street. St. Mary\'s Roman Catholic Church on Winnipeg Street between Victoria and 13th Avenues assumed its name when the downtown parish now called Blessed Sacrament, whose building was originally on Cornwall Street north of Victoria Park and is now on Scarth Street south of the Park, was renamed. Beth Jacob Synagogue, originally established in 1905 and now re-located to South Regina, was originally also in Germantown. Regina\'s city fathers, all of course drawn from the Anglo-Saxon élite, grievously neglected Germantown in the early days and basic services of water and sewerage came scandalously late to the precinct. Many residents of the Germantown quarter of Regina lived in squalid shacks without basic services till well into the 20th century, when issues of loyalty to the British Crown during the First World War were comprehensively resolved in the favour of the residents\' complete Canadian-ness. By the 1960s invidious past ethnic prejudice had long since passed and Ukrainian food had become pan-Saskatchewan food. Apart from German Lutheran and Roman Catholic establishments throughout Regina, however, European churches and cultural clubs remain concentrated in Germantown. Trinity Lutheran Church --- now occupying a large but undistinguished A-frame building on Ottawa Street in the heart of Germantown --- remains the centre of Regina\'s Lutheran constituency and large ecclesiastical functions are generally held there, though Canadian Lutheranism, while maintaining the historic episcopacy and indeed being in full communion with the Anglican Church of Canada, does not designate its principal metropolitan churches cathedrals as such. (However, despite not having official cathedral status, Trinity is often the location of episcopal events: in 2002 the first woman to become a bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada was ordained at Trinity and installed as Lutheran Bishop of Saskatchewan.) Trinity Lutheran for many years maintained a traditional German-style parish church in Germantown; in due course, when it had built its current new modern building across the street, it sold its impressive German pipe organ to an Anglican parish in Regina. ### The WASP East End {#the_wasp_east_end} On the southeastern periphery of Germantown, where British Isles-descended Canadians settled after the turn of the century, is St Matthew\'s Anglican Church, one of only three substantial historic Anglican parish churches in Regina, the other two being St. Paul\'s in the city centre and St Mary\'s in the Crescents. (Carmichael United, formerly Presbyterian, Church, an imposing building with fine stained glass, an impressive Casavant Frères pipe organ and luxurious fittings, some now in the possession of the University of Regina for use at convocation ceremonies, was on 15th Avenue at St. John Street immediately south of Regina General Hospital. Its congregation was a 1925 union of the pre-existing Presbyterian congregation of the same name and in the same building with the neighbouring Wesley Methodist Church; both had been founded in 1912. It closed in 1995 and was subsequently demolished.) Across College Avenue immediately to the south of Germantown is the former Anglican Diocesan property. It contains the former Qu\'Appelle Diocesan School (whose premises were originally a theological seminary for the training of clergy) and Anglican nunnery (with the historic St Chad\'s Chapel), diocesan administrative buildings, an old people\'s home and the bishop\'s palace and was the intended site for a never-built cathedral whose intended site remains visible at the corner of Broad Street and College Avenue, outlined in caragana hedges. (See Regina\'s historic buildings and precincts.)
940
Neighbourhoods in Regina, Saskatchewan
3
10,128,589
# Neighbourhoods in Regina, Saskatchewan ## The Warehouse District {#the_warehouse_district} Not historically a residential neighbourhood, the Warehouse District is immediately to the north and east of the downtown central business district, beyond the CPR rail line (see map, below). Before the highways were upgraded to the extent that they permitted trans-Canada commercial shipping by road within Canada, and did not require trucking companies to dip below the 49th parallel to traverse the Great Lakes, and prior to the emergence of the airlines as a preferred mode of passenger travel and freight carriage, the railways were, as Prime Minister John A. Macdonald\'s National Policy had envisaged, at first the sole and for long the principal conduit linking Canada together. In Regina the warehouses were commercial depots for the receipt of goods from eastern Canada and the USA. With the eclipse of the railroads by the highways the Warehouse District lost its original *raison d'être* and for a time the warehouses seemed in danger of becoming white elephants. Beginning in the 1970s and '80s imaginative property developers took their cue from the transformation of similarly outmoded warehouse districts in major eastern North American cities -- television dramas and comedies set in New York, Chicago and Toronto and house-beautiful home decoration magazines played a considerable part -- and began transforming the increasingly idle warehouses into tony restaurants and shopping precincts, live music clubs, condominiums and loft apartments which had the amenity of immediate proximity to professional employment venues in the central business district, just across the CPR tracks, and retail outlets in the new Cornwall Centre and elsewhere in the central business district. The Warehouse District has become a highly desirable night life precinct and residential address in Regina and appears likely to become a salutary exception to the general trend of commercial and residential development during the postwar years away from the city centre to the periphery.
315
Neighbourhoods in Regina, Saskatchewan
4
10,128,589
# Neighbourhoods in Regina, Saskatchewan ## North Central {#north_central} North Central is contained within a trapezium described by the CPR tracks to the south, which divides North Central from the downtown business district; Broad Street to the east; Alexandra Street (two blocks west of Pasqua) to the west; and McKinley Avenue to the north. The increasingly tony Warehouse District being historically a non-residential sector and not part of North Central, is an exception to the generally depressed economic circumstances of the region immediately north of the CPR tracks and is appropriately hived off from the map. The largest of Regina\'s inner city neighbourhoods, it was originally established in the mid-1880s to accommodate European labourers working on the Canadian Pacific Railway. It subsequently became a prosperous middle class precinct. By way of example, St Andrew\'s Presbyterian, later United Church --- originally a mission congregation of Knox Presbyterian, like Carmichael Presbyterian to the south of Germantown and Lakeview United Church to the south of Wascana Creek --- thrived from its founding in 1907 in the 2700 block, Dewdney Avenue through the building of an impressive though austere large church at Dewdney and Athol in 1951, the vitality and prosperity of the United Church and of WASPs in North Central demonstrated by the mortgage on the new building being retired after only four years in 1955 until North Central\'s changing demographic and the congregation\'s drastically waning numbers forced it to close at the turn of the 21st century. Since the federal government\'s amendments to the *Indian Act* (R.S., 1985, c. I-5) removed restrictions on mobility of Status Indians (a Status Indian being an aboriginal person who is registered under the Act: see Indian Act), the neighbourhood\'s aboriginal population has steadily risen; current estimates show that one-third of the neighbourhood\'s 12,000-odd population is of aboriginal ethnicity. The neighbourhood has been the subject of controversy and concern in recent years due to the high concentration of poverty, prostitution, and rundown rental housing. It is estimated that there are more IV drug users in North-Central per capita than in Vancouver\'s Downtown Eastside. Although crime rates in the area remain relatively high, they have fallen in recent years due to efforts by the Regina Police Service and several agencies, including a stolen vehicle program, an anti-drug strategy, and an increase in the number of police officers in the area. This has been a national trend for some time. As of November 2006, nearly 18% of the crime in Regina occurred in this neighbourhood, which has less than 6% of the population, or a 153-block area containing approximately (by another estimate) 10,500 people. In recent years the local government\'s commitment to invest in the inner-city has been questioned in view of its attempts to close inner-city library branches and a proposal to implement a base tax which would have lowered property taxes in outlying areas, where average household income for all residents is more than triple that of all residents in the inner city --- but would have increased taxes for inner-city properties. A change in funding structure will result in the three low income neighbourhoods of Cathedral Area, Al Ritchie and Argyle Park having funding reduced by \$40,000 collectively and North Central having funding increased by \$15,000. The \$494,000 necessary to reach this target have not been fully provided. Positive efforts to engage the social problems in North-Central include the Inner City Family Foundation, community association programs and a rental property inspection team provided via a volunteer organization. The City of Regina has legal authority to create a rental licensing program and an inspection team, but has not yet implemented either of these solutions. At the beginning of 2007, City Council increased funding for six inner-city community associations by \$19,000, but disbursed the total \$369,000 to an additional 18 associations. A January 2007 article in *Maclean\'s* has helped prompt the city government to look at new ways of providing better housing to residents. The mayor has met with First Nations chiefs to create a dialogue, the first time during his six-year tenure in office. Also, It has spurred renewed discussion of establishing Regina\'s first urban reserve within the city, in association with the Piapot Cree Nation. Several years ago, the City of Regina negotiated a servicing agreement with the Nekaneet First Nation to establish an urban reserve in the northeast Industrial Area. The reserve has not yet been approved by the federal government. ## Newer residential subdivisions {#newer_residential_subdivisions} There is an increasingly likely population explosion in Saskatchewan cities and towns as the economy continues to boom at a rate unprecedented since the 1920s. Regina urban planners confront the issue of making new Regina neighbourhoods suitably comfortable for Saskatchewan expatriates long resident elsewhere in North America and now returning to live in the province. Increasingly also this becomes necessary as to people from elsewhere in Canada and the world who may have rather greater expectations as to urban amenity than previously obtained when Reginans were drawn from the Saskatchewan hinterland and were perhaps somewhat forgiving. School playgrounds, both those associated with functioning schools and those which were former playgrounds of now-closed schools, are increasingly converted to landscaped parks. New residential subdivisions in the north and east sectors of the city nowadays contain an abundance of parks with, frequently, decorative lagoons containing spring run-off and summer rain catchment instead of the older model of utilitarian storm ravines
898
Neighbourhoods in Regina, Saskatchewan
5
10,128,590
# EMD GT22HW-2 The Electro-Motive Division **GT22HW-2** is a custom designed EMD A1A-A1A diesel-electric locomotive built by Đuro Đaković for Yugoslavia. Mainly used for passenger service, the reliability of these locomotives made this model a success even after the breakup of Yugoslavia. Designated as the **Series 645** in the Yugoslav Railways, these locomotives were later known as the **Series 2044** in the Croatian Railways after 1991. Thirty four examples (645.001 - 645.034), of this model were built between February 1981 to August 1984 and were given four different lettering variations due to the various ethnicities existing in Yugoslavia at the time. - .001 - .030 are lettered JUGOSLAVENSKE ŽELJEZNICE (Croatian) - .031 - .032 are lettered ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКЕ ЖЕЛЕЗНИЦE (Serbian Cyrillic) - .033 - .034 are lettered JUGOSLOVENSKE ŽELEZNICE - HEKURUDHAT JUGOSLLAVE (Serbian/Albanian) Due to the locomotive\'s unique designation, the model breaks down into several indications: Electro-Motive Division / Đuro Đaković GT22HW-2 ------------------------------------------------- G Flushed Carbody Although the locomotives are equipped with A1A-A1A running gear, no official designation was present until 1993 due to low production
175
EMD GT22HW-2
0
10,128,593
# Belcher's gull **Belcher\'s gull** (***Larus belcheri***), also known as the **band-tailed gull**, is a bird in the family Laridae found along the Pacific coast of South America. It formerly included the very similar Olrog\'s gull as a subspecies, but that bird occurs on the Atlantic coast of South America and is now accepted as *Larus atlanticus*. Belcher\'s gull is a medium-sized gull with a blackish mantle, white head and underparts, a black band on the otherwise white tail, and a yellow bill with a red and black tip. Non-breeding adults have a brownish-black head and a white eye-ring. The name of this bird commemorates the British explorer Sir Edward Belcher, who performed survey work on the Pacific coast of South America. ## Description Belcher\'s gull grows to a length of about 49 cm. The sexes are similar in appearance, and in the breeding season, the adult has a white head and very pale grey neck and underparts. The mantle and back are greyish-black, and the tail is white with a broad black subterminal band and a white trailing edge. The wing coverts and primaries are black and the secondaries dark grey with white tips. The eye is black, the bill yellow with a distinctive red and black tip, and the legs and feet yellow. Outside the breeding season the head is dark brown with a white ring surrounding the eye. The juvenile is mottled brown and white and attains the adult plumage during its third year. Belcher\'s gull can be confused with the slightly larger kelp gull (*Larus dominicanus*), but that species has a small white tip on its otherwise black wing and lacks the black tail band found on Belcher\'s gull. ## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat} Belcher\'s gull is found on the Pacific coast of South America. Its range extends from northern Peru to northern Chile in the area influenced by the Humboldt Current. Its habitat includes rocky shores, bays and offshore islands. It ventures several kilometres offshore to forage and also feeds on rocky shores when the tide is out. It is a non-migratory species. ## Ecology Belcher\'s gull is an omnivore and scavenger. It feeds on fish, crabs, molluscs and carrion, and seasonally on the eggs and nestlings of seabirds. It often associates with Guanay cormorants, pestering them until they regurgitate their prey, which it then consumes. Breeding takes place from December onwards in small colonies of up to one hundred pairs. The nest is a scrape in the sand or among rocks near the high tide line. There are usually three eggs averaging 65 by, pale blotched with dark olive markings. ## Status Belcher\'s gull is estimated to have a total population of under ten thousand individuals and an estimated distribution range of 280000 km2. Persecution of this bird by humans has diminished, and its population is thought to be increasing. For these reasons, despite its small total population size and limited range, the International Union for Conservation of Nature considers it to be of \"least concern\"
502
Belcher's gull
0
10,128,625
# St. Mary's Catholic School (Temple, Texas) **St. Mary\'s Catholic School** or **SMCS** is a Roman Catholic co-educational school, PreK-8, located in Temple, Texas. ## History St. Mary\'s School was founded in 1897 under the name of St. Mary\'s Academy by Father Heckmann, pastor of St. Mary\'s Church. Under his direction, with the support of a group of parishioners, Divine Providence Sisters guided the pupils for several years. The Divine Providence Sisters withdrew in 1912 and not until 1919 could teaching sisters be found to continue their good work. Sisters of the Congregation of the Incarnate Word and Blessed Sacrament from Houston, Texas, began at St. Mary\'s School in 1919 and had a presence in the school until the retirement in May 1995 of long-time librarian, Sister James Philip Davison. In 1974, Mrs. Loris Edwards became the first lay principal. Today, the school is staffed by lay teachers. ## Academics In addition to its emphasis on moral development, St. Mary\'s prides itself on academics and is a presence at the PSIA tournaments every year. It has hosted the academic competitions several times at its school. Elementary students study the core subjects of math, English, science, social studies, and religion. Middle school continues with each of these but also adds Spanish as a core class. Elementary students do have weekly music, band, Spanish, and technology classes. Middle school students have electives, which include creative writing, drama, technology, guitar, choir, art 1 and 2, band, bible study, and study hall. Elementary students also have electives such as baking and home ec. ## Buildings The school is divided up into two interwoven campuses, the Reagan campus and the Parish campus. The Parish campus was the home for the school for 105 years. The school, because of a rise in its student body, acquired a recently closed down elementary school directly across the street. This building was Reagan Elementary, and it is now the current home of the school. Some are still held in the Parish hall, but most activities take place in the Reagan building. Plans exist to expand the Reagan building even more, for the school is quickly running out of room. Recently added was the new gym for the students located next to the Reagan building. It contains a band hall, gymnasium, and offices
383
St. Mary's Catholic School (Temple, Texas)
0
10,128,634
# Michael McKeegan **Michael McKeegan** (born 25 March 1971) is a Northern Irish musician best known as the bassist of rock band Therapy?. ## Evil Priest {#evil_priest} In 1988, McKeegan (bass/vocals), along with his two brothers Ciaran (guitar) and Charlie (drums), formed a heavy metal band, Evil Priest. The group recorded two demo cassettes - \"Pretention Is No Excuse\" and \"Hear No Evil\...\". The fledgling group disbanded in 1989 when Michael McKeegan joined Therapy?. ## Therapy? In 1989, while McKeegan was still at school, his classmate Fyfe Ewing handed him a four song cassette that he had recorded with Andy Cairns, entitled \"Thirty Seconds of Silence\". McKeegan was so impressed he immediately joined as Therapy?\'s bassist, and soon recorded his first material with the band; another four track demo tape entitled \"Meat Abstract\". He has since recorded sixteen studio albums, two compilation albums and numerous EPs. Along with Cairns, McKeegan is the only original member still with the band. ## Side projects {#side_projects} In the late 1990s, McKeegan joined the short-lived Belfast based group, **Sons of Massey**, along with his brother Charlie McKeegan (drums), Robyn G. Shiels (vocals/guitar) and Paul Kinghan (guitar). The group played live around Northern Ireland and recorded a demo at Einstein Studios in County Antrim. In November 2014, McKeegan along with Andy Cairns recorded 15 tracks for a side project called **East Antrim** in Belfast\'s Start Studio with fellow Northern Irish musicians including Robyn G Shiels, Desert Hearts, Brian Coney, LaFaro and Goons. It\'s an electronic record, with a lot of spoken word and it deals in a very late night ambient sound. It remains unreleased. In August 2015, McKeegan contributed bass to recordings of an original song \"Purveyor of Quackery\" and a cover of \"Another Girl Another Planet\" by The Only Ones. The group, consisting of fellow Therapy? members Andy Cairns and Neil Cooper, alongside \'Diamond\' Dave Thompson on vocals and Rich Jones on lead guitar, was known as **The Gemils**. Backing vocals were contributed by Ricky Warwick, Tim Wheeler, Robyn G Shiels, Tom Dalgety and Stevie Firth. A 7\" was produced and presented to Cairns as a 50th birthday gift. Just 10 copies were pressed and the single was not made public. In 2017, McKeegan (bass and guitar) joined with ex-Throat/Dutch Schultz members Rory McGeown (vocals and guitar) and Willy Mundel (drums, vocals and guitar) to form **Haunch**. The groups\' debut album \"Lay My Bones Beside The Others\" was released on 26 January 2018 via Black Tragick Records.
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# Michael McKeegan ## Equipment In the March 1998 issue of *Guitar* magazine, McKeegan stated: > \"Chris Sheldon recommended I hired in this Music Man StingRay - then we wangled that the hire cost came off the price, so in the end I bought it for 500 quid which is a bargain. It\'s the best bass I\'ve ever played. I got a new Mesa/Boogie head and a Mesa/Boogie cab as well, 2x15\"s whereas I usually use an 8x10\" - I needed something to really give a big bottom end \'cos on some tracks I tuned down to D or even C. I used a Boss Bass Overdrive too, but some of the more fuzzy bass is Mr Coloursound and his wonderful pedals again. Then I used the pitch-shift on a Digitech Whammy pedal for some of the higher notes\... oh, and I attacked the bass with the leg off Martin\'s cello. It\'s a very useful thing to have around\". In August 2003, he posted the following message on the official Therapy? website: > \"For *Troublegum* and *Infernal Love* I used the black Status bass with an Ampeg Svt1 head and an Ampeg 8x10 cabinet. For *Semi-Detached* I used the Sunburst Musicman and a Mesa Boogie 4oo+ through a Mesa Boogie 2x15 cabinet. *Suicide Pact* was the Sunburst Musicman with the Mesa 400+ head through the Ampeg 8x10, *Shameless* was the Blue Musicman through a Mesa 400+ and a 2x15 Mesa cabinet. *High Anxiety* was the Blue Musicman with various weird heads through a Harke 4 x10 cabinet. In conjunction with all these set ups I normally use a Sans Amp bass driver pedal and Boss Bass Overdrive and Morley Bass wahs for the squally sounds... Hope you are confused. I am. For the record I NEVER had a Westone Thunder 1a. That is a reference to Andy\'s first ever bass guitar but I never dabbled. Aria Pro II when I could afford them! Other guitars... Status Buzzard, Fender Sunburst Precision and a Sunburst Fender Jazz have all made appearances on record and live\". ## Personal life {#personal_life} Nicknamed \'The Evil Priest\', McKeegan is known for his friendliness towards Therapy?\'s fans - during gigs he often converses with members of the audience between songs, and regularly posts messages on the bands\' official message boards. He lives in Belfast, with his Dutch wife whom he married in September 2008 and their two sons. He appeared as a judge on BBC Northern Ireland\'s *ATL Rock School 2007*. Since 2013, McKeegan has written a monthly column for the UK\'s *Bass Guitar Magazine*, where he also reviews bass guitars and amplifiers. ## Discography ### Therapy? {#therapy_1} ### Evil Priest {#evil_priest_1} - *Pretention Is No Excuse* (1988) - demo tape - *Hear No Evil\..
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# Charles Davidson Bell **Charles Davidson Bell** FRSE (22 October 1813 -- 7 April 1882) was a Scottish-born artist who spent the majority of his life in the Cape Colony. In addition to serving as the Surveyor-General of the colony, he was also a heraldist who designed several of the Cape Colony\'s medals and stamps. ## Life Born on 22 October 1813 at Newhall, Crail, Fife, Scotland, he was educated locally at St Andrews University. Bell left Scotland and sailed to South Africa, landing at the Cape of Good Hope in 1830 and through his uncle Sir John Bell, Secretary to the Cape Government, was given a post in the civil service. He was appointed as expedition artist on Dr. Andrew Smith\'s two-year journey north as far as the Limpopo in 1834. He went from Acting Clerk of the Legislative Council in 1838, to Assistant Surveyor-General in 1843, to Surveyor-General in 1848. In 1851, he designed a silver gallantry medal for Cape governor Sir Harry Smith to present to troops during the 8th Frontier War. This is often referred to`{{by who?|date=April 2025}}`{=mediawiki} as the first South African medal. Appointed to the Postal Enquiry Board in 1852, he designed the well-known Cape of Good Hope triangular stamp, the first of that shape, which became extremely rare and consequently much sought after by philatelists. His design of rectangular stamps remained in use until 1902. Many of his sketches and paintings show a whimsical sense of humour, though his sensitive portrayals of the mixed population of Cape Town and of the tribes he encountered on the Smith expedition to the north, have become an invaluable record of life in 19th-century South Africa. The return of many of his paintings from England to South Africa in 1978, gave art historians a fresh appreciation of his work and greater insight into that period of Cape history. However, in his essay \"Alcohol and Art\", Russel Viljoen, professor in history at the University of South Africa wrote: `{{blockquote|International interest in the 'Hottentots' (Khoikhoi) of South Africa date back and span many centuries. Recurrent colonial encounters influenced the way in which artists, engravers, travel writers and colonial observers represented the Khoikhoi people. Against this backdrop, the colonial artist Charles Davidson Bell had produced a few sketches of Khoikhoi men and women, depicting them either as useless drunkards or lazy members of Cape society ... the duplication and re-duplication of these stereotyped images distributed as 'pictorial souvenirs' in the form of 201 postcards invariably left an imprint of negativity in the psyche of the colonial beholder.|source=<ref>{{cite journal|first=Russel|last= Viljoen |date=2008|title=Alcohol and Art: Charles Davidson Bell and his caricatured images of Colonial Khoikhoi in early 19th century South Africa|journal=SAJAH|volume= 23|issue= 1 |hdl=2263/10165 }}</ref>|author=Russel Viljoen }}`{=mediawiki} Bell also made an important contribution to heraldry in South Africa. Throughout his residence at the Cape, he copied old Dutch/Afrikaner coats of arms from memorials, seals, stained glass windows, and other artefacts, and in 1861 he advertised his intention of publishing them in book form. The book did not see the light of day, but he later gave the manuscript, the drawings, and his notes to his brother-in-law Daniel Krynauw. Krynauw built up his own heraldry collection, and after his death, the two collections were placed in a Cape Town museum, from where they were transferred to the South African Library (now National Library of South Africa -- Cape Town Campus) in 1946. The material in the Bell-Krynauw Collection was eventually published in Cornelis Pama\'s *Die Wapens van die Ou Afrikaanse Families* (1959), and his later heraldry books. Bell designed the arms of the South African College (now University of Cape Town), and the \"three anchors\" badge of the South African Mutual Life Assurance Society (\"Old Mutual\"), of which he was chairman at one time. Both emblems are still in use, and may well be the oldest academic arms and corporate logo in South Africa. Bell was a founder member and chairman of the South African Mutual Life Assurance Society. At the Cape Town First Exhibition of Fine Art in February 1851, he was awarded a gold medal for best original historical painting in oil for *Landing of van Riebeeck at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652*. A large number of his originals hang in the Library of Parliament in Cape Town, the University of the Witwatersrand and the Africana Museum in Johannesburg. The book *Travels in the Interior of South Africa* (1868) by James Chapman, was illustrated by Bell. His *Reports of the Surveyor-General, Charles D. Bell Esq., on the copper fields of Little Namaqualand (1855)* was written after a three-month visit to the area. He gave his name to the town of Bellville in the Cape, and Bell, a small village between Peddie and Hamburg, near the mouth of the Keiskamma River in the Eastern Cape. John Bell was a traveller and the eldest son of Charles Davidson Bell. Between 1861 and 1862 he accompanied Henry Samuel Chapman from Cape Town to Walvis Bay, through Hereroland to Lake Ngami and back to the Cape Colony via Shoshong, Kuruman and Hopetown. He was married to Margaret Roome in 1865 and died in 1878 in England. Charles Bell was a friend of Andrew Geddes Bain and was a pall-bearer at his funeral in 1864. After his retirement in 1872 he returned to Scotland in 1873 with Helena and their 3 surviving children, where Helena Bell died on 10 September 1881 and he died on 7 April 1882. ## Family life {#family_life} Bell married Martha Antoinette Ebden on 3 June 1841. 1. John Alexander Bell born 25 January 1843 in Grahamstown 2. Charles David Ebden Bell born 1 August 1845 in Cape Town 3. Catherine Mariann Bell born 16 December 1848 at Canigou, Rondebosch, Cape Town died 16 July 1863 Charles Bell divorced Martha Ebden on 1 July 1850 having cited Dr. Lestock Wilson Stewart as co-respondent. Court granted Charles Bell custody of the three children -- Martha gave birth to second daughter Charlotte Margaret on 17 October 1850 -- Bell denied paternity. Charlotte Margaret died before 10 April 1866. Bell\'s second marriage to Helena Krynauw on 7 July 1859. 1. Helena Isabella Bell born 31 May 1860 in Cape Town 2. Alexander Bell born 15 September 1861 in Cape Town 3. Anthony Bell born 9 February 1863 in Cape Town 4. David Duncan Traill Bell born 21 April 1864 Cape Town died 14 December 1865 5
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# Lucas (novel) ***Lucas*** is a 2002 novel by Kevin Brooks about a teenager named Cait who lives on an isolated island off the coast of England and befriends outsider Lucas, eventually falling in love with him only to see the island\'s prejudices come to life. ## Plot summary {#plot_summary} The story opens as fifteen-year-old Cait recounts events occurring a year before on her small island home, Hale, which is roughly four miles long and two miles across at its greatest extent. She begins her story by explaining when she first met Lucas, a mysterious teenager who has traveled to the island to explore and live for a short time period. On the same day that she first sees Lucas, her brother returns home and she is nearly assaulted by another islander, Jamie Tait. However, Lucas is not accepted into the island community easily, due to the discrimination he receives at the hands of the town folk. He works a few odd jobs, but is the victim of attempted assault, forcing him to defend himself and earn a negative reputation. Primarily this comes from Jamie Tait, a university student and popular islander from a wealthy family. The negative behavior escalates when Lucas rescues a young girl from drowning during a town festival, but is met with accusations of molestation. Lucas is forced into hiding. However, he feels an urge to visit Cait one last time. Unfortunately, Jamie has decided to frame Lucas for the rape, assault and attempted murder of a promiscuous islander named Angel, who had befriended Bill, Cait\'s old best friend. The novel climaxes as the islanders attempt to capture Lucas, who is innocent of the crime. When the islanders come to the McCanns\' house, knowing Lucas is there, Lucas is told to stay with Caitlyn in hiding as Dom and John (Cait\'s brother and father) go to talk to the villagers. Lucas and Caitlyn, however, can see what is happening through a crack in the roof. When Lucas sees the villagers continue to protest and threaten the McCanns, he decides to take the problem into his own hands. Lucas says goodbye to Caitlyn and tells her to stay in place. Initially, Caitlyn protests, but then she obeys. After a few talks with the islanders, Lucas turns around and looks at the hole where Caitlyn is peeking through and waves goodbye, and runs, the islanders chasing him. When Caitlyn sees this, she comes out of hiding and runs as fast as she can just to get to Lucas. When Lucas gets to the mudflats, which is very dangerous, since one wrong step can lead to death by sinking, he does not stop while the villagers stay in place. When Caitlyn gets there, she takes the first step, but does not get through all the way to Lucas, because Dom and John take a hold of her, because it is deadly, leaving Caitlyn thrashing around and shouting \'Lucas\'. Lucas, however does not respond and just steps in one of the mudflats and sinks, leaving Caitlyn. Caitlyn, depressed, does not talk or eat as much for days. People visit her, though she is still glum and does not mind them much. The police officer comes and gives them Lucas\' things and his notebook, saying that everything is clear because of it and Lucas\' bad reputation is recovered.
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# Lucas (novel) ## Characters **Caitlyn \'Cait\' McCann**: Is the fifteen-year-old heroine of *Lucas.* Cait is a strong willed teenager, who feels alone on the island - her best friend is growing up in the wrong crowd and she does not want to be a part of their toxic behavior. Although she runs environmental charity stalls she is not as interested in that as she appears - she wants life to be simpler with the friends she used to have and that is why she is attracted to Lucas; he is a simple, untainted outsider who has a both pure and animalistic instinct setting him apart from everyone she knows. She tells the story a year after the events occurred because her father, a writer, told her to \"cry herself a story\", and understand what happened better. **Lucas**: The seventeen-year-old title character. Lucas tells Cait that his mother gave birth to him when she was young and Lucas had later left home for mysterious reasons, traveling from town to town. However, we never find out his full, true story and he remains a mysterious character which is part of his persona. He is a soft-spoken character with the potential for danger. **Bill Grey**: Bill is Cait\'s old best friend. Cait misses the \'old\' Bill who used to enjoy trips to the library and looked at the world innocently. Their friendship falls apart when they begin to discover the world in different ways; whilst Cait tries to live her life quietly Bill craves attention and sex, alcohol and everything she believes will make her more \'grown-up\' and in fact makes her more childish. **Dominic \"Dom\" McCann**: Dom is Cait\'s older brother who returns from university. At first he is involved in drugs and the island\'s party scene, but comes to his senses when he realizes how dangerous it is, via Cait. **John McCann**: John is Cait\'s father. He is an author of Young Adult fiction, is Irish and an alcoholic, due to the death of Cait\'s mother years before. He is in his early forties and supports Cait unconditionally. **Jamie Tait**: Jamie Tait is the son of a powerful man in town. Although he is engaged to the daughter of the police captain, he is a sexual predator who threatens Cait on multiple occasions. He is extremely prejudiced against Lucas and like all prejudices it stems from his fear of Lucas, the threat of Lucas being so attractive and such an unknown quantity. **Angel Dean**: Angel is the teen friend and sort-of mistress of Jamie, and Bill\'s \"idol\". She has a wild reputation for making bad choices and being promiscuous but underneath it all is just as lost, confused and lonely as Cait **Simon**: An unsure-of-self boy who works with Cait on projects. Simon has a crush on Cait and Dominic uses this to taunt Cait before Dominic changed.
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# Lucas (novel) ## Reception *Lucas* has received numerous pieces of praise from a variety of different sources. The novel has been compared to *To Kill a Mockingbird* and *The Ox-Bow Incident*. Nicolette Jones of the Sunday Times praised *Lucas*, writing that \"it gets to you. Then when this has happened, you want to tell everyone how good it is.\" The book also won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis. ## Themes Kevin Brooks deals with a variety of different themes and main ideas in *Lucas.* Most notably, he expresses the theme of coming of age through Cait\'s narration. She changes a great deal throughout the novel and there are many references to her being both \"an adult\" and \"a child,\" referring to her changing personality. More than just coming of age though, Cait seems to develop a better self awareness. Other themes include how discrimination and distrust of strangers (xenophobia) can have drastically strong influences and that redemption is always possible for those who look for it. In addition, Brooks explores how just one person (both Jamie and Lucas) can have a massively large impact on small communities
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# Plymouth (UK Parliament constituency) **Plymouth** was a parliamentary borough in Devon, which elected two members of parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons in 1298 and again from 1442 until 1918, when the borough was merged with the neighbouring Devonport and the combined area divided into three single-member constituencies. ## History ### In the unreformed Parliament (to 1832) {#in_the_unreformed_parliament_to_1832} Plymouth first sent MPs to the Parliament of 1298, but after that the right lapsed until being restored in 1442, after which it returned two members to each parliament. The borough originally consisted of the parish of Plymouth in Devon; in 1641, the parish was divided into two, St Charles and St Andrew, and both remained in the borough. (This included most of the town as it existed in mediaeval and early modern times, but only a fraction of the city as it exists today). Plymouth was a major port, both naval and commercial, and unlike many of the boroughs of the unreformed Parliament fully merited its status both for its importance and its population. (It was one of the few boroughs that retained both its members in the short-lived reform of the electoral system during the Commonwealth.) By the time of the Great Reform Act 1832, the population of the borough was a little over 31,000, but the whole conurbation including the two nearby towns of Devonport and Stonehouse, had about 75,000 inhabitants. Until 1660, the right to vote in Plymouth was restricted to the corporation. In that year, the House of Commons determined that the right was vested in the \"Mayor and Commonalty\", but the term \"commonalty\" was ambiguous and in 1740 it was held to mean only the freemen of the town rather than all the freeholders, a much more restrictive franchise. This amounted to only about 200 voters in the 18th and early 19th century, and the highest number actually recorded as voting was 177. Since the corporation was responsible for electing its own successors and also controlled the admission of freemen, it was easy for any interest having once gained control of the borough to retain it. Because of the importance of the naval dockyard to the town\'s prosperity, Plymouth fell under the influence of the government very early, and from at least the late 17th century was regarded as a safe constituency where ministers could nominate both members with little likelihood of serious opposition. The members so nominated almost invariably included a distinguished naval officer, or instead on occasions a high official of the Admiralty (who, of course, could bring valuable patronage to Plymouth). When the Admiralty nominated only one member, the other was often the choice of the governor of the garrison, though at the turn of the 19th century the Prince Regent (who was recorder of the borough) was generally allowed to pick both members. Nevertheless, government control of the borough did not entirely preclude an influential role for local aristocratic or landed families, not least because somebody had to manage the government\'s patronage and decide how it should be exercised. Around 1700, the Trelawny family considered themselves \"patrons\" of Plymouth (which, together with their pocket boroughs of East Looe and West Looe in Cornwall, gave them control of six seats in Parliament). Charles Trelawny, who was Governor of Plymouth from 1696 to 1712, had power of nomination to both seats throughout this period, sitting himself as MP and choosing his brother for the other seat on one occasion. Many of Plymouth\'s MPs, naval or otherwise, justified the borough\'s confidence in them by bringing patronage to the town. Namier and Brooke quote a letter from the First Lord of the Admiralty, Lord Sandwich, to the Plymouth MP Viscount Barrington, rebuking him for the extent of the continual requests he was making on their behalf; but many of these requests, it is clear, were nevertheless being met. ### After the Reform Act (1832--1918) {#after_the_reform_act_18321918} The Great Reform Act left the borough of Plymouth unaltered, but its nature was affected radically. One change was the franchise reform, giving more than 1,400 of the inhabitants the vote. (Many of these, however, would have been able to vote for the county constituency of Devon before the Reform Act, since 40 shilling freeholders could vote for the county even if their property was within the borough boundaries.) The second change was the creation of a new borough for the neighbouring town of Devonport, which included both Devonport and Stonehouse. These two towns, though outside the boundaries of Plymouth borough, had been influential on its politics, but now had two MPs of their own. As a result, the naval influence on Plymouth was somewhat reduced after 1832, though the importance of the dockyards to the economic interests of the constituency remained. In 1901, 7.9% of Plymouth\'s population were in defence-related occupations and a further 1.6% in boat or ship manufacture; but in Devonport the figures were 29.9% and 1.6% respectively. Once governments could no longer easily abuse their powers of patronage to secure their seats in such constituencies, the naval connection could be a hindrance rather than a help: Sir Edward Clarke, Conservative MP for Plymouth in the latter years of the 19th century, had considerable difficulty securing re-election in 1892 because of local criticism of the Conservative government\'s Admiralty policy on payment for shipwrights. Nevertheless, the naval aspect was probably normally helpful to the Conservative vote at this period: by the early 20th century, Plymouth was one of England\'s most densely populated cities, and also had a high non-conformist population, which would normally have suggested a safe Liberal seat, but in fact the two parties polled fairly equally and Conservatives were elected more often than not. ### Abolition In 1914, the areas covered by the separate Plymouth and Devonport constituencies had been combined into a single county borough of Plymouth for local government purposes, and under the parliamentary boundary changes which came into effect at the general election of 1918 both two-member boroughs were abolished and the area of the county borough divided into single-member constituencies. The city\'s population was now adjudged to entitle it only to three MPs in place of the four it had had previously, and the new constituencies were called Plymouth, Devonport, Plymouth, Drake and Plymouth, Sutton. Of these, the Devonport division was very similar to the old Devonport borough, while the former Plymouth borough was split between the Drake and Sutton divisions.
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# Plymouth (UK Parliament constituency) ## Members of Parliament {#members_of_parliament} ### MPs 1442--1640 {#mps_14421640} Parliament First member Second member ------------ --------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- 1510 Henry Strete John Bryan 1512 Robert Bowring \... Legh 1515 John Orenge ? 1523 ? 1529 Thomas Vowell John Pollard 1536 John Pollard ? 1539 James Horsewell William Hawkins 1542 George Ferrers James Horsewell 1545 Thomas Sternhold George Ferrers 1547 John Prideaux William Hawkins 1553 (Mar) George Ferrers Roger Buttockshide 1553 (Oct) Roger Buttockshide William Hawkins 1554 (Apr) John Malet Richard Hooper 1554 (Nov) Sir Thomas Knyvet Roger Buttockshide 1555 Thomas Carew John Young 1558 Humphrey Specote Nicholas Slanning 1558/9 Sir Arthur Champernown Nicholas Slanning 1562/3 Henry Champernown William Peryam 1571 Sir Humphrey Gilbert John Hawkins 1572 John Hawkins Edmund Tremayne 1584 Henry Bromley Christopher Harris 1586 Henry Bromley Hugh Vaughan 1588 Miles Sandys Reginald Nicholas 1593 Sir Francis Drake Robert Basset (1573--1641) of Heanton Punchardon 1597 Warwick Hele William Stallenge 1601 William Stallenge James Bagg 1604--1611 Sir Richard Hawkins James Bagg 1614 William Strode Thomas Sherville 1621--1622 John Glanville Thomas Sherville 1624 John Glanville Thomas Sherville 1625 John Glanville Thomas Sherville 1626 John Glanville Thomas Sherville 1628--1629 John Glanville Thomas Sherville 1629--1640 *No Parliaments summoned* ### MPs 1640--1918 {#mps_16401918} Year First member First party Second member Second party --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ----------------- -- ------------------------------ ----------------- April 1640 Robert Trelawney John Waddon November 1640 Robert Trelawney Royalist John Waddon Parliamentarian 1642 Sir John Yonge Parliamentarian December 1648 *Yonge and Waddon excluded in Pride\'s Purge -- both seats vacant* 1653 *Plymouth was unrepresented in the Barebones Parliament* 1654 Christopher Silly William Yeo 1656 John Maynard Timothy Alsop January 1659 Christopher Silly May 1659 *Plymouth was not represented in the restored Rump* April 1660 John Maynard Edmund Fowell June 1660 Sir William Morice Samuel Trelawny 1666 Sir Gilbert Talbot 1677 John Sparke 1679 Sir John Maynard 1680 Sir William Jones 1685 Bernard Granville The Earl of Ranelagh January 1689 Sir John Maynard Arthur Herbert July 1689 John Granville 1690 John Trelawny 1695 George Parker 1698 Major General Charles Trelawny Sir John Rogers 1701 Brigadier Henry Trelawny 1702 John Woolcombe 1705 Rear Admiral Sir George Byng 1713 Sir John Rogers 1721 Hon. Pattee Byng 1722 William Chetwynd 1727 Arthur Stert Whig George Treby Whig 1728 Robert Byng Whig 1739 John Rogers January 1740 Captain Charles Vanbrugh November 1740 Lord Henry Beauclerk Whig 1741 Admiral Lord Vere Beauclerk 1750 Captain Charles Saunders 1754 The Viscount Barrington Samuel Dicker 1760 Vice Admiral George Pocock 1768 Admiral Sir Francis Holburne 1771 Admiral Sir Charles Hardy 1778 Viscount Lewisham 1780 Vice Admiral George Darby Sir Frederick Rogers 1784 Captain John Macbride Captain Robert Fanshawe 1790 Captain Alan Gardner 1790 Sir Frederick Rogers 1796 William Elford 1797 Francis Glanville 1802 Philip Langmead March 1806 Thomas Tyrwhitt November 1806 Admiral Sir Charles Pole 1812 Colonel Benjamin Bloomfield February 1818 Sir William Congreve Tory June 1818 Sir Thomas Byam Martin Whig 1828 Sir George Cockburn Tory 1832 John Collier Whig Thomas Bewes Whig 1841 Thomas Gill Whig Viscount Ebrington Whig{{cite book 1847 Roundell Palmer Peelite 1852 Charles John Mare Conservative (Sir) Robert Collier Whig 1853 Roundell Palmer Peelite 1857 James White Whig 1859 Viscount Valletort Conservative Liberal 1861 Walter Morrison Liberal 1871 Sir Edward Bates Conservative 1874 Sampson Lloyd Conservative April 1880 Peter Stewart Macliver Liberal July 1880 (Sir) Edward Clarke, QC Conservative 1885 Sir Edward Bates Conservative 1892 Sir William Pearce Conservative 1895 Charles Harrison Liberal 1898 Sigismund Mendl Liberal February 1900 Hon. Ivor Guest Conservative October 1900 Henry Duke Conservative April 1904 Liberal 1906 Thomas Dobson Liberal Charles Mallet Liberal January 1910 Aneurin Williams Liberal December 1910 Waldorf Astor Conservative Arthur Benn Conservative 1918 *Constituency abolished*
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1
10,128,752
# Plymouth (UK Parliament constituency) ## Elections ### Elections in the 1830s {#elections_in_the_1830s} ### Elections in the 1840s {#elections_in_the_1840s} Fortescue was appointed a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, requiring a by-election. ### Elections in the 1850s {#elections_in_the_1850s} Mare\'s election was declared void on petition due to bribery and corruption, causing a by-election. ### Elections in the 1860s {#elections_in_the_1860s} Edgcumbe succeeded to the peerage, becoming 4th Earl of Mount Edgcumbe and causing a by-election. Collier was appointed Solicitor General for England and Wales, requiring a by-election. Collier was appointed Attorney General for England and Wales, requiring a by-election. ### Elections in the 1870s {#elections_in_the_1870s} Collier was appointed Recorder of Bristol, causing a by-election. Collier resigned after being appointed a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, causing a by-election. ### Elections in the 1880s {#elections_in_the_1880s} Bates was removed upon petition, causing a by-election. `{{Election box begin | title=[[1880 Plymouth by-election|By-election, 10 Jul 1880]]: Plymouth<ref>{{cite news|title=Plymouth Election|work=The Cornishman|issue=105|date=15 July 1880|page=7}}</ref><ref name="craig1832"/> }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate =[[Edward Clarke (barrister)|Edward Clarke]] |votes = 2,449 |percentage = 51.5 |change = +2.5 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Liberal Party (UK) |candidate =Sir George Young, 3rd Baronet|George Young |votes = 2,305 |percentage = 48.5 |change = &minus;2.6 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes = 144 |percentage = 3.0 |change = +2.7 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes = 4,754 |percentage = 85.6 |change = &minus;1.2 (est) }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box registered electors| |reg. electors = 5,552 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Conservative Party (UK) |swing = +2.6 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box begin | title=[[1886 United Kingdom general election|General election 1886]]: Plymouth<ref name="The Liberal Year Book, 1907">The Liberal Year Book, 1907</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">British Parliamentary Election Results, 1885-1918 FWS Craig</ref> }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate =[[Edward Clarke (barrister)|Edward Clarke]] |votes = 4,137 |percentage = 28.2 |change = +2.8 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate =[[Sir Edward Bates, 1st Baronet|Edward Bates]] |votes = 4,133 |percentage = 28.1 |change = +2.1 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Liberal Party (UK) |candidate = Thomas English Stephens |votes = 3,255 |percentage = 22.1 |change = &minus;2.7 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Liberal Party (UK) |candidate = [[Edward Strachey, 1st Baron Strachie|Edward Strachey]] |votes = 3,175 |percentage = 21.6 |change = &minus;2.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes = 878 |percentage = 6.0 |change = +5.4 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes = 7,400 (est) |percentage = 73.1 |change = &minus;9.7 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box registered electors| |reg. electors = 10,130 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Conservative Party (UK) |swing = +2.8 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Conservative Party (UK) |swing = +2.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki} Clarke was appointed Solicitor General for England and Wales, requiring a by-election.
490
Plymouth (UK Parliament constituency)
2
10,128,752
# Plymouth (UK Parliament constituency) ## Elections ### Elections in the 1890s {#elections_in_the_1890s} `{{Election box begin | title=[[1895 United Kingdom general election|General election 1895]]: Plymouth<ref name="The Liberal Year Book, 1907">The Liberal Year Book, 1907</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">British Parliamentary Election Results, 1885-1918 FWS Craig</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1901</ref> }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate =[[Edward Clarke (barrister)|Edward Clarke]] |votes = 5,575 |percentage = 25.6 |change = +0.1 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Liberal Party (UK) |candidate = [[Charles Harrison (Plymouth MP)|Charles Harrison]] |votes = 5,482 |percentage = 25.1 |change = +0.5 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate = [[Evelyn Hubbard]] |votes = 5,456 |percentage = 25.0 |change = &minus;0.5 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Liberal Party (UK) |candidate = [[Sigismund Mendl]] |votes = 5,298 |percentage = 24.3 |change = &minus;0.1 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes = 11,006 |percentage = 81.8 |change = +0.7 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box registered electors| |reg. electors = 13,460 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes = 277 |percentage = 1.3 |change = +0.4 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Conservative Party (UK) |swing = +0.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes =26 |percentage = 0.1 |change = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box gain with party link| |winner = Liberal Party (UK) |loser = Conservative Party (UK) |swing = &minus;0.5 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki} Harrison\'s death caused a by-election. `{{Election box begin | title=[[1898 Plymouth by-election]]<ref name="The Liberal Year Book, 1907">The Liberal Year Book, 1907</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">British Parliamentary Election Results, 1885-1918 FWS Craig</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1901</ref> }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Liberal Party (UK) |candidate =[[Sigismund Mendl]] |votes = 5,966 |percentage = 50.7 |change = +1.3 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate = [[Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne|Ivor Guest]] |votes = 5,802 |percentage = 49.3 |change = &minus;1.3 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes = 164 |percentage = 1.4 |change = +1.3 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes = 11,768 |percentage = 89.0 |change = +7.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box registered electors| |reg. electors = 13,223 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Liberal Party (UK) |swing = +1.3 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki} ### Elections in the 1900s {#elections_in_the_1900s} `{{Election box begin | title=[[1906 United Kingdom general election|General election 1906]]: Plymouth<ref name="The Liberal Year Book, 1907">The Liberal Year Book, 1907</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">British Parliamentary Election Results, 1885-1918 FWS Craig</ref> }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Liberal Party (UK) |candidate = [[Thomas Dobson (Liberal MP)|Thomas Dobson]] |votes = 9,021 |percentage = 29.4 |change = +5.4 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Liberal Party (UK) |candidate =[[Charles Mallet]] |votes = 8,914 |percentage = 29.0 |change = +5.8 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate =[[Henry Duke, 1st Baron Merrivale|Henry Duke]] |votes = 6,547 |percentage = 21.3 |change = &minus;5.1 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate = HG Smith |votes = 6,234 |percentage = 20.3 |change = &minus;6.1 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes = 2,367 |percentage = 7.7 |change = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes = 30,716 |percentage = 85.3 |change = +0.5 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box registered electors| |reg. electors = 18,196 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box gain with party link| |winner = Liberal Party (UK) |loser = Conservative Party (UK) |swing = +5.3 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box gain with party link| |winner = Liberal Party (UK) |loser = Conservative Party (UK) |swing = +6.0 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki}
605
Plymouth (UK Parliament constituency)
3
10,128,752
# Plymouth (UK Parliament constituency) ## Elections ### Elections in the 1910s {#elections_in_the_1910s} `{{Election box begin | |title=[[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|General election January 1910]]: Plymouth<ref name="The Liberal Year Book, 1907">The Liberal Year Book, 1907</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">British Parliamentary Election Results, 1885-1918 FWS Craig</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1916</ref> }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Liberal Party (UK) |candidate = [[Charles Mallet]] |votes = 8,091 |percentage = 25.8 |change = &minus;3.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party =Liberal Party (UK) |candidate = [[Aneurin Williams]] |votes = 7,961 |percentage = 25.5 |change = &minus;3.9 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate = [[Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor|Waldorf Astor]] |votes = 7,650 |percentage = 24.5 |change = +3.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate = [[Mortimer Durand]] |votes = 7,556 |percentage = 24.2 |change = +3.9 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes = 311 |percentage = 1.0 |change = &minus;6.7 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes = 31,258 |percentage = 87.9 |change = +2.6 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box registered electors| |reg. electors = 18,085 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Liberal Party (UK) |swing = &minus;3.2 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Liberal Party (UK) |swing = &minus;3.9 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box begin | |title=[[December 1910 United Kingdom general election|General election December 1910]]: Plymouth<ref name="The Liberal Year Book, 1907">The Liberal Year Book, 1907</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">British Parliamentary Election Results, 1885-1918 FWS Craig</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1916</ref> }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate =[[Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor|Waldorf Astor]] |votes = 8,113 |percentage = 26.4 |change = +1.9 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Conservative Party (UK) |candidate = [[Arthur Shirley Benn, 1st Baron Glenravel|Arthur Benn]] |votes = 7,942 |percentage = 25.9 |change = +1.7 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Liberal Party (UK) |candidate =[[Charles Mallet]] |votes = 7,379 |percentage = 24.0 |change = &minus;1.8 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link| |party =Liberal Party (UK) |candidate =[[Aneurin Williams]] |votes = 7,260 |percentage = 23.7 |change = &minus;1.8 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes = 563 |percentage = 1.9 |change = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority| |votes = 853 |percentage = 2.7 |change = ''N/A'' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout| |votes = 30,694 |percentage = 85.5 |change = &minus;2.4 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box gain with party link| |winner = Conservative Party (UK) |loser = Liberal Party (UK) |swing = +1.8 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box gain with party link| |winner =Conservative Party (UK) |loser =Liberal Party (UK) |swing = +1.8 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki} **General Election 1914/15**: Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915
467
Plymouth (UK Parliament constituency)
4
10,128,770
# X-Men: First Class (comics) ***X-Men: First Class*** is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics starring the original X-Men. ## Publication history {#publication_history} The original series was an eight-issue limited series. It began in September 2006 and ended in April 2007. It was written by Jeff Parker and penciled by Roger Cruz. It was followed by a special issue in May 2007 and a monthly series that premiered in June 2007 with the same creative team. Many of the series\' stories are done in single issues, some are two-parters and multiple issue arcs. The original team of X-Men are wearing new costumes in the series. The series guest-stars many other characters, such as the Lizard, Quicksilver, Scarlet Witch, Man-Thing, Gorilla-Man, Doctor Strange, Invisible Woman, and Thor. The series has spawned a few spin-offs, titles including the ongoing series *Wolverine: First Class*, and the miniseries *Weapon X: First Class*. The ongoing series lasted sixteen issues and it was followed by *Giant-Size X-Men: First Class* special issue. Starting February 2009, a four-issue miniseries titled *X-Men: First Class Finals* encompasses volume 3. This ends with the team going on to the Krakoa island mission. A new volume called *Uncanny X-Men: First Class* premiered in an August 2009 one-shot *Uncanny X-Men: First Class Giant-Sized* and concentrated on the team first introduced originally back in *Giant-Sized X-Men #1*. ## Creative teams {#creative_teams} - *X-Men: First Class* (vol. 1) - Writer: Jeff Parker - Pencils: Roger Cruz - Inks: Victor Olazaba - Colored by: Val Staples - Lettered by: Nate Piekos - Cover by: Marko Djurdjevic - *X-Men: First Class Special* - Writer: Jeff Parker - Pencils: Kevin Nowlan, Paul Smith, Mike Allred, Nick Dragotta - Inks: Kevin Nowlan - Colored by: Kevin Nowlan - Lettered by: Nate Piekos - *X-Men: First Class* (vol. 2) - Writer: Jeff Parker - Pencils and Inks: Roger Cruz - Colored by: Val Staples - Lettered by: Nate Piekos - Cover by: Eric Nguyen
326
X-Men: First Class (comics)
0
10,128,770
# X-Men: First Class (comics) ## Publications - *X-Men: First Class* (vol. 1) (8-issue limited series, September 2006 - April 2007) - *X-Men: First Class Special* (one-shot, May 2007) - *X-Men: First Class* (vol. 2) #1-16 (ongoing series, June 2007 - November 2008) - *Giant Size X-Men: First Class* #1 (one-shot, November 2008) - *X-Men: First Class Finals* #1-4 (February - May 2009) - \"Class Portraits\" one-shots (January - March 2011) - *Magneto Vol. 2 #1* - *Marvel Girl #1* - *Cyclops* Vol. 2 #1 - *Iceman and Angel* #1 - *Giant Size Uncanny X-Men: First Class* #1 (one-shot, August 2009) - *Uncanny X-Men: First Class* #1-8 (September 2009 - April 2010) - *Wolverine: First Class* #1-21 (ongoing series, May 2008 - January 2010) - *Weapon X: First Class* #1-3 (January - March 2009) ### Collected editions {#collected_editions} The stories have been collected into trade paperbacks: +------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------+ | Title | Material collected | Pages | ISBN | +==============================+==============================================================================================+=======+======+ | Tomorrow\'s Brightest | *X-Men: First Class* vol. 1 #1-8 | 184 | | +------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------+ | Mutant Mayhem | *X-Men: First Class* vol. 2 #1-5 and Special | 152 | | +------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------+ | Band of Brothers | *X-Men: First Class* vol. 2 #6-10 | 192 | | +------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------+ | The Wonder Years | *X-Men: First Class* vol. 2 #11-16 and *Giant-Size X-Men: First Class* #1 | 168 | | +------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------+ | Finals | *X-Men: First Class Finals* #1-4 and *Giant-Size X-Men* vol. 1 #1 | 136 | | +------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------+ | Class Portraits | *Cyclops* (Vol. 2) #1*, Iceman & Angel* #1*, Magneto* (Vol. 2) #1 and *Marvel Girl* #1 | 144 | | +------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------+ | Hated And Feared | *Giant-Size Uncanny X-Men: First Class* and *Uncanny X-Men: First Class* #1-4 | 136 | | +------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------+ | Knights Of Hykon | *Uncanny X-Men: First Class* #5-8 | 136 | | +------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------+ | The Rookie | *Wolverine: First Class* #1-4, and *Incredible Hulk* #181 | 120 | | +------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------+ | To Russia, With Love | *Wolverine: First Class* #5-8, *Uncanny X-Men* #139-140 and *Wolverine & Power Pack* #1 | 160 | | +------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------+ | Wolverine-By-Night | *Wolverine: First Class* #9-12 and *Wolverine & Power Pack #2* | 120 | | +------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------+ | Ninjas, Gods And Divas | *Wolverine: First Class* #13-16, and *X-Men/Power Pack* #1 | 120 | | +------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------+ | Class Actions | *Wolverine: First Class* #17-21 | 120 | | +------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------+ | Wolverine: Tales of Weapon X | *Wolverine: First Class* #1-2, *Weapon X: First Class* #1-3 and *Wolverine & Power Pack* #2. | 176 | | +------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------+ ## Film The 2011 film *X-Men: First Class* acts as a prequel to the *X-Men* film trilogy. Though it shares the same title as the comic series, the plots share almost no resemblance. Producer Simon Kinberg read the comics and suggested studio 20th Century Fox to adapt it. However, Kinberg did not want to follow the comic too much, as he felt \"it was not fresh enough in terms of storytelling\", considering them too similar to *Twilight* and John Hughes movies, and also because the producers wanted an adaptation that would introduce new, hitherto unexplored *X-Men* characters
523
X-Men: First Class (comics)
1
10,128,773
# Theodor Holman **Theodor Holman** (born 9 January 1953, in Amsterdam) is a Dutch journalist, presenter, and writer of Indo descent. He studied Dutch language and History at the University of Amsterdam. He was editor of the satirical student newspaper Propria Cures. His play *Breivik meets Wilders* (*Breivik ontmoet Wilders*) depicts a fictional meeting between Anders Behring Breivik and controversial Dutch lawmaker Geert Wilders at London\'s Heathrow airport in March 2010. The play was staged at Amsterdam\'s De Balie theatre. Other plays are currently under development in Sweden and the UK
91
Theodor Holman
0
10,128,793
# Coutchman, Texas **Coutchman** (sometimes spelled **Couchman**) is a ghost town in northern Freestone County, Texas, United States, some four miles southwest of Streetman, off Texas Farm to Market Road 246, near CR 994 and CR 995. Coutchman was settled circa 1850 and named after local landowner William Coutchman. It had a peak population of approximately 300 people. Coutchman had a post office from January 1894 to February 1905, when post was moved to the post office in Wortham. In the 1910 census, Coutchman was listed as having a population of 100 people. By 1980 there was no listing. The area ceased to have an identity as a separate community later in the 20th century. Coutchman is best known as the birthplace of blues great Blind Lemon Jefferson
128
Coutchman, Texas
0
10,128,834
# Ryan Magnussen **Ryan Magnussen** is an American businessperson and media entrepreneur. He was born in 1972. In 1995, he founded Zentropy Partners, which grew to become the fifth-largest interactive advertising agency in the United States. Magnussen started Hollywood-based Ripe Digital Entertainment in 2003 and closed it in 2009, after selling Zentropy to Interpublic Group for \$50 million in 1999, according to the Wall Street Journal. ## Education Magnussen graduated from the University of Southern California, Marshall School of Business in 1995. During his time as an undergraduate at USC, he developed an award-winning business plan for a class project that would eventually grow to become Zentropy Partners, according to the Los Angeles Business Journal. ## Business ventures {#business_ventures} Magnussen formed Zentropy Partners, an interactive advertising and branding company, in 1995 just prior to the dot-com boom. Under his leadership, the fledgling company hit \$80 million in annual revenue in three years. Global advertising conglomerate Interpublic Group acquired Zentropy in 1999 for \$50 million. In 2001, Zentropy was folded into the MRM Worldwide division of McCann-Erickson. In 2002, Magnussen founded Ripe Digital Entertainment, a media company that developed video-on-demand television networks for cable, the Internet, and wireless devices. Ripe launched three on-demand networks --- Ripe TV, Octane TV and Flow TV. In October 2006, Time Warner, Hearst-Argyle Television, and other venture-capital firms invested \$32 million in Ripe Digital Entertainment to fund additional networks. Magnussen\'s RipeTV targeted a young, male audience with short-form programming that was available on cable television, broadband, and mobile devices. As of October 2006, the on-demand network was broadcasting in 20 million homes via Comcast and Time Warner, and it drew an average of three to four million views per month, according to the Wall Street Journal. Pioneered by Magnussen and partners, Ripe Digital Entertainment\'s \"immersive advertising\" model allowed viewers to watch programs and ads simultaneously as commercial messages were embedded in each show. Big-name sponsors that advertised on Ripe Digital Entertainment networks include Chrysler\'s Dodge, Cingular, and Procter & Gamble\'s Old Spice. But once the \$32 million invested was gone, Ripe Digital Entertainment\'s programming ended in June 2009
352
Ryan Magnussen
0
10,128,847
# Beryllium chloride **Beryllium chloride** is an inorganic compound with the formula BeCl~2~. It is a colourless, hygroscopic solid that dissolves well in many polar solvents. Its properties are similar to those of aluminium chloride, due to beryllium\'s diagonal relationship with aluminium. ## Structure and synthesis {#structure_and_synthesis} Beryllium chloride is prepared by reaction of the metal with chlorine at high temperatures: : Be + Cl~2~ → BeCl~2~ BeCl~2~ can also be prepared by carbothermal reduction of beryllium oxide in the presence of chlorine. BeCl~2~ can be prepared by treating beryllium with hydrogen chloride. Two forms (polymorphs) of BeCl~2~ are known. Both structures consist tetrahedral Be^2+^ centers interconnected by doubly bridging chloride ligands. One form consist of edge-sharing polytetrahedra. The other form resembles zinc iodide with interconnected adamantane-like cages. In contrast, BeF~2~ is a 3-dimensional polymer, with a structure akin to that of quartz. In the gas phase, BeCl~2~ exists both as a linear monomer and a bridged dimer with two bridging chlorine atoms where the beryllium atom is 3-coordinate. The linear shape of the monomeric form is as predicted by VSEPR theory. The linear shape contrasts with the monomeric forms of some of the dihalides of the heavier members of group 2, e.g. CaF~2~, SrF~2~, BaF~2~, SrCl~2~, BaCl~2~, BaBr~2~, and BaI~2~, which are all non-linear. Beryllium chloride dissolves to give tetrahedral \[Be(OH~2~)~4~\]^2+^ ion in aqueous solutions as confirmed by vibrational spectroscopy. ## Reactions When treated with water, beryllium chloride forms a tetrahydrate, BeCl~2~•4H~2~O (\[Be(H~2~O)~4~\]Cl~2~). BeCl~2~ is also soluble in some ethers. When suspended in diethyl ether, beryllium chloride converts to the colorless dietherate: : This ether ligand can be displaced by other Lewis bases. Beryllium chloride forms complexes with phosphines. ## Applications Beryllium chloride is used as a raw material for the electrolysis of beryllium, and as a catalyst for Friedel-Crafts reactions
302
Beryllium chloride
0
10,128,884
# Cantong qi The ****Cantong qi**** is deemed to be the earliest book on alchemy in China. The title has been variously translated as *Kinship of the Three*, *Akinness of the Three*, *Triplex Unity*, *The Seal of the Unity of the Three*, and in several other ways. The full title of the text is ****Zhouyi cantong qi****, which can be translated as, for example, *The Kinship of the Three, in Accordance with the Book of Changes*. According to the well-established view in China, the text was composed by Wei Boyang in the mid-second century CE, and deals entirely with alchemy, in particular with Neidan (or Internal Alchemy). In agreement with its title, the *Cantong qi* is concerned with three major subjects, Cosmology (the system of the *Book of Changes)*, Taoism (the way of \"non-doing\"), and Alchemy. ## Authorship For about a millennium, the authorship of the *Cantong qi* has been attributed to Wei Boyang, who was said to have been a southern alchemist from the Shangyu district of Kuaiji in the region of Jiangnan, corresponding to `{{zhp|p=[[Fenghui]]|c=豐惠}}`{=mediawiki} in present-day Shangyu, about 80 km east of Hangzhou. The best-known account of Wei Boyang is found in the *\[\[Shenxian zhuan\]\]* (Biographies of the Divine Immortals), a work attributed to Ge Hong (283--343). The work mentions Wei Boyang's authorship of the *Cantong qi* and of another work entitled *The Five Categories* (`{{zhi|t=五相類|p=Wǔxiànglèi}}`{=mediawiki}), criticizing at the same time those who read the *Cantong qi* as a work concerned with cosmology instead of alchemy. Several centuries later, Peng Xiao (?-955) gives a different portrait of Wei Boyang in his commentary, dating from 947 CE. With Peng Xiao, Wei Boyang becomes a learned master who is competent in prose and poetry, is versed in the esoteric texts, cultivates the Dao "in secret and silence," and nourishes himself "in Empty Non-being." At the end of his account, moreover, Peng Xiao gives further details on the early history of the text, saying: Elsewhere in his work, moreover, Peng Xiao reveals a different view on the authorship of the *Cantong qi*: While Wei Boyang was a southern alchemist, Xu Congshi and Chunyu Shutong were representatives of the cosmological traditions of northern China. Xu was a native of Qingzhou, in the present-day region of Shandong. His disciple, Chunyu, was a \"master of the methods\" (*\[\[fangshi\]\]*) specialized in cosmology, prognostication, and the related sciences. Sources prior to Peng Xiao show that Xu Congshi and Chunyu Shutong were originally believed to be the main authors of the *Cantong qi*. To give one example, an anonymous commentary to the *Cantong qi*, dating from ca. 700, is explicit about the roles played by Xu Congshi, Chunyu Shutong, and Wei Boyang in the creation of the text, saying: Elsewhere, the same commentary ascribes the *Cantong qi* to Xu Congshi alone. For example, the notes on the verse, \"He contemplates on high the manifest signs of Heaven\" (*「上觀顯天符」*), state: \"The True Man Xu Congshi looked above and contemplated the images of the trigrams; thus he determined Yin and Yang.\" The passages quoted above reflect contrasting views on the authorship of the *Cantong qi*, between those who maintained that the text pertained in the first place to the northern cosmological traditions, and those who saw it as a product of the southern alchemical traditions. Taking this point into account, it has been suggested that the final paragraph in the *Shenxian zhuan*\'s account may have been added at a later time to further the second view. With the possible exception of Ge Hong, the first author known to have attributed the composition of the whole *Cantong qi* to Wei Boyang is Liu Zhigu (`{{zhi|t=劉知古}}`{=mediawiki}), a Taoist priest and alchemical practitioner who was received at court by Emperor Xuanzong around 750 CE. Two centuries later, another alchemist, Peng Xiao, cites and praises Liu Zhigu's discussion, and becomes the first major author to promote the same view. With the development of the Neidan traditions, this view became established. Since then, there has been virtually unanimous consent that the *Cantong qi* was not only transmitted, but also entirely composed, within the context of the alchemical tradition.
685
Cantong qi
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# Cantong qi ## Date The three subjects mentioned in the *Cantong qi* raises inquiries into the dates of each of the respective portions. \(1\) ***Cosmology***. The cosmological views of the *Cantong qi* are rooted in the system of the *Book of Changes*. Moreover, commentators (e.g. Peng Xiao and Zhu Xi) and scholars (e.g. Yang Xiaolei and Meng Naichang) have suggested that the *Cantong qi* is also related to the so-called `{{zhi|out=tr|tr=apocrypha|p=weishu|c=緯書}}`{=mediawiki}, a Han-dynasty corpus of cosmological and divinatory texts that is now almost entirely lost. While this relation has often been taken as evidence of a Han date of the *Cantong qi*, other scholars (e.g., Fukui Kōjun) have suggested that a work entitled *Cantong qi* may have existed during the Han period, but if it did exist, it was not the same as the present-day text. One further point deserving attention in this context is the fact that two passages of the *Cantong qi* are similar to passages found in the *Yijing* commentary written by Yu Fan (164--233), a major representative of the cosmological tradition. Suzuki Yoshijirō suggested that Yu Fan drew on the *Cantong qi* for his commentary on the *Yijing*. Pregadio has suggested, vice versa, that the *Cantong qi* presents a poetical rendition of Yu Fan's passages. If this suggestion is correct, the cosmological portions of the *Cantong qi* were composed, or at least were completed, after the end of the Han period. \(2\) ***Alchemy***. Among the large number of Chinese scholars who have expressed their views about the date of the *Cantong qi*, the opinions of Chen Guofu (who was for several decades the main Chinese expert in this field) are especially worthy of attention. As he pointed out, no extant alchemical work dating from the Han period is based on the doctrinal principles of the *Cantong qi*, or uses its cosmological model and its language. Pregadio\'s views are even more radical in this regard: \"First, neither the *Cantong qi* nor its cosmological and alchemical models play any visible influence on extant Waidan texts dating not only from the Han period, but also from the whole Six Dynasties (i.e., until the sixth century inclusive). . . . Second, the same can be said with even more confidence about Neidan, since no text belonging to this branch of Chinese alchemy has existed---or has left traces of its existence---until the eighth century\". The earliest explicit mention of the *Cantong qi* in relation to alchemy was pointed out by Arthur Waley in the early 1930s. It is found in a piece by the poet Jiang Yan (444--505), who mentions the *Cantong qi* in a poem devoted to an immortal named Qin Gao. The relevant lines of the poem read, in Arthur Waley's translation: \(3\) ***Taoism***. The \"Taoist\" portions of the *Cantong qi* make a distinction between the paths of \"superior virtue\" (*shangde*) and \"inferior virtue\" (*xiade*)---i.e., the paths of non-doing (*\[\[Wu wei*) and of alchemy. This distinction is drawn from the perspective of the former path, and conforms to principles set forth in the *\[\[Daode jing\]\]* and elaborated on in the *\[\[Zhuangzi (book)*. If this point is taken into account, it appears evident that those who gave the *Cantong qi* its present shape could only be the nameless representatives of the Taoist traditions of Jiangnan, who had essential ties to the doctrines of the *Daode jing* and the *Zhuangzi*. Moreover, as it has been pointed out by Fabrizio Pregadio, the Taoist portions of the *Cantong qi* contain passages that criticize the Taoist methods of meditation on the inner deities. Despite this, the *Cantong qi* draws some of its terminology from texts pertaining to Taoist meditation, and in particular from the \"Inner" version of the *Scripture of the Yellow Court* (*\[\[Huangting jing\]\]*), a work belonging to the Shangqing revelations of 364--70. Since the shared terms are evenly distributed among the different parts of the *Cantong qi*, it seems clear that an anonymous \"hand\"---the collective hand of the southern Taoist traditions---revised the text, probably after the end of the fourth century. On the basis of the above evidence, Pregadio concludes that \"the *Cantong qi* was composed in different stages, perhaps from the Han period onward, and did not reach a form substantially similar to the present one before ca. 450, and possibly one or even two centuries later.\"
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# Cantong qi ## Composition In most redactions, the *Cantong qi* is divided into 3 parts. Parts 1 and 2 contain the main text. With the exception of a few short passages in prose, they are written in 4- or 5-character verses (the 5-character verses prevail in the first part, while the second part is almost entirely made of 4-character verses). Several poems written in either meter mirror one another in subject matter and vocabulary. Part 3 is made of several additional compositions: (1) An `{{zhi|out=tr|tr=Epilogue|p=Luanci|c=亂辭}}`{=mediawiki}, mostly written in `{{zhp|p=saoti|c=騷體}}`{=mediawiki} prosody (named after the *\[\[Li Sao* (Encountering Sorrow) piece in the *Songs of Chu* (*\[\[Chuci\]\]*)). (2) The `{{zhi|out=tr|tr=Song of the Tripod|p=Dingqi ge|c=鼎器歌}}`{=mediawiki}, a poem in three-character verses, another prosodic form not found in the first two parts. (3) A final section---entitled in different ways by different commentators---stating that the teachings of the *Cantong qi* are based on the *Book of Changes*, Taoism, and alchemy, and containing a final poem in which the author describes himself and his work. In some redactions, moreover, the third part is concluded by an anonymous postface entitled `{{zhi|out=tr|tr=Eulogium|p=Zanxu|c=讚序}}`{=mediawiki}. ## The \"Ancient Text\" {#the_ancient_text} In the early sixteenth century, a new version of the *Cantong qi*, anachronistically called `{{zhp|p=Guwen cantong qi|t=古文參同契|tr=Ancient Text of the Cantong qi}}`{=mediawiki}, was created on the basis of a complete rearrangement of the scripture. This version divides the sections in verses of 4 characters from those in verses of 5 characters, following a suggestion that was first given by Yu Yan in his commentary of 1284. Yu Yan refers to this as a sudden realization that he had after he finished writing his work: The origins of the *Ancient Text* can be traced back to Du Yicheng (*杜一誠*), who came from Suzhou (like Yu Yan) and wrote a now-lost commentary on it in 1517. About three decades later, the famous literatus, Yang Shen (1488--1559), claimed to have found the work in a stone casket, and published it under his own name. Since then, the *Ancient Text* has been mainly associated with Yang Shen. Several authors of commentaries to the standard version of the *Cantong qi* have regarded the *Ancient Text* as spurious, and similar criticism has also been voiced by Chinese scholars from the Qing period onward. This view has been partly influenced by the controversial personality of Yang Shen, who was known to have falsified early Chinese works. Whether the verdict of \"non-authenticity\" is or is not accurate, it should be considered that the *Ancient Text*, despite the different arrangement, includes the whole *Cantong qi*, without any addition and with the omission of only a few verses; and that no one without a solid knowledge of the standard version of the *Cantong qi*, and of its doctrinal principles, could have fabricated a work of this nature. In the arrangement of the *Ancient Text*, the 4- and 5-character verses are not reproduced in the same sequence as in the standard version; and in the new arrangement, the discourse of *Cantong qi* reveals a much clearer pattern. The *Ancient Text* gives prominence not only to the three main subjects of the *Cantong qi*, but also to the three authors traditionally considered to be involved in its composition. This is likely to be the main reason why several commentators, for whom Wei Boyang could only be the single author of the whole *Cantong qi*, and Internal Alchemy its single subject, rejected the *Ancient Text* altogether. According to the new version, Wei Boyang wrote the portion entitled \"Canon\" (\"Jing\") in verses of 4 characters; Xu Congshi---whom the *Ancient Text* exegetes regularly identify as Xu Jingxiu (*徐景休*), as also did Yu Yan---contributed a `{{zhi|out=tr|tr=Commentary|p=Zhu|c=注}}`{=mediawiki} in verses of 5 characters; and Chunyu Shutong added a final section, entitled `{{zhi|out=tr|tr=The Three Categories|p=Sanxianglei|t=三相類}}`{=mediawiki}. In the *Ancient Text*, both the \"Canon\" and the \"Commentary\" are divided into three chapters, respectively devoted to cosmology, Taoism, and alchemy.
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# Cantong qi ## Cosmology ### Cosmological Emblems {#cosmological_emblems} The main cosmological emblems in the \'*Cantong qi* are *Qian*, *Kun*, *Kan*, and *Li*, a subset of the *eight trigrams*, or Bagua. Although these names belong to the vocabulary of the *Book of Changes*, in the *Cantong qi* they denote formless principles that serve to explicate how the Dao generates the world and manifests itself in it. The corresponding trigrams (Qian ☰, Kun ☷, Kan ☵, Li ☲) and hexagrams (Qian ䷀, Kun ䷁, Kan ䷜, Li ䷝) are symbolic forms used to represent those principles. *Qian* is the active (\"creative\") principle, essence, Yang, and Heaven; Kun is the passive (\"receptive\") principle, substance, Yin, and Earth. Being permanently joined to one another in the precosmic domain, Qian entrusts its creative power to *Kun*, and *Kun* brings creation to accomplishment. In the everlasting instant in which Qian and Kun give birth to the cosmos, the Yang of Qian moves into Kun, and, in response, the Yin of Kun moves into Qian. In the symbolic representation by the corresponding trigrams, Qian ☰ entrusts its essence to Kun and becomes Li ☲; Kun ☷ receives the essence of Qian and becomes Kan ☵. *Kan* and *Li*, therefore, replace *Qian* and *Kun* in the cosmic domain. Since they harbor the Yang of Qian and the Yin of Kun, respectively, as their own inner essences, they enable the Yin and Yang of the precosmic domain to operate in the cosmic domain. The main images of Qian and Kun are Heaven and Earth, which are immutably joined to one another. The main images of Kan and Li are the Moon and the Sun, which alternate in their growth and decline during the longer or shorter time cycles. ### Five agents {#five_agents} The five agents (`{{zhi|s=五行|p=wǔxíng}}`{=mediawiki}) are Wood, Fire, Soil, Metal, and Water. They are generated in the first place by the division of original Unity into Yin and Yang, and by the further subdivision of Yin and Yang into four states. In the *Cantong qi*, Water and Fire are the Yin and Yang of the post-celestial state, and Wood and Metal are True Yin and True Yang of the pre-celestial state. Soil, the fifth agent, has both a Yang and a Yin aspect. Being at the center, it stands for the source from which the other four agents derive. ### Time Cycles {#time_cycles} Three emblematic time cycles are given: the day, the month, and the year. These cycles manifest the presence of the `{{zhi|out=tr|tr=One Breath|p=yiqi|t=一氣}}`{=mediawiki} of the *Dao* in the cosmos. All of them became models of the `{{zhi|out=tr|tr=fire times|p=huohou|t=火候}}`{=mediawiki} in alchemy, which determine the process needed to heat the Elixir.
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# Cantong qi ## Taoism A passage of the *Cantong qi* states: These verses are directly based on a passage of the *Daode jing* (sec. 38): `{{Verse translation | lang1 = zh | italicsoff = yes |上德無為, 而無以為; 下德為之, 而有以為。 | lang2 = en |Superior virtue has no doing: there is nothing whereby it does. Inferior virtue does: there is something whereby it does.}}`{=mediawiki} In both the *Daode jing* and the *Cantong qi*, the subject of these verses is the distinction between non-doing (*\[\[Wu_wei*) and doing (*youwei*), referred to as the ways of `{{zhi|out=tr|tr=superior virtue|p=shàngdé|s=上德}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{zhi|out=tr|tr=inferior virtue|p=xiàdé|s=下德}}`{=mediawiki}, respectively. In the way of \"superior virtue\", the state prior to the separation of the *One* into the *Two* is spontaneously attained. The distinction between \"one\" and \"two\" does not even arise, and the unity of the precelestial and the postcelestial domains is immediately realized. There is no need to seek the One Breath, and therefore no support is necessary to find it. This is the way of the True Man (*\[\[zhenren\]\]*). \"Inferior virtue\", instead, focuses on seeking; its unceasing search of the One Breath needs supports, and the postcelestial domain is \"used\" to find the precelestial state hidden within it. This is the way of alchemy. Performing a practice---either \"internal\" or \"external\"---is a form of \"doing\": the alchemical process is conducted *in order to* attain the realized state. Its purpose is to prepare one to enter the state of \"non doing,\" and is fulfilled only when this happens. This process---which is gradual, and differs in this respect from immediate realization, the prerogative of \"superior virtue\"---is at the core of alchemy, in all of its forms. ### Criticism of Other Practices {#criticism_of_other_practices} The *Cantong qi* devotes much attention to practices deemed to be inadequate for true realization. These practices are of two kinds. The first consists of non-alchemical practices, including breathing, meditation on the inner gods, sexual practices, and worship of spirits and minor deities: This \"treading the Dipper and pacing the asterisms\" refers to *yubu* and *bugang*. All these practices and methods were current during the Later Han period and the Six Dynasties (1st--6th centuries CE). The second kind of criticism is addressed to alchemical practices that are not based on the principle of \"being of the same kind\" (or `{{zhi|tr=category|p=tonglei|c=同類}}`{=mediawiki}). Only lead and mercury, according to the *Cantong qi*, are of the \"same kind\" as *Qian* and *Kun*, and can represent and enable their conjunction.
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# Cantong qi ## Alchemy The alchemical discourse of the *Cantong qi* revolves around lead and mercury. Its basic principles proceed directly from its views on the relation between the Dao and the \"ten thousand things\" (i.e., multiplicity and change). As in the whole of Taoism, this relation is explained by means of a sequence of stages. The absolute principle (Dao) establishes itself as Unity (Yi 一), which divides itself into the active and the passive principles---namely, *Qian* and *Kun*, respectively equivalent to original Yang and Yin, or True Yang and True Yin. The re-conjunction of these principles gives birth to all entities and phenomena in the world. All these \"stages\" occur simultaneously. The alchemical process consists in tracing the stages of this process in a reverse sequence, in order to recover the hidden One Breath and return to it. In alchemical language, True Lead (☰) and True Mercury (☷) respectively represent True Yang and True Yin. The Yin and Yang entities that respectively contain these authentic principles are represented by \"black lead\" (i.e., native lead ☵) and cinnabar (☲). In the strict sense of the term, alchemy consists in extracting True Lead from \"black lead\" and True Mercury from cinnabar, and in joining them to one another. When the five agents (*wuxing*) are used to represent the alchemical process, the basic configuration is the same. \"Black lead\" and cinnabar are Water and Fire, and True Lead and True Mercury are Metal and Wood. In the alchemical process, where the \"generation sequence\" of the agents is inverted, Water (\"black lead\") generates Metal (True Lead), and Fire (cinnabar) generates Wood (True Mercury). Soil, the fifth agent, allows the entire alchemical process to unfold, and also represent its completion. Positioned at the center of the other agents, it is emblematic of Unity containing True Yin and True Yang. Being found within both ingredients of the Elixir, Soil stands for their fundamental unity, and enables them to conjoin.
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# Cantong qi ## Commentaries With the exception of the *Daode jing* and the *Zhuangzi*, few Taoist texts have enjoyed an exegetical tradition as voluminous and diversified as the *Cantong qi*. More than three dozen traditional commentaries are extant, written between ca. 700 and the final years of the Qing dynasty. Different sources---in particular, bibliographies and premodern library catalogues---yield information on about twice as many lost commentaries and closely related works. The Taoist Canon (*Daozang*) of 1445 contains the following commentaries to the standard text: 1. *Zhouyi cantong qi zhu* *周易參同契注* (Commentary to the *Cantong qi*). Anonymous, dating from ca. 700, containing the only surviving explication of the Cantong qi as a work concerned with Waidan. Only the portion corresponding to part 1 is extant. 2. *Zhouyi cantong qi*. Attributed to a venerable Taoist immortal, Yin Changsheng *陰長生*, also dating from ca. 700. 3. *Zhouyi cantong qi fenzhang tong zhenyi* *周易參同契分章通真義* (True Meaning of the *Cantong q*i, with a Subdivision into Sections). Peng Xiao *彭曉* (?-955), dating from 947. 4. *Zhouyi cantong qi kaoyi* *周易參同契考異* (Investigation of Discrepancies in the *Cantong qi*). Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130--1200), dating from 1197. 5. *Zhouyi cantong qi*. Chu Yong *儲泳* (also known as Chu Huagu *儲華谷*, fl. ca. 1230), dating from ca. 1230. 6. *Zhouyi cantong qi jie* *周易參同契解* (Explication of the *Cantong qi*). Chen Xianwei *陳顯微* (?-after 1254), dating from 1234. 7. *Zhouyi cantong qi fahui* *周易參同契發揮* (Elucidation of the *Cantong qi*). Yu Yan *俞琰* (1258--1314), dating from 1284. 8. *Zhouyi cantong qi zhu* *周易參同契注* (Commentary to the *Cantong qi*). Anonymous Neidan commentary, dating from after 1208. The first two commentaries present a somewhat unrefined state of the text, not divided into sections, with several sentences not yet normalized into 4- or 5-character verses, and---a significant detail---with more explicit allusions to Waidan compared to the later redactions (where certain sentences appear in slightly modified forms). In the mid-tenth century, Peng Xiao revised the text and produced the version that is, directly or indirectly, at the basis of most later commentaries. His work, which is divided into 90 sections, has not reached us in its original form; there is clear evidence that it was altered in the early thirteenth century with the incorporation of several dozen readings drawn from Zhu Xi's text. The revised version of Peng Xiao's text is faithfully followed by the anonymous Neidan commentary. The first text to be based on a comparison of earlier editions was established by Zhu Xi, but his work was deprived of most of its critical notes by the mid-fourteenth century. Zhu Xi's text in turn served as a model to Chu Yong. The two remaining commentaries in the Taoist Canon are those by Chen Xianwei, whose text derives from Peng Xiao; and by Yu Yan, who based his work on Zhu Xi's text. Yu Yan's learned commentary contains quotations from about one hundred different texts, and is accompanied by philological notes on variants found in earlier editions. The Neidan commentary by Chen Zhixu (`{{zhi|t=陳致虛}}`{=mediawiki}) (1290-ca. 1368) is entitled `{{zhp|p=Zhouyi cantong qi zhujie|t=周易參同契注解|l=Commentary and Explication of the {{tlit|zh|Cantong qi}}}}`{=mediawiki} and dates from ca. 1330. His text is ultimately based on Peng Xiao's redaction, but contains about four dozen readings that are not documented in earlier extant works. With the exception of Zhu Xi's work, all extant commentaries to the *Cantong qi* written through the Yuan period (1279--1368) are related to the Taoist alchemical traditions. During the Ming (1368--1644) and the Qing (1644--1912) dynasties, the *Cantong qi* continued to exert its prestige on Neidan, but its influence also extended to other fields. Zhu Xi's commentary, in particular, inspired many literati to read the text and write about it. The commentaries by Xu Wei *徐渭* (ca. 1570) and Wang Wenlu *王文祿* (1582) during the Ming period, and those by Li Guangdi *李光地* (ca. 1700), Wang Fu *汪紱* (ca. 1750), and Li Shixu *黎世序* (1823) during the Qing period, are representative of this trend. The redaction by Chen Zhixu was, either on its own or in a substantial way, at the basis of the commentaries by Xu Wei, Wang Wenlu, Li Guangdi, and Wang Fu, as well as those by Zhang Wenlong *張文龍* (1566), Zhen Shu *甄淑* (1636), and Dong Dening *董德寧* (1787). Other commentators, including Lu Xixing *陸西星* (1569, revised in 1573) and Zhu Yuanyu *朱元育* (1669), based their texts on other redactions. Ten commentaries to the *Ancient Text* version of the *Cantong qi* are extant, including those by Wang Jiachun *王家春* (1591?), Peng Haogu *彭好古* (1599), Qiu Zhao'ao *仇兆鰲* (1704), and Liu Yiming *劉一明* (1799), whose authors were affiliated with different Ming and Qing line-ages of Neidan. ## Translations In 1932, Lu-Ch\'iang Wu and Tenney L. Davis first translated the *Cantong qi*. A hard-to-find translation was published by the Chinese scholar, Zhou Shiyi, in 1988. In 1994, Richard Bertschinger translated the *Guwen cantong qi*, i.e., the 16th-century \"Ancient Text\" version. A new annotated translation of the standard text was published by Fabrizio Pregadio in 2011. Several passages of the text are also translated and discussed in works by Joseph Needham, Ho Peng Yoke, and Nathan Sivin
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# Blackburn Velos The **Blackburn T.3 Velos** was a 1920s British two-seat coastal defence seaplane designed by Blackburn Aeroplane & Motor Company Limited, Brough Aerodrome and constructed by the Greek National Aircraft Factory. ## Design and development {#design_and_development} The basic design of the Blackburn Dart was developed into a two-seater to meet a Greek Navy requirement for a coastal defence seaplane. The aircraft became the **T.3 Velos**, a twin-float seaplane. The Velos differed from the standard Dart T.2 in having a two-seat cockpit with a rear-mounted .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Gun, an increased weapons load with four 230 lb (104 kg) bombs mounted under the wings and provisions to fly as either a seaplane with floats or with a conventional undercarriage. In 1925, a small batch of four aircraft was built at Brough Aerodrome for the Greek Navy. Later in the same year, the aircraft was chosen to be the first licence-built aircraft in Greece, in a factory built by Blackburn and operated under a five-year contract. The Aircraft Factory, later renamed the State Aircraft Factory or Greek National Aircraft Factory, operated in Palaion Faliro to produce 12 Greek-built **T.3A Velos** aircraft with a raised rear cockpit to give an improved field of fire for the observer and a larger radiator. The first, 450 hp Napier Lion engine-variant, of the production order was launched and tested in March 1926, taking off Phaleron Bay and piloted by Col. William Forbes-Sempill. Blackburn produced two additional T.3 models as the **T.3A Velos**, initially for trials of the company\'s new metal floats and later, one example embarked on a demonstration and sales tour of South America in 1927. Despite the sales tour, the T.3A garnered no orders. Both T.3As were converted to seaplane trainers and joined four other production aircraft built for the Blackburn Reserve School (North Sea Aerial and General Transport Co. Ltd) to replace the company\'s Dart seaplane trainers for providing advanced training. After 1929, all of the T.3As were converted back into landplanes and continued in service until replacement by Ripons and Baffins in 1933. ## Operational service {#operational_service} The Blackburn T.3 Velos not only fulfilled an operational role as a coastal defence/torpedo bomber in the Naval Air Component Squadrons in Greece, but also helped establish an indigenous aviation industry. The aircraft began operations in 1926 with the Greek Navy deployed at Tatoi Aerodrome and Phaleron Bay, Athens. During operations, the T.3s delivered steady if not spectacular service. The Velos remained in squadron use until 1934 with all examples retired by 1936. ## Operators ### Civil operators {#civil_operators} `{{UK}}`{=mediawiki} - North Sea Aerial and General Transport Company Limited ### Military operators {#military_operators} `{{flag|Greece|old}}`{=mediawiki} - Hellenic Air Force - Hellenic Navy ## Specifications (T.3A Velos Landplane) {#specifications_t
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# Jeffrey Fowler **Jeffrey L. Fowler** (born May 25, 1956) is a United States Navy vice admiral who served as the 60th Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy until his retirement in August 2010. ## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career} Born in May 1956 and raised in Bismarck, North Dakota, he received his commission from the United States Naval Academy in 1978. Following a successful interview with Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, he was subsequently trained in the Navy\'s nuclear propulsion and submarine programs. Fowler served at sea as a junior officer aboard `{{USS|Bremerton|SSN-698|3}}`{=mediawiki}, as Engineer Officer for `{{USS|Alaska|SSBN-732|3}}`{=mediawiki}, and as executive officer for the Pre-commissioning Unit `{{USS|Montpelier|SSN-765|3}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{USS|Hyman G. Rickover|SSN-709|3}}`{=mediawiki}. He commanded `{{USS|Charlotte|SSN-766|3}}`{=mediawiki} and Submarine Squadron Three, responsible for eight nuclear-powered fast attack submarines. Fowler has deployed to the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Arctic oceans, and the Persian Gulf. Ashore, Fowler served as a submarine tactics instructor at Naval Submarine Training Center, Pacific; as a junior member on the Nuclear Propulsion Examining Board on the staff of the commander in chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet; as the head, Submarine Programs Section of the Programming Division (N80) on the staff of the Chief of Naval Operations; deputy executive assistant to the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (N8) and the vice chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff; the Pacific submarine force prospective commanding officer instructor; and as the executive assistant to the commander, U.S. Strategic Command. ## Flag officer {#flag_officer} Following selection to flag officer, Fowler served as commander, Navy Recruiting Command and director, Naval Europe/Sixth Fleet plans and operations; deputy commander, United States Sixth Fleet; Commander Submarines, Allied Naval Forces South; commander, Submarine Group 8; and commander, Task Forces 164/69. Fowler relieved Vice Admiral Rodney P. Rempt as superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy on June 8, 2007. In August 2007, Fowler unveiled new plans for the Naval Academy, stating that the school was focusing too much on extracurriculars. Some of the new changes include mandatory study time each night for all midshipmen, secured all weekday liberty (which seniors had Tuesday, Thursday and Friday and Juniors Tuesday and Friday), and mandatory meals Sunday night through Friday night. Fowler stressed, however, that the academy was not in a state of emergency, and that these changes were merely to keep the recent graduates ready to enter into wartime service. He cast the changes as having more to do with preparing future Navy and Marine officers for wartime duty than with cracking down on misbehavior. > We are a nation at war,\" he said. \"If any campus should understand being a nation at war, it\'s the United States Naval Academy. ## Retirement Fowler stepped down as superintendent of the Naval Academy in August 2010 (30 days earlier than his scheduled relief) amidst controversy over financial irregularities at the academy as well as multiple honor-code violations by USNA midshipmen. He was succeeded by in this post by Vice Admiral Michael H. Miller. His wife, Katie Fowler, is sponsor of the new Virginia-class submarine `{{USS|North Dakota|SSN-784}}`{=mediawiki}. In April 2021, Golden Key Group announced Fowler\'s promotion to president of the Reston, Virginia-based professional services company. ## Education - 1978 Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland - 1985 Master of Business Administration degree, Chaminade University of Honolulu, Honolulu, Hawaii - 1990 Master of Public Administration degree, John F
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# Cuevas de Sorbas **Cuevas de Sorbas** are the tourist gypsum caves in Sorbas in Almeria, Spain. The formations are 6 million years old and consist of karst in gypsum rock
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# Sumichrast's vesper rat **Sumichrast\'s vesper rat** (*Nyctomys sumichrasti*) is a rodent of the family Cricetidae found from southern Mexico to Panama. It is named for François Sumichrast, the collector of the first specimen, and its closest relative is probably Hatt\'s vesper rat, a similar, but slightly smaller, species from the Yucatán Peninsula. ## Description Sumichrast\'s vesper rat is a relatively small rat, with an adult length of 10 to, not including the tail, which is only slightly shorter. Males and females are of similar size, with both weighing between 220 to. It is one of the more brightly coloured rats, with a reddish or orange back and creamy to white underparts. The rats have a thick pelt of soft fur, which extends over the entire length of the tail, and is absent only on the soles of the feet. The eyes are relatively large, and surrounded by a narrow ring of black hair, while the whiskers are long and the ears small. To aid in climbing, the claws are compressed and curved, and the first toe on each foot is thumb-like. ## Distribution and subspecies {#distribution_and_subspecies} Sumichrast\'s vesper rat is found from southern Jalisco and Veracruz in Mexico through much of Central America, excluding the Yucatan, as far east as central Panama. It occurs in evergreen and semi-deciduous forests throughout this range, at elevations from sea level to as high as 1600 abbr=on. A total of nine subspecies are currently recognised: - *N. s. sumichrasti* - southern Veracruz, Mexico - *N. s. colimensis* - Jalisco to Oaxaca, Mexico - *N. s. costaricensis* - southern Costa Rica - *N. s. decolorus* - southern Belize and eastern Guatemala to Honduras - *N. s. florencei* - southern Honduras and western Nicaragua - *N. s. nitellinus* - eastern Costa Rica to central Panama - *N. s. pallidulus* - southern Tabasco and western Chiapas - *N. s. salvini* - eastern Chiapas and southern Guatemala - *N. s. venustulus* - eastern Nicaragua ## Biology and behaviour {#biology_and_behaviour} Sumichrast\'s vesper rat is unusual in that it is arboreal, and builds nests of twigs and leaves. They rarely travel along the ground, preferring to remain in the middle and upper parts of the forest canopy, between 3 and high. They build their nests in tree hollows or in the forks of branches, constructing an irregular mass of material with a hollow central cavity about 10 abbr=on across, often building them on top of older nests so that a series of multiple layers builds up over time. It is nocturnal and herbivorous, eating fruits and seeds, although it has been reported to eat a small number of moths. Favoured foods include figs, and the seeds of plants such as *Jacquinia pungens* and borage. In Costa Rica, they have also been observed to eat the poisonous leaves of the plant *Daphnopsis americana*, although avoiding the central part of the leaf, and selecting only young leaves. They follow established paths along branches in search of food, and have a home range of about 70 abbr=on across. Although they move slowly when compelled to travel along the ground, and make slow deliberate movements while feeding or grooming, they are agile in the trees, moving rapidly and constantly twitching their whiskers and ears. Under laboratory conditions, the rats remain in family groups of mated pairs, but are intolerant of any strangers, often attacking them. They have been observed to make high-pitched, musical chirps and trills, while males sometimes make lower pitched grunts towards established mates. ## Reproduction Mating occurs throughout the year. Gestation lasts from 30 to 38 days and results in the birth of one to three young. The young are reared in a nest constructed by both parents, although the male usually remains outside the nest for the first seven days after birth. The young are about 8 abbr=on long at birth, and weigh 4.5 abbr=on. They are initially blind and only partially furred, and remain attached to the mother\'s teats for most of their first two weeks, although they are able to crawl from two days of age. They are weaned at around three weeks, and their eyes open after fifteen to eighteen days. The rats become sexually mature at around 75 days of age, and have lived for up to five years in captivity
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# Attica Blues (band) **Attica Blues** are a British trip hop band, who made their debut releases on the Mo\' Wax label. Taking their name from an Archie Shepp album, the band have also provided remixes for Ultra Naté, Sneaker Pimps, Silent Poets and DJ Krush. ## History The group began life in 1994 when producers D\'Afro (aka Charlie Dark, born Charlie Williams) and Tony Nwachukwu first met up. D\'Afro had previously founded London\'s Urban Poets Society collective but the duo later became Attica Blues. While trying to sell some Japanese hip-hop records, D\'Afro met up with Mo\'Wax founder James Lavelle and was offered a spot on his Mo\'Wax label despite never having made music before. The duo began recording their first single alone but when a local student, the Egyptian-born Roba El-Essawy, visited the studio during the recording for their debut single, D\'Afro and Nwachukwu decided to ask her to join them. The band released their first single in 1995 and their debut album in 1997. El-Essawy was married to painter Chris Ofili from 2002 to 2019. El-Essawy released her debut solo release under the name MidnightRoba in 2021. The album, titled *Golden Seams*, was written and produced by MidnightRoba and self-released to her Bandcamp page. Attica Blues have in recent years been back in the studio and are teasing a comeback with a third studio album. ## Discography ### Albums - *Attica Blues* (Mo\' Wax, 1997) - *Test
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# Lusia Harris **Lusia Mae Harris** (February 10, 1955 -- January 18, 2022) was an American professional basketball player. Harris is considered to be one of the pioneers of women\'s basketball. She played for Delta State University and won three consecutive Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) National Championships, the predecessors to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championships, from 1975 to 1977. On the international level, she represented the United States\' national team. She was on the team which won the gold medal in the 1975 Pan American Games. In addition, she was a member of the team which won the silver medal in the 1976 Olympic Games, the first women\'s basketball tournament in the Olympic Games. She played professional basketball with the Houston Angels of the Women\'s Professional Basketball League (WBL) and was the first and only woman ever to be officially drafted by the National Basketball Association (NBA). For her achievements, Harris was inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and Women\'s Basketball Hall of Fame. ## Early life {#early_life} Lusia Mae Harris was born in Minter City, Mississippi, to Ethel Harris and Willie Harris, a sharecropper in the cotton fields. She was the fourth of five daughters and the tenth of eleven children, all of whom attended Amanda Elzy High School near Greenwood, Mississippi. All of her brothers and one of her older sisters, Janie, also played basketball. Harris played basketball under coach Conway Stewart in high school. She won the most valuable player award three years in a row, served as team captain, and made the state All-Star team . She scored a school record 46 points in one game and led her school to the state tournament in Jackson, Mississippi. After her high school graduation, she had planned to attend Alcorn State University, which did not have a women\'s basketball team. However, she was recruited by Melvin Hemphill to play for Margaret Wade, who was restarting a collegiate women\'s team at Delta State University in Cleveland, Mississippi. She attended school on a combination of academic scholarships and work study funds, since this was prior to Title IX.
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# Lusia Harris ## College career {#college_career} In her first year at Delta State, 1973--74, Harris helped the Lady Statesmen to a 16--2 record. However, they finished third in the regional tournament and failed to qualify for the national tournament. In the 1974--75 season, the Lady Statesmen qualified for the national tournament at Harrisonburg, Virginia. They went all the way to the final, where they met the Mighty Macs of Immaculata University who had won the last three consecutive AIAW championships. In the final, Harris scored 32 points and recorded 16 rebounds to lead Delta State past Immaculata 90--81. The 1975 championship game was televised nationally (albeit delayed). This was the first year that women\'s basketball games were nationally televised by a major network. That season, Delta State went undefeated with a 28--0 record, the only undefeated college basketball season that year (men or women). Harris scored a total of 138 points and 63 rebounds in four games at the national tournament and was named as the tournament\'s most valuable player. In the 1975--76 season, Delta State and Immaculata met again in the national tournament final. Harris again led Delta State with 30 points and 18 rebounds in a 69--64 victory. That season, she led the nation in scoring with 1,060 points and 31.2 points per game average, including a 58-point game against Tennessee Tech. In her senior, 1976--77, season, Delta State played a game in the Madison Square Garden in which Harris scored 47 points. This was one of the first women\'s basketball games ever played there. In 1977, Delta State went to the national tournament final for the third year in a row. In the final, Harris achieved 23 points and 16 rebounds as Delta State defeated Louisiana State University 68--55 for their third consecutive national title. Harris was named the national tournament\'s most valuable player; she was also named to the All-American first team during Delta State\'s three winning seasons. Her college career record was 109--6, and included victories over later NCAA Division I powerhouses such as Immaculata University, University of Tennessee, Baylor University, University of Mississippi, Louisiana State University and Louisiana Tech University. Harris finished her college career with 2,981 points and 1,662 rebounds, averaging 25.9 points and 14.5 rebounds per game. She also graduated holding fifteen of eighteen of Delta State\'s team, single game, and career records. In 1977, she won the inaugural Honda Sports Award for basketball, as well as the Broderick Cup, an award for outstanding female athletes in college. During her tenure at Delta State, Harris was the only African American player on the team.
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# Lusia Harris ## College career {#college_career} ### Delta State statistics {#delta_state_statistics} Source `{{NBA player statistics legend}}`{=mediawiki} Year Team GP Points FG% FT% RPG PPG -------- ------------- ----- -------- ------- ------- ------ ------ 1974 Delta State NA 1975 Delta State NA 1976 Delta State 34 1060 61.9% NA 15.1 31.2 1977 Delta State NA Career 115 2981 63.3% 66.3% 14.5 25.9 ## National team career {#national_team_career} In 1975, Harris was selected to the United States national team in the FIBA World Championship for Women in Colombia and the Pan American Games in Mexico City, Mexico. She teamed up with high school star Nancy Lieberman and fellow college stars Ann Meyers and Pat Head. In the FIBA World Championship, the United States compiled a 4--3 record and finished in eighth place. In the Pan American Games, the United States team went unbeaten in seven games to win the gold medal, their first win since 1963. They averaged 86.7 points per game with an average winning margin of 34.4. The following year, Harris was selected to represent the United States in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada, the first women\'s basketball tournament in the Olympic Games. She used the number seven on her Olympics jersey. She teamed up with most of her teammates in the 1975 Pan American Games, including Lieberman, Meyers and Head. In the opening game against Japan, Harris scored the first ever points in women\'s Olympic basketball tournament. The United States team won three games and lost two games against Japan and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union team went undefeated and won the gold medal, while the United States team won the silver medal. Harris played in all five games, averaging 15.2 points and 7.0 rebounds per game. ## Professional career {#professional_career} In the seventh round of the 1977 NBA draft, the New Orleans Jazz selected Harris with the 137th pick overall. She became the second woman ever drafted by an NBA team, after Denise Long, who was selected by the San Francisco Warriors in the 1969 draft. However, the league voided the Warriors\' selection, thus Harris became the first and only woman ever officially drafted. Harris did not express an interest to play in the NBA and declined to try out for the Jazz. It was later revealed that she was pregnant at the time, which made her unable to attend the Jazz\'s training camp. She was selected ahead of 33 male players, including the Jazz\'s eighth round selection, Dave Speicher from the University of Toledo. Harris never played in the NBA or any other men\'s basketball league but played professional basketball briefly in the 1979--80 season with the Houston Angels of the Women\'s Professional Basketball League (WBL). She was initially picked as the number one free agent by the Angels in 1978, the league\'s inaugural season.
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# Lusia Harris ## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death} Harris graduated from Delta State University with a bachelor\'s degree in health, physical education and recreation in 1977. After graduation, she worked for Delta State as an admissions counselor and assistant basketball coach. She earned a master\'s degree in education from Delta State in 1984. After leaving the assistant coaching post at Delta State, she served as the head coach at Texas Southern University in Houston for two years. She then returned to her native Mississippi where she worked as a high school teacher and coach at her alma mater Amanda Elzy High School in Greenwood, at the Greenville Public School District, and at Ruleville Central High School. Harris married George E. Stewart on February 4, 1977. They had four children, two sons and twin daughters. She was a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority. Harris died at a therapy facility in Mound Bayou, Mississippi, on January 18, 2022, at age 66. ## Legacy For her achievements and contributions to the Delta State University, Harris was inducted to the Delta State\'s Hall of Fame in 1983. In 1992, she became the first African-American woman inducted in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. In 1999, Harris, along with her college coach, Margaret Wade, and her teammates in the national team, Nancy Lieberman, Ann Meyers and Pat Head, were among the 26 inaugural inductees to the Women\'s Basketball Hall of Fame. She has also been named to the International Women\'s Sports Hall of Fame. *The Queen of Basketball*, a film about Harris, won the 2022 Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject); it was produced and directed by Canadian filmmaker Ben Proudfoot, with Shaquille O\'Neal and Stephen Curry as executive producers. It was released June 10, 2021, seven months before her death
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# 1851 in Ireland Events from the year **1851 in Ireland**. ## Events - 30 March -- the United Kingdom Census shows that, as part of the legacy of the Great Famine, the population of Ireland has fallen to 6,575,000 -- a drop of 1,600,000 in ten years. This is the first census to note use of the Irish language. - 1 August -- Midland Great Western Railway extended from Mullingar to Galway. - 7 August -- Poor Relief (Ireland) Act provides for the establishment of dispensaries. - Construction of MacNeill\'s Egyptian Arch, a railway bridge near Newry on the Dublin-Belfast railway line is completed. - Tillie and Henderson open their first shirt factory in Derry. ### Undated - Ancestors of Presidents of the United States Barack Obama and Joe Biden migrate from Ireland to the U.S. - Jacob\'s brand of biscuits, bars and coffee is founded; their first biscuit is possibly Goldgrain. ## Births - 8 January -- William McDonnell, 6th Earl of Antrim, peer (died 1918). - 14 March -- Paddy Ryan, boxer (died 1900). - 17 March -- Ted Sullivan, Major League Baseball player and manager (died 1929 in the United States). - 21 March -- Henry Prittie, 4th Baron Dunalley, peer and Lord Lieutenant of County Tipperary 1905--1922 (died 1927). - 4 April -- James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy, lawyer, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, first Chairman of Seanad Éireann (died 1931). - 22 May -- William Moxley, representative from Illinois\'s 6th congressional district (died 1938 in the United states). - 4 September -- John Dillon, land reform agitator, Irish Home Rule activist, nationalist politician, MP and last leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party (died 1927). - 3 December -- George Noble Plunkett, nationalist, politician, museum curator (died 1948). ## Deaths - 23 May -- Richard Lalor Sheil, politician, writer and orator (born 1791). - 1 September -- Anne Devlin, Irish republican and housekeeper to Robert Emmet (born 1780). ## Census - [Surviving 1851 Census Returns of Ireland](http://globalgenealogy.com/countries/ireland/resources/otw-99-2
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# Eigil Friis-Christensen **Eigil Friis-Christensen** (29 October 1944 -- 21 September 2018) was a Danish geophysicist specializing in space physics. ## Career Friis-Christensen received a Magisterkonferens (Ph.D. equivalent) in Geophysics from University of Copenhagen in 1971. In 1972, he was a geophysicist at the Danish Meteorological Institute. His interest in solar activity began in August, in his tent, when he experienced an extreme solar storm: > \"I was in Greenland, on my first assignment in my new job as geophysicist at the Danish Meteorological Institute, setting up a chain of magnetometer stations on the west coast\... watching ink pens of my recorder going so wild that they nearly tore the paper chart apart \-- we had no digital recording at that time \-- and I wondered whether such big events could also have an influence in the lower atmosphere, on weather and climate. That storm cut off my contact to the outside world for nine days \-- all radio communication was blacked out \-- so I had lots of time to reflect on the enormity of the forces at play.\" Between 1976 and 1997, he was the Principal Investigator of the Greenland Magnetometer Array. Between 1991 and 1997, he was Head of the Solar-Terrestrial Physics Division, Danish Meteorological Institute. In 1992, he was also the Project scientist on the first Danish satellite, Ørsted, which was launched February 1999. He was an adjunct professor of geophysics and space physics 1996 to 2006 at the Niels Bohr Institute of University of Copenhagen and has authored over 140 research articles or books. He lectures worldwide; in 2008 he made a presentation at the U.S. National Institute of Aerospace. From 2004 until 2012 Friis-Christensen was Director of the Danish National Space Center. ## Solar activity and climate change {#solar_activity_and_climate_change} Friis-Christensen\'s 1991 paper, \"Length of the Solar Cycle: An Indicator of Solar Activity Closely Associated with Climate\", published in *Science*, presented his findings on global warming and sun activity correlation. *The New York Times* reviewed the *Science* article on 5 November 1991, stating, \"While the correlation established by Dr. Friis-Christensen and Dr. Lassen falls short of definite proof, a number of scientists nevertheless called it remarkable in its close fit between the solar and temperature trends.\" Subsequent work with updated data has found that the correlation has not stood up and revealed that it was due to artifacts of the methodology used by Friis-Christensen. In 2009, a number of leading experts, including one Nobel laureate, concluded that the graphs of Friis-Christensen and Svensmark showing apparent correlations between global warming, sunspots and cosmic rays were deeply flawed. Friis-Christensen agreed that any correlation between sunspots and global warming that he may have identified in the 1991 study has since broken down. There is, he said, a clear \"divergence\" between the sunspots and global temperatures after 1986, which shows that the present warming period cannot be explained by solar activity alone. In 1997, Friis-Christensen and Henrik Svensmark revived suggestions of a possible link between galactic cosmic rays and global climate change assisted by solar wind intensity variation, which they termed cosmoclimatology. In 2002, he became Lead Investigator of Swarm. Friis-Christensen gave the Birkeland lecture \"Unrest on the sun - storms on the Earth. The magnetic connection\" in Oslo on 27 September 2007 . ## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors} - 1995, \"Director Ib Henriksens\" research prize. - 1995, elected member, executive committee, International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, IAGA. - 1996, elected Associate of London\'s Royal Astronomical Society - 2003, Vice-President, executive committee, IAGA - Appointed member, International Steering Committee, Solar-Terrestrial Energy Programme, STEP and S-RAMP
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# List of St Johnstone F.C. seasons St Johnstone Football Club is a Scottish professional association football club based in Perth. The club was officially formed in 1884 and the team played its first game in February 1885. St Johnstone first appeared in the Scottish Cup in the 1886--87 season and they joined the Scottish Football League in 1911--12. The club has had three home grounds, the current one since 1989 is McDiarmid Park. St Johnstone have won three major honours. Their first was the Scottish Cup, winning the 2014 final with a 2--0 win against Dundee United. They then won a domestic cup double in 2021 by winning 1--0 in both the 2021 Scottish Cup final and the 2020--21 Scottish League League Cup. They are the third existing Scottish team (with Celtic and Rangers) to achieve that double. St Johnstone\'s highest placing in the league is third (three times, most recently in 2013). They have qualified for either the UEFA Cup or the Europa League in eight seasons; these include four consecutive seasons from 2013 to 2016. St Johnstone have spent 54 seasons to 2024--25 in the top tier of the Scottish football league system, including a run of 16 seasons (four in the Scottish Premier League and twelve since 2013 in the Scottish Premiership) since their most recent promotion in 2008--09. They have spent 44 seasons in the second tier and four in the third. The table summarises their seasons from 1886--87 in Scottish and European football. It highlights the club\'s achievements in senior first team competitions and names, where known, the top goalscorer(s) in each season. Some seasons to 1921--22 and the wartime seasons 1915--19 and 1939--45, in which the club did not compete in top-level football (e.g., Scottish Football League, Scottish Cup), are excluded. ## Key - D1 = Scottish Football League First Division (first tier to 1975) - PD = Scottish Football League Premier Division (first tier from 1975 to 1998) - PL = Scottish Premier League (first tier from 1998 to 2013) - SP = Scottish Premiership (first tier from 2013) - D2 = Scottish Football League Second Division (second tier to 1975) - FD = Scottish Football League First Division (second tier from 1975 to 2013) - SD = Scottish Football League Second Division (third tier from 1975 to 2013) - DB = Southern League B Division - P = Games played - W = Games won - D = Games drawn - L = Games lost - F = Goals for - A = Goals against - Pts = Points - Pos = Final position ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Grp = Group stage - PO = Play-offs - 1QR = 1st qualifying round - 2QR = 2nd qualifying round - 3QR = 3rd qualifying round - R1 = Round 1 - R2 = Round 2 - R3 = Round 3 - R4 = Round 4 - R5 = Round 5 - R6 = Round 6 - QF = Quarter-finals - SF = Semi-finals - RU = Runners-up ## Seasons *The table is correct to the end of the 2024--25 season.* Seasons in which the team were **promoted** have the league position in **green**. Seasons in which the team were **relegated** have the league position in **red**
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# In the Beginning (Nile album) ***In The Beginning*** is a compilation by death metal band Nile, released in 2000 through Relapse Records. The compilation combines their two EPs *Festivals of Atonement* and *Ramses Bringer of War* in their entirety, previously released on February 10, 1995, and November 19, 1996, respectively. Both EPs were released on the band\'s own label Anubis Records
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# Nicholas Porter Earp **Nicholas Porter Earp** (September 6, 1813 -- February 12, 1907) was the father of well-known Western lawmen Virgil, Wyatt, and Morgan, and their lesser-known brothers James, Newton and Warren Earp. He was a justice of the peace, a farmer, cooper, constable, bootlegger, wagon-master, and teacher. ## Early family life and military service {#early_family_life_and_military_service} Nicholas Earp was born in Lincoln County, North Carolina, to Walter Earp and Martha Ann Early. The Earp family was of English and Scots-Irish descent. The first Earp immigrant to the American colonies was Thomas Earp Jr., who arrived in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, on July 6, 1674, as an indentured servant from Ireland. He is buried in St. Anne\'s Parish in Annapolis. Nicholas was named for a circuit-riding judge in Kentucky. Nicholas\' father Walter Earp was born in Montgomery County, Maryland, in 1787, a fifth-generation Marylander who later became a school teacher, Justice of the Peace in Monmouth, Illinois, and a Methodist Episcopal preacher. Nicholas\' mother, Martha Ann Early, was born in Avery County, North Carolina, on August 28, 1790. Nicholas was the third of ten children; his siblings include six brothers: Lorenzo Dow, Josiah Jackson, James Kelly, Francis Asbury, Jonathan Douglas and Walter C. (twins); as well as three sisters: Elizabeth, Mary Ann, and Sarah Ann. When Martha Earp died at age 91, she had eight living children, 85 grandchildren, 130 great-grandchildren and 13 great-great-grandchildren. Soon after Nicholas\' birth, the family moved from Virginia to Hartford, Kentucky, in 1813, where Nicholas spent the rest of his childhood. As a young man, Nicholas served in the Black Hawk War of 1831 and later was a sergeant in the Mexican--American War. During the Mexican--American War Nicholas served under Captain Wyatt Berry Stapp of the Illinois Mounted Volunteers. ### Marriage Nicholas originally intended to become a lawyer like his father, before moving his law practice and his family from North Carolina to Kentucky, where he took up farming. He was also a cooper and sheriff. In 1845, Nicholas Earp, his wife Ginny, with their sons James, Virgil, and Newton, and their daughter Martha, relocated from Kentucky to the fertile farmland of western Illinois and settled in Monmouth, Illinois. In December 1847, Nicholas was a 33-year-old dragoon sergeant when he was kicked by a mule and seriously injured. He returned to Monmouth and his pregnant wife, Ginny. Four months later, he named his newborn son after his company\'s captain, whom he admired and respected. ## First marriage {#first_marriage} On December 22, 1836, in Hartford, Nicholas Porter married Abigail Storm, the daughter of Peter and Anna Maria (Lehman) Sturm (born September 21, 1813 Ohio County, Kentucky -- died October 8, 1839, Ohio County, Kentucky). They had two children: - Newton Jasper Earp (October 7, 1837 Ohio County, Kentucky -- December 18, 1928 Sacramento, California). Married Nancy Jane (Jennie) Adam. - Mariah Ann Earp (February 12 -- December 13, 1839), died two months after her mother at the age of ten months.
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# Nicholas Porter Earp ## Second marriage {#second_marriage} On July 30, 1840, Nicholas married Virginia Ann Cooksey in Hartford, Kentucky. They had eight children: - James Cooksey Earp (June 28, 1841, in Hartford, Kentucky -- January 25, 1926, in Los Angeles, California) - Virgil Walter Earp (July 18, 1843, in Hartford, Kentucky -- October 19, 1905, in Goldfield, Nevada) - Martha Elizabeth Earp (September 25, 1845, in Monmouth, Illinois -- May 26, 1856, in Monmouth, Illinois) - Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp (March 19, 1848, in Monmouth, Illinois -- January 13, 1929, in Los Angeles, California) - Morgan Seth Earp (April 24, 1851, in Pella, Iowa -- March 18, 1882, in Tombstone, Arizona) - Warren Baxter Earp (always known as Warren) (March 9, 1855, in Pella, Iowa -- July 6, 1900, in Willcox, Arizona) - Virginia Ann Earp (February 28, 1858, in Marion County, Iowa -- October 26, 1861, in Pella, Iowa) - Adelia Douglas Earp (June 16, 1861, in Pella, Iowa -- January 16, 1941, in San Bernardino, California) ### Relocates to Iowa {#relocates_to_iowa} In March 1849, Nicholas Earp joined about one hundred others from Monmouth County, Illinois, for a trip to California, where he planned to look for good farm land, not gold. He decided to move to San Bernardino County in the southern part of the state. Nicholas returned to Illinois and the family left for California but their daughter Martha, became ill and died. Nicholas changed plans and moved to Pella, Iowa. ### Various occupations {#various_occupations} Their new farm consisted of 160 acre, and was 7 mi northeast of Pella, Iowa. Eight years later, on March 4, 1856, Nicholas sold his Pella, Iowa, farm to Aquillin Waters Noe (who resold it on the same day to Hiram Zenas Webster) and the family returned to Monmouth, Illinois, where Nicholas found that nobody needed his services as cooper or farmer. Unable to find work, Nicholas was elected as the town constable, which he served as for about three years. In 1859, he was tried and convicted of bootlegging. Nicholas was unable to pay the court-imposed fines following his trial, and a lien was levied against the Earp\'s property. On November 11, 1859, the property was sold at auction. Two days later, the Earps left Monmouth and returned to Pella. Nicholas apparently made frequent travels to Monmouth throughout 1860 to confirm and conclude the sale of his properties and to face several lawsuits for debt and accusations of tax evasion. ### Civil War service {#civil_war_service} During the Civil War, Nicholas served in Pella, Iowa, as a United States Provost Marshal for recruitment. His sons Newton, James, and Virgil enlisted in the Union Army on November 11, 1861. While his father was busy recruiting and drilling local companies, Wyatt, along with his two younger brothers, Morgan and Warren, were left in charge of tending the 80 acre corn crop. Only 13 years old, Wyatt was too young to enlist, but he tried on several occasions to run away and enlist. Each time his father found him and brought him home. James was severely wounded in Fredericktown, Missouri, and returned home in the summer of 1863. Newton and Virgil fought several battles in the east before returning home. ### Leads wagon train to California {#leads_wagon_train_to_california} On May 12, 1864, Nicholas Earp was hired to lead a wagon train to California. The Earps took their children Wyatt, Jim, Morgan, Warren, and Adelia. The wagon train was initially composed of the Earp family plus three other families from Pella: the Rousseaus, the Hamiltons, and the Curtises. Seven more wagons joined them during the trip. ### Reputation According to the diaries of Utah emigrants in the wagon train, Nicholas was an irascible and difficult man to deal with. Sarah Jane Rousseau wrote in her diary during the seven-month trek that Nicholas Earp did not take well to backtalk: \"It made him awful mad and he was for killing. He used very profane language and he could hardly be appeased.\" On November 24, she wrote:
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# Nicholas Porter Earp ## Second marriage {#second_marriage} ### Departure for California {#departure_for_california} The group arrived in San Bernardino, California, on December 17, 1864. Nicholas rented a farm on the banks of the Santa Ana River near present-day Redlands. Within the next year Virgil got a job driving a freight wagon to Salt Lake City and took Wyatt with him. Afterward they took jobs with the Union Pacific, which was building the Transcontinental Railroad west from Omaha, Nebraska. Virgil worked as a teamster and Wyatt manned a pick and shovel. Not long after, their brothers Jim and Morgan left the family in San Bernardino and headed for the mining towns of Montana. In spring 1868, Nick, Ginnie, Morgan, Warren, and Adelia returned to the Midwest and Lamar, Missouri, where Nicholas became the local constable. By November 17, 1869, Nicholas resigned to become Justice of the Peace. Wyatt, who had followed them to Missouri, was immediately appointed constable in place of his father. Both Wyatt and Morgan traveled from Peoria, Illinois, to home in Lamar, Missouri, to celebrate Adelia\'s eleventh birthday on June 16, 1872. Some time prior to 1880, Nicholas and Virginia Earp moved back to California, settling in San Bernardino County. The 1880 United States Census shows the Nicholas Earp household included Warren and Morgan and his wife Louisa (\"Lou\"). Nicholas was recorded as a farmer. Nicholas was also one of the founders of the San Bernardino Society of California Pioneers. Morgan arrived in Tombstone, Arizona ## Third marriage and death {#third_marriage_and_death} After Virginia\'s death on January 14, 1893, in San Bernardino, 80-year-old Nicholas married Annie Elizabeth Cadd on October 14 of the same year. His new wife, the widow of Ambrose Peck Alexander, was 50 years old. She had been born in 1842 in Preston Bissett, Buckingham, England. She died in 1931 and is buried near Virginia and Nellie Earp (wife of son James Earp) at the Pioneer Cemetery in San Bernardino. Nicholas Earp died at The Soldier\'s Home in Sawtelle, California, on February 12, 1907, shortly after he was elected to the Los Angeles County court. He is buried in West Los Angeles at the Los Angeles National Cemetery. He had outlived six of his ten children.
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# Nicholas Porter Earp ## Descendants Three of Nicholas\' sons---Virgil, Wyatt, and Morgan---became well-known lawmen as a result of their part in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ### Newton Earp {#newton_earp} Newton married Nancy Jane (Jennie) Adam sometime between 1865 and 1868. They had five children. ### James Earp {#james_earp} James Cooksey Earp enlisted in the Union Army at the outbreak of the American Civil War. He was wounded on October 31, 1861, in a battle near Fredericktown, Missouri, and lost the use of his left arm. He was discharged in March, 1863. Newton and Virgil served until the end of the war. He married former prostitute Nellie \"Bessie\" Ketchum, in April 1873. He served briefly as a deputy marshal in Dodge City, Kansas, under Marshal Charlie Bassett. On December 1, 1879, he and Nellie joined his brothers Wyatt and Virgil and their wives in Tombstone in the Arizona Territory. He was not present at the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881. On December 28, 1881, his brother Virgil Earp was ambushed and gravely wounded. He survived but lost use of his left arm. On March 18, 1882, his brother Morgan Earp was assassinated in a billiard parlor. James accompanied Morgan\'s body to the family home in Colton, California. James then lived for a short time in Shoshone County, Idaho, until settling permanently by 1890 in California. James Earp died of natural causes in San Bernardino, California, on January 25, 1926. He is interred there at the Mountain View Cemetery. ### Virgil Earp {#virgil_earp} Virgil eloped at age sixteen with 16-year-old Dutch immigrant Magdalena C. \"Ellen\" Rysdam (born November 25, 1842, in Utrecht, Netherlands -- died May 3, 1910, in Cornelius, Oregon). They remained together for a year in spite of her parents\' (Gerrit Rysdam and Magdalena Catrina Van Velzen) disapproval of her choice. Their daughter Nellie was born two weeks before Virgil enlisted to serve with the Union forces in the Civil War. During the war, her father told Ellen that Virgil had been killed. She remarried a Dutch man and moved to the Oregon Territory. Virgil was discharged from the military on June 26, 1865, and returned to Iowa, but he could not locate Ellen. Five years later, he married Rosella Dragoo (b. January 3, 1845, France) on August 28, 1870, in Lamar, Missouri. His father, Justice of the Peace Nicholas Earp, married them. There are no further records of Rosella or their marriage. Virgil later met Alvira \"Allie\" Sullivan from Florence, Nebraska, in 1874. They were never married but remained together the remainder of his life. On November 27, 1879, U.S. Marshal Crawley Dake appointed Virgil as Deputy U.S. Marshal for the eastern portion of Pima County. He was instructed by Dake to move to Tombstone to help resolve ongoing problems with outlaw Cowboys. But the job didn\'t pay much. He was mostly on call helping county and city officials. On October 30, 1880, after town marshal Fred White was accidentally shot and killed by outlaw and gunman \"Curly Bill\" Brocius, Virgil was for a while both Tombstone town marshal and Deputy U.S. Marshal. While holding these two offices Virgil, his brothers Wyatt and Morgan, and Doc Holliday confronted the Cowboys in a narrow lot on Fremont Street. Virgil was not expecting a fight. He later testified that when he saw the Cowboys, he immediately commanded them to \"Throw up your hands, I want your guns!\" But general shooting broke out almost immediately. Witnesses were conflicted about who fired first. During the gunfight, Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Virgil was shot through the calf (he thought by Billy Clanton). Three days after the O.K. Corral gunfight, the city council suspended Virgil as city marshal pending outcome of the preliminary hearing. Virgil was eventually exonerated of wrongdoing, but his reputation suffered thereafter. On December 28, 1881, three men hidden in the upper story of an unfinished building across Allen street from the hotel ambushed Virgil from behind as he walked from the Oriental Saloon to his room. Virgil was hit in the back and left arm by three loads of double-barreled buckshot from about 60 ft. He was seriously wounded and Dr. George E. Goodfellow was forced to remove 4 in of shattered humerus bone from Virgil\'s left arm, leaving his arm permanently crippled. In 1898 Virgil was startled to receive a letter from a Mrs. Levi Law, who turned out to be his long-lost daughter who had disappeared with her mother while Virgil fought in the Civil War. He visited her and his first wife in Portland, Oregon, in 1898. ### Wyatt Earp {#wyatt_earp} Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp was married three times. His first wife died less than a year after they were married while carrying their first child. Wyatt held a variety of jobs during his life. He was a gambler, lawman, buffalo hunter, saloon keeper, gold/copper miner, and boxing referee. Local constables in Peoria, Illinois, likely considered him to be a pimp as they arrested him three times during 1872 for being found in a brothel. He arrived with his brothers Virgil and Morgan in Tombstone, Arizona Territory on December 1, 1879. They became embroiled in a conflict with outlaw Cowboys that led to a confrontation and shootout on October 26, 1881, later known as the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Wyatt developed a reputation as a sportsman as well as a gambler. Wyatt was dismayed about the controversy that continually followed him. He wrote a letter to John Hays Hammond on May 21, 1925, telling him \"notoriety had been the bane of my life\".
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# Nicholas Porter Earp ## Descendants ### Morgan Earp {#morgan_earp} Morgan Seth Earp joined his brothers Virgil and Wyatt in Tombstone, Arizona Territory on December 1, 1879. He became embroiled in the conflict between the Earp lawmen and a loose federation of outlaw Cowboys. He took part in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and was wounded. He was charged by Ike Clanton with murder, but during a month-long preliminary hearing, Judge Wells Spicer ruled that they had acted within the law and dismissed the charges. Late Saturday night, March 18, 1882, Morgan was ambushed and killed after returning from a musical at Schieffelin Hall. He was playing a late round of billiards at the Campbell & Hatch Billiard Parlor against owner Bob Hatch. He and the other Earp brothers had received death threats earlier in the day. The assailant shot Morgan through a window in a door that opened onto an alley between Allen and Fremont Streets. Morgan was struck in the right side and the bullet shattered his spine, passed through his left side, and lodged in the thigh of mining foreman George A.B. Berry. He died within the hour. ### Adelia Earp {#adelia_earp} Adelia married William Thomas Edwards in Rice County, Kansas, in 1877. William Edwards died on May 3, 1919, in San Bernardino County, California. Adelia and William had three children: - Nicholas Edwards - Estelle Josphine Edwards - Mary Virginia Edwards (c. 1880 -- 1935)
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# 1854 in Ireland
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# Nobel Library The **Nobel Library** (*Nobelbiblioteket* or, officially, *Svenska Akademiens Nobelbibliotek*, e.g. \"Nobel Library of the Swedish Academy\") is the public library of the Swedish Academy instituted to assist the evaluation of Nobel laureates to the Prize in Literature and other awards granted by the academy. The library is located in the so-called Stock Exchange Building (*Börshuset*) at 4, Källargränd, a short alley passing between Slottsbacken and Stortorget in Gamla stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden. Since its foundation in 1901, the primary task of the library is to acquire literary works and journals needed for the evaluation of the laureates, a task achieved by collecting works mainly in other languages than Swedish. `{{As of|2007}}`{=mediawiki}, the collection encompasses some 200,000 volumes and is thus one of the largest libraries devoted to literature in northern Europe. The library is offering loans to the general public and to other libraries in Nordic countries, as well as guided tours on request, lectures, and seminars. The library was founded on November 16, 1901 in connection to the inauguration of the Nobel Institute of the Swedish Academy. It was first accommodated in a ten-room-flat at Norra Bantorget in a building designed by Ferdinand Boberg, the so-called LO-borgen today accommodating the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) but at the time called *Vasaborgen* (\"The Castle of Vasa\"). The collection encompassed some 15,000 literary works after five years and within two decades the library had become cramped for space and was relocated to its present address
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# Plan (drawing) `{{Technical drawings}}`{=mediawiki}**Plans** are a set of drawings or two-dimensional diagrams used to describe a place or object, or to communicate building or fabrication instructions. Usually plans are drawn or printed on paper, but they can take the form of a digital file. Plans are used in a range of fields: architecture, urban planning, landscape architecture, mechanical engineering, civil engineering, industrial engineering to systems engineering. The term \"plan\" may casually be used to refer to a single view, sheet, or drawing in a set of plans. More specifically a plan view is an orthographic projection looking down on the object, such as in a floor plan. ## Overview Plans are often for technical purposes such as architecture, engineering, or planning. Their purpose in these disciplines is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a site, building, product or component. Plans can also be for presentation or orientation purposes, and are often less detailed versions of the former. The end goal of plans is either to portray an existing place or object, or to convey enough information to allow a builder or manufacturer to realize a design. The process of producing plans, and the skill of producing them, is often referred to as technical drawing. A working drawing is a type of technical drawing, which is part of the documentation needed to build an engineering product or architecture. Typically in architecture these could include civil drawings, architectural drawings, structural drawings, mechanical drawings, electrical drawings, and plumbing drawings. In engineering, these drawings show all necessary data to manufacture a given object, such as dimensions and angles.
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# Plan (drawing) ## Plan features {#plan_features} ### Format Plans are often prepared in a \"set\". The set includes all the information required for the purpose of the set, and may exclude views or projections which are unnecessary. A set of plans can be on standard office-sized paper or on large sheets. It can be stapled, folded or rolled as required. A set of plans can also take the form of a digital file in a proprietary format such as DWG or an exchange file format such as DXF or PDF. Plans are often referred to as \"blueprints\" or \"bluelines\". However, the terms are rapidly becoming an anachronism, since these copying methods have mostly been superseded by reproduction processes that yield black or multicolour lines on white paper, or by electronic representations of information. ### Scale Plans are usually \"scale drawings\", meaning that the plans are drawn at a specific ratio relative to the actual size of the place or object. Various scales may be used for different drawings in a set. For example, a floor plan may be drawn at 1:48 (or 1/4\"=1\'-0\") whereas a detailed view may be drawn at 1:24 (or 1/2\"=1\'-0\"). Site plans are often drawn at 1\" = 20\' (1:240) or 1\" = 30\' (1:360). In the metric system the ratios commonly are 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000 and 1:5000 ### Views and projections {#views_and_projections} Because plans represent three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional plane, the use of views or projections is crucial to the legibility of plans. Each projection is achieved by assuming a vantage point from which to see the place or object, and a type of projection. These projection types are: `{{comparison_of_graphical_projections.svg}}`{=mediawiki} - Parallel projection - Orthographic projection - Multiview projection, including: - Plan view or floor plan view - Elevation, usually a side view of an exterior - Section, a view of the interior at a particular cutting plane - Axonometric projection, including: - Isometric projection - Dimetric projection - Trimetric projection - Oblique projection, and - Perspective projection, including: - One-point perspective - Two-point perspective - Three-point perspective
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# Plan (drawing) ## Plan features {#plan_features} ### Planning approach {#planning_approach} There is no universal standard for sheet order, however the following describes a common approach: - General Information : The first sheets in a set may include notes, assembly descriptions, a rendering of the project, or simply the project title. - Site : Site plans, including a key plan, appear before other plans and on smaller projects may be on the first sheet. A project could require a landscape plan, although this can be integrated with the site plan if the drawing remains clear. - Specific plans : Floor plans, starting with the lowest floor and ending with the roof plan usually appear near the beginning of the set. Further, for example, reflected Ceiling Plans (RCP)s showing ceiling layouts appear after the floor plans. - Elevations : Starting with the principal, or front elevation, all the building elevations appear after the plans. Smaller residential projects may display the elevations before the plans. Elevation details may appear on the same sheets as the building elevations. - Sections: Building sections that describe views cut through the entire building appear next, followed by wall sections, then detail sections. - Details: Details may appear on any of the previous sheets, or may be collected to appear on detail sheets. These details may include construction details that show how the components of the building fit together. These details may also include millwork drawings or other interior details. - Schedules: Many aspects of a building must be listed as schedules on larger projects. These include schedules for windows, doors, wall or floor finishes, hardware, landscaping elements, rooms, and areas. Where additional systems are complex and require many details for installation, specialized additional plan drawings may be used, such as: - Structural: While smaller projects may only show structural information on the plans and sections, larger projects have separate sheets describing the structure of the building. - Mechanical: Mechanical drawings show plumbing, heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, or fire protection systems. - Electrical :Electrical plan drawings may include equipment and cable tray layout, lighting and power, grounding, telephone, local area network, special communications or signal systems, or a reflected lighting plan
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# Soho and Winson Green railway station **Soho & Winson Green** was an intermediate station on the Great Western Railway\'s London Paddington to Birkenhead via Birmingham Snow Hill line, serving the Soho and Winson Green areas. Opened in 1854 as \"*Soho*\" station, its name was changed to \"*Soho and Winson Green*\" in May 1893, and finally to \"*Winson Green*\" on 14 June 1965, following the closure of a nearby station of that name. It was elaborately decorated and had 4 platforms. In 1972, the station closed, along with the entire line. Soho Benson Road tram stop now sits upon the former station site, as part of the Midland Metro light-rail system. ## Image gallery {#image_gallery} <File:New> Survey of the Borough of Birmingham - 1855 - Sheet 018 (cropped - Soho Station).png\|Soho Station on the 1855 *New Survey of the Borough of Birmingham*. The road labelled \"Soho Road\" is now Benson Road <File:Soho&WG4> copy.jpg\|`{{center|The station in 1967}}`{=mediawiki} <File:Snow> Hill approach - Soho and Winson Green - geograph.org.uk - 1716815.jpg\|`{{center|The remains of the station in 1986}}`{=mediawiki} <File:Soho> & Winson Green railway station (site) - Soho Benson Road tram stop, West Midlands (geograph 5662423)
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